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UNITED STATES D EPARTM ENT OF LABOR
Frances Perkins, Secretary
B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST A T IS T IC S
Isador Lubin, Commissioner
in cooperation w ith
W O R K S PROGRESS A D M IN IS T R A T IO N
+
Fam ily Income and Expenditure in
Selected N ew England Cities
19 3 5 -3 6
V O L U M E II
Family Expenditure
+
Prepared by
A . D. H. K APLAN
and
FA ITH M. WILLIAMS
assisted by
R U T H E. CLEM
Bulletin 7S[o. 645
U N IT E D S T A T E S
G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE
W A S H IN G T O N : 1941
STU DY OF CONSUMER PURCHASES: U RB A N SERIES
For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, Washington, D . C.
*• -
Price 25 cents
U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF LABO R
Frances P erkins, Secretary
B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
ISADOR LUBIN
Commissioner
S id n e y
W.
A. F.
W il c o x
Chief Statistician
H in r ic h s
Chief Economist
H ugh
S.
H anna
C hief , Editorial and Research
STAFF FOR THE STU D Y OF C ONSUM ER PU R CH ASES: U R B A N SE R IE S
F a it h
M .
W il l ia m s
Chief , Cost of Living Division
A. D . H .
K aplan
Director
Bernard
B arton,
Associate Director
for Tabulation
P a r t e n , Associate Director,
Sampling and Income Analysis
M il d r e d
J. M . H a d l e y , Associate Director,
Collection and Field Tabulations
M il d r e d
A. C. R o s a n d e r , Statistician,
Tabular Analysis
M argaret
M a r j o r ie
ii
H artsoug h ,
Analyst,
Expenditure Analysis
D . T h o m p s o n , Regional
Director in the New England Region
S. W e b e r , Associate Analyst in the preparation
of the New England expenditure report
CONTENTS
Page
P r e f a c e ____________________________________________________________________________________
C h a p t e r I .— I n t r o d u c tio n _____________________________________________________________
vn
1
C h a p t e r I I . — T h e fa m ily b a la n c e s h e e t ____________________________________________
12
C h a p t e r I I I . — F o o d _____________________________________________________________________
20
C h a p t e r I V . — H o m e m a in t e n a n c e ___________________________________________________
31
C h a p t e r V . — C lo th in g a n d p e rso n a l c a r e __________________________________________
46
C h a p t e r V I . — T r a n s p o r t a t io n ________________________________________________________
57
C h a p t e r V I I . — M in o r ca te g o rie s of e x p e n d itu r e _________________________________
68
C h a p t e r V I I I . — S u rp lu s an d d eficit i t e m s _________________________________________
78
C h a p t e r I X . — S u m m a r y _______________________________________________________________
86
T
abular
A
p p e n d ix
A
p p e n d ix
S u m m a r y ______________________________________________________________________
97
A .— S a m p lin g p ro ce d u re in th e N e w E n g la n d r e g io n _____________
199
B .— S c h e d u le fo r m s an d g lo s s a r y ______________________________________
211
A p p e n d ix
C .— C o m m u n itie s a n d ra cial g ro u p s su rv e y e d b y th e S tu d y of
A
p p e n d ix
D .— A n a ly s is of e x p e n d itu re s b y fa m ilie s of g iv e n t y p e , o c c u p a
A
p p e n d ix E
.— V a r ia b ility in fa m ily
A
p p e n d ix
F .— F a m ily
C o n su m e r P u r c h a se s_____________________________________________
tio n a l g r o u p , a n d in c o m e :
ty p e
R a n k te s t m e t h o d an d r e s u lts .
e x p e n d itu r e s _______________________________
c o m p o sitio n
of
o c c u p a tio n a l
g ro u p s
237
241
245
an d
o c c u p a tio n a l c o m p o sitio n of fa m ily t y p e g r o u p s ___________
247
List of T ex t Tables
C hapter I
T
able
1 .— D is tr ib u tio n o f a d ju s te d fa m ily in c o m e ______________________________
6
2.
— D is tr ib u tio n o f v a lu e o f cu rren t f a m ily liv in g , b y m a jo r g r o u p s .
8
3.
— D is tr ib u tio n o f m o n e y e x p e n d itu re s fo r c u rren t fa m ily liv in g ,
b y m a jo r g r o u p s _________________________________________________________
C hapter
T
able
11
II
4 .— A v e r a g e m o n e y in c o m e a n d m o n e y e x p e n d itu re s for cu rren t
f a m ily l i v in g ____________________________________________________________
12
5 . — A v e r a g e n e t su rp lu s a n d d e fic it_______________________________________
15
6.
— A v e r a g e n e t su rp lu s or d e fic it, b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p _____17
7.
— A v e r a g e n e t su rp lu s or d e fic it, b y f a m ily t y p e _________________
18
Chapter I I I
T
able
8 .— A v e r a g e e x p e n d itu re s for f o o d __________________________________________
21
9 .— A v e r a g e m o n e y e x p e n d itu re s for fo o d , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p . .
25
10.
— A v e r a g e m o n e y e x p e n d itu re s p e r m e a l p er e q u iv a le n t a d u lt,
b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p ________________________________________________
26
11. —
A v e r a g e m o n e y e x p e n d itu re s fo r f o o d , b y fa m ily t y p e ___________
27
12.
— A v e r a g e m o n e y e x p e n d itu re s per m e a l per e q u iv a le n t a d u lt,
b y f a m ily t y p e _________________________________________________________
hi
28
CONTENTS
IV
Chapter I V
Page
T a b l e 13.— Average expenditures for home maintenance__________________
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
—
—
—
—
Percentage of families reporting home ownership___________
Average money expenditures for household operation______
Average expenditures for housing, by occupational group__
Average expenditures for home maintenance, by occupational
group___________________________________________________________
— Average expenditures for housing, by family type___________
— Average expenditures for home maintenance, by family type__
Chapter
22.
23.
24.
41
42
44
V
T a b l e 20.— Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care__
21.
33
34
35
38
— Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care,
by occupational group_________________________________________
— Average annual money expenditures of husbands and wives
for clothing, by occupational group__________________________
— Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care,
by family typ e_________________________________________________
— Average annual money expenditures of husbands and wives
for clothing, by family type___________________________________
47
51
52
54
55
Chapter V I
T a b l e 25.— Average money expenditures for transportation, percentage
26.
27.
28.
29.
of families reporting automobile operation, and average
money expenditures for automobile operation per family
reporting such expenditure____________________________________
— Average money expenditures for transportation, by occupa
tional group____________________________________________________
— Average money expenditures for automobile operation per
family reporting such expenditure, by occupational group.
— Average money expenditures for transportation, by family
typ e_____________________________________________________________
— Average money expenditures for automobile operation per
family reporting such expenditure, by family type_________
60
62
63
65
66
Chapter V I I
T a b l e 30.— Average money expenditures for the minor categories________
31.
32.
— Distribution of money expenditures of Providence families
for medical care________________________________________________
— Distribution of money expenditures of Providence families
for contributions and personal taxes_________________________
Chapter
35.
36.
— Average insurance premiums paid by Providence families, as
a percentage of money income and of all surplus items____
— Deficit items: Average amount of change in 1 year, 1935-36__
— Increases and decreases in amounts due on installment pur
chases among Providence families------------------------------------------
71
75
V III
T a b l e 33.— Surplus items: Average amount of change in 1 year, 1935-36_
34.
70
80
80
82
83
CONTENTS
Chapter
V
IX
Page
T a b l e 37.— Percentage distribution of Providence families according to
38.
39.
money value of current family living________________________
— Average expenditures for food, housing, and clothing, com
bined, and for automobiles, recreation, and household help
combined_______________________________________________________
— Percentage distribution of adjusted family income_________
87
89
95
L ist o f F ig u res
F ig u r e 1. Family types for expenditure study______________________________
2. Food as a percentage of total money expenditures, at selected
income levels, 19 3 5 -3 6 __________________________________________
3. Clothing as a percentage of total money expenditures, at selected
income levels, 19 3 5 -3 6 __________________________________________
4. Transportation as a percentage of total money expenditures, at
selected income levels, 19 35-36_________________________________
5. Source and disposition of funds used for family living, in 1 year,
at selected income levels, Providence, 1 9 3 5 -3 6 _______________
6. Relative changes in specified categories of expenditure with
changes in income, Providence, 1 9 3 5 -3 6 ________________________
7. Relative changes in specified categories of expenditure with
changes in income, Providence, 1 9 3 5 -3 6 ___________
3
22
48
59
84
93
94
PREFACE
T h e analysis of fam ily expenditures for the m ain groups of goods
and services included in fam ily living form s volum e I I of the report
b y the U n ited States B ureau of L ab o r Statistics on the S tu d y of
C onsum er Purchases in the N e w E n glan d region.
V o lu m e I, dealing
with the incom e, occupational, and fa m ily -ty p e distributions of the
families living in the cities studied in this region, provides the back
ground for the present volum e.
T h e survey for the N ew E n gland cities included in this report was
part of an in vestigation conducted in 1936 b y the B ureau of L abor
Statistics in cities of varyin g size located in different geographic regions
of this country.
I t was paralleled b y a stu dy of sm all city, village,
and farm fam ilies conducted b y the B ureau of H o m e E con om ics of
the U n ited States D ep a rtm en t of Agriculture.
B o th surveys, which
together form the S tu d y of C onsum er Purchases, were adm inistered
under a grant of funds from the W o rk s Progress A d m in istration .
Co
operating in the planning and technical direction of this N ation -w id e
stu d y
were
the
Statistical B oard.
N ation al
Resources
C o m m ittee
and
the
C entral
T h e plans for the project were developed and its
adm inistration coordinated b y a technical com m ittee com posed of
representatives of the follow ing agencies: N a tio n al Resources C o m
m ittee, H ildegarde K n eelan d , ch airm an ; B ureau of L ab o r Statistics,
F aith
M.
W illia m s;
Bureau
of
Hom e
E con om ics,
D ay
M onroe;
W o rk s Progress A dm in istration , M ilto n F orster; and C entral Statisti
cal B oard , Sam uel J. D ennis.
The present study differs from previous investigations of family
living in that it represents the first effort to include in one survey a
wide range of families. Past studies of family consumption have
generally been confined to limited income and occupational groups,
or to a particular locality, or both. Such isolated studies were unable
to throw light on the relative position in the population as a whole of
the particular groups under investigation. They failed to reveal how
the consumption pattern of one group in the population differed from
that of families in another occupational group or income class.
The data collected by the Study of Consumer Purchases will permit
comparisons among different sections of the country, among com
munities of varying degrees of urbanization, and, in several cities,
between white and Negro families. The study covers a wide range of
family incomes, from those just above the relief levels to upper limits
yii
PREFACE
VIII
set for each co m m u n ity th at include every econom ic group o f any
num erical significance.
I t was planned, m oreover, in such a w a y as to
su pp ly a sam ple th at would perm it com parisons am ong occupational
groups and am ong fam ilies o f varyin g com position.
T h e expenditure findings for the N e w E n glan d cities resem ble, in
broad outline, those for com m unities studied in other parts of the
coun try.
A lth o u g h h abits, tastes, and individual circum stances m ak e
for wide variations am ong fam ilies at the sam e econom ic level, b oth
in the level of spending and in its apportionm ent am ong the several
categories, incom e
is nevertheless
am ou n t and m anner o f spending.
the
basic determ inant
of
b oth
O f som e influence, also, is the size
and com position of the fa m ily, particularly for such categories as
food, clothing, and savings.
T h e occupation from which the fa m ily
draws the m a jo r part of its earnings appears to h ave on ly m inor
influence
on
the
spending
pattern
for m o st
categories,
alth ough
differences in housing expenditures betw een the w age-earner group,
on the one han d, and fam ilies in w hite-collar occupations on the other,
are quite clear.
W h ile the ou tlay for each of the m ain categories of consum ption
varies directly w ith incom e, the relative change over the incom e scale
is m u ch greater for som e groups of item s than for others.
In conse
quence, the proportion of the total value of fam ily consu m ption ac
counted for b y som e categories declines in successive incom e classes,
while the proportion going to others increases or rem ains relatively
constant.
In general, the categories representing chiefly the basic
essentials, such as food and shelter, decline in relative im portance
over the incom e range, while those th at contain larger elem ents of
convenience or display, such as autom obiles and clothing, increase
relatively in successive incom e classes.
T h e data for the N e w E n glan d cities studied show som e interesting
differences in expenditure patterns th at appear to be related to degree
of urbanization.
F or exam ple, average expenditures for food were
generally highest in Providence and low est in the sm all cities.
T ra n s
portation expenditures likewise tended to v ary w ith city size, w ith
the proportion of autom obile owners and average o u tla y for a u to m o
biles less in Providence and th at for transportation other than a u to
m obile, m ore than in the other cities.
W h ile average expenditures for
housing do n ot differ consistently as am ong the three groups o f cities,
h om e ownership was m o st frequent in the sm all cities and least
frequent in Providence.
T h e B u reau of L ab o r Statistics wishes to acknow ledge the assistance
received from interested individuals and civic bodies, both within and
outside the G overn m en t, in addition to the agencies m entioned above.
Particular acknow ledgm ent is due to two groups w hose collaboration
m u st be recognized
as h avin g m ade
these studies possible:
The
PREFACE
IX
W . P . A . workers who perform ed the field collection and office tabu
lation of the data, and the m em bers of the households interview ed,
who contributed the tim e and effort required to answer the detailed
questions in the schedules.
In view of the fa ct th at responsibility for certain parts of this survey
was shared b y persons outside the regular staff of the B ureau of L ab or
Statistics, the Bureau takes pleasure in acknowledging the services of
A n th o n y G lavin and India Johnson, associate regional supervisors in
the N e w E ngland
cities, Florence A rch ibald who served as check
editor, and the follow ing persons who served as supervisors in the
various cities:
L ouis D ev o ld er and
M yron
B.
P ratt,
P rovidence;
M ildred P inkh am , H a v erh ill; F rank J. K a te n and W illia m Scott, N e w
B rita in ; B eatrice H a h n and E m m a Shay, W a llin g fo rd ; Grace K in g m an, W illim an tic.
A ckn ow ledgm en t is also m ade to Frances W . V alen tin e, Jesse R .
W o o d , Jr., and W illia m L ou don , who were in charge of com putation
and tables; Joseph A . Sm ith , in charge of m achine ta b u la tion ; D o r o th y
M c C a m m a n , who served as chief check editor; M a rie B loch , E th el
C au m an , Lenore A . E pstein , and V erna M a e Feuerhelm , who were in
charge of editing and review.
I sador L u b in ,
M a y 1939.
Com m issioner o j Labor Statistics.
Bulletin ?s[p. 645 (Voi. II) o f the
United States Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Family Expenditure in Seven N ew England
Cities, 1935-36
Chapter I
Introduction
T h e analysis of the fa m ily incom e and expenditure data obtained by
the Bureau of L ab or Statistics from the S tu d y of C on sum er Purchases
is divided into three parts, of which the present volu m e represents the
second.
V o lu m e I showed the distribution b y incom e class, occupa
tion, fam ily type, n a tiv ity and h om e tenure, of fam ilies studied in
selected com m unities of the N e w E n gland region.
T h e second and
third parts of the analysis both are concerned with data on expendi
tures for fam ily living.
In the present volum e, this analysis will be
confined m ain ly to a consideration of the size and relative im portance
of expenditures for the m ain categories of current living am ong fam ilies
in these com m unities, w ith only incidental reference to the constituent
item s in these categories.
A s in volum e I, variations associated w ith
incom e, occupation, and fam ily typ e are of prim ary concern.
The
third part of the analysis involves a stu dy of the detailed item s in
cluded in each m ajor group, in the form of special co m m o d ity and
service bulletins covering all regions, w hich appear as B u lletin 648.
T h e N ew E n gland cities for which expenditure data are presented
in this volum e are Providence, R . I ., H averhill, M a ss., N ew B ritain,
C o n n ., and four sm all cities, W estb roo k , M a in e, Greenfield, M a s s ., and
W allin gford and W illim a n tic, C o n n .1
D a ta for Providence are shown
separately; those for H averhill and N e w Britain are com bined to form
one unit for the m iddle-sized cities, and the four sm all cities are com
bined into one unit for sm all cities of this region.
These communities represent chiefly manufacturing centers for the
several industries characteristic of the New England region, such as
textiles, shoes, paper, tools, hardware and machinery, and silverware
and jewelry. In these cities, therefore, a relatively high proportion
1
Vol. I presented income data for Providence, the middle-sized cities, and Wallingford and Willimantic.
Data for Westbrook and Greenfield were collected by the Bureau of Home Economics, which published the
material on income. (See appendix C for a list of communities covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and the Bureau of Home Economics.)
1
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
2
of the gainfully em ployed population is in m anufacturing and m ech an
ical industries.
Greenfield, M a s s ., is less industrialized than the other
com m unities, serving as a shipping center and as a focal point for the
tourist trade.
A ll cities b u t W estb roo k , M a in e, and Greenfield, M a s s .,
are characterized b y a relatively high proportion of foreign-born,
which in Providence am ounted to approxim ately 50 percent in 1930.
T h e survey of fam ily expenditures was designed to show prim arily
the w ay in which expenditures vary w ith incom e and w ith certain
other characteristics of the fam ily.
I t was therefore lim ited to w hite
fam ilies th at included a husband and wife, both n ative-born and th at
had received no relief during the year.2
T h e sam ples of fam ilies whose expenditures were studied in the
N e w E n glan d region were further restricted b y elim inating certain
incom e groups, b y excluding families w ith no gainfully em ployed
m em bers, and b y lim iting the occupational groups represented in the
lower and upper portions of the incom e scale.3
T h e collection of expenditure schedules was confined to five fa m ily
types, elim inating thereby the less frequent types in the co m m u n ity .
T h e types included, which are shown pictorially in figure 1, m a y be
described in term s of the num ber and age of m em bers other than
husband and wife, as follow s:
I
II
II I
IV
V
No other persons (families of two).
One child under 16 (families of three).
Two children under 16 (families of four).
One person 16 or over, and one or no other person regardless of age
(families of three or four).
One child under 16, one person 16 or over, and one or two others, re
gardless of age (families of five or six).
W h en all fam ilies were taken into consideration in each of these N ew
E n g la n d com m unities it was found th at fa m ily incom es averaged
betw een $ 1 ,0 0 0 and $ 1 ,3 0 0 for the year 1 9 3 5 -3 6 .4
H a lf of the P ro v i-
8
The purpose of these qualifications was to eliminate as far as possible factors of economic stress, broken
family ties, and alien customs, which might tend to obscure the relationship of income, occupation, and
family type to family expenditure patterns. Since native white families outnumber other racial and national
groups in most of the New England communities, it seemed wisest to confine the restricted resources avail
able for the survey to a study of the expenditures of this group.
The families in which husband or wife or both were of foreign birth constituted 50 percent of all families
in Providence, 63 percent in New Britain, between 40 and 50 percent in Haverhill, Wallingford and Willimantic, and only about 20 percent in Greenfield and Westbrook. In certain communities where Negro
families constituted a substantial portion of the population a separate sample was taken of that racial group.
This was generally true of the communities studied in the Southeast.
3 In Providence all families with incomes under $500, and in the other cities all families below the $250
level, were excluded. All occupational groups were represented in the income classes between $1,250 and
$3,000 in Providence, and between $1,000 and $2,500 in the middle-sized and small cities. Above $3,000 in
Providence and $2,500 in the middle-sized cities only business and professional families were studied, while
the lowest income class in each city unit included only wage earners and the next two income classes only
wage earner and clerical families.
Certain other minor eligibility requirements were imposed to eliminate families whose living patterns
were not adapted to statistical analysis. See appendix A, on sampling, for a complete list of the eligibility
requirements.
* The report year covered a 12-month period ending not earlier than December 31, 1935, and not later than
November 30, 1936. The bulk of the schedules pertained to a year ending before August 1, 1936.
3
INTRODUCTION
dence fam ilies had incom es under $ 1 ,1 2 3 , while in the m iddle-sized
cities one-half received less than $ 1 ,0 7 1 .
T h e distribution of fam ilies
b y incom e differed som ew hat am ong the four sm all cities, the average
incom e being greater in Greenfield and W a llin g fo rd than in the other
F ig . 1
FAMILY TYPES FOR EXPENDITURE STUDY
TYPE IV
TYPE V
MEMBERS REQUIRED FOR TYPE
^
e
Q
MEMBER REQUIRED FOR TYPE, BUT AGE ALTERNATIVE
\ f
MEMBER OPTIONAL FOR TYPE
c
0
1ft L!
C <3> AGE ALTERNATIVE
U. S. B U REAU OF LA B O R STATISTICS
tw o cities.
T ak en together, n ot far from half of these sm all city fa m
ilies had incom es of m ore than $ 1 ,2 5 0 .6
A b o u t 43 percent of the P rovi
dence fam ilies had incom es under $ 1 ,0 0 0 , nearly 40 percent received
between $ 1 ,0 0 0 and $ 2 ,0 0 0 , while only a little m ore than 6 percent
reported
incom es o f $ 3 ,0 0 0
or over.
T h e incom e distribution of
5 See vol. I for a detailed analysis of family income in these communities.
4
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
fam ilies in the sm aller com m unities was sim ilar to th at in Providence,
alth ough, in m o st of the other cities, there
fam ilies
in
the
incom e
class above $ 3 ,0 0 0 .
distribution of incom e refer to all fam ilies,
ity
and
fam ily
com position,
and
include
were relatively
fewer
T hese figures on the
irrespective
fam ilies
o f n a tiv
th at
received
relief at som e tim e during the year as well as those th at rem ained
independent of public assistance.
The
various lim itations
th at were im posed
in
the seJection of
fam ilies eligible for the expenditure stu dy resulted in sam ples of
fam ilies whose average incom e was considerably higher than the cor
responding averages for all fam ilies in these com m unities.
T h u s, in
P rovidence, half ol the fam ilies represented in the part of the stu d y
th at deals with consum er expenditures had incom es above $ 1 ,6 0 7 ,
while in the m iddle-sized city unit half were found above the $ 1 ,4 6 7
level, and in the small cities half received m ore than $ 1 ,5 0 2 .6
T h e expenditure schedule used in the S tu d y of C on sum er Purchases
provided for the collection of inform ation on fa m ily expenditures
classified under 16 categories, varyin g in urgency from food and shelter
to recreation, gifts, and m inor item s of a m iscellaneous character.
T h e schedule contained inform ation also on such m atters as the ow ner
ship
of
autom obiles
and
household
equipm ent,
including
pianos, m echanical refrigerators, and v acu u m cleaners.
radios,
In addition,
account was taken of transactions during the report y ear th at increased
or decreased the fa m ily assets or liabilities.7
E xpenditure data covering the year 1 9 3 5 -3 6 were collected from
1,216 fam ilies in Providence, 854 in the m iddle-sized cities, and 1,034
in the sm all cities.8
T hese data indicate th at as fa m ily incom e rose
the am oun t spent for each im portan t group of consum ption goods and
services also increased.
Expenditures for the different groups of
item s did n ot, how ever, increase w ith equal rapidity over the incom e
« Since the eligibility requirements operated to eliminate families that in general occupied a less favorable
economic position than did native white, nonrelief, complete families, it follows that the expenditure data
cannot be taken to represent the spending pattern of the “average” family in the cities included in the
investigation. Instead, the purpose of the study is to show how families of the kinds selected for study
apportion their expenditures, and how such apportionment is influenced by the income status, occupational
classification, and size and composition of the family.
7
See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of the various categories of expenditure and the items included
under each.
s Each of these groups of families constituted a sample composed as nearly as possible of the same number
of families in each income class, within each family type and each occupational group. Since this method,
by design, failed to preserve the proportions of the several groups that were found in the population of
families eligible for the expenditures schedule, it was necessary to use the proportions obtaining in the eligible
sample as weights for all averages that represented combinations of occupational groups, of family types, or
of income classes. See appendix A, for a description of the method of sampling.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
5
scale.9 Thus, for example, expenditures for transportation increased
more rapidly than income in the income classes under $2,000, while
those for food and home maintenance, although much greater at all
income levels than transportation expenditures, increased much
less, relatively, and thus represented a declining proportion of the total
in successive income classes.
When families below the $750 income level are considered as a group,
food, most urgent of all consumption requirements, absorbed more
than half of total income in each city unit. (See table 1.) If home
maintenance (housing, household operation, and furnishings and
equipment combined) is added to food, these two categories together
absorbed well over 90 percent of income at the $500 to $750 income
level in Providence and the middle-sized cities, and a little more than
total current income at the same income level in the small cities.10
The economy of the families at the lowest income levels covered
is intelligible only in terms of the selective effect of the exclusion from
the investigation of families that received relief during part or all of
the year. Families with assets that could be drawn upon for current
needs, or that were able to obtain credit sufficient for their most
urgent requirements, thus managed to remain independent of public
assistance and to maintain a level of living somewhat above the
year’s income.
While income was insufficient to cover current consumption require
ments for families as a group at these low income levels, average
deficits declined in successive income classes until, at the $2,000
level in Providence and the middle-sized cities, and the $1,750 level
in the small cities, current expenditures were approximately balanced
by income. Above $2,000 in all city units, average surpluses rose
rapidly, amounting to nearly one-fourth of income among families with
» While the present study represents an investigation of differences in expenditure patterns of families
at different income levels, it provides inferential though not direct evidence on how any given group of
families would alter the apportionment of their spending if their incomes were raised or lowered. Thus, it
is convenient to express differences in expenditures among families at different economic levels as relative
changes with income. The relative increase over the income range in the outlay for a given category provides
an indication of the “ elasticity” of expenditures for that category. Elasticity may be measured in terms
of the percentage increase over a given income range in average outlay for the category (as in ch. IX ), or it
may be indicated by a comparison of the increase in average expenditures for the category in question with
the increase in income or in total expenditures. Since the expenditure base has generally been used in the
distribution of family expenditures, it has been convenient throughout the greater part of the report to speak
of expenditures for specific groups of items as being relatively elastic or inelastic, according to whether amounts
spent constituted an increasing or decreasing proportion of total expenditures. It will be apparent from
tables 1, 2, and 3 that the elasticity of any category is much lower when computed in relation to income
rather than to expenditures, because of the influence of deficits at the lower income levels, and of savings
in the upper portion of the income scale
10
Expenditures for current living include all obligations incurred during the year covered by the schedule
through unpaid bills or loans, as well as cash expenditures. (See glossary, appendix B, for definition of
expenditures.)
6
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
incomes of $5,000 and over in the middle-sized cities, and not far from
one-fifth of income among Providence families receiving $7,500 and
over.
T
able
1 . — D istrib u tio n o f adjusted f a m i ly in co m e 1
PROVIDENCE
Percentage of total adjusted income 2
Value of current family living 3
Income class
$500-$749________________
$750-$999________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________
$1,250-$1,499_____________
$1,500-$1,749_____________
$1,750-$1,999_____________
$2,000-$2,249_____________
$2,250-$2,499_____________
$2,500-$2,999_____________
$3,000-$3,499_____________
$3,500-$3,999......... ..............
$4,000-$4,999_____________
$5,000-$7,499_____________
$7,500 and over_________
Total
ad
justed
income
$700
873
1,125
1, 374
1,613
1,886
2,141
2, 389
2,709
3, 223
3, 771
4, 455
6,006
10, 215
Total
Food
Home
main
te
nance
118.4
108.4
106.5
101.7
102.8
100.7
99.9
94.4
93.7
92.6
83.9
88.2
83.8
81.5
52.2
43.6
39.8
38.5
36.1
33.0
32.1
28.6
26.7
25.0
21.6
22.1
18.9
16.1
41.6
37.7
36.4
33.5
33.7
31.9
33.1
30.4
31.9
33.1
28.2
29.1
28.9
29.2
Cloth
ing
and
per
sonal
care
Trans
porta
tion
10.9
9.9
10.5
10.9
11.5
11.1
11.6
11.7
11.3
10.7
10.5
11.2
10.4
9.0
2.7
5.4
5.8
7.0
7.7
10.3
9.6
9.3
10.2
9.3
8.4
9.7
8.5
6.6
4.0
3.4
5.1
3.3
4.3
3.8
3.6
4.1
3.4
3.7
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.5
1.4
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.9
3.6
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.1
5.4
4.9
9.0
5.6
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.6
7.0
6.6
6.7
•6.5
7.1
7.6
7.6
8.7
9.1
316.6
8 7. 0
8 5.2
8 0.5
8 1.9
0.3
1.4
5.7
7.0
7.7
16.7
11.4
16.6
18.8
0.5
3.7
4.7
6.8
5.1
9.2
10.7
10.5
10.2
15.1
13.6
10.6
15.7
4.9
10.4
2.9
3.6
4.4
4.0
5.1
6.1
4.2
3.0
3.0
3.4
4.4
2.7
1.7
2.4
2.0
1.8
2.3
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.7
3.1
3.6
4.0
2.5
3.5
11.7
9.5
7.6
6.4
6.9
6.6
6.7
7.2
6.3
5.9
7.8
6.9
8.3
7.4
3.9
8 90.8
8 20. 3
89. 4
8 6.0
81.6
81.9
8 4.4
5.7
7.2
4.7
5.6
15.0
15.5
23.1
6.6
2.5
4.2
2.5
2.5
5. 3
8.3
842. 3
832. 2
88. 2
84. 6
Con
Net
sur
Medi tribu
tions Other plus4
cal
and
care personal
taxes
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499________________
$500-$749________________
$750-$999________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________
$1,250-$1,499_____________
$1,500-$1,749_____________
$1,750-$1,999_____________
$2,000-$2,249_____________
$2,250-$2,499_____________
$2,500-$2,999_____________
$3,000-$3,499_____________
$3,500-$3,999_____________
$4,000-$4,999_____________
$5,000 and over__________
$412
695
912
1,137
1,364
1,619
1, 879
2,124
2,379
2,704
3, 223
3, 755
4, 276
7, 015
191.5
121.9
110.6
107.7
102.7
103.1
104.8
94.8
93. 2
95.9
95.2
84.0
83.0
77.4
73.8
49.8
41.9
38.0
35.5
32.6
29.6
28.9
27.8
25.5
23.8
21.8
18.4
13.9
81.1
47.4
41.7
39.0
36.9
34.8
36.7
31.4
31.6
30.1
31.6
25.1
24.3
33.2
13.8
8.5
10.5
10.3
11.7
11.7
11.7
10.8
11.6
10.8
11.9
11.3
11.0
8.1
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499
______
$500-$749
________
$750-$999_
_________
$1,000-$1,249 _
_ $1,250-$1,4&9_____________
$1,500-$1,749 __ ________
$1,750-$1,999 ..
_____
$2,000-$2,249_____________
$2,250-$2,499_
___
$2,500-$2,999_____________
$3,000 and o v e r .___ ____
$473
683
926
1,141
1,391
1,632
1,885
2,140
2, 392
2, 769
4,002
144.6
134. 7
109.3
106.0
99.9
102.8
99.3
95.4
96.8
94.7
85.8
55.4
48. 2
41.2
37.2
34.6
32.3
29.4
28.6
27.0
26.6
20.0
62.8
53.3
40.9
39.4
34.2
36.4
32.8
31.5
31.4
30.9
28.4
9. 7
9.1
8.3
9.1
9.3
11.2
10.6
10.8
11.5
9.9
10.2
2.3
4.7
5.3
6.2
7.8
7.3
10.6
8.6
11.3
11.4
10.6
6.9
4.5
4.9
4.7
5.1
4.0
5.3
5.4
3.0
4.0
2.8
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.4
4.9
4.8
6.6
6.7
6.5
7.1
8.3
7. 2
6.8
8.0
7.8
1.4
81.4
0.7
4.8
3.9
6.5
15.1
1 The adjusted family income figures used in this table represent total family income as used in the income
classification; money income plus imputed income from owned home and rent received as gift or pay; and
in addition the value of food and fuel obtained without money expense.
2 The value of current family living plus surplus (or minus deficit) does not equal exactly 100% of adjusted
family income because of the net balancing difference. See glossary, appendix B, and tabular summary,
table 1.
3 See table 2, footnotes 1 through 5 for definitions of the categories included in the value of current family
living.
4 Net surplus represents the excess of average money income over average current money expenditures.
(See ch. II.)
8 D eficit.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
7
The level at which a family lives in any given year depends not only
on its current income, its past savings and its credit standing, but also
upon goods and services received without money expense. The most
important of these nonmoney items for most families is the unpaid
services of the housewife, but it is so difficult to arrive at a satis
factory method of evaluating such services, that this factor in income
was not included in the present study. It was possible, however, to
obtain data on the value of the housing received by home owners
without money expense in the year of the survey, of housing received
as gift or pay, and of food and fuel received without money expense.
The data presented in table 1 include all these nonmoney items in the
figure for total income, and in the appropriate categories under the
heading “ value of current family living” 11 as a percent of total
income. It is of interest, however, to follow average consumption
patterns at successive income levels without regard to the source
of the funds used, and without regard to savings. The distribution
given in table 2 shows expenditures for the major categories as a
percent of total expenditures for current living, and makes clear the
changes in emphasis that follow changes in income status.
As indicated in the data on distribution of income, expenditures for
food and home maintenance together accounted for more than all
other categories combined, even at the highest levels studied. Up to
the $1,500 level in all city units these two categories took more than
twice as great a proportion of total expenditures for current living as
did all other groups of items. With increases in income the amounts
spent for food and home maintenance also increased, but other family
wants came in for greater consideration, with the result that the
proportion of total outlay going for food and home maintenance
declined over the income range.
Expenditures for clothing and personal care generally took the
third largest share of total expenditures. Unlike food and home
maintenance, however, such expenditures increased in relative im
portance as well as in average amount as income rose.
More than half of the families above the $1,250 income level in
each city unit were car owners. Thus, transportation expenditures
are predominantly expenditures for purchase and operation of auto
mobiles at almost all income levels above the lowest. The rapid
growth within a generation in automobile expenditures to rank among
11
Throughout the bulletin the term “ expenditures" is used to include both money expenditures and the
estimated money value of certain items obtained without money outlay during the year. The term “ total
expenditures for current living” and “ money value of current family living” are thus synonymous, and will
be used interchangeably. Since nonmoney items of consumption have been recorded only for housing, food,
and fuel, money expenditures for all other categories represent the only measure of family spending for
those categories.
113991°— 41------ -2
8
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
the major categories in the family budget probably represents a more
striking change in spending habits than has ever before occurred in an
equal period of time.
T able 2 . — D istrib u tio n o f value o f current f a m i ly livin g , by m a jor gro u p s
PR O VID EN CE
Percentage of total value of family living
Income class
$500-$749__________________ ______
$750-$999_________________ ______ $1,000-$1,249_____________________
$1, 250-$l, 499_____________________
$1, 500-$l, 749_____________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_____________________
$2, 000-$2, 249_____________________
$2, 250-$2,499_____________________
$2, 500-$2, 999_____________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________
$3, 500-$3,999_____________________
$4, 000-$4,999--------------------------------$5,000-$7,499_____________________
$7, 500 and over-----------------------------
Average
value
of
family
living
$829
946
1,198
1, 398
1, 658
1,899
2,133
2, 256
2, 538
2,984
3,164
3,931
5,032
8, 317
Home Cloth
main ing and Trans
Food1
te
per
porta
tion 3
nance a sonal
care
44.1
40.1
37.4
37.9
35.2
32.7
32.2
30.2
28.5
26.9
25.7
25.1
22.6
19.6
35.1
34.8
34.2
32.9
32.7
31.6
33.1
32.2
34.1
35.8
33.7
32.9
34.5
35.9
9.2
9.1
9.8
10.7
11.1
11.1
11.7
12.4
12.0
11.5
12.5
12.8
12.5
11.1
Med
ical
care
Contri
butions
and
Other
per
items 5
sonal
taxes4
2.3
5.0
5.4
6.9
7.5
10.3
9.5
9.8
10.9
10.1
10.0
11.0
10.1
8.1
3.4
3.2
4.8
3.3
4.2
3.8
3.6
4.4
3.7
4.0
4.2
3.5
4.2
3.1
1.2
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.8
3.5
3.3
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.9
6.1
5.8
11.1
4.7
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.5
7.0
6.6
7.1
6.9
7.7
9.0
8.6
10.3
11.1
7.2
7.0
9.5
9.5
11.4
11.4
11.2
11.4
12.4
11.3
12.6
13.4
13.2
10.5
.3
3.1
4.3
6.3
4.9
8.9
10.3
11.1
10.9
15.7
14.2
12.6
18.9
6.4
5.5
2.4
3.3
4.1
3.9
5.0
5.8
4.4
3.2
3.1
3.6
5.2
3.3
2.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.4
3.7
4.2
3.0
4.2
15.1
4.9
6.3
5.7
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.9
6.6
6.3
8.1
7.2
9.9
9.0
5.0
6.7
6.7
7.6
8.6
9.3
10.9
10.6
11.4
11.8
10.5
12.0
1.6
3.5
4.8
5.9
7.8
7.1
10.7
9.0
11.7
12.0
12.3
4.5
5.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.9
4.1
5.6
5.6
3.1
4.7
1.8
3.2
2.3
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.6
3.5
3.5
5.2
5.6
3.7
6.2
6.0
6.4
6.5
6.9
8.3
7.5
7.0
8.5
9.0
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_________________________
$500-$749_________________________
$750-$999_________________________
$1,000-$l, 249_____________________
$1, 250-$l, 499_____________________
$1, 500-$l, 749_____________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_____________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________
$2, 250-$2,499_____________________
$2, 500-$2,999_____________________
$3, 000-$3,499_____________________
$3, 500-$3, 999_____________________
$4, 000-$4, 999_____________________
$5,000 and over-----------------------------
$789
847
1,009
1, 224
1,401
1,670
1,970
2,014
2, 218
2,594
3,068
3,153
3,547
5,430
38.5
40.8
37.8
35.3
34.5
31.6
28.2
30.5
29.9
26.6
25.0
26.0
22.1
17.9
42.3
38.8
37.7
36.3
36.0
33.7
34.9
33.1
33.9
31.5
33.2
29.9
29.3
42.9
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499_________________________
$500-$749____________________ _____
$750-$999_________________________
$1,000-$l, 249_____________________
$1,250-$l, 499_____________________
$1, 500-$1, 749_____________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_____________________
$2,000-$2, 249_____________________
$2, 250-$2, 499_____________________
$2, 500-$2,999_____________________
$3,000 and over_________ _______
$684
920
1,013
1, 210
1,390
1,678
1, 871
2,042
2, 317
2,622
3, 432
38.3
35.7
37.6
35.1
34.7
31.5
29.7
29.9
27.9
28.1
23.3
43.4
39.6
37.5
37.1
34.2
35.4
33.0
33.1
32.5
32.6
33.1
i Includes expenditures for food and the value of food obtained without money expense.
1 Includes expenditures for housing, household operation, and furnishings and equipment, and the value
of housing and fuel obtained without money expense.
3 Includes expenditures for automobile purchase and operation, and other transportation.
4 Excludes sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; automobile
taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, included in housing
expense; and taxes on other real property, which were deducted from the gross income from such property.
5 Includes expenditures for recreation, reading, tobacco, education, and miscellaneous items.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
9
At virtually all income levels in these New England cities outlay for
medical care averaged between 3 and 5 percent of aggregate expendi
tures, with no consistent tendency toward either increase or decrease
in relative importance over the income range. Average amounts
spent rose in successive income classes, although rather irregularly,
since such expenditures are largely of emergency nature, and not the
result of free choice. For this reason there were very wide variations
in the amounts spent among families in the same income class, with
some families reporting no outlay, and a few reporting medical bills
of several hundred dollars.
The category designated contributions and personal taxes in the
present study differs in character somewhat from other groups of
expenditure items. Insofar as gifts made to persons outside the
economic family are balanced by gifts received, such expenditures
represent a direct part of family consumption. Sums spent for items
such as money contributions toward the support of individuals or
institutions, and personal taxes, represent aspects of family spending
that are less directly related to goods and services consumed than are
most other expenditures. Nevertheless, for taxes and contributions
to religious organizations, at least, the families making such expendi
tures receive returns in a variety of forms that constitute important
elements in their pattern of living.
Expenditures for contributions and personal taxes were more
elastic than those for any of the other categories of consumption,
rising from a little over 1 percent at the lowest income levels studied
to 11 percent for families in Providence with incomes of $7,500 and
over and to 15 percent among families receiving $5,000 or over in the
middle-sized cities. In the lower part of the income range donations
to church and to other religious organizations were the largest item,
but at the upper income levels contributions to the support of persons
outside the economic family assumed greater relative importance.
The taxes included in this category were quite small in all but the
highest income groups studied, since they comprised only income,
personal property, and poll taxes.12
Expenditures for recreation, tobacco, reading, education, and mis
cellaneous items have been grouped in tables 1, 2, and 3 under the
heading “ other items.” Among these, recreation was the largest at
most income levels. Expenditures for recreation increased in succes
sive income classes both in average amount and as a proportion of
total expenditures for current living. Admissions to motion pictures
were generally the largest single item in this category. Expenditures
12 See glossary, appendix B, for a statement of the expenditure categories in which other taxes were entered.
10
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
for reading, representing chiefly the cost of newspapers, were small at
all economic levels, and generally accounted for only about 1 percent
of total outlay, with some tendency toward relative decline over the
income range. Except in a few income groups in the upper part of
the income scale amounts spent for education averaged even smaller
than those for reading; they also varied much more widely from one
income class to another, but gained some in relative importance as
income rose. Expenditures for tobacco averaged larger than those
for reading and education combined in most income classes below the
highest in each city unit.
In present-day urban communities the distribution of money
expenditures (table 3) is very similar to the distribution of total value
of current living, presented in table 2. The yalue of housing obtained
without money expense in the report year was generally the largest
nonmoney item in the value of family living, although at a few income
levels the value of free food was also fairly substantial. Hence, only
these two categories represented larger proportions of total value of
current living than of total money expenditures in any part of the
income range. The difference between money expenditures and
money value of family living averaged above $200 among Providence
families with incomes of $4,000 and over, but less than $20 among
those with incomes under $1,000.
The ensuing report will attempt to indicate in greater detail the
answers to questions toward which the investigation was directed.
For example: At succeeding income levels, which categories of expend
iture increase most regularly, and which most irregularly? How do
these changes in expenditures vary as between smaller and larger, or
younger and older families? Between wage-earner and professional
groups? At what income level do families enter the market or with
draw therefrom, for particular kinds of goods and services? Which
are relatively urgent items in the family budget, which assume the
behavior of luxuries? What are the differences in the spending pat
terns of families of the same income, family type, and occupation in
cities of different size within the same region?
It is hoped that consideration given to questions like these may
have a bearing on such problems as the establishment of wage levels;
the development of family budgets; estimates of national consump
tion; the relative taxability of successive income strata; the effective
ness of current marketing programs, and, in the large, the problem
of keeping production in balance with consumption.
11
I N T R O D U C T IO N
T a b l e 3 . — D istrib u tio n o f m o n e y exp en d itu res f o r current f a m i ly living,
by m ajor groups
PR OVIDENCE
Percentage of total money expenditures 1
Income class
$500-$749_________________________
$750-$999_________________________
$1, 000-$l, 249_____________________
$1, 250-$l, 499_____________________
$1, 500-$l, 749_____________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_____________________
$2, 000-$2, 249_____________________
$2, 250-$2,499_____________________
$2, 500-$2,999_____________________
$3,000-$3, 499_____________________
$3, 500-$3,999_____________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________
$5,000-$7,499_____________________
$7,500 and over__________ ________
Average
total
money
expendi
tures
Food
$764
920
1,177
1,362
1,619
1,853
2,076
2,174
2, 438
2, 883
3,000
3, 694
4, 710
7, 811
41.4
39.3
37.1
38.1
35.1
32.7
32.2
30.7
29.0
27.4
26.0
26.3
23.5
20.3
Cloth
Home
ing
main
and
per
te
nance 2 sonal
care
36.1
35.0
34.1
32.0
32.1
30.8
32.0
30.3
32.0
34.0
31.3
29.0
30.7
32.3
9.9
9.4
10.0
11.0
11.4
11.3
12.0
12.8
12.5
11.9
13.2
13.6
13.4
11.8
Trans
porta
tion 3
Contri
Medi butions Other
and
cal
per
items 8
care
sonal
taxes 4
2.5
5.0
5.5
7.0
7.6
10.5
9.8
10.2
11.4
10.4
10.5
11.7
10.8
8.7
3.7
3.3
4.8
3.4
4.3
3.9
3.8
4.6
3.8
4.1
4.4
3.8
4.5
3.3
1.3
1.7
2.2
2.2
2.9
3.6
3.4
4.1
4.1
4.2
5.1
6.5
6.2
11.8
5.1
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.6
7.2
6.8
7.3
7.2
8.0
9.5
9.1
10.9
11.8
7.6
7.8
9.7
9.9
11.7
11.7
11.5
11.9
13.0
11.7
13.1
13.8
13.8
11.2
0.2
3.4
4.3
6.6
5.1
9.1
10.5
11.4
11.4
16.2
14.9
13.0
19.9
6.8
5.7
2.6
3.4
4.2
3.9
5.1
5.9
4.6
3.3
3.2
3.8
5.4
3.4
2.3
1.3
1.8
1.7
2.2
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.3
3.1
4.4
16.0
5.2
7.0
5.8
6.7
6.5
6.6
7.0
6.9
6.5
8.4
7.5
10.2
9.4
5.3
7.6
7.3
8.0
9.1
9.8
11.4
11.1
11.9
12.4
10.9
12.6
1.8
3.8
5.1
6.2
8.1
7.4
11.1
9.4
12.2
12.5
13.1
5.1
5.5
4.4
4.9
4.9
5.2
4.2
5.8
5.8
3.3
5.0
2.0
3.4
2.4
2.5
3.0
3.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
5.4
6.0
4.2
6.7
6.4
6.8
6.9
7.3
8.7
7.8
7.2
8.8
9.6
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_______________
$500-$749_______________
$750-$999_______________
$1, 000-$l, 249_____________
$1,250-$l, 499_____________
$1, 500-$l, 749_____________
$1, 750-$l, 999_____________
$2,000-$2, 249____________
$2, 250-$2,499_____________
$2, 500-$2,999____________
$3,000-$3, 499____________
$3,500-$3,999_____________
$4,000-$4,999____________
$5,000andover __ __ _ __
$754
758
982
1,182
1,368
1,621
1,923
1,941
2,129
2, 505
2,945
3,061
3, 385
5,123
38.9
40.6
37.6
35.8
34.8
32.0
28.2
31.2
30.9
27.6
25.7
26.3
23.1
19.0
41.1
36.8
37.5
34.6
35.1
32.5
34.1
31.0
31.4
29.1
30.7
28.2
26.0
39.4
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499_________________________
$500-$749_________________________
$750-$999_________________________
$1, 000-$l, 249_____________________
$1, 250-$l, 499_____________________
$1, 500-$l, 749_____________________
$1,750-$l, 999_____________________
$2,000-$2, 249_____________________
$2, 250-$2, 499_____________________
$2, 500-$2,999_____________________
____________ _
$3,000 and over..
$604
851
960
1,140
1,322
1,602
1,800
1,950
2, 218
2, 518
3. 231
41.0
34.4
37.7
35.5
34. 2
31.9
29.9
30.4
28. 2
28.1
23.8
38.3
38.9
36.0
35.0
33.1
33.4
31.3
31.0
30. 5
31.0
29.9
1 See glossary, appendix B, for definition of expenditures that was used in this study.
2 Includes expenditures for housing, household operation and furnishings and equipment.
3 Includes expenditures for automobile purchase and operation, and other transportation.
4 Excludes sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; automo
bile taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, included in housing
expense; and taxes on other real property, which were deducted from the gross income from such property.
8 Includes expenditures for recreation, reading, tobacco, education, and miscellaneous items.
Chapter II
The Family Balance Sheet
The balance sheet for families studied in the New England com
munities may be presented by comparing money income with money
expenditures for current living. Such a balance sheet, calculated
for groups at successive economic levels, measures the changing
relationship between income and consumer purchases along the in
come scale, and brings to light the prevalence among low-income
groups of spending financed through deficit, and, in the upper-in
come groups, of surpluses that account for substantial proportions of
income.
T
able
4 . — A verag e m o n e y in co m e and m o n e y expen d itu res f o r current f a m i l y l i v i n g 1
PR OVIDENCE
Income class
$500-$749____________________
$750-$999____________________
$1,000-$1,249_________________
$1,250-$1,499_________________
$1,500-$1,749_________________
$1,750-$1,999_________________
$2,000-$2,249_________________
Money
income
Money
expendi
ture
$635
847
1,104
1,338
1, 574
1,840
2,084
$764
920
1,177
1,362
1, 619
1,853
2,076
Income class
$2,250-$2,499_____ ______
$2,500-$2,999_________________
$3,000-$3,499_________________
$3,500-$3,999_________________
$4,000-$4,999_________________
$5,000-$7,499_________________
$7,500 and over________ ______
Money
income
$2,307
2,609
3,122
3,607
4, 218
5,684
9,709
Money
expendi
ture
$2,174
2,438
2,883
3,000
3,694
4, 710
7,811
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_. . .
$500-$749----$750-$999_. .
$1,000-11,249
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749
$1,750-$1,999
$377
606
885
1,095
1, 331
1, 570
1,832
$754
758
982
1,182
1, 368
1,621
1,923
$2,000-$2,249_________________
$2,250-$2,499--,_______________
$2,500-$2,999_________________
$3,000-$3,499_________________
$3,500-$3,999_________________
$4,000-$4,999_________________
$5,000 and over______________
$2,051
2, 290
2, 615
3,100
3, 663
4,114
6,708
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499___
$500-$749___
$750-$999__
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749
$393
614
873
1,071
1, 323
1, 556
$604
851
960
1,140
1,322
b 602
$1,750-$1,999_________________
$2,000-$2,249_________________
$2,250-$2,499______ ___________
$2,500-$2,999_________________
$3,000 and over______________
$1,814
2, 048
2, 293
2,665
3, 801
$1,800
1,950
2, 218
2,518
3, 231
i
The difference between average money income and average money expenditures equals the average net
surplus or deficit, shown in table 5, except for the balancing difference (never as much as 5.5 percent of
total receipts or disbursements, whichever was larger, for any scheduled family); the net balancing differ
ence is given in the Tabular Summary, table 1.
Among families in the lower portion of the income scale average
annual money expenditures exceeded average money income in each
city unit. In Providence and in the middle-sized cities average in
come did not exceed average expenditures in any income class until
the $2,000 level was reached, while in the small cities an average
surplus appeared at the $1,750 line. (See table 4.) In all three
12
T H E
F A M IL Y
B A LA N C E
S H E E T
13
city units the income groups under $750 spent an average of at least
$100 more than money income, while the lowest income class in the
middle-sized and small cities ($250 to $500) failed to make ends
meet by more than $200. Such deficits were met by drawing on
past savings or by resorting to credit. Above the income levels
where average outlay was within money income the average excess
of income over expenditures rose steadily in successive income classes,
until, for those with income of $5,000 and over in Providence and
the middle-sized cities, it amounted to from 20 to 25 percent of in
come. In the small cities the highest income group ($3,000 and over)
achieved an average surplus of approximately 15 percent of money
income.
Current income and family resources.— While over a period of years
families are necessarily limited by their income in the level of living
which they maintain, this does not mean that in any given year
there will necessarily be a close correspondence between income and
expenditures for current living. Factors preventing such a balancing
of income against outgo for a particular year may be peculiar to the
individual family, or the result of the general business situation.
Some older families will be living on the capital as well as the in
come of past accumulations. A young head of a family, particularly
in the business and professional groups, may anticipate future in
creases in income for the purchase of furniture, an automobile, or
some other relatively durable consumption goods. The family of a
business executive or professional man may maintain about the same
level of expenditures, regardless of variations from year to year in
annual income, so that in some years it shows a surplus balance and
in other years incurs a deficit. A family may meet an emergency
that causes its liabilities incurred during a given year to outrun by
substantial sums its current income. Ordinarily, a family in the
lower part of the income scale will not be able to make a cash pur
chase of a durable goods such as a new stove or a suite of furniture
out of current income, and often not out of available savings. It
is, therefore, to be expected that in any particular year a fraction
of the families will draw upon past savings or increase their liabilities
for the purpose of improving or maintaining their level of living,
while others are keeping well within their incomes and perhaps pay
ing off previously incurred obligations.
It should be noted, in this connection, that the year covered by
the Consumer Purchases Study, 1935-36, was not a “ normal” one
for a substantial proportion of the families. Incomes for many of
them had not recovered from reductions during the depression.
Haverhill and Willimantic especially were suffering from migration of
industries that accentuated the depression of 1929, so that the in
habitants probably had few resources left to draw upon and little
14
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
optimism regarding the future. Wallingford, on the other hand, had
weathered the depression unusually well. In Providence, where in
dustries are more diversified than in the smaller communities, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics’ reports indicate, that in the year covered
by the survey, employment and pay rolls were beginning to rise above
the low point of depression years. It is understandable that after
restricted buying for a number of years, many families began to
incur obligations beyond current receipts, predicted upon the hope
of more regular employment and future increases in income.
Thus the net deficit for a family or group of families recorded in
the period of the study may not reflect a chronic tendency to live
beyond income. This interpretation is supported by the data on
installment obligations for Providence families, presented in chapter
VIII, which show that the installment commitments carried over at
the end of the schedule year were substantially greater, both in
number of families and in average amounts, than the commitments
with which the schedule year began.1
Had the Study of Consumer Purchases been conducted at another
stage in the business cycle, the surplus and deficit record would
perhaps have been different in some important respects. At some
later date family balance sheets may be studied for a number of suc
cessive years, to determine the regularity with which families balance
surplus against deficit items. Meanwhile, an examination of the
surpluses and deficits for the year 1935-36 shows in New England, as
in the other regions studied, an occasional family whose expenditure
pattern differed widely from the average for the group of families
similarly classified. These cases sometimes have the effect of dis
torting the averages for the group. Random fluctuations of this sort
do not, however, obscure the dominant patterns shown by the data.
Surplus and deficit by income levels.— The figures given for income
and expenditure in table 4 represent net averages for the group of
families at each income level. There were families at almost every
interval along the income scale, however, that reported a net surplus
for the year. (See table 5).2 This meant that they had either in1 See chapter VIII far detailed discussion.
2 The average surpluses and deficits shown in table 5 are compiled from detailed reports of changes in
assets and changes in liabilities. These detailed reports were treated as part of the record of money disburse
ments and money receipts to determine whether the total reported money disbursements balanced with the
total reported money receipts. As used in the present study, the term disbursements includes money ex
penditures for current living and amounts spent to increase assets or decrease liabilities, while receipts in
cludes money income and funds used for family living which were obtained through decreasing assets or
increasing liabilities. A schedule was accepted if money receipts and money disbursements agreed within
5.5 percent. It follows from this method that the difference between average money income and average
money expenditures shown in table 4 will not agree precisely with the average surplus or deficit for all
families shown in the last column of table 5. (See discussion of balancing difference in Glossary.)
In general, throughout the income range in all three of the New England city units, the net balancing
difference was negative, amounting to less than $25 in the great majority of income classes. No attempt was
made to force a balance. It would have been impossible to account precisely for these minor discrepancies
without unduly prolonging the field interviews. They may have resulted from errors in estimating income,
expenditures, savings, or deficits. In any event the average differences were too small to be significant.
T H E
F A M IL Y
B A LA N C E
15
S H E E T
creased their assets, or decreased their liabilities, or perhaps both,
during the year of the study. On the other hand, there were families
at every income level except one that ended the year with a deficit—
that is, had increased their liabilities or reduced their assets, or both.
Finally, there were a few families at most levels that broke even for
the year, and showed neither net surplus nor deficit.
T able 5. —
A verage net su rp lu s and deficit
PR OVIDENCE
Families having
surplus 1
Families having
deficit1
Average net surplus
or deficit (—)
Income class
$500-$749________________________________
$750-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________
$4,000-14,999_____________________________
$5,000-$7,499_____________________________
$7,500 and over_________ _______________
Percent of
Average
money
amount Amount2 income
Percent
Average
amount
Percent
14
57
43
62
57
62
71
78
76
82
96
91
94
88
$36
53
73
96
146
153
169
260
348
427
690
623
1,114
2,198
79
43
49
35
36
37
26
20
20
16
4
7
6
12
$153
211
182
190
314
241
345
325
361
618
682
770
914
226
-$116
-6 1
-5 9
-7 -3 0
6
33
136
189
248
630
508
996
1,919
100
70
62
51
38
42
43
28
24
31
35
5
16
374
215
172
211
202
241
390
192
168
290
281
812
541
-374
-141
-8 6
-6 8
-2 2
-3 1
-8 2
121
170
126
180
563
666
1, 619
—94
-2 2
-1 0
-6
-2
-2
-4
6
7
5
6
15
16
24
92
69
53
46
36
43
35
28
27
32
15
218
332
197
204
173
253
316
218
235
285
409
-200
-220
-7 6
-5 3
19
-2 3
14
102
94
181
603
—45
-3 4
-9
-5
1
—1
1
-1 8
-7
-5
(3)
(•)
-2
2
6
7
8
17
12
18
20
M IDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_________________________________
$500-$749_________________________________
$75Q-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________
$5,000 and over _____________
__
__
21
37
47
59
57
57
72
75
67
65
95
84
100
48
55
83
92
125
146
240
280
321
427
632
891
1, 619
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499_________________________________
$500-$749_________________________________
$750-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$3,000 and over___________________________
21
40
49
61
54
62
69
70
60
80
43
70
86
133
158
200
238
226
453
834
5
4
7
16
1
1 Excludes families whose schedules showed an exact balance for the year.
2 For a reconciliation of the average net surplus or deficit with the difference between average income and
expenditure, as shown in table 4, see Tabular Summary, table 1.
3 Less than 1 percent.
As already suggested by the data in table 4, the proportion of
families at the low income levels reporting that they lived within
their incomes was very small. In Providence about four families out
16
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
of five with incomes under $750 incurred deficits, while in the middlesized cities none of the group receiving less than $500 made ends meet.
In the small cities, although none at the lowest income level reported a
surplus, 8 percent did succeed in coming out even for the year. In
successively higher income classes in all communities the proportion
with surpluses increased and the proportion with deficits declined,
with the result that the average net deficits diminished quite regularly
until they were replaced by net surplus, which rose to substantial
proportions at the upper end of the income scale.
In all three of these city units more than half of the families at the
income levels above $1,250 showed a surplus for the year 1935-36.
Approximately 60 percent of the Providence families with incomes of
$1,250 to $2,000 and over, and 90 percent of those with incomes
between $3,500 and $7,500 came out ahead. The same general
pattern appeared in the middle-sized and small cities. There was a
tendency for the proportion of families showing a surplus to be slightly
larger, and correspondingly, the proportion showing a deficit to be
slightly smaller in Providence than at comparable income levels in the
other city units. These differences, which were very small, may be
accouned for by the fact that, at most income levels, Providence
families reported average incomes somewhat higher than those of
families in the same income class in other cities.3
The average amounts of the surpluses for families reporting savings
were less than $100 at all income levels up to $1,500, in Providence
and the middle-sized cities, and up to $1,250, in the small cities. At
succeeding income levels, the amounts increased steadily to more
than $600, as an average, for families with incomes of $3,500 and over,
and to $2,200 for Providence families with incomes of $7,500 and over.
B y contrast, the average deficits of families reporting expenditures
in excess of income were very substantial at the lower end of the in
come scale, amounting to 3 or 4 times the average surpluses. In
Providence the size of the deficits increased rather steadily with in
come from about $150 at the lower levels to about $900 at the income
level $5,000 to $7,500, among such families as had deficits. In the
other New England cities, however, there was no well-defined rela
tionship between income and the average deficits of families reporting
them.
S u rp lu s and deficit a m on g occu pation al g ro u p s .4— Although the se
quence from substantia] deficit to substantial surplus was continuous
when families of all occupational groups were considered together, the
3 See Tabular Summary, table 1.
4 The occupational classification used in tabulating the data was not equally detailed for all the city units.
In Providence five occupational groups are distinguished, as follows: Wage earner, clerical; independent
business and professional; salaried business and salaried professional. In the middle-sized cities these five
groups are reduced to four by combining salaried business and professional families,while in the small cities
the number of occupational groups is still further reduced by combining all business and professional families.
T H E
F A M IL Y
B A LA N C E
17
S H E E T
averages for each occupational group varied rather irregularly from
one income level to the next, partly because of the smaller number of
families on which the averages are based. (See table 6.) As a result,
no well defined occupational differences appear in the data on net
surplus and deficit.
T
6 . — A verage net su rp lu s or deficit , b y occupational group
able
PROVIDENCE
Wage
earner
Income class
$750-$999
________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249 ______________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999 ______________________________________
$2,000-$2,249 ____
______________________________
$2,250-$2,499 ______________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499
.
.
__________________________
$3,500-$3,999 ______________________________________
____
__________________________
$4,000-$4,999
$5,000-$7,499
_ - ____ ________
Clerical
—$48
-6 8
22
-4 6
28
-2 6
146
244
0)
0)
0)
0
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749
_______________________________________
$750-$999
______________________________________
$1,000-$1,249
____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499 ______________________________________
$1,500-$1,749
_________________________________
______________________
$1,750-$1,999
_ $2,000-$2,249
. - __________________________
$2,250-$2,499
- __________________________________
$2,500-$2,999
- _ - __________ _______
$3,000-$3,499
___________________ ______________
-$121
-8 4
-5 4
-2 7
-8
-111
120
186
0
0)
-$107
-3 2
-6 9
15
-9
65
141
108
0)
0)
0)
0)
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Salaried
business
Salaried
profes
sional
0)
0)
0)
0
0)
0)
—
$37
-2 8
-7 9
72
212
257
54
541
606
1,098
$1
-101
-3
38
_
115
322
617
421
908
9
-$ 3
-3 5
-4
121
243
294
287
782
546
945
2
-$274
-9 0
-9 6
-1 5
-9 4
90
164
213
0)
0)
0
0
—$98
3
-7 8
21
208
no
60
no
0)
0
-$93
-2 4
20
-280
7
109
168
231
SM ALL CITIES *
$500-$749
_______________________________________
$750-$999
______________________________ ______
$1,000-$1,249 . ____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499
- - ________________________________
$1 500-$l,749
- . - - _ - ________ _____ $1 750-$l,999
- - - - _____________________
$2,000-$2,249
. - ___ ____________________________
$2,250-$2,499
- _ - _______________ _____________
-$239
-7 8
-5 2
38
-1 2
17
142
66
—$98
-6 4
-9 8
-4 0
-4 1
16
149
184
0)
0)
$17
-1
-4 8
5
-1 2
60
1
Expenditure schedules were not taken for families at this income level.
2 In the middle-sized cities salaried business and professional families were classified together.
2 In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together.
In both Providence and the middle-sized cities there was some
tendency for salaried business and professional families to have larger
deficits or smaller surpluses than those in other occupations, while in
the small cities the business and professional group as a whole made a
somewhat less favorable showing than wage-earner or clerical families.
Such differences, however, were not consistently maintained along
the income range in the three units, and probably cannot be taken as
18
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
indicative of a genuine occupational patterning in the selected cities
of this region.5
S u r p lu s an d deficit a m on g f a m i l y -t y p e g ro u p s .— A t comparable
income levels current expenditures of families of different composition
appeared in general to vary directly with family size; thus net sur
pluses were inversely related to the number of family members.6
In Providence, no clear family-type distinctions can be drawn with
respect to average surplus or deficit. (See table 7.) It should be
noted, however, that the two-person families reported the lowest
average total expenditures twice as frequently as families in the other
two groups. On the other hand, the larger fandlies, with three to
six members, at least three 16 or over (types IV and V ), frequently
reported the highest expenditures. So far as the data suggest this
relationship, it accords with expectations as to the effect of family
size on level of spending.
T
able
7 .— A verage net su rp lu s or deficit , b y f a m i ly typ e
PROVIDENCE
Family type 1
Family type 1
Income class
Income class
I
II-III
$750-$999________________
$1,000-$1,249____________
$1,250-$! ,499____________
$1,500-$1,749____________
$1,750-$1,999____________
$2,000-$2,249____________
(*)
—$60
15
23
-3 7
6
—$24
-5 9
-2 8
32
19
47
$500-$749
$750-$999________________
$1,000-$1,249____________
$1,250-$1,499_ _
$1,500-$1,749_
$1,750-$1,999____________
—$127
-4 2
-6 4
26
-4
-117
-$144
-8 9
-4 9
—45
—18
-103
IV -V
-$229
-5 8
-2
-149
28
44
I
$2,250-$2,499____________
$2,500-$2,999____________
$3,000-$3,499____________
$3,500-$3,999____________
$4,000-$4,999____________
$5,000-$7,499____________
II-III
IV -V
$117
189
477
613
768
1,058
$140
264
291
479
423
1,077
$146
133
35
771
436
886
$109
293
164
396
(f)
1,394
$111
190
55
244
147
110
$141
61
165
64
688
610
$35
119
86
243
$50
35
99
210
—$42
134
97
75
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
—$173
-147
-111
-3 7
-7 1
-3 3
$2,000-$2,249 ____
$2,250-$2,499____________
$2,500-$2,999____________
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999 .
$4,000-$4,999____________
SM ALL CITIES
$500-$749________________
$750-$999________________
$1,000-$1,249____________
$1,250-$1,499____________
$1,500-$1,749____________
-$261
-8 1
-2 7
51
10
-$139
-5 3
-6 0
24
-2 4
-$289
-133
-8 1
-3 1
-5 7
$1,750-$1,999 __
$2,000-$2,249____________
$2,250-$2,499 ______
$2,500-$2,999_________
1The 5-family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than hus
band and wife, as follows:
I. No other persons (families of 2).
II. 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III. 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV. 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V.
1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
*Less than $1.
tFewer than 3 cases.
8 The findings relative to occupational differences are no more conclusive when analysis is made of varia
tions among the occupational groups with family type held constant. On this basis, also, the differences
are not large enough nor sufficiently consistent in any city unit to indicate that families in any one occupa
tional group manage their accounts with respect to the relation between income and expenditures differently
from families in the other groups. (See appendix D.)
6
The expenditure data collected from families of the first 5 types, were combined for tabulation into 3
groups representing families of type I, those of types II and III, combined, and those of types IV and V,
combined.
T H E
F A M IL Y
B A LA N C E
S H E E T
19
In the middle-sized cities, the two-person families generally came
out best in the balance of accounts for the year 1935-36, since their
average total expenditures ran lowest. There were no consistent differ
ences, however, between the families containing one or two children
(types II and III) and the families of three to six with three or more
members over 16, either in respect to their surplus-deficit balance or
to their total expenditures.
D ata for the small cities show a clear relationship between family
size and the surplus-deficit record, with the larger families (types IV
and V ) generally reporting the least favorable balance sheet records,
and two-person families, the most favorable records.
Chapter III
Food
In general, food is the largest individual category in the family
budget. Among all income groups in all the New England communi
ties studied the outlay for food averaged above that for any other
category included in the consumption analysis.1 Average money
expenditures varied from between $250 and $300 in the low-income
classes to well over $1,000 among Providence families with incomes of
$5,000 and over, and to over $750 among families with incomes of
$3,000 and over in the middle-sized and small city units. (See table
8 and fig. 2.) 2
While food expenditures thus increased in size with income, and
retained their primacy at all income levels, they lost ground fairly
steadily in relation to total expenditures in successively higher income
classes. From the lowest to the highest income group in Providence,
food expenditures increased 5-fold, but as aggregate money expendi
tures for family living increased 10-fold, the proportion of total outlay
devoted to food declined from over 40 percent to 27 at the $3,000
income level and to 20 percent at the $7,500 level. A similar showing
was made in comparable income groups in the other cities. (See
fig. 2*)
The findings of the present study on the position of food in the
budget, and on its decline in relative importance as incomes increase,
support those of virtually all earlier investigations in this field. The
pronounced drop over the income range in the percentage of total
expenditures accounted for by food is characteristic of a relatively
“ inelastic” category of wants, in which consumption, in either quanti
tative or qualitative terms is stimulated only moderately by in
creased ability to spend.
1 When expenditures for household operation and furnishings and equipment are added to those for hous
ing, and the sum treated as one expenditure category, food ranked second except in the lower part of the
income range.
2 The category of food in the present analysis was defined to include foodstuffs prepared and eaten at
home or carried in lunches to work or school, as well as candy, soft drinks, and liquor, all food and drink
represented in the family’s entertainment activities, and all meals purchased and eaten away from home.
The wide range of choice in respect to dining out or using meals as an auxiliary to entertainment thus com
plicates the problem of comparing food expenditures of families at different income levels, since the
composition of the food bill varies considerably along the income scale.
20
21
FO O D
T
able
8 . — A verage expenditures f o r f o o d
P R O VID EN CE
Average money expenditures for food
Per family
Income class
$50C-$749___________ ____ ________
$750-$999_________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________
$1,700-$1,999_____________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________
$5,000-$7,499_____________________
$7,500 and over____ _____________
Total
Amount
Percentage
of total
money ex
penditures
$316
361
436
519
569
605
670
668
708
790
778
973
1,107
1, 585
41.4
39.3
37.1
38.1
35.1
32.7
32.2
30.7
29.0
27.4
26.0
26.3
23.5
20.3
Away
from
home
$5
7
12
21
29
49
58
67
88
106
117
156
217
397
Per meal
per
equivalent
adult
Average
value per
family
of food
obtained
without
money
expense
Average
total
money
value of
food per
meal per
equivalent
adult
$0.108
. 116
.142
.169
.176
.185
.205
.198
.208
.226
.226
.279
.266
.305
$50
19
12
11
14
17
17
14
15
14
35
14
29
45
$0.125
. 122
. 146
. 173
. 180
. 190
.210
.202
.212
.230
.236
.283
.273
.314
$1
4
11
13
25
33
33
54
52
68
123
169
134
138
$0.104
. 108
. 121
. 137
. 149
.158
.162
. 176
. 196
.198
.211
. 195
. 211
.251
$11
39
14
8
9
11
13
9
6
3
10
13
1
$0.108
. 122
. 126
. 140
. 152
. 161
.166
. 179
. 198
. 199
.214
. 198
.212
. 251
$6
9
8
10
33
32
36
59
90
93
$0.098
. 107
. 124
. 136
. 144
. 158
. 163
. 172
. 183
.220
.215
$14
36
19
20
30
17
16
22
24
29
32
$0.103
. 120
. 130
. 143
. 154
. 163
. 168
. 178
. 190
.229
.224
M ID D L E-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_______ _______ ____ ____
$500-$749_________________________
$750-$999_________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________
$4,000-$4,999____ ________________
$5,000 and over__________ ___ __ _
$293
307
368
424
475
517
543
606
657
688
758
805
784
972
38.9
40.6
37.6
35.8
34.8
32.0
28.2
31. 2
30.9
27.6
25.7
26.3
23.1
19.0
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499_________________________
$500-$749_________________________
$750-$999_________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________
$3,000 and over___________________
$248
293
362
405
452
511
539
589
623
707
768
41.0
34.4
37.7
35. 5
34. 2
31.9
29.9
30.4
28.2
28.1
23.8
F o o d a w a y fr o m h o m e .— Expenditures for tood away from home
showed a much wider relative variation with income than did total
food expenditures. Among Providence families, those with incomes
below $1,000 reported outlay for food away from home that averaged
less than $10 yearly, while those with incomes of $5,000 and over spent
an average of well over $200. A t income levels below $750 such outlay
did not exceed 2 percent of the average food bill in any city unit;
among families with incomes of $2,500 and over at least 10 percent of
22
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
Fig. 2
FOOD AS A PERCENTAG E OF T O T A L M O N EY
E XP E N D ITU R ES AT SELECTED INCOME LEVELS
NEW E N G L A N D , 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6
NONRELIEF WHITE FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND
AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN
FOOD
PROVIDENCE
PERCENTAGE
750
ANDUNDER
1000
1250
ANDUNDER
1500
1750
ANDUNDER
2000
2250
ANOUNDER
2500
3000
ANDUNDER
350Q
4000
ANDUNDER
5000
ANDUNDER
5000
7500
ANOUNDER
ANOUNDER
Ml DOLE-SIZED CITIES
percentag e
ANDUNDER
ANOUNDER
ANOUNDER
ANDUNDER
750
1250
1750
2250
ANDUNOER
3000
SMALL CITIES
PERCENTAGE
500
1000
1500
ANDUNDER
ANDUNDER
ANOUNDER
750
1250
1750
2000
ANDUNDER
2250
4000
5000
PERCENTAGE
2500
ANOUNDER
3000
INCOME C L A S S IN DOLLARS
U .S . BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS
J
FO OD
23
their money expenditures for food represented food away from home.
Not until the $3,000 income level was reached did such expenditures
average as much as $2 per family per week.
In m o st incom e groups ou tlay for m eals at work was larger than for
any other item of food aw ay from h om e, and generally accounted for
m ore
than
half of
such
expenditures.3
The
relatively
m oderate
am oun t so spent at nearly all econom ic levels suggests th at the earners
in m a n y fam ilies m u st have returned h om e for the noon m eal, or m u st
have carried lunches from hom e.
E v id e n tly there was com paratively
little dining out as a fam ily practice, or as a form of entertaining, in
these N e w E n g la n d com m unities.
Food obtained without money expenditure.— M a n y families in these
N e w E n g la n d cities obtained sm all am oun ts of food w ithou t m on ey
ou tla y, either through production in h om e gardens, or through the
receipt of foods as gift or p ay .
T h e low incom e fam ilies generally
obtained at least as m uch of such food as did those w ith high incom es,
with the result th at free food was of greater relative im portance to
the fam ilies w ith sm all incom es than to those at the interm ediate and
upper levels of incom e.
Nevertheless, even among the families at the lower end of the in
come scale, free food provided a relatively minor contribution, and
at higher levels it rarely averaged as much as 5 percent of the aggre
gate value of food consumed.
Total expenditures per meal per equivalent adult} — Evidence that
families with high incomes bought more expensive foods for home use,
or ate out more frequently is to be found in table 8, which shows that
expense per meal per equivalent adult increased quite regularly with
income. In Providence, for example, the average expense per meal
per person rose from 12% cents among families with incomes between
$500 and $750 to 31 cents among those receiving more than $7,500.
In the other communities the differences were almost equally great.
It will be noted that at most income levels the contribution of “ free”
food to this total was considerably under 1 cent per meal per equiv
alent adult.
Intercity differences in jood expenditures.— A lth o u g h the general
pattern of food expenditures in relation to fam ily incom e was closely
sim ilar in the three city units, there were relatively clear intercity
differences in the average am ounts spent for food at com parable
incom e levels.
A lm o st w ithou t exception average m on ey expenditure
for food at any given incom e level was greatest in Providence and
3 Details of expenditures for food away from home are presented in Bulletin No. 648, vol. II.
4 Expense per meal per equivalent adult (per food expenditure unit) was based on the aggregate number
of meals eaten by members of the household while living at home, and the expenditures for all food purchased
except while traveling or on vacation, plus the value of food obtained without money expense. Persons un
der 20 were counted as fractions of an equivalent adult. See glossary, appendix B, for method of computation.
11 3 9 9 1°— 41------ 3
24
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
least in the sm all cities.
W h ile the differences were n ot great they
were consistent enough to suggest a direct relationship in this region
between size of city and o u tlay for food.
T h e tendency for the value
of food obtained w ith ou t direct outlay to vary inversely w ith city size
provides only a partial explanation of these differences.
In com parison w ith fam ilies living in other parts of the cou n try,
Providence
fam ilies
at
given
incom e
levels
generally
had
higher
average expenditures for food than did those living in any other
large city covered b y the U rban Series of the C onsum er Purchase
S tu d y .5
T h is indication of relatively high food costs in the N e w
E n g la n d region is borne ou t b y the high level of food expenditures of
N e w E n g la n d fam ilies in these m iddle-sized and sm all cities as co m
pared w ith cities of the sam e size in other regions.
T h e m on ey expenditures for food per m eal per person show ed the
sam e direct relationship to city size as did total food expenditures,
although the differences were naturally sm all, especially betw een the
m iddle-sized and sm all cities.
Since m o st of the sm all cities are sur
rounded b y farm ing com m unities, the price of perishable foods such
as eggs, dairy products and vegetables, m a y h ave been lower there
than in Providence.
A lth o u g h fam ilies in a large city m igh t be expected to eat aw ay
from h om e considerably m ore frequently than fam ilies in less urban
ized com m unities, there appears to h ave been little relationship be
tween city size and expenditures for food aw ay from hom e am ong the
N e w E n glan d fam ilies studied.
T h u s, while the am ou n t of food
eaten aw ay from h om e partly accounted for the relatively large total
expenditures of the high incom e fam ilies, it did n ot account for
differences in the size of food expenditures am ong the three city units.
Food expenditures among occupational groups.— T here was a close
sim ilarity in the average food expenditures of fam ilies in different
occupational groups at com parable incom e levels in the N e w E n glan d
cities.
(See table 9 .)
In H averh ill and N e w B ritain, no occupational
differences in food expenditures are evident.
earner
fam ilies
reported
consistently
larger
In P rovidence, w ageexpenditures
for
this
m a jo r budget category than did families in any other occupational
group, b u t there were no clear-cut differences in the expenses of the
w hite collar fam ilies.
T h e high rank of w age-earner
fam ilies
in
Providence was apparently due, how ever, n o t to occupational p a t
terning of food expenditures, per se, but rather to the som ew h at
5
The Works Progress Administration report, Intercity Differences in Cost of living, 59 Cities, March
1935, indicates that food costs in Providence were somewhat above those in all other cities studied except
Atlanta. The same relationship holds when these data are adjusted by the appropriate indexes to apply to
the schedule year covered by the Consumer Purchase Study in these two cities. Similar corroboration of
these findings regarding food costs in New England cities is obtained from a recent study of differences in
living costs in northern and southern cities, published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in the July
1939 Monthly Labor Review. In that study, Dover, N. H., ranked highest among the 10 cities in costs of
food.
FOOD
25
T a b l e 9 . — Average m oney expenditures for food , by occupational group
PR OVIDENCE
Wage
earner
Income class
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-11,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999_______________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_______________________________ ____ _
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-13,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
$5,000-$7,499________________________________________
$360
436
529
592
620
699
686
742
0)
0)
0)
0)
Clerical
$364
434
519
534
598
682
671
676
0)
0)
0)
0)
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Salaried
Business
0)
0)
$482
519
557
678
683
717
858
770
905
1,164
0)
0)
$527
576
581
570
657
722
793
784
1,050
1,029
Profes
sional
C1)
0)
$416
590
596
582
595
683
737
771
912
1.136
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES 2
$500-$749___________________________________________
$750-$999
_______________________________________
$1,000~$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499___________________________ ____ _______
$1,500-$1,749
___________ ____ ___________________
$1,750-$1,999_
____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499. _____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_________________________ ____ _________
$3,000-$3,499
____________________________________
$3,500-$3,999
_ _______ _______________________
$4,000-$4,999
. _________________________________
$307
382
423
478
504
553
595
661
(i)
0)
0)
$310
301
428
483
529
529
618
678
0)
0)
0)
(0
0)
(0
$446
457
544
559
635
578
660
699
807
856
0)
0)
$416
457
537
503
577
694
730
839
(t)
696
SM ALL CITIES »
$500-$749______________________________________ ____
$750-$999_________________________ _______ _________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$294
361
412
454
516
543
595
620
$285
371
393
446
511
540
599
649
0)
C1)
$365
452
493
528
569
609
1
Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
* In the middle-sized cities salaried business and professional families were classified together.
J In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together,
t Fewer than 3 cases.
larger size of the fam ilies in the w age-earner group in th at
c ity .6
E x am in ation of table 10, show ing food expense per m eal per equiv
alent adult, indicates th at wage-earner fam ilies reported no higher
expenditures per m eal than did fam ilies in other occupational groups.7
In the sm all city unit, the business and professional fam ilies as a
group generally spent sligh tly less for food than either wage-earner
or clerical fam ilies.
Such differences were n ot consistent, how ever, in
average expenditures per m eal per equivalent adult.
®See Tabular Summary, table 2.
7
When average food expenditures of families in different occupations are compared, holding family type
constant, wage earners appear to spend no more than other families. (See appendix D.)
26
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
T a b l e 10. — Average m oney expenditures per meal per equivalent adult, by
occupational group
PROVIDENCE
Wage
earner
Income class
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
$5,000-$7,499________________________________________
Clerical
$0.113
. 140
. 170
. 176
. 186
.200
.203
.205
0)
0)
0)
0)
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749___________________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
$0.107
. 126
. 134
.148
. 154
.158
. 174
.189
0
0
0
0)
$0.124
.148
. 168
. 171
.184
.210
. 191
.201
0
0)
0)
0
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Business
0
0
$0.163
. 169
. 190
.226
. 192
.220
.238
.215
.252
.269
0)
0
$0.184
. 194
. 188
.200
.217
.208
.234
.237
.313
.277
Salaried
Profes
sional
0
0
$0.156
.203
.175
.180
.178
.214
.206
.215
.246
.241
2
$0.110
.097
. 146
. 152
. 161
.162
.182
.207
0
0
0
0)
0
0)
$0.134
.159
. 152
. 145
. 170
.208
.205
.226
(t)
.183
0
0
$0.150
.147
. 175
. 176
.177
.188
.193
.200
.190
.234
SM ALL CITIES 3
$500~$749___________________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$0.108
. 123
.138
.145
. 155
. 162
.176
. 168
$0.101
.131
.132
.145
.164
.161
.184
.195
0
0
$0.128
.132
.161
. 165
. 157
.187
1Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
2In the middle-sized cities salaried business and professional families were classified together.
3In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together,
t Fewer than 3 cases.
A lth o u g h the proportion of all m on ey expenditures d evoted
to
food aw ay from h om e varied som ew h at b y occupation, the average
expenditures for this category were so sm all th at the differences had
no appreciable effect on the relative size of to ta l food expenditures.
In Providence, w age-earner fam ilies tended to spend the least for food
consum ed outside the h om e, and salaried business fam ilies to spend
m ore than those in an y other one occupational group.8
In H averh ill
and N e w B ritain, in four ou t of six incom e classes between $ 1 ,2 5 0
and
$ 2 ,5 0 0 ,
salaried business
and
professional fam ilies spent
the
m o st for food aw ay from h om e.9
s See Tabular Summary, table 3.
9
Wage earners may spend less for food away from home because it is more common practice among them
to carry lunches from home.
FOOD
27
Since the reported value of food received w ithou t direct expense
was negligible for m ost families in each of the N e w E n glan d cities,
it is n ot surprising th at no occupational differences in the value of
such food were discernible.10
Food expenditures among fa m ily -ty p e groups.— F a m ily com position
had a clear influence on the level of m o n ey expenditures for food in
these
N ew
E n glan d
com m unities,
as in
those studied
elsewhere.
T h u s, at com parable incom e levels, the tw o-person fam ilies (type I)
consistently spent the least for food.
Fam ilies w ith one or two chil
dren under 16 (types I I and I I I ) ranked next, while the fam ilies
containing from three to six m em bers, at least three of them 16 or
over (types I V and V ) , reported the highest annual food bills.
table 1 1.)
(See
A m o n g Providence fam ilies with incom es between $ 1 ,0 0 0
and $ 1 ,5 0 0 the range in m on ey expenditures for food of fam ilies of
different types was $60 or $ 7 0 ; thereafter it increased until, at the
upper end of the incom e scale, the spread was over $400.
T a b l e 11. — A verage m o n e y expen d itu res f o r f o o d , by f a m i l y typ e
PROVIDENCE
Family type 1
Income class
I
$75Q-$999_____ __________
$1, 000-$1, 249___________
$1, 250-$l, 499___________
$1, 500-SI, 749___________
$1, 750-$l, 999___________
$2,000-$2, 249___________
Family type
II and
III
IV and
V
$361
456
515
553
630
663
$153
459
553
667
656
750
$298
391
494
491
517
596
Income class
II and
III
IV and
V
$567
603
636
639
984
846
$680
710
820
850
914
1,112
$724
786
884
819
1,008
1, 274
$477
579
581
595
(t)
546
$652
663
728
721
790
831
$642
706
724
838
751
896
$452
472
559
637
$551
622
608
661
$606
664
691
839
I
$2, 250-$2. 499___________
$2, 500-$2, 999___________
$3, 000-$3, 499___________
$3, 500-$3, 999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7, 499___________
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$5G0-$749____
$750-$999____
$1, 000-$l, 249.
$1, 250-$l, 499.
$1. 500-$1, 749.
$L 750-$l, 999.
$265
308
357
395
454
473
$334
394
445
511
529
543
$355
409
495
510
558
595
$2, 000-$2, 249___________
$2, 250-$2, 499___________
$2, 500-$2, 999___________
$3, 000-$3, 499___________
$3, 500-$3, 999___________
$4, 000-$4, 999___________
SMALL CITIES
$500-$749 .
________
$750-$999
___ ____
$1,000-$l, 249 . _____
$1, 250-$1, 499___________
$1, 500-$1, 749___________
$263
324
369
379
436
$325
383
417
471
539
$309
400
443
518
554
$1, 750-$l, 999 ___
$2, 000-$2, 249 __________
$2,250-$2,499 ___ _ __
$2, 500-$2, 999___________
1The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families cf 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V
1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or more, and 1 or 2 others regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
t Fewer than 3 cases.
10 See Tabular Summary, table 3.
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
28
W h ile expenditures for food thus varied with the n um ber and age
of persons to be fed th ey did n ot v ary in direct proportion to fa m ily
size.
A s a result, m o n ey expenditures for food per m eal per equiva
len t adult were generally greatest for tw o-person fam ilies and low est
for those with three to six m em bers, at least three of th em 16 or over.
T h is fa ct m a y be accounted for in part b y the fa ct th at purchase of
food in relatively large quantities usually lowers food costs per person.
I t is probable, also
th at
the larger
fam ilies purchased
som ew h at
cheaper foods than did sm all fam ilies, particularly at the lower incom e
levels, and it is likely th at th ey were n ot so well nourished.
T a b l e 1 2 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures per m eal per equivalent adult , by f a m i l y
typ e
PROVIDENCE
Family type 1
Income class
I
$750-$999______________ $0.136
$1,000-$l, 249___________
.177
$1, 250-$l, 499___________
.225
$1,500-$l, 749___________
.223
.232
$1, 750-$l, 999___________
$2,000-$2, 249___________
.268
II and
III
IV
and V
$0.110
.137
.161
.166
.187
.194
$0,098
.103
.120
.139
.137
. 155
Family type 1
Income class
I
$2, 250-$2,499___________ $0. 258
$2, 500-$2,999___________
.267
$3,000-$3,499___________
.270
$3, 500-$3,999___________
.294
$4,000-$4, 999___________
.405
$5,000-$7,490___________
.335
II and
III
IV
and V
$0.198
.200
.218
.222
.251
.245
$0.160
.171
.199
.181
.234
.239
$0. 213
.257
.263
. 269
(t)
.214
$0.180
. 197
. 192
. 203
. 215
.221
$0.146
. 152
. 158
. 199
. 174
.201
$0.196
.209
.241
. 296
$0.158
. 168
. 175
. 180
$0.138
. 146
. 137
. 164
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749______________ $0.121
$750-$999______________
. 138
$1.000-$l, 249___________
. 160
. 181
$1, 250-$l, 499___________
.203
$1, 500-$l, 749........... ......
.212
$1, 750-$l, 999........ ...........
$0. 098
. 118
. 132
. 149
. 153
.154
$0. 096
. 101
. 108
. 114
. 125
.133
$2,000-$2, 249 _________
$2, 250-$2,499 ______
$2, 5G0-$2,999___________
$3,00O-$3,499 ______
$3, 500-$3, 999 _
$4,000-$4, 999___________
SMALL CITIES
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$l, 249___________
$1, 250-$l, 499__________
$1. 500-81, 749___________
$0.119
. 149
. 165
. 172
. 195
$0.103
. 114
. 127
. 139
.156
$0.078
.085
. 105
. 113
.121
$1, 750-$l, 999 _ . _
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999
1The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I. No other persons (families of 2).
II. 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III. 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV. 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V.
1 child under 16,1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
t Fewer than 3 cases.
V ariation s w ith fam ily com position in the ou tlay for food aw ay
from hom e follow ed a sim ilar pattern.
In Providence, up to the $ 3 ,5 0 0
incom e level, and in the sm all cities at all incom e levels, the dollar
expenditures for food aw ay from hom e were usually greater am ong
the tw o-person th an am on g the larger fam ilies.11
In the m iddle-sized
cities, how ever, although fam ilies of husband and wife only devoted a
11 See Tabular Summary, table 3.
29
FOOD
larger share of their total food expenditures to food consum ed aw ay
from hom e, their dollar expenditures for this category were sim ilar to
those of other and larger fam ilies.
M o reov er, in none of the city units
were there substan tial differences in the average expenditures of fa m i
lies w ith children and those w ith at least three m em bers over 16.
T hus,
husband-an d-w ife fam ilies used a higher proportion of the total food
ou tla y for food aw ay from hom e than did fam ilies of any other ty p e.
Beginning at the $ 2 ,0 0 0 level in Providence, for exam ple, tw o-person
fam ilies used at least 11 percent of their food expenditures for food
outside the hom e while the larger fam ilies (types I V and V ) never used
as m uch as 10 percent up to the $ 3 ,5 0 0 le v e l.12
T h e value of food hom e-produced or received as gift or p ay showed
no consistent variation in relation to fa m ily ty p e, except in the sm all
cities, where such food was generally of m o st im portance.
T here, at
all incom e levels betw een $750 and $ 2 ,0 0 0 , fam ilies of three to six
m em bers, at least three of th em 16 or over, reported the m ost food
obtained w ithou t direct m oney expenditure, while the tw o-person
fam ilies usually reported the lea st.12
W h e n the com parison am ong fam ily types is based on the propor
tion of total m on ey expenditures devoted to food rather than on
average ou tlays the data indicate th at the share allocated to food de
clined m ore quickly am ong the tw o-person fam ilies than am ong the
others.
A t the $ 5 ,0 0 0 level in Providence, for exam ple, h usband-an d
wife fam ilies spent less than one-fifth of total m on ey ou tla y for food,
while the fam ilies w ith children allotted alm ost one-quarter,
and
fam ilies w ith at least three m em bers over 16, a little m ore than onequarter, to this category.
Summary.— A lth o u g h
average
expenditures
for
food
increased
th roughout the incom e range this increase was less rapid than th at
of to ta l m on ey expenditures, w ith the result th at in all three of the
urban units covered in N e w E n glan d the proportion of to ta l m on ey
expenditures absorbed b y food at successive incom e levels declined
w ith a fair degree of regularity.
A considerable part of the rise in
average ou tlays was accounted for b y the increasing expense for food
aw ay from h om e.
A verage total expenditures for food were pro
gressively sm aller in the sm aller city units, as was average expense per
meal per person, b u t the level of expenditures for food aw ay from
hom e showed no relation to size of city.
T h e occupational classification of a fa m ily bore little relationship
to its food expenditures.
W age-earn er fam ilies spent relatively large
am oun ts in Providence, b u t the absence of occupational differences
in expenditures per m eal per equivalent adult indicates th at this was
due chiefly to the larger average size of fa m ily.
12 See Tabular Summary, table 3.
Providence wage
30
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
earners had low average expenditures for food aw ay from h om e, while
the salaried business group was at the other extrem e, as was the
salaried group in the m iddle-sized cities.
F ood expenditures were closely related to fam ily com position, the
average am oun ts varyin g directly w ith fa m ily size, while expense per
m eal was inversely related.
In general, the h u sband-an d-w ife fam ilies
spent the m o st for food aw ay from hom e.
Chapter IV
Home Maintenance
N e x t to food, housing w as the m o st im p o rta n t category in the
expenditure of fam ilies studied in the N e w E n glan d region.
W h en
housing expenditures are com bined w ith those for household operation
and for furnishings and equipm ent, to form a broader group, h om e
m aintenance, the average expenditures for the total exceeded those
for food am ong the higher incom e fam ilies in P rovidence, and at all
incom e levels in the sm aller com m unities studied in this region.
Housing } — T h e housing category differs som ew h at from the others
distinguished in the present stu d y of urban fam ilies because of the
fact th at hom e owners and fam ilies occupying houses furnished to
th em as a gift or as a part of p ay were sufficiently num erous at each
incom e level to m ake the average m on ey expenditures an inadequate
representation of the housing obtained during the year.
A ccordin gly,
the data on housing expenditures presented here com prise all m o n ey
ou tlays for the fa m ily h om e (including fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration)
and for lodging for fa m ily m em bers aw ay from h om e, together w ith
the occupancy value of housing obtained w ith ou t m on ey expense.2
A s indicated in chapter I, such occupancy values were also included
as a part of total fa m ily incom e, realized in the form of housing
rather than cash.
A verage expenditures for housing, like those for food, increased
quite steadily throughout the incom e range.
(See table 13).
m edian incom e level of the fam ilies covered
by
A t the
the expenditure
i
Caution must be exercised in making comparison of housing data presented in this chapter and those
presented in vol. I, ch. VI. The discussion in vol. I, based on the short schedule used with the large
random sample, was concerned solely with the family home, for which data were presented on rents paid
by renting families and the rental values of houses occupied by their owners. The present chapter covers
the occupancy value of all housing, regardless of tenure, and the expenditures for lodging away from home.
In vol. I, money expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration were included only when they could not be
separated from the rent figure; in this chapter, such expenditures are in all cases included. The imputed
value of home ownership, as reported on the family schedule and presented in vol. I, was an estimated figure;
the data in this chapter on nonmoney value of housing are based on the actual money expenditures of home
owning families. Finally, in vol. I, the averages at any given income level, for all families and for families
of specified occupational groups, include the large families (types VI, VII, VIII, and other), which did not
furnish expenditure schedules; and the averages for all families and families of specified type groups include
families with no gainfully employed members, likewise excluded from the expenditure sample.
3 The net occupancy value of owned homes was computed by subtracting from the rental value of the
dwelling for the period of occupancy all expenditures for mortgage interest, refinancing charges, taxes,
repairs, and insurance. Permanent improvements and payments on the principal of the mortgage were
considered investments, and not current expenditures for family living. Expenditures for fuel, light, and
refrigeration were combined with those for housing because among renters the rent figure reported often
included one or more of these items. (See Tabular Summary, table 4-A.)
31
32
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
su rvey in Providence, $ 1 ,5 0 0 to $ 1 ,7 5 0 , the average for this category
w as $ 4 42, or approxim ately $37 per m o n th .
T h e fam ilies in this city
th a t received betw een $500 and $ 1 ,0 0 0 reported expenditures th at
average less than $25 per m o n th , while those w ith incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0
and over had housing valued at considerably m ore than four tim es
this am oun t.
A sim ilar rate of increase appeared in the data for the
other two city units.
In all com m unities, how ever, these increases
did n ot keep pace w ith the rise in total expenditures; the proportion
of the aggregate value of current living accounted for b y housing
declined from around one-third at the lower end of the incom e scale
to betw een one-fourth and one-fifth am ong P rovidence fam ilies w ith
incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 and over, and to around one-fourth am ong fam ilies
in the sm aller com m unities th at were above the $ 3 ,0 0 0 level.
T here w as a close sim ilarity am ong the three city units in average
expenditures
for
housing.
A lthou gh
housing
expenses
m ig h t
be
expected to be higher in Providence than in the sm aller cities, there
is no evidence th at P rovidence fam ilies spent m ore than fam ilies in
the other cities, at least up to the $ 2 ,0 0 0 incom e level.
F ro m th a t
point on, how ever, P rovidence fam ilies tended to h av e sligh tly larger
housing expenditures than fam ilies in the m iddle-sized and sm all
cities.
Home oumership and nonmoney housing values.— Since the im pu ted
incom es of h om e owners constituted the m a jo r portion of the n on
m o n ey housing values, the m agnitude of these values (as averages for
all fam ilies at a given incom e level) depended partly on the proportion
of fam ilies th at owned their hom es.
In Providence, the proportion
of hom e owners was negligible in the incom e classes below $ 1 ,2 5 0 , and
am ounted to less than one-sixth up to the $ 2 ,0 0 0 incom e level.
N ot
until the $ 5 ,0 0 0 level was reached did m ore than one-half of the
Providence fam ilies own their hom es.
A similar difference in the
ratio of hom e owners to renters at succeeding incom e levels was
observed in the m iddle-sized and sm all cities, b u t in these cities m ore
than 10 percent o f the fam ilies were hom e owners even in the low est
incom e groups.
Beginning at the levels $ 1 ,5 0 0 to $ 1 ,7 5 0 in H averhill
and N e w B ritain, and at $ 1 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 ,2 5 0 in the sm all cities, onequarter or m ore of the fam ilies reported hom e ownership.
exception,
owners outnum bered
renters in both
incom e levels beginning w ith $ 2 ,5 0 0 .
city
(See table 14.)
W it h one
units at all
T h u s, the data
show a clear relationship between the size of city and the prevalence
of hom e ownership.
W it h m inor exceptions, for com parable incom e
groups, hom e ownership was reported w ith greatest relative frequency
in the sm all cities, and least frequently in Providence.
HOME
M A IN T E N A N C E
33
T a b l e 13. — A verage expenditures f o r hom e m ainten ance
PROVIDENCE
Amounts
Income
class
$500-$749____
$750-$999____
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-SI,499._
$1,500-$1,749__
$l,750-$l,999-__
$2,000-$2,249-__
$2,250-$2,499.__
$2,500-$2,999-__
$3,000-$3,499-__
$3,500-$3,999-_
$4,000-$4,999__.
$5,000-$7,499._.
$7,500 and over.
Percentage of total value of family living
Housing
Fur
Housing
Fur
Home
House nish Home
House nish
main
hold ings main
hold ings
Non opera and
te
te
opera and
nance Total Money1 money 2 tion3 equip nance Total Money1 Non tion8 equip
money 2
ment
ment
$291
329
410
460
543
601
705
725
864
1,067
1,066
1,296
1, 736
2,982
$265
287
350
383
442
482
549
571
661
780
787
994
1,208
1, 739
$250
280
341
358
417
453
509
503
576
693
658
771
915
1,278
$15
7
9
25
25
29
40
68
85
87
129
223
293
461
$21
25
37
49
61
71
93
107
143
198
202
245
440
989
$5
17
23
28
40
48
63
47
60
89
77
57
88
254
35.1
34.8
34.2
32.9
32.7
31.6
33.1
32.2
34.1
35.8
33.7
32.9
34.5
35.9
32.0
30.3
29.2
27.4
26.6
25.4
25.8
25.3
26.1
26.1
24.9
25.3
24.0
20.9
30.2
29.6
28.4
25.6
25.1
23.9
23.9
22.3
22.7
23.2
20.8
19.6
18.2
15.4
1.8
.7
.8
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.9
3.0
3.4
2.9
4.1
5.7
5.8
5.5
2.5
2.7
3.1
3.5
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.8
5.6
6.7
6.4
6.2
8.8
11.9
0.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.9
2.1
2.4
3.0
2.4
1.4
1.7
3.1
42.3
38.8
37.7
36.3
36.0
33.7
34.9
33.1
33.9
31.5
33.2
29.9
29.3
42.9
38.3
35.2
32.3
29.9
29.0
26.9
26.3
26.2
25.3
23.5
23.5
23.3
21.2
29.1
35.3
29.3
31.0
27.1
27.3
24.6
24.6
23.0
21.6
20.2
19.8
20.8
16.7
23.4
3.0
5.9
1.3
2.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
3.2
3.7
3.3
3.7
2.5
4.5
5.7
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.3
4.3
3.7
4.5
5.4
5.8
4.4
6.0
9.8
0.5
1.0
2.9
3.6
4.0
3.5
4.3
3.2
4.1
2.6
3.9
2.2
2.1
4.0
43.4
39.6
37.5
37.1
34.2
35.4
33.0
33.1
32.5
32.6
33.1
39.2
35.1
30.7
31.0
28.1
28.8
26.3
25.8
24.5
24.9
23.7
29.6
31.5
27.3
26.9
25.4
25.3
23.4
22.4
21.3
22.0
18.8
9.6
3.6
3.4
4.1
2.7
3.5
2.9
3.4
3.2
2.9
4.9
3.8
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.6
3.3
4.2
4.2
4.8
6.0
0.4
2.1
4.3
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.4
3.1
3.8
2.9
3.4
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499____
$334
329
$500-$749____
$750-$999____
380
444
$1,000-$1,249._._
504
$1,250-$1,499___
$l,500-$l,749-_563
689
$1,750-$1,999___
666
$2,000-$2,249.._
752
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
815
$3,000-$3,499___ 1,018
$3,500-$3,999.__
941
$4,000-$4,999___ 1,040
$5,000and over. 2, 327
$302
298
326
366
406
450
518
528
563
610
722
734
751
1, 577
$278
248
313
332
382
412
484
464
480
524
609
655
590
1, 270
$24
50
13
34
24
38
34
64
83
86
113
79
161
307
$28
22
25
34.
42
55
84
75
99
139
177
138
215
531
$4
9
29
44
56
58
87
63
90
66
119
69
74
219
SMALL CITIES
$250-$499____
$297
364
$500-$749____
380
$750-$999____
$1,000-$1,249_ __
449
476
$l,250-$l,499_594
$1,500-$1,749„.
618
$1,750-$1,999___
675
$2,000-$2,249„.
752
$2,250-$ 2,499...
$2,500-$2,999._855
$3,000 and over. 1.135
$268
323
311
375
391
482
492
527
568
653
813
$202
290
277
325
353
423
437
457
493
578
644
$66
33
34
50
38
59
55
70
75
75
169
$26
22
25
34
42
61
61
86
96
127
207
$3
19
44
40
43
51
65
62
88
75
115
1Includes all current money expenditures for the family home and the vacation home (mortgage interest,
taxes, repairs, and insurance for owned homes, and rent for rented homes), and expenditures for lodging for
family members away from home, including room rent at school. Expenditures for fuel, light, and refriger
ation are combined with expenditures for housing, since rent as paid by many families included one or
more of these items. See Tabular Summary, table 4-A.
2Includes imputed income from home ownership, rent received as gift or pay, and the value of fuel ob
tained without money expense.
s Includes household help, laundry, telephone, water rent, and other items of household operation.
T h e proportion of h om e owners was lower in the N e w E n glan d
cities than in any other region covered b y the stu d y .
A t incom e
levels up to $ 2 ,2 5 0 , the percentage of hom e owners was sm aller in
Providence than in C h ica g o; throughout the incom e range it was
smaller in Providence than in any of the other large cities studied.
Sim ilarly, the proportion in the m iddle-sized and sm all cities was at
34
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
m o st incom e levels considerably below th at in cities of sim ilar size in
any other region.
T a b l e 14 . — P ercentage o f fa m ilie s reporting hom e ow n ersh ip
Income class
$250-$499______
___
$500-$749__-____ ______
$750-$999_____________
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499_ .
___
$1,500-$1,719_
______
$1,750-$1,999_________
$2,000-$2,249_________
Provi
dence
Middlesized
cities
0)
4
7
12
14
15
22
12
19
9
14
14
26
26
32
Small
cities
18
21
20
30
24
34
29
39
Income class
$2,250-$2,499_________
$2,500-$2,999_________
$3,000-$3,499_________
$3,500-$3,999_________
$4,000-$4,999_________
$5,000-$7,499_________
$7,500 and over_______
Provi
dence
Middlesized
cities
32
34
31
42
40
59
59
38
48
69
40
63
2 52
(2)
Small
cities
39
54
3 65
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
2 In the middle-sized cities data for families with incomes of $5,000 and over were combined.
3In the small cities, data for families with incomes of $3,000 and over were combined.
Since im puted incom e from owned hom es accounted for all b u t a
sm all portion of the n on m oney value of housing reported b y the N e w
E n gland fam ilies studied, the inverse relationship found betw een size
of city and frequency of hom e ownership is reflected in a sim ilar rela
tionship between n on m oney value of housing and city size.
A t all
com parable incom e levels up to $ 2 ,5 0 0 Providence fam ilies had the
sm allest average n on m oney value of housing, and at m o st levels sm all
city fam ilies reported the largest valu es.3
In the N e w E n glan d com m unities n on m oney incom e from owned
hom es averaged betw een $100 and $200 per owning fa m ily in m o st
incom e classes in the sm all and m iddle-sized city units, and in all
incom e classes up to $ 2 ,2 5 0 in Providence.
In the higher incom e
groups in Providence, how ever, such incom e rose rather consistently
w ith to ta l incom e, and am ounted to alm ost $700 at the top of the
incom e scale.
A s indicated above, the average value of housing obtained as g ift
or p ay was sm all at all incom e levels, because of the fact th at co m
paratively few fam ilies reported such housing.3
Household operation } — W h ile expense for housing increased w ith
incom e, b u t declined in relative size in successive incom e classes,
am oun ts spent for household operation rose rapidly enough along the
incom e range to account for a growing percentage of to ta l ou tlay.
T hese expenditures, w hich included the p aym en ts for household help
as well as the cost of such services and supplies as telephone, lau ndry,
cleaning supplies, and w ater rent, averaged scarcely $25 a y e a r for
fam ilies with incom es below $ 1 ,0 0 0 , in all the N e w E n glan d cities.
(See table
15.)
In P rovidence, for exam ple, expenditures of this
typ e were generally less than o n e-ten th as m uch as the housing cate
gory at th at econom ic level.
3 See Tabular Summary, table 4.
4 See Tabular Summary, table 5.
HOME
35
M A IN T E N A N C E
A m o n g fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 7 ,5 0 0 , how ever, average
household operation expenditures am oun ted to $ 4 40, or over onethird as m u ch as the value of housing.
In
Providence and the
m iddle-sized cities fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 2 ,5 0 0
to $ 3 ,0 0 0
(the
highest com parable incom e level) devoted alm ost twice as large a
proportion of their total expenditures to household operation as did
the fam ilies w ith incom es between $500 and $ 1 ,0 0 0 .
(See table 15.)
T a b l e 15 . — A verag e m o n e y expen ditu res f o r household opera tion 1
PROVIDENCE
Paid household help
Income class
Families reporting
Total
Amount
$500-$749_______________________________________
$750-$999________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249 ____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________________
$1,500-$!,749_____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999 ____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249 ____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________________
$3,000-$3,499 ____________________________________
$3,500-$3,999 _________________ _________________
$4,000-$4,999 __________________________
$5,000-$7,499 ____________________________________
$7,500 and over _____________ ________ ____
$21
25
37
49
61
71
93
107
143
198
202
245
440
989
Percent Average
age
expense
Other
supplies
and
services
1
4
4
9
15
27
41
49
44
82
97
$200
50
25
111
73
122
163
133
205
284
715
$21
25
37
47
59
70
83
96
110
131
137
155
207
295
$3
5
10
18
16
27
35
30
32
51
84
(*)
$67
60
50
106
63
93
114
230
122
210
471
$28
22
25
32
39
50
65
65
74
99
108
99
108
135
$3
$8
$38
1
1
3
8
5
20
21
33
100
4
6
7
12
14
17
20
33
50
25
17
43
67
36
118
105
100
200
1
O
$2
2
1
10
11
33
67
65
90
233
694
C)
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499
_
_
__ .
$500-$749
_______ ______ ______ _ _______
$750-$999________________________________________
$1,000-$!, 249_____________________________________
$1,250-$! ,499_____________________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________________
$5,000 and over_______- --------------------------------
$28
22
25
34
42
55
84
75
99
139
177
138
215
531
(*)
$2
3
5
19
10
25
40
69
39
107
396
(*)
SMALL CITIES
$250-$499________________________________________
$500-$749
--- ______
$750-$999________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________________
$3,000 and over------- --------------------------------------------
$26
22
25
34
42
61
61
86
96
127
207
i Other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, which were included with expense for housing proper.
*Less than $1.
$23
22
24
33
39
53
56
66
75
94
107
36
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
T h e rise in total household operation expenditures at the higher
incom e levels is in part due to the rapid increase in p ay m en ts for
household help.
I t is particularly striking, therefore, th at Providence
fam ilies, which tended to spend the m o st for all household operation,
least frequen tly reported the em ploym en t of dom estic help.
table 15.)
(See
Expenditures for such services were reported b y fewer
than 10 percent of all Providence fam ilies w ith incom es below $ 2 ,2 5 0 ,
b u t in the other cities, b y at least 10 percent of all fam ilies w ith in
com es of $ 1 ,5 0 0 or m ore.
In the sm all cities, one-half of the fam ilies
w ith incom es of $ 3 ,0 0 0 or m ore em ployed som e household help.
H averhill and
N ew
B ritain , how ever, m ore
than one-half of
In
the
fam ilies had paid help only in the incom e levels beginning at $ 4 ,0 0 0 .
In Providence, while less than one-half of the fam ilies w ith incom es
below $ 5 ,000 em ployed household help, abou t 9 in every 10 w ith
higher incom es did so.
A t the incom e levels below $3,0 0 0 in all the N e w E ngland cities
studied,
average expenditures of all fam ilies for dom estic service
am ounted at m o st to $40, or about $3 a m on th .
T h is reflects both
the relatively sm all proportion of fam ilies em ploying help, and the
predom inant use of p art-tim e, rather than fu ll-tim e, services, which
is indicated b y the averages in table 15, based on fam ilies havin g
dom estic help.
E xpenditures for household supplies and services were su bstan tially
larger than those for help at all but the highest incom e levels, and th ey
tended to account for 90 percent or m ore of total household operation
expenditures of all the N e w E n glan d fam ilies studied whose incom es
were below $ 1 ,5 0 0 .
B eginning at th at incom e level, they am oun ted
to at least $50 a year.
A com parison of the expenditures of families in the three city units
for household operation other than p aym en ts for help indicates th at
the variation from city to city at any given incom e level was ex
trem ely sm all, less than $10 in the incom e classes between $500 and
$ 1 ,7 5 0 and less than $25 at the four successive incom e levels.
A l
though these differences were alm ost negligible, there m a y be som e
significance in the fact th at Providence fam ilies uniform ly reported
the largest average expenditures.
I t is probable th at fam ilies in a
large city are least likely to do their own washing, for exam ple, and
laundry service tends to run up household operation expenditures.
Prelim inary exam ination of the detailed data on expenditures for
household operation indicates th at laundry expense was of m ajor
im portance,
w ith
telephone
costs
running
second.
At
the lower
incom e levels, fam ilies spent m ore for laundry supplies for washing at
h om e than for laundry sent out.
relationship
was reversed,
since
A t the upper incom e levels this
the average
expense for laundry
supplies varied little w ith incom e, while th at for laundry sent out
HOME
M A IN T E N A N C E
37
increased rapidly. Average outlays for telephone service also rose
rapidly at succeeding income levels, particularly in Providence.6
Furnishings and equipment.— T h e character of expenditures for
household furnishings and equipm ent differs considerably from that
o f the categories previously discussed.
Included is a wide variety of
item s such as kitchenware, glass, china, linens, furniture, and other
item s of durable equipm ent such as refrigerators.
At
any given
incom e level, the m a jo rity of fam ilies spent relatively sm all sum s on
routine item s
th at m u st be replaced frequen tly, while occasional
fam ilies m ade large purchases of durable equipm ent.
A s a result of
the character of this category of consum ption, exam ination of the
range of expenditures for fam ilies within a given incom e class reveals
m uch wider variations than appear in the average expenditures at
successive incom e levels.
Almost without exception, in all the New England cities studied,
the average total expenditures for furnishings and equipment were
below $100. There was a general tendency for the amounts spent
to increase with income, but the rise was very irregular. (See table 13.)
Sim ilarly, there was no consistent trend above the $ 1 ,0 0 0 incom e
level in the relation of furnishings and equipm ent to total expendi
tures for current living, although below $ 1 ,0 0 0 the relative size of this
category rose rather sharply.
In Providence these item s absorbed be
tween 1 and 3 percent of the total, while in the other tw o city units,
fam ilies at m ost econom ic levels devoted an average of from 2 to 4
percent of their aggregate expenditures to this category.
At
com parable
incom e
levels
expenditures
for
furnishings
equipm ent were lower in Providence than in the other cities.
and
A t all
incom e levels Providence fam ilies spent m ore for household operation
than for furnishings, while in the other two city units fam ilies in the
five incom e classes betw een $750 and $ 2 ,0 0 0 tended to spend m ore
for the latter than for household operation.
T h e relatively low o u tla y
for furnishings b y Providence fam ilies is p robably a reflection in part
of the greater prevalence there of apartm en t house dwellers, as com
pared w ith the sm aller com m unities, since som e household equipm en t
is likely to be furnished b y the landlord to apartm en t tenants.
Total home maintenance.— When expenditures for housing, house
hold operation, and furnishings are considered together, it is evident
that, at virtually all income levels, New England families devoted as
least 30 percent of their total expenditures to maintain their homes.
(See table 13.) The home maintenance expenditures of these families
amounted to $400 or more at the income levels beginning at $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,
and more than $ 1 ,0 0 0 above the $ 3 ,0 0 0 level.
Over the income range, home maintenance expenditures tended to
decrease as a proportion of total expenditures. The decrease was
5 Based on tabulations in B. L. S. Bulletin 648, vol. I.
38
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
neither regular nor v ery sharp, how ever, since the figures represent
a com bination of housing, which declined, relatively, household opera
tion, which increased, and furnishings and equipm ent, which rem aired
relatively constant in relation to total expenditures.
Housing expenditures among occupational groups.— T h e outstan ding
fa ct revealed b y a com parison of housing expenditures am ong fam ilies
in different occupational groups was the low average value of housing
reported b y w age-earner fam ilies in all the N e w E n glan d cities studied.
In Providence, w age-earner fam ilies at all b u t tw o com parable incom e
levels ranked lower than an y other group.
(See table 1 6 .)6
Clerical
fam ilies tended to report relatively lower values than did those in
business and professional occupations.
T a b l e 16 . — A verage expen ditu res f o r h o u sin g ,x b y occup ation al group
PROVIDENCE
Wage
earner
Income class
$750-$999________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________________
$1,250-31,499_____________________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________________
$1,750-31,999_____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________________
$5,000-$7,499____________________________________
Clerical
$274
348
366
425
445
560
482
584
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Indepen
Salaried
dent
business
and pro Business Profes
fessional
sional
$332
358
417
468
501
534
614
644
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$409
438
587
497
604
657
764
831
1,175
1,204
$284
350
376
407
450
524
518
623
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$437
450
539
557
597
607
639
813
(2)
(2)
$341
471
514
604
619
700
727
799
845
1,104
(2)
(2)
$436
462
570
566
644
784
865
699
1,044
1,410
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749________________________________________
$750-$999________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________________
$1,500-31,749_____________________________________
$1,750-31,999_____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________________
$300
322
355
398
433
484
514
510
O)
0)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$364
419
452
561
528
565
591
656
678
762
(t)
739
SMALL CITIES 3
$500-3749________________________________________
$750-$999________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999_______________________________
_ .
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$326
311
370
372
485
475
502
502
$302
299
392
437
482
492
533
588
(2)
(2)
$391
429
474
543
571
611
1 Includes money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes) and for
fuel, light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel obtained without money expense.
2 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
3 In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together,
t Fewer than 3 cases.
s Similar occupational differences in the level of housing expenditures appear when comparison is made
holding family type constant. Wage-earner families of whatever composition tended to have lower housing
values than did families of the same type and at the same Income level in other occupational groups.
(See appendix D.)
HOME
39
M A IN T E N A N C E
T here were no very consistent differences in average housing values
am ong fam ilies in the several w hite-collar groups, although there
was a tendency, except in the sm all cities, for clerical fam ilies to report
som ew hat lower values than the business and professional groups.
T h e prevalence of h om e ownership varied rather irregularly from
one incom e class to another in each occupational group, bu t there
was som e tendency in both Providence and the m iddle-sized cities
for the self-em ployed and wage-earner groups to report h om e owner
ship w ith greater relative frequency than did the other fam ilies.
On
the whole, how ever, the data do n ot warrant any definite conclusions
regarding occupational differences w ith respect to hom e ownership.
Because of this fact the occupational differences in the value of hous
ing noted above are chiefly the reflection of differences in level of
m on ey expenditures, the largest constituent item .
A t m o st incom e
levels betw een $ 1 ,2 5 0 and $ 3 ,0 0 0 wage earners in Providence reported
m on ey ou tlay for housing from $30
to
around $10 0 less than did
fam ilies at the sam e incom e level in the occupational groups havin g
the highest expenditure.
T hese differences were in general progres
sively smaller in the m iddle-sized and sm all city units, w hich suggests
th at the range of choice as to housing facilities is m ore lim ited in the
sm aller com m u n ities.7
Household operation and furnishings, among occupational groups.—
In general, wage earners had the sm allest expenditures for household
operation, w ith clerical fam ilies n ex t; business and professional fa m i
lies spent the m o st b y relatively wide m argins.
In P rovidence, h ow
ever, where the business and professional fam ilies were differentiated
into
three groups, salaried
professional fam ilies reported
average
expenditures approxim ately equal in am oun t to those reported by
clerical fam ilies.8
T here is som e evidence th at w age-earner fam ilies, at any rate in
Providence, least
frequently
em ployed
paid help.
A t m o st co m
parable incom e levels in the N e w E n g la n d cities, how ever, the average
p aym en ts for household help (when based on all fam ilies in the group)
were so sm all th at the occupational differences n oted in expenditures
for household operation cannot be attribu ted to differences in the
am ou n t of such p a y m e n ts.9
T h e high rank of business and profes
sional fam ilies was due rather to their larger ou tlays for other house
hold operation.
In general, expenditures for all household operation
n ot only ran higher, at com parable incom e levels, am ong business
7 See Tabular Summary, table 4. Occupational differences in money expenses for housing were primarily
a reflection of differences in average rents reported by renting families.
8 See Tabular Summary, table 2. When analysis is made of occupational differences holding family
type constant the wage-earner group still ranks lowest in outlay for household operation. Among the
other groups no consistent relationship is apparent with the possible exception of a tendency for clerical
families to report smaller outlays than the business and professional families. (See appendix D.)
9 See Tabular Summary, table 2.
113991°— 41------4
40
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
and professional fam ilies, bu t also show ed m ore tendency to increase
in relation to total expenditures than am ong wage earners or clerical
fam ilies.
In the m atter of furnishings and equipm ent, on the other h and,
wage-earner fam ilies m ore com m on ly devoted an increasing share of
their total expenditures to this category than did fam ilies in the
w hite-collar occupational groups.10
D u e to the variability in the ex
penditures for household furnishings am ong fam ilies in any given group,
and the consequent irregularity of the averages, how ever, occupational
differences can be suggested only in the broadest outline.
In H a v e r
h ill-N ew B ritain, w age-earner families generally reported expenditures
as high as, if n o t higher than, other fam ilies, while those in the selfem ployed group rather uniform ly reported expenditures below the
average.
In the sm all city u nit, where all business and professional
fam ilies were considered together, the latter reported expenditures
below those of w age earner or clerical fam ilies at all b u t one of the
com parable incom e lev els.11
Expenditures jo r total home maintenance among occupational groups.—
In general, w age-earner fam ilies reported the sm allest h om e m ain te
nance totals, since their housing and household operation expendi
tures were relatively low .
(See table 17.)
In Providence salaried
business fam ilies m o st frequen tly reported the highest expenditures,
b u t their average o u tla y was n o t m uch higher than th at of the other
w hite-collar groups.
O n the whole, in each city u nit, the occupa
tional patterning for h om e m aintenance resem bled th at for housing,
the largest constituent category.
• Housing
expenditures among fam ily type groups.— In general, there
were few w ell-defined and consistent differences in the level of housing
expenditures am ong fam ilies of the several types studied in the N e w
E n g la n d cities.
W h ile P rovidence fam ilies w ith three to six m e m
bers, at least three 16 or over (types I V and V ) had relatively large
ou tlays in the lower incom e classes, they dropped below fam ilies w ith
children (types I I and I I I ) at the higher econom ic levels.
In the
other two city units such differences as could be observed am ong the
fa m ily -ty p e
groups were sm all, and
follow ed patterns
th at were
dissimilar betw een them selves as well as unlike those n oted in P rovi
dence.
(See table 18.)
O n the whole it is p robably safe to say th at
fa m ily size and com position as represented b y the fam ily type classi
fications used in this stu dy were n ot factors of prim ary im portance in
affecting the level of housing values or of m on ey expenditures for
hou sin g.12
i° See Tabular Summary, table 2.
u When the effect of varying family-type composition of the different occupational groups is eliminated,
occupational differences in expenditures for furnishings and equipment are insignificant, except in the
middle-sized cities. (See appendix D.)
I2
See appendix D, which shows that even when the data are analyzed holding occupation and income
constant, no significant family type differences appear.
HOME MAINTENANCE
41
T a b l e 17 . — A verage exp en d itu res f o r hom e m a i n t e n a n c e b y occupational group
PROVIDENCE
$316
410
428
515
550
710
644
766
Inde
Salaried
pendent
business
and pro Business Profes
fessional
sional
$377
415
519
588
623
663
754
854
(2)
(a)
(2)
00
!L
558
769
742
748
845
1,160
1,181
1, 541
1, 776
(2)
(2)
$417
586
653
772
802
929
984
1,045
1,117
1, 610
33
__________________________
___________________________
_________________________________
_________________________
_ ___________________________
. ______________________
_ _____________________
______________
_____________________
___________________________
- _____________________________
________________________________
3333
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-11,749
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999
$3,000-13,499
$3,500-$3,999
$4,000-$4,999
$5,000-$7,499
Clerical
g
to
Wage
earner
Income class
544
684
717
781
987
1,115
972
1, 319
1,892
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES 3
$500-$749________________________________________
$750~$999________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________________
$3,500-$3,999 ___________________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________________
$328
381
438
505
528
667
647
687
(2)
(2)
(2)
00
$335
387
449
490
606
666
662
779
(2)
00
(2)
(2)
(t)
00
(2)
(2)
$420
493
587
761
692
776
795
946
905
1,012
(2)
$498
544
627
690
697
865
846
1,117
1,074
SMALL CITIES 4
$500-$749________________________________________
$750-$999
____________________________________
$1,000-$1,249 ____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499 ___________________________________
$1,500-$1,749 ___________________________________
____________ - ______
_____
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499
___ ___
.
_ _________ _
$368
383
442
459
591
601
628
709
$336
346
477
521
597
634
692
747
0
(2)
$462
507
610
652
754
791
1 Includes all current money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes),
for fuel, light, and refrigeration, for household operation, furnishings and equipment, and the value of housing
and fuel received without money expense.
2 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
3In the middle-sized cities salaried business and professional families were classified together.
4 In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together
t Fewer than 3 cases.
In all the N e w E n g la n d cities studied, hom e ownership was m o st
com m on am ong fam ilies of three to six persons w ith at least one
m em ber 16 or over, in addition to the husband and w ife,13 probably
because these fam ilies were older and m ore settled.
H o m e ownership
was generally least com m on am ong fam ilies w ith children, which were
relatively you n g fam ilies th at had n ot y et been able to accum ulate
the reserves necessary for in vestm en t in a hom e.
T h e m iddle rank
of the tw o-person fam ilies w ith respect to hom e ownership m a y be
accounted for b y the fact th at this was a m ixed group of you n g,
new ly m arried couples and older couples whose children had left
hom e.
13
See Tabular Summary, table 4-A.
42
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
T a b l e 18 . — A v era g e exp en d itu res f o r h o u s in g f by f a m i l y typ e
PROVIDENCE
Family type 2
Income class
I
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$286
347
378
440
509
566
Family type 2
II and
III
IV and
$274
339
370
422
466
559
$317
380
409
466
478
521
Income class
I
V
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
II and IV and
III
V
$576
657
772
789
1,215
1,124
$587
715
757
810
911
1,227
$555
622
808
766
942
1,248
$510
586
580
814
t
700
$559
561
632
734
614
738
$501
547
610
683
771
791
$487
538
566
608
$486
521
575
668
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749___
$750-$999__
$1,000-$! ,249.
$1,250-$1,499.
$1,500-$1,749.
$1,750-$!,999.
$309
335
366
407
424
503
$284
320
349
400
441
522
$297
328
400
414
484
525
$2,000-$2,249................. .
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
SMALL CITIES
$500-$749______________
$750-$999 _____________
$1,000-$1,249 _________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$363
325
395
403
513
$260
286
353
367
464
$349
346
377
411
474
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999
1Includes money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes) and for fuel,
light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel obtained without money expense.
3 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V
1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
t Fewer than 3 cases.
Household operation and furnishings among family-type groups.—
E xam in ation
of expenditures for household operation
shows th at
fa m ily -ty p e relationships varied som ew h at from one city unit to the
n e x t.14
O n ly in Providence, how ever, did the d ata indicate clear
fa m ily -ty p e differences in expenditures for this ca teg o ry .15
In th at
city , fam ilies w ith 3 to 6 m em bers, at least three o f th em 16 or over,
ranked low in household operation expenditures, b u t there was no
consistent difference betw een fam ilies w ith one or tw o children and
fam ilies containing on ly h usband and wife.
In the other cities also
there was a tendency, though less well m arked, for the older fam ilies
(types I V and V ) to h ave relatively sm all expenditures for household
operation and likewise som e indication th at fam ilies w ith children
spent m ore for this category than tw o-person fam ilies.
T h e relatively low household operation expenditures of the larger
fam ilies were chiefly attribu table to their less frequent em p loym en t
14 See Tabular Summary, table 5.
See Tabular Summary, table 5, and appendix D.
HOME
M A IN T E N A N C E
43
of household help.16 Since expenditures for domestic help were
negligible at the lower income levels among families of all types,
it is reasonable that the family-type differences in total household
operation expenditures were clear only beginning at the $1,500 to
$2,000 level.
While it might be expected that families with children would feel
greater pressure to employ outside help than would other families,
data for the New England cities studied show little difference in the
proportion reporting household help between such families and those
that contained only husband and wife. However, families with
children reported considerably higher average expenditures for paid
help than did the two-person families, which indicates that among the
latter families employing help such service was more often on a parttime basis, while among the families with children, those employing
domestic help much more frequently engaged them on a full-time
basis.17
In the matter of expenditures for furnishings and equipment, there
were few consistent differences among families of different composi
tion. Rather surprisingly, the differences were clearest in the small
cities, although a similar patterning was suggested by the data for
families in Providence and the middle-sized cities. In the small
cities, families with at least three members 16 or over (types IV and
V) quite consistently reported expenditures substantially below those
of other families, suggesting that they had already acquired the dur
able equipment which some of the younger families were still pur
chasing. Differences between the other two type groups were neg
ligible, although the two-person families generally spent more than
the families with children.
Home maintenance among jamily-type groups.— The preceding dis
cussion of family-type differences in expenditures for the groups of
items included in home maintenance indicated the rather obscure
relationships found among the groups in the matter of housing ex
pense, and the somewhat less obscure family-type differences that
appeared in the case of household operation and furnishings and
equipment. Variations related to family composition in the level of
total expenditures for home maintenance thus fail to show any welldefined differences in any of the city units, although there was a slight
tendency for husband-and-wife families to report greater average
amounts than the larger families. (See table 19.)
is See Tabular Summary, table 5.
17 Based on tabulations in B. L. S. Bulletin 648, vol. I.
44
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
T able
19. — Average expenditures for home maintenance,1 by fa m ily type
PROVIDENCE
Family type 2
Family type 2
Income class
Income class
I
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$326
422
465
559
639
783
II and
III
IV and
V
$314
394
443
514
601
705
$370
430
481
561
563
627
I
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
II and IV and
III
V
$759
883
1,078
1,035
1,541
1,621
$755
919
1,047
1,155
1,254
1,905
$679
805
1,080
1,014
1,205
1,672
$661
756
796
950
(t)
1,014
$704
745
870
1,120
865
1,113
$619
753
776
960
952
1,004
$621
722
796
826
$614
663
785
933
$619
646
689
818
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749___
$750-$999___
$1,000-$1,249.
$1,260-$1,499.
$1,500-$1,749.
$1,750-$!,999.
$338
415
458
517
543
735
$313
363
416
505
569
668
$336
367
478
485
570
679
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
SMALL CITIES
$500-$749 _____________
$750-$999 . - ______
$1,000~$1,249 ________
$1,250-$1,499
________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$405
396
474
497
634
$291
356
434
461
564
$410
407
432
471
592
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
1Includes all current money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes),
for fuel, light, and refrigeration, for household operation, furnishings and equipment, and the value of
housing and fuel received without money expense.
2 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V
1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
f Fewer than 3 cases.
Summary.— Housing expenditures, like those for food, increased in
successive income classes, but declined in relative importance over
the income scale. At all income levels in each city unit housing
ranked next to food in its importance in family budgets. With
minor exceptions home ownership was relatively most frequent in
the small cities and least frequent in Providence. In all three units
the prevalence of ownership was less than that in cities of similar size
in other parts of the country.
Expenditures for household operation increased more rapidly than
total expenditures, thus accounting for an increasing proportion of
the total in successive income classes. In the lower portion of the
income range cleaning and laundry supplies were principally repre
sented, but in the higher income groups outlay for household help
assumed considerable importance. Comparatively few families at
any but the highest income level had full-time household help the
year round since the average expenditures of the families that had
such help did not reach $300 except among families receiving more
than $5,000.
HOME
M A IN T E N A N C E
45
Average outlay for furnishings and equipment varied quite widely
among the groups studied, largely because of equally wide variations
in the unit value of items included in this category. At most income
levels the amount spent was under $100, and while the average outlay
increased with income, it showed no consistent tendency to increase
relatively to total money expenditures except at income levels up to
$1,000 or thereabouts.
The most outstanding occupational difference found in any of the
categories included in home maintenance was in the level of housing
expenditures. In all three city units wage-earner families spent less
than other occupational groups at the same income level. On the
whole, average outlay for household operation likewise was least
among the wage earners. Accordingly, the same occupational vari
ation appeared when all home maintenance categories were combined.
Occupational differences were minor in the level of expenditures for
furnishings and equipment.
Family-type differences appeared chiefly in the proportion of home
owners and in outlay for furnishings and equipment. Families of
three to six members, at least three of them over 16, reported home
ownership more frequently than did those of other types, while fam
ilies with children were least likely to be owners. Expenditures for
furnishings and equipment tended to be smallest among the older
families (types IV and V). This fact, as well as the greater preva
lence of home ownership among such families, is probably related to
the tendency for these families to be older and better established than
the others, which makes for greater ability to buy homes and also for
households better supplied with furniture and equipment. Insofar
as there were family-type differences in outlay for household opera
tion, they showed up chiefly in a tendency for families with children
to spend more than the others, partly because of greater need for
household help.
C h a p te r V
C lo t h in g a n d P e r s o n a l C a r e 1
Clothing ranked next in importance to food and housing in the
budgets of the majority of the New England families studied, although
its share of the total outlay for family living was very much less than
that of either of the other basic essentials already discussed. In the
lower income classes clothing accounted for less than one-tenth of
aggregate expenditures, as compared with considerably more than a
third used for food and for home maintenance. Throughout the
greater part of the income range clothing expenditures did not attain
a relative importance more than half as great as that of either of the
other two categories.
A more significant difference between clothing expenditures, on the
one hand, and expenditures for food and housing, on the other, is
found in the fact that the outlay for clothing not only increased with
income, but increased so rapidly that it accounted for a steadily grow
ing percentage of total expenditures in successively higher income
classes. Between the lowest income group and the $4,000 level in
Providence the share of total money outlay allocated to clothing rose
from a little under 8 to almost 12 percent. In the middle-sized and
small city units the proportion devoted to clothing almost doubled
within the income range. (See table 20 and fig. 3.)
In all three New England city units families with incomes below
$1,250 reported expenditures for clothing during the year that aver
aged considerably less than $100 for the entire family. In general,
only the families with incomes of $2,000 or more in Providence, and of
$2,250 or more in the other cities, spent as much as $200 for clothing
over the entire year. At the income level $5,000 to $7,500, however,
Providence families devoted about $550 to clothing, and those in the
highest income group, more than $800.
The small average expenditures for clothing in the low income classes
indicates that at such levels the sums spent covered little more than
garments regarded as absolutely essential. Among the group receiving
less than $750 in the middle-sized and small cities, where average
outlay for clothing was under $50, it seems probable that part of the
purchases were of second-hand garments, and that, in families with
1
Expenditures for clothing included all wearing apparel, accessories and jewelry, as well as costs of clean
ing and pressing and of materials and paid help used in home sewing. Personal care included barber shop
and beauty parlor services, and toilet articles and preparations, such as tooth brushes, cosmetics, and toilet
soaps.
46
C L O T H IN G AND PERSONAL CARE
47
children, the younger ones finished wearing out the garments outgrown
by the older. At higher economic levels, however, it is clear that in
both number and value of articles bought the families were increasingly
influenced by factors of style and by standards of conspicuous
consumption.
T
able
2 0 , — Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care
PROVIDENCE
Amounts
Income class
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over ------ -------------
Clothing
and per
sonal care
combined
Clothing
$76
86
118
150
185
210
249
280
305
344
395
501
630
923
Percentage of total money expendi
tures 1
Personal
care
$60
67
93
120
151
173
208
236
258
294
341
432
549
810
Clothing
and per
sonal care
combined
Clothing
Personal
care
9.9
9.4
10.0
11.0
11.4
11.3
12.0
12.8
12.5
11.9
13.2
13.6
13.4
11.8
7.8
7.3
7.9
8.8
9.3
9.3
10.0
10.8
10.6
10.2
11.4
11.7
11.7
10.4
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.4
$14
16
22
28
30
33
40
40
44
50
53
56
83
81
7.6
7.8
9.7
9.9
11.7
11.7
11.5
11.9
13.0
11.7
13.1
13.8
13.8
11.2
5.7
5.7
7.5
7.5
9.5
9.7
9.4
9.8
10.9
9.7
11.3
12.0
11.4
9.6
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
2.4
1.6
$10
15
18
21
27
35
36
41
48
55
69
7.6
7.3
8.0
9.1
9.8
11.4
11.1
11.9
12.4
10.9
12. 6
6.0
5.5
6.1
7.3
7.8
9.2
9.1
9.8
10.2
8.7
10.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1
$16
19
25
30
34
37
41
44
47
50
54
69
81
113
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over ----------------------
$57
59
96
117
160
190
220
230
276
293
385
424
469
571
$43
43
74
89
130
157
180
190
232
243
332
368
386
490
SMALL CITIES
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and o v er___ -
$46
62
77
104
130
182
199
232
274
275
410
$36
47
59
83
103
147
163
191
226
220
341
i See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study.
Preliminary investigation of detailed data to be published later
indicates that gifts of clothing from persons outside the economic
family provided an important supplement to purchases, particularly
48
F A M IL Y EXPEN D ITU RES IN N E W EN GLAND CITIES
F ig .3
CLOTHING AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL MONEY
EXPENDITURES AT SELECTED INCOME LEVELS
NEW ENGLAND, 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 6
NONRELIEF WHITE FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND
AND WIF E BOTH NATIVE BORN
CLOTHING
IOOO
1500
2 00 0
2500
3 500
5000
7 500
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
500
AND UNDER
750
1000
AND UNDEN
1250
500
750
AND UNDER
s.
2 000
AND UNOCN
1750
225 0
2500
ANO UNDEN
3000
SMALL CITIES
PERCENTAGE
U.
1500
ANO UNDER
1000
1250
AND UNOER
1500
1750
AND UNDER
200 0
2 25 0
AND UNOCR
2500
3000
ANO UNOER
INCOME CLASS IN OOLLARS
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
3500
4 00 0
AND UNDER
ANO UNDER
4000
5 000
PERCENTAGE
C L O T H IN G
AN D
PER SO N AL
CARE
49
in the case of infants and small children.2 For infants, the value of
free clothing at the lower income levels exceeded the average clothing
expense. For older family members, free clothing was less important
relative to clothing expense, but it was by no means a negligible part
of total value of clothing among families receiving less than $1,500.
The differences in the proportion of total money expenditures
allotted to clothing by families at comparable income levels in the
three city units was very small; the differences in average expendi
tures, with one exception, amounted to less than $20 for families with
incomes between $500 and $2,500. Nevertheless, there was a con
sistent tendency for families in the small cities to report the lowest
clothing expenditures. A similar intercity relationship is observed
when the clothing expenditures of husbands and wives are considered
separately. On the whole, husbands had higher average expendi
tures in Providence than in the other cities, while the expenditures
of the wives were higher in the middle-sized cities than elsewhere.
A t almost every income level in the three city units, the wives re
ported average clothing expenditures a few dollars higher than those
of the husbands, although the differences rarely exceeded $15 in any
income group.
M o n e y expen d itu res fo r p erson a l care .— Since expenditures for per
sonal care (including barber shop and beauty parlor services, toilet
articles and cosmetics) are closely related to those for clothing, it
seems appropriate to consider them here. It might be expected that
expenditures of this type would be more elastic in relation to income
variations than those for clothing. On the contrary, the share of
income spent for personal care exhibited a marked degree of uniformity,
constituting, for most income groups, approximately 2 percent of total
money expenditures for current living. This relatively constant
proportion is indicative of the extent to which such goods and services
have become an integral part of the level of living of native white
families, even among the lower income groups. The average expense
for this category in the family budget ranged in all the city units
from less than $20 to little more than $80 (except at the highest income
level in Providence). In both Providence and the middle-sized cities,
average expenditures for personal care little more than doubled over
the income range from $1,000 to $4,000, increasing from $25 to $54 in
the former city, and from $28 to $56 in the latter unit. As further
evidence of the relative inelasticity of these expenditures, it may be
noted that at each of the income levels below $1,250, Providence families
spent over one-fourth as much for personal care as for clothing, while
at the income levels between $3,500 and $7,500, they spent only
slightly over one-seventh as much.
* Based on tabulations in B. L. S. Bulletin 648, vol. III.
50
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
Expenditures for personal care were classified into two major groups:
personal services, and toilet articles and preparations. At succeeding
income levels, the former tended to increase and the latter to decrease
as a proportion of the families’ outlay for personal grooming. Ex
penditures for toilet goods thus increased only about one-half as rapidly
as expenditures for personal services. Families in the middle-sized
and small cities with incomes of $1,250 or more devoted over one-half
of their personal care expenditures to services, but Providence fami
lies spent more for services only at the income levels beginning with
$3,000. Those in the higher income groups used as much as threefifths of their expenditures for this category for services, suggesting
both more frequent utilization of services and higher unit cost.3
Although average expenditures for personal care were nearly
identical at comparable income levels in the three New England city
units, Providence families tended to spend the least for personal
services and the most for toilet articles and cosmetics.
Expenditures fo r clothing and personal care combined.— When cloth
ing and personal care are considered together it is seen that these
expenditures fell into a pattern similar to that for clothing alone, the
larger constituent category. (See table 20.) Nevertheless, because
of the inelasticity of personal-care expenditures, the aggregate outlay
for these two categories together absorbed a less rapidly increasing
proportion of total expenditures than did clothing alone, especially in
Providence, where the increase was roughly from 10 to 13 percent.
In general, families in all the three city units spent less than $100
for clothing and personal care combined, at the income levels below
$1,000, $200 or more at the levels beginning at $1,750, and substan
tially more than $300 when family income amounted to $3,000 or
more. At all comparable income levels between $750 and $3,000,
however, families in the small-city unit spent somewhat less than
families in the larger cities.
Clothing expenditures among occupational groups.— The occupational
classification of the families studied in New England appears to have
had little bearing on their average clothing outlays. In Providence,
wage-earner families ranked high more consistently than any other
group of families at the comparable income levels between $1,250
and $3,000 (table 21). Since this tendency was not apparent in the
other city units, however, it may perhaps be accounted for by the
slightly larger average size of wage-earner families, as contrasted with
white-collar families, in Providence.4 As will be seen from the analysis
of clothing expenditures by family type, there was a definite correla
tion of these expenditures with family size.5
3 See Tabular Summary, table 7.
4 See Tabular Summary, table 2.
5 An examination of the averages for the several occupations with family type held constant fails to reveal
any significant differences among the occupational groups. (See appendix D.)
51
C L O T H IN G A N D PERSONAL CARE
T a b l e 2 1 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r clothing and personal care , hy occup a
tional group
PR OVIDENCE
•
Clothing
Income class
Wage
earner
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000-$7,499___
$68
92
119
157
179
209
257
275
0)
0
0)
o;
Cler
ical
$64
97
120
132
172
218
235
256
(0
0
0
(0
Personal care
inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Salaried
Busi
ness
Profes
sional
0
0
$119
171
148
188
214
264
321
332
402
509
0
0)
$110
166
164
191
233
261
296
350
471
587
0)
0
$151
149
155
207
189
217
273
328
396
563
Wage
earner
$18
25
30
35
35
40
40
47
0)
Cler
ical
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
$20
25
31
32
40
44
44
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
$16
22
29
30
31
43
41
46
0
(0
0
0
$17
22
30
32
38
37
42
41
0)
(0
0)
0
0
0)
$16
18
21
26
35
34
38
47
$13
17
24
29
33
39
45
48
0)
0
0
$28
36
33
34
55
46
57
54
56
74
Salaried
Profes
sional
Busi
ness
0)
(0
$33
35
37
41
47
51
52
54
84
87
0
(0
$32
28
38
41
40
44
43
55
59
83
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES *
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999__._
$3,000-$3,4y9___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$43
77
88
141
155
196
196
245
0
0
(0
(0
$45
60
95
129
181
173
174
222
0)
0
0
0)
0)
0
0
0
$102
106
151
153
207
253
262
311
393
436
$82
84
138
182
180
189
214
361
(t)
327
0
0
$31
29
37
39
43
51
51
49
59
94
$21
28
31
39
32
42
48
59
(t)
70
SM ALL CITIES 3
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249__
$2,250-$2,499___
$50
60
85
102
144
156
176
250
$33
51
76
95
154
204
210
238
0
0
$79
116
151
146
206
198
0
0
$20
32
35
36
43
48
1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
2 In the middle-sized cities all families in salaried business and professional occupations were classified
together.
3 In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together,
t Fewer than 3 cases.
When the clothing expenditures of husbands and wives are con
sidered separately, the general tendency observed above for the wives
to spend slightly more than the husbands is found to have been
characteristic of families in each occupational group, particularly
in the small-city unit. (See table 22.) In Providence and the
middle-sized cities this relationship between average expenditures of
husbands and wives was most consistent among wage-earner families.
Since data are not available for families giving expenditure schedules
on the proportion of wives that were employed outside the home among
the several occupational groups, it is not possible to measure with any
accuracy the influence of family occupation on clothing expenditures
52
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
by wives. Thus, a relatively high proportion of employed wives in
any particular occupational group may result in comparatively large
clothing expenditures, quite apart from any effect arising out of the
occupational classification of the group.6 Furthermore, the age of
wives is also a factor of considerable influence on the level of spending
for clothing, and one on which no facts have been tabulated for the
consumption analysis.
T
able
2 2 .— A verage annual m o n e y exp en d itu res o f husbands and w ives f o r clothing ,
b y occup ation al group
PROVIDENCE
Husbands
Income class
$750-$999______
$1,000-^1,249— .
$1,250-$1,499.___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999---$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000-$7,499___
Wage
earner
Cleri
cal
$23
31
45
46
60
62
86
71
0)
0)
0)
0)
$25
34
44
48
64
71
79
86
0)
(0
(9
(0
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
0)
0)
$48
53
56
73
51
89
104
118
117
153
Wives
Salaried
Busi
ness
Profes
sional
0)
0)
$40
63
60
67
90
95
109
123
178
230
C1)
0)
$41
52
47
82
72
74
82
102
120
158
Cleri
cal
$27
36
44
61
68
73
109
80
0)
0)
0)
0)
$25
45
49
48
63
86
71
88
0)
(9
(9
(0
(9
0)
$22
31
36
60
60
77
75
80
(9
(9
0)
0)
$14
26
44
49
76
65
83
80
(0
(9
0)
0)
(9
(9
$20
23
33
44
56
61
55
76
$11
13
24
31
57
76
74
81
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999.. _
$14
27
27
45
52
57
60
78
(9
(9
(0
0)
$15
18
31
51
62
58
53
83
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(9
(9
$33
41
54
51
74
88
85
104
111
111
$36
26
36
68
69
78
61
109
(t)
105
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Wage
earner
$49
80
56
72
75
108
131
134
109
191
Salaried
Busi
ness
Profes
sional
(9
(9
$46
68
66
89
81
98
110
144
138
219
0)
0)
$70
62
60
78
74
84
93
91
118
178
2
0)
(9
$39
38
50
71
82
110
106
100
108
179
$29
39
58
61
60
72
80
153
(t)
138
SM ALL CITIES *
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$18
20
27
31
43
45
55
59
$13
13
21
32
48
50
62
77
(9
(9
$15
33
49
47
62
65
(9
0)
$16
42
60
52
74
64
1
2
3
Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
In the middle-sized cities all families in salaried business and professional occupations were classified
together.
In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together.
fFewer than 3 cases.
• U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletins 642-647, vols. I, and 649, vol. I, present data on the gainful
employment of wives, but those data pertain to a considerably larger group.
C L O T H IN G
AN D
PER SO NAL
CARE
53
No occupational pattern can be observed when the clothing ex
penditures of husbands in Providence are examined 'at the income
levels between $1,250 and $3,000 (table 22). It is interesting, how
ever, that the husbands in the salaried business families ranked uni
formly highest at the income levels from $2,250 upwards. Similarly,
in the middle-sized cities, although no general occupational differences
were apparent, the husbands in the salaried business and professional
group reported the largest clothing expenditures in all but one income
level beginning at $2,000.
Comparison of the clothing expenditures of wives in families of the
several occupational groups in the three city units reveals the same
general characteristics as observed for husbands, although the
differences were even less clearly defined.
Expenditures fo r personal care among occupational groups.— Since
expenditures for personal care were not only relatively inelastic, but
also very small, averaging less than $1 a week for families with
incomes up to $3,000, it was to be expected that occupational differ
ences would be insignificant. Salaried business families in Provi
dence, and salaried business and professional families in Haverhill
and New Britain, tended to rank high in average expenditures for
personal care. Among the remaining occupational groups the
differences were generally negligible. (See table 21.) For the most
part, such occupational differences as were observed in the level of
expenditures for personal care appeared to rest more on differences in
outlay for services at barber and beauty shops than on differences in
expenditures for toilet articles and preparations.7
Family-type differences in clothing expenditures.— Since expenditures
for clothing are personal rather than group expenditures, rather clearcut fam ily-type differences are to be found in average expenditures for
this category. W ith but few exceptions, two-person families in all
the New England cities studied reported the smallest average clothing
expenditures (table 23). A t the other extreme were the larger families
with three to six members, at least three of them over 16, which, in
Providence, spent from $3 to $92 more than the two-person families,
and in the small cities, from $16 to $80 more than families containing
only husband and wife.
In Haverhill and New Britain, by contrast, although the two-person
families generally reported the lowest expenditures, there were no con
sistent differences in the clothing expenditures between the other two
fam ily-type groups.
When clothing expenditures of husbands and wives are examined
separately from those for the entire family, however, a rather consist
ent inverse relationship with family size appeared in Haverhill and
New Britain, as well as in Providence and the small cities (table 24).
7 See Tabular Summary, table 7.
54
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
In families with one or two children, the husbands and wives together
spent about three-quarters of the family clothing budget, while in
families with three or more members 16 or over, they used only about
one-half of the total for their own needs. Average outlay by hus
bands and wives in the larger families (types IV and V) was generally
from 20 to 50 percent less than it was in the two-person families.
T
a b l e
2 3 .—
A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r clothing and persona l care , b y f a m i l y
typ e
PR OVIDENCE
Family type 1
Income class
II and
III
I
IV and
V
Clothing
$750-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________
$5,000-$7,499_____________________________
$57
74
109
152
176
189
230
204
273
325
285
524
$61
113
129
130
166
214
231
262
283
358
404
509
Hand
III
I
IV and
V
Personal care
$94
84
119
173
179
219
244
296
320
338
525
599
$17
21
29
30
35
37
38
40
46
49
75
105
$18
29
31
34
36
37
45
45
48
60
58
64
$22
25
31
37
39
48
48
54
55
53
74
80
$34
71
90
120
176
196
190
291
239
349
393
392
$16
20
29
24
34
35
40
45
40
47
(t)
48
$17
22
26
32
34
42
40
43
57
50
52
77
$17
24
31
34
33
42
42
46
50
58
61
109
$69
68
101
124
159
185
196
262
248
$13
17
19
25
30
28
37
48
56
$17
18
23
29
36
39
40
50
52
$18
18
25
27
38
39
45
47
57
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749________________________________
$750-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$3,000-$3,499___________________ _______
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________
$45
69
86
133
135
163
168
177
236
248
(t)
291
$45
79
92
135
159
176
203
213
252
343
346
462
SM ALL CITIES
$500-$749_________________________________
$750-$999_________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499__ _________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,250-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$36
52
71
76
133
130
166
182
173
$54
62
84
112
149
170
214
228
251
i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number add age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V
1 child under 16,1 person 16 or more, and 1 or 2 others regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
t Fewer than 3 cases.
C L O T H IN G
T
able
A N D
PER SO N AL
55
CARE
24 . — A verage annual m o n e y expenditures o f husbands and w ives f o r clothing ,
by f a m i l y typ e
PR O VID EN CE
Family type 1
Income class
II and
III
I
IV and
V
II and
III
I
Husbands
$750-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________________
$2,260-$2,499_____________________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________________
$3,500-$3,999_____________________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________________
$5,000-$7,499_________ ___________________
$29
31
54
62
81
88
107
102
120
153
155
276
$21
38
46
44
58
72
87
88
109
121
166
158
IV and
V
Wives
$21
20
32
40
40
45
57
66
74
88
128
144
$28
42
55
90
94
101
122
100
144
166
108
248
$24
47
52
51
61
84
85
106
110
154
145
221
$11
19
20
26
49
47
49
68
61
80
91
98
$30
185
$18
31
35
52
59
67
85
87
99
151
160
251
$6
19
20
31
49
56
54
79
56
99
79
SO
16
26
35
42
72
69
85
93
62
$25
21
32
47
57
67
71
92
103
$16
17
19
31
40
50
40
39
58
$29
19
31
38
42
53
65
74
82
83
118
149
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749_________________________________
$750-$999________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
$1,250-$1,499
____ __________________
$1,500-$1,749
__________________________
$1,750-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,249 ___________________________
$2,250-$2,499
__________________________
$2,500-$2,999 ___________________________
$3,000-$3,499 ___________ ______________
$3,500-$3,999
__________________________
$4,000-$4,999
__________________________
$15
32
34
55
52
65
72
88
88
117
(t)
106
$15
24
30
48
56
61
66
88
82
136
114
124
36
50
77
82
97
94
86
148
131
(t)
SM ALL CITIES
$500-$749________________________ _____
$750-$999
__________ ________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________________
_____________________
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749_________________________
$1,750-$1,999
__________________________
$2,000-$2,249
______ ________________
$2,250-$2,499______________________ ______
$2,500-12,999___________________________
$19
21
29
32
54
45
66
84
79
$18
19
24
32
47
51
71
83
74
$12
13
18
29
37
43
45
38
56
i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
ahd wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V
1 child under 16,1 person 16 or more, and 1 or 2 others regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
tFewer than 3 cases.
Wives usually spent somewhat more than the husbands, in twoperson families and in families with one or two children. In Provi
dence and the middle-sized cities, however, the husbands in the larger
families (types IV and V ) spent more than the wives about as fre
quently as they spent less, suggesting that current standards set a
minimum clothing expense for the husband, who is commonly the
family breadwinner. The wives in large families, when the budget
is strained, can more easily reduce their expenditures for clothing than
can the husbands.
113991°— 41------5
56
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
P erso n a l care exp en d itu res am on g f a m i l y -t y p e g r o u p s .— Expenditures
for personal care bore approximately the same relationship to family
type as did clothing expenditures. In Providence and the middlesized cities, expenditures for this category were directly related to
family size, although the dollar differences in expenditures were very
small. While the two-person families in the small cities generally re
ported the lowest expenditures, the outlay of families with children
were approximately the same as those of families with three to six
members (types IV and V ). (See table 23.)8
S u m m a r y .— While personal care was a relatively stable item in the
expenditures of the New England families studied, clothing expense
increased more rapidly than total money expenditures, so that, within
the income range, it increased from less than 8 to over 11 percent of
this total. Size of city had relatively little effect on average expendi
tures for clothing, although the outlay tended to be less in the small
cities than in the large communities. W ives generally spent somewhat
more than husbands for this category.
As in the case of food expenditures, the occupational classification
had slight influence on expenditures for personal care or for clothing,
when either average family expense or the expenditures of husbands
and wives were considered. The tendency for families in the wage
earner group to spend somewhat more than families in other groups in
Providence may be attributable to their somewhat larger average
families.
Family composition was rather closely related to expenditures for
clothing and personal care, as in the case of food. The two-person
families tended to spend the least on both categories and the larger
families with three to six members the most. There was a rather
consistent inverse relationship between family size and the average
clothing expense of husbands and wives.
8
Family type differences in outlay for personal care were somewhat clearer when comparison was made
after the effect of differences in occupational distribution among the family types was eliminated. (See
appendix D.)
Chapter V I
Transportation
The importance of the transportation category in American family
budgets appears clearly from its relative position among the expendi
tures of New England families. While outlays for transportation
were substantially less than those for food and shelter, they were
consistently outranked by clothing only in the lower portion of the
income range.
The large place given to transportation at the present time is
primarily explained by the automobile. A t virtually all income levels
well over two-thirds of the total outlay for transportation expense
took that form .1 Thus, transportation in this study principally
represents the automobile, and the diversity of automobile uses in all
spheres of family activity means that the expenditures presented here
are only in part outlays for transportation, as such.
Transportation was among the most elastic groups of items in the
family budget. In Providence, average expenditures more than
doubled as a proportion of total money outlay, from 5 percent or less
for families below the $1,000 level, to nearly 12 percent for families
receiving $4,000 to $5,000. In the middle-sized and small cities the
relative increases were even greater. (See fig. 4.)
For purposes of the Study of Consumer Purchases, the category of
transportation included three main items: expense for automobiles
purciiased (gross purchase price less trade-in allowance on old cars),
automobile operation, and other transportation, local and interurban.
Transportation expense chargeable to business was deducted from
family expense in this field.2 All other transportation was included,
however, from daily trips to and from work and school to holiday trips
by automobile, train, or boat. Part of the rapid increase in average
transportation expense over the income range was undoubtedly due
to more frequent and more extensive holiday and vacation travel.
A u to m o b ile p u rch a se .— Although expenditures for automobile pur
chase, like those for many items of furnishings and equipment, are
irregular in occurrence, they may be considered here as a part of the
total outlay incurred by families for transportation services.
As might be expected, the proportion of families that purchased cars
during the year 1935-36 increased gradually, but not very regularly,
1 See Tabular Summary, table 2.
2 See glossary, appendix B.
57
58
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
at succeeding income levels. In Providence, for example, automobile
purchase was reported by about one-tenth of the families with incomes
between $750 and $1,750, approximately one-fifth of the families with
incomes between $2,250 and $3,000, and as many as two-fifths at the
highest level.3 The figures on average net expense for purchase
suggest that practically all car-buying families with incomes below
$1,750 bought used cars.
In the New England cities studied, the average expenditures for
automobile purchase (based on all families in the group) increased
rapidly with income, amounting to less than $10 at the lowest levels,
and to over $200 at the highest.4 This growth reflects both the
increasing percentage that bought cars and the higher average net
purchase price at successive income levels.
A u to m o b ile ow n ersh ip and op era tio n .— Beginning at the $1,250 level
in all the New England cities studied, more than one-half the families
in each income class owned their own cars. (See Tabular Summary
table 8.) In the higher income classes, as might be expected, auto
mobile ownership was the general rule, being reported by more than
9 out of 10 families at the income levels beginning at the $4,000 level
in Providence, and as low as $2,500 in the midle-sized and small cities.
The average outlay for automobile operation (including such items
as gas and oil, repairs, licenses, insurance, taxes, and parking charges),
rose somewhat more rapidly with income than did the proportion of
owning families. In all the cities studied, families with incomes
below $1,000 spent amounts that averaged, for owners and nonowners together, less than $30; those with incomes at $1,750 to $2,000
spent $100 or more, while among those at the highest levels average
expenditures exceeded $200. (See table 25.) Although this increase
is to be explained largely in terms of the increasing proportion of car
owners among families at succeeding income levels, it was in part due
to more extensive use of the family automobile, as well as to the
greater cost of operating the more expensive cars owned by higher
income families. The average outlays for automobile operation per
operating family increased rather steadily from one income level to the
next, amounting to approximately $100 or more beginning at the
$1,000 level in Haverhill-New Britain, and at the $1,250 level in the
other two city units. W ith one exception, it amounted to more than
$200 among families receiving $2,500 and over in the middle-sized
cities, and $3,000 and over in Providence.
* See Tabular Summary, table 8.
* Gross purchase price minus trade-in allowance.
59
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
Fig. 4
TRANSPORTATION AS A PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL MONEY EXPENDITUR ES
AT SELECTED INCOME LE V ELS
NEW ENGLAND, 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 6
NO NRELIEF WHITE FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND
AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN
IOOO
1500
2000
2500
3500
5000
75 0 0
MIDDLE-SIZED CITIES
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
750
*M
|°2U50
1750
2250
3000
500
AND UNDER
10 00
AND UNDER
AND UNDER
75 0
1250
1750
1500
2000
AND UNDER
2250
2500
AND UNDER
3000
INCOME CLASS IN DOLLARS
U . S . B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T I S T IC S
3500
4000
AN0 UNDER
AND UNDER
4000
5000
60
T
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
2 5 . — A verage m o n e y exp en d itu res f o r tra n sp orta tion , percentage o f fa m ilie s
reporting autom obile o p era tio n , and average m o n e y expend itures fo r a utom obile
operation per f a m i l y reporting such expenditure
able
PR OVIDENCE
Families
reporting car
operation 2
Average expenditures for transportation
Income class
Total
Amount
$500-$749........- ................................ ..........
$750-$999_______ _____ ________________
$1,000-$1,249__--------------------------------------$1,250-$1,499__________ ________________
$1,500-$1,749-__________ ______________
$1,750-$1,999______ ______ _____________
$2,000-$2,249--------------------- ------------------$2,250-$2,499----------------------------------------$2,500-$2,999................................................
$3,000-$3,499___--------------- --------------------$3,500-$3,999___........... .......................... —
$4,000-$4,999___________ _____ _________
$5,000-$7,499_-------------------------------------$7,500 and over________________________
$19
47
65
96
124
195
203
221
277
301
318
431
508
674
Automobile
Percentage
Pur
of total
money ex chase
penditure 1
2.5
5.0
5.5
7.0
7.6
10.5
9.8
10.2
11.4
10.4
10.5
11.7
10.8
8.7
Other
Opera
tion
Per
cent
age
Aver
age
opera
tion
expense
$6
16
38
53
66
108
105
115
157
182
160
195
276
312
$13
•17
21
24
30
28
33
37
36
36
49
56
57
137
21
25
45
55
68
77
75
77
83
86
86
94
98
94
$29
64
84
96
97
140
140
149
189
212
186
207
282
332
(*)
$16
17
8
43
67
87
88
202
206
179
329
96
$1
19
18
51
48
88
117
114
131
194
202
209
278
201
$1
7
9
9
13
17
18
22
23
11
29
9
64
50
51
29
32
49
51
63
73
80
85
92
90
86
91
100
$2
66
56
104
94
140
160
142
154
211
224
243
305
201
$8
16
25
33
34
85
63
121
114
214
$10
20
29
38
68
77
104
110
138
188
193
$1
4
4
8
7
8
11
11
12
13
16
16
34
36
48
65
64
73
75
83
92
95
$62
59
81
79
105
120
142
147
166
204
203
$14
6
19
28
59
65
69
84
83
109
180
175
225
M ID D L E -SIZE D CITIES
$250-$499 _____________________________
$500-$749-------------------------------- . -----------$750-$999----------------------- ---------------------$1,000-$1,249------------------ ---------------------$1,250-$1,499___________________________
$1,500-$1,749___________________________
$1,750-$1,999___________________________
$2,000-$2,249___________________________
$2,250-$2,499___________________________
$2,500-$2,999___________________________
$3,000-$3,499___________________________
$3,500-$3,999___________________________
$4,000-$4,999___________________________
$5,000 and over________________________
$2
26
43
77
69
148
202
223
242
407
437
397
671
347
0. 2
3.4
4.3
6.6
5.1
9.1
10.5
11.4
11.4
16.2
14.9
13.0
19.9
6.8
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499______________ ____ __________
$500-$749_________________ . -----------------$750-$999______________________________
$1,000-$1,249___________________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________________
$1,500-$1,749___________________________
$1,750-$1,999___________________________
$2,000-$2,249___________________________
$2,250-$2,499___________________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________________
$3,000 and over___________ ___________
$11
32
49
71
108
119
200
184
271
315
423
1. 8
3.8
5.1
6.2
8.1
7.4
11.1
9.4
12.2
12.5
13.1
1 See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study.
2 Any family that reported expense for automobile operation was tabulated as an operating family.
*Less than $1.
Other transportation.— Outlay for transportation other than auto
mobile was comparatively small in all income classes in each of the
city units. It was greater than the outlay for automobile operation
only among families in Providence with incomes below $1,000, and
the average expenditure did not exceed $50 for the year in any income
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
61
group below $4,000, even in Providence. It is clear that residents of
the smaller communities did not generally rely on public facilities for
daily travel to work and school, and that in all communities there
was comparatively little long-distance travel except in the family car.
In contrast to the expenditures for automobile operation, those
for transportation other than by automobile increased no more rapidly
than total expenditures, absorbing between 1 and 2 percent of the
total at each income level in Providence, usually about 1 percent in
the middle-sized cities, and less than that in the small cities.
Intercity differences in transportation expenditures.— Although the
differences were generally small, there is some indication that car
ownership was less prevalent in Providence than in the other cities.
Several factors probably help to account for this. The availability
of public transportation facilities in a large city makes the ownership
of an automobile less necessary than in smaller communities. The
higher costs— for garage, parking, and often insurance— attendant
upon automobile ownership in the large city probably help to reduce
the proportion of car owners. Furthermore, the pressure of other
expenses, for instance the relatively large food outlays in Providence
as compared with the smaller cities, perhaps made it more difficult
for the Providence families to finance the purchase and operation of
cars.
Paralleling the relatively low proportion of car owners among
Providence families, the proportion buying cars during the report
year tended to run lower there than in the other city units. One-fifth
or more of the families in the latter cities purchased cars at each
income level beginning at $1,750, while in Providence this proportion
was not reached until considerably higher in the income scale.
At most income levels, families in Providence spent less for automo
bile operation, when averaged for all families, than did those studied
in the smaller cities. This might be explained on the ground that
automobile ownership was least common in the large city, except for
the fact that comparison of average operation expenditures of caroperating families revealed the same general relationship. At all com
parable income levels from $2,250 to $5,000, Providence families
reported smaller outlays than did families in the other cities,
although at most income levels below that point they ranked midway
between the middle-sized and small cities. The relatively low auto
mobile expenditures of Providence families with incomes of $2,250
to $5,000 may be due to the fact that they generally reserved their cars
for week-end and vacation trips, and used local transportation facil
ities for travel to and from work and school more commonly than did
families in the smaller communities. In a large city, where parking
is difficult and expensive, it is frequently more expedient to take the
local bus or trolley than to drive the family automobile.
62
T
able
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
26 . — A verag e m o n e y expenditures f o r tra n sp orta tion , b y occup ation al grou p
PR OVIDENCE
Wage
earner
Income class
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
$5,000-$7,499________________________________________
Clerical
$45
72
96
104
210
236
209
287
0
0
$61
44
99
144
180
207
213
317
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
0
0
0)
0)
0
0
0
0
Salaried
Business
*
$85
147
179
96
177
232
362
278
328
408
(i)
0
$102
122
208
227
271
299
255
340
476
596
Profes
sional
0
0
$84
189
140
165
252
190
320
312
481
552
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749___________________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249__
__________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_ _ _______________________ _____ ______
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249______________________ _____ ___________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
$20
29
69
42
175
213
254
248
0
$67
106
109
82
91
152
213
242
0
0
0
0
0)
0
0
0
0
0
$43
168
105
231
264
277
346
520
418
768
0)
$77
115
153
219
59
186
501
324
(t)
555
SM ALL CITIES 2
$500-$749___________________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$33
50
71
108
115
215
194
307
$24
51
91
133
143
162
155
186
0
0
$45
78
106
198
186
297
1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
2 Tn the small cities all business and professional families were classified together,
t Fewer than 3 cases.
In the New England communities there appeared to be a direct
relationship between size of city and amount spent for transportation
other than by automobile. This fact supports the suggestion made
above regarding use of public transportation facilities for local travel
in a large city. Without exception, at the income levels between
$500 and $4,000, Providence families spent the most for such trans
portation. Families in Haverhill and New Britain generally spent
little more than one-half as much as Providence families, and, at
comparable income levels, families in the small cities reported expen
ditures roughly one-third as large. (See table 25.)
Transportation expenditures among occupational groups.— Average
expenditures for transportation showed little variation among the
occupational groups in the New England communities studied.
63
TRANSPORTATION
(See table 26.) The data indicate no clear occupational patterning
either for total transportation or for its constituents.5
T able 27 . — A verage
m o n e y expenditures f o r autom obile opera tion
reporting such exp en d itu re , by occupation al group
per
f a m i ly
PR OVIDENCE
Wage
earner
Income class
$750-$999____ ____ _________________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________ ______ ___________________
$1,250-$1,499_______________ ____ ___________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
$5,000-$7,499________________________________________
$80
88
102
86
141
121
141
203
0)
0)
0)
0)
Business
Profes
sional
$42
67
98
114
143
159
146
185
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
$97
136
113
122
120
170
141
155
0)
0)
$106
102
124
140
63
99
190
189
(t)
202
0)
0)
0)
0)
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749___________________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________________
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Clerical
$54
122
145
156
163
170
184
204
189
315
$79
121
104
154
172
188
267
199
247
297
2
$57
35
100
63
151
168
156
169
0)
0)
0)
0)
$93
62
159
130
154
195
204
146
207
245
Salaried
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
CO
$109
135
127
145
162
164
224
252
244
407
SM ALL CITIES 3
$500-$749___________________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________________
$57
80
79
105
121
148
157
178
$100
88
88
122
121
138
120
147
(0
0)
$78
81
107
129
146
169
1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
2 In the middle-sized cities, salaried business and professional families were classified together.
3In the small cities all business and professional families were classified together,
f Fewer than 3 cases.
There was a tendency, however, for a relatively small proportion
of the families in wage-earner groups to own cars. Families of clerical
workers in Providence and the small cities showed rather high fre
quency of automobile ownership. In Providence there was very
little difference among the business and professional groups at in
comes of $2,500 and over, but in the middle-sized cities, at each
5
See Tabular Summary, table 2, and appendix D. The absence of occupational differences still char
acterizes the data when averages for the several occupational groups are compared, holding family type
constant.
64
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
income level above $2,500, families in the self-employed group reported
a greater proportion of ownership than those in the salaried group.
The average expense of automobile operation for operating families
showed no consistent differences among occupational groups in
Providence but in the middle-sized and small cities, wage earners
ranked high, especially at incomes of $1,500 and above. (See table
27.) In Haverhill-New Britain, where the self-employed group
reported the greatest proportion of ownership at the upper income
levels, the average outlays for operation per family reporting such
expenditure were less than those of the salaried group, thus reflecting
less family use of the cars. In the small cities, families in the business
and professional categories generally ranked below both wage-earner
and clerical families.6
Transportation expenditures among family-type groups.— The com
position of the family seems to have been more important than its
occupational classification in affecting transportation expenditures.
In general, average expenditures were inversely related to family size,
two-person families ranking high and the larger families (types IV or
V) ranking low (table 28). In the middle-sized cities, however, the
families with children made the lowest average expenditures, particu
larly at incomes below $2,250. In Providence, the husband-and-wife
families almost invariably reported relatively large outlays in income
groups up to $3,000. At the upper income levels, where family income
permitted a greater range of choice, the differences in average expen
ditures were not clear-cut.7
As already suggested by the data on total transportation, average
expenditures for automobile operation tended, in all the New England
communities studied, to be highest among the two-person families.8
In Providence and the small cities, the large families were at the
other extreme, ranking consistently low in Providence at incomes
between $1,000 and $3,000, and in the small cities at incomes between
$750 and $2,500.
The higher average expenditures of husband-and-wife families seem
to have been due both to greater prevalence of automobile owner
ship among them and to larger expenditures for operation per family
reporting such expenditure. The greater prevalence of automobile
ownership among the two-person families was particularly marked in
Haverhill-New Britain, while in Providence, the proportion was
usually higher among families with children.8 In general, it is doubt8
Since the proportion of automobile expense chargeable to business was deducted from total expense to
obtain the amount chargeable to family use in all cases where the car was used for both purposes, it is likely
that family expenses for such cars tended to average relatively low, since such cars were available for family
use only part of the time.
7 When the effect of varying occupational distribution in the several family type groups is eliminated,
family-type differences in transportation expenditures were clear only in the case of automobile expenditures
(purchase and operation combined) in Providence.
8 See Tabular Summary, table 8.
65
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
less easier for families consisting of husband and wife only to finance
the ownership and operation of a car than for larger families with the
same income. On the other hand, the greater prevalence of auto
mobile ownership among the families with one or two children in
Providence perhaps reflects the need felt by these families in a large
city for a car to use for family outings.
T
able
2 8 .— A verage m o n e y expen ditu res f o r tra n sp orta tion , b y f a m i ly typ e
PR OVIDENCE
Family type 1
Family type 1
Income class
Income class
I
$750-$999________________
$1,000-$1,249_ ...................
$1,250-$1,499____________
$1,500-$1,749____________
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-12,249____________
$51
77
108
153
297
202
II and
III
IV and
V
$41
60
111
130
156
205
$58
57
63
86
154
205
I
$2,250-12,499____________
$2,500-$2,999 _ ________
$3,000-$3,499____ _______
$3,500-$3,999____________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499____________
II and IV and
III
V
$262
397
299
500
431
707
$218
199
245
257
458
501
$196
243
349
236
410
386
$379
253
553
487
(t)
447
$151
249
361
321
671
767
$199
227
350
509
346
741
$270
211
345
336
$186
214
216
316
$152
141
247
286
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$500-$749________________
$750-$999 _____________
$1,000-$!,249____________
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749
$1,750-$1,999____________
$28
40
129
67
247
296
$26
23
48
64
84
176
$21
93
45
76
140
165
$2,000-$2,249____________
$2,250-$2,499____________
$2,500-$2,999____________
$3,000-$3,499____________
$3,500-$3,999_ __________
$4,000-$4,999______ ______
SM ALL CITIES
$500-$749
_ _ ...
$750-$999 ___
_______
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749____________
$25
73
72
133
125
$39
38
81
98
128
$35
23
54
94
101
$1,750-$1,999____________
$2,000-$2,249____________
$2,250-$2,499____________
$2,500-$2,999____________
1 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
V 1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
tFewer than 3 cases.
Average expenditures for automobile operation per operating family
showed an inverse relationship to family size in both Providence
and the small cities, the two-person families spending substantially
more than the larger families (types IV and V) particularly in income
classes below $3,000. (See table 29.)9 Apparently the husband-andwife families, with fewer household responsibilities, made more fre
quent and more extended use of their cars. At higher incomes, in
Providence, there were no well-defined differences among families
of different type. In Haverhill-New Britain, there were no consistent
differences except that the two-person families ranked high at incomes
up to $2,250 and the larger families at incomes of $2,500 and above.
9 See also Tabular Summary, table 8.
6 6
T
F A M IL Y
a b l e
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
29 . — A verage m o n e y exp en d itu res f o r autom obile opera tion p er f a m i l y report
in g such ex p en d itu re , by f a m i l y typ e
PROVIDENCE
Family type 1
Family type i
Income class
Income class
I
$750-$999_ _____________
$1,000-$1,249____________
$1,250-$1,499
__ ___
$1,500-$1,749________ J
$1,750-$1,999_ __________
$2,000-$2,249____________
$76
89
150
131
174
170
II and
III
IV and
V
$64
83
91
88
133
130
$52
80
63
71
121
127
II and
III
IV and
V
$176
215
207
199
195
401
$159
186
201
195
222
227
$123
162
228
166
204
250
$190
151
194
187
(t)
202
$128
164
214
212
288
176
$127
146
216
249
239
494
$142
159
176
260
$154
161
152
165
$133
123
168
158
I
$2,250-$2,499____________
$2,500-$2,999____________
$3,000-$3,499____________
$3,500-$3,999____________
$4,000-$4,999____________
$5,000-$7,499____________
M ID D L E -SIZE D CITIES
$500-$749___
$750-$999___
$1,000-$1,249.
$1,250-$1,499.
$1,500-$1,749.
$1,760-$!,999.
$55
71
141
77
159
198
$82
42
71
100
111
153
$62
103
102
152
138
$2,000-$2,249____________
$2,250-$2,499____________
$2,500-$2,999____________
$3,000-$3,499____________
$3,500-$3,999____________
$4,000-$4,999____________
SM ALL CITIES
$500-$749________________
$1,000-$1,249____________
$1,250-$1,499____________
$l,50O-$l,749____________
$61
84
70
119
129
$48
$88
$1,750-$1,999____________
84
53
$750-$999________________
$2,000-$2,249____________
93
67
$2,250-$2,499...... ................
92
100
$2,500 and over. ______
130
92
i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband
and wife, as follows:
I No other persons (families of 2).
II 1 child under 16 (families of 3).
III 2 children under 16 (families of 4).
IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4).
V
1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6).
t Fewer than 3 cases.
Summary.— Average expenditures for transportation by families
studied in the New England cities increased rapidly at successive
income levels, particularly in the lower part of the income range, and
were larger than average clothing expenditures in the income classes
above $3,000 in the middle-sized and small cities. This increase was
accounted for very largely by increased outlays for operation by the
car-operating families, by increasing percentages of automobile owner
ship and by greater frequency of car purchase. A smaller proportion
owned cars in Providence than in the smaller communities, and the
average operation expense for operating families was also somewhat less
in the former community. In contrast, the average outlay for trans
portation other than by the family automobile varied directly with
size of city.
Occupational differences in average transportation expense were not
well defined, although ownership was less frequent among families in
the wage-earner group than among other occupational groups. Cleri
cal workers in Providence and the small cities ranked relatively high
in proportion of owners.
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
67
Family composition was a more important factor than occupational
classification in its influence on average outlays for transportation,
particularly among families with low or moderate incomes. Twoperson families were more apt to own automobiles, except in Provi
dence, and, at incomes of $2,250 and above, tended to have the
highest expense for automobile operation, except in Haverhill-New
Britain. The large families, which had lower automobile expense,
made the largest average outlays for other transportation.
Chapter V II
M inor Categories o f Expenditure
It will be recalled from chapter I that the major family expenditures,
including those for food, home maintenance, clothing, personal care,
and transportation, absorbed almost 90 percent of the total expendi
tures of native white families with incomes below $1,000 in Providence
and the New England middle-sized cities, and between 85 and 90
percent of the total in the small cities. Among families above the
$5,000 level in the two larger city units, on the other hand, only a
little over 75 percent of total expenditures was so used, while in the
small cities the families with incomes of $3,000 and over used as much
as 20 percent of their total current outlay for other goods and services.
There is no clear distinction, on the basis of urgency, between
expenditures for the major consumption goods and services and those
for the categories to be discussed in this chapter. As noted earlier,
the food budgets of most families, particularly those at the higher
levels, include expenditures for entertaining and for family consump
tion of candy, ice cream, drinks, and the like, which are unrelated to
subsistence or even to nutritionally adequate diets. At the upper
income levels, there is evidence of an element of conspicuous consump
tion in the expenditures for home maintenance. While transporta
tion expenditures necessarily take some share in a family budget, an
automobile is rarely indispensable, particularly in a city with adequate
transportation facilities.
On the other hand, expenditures for medical care, which are in
cluded in the group of minor categories, can hardly be considered a
matter of free consumer choice. Even at the very low income levels,
families are frequently forced to make heavy outlays for medical care
and hospital service. Such emergency expenditures, moreover, often
necessitate reductions in expenditures for the so-called major cate
gories. Contributions to community welfare and to religious organi
zations also at least in part are regarded as a family obligation.
The total amount devoted to the minor categories of expenditure
thus depended upon the individual family situation during the years
1935-36 as well as on its established habits and tastes. It is to be
expected, therefore, that families would differ widely from one
another in the amounts spent on any of those categories. Conse
quently, average expenditures for this group of items are less repre
sentative of an individual family than are the average amounts spent
on such a stable and recurring category as food or housing. Averages
68
M IN O R
C A T E G O R IE S
OE
E X P E N D IT U R E
69
for families of a given type or occupational group, it should be noted,
generally reflect the presence of some families that reported no outlay
during the year for the specific category, and of others that reported
very substantial amounts.
In all the New England cities, the average expenditures for the
minor categories amounted to more than $100 for families with in
comes of $750 or more and over twice as much for those with incomes
of $1,500 and over. Such expenditures exceeded $500 as an average
among families with incomes above $3,500 in Providence and Haver
hill-New Britain, and in the small cities, among families with incomes
of $3,000 or more. (See table 30.)
With but one exception, at each income level from $500 to $3,000,
families in the small city unit reported the highest average expendi
tures for the minor categories. This may reflect the fact that these
families generally reported slightly smaller outlays for food and cloth
ing, thus leaving a larger share of their total for the minor categories.
As will be seen from the following discussion of the separate categories,
however, the excess was by no means accounted for by higher luxury
expenditures.
Medical care.— Expenditures for medical care varied rather widely
as a proportion of total expenditures from one income level to the
next, but over the income range showed no tendency either to in
crease or to decline. Medical care expenses constituted between 3
and 5 percent of total money expenditures in Providence, and 3 to 6
percent in the small cities. In Haverhill and New Britain, the range
was from slightly over 2 to almost 6 percent.1 A comparison of
dollar expenditures for medical care shows that families in the small
cities generally made the largest average outlays, although there were
no consistent differences between the other two city units in average
amounts spent. (See table 30.)
Average expenditures increased with considerable regularity at
succeeding income levels. In Providence, for example, families at
the income level $500 to $750 spent an average of only $28 for medical
care during 1935-36, while those at the highest income level spent
$260, or approximately 8 times as much.
Because expenditures for medical care reflect chiefly the incidence
of illness or other physical disability, it is to be expected that varia
tions in the amount spent would be wide and irregular, not only from
one income group to another, but also within a group. For this
reason the averages here presented are of limited significance as a
representation of the groups to which they apply. Because of very
large outlays by a few families that had serious illnesses during the
year, such averages are quite generally above the amount spent by
the majority of the families.
See Tabular Summary, table 2.
70
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
T
a b l e
30 . — A verag e m o n e y expen ditu res f o r the m in o r categories
PR OVIDENCE
Total
Amount
Percent
age of
total
money
expendi
tures
Medi
cal
care
$77
104
157
162
223
271
289
348
369
468
572
716
1,022
2,108
10.1
11.3
13.3
11.9
13.8
14.7
14.0
16.0
15.1
16.3
19.0
19.4
21.6
26.9
$28
30
57
46
69
72
78
99
93
119
132
139
210
260
Income class
$500-$749_______________
$750-$999_______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over_________
Rec
rea
tion
To
bacco
$7
16
19
29
45
55
62
71
73
120
159
166
245
436
$22
29
33
31
36
46
50
48
56
60
64
68
71
88
Con
tribu
tions
Read Educa
and
ing
tion
per
sonal
taxes 1
Other
$9
11
12
16
17
19
20
20
23
28
28
32
39
52
(*)
(*)
$1
2
3
7
6
20
14
17
33
65
153
322
$10
16
26
30
47
67
71
89
100
120
154
239
292
923
$1
2
9
8
6
5
2
1
10
4
2
7
12
27
$13
18
23
26
33
36
35
39
43
48
49
61
53
82
$11
10
12
14
16
18
22
19
22
25
26
28
26
29
$1
1
2
4
6
13
11
41
13
95
18
12
$10
14
17
26
40
49
53
58
75
96
128
96
148
823
$2
13
1
9
3
5
20
3
2
7
26
20
88
52
$9
25
22
30
30
39
35
38
43
54
51
$9
11
13
16
18
22
22
24
25
29
35
$1
1
4
4
5
14
11
23
39
63
$12
29
23
28
39
55
67
72
81
137
193
$1
4
3
3
5
6
19
6
5
12
10
•
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499 _____________
$500-$749 _____________
$750-$999_______________
$1,000-$1,249. _________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749 _________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249
________
$2.250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999
________
$5,000 and o v e r,_______
$92
87
108
154
184
241
303
280
285
388
460
573
582
1,213
12.2
11.4
10.9
13.1
13.3
14.7
15.7
14.5
13.3
15.4
15.6
18.7
17.2
23. 6
$43
20
33
50
54
83
114
89
71
81
111
164
116
117
$13
12
21
28
36
46
53
59
61
90
107
109
133
98
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499_______________
$500-$749_______________
$750-$999_______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over________
$68
133
126
161
194
255
299
340
373
441
664
11. 3
15.6
13.2
14.2
14.8
15.9
16.6
17. 3
16. 7
17.5
20.6
$31
47
42
56
65
83
76
114
129
82
160
$6
16
22
24
33
45
66
75
67
88
152
1
Excludes sales taxes, which were included in expense for the items to which they applied; automobile
taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, included in housing
expense; and taxes on other real property, which were deducted from the gross income from such property.
♦Less than $1.
Undoubtedly, a considerable number of families at the lower income
levels, and a few in almost all income groups except the highest,
received some free medical care. It is probable, also, that many
families with small incomes used clinics where there were nominal
charges of 25 to 50 cents. Although adequate clinics are generally
less accessible in small than in large cities, this is in part offset by the
fact that private medical service fees tend to vary with size of city.
M IN O R
C A T E G O R IE S
OF
71
E X P E N D IT U R E
W h ile the character of m edical care expenses changes m arkedly w ith
incom e, it m a y be assum ed to be sim ilar for fam ilies at the sam e
incom e level in cities of different size.
A ccordin gly, data are presented
for Providence as illustrative of the relative size of constituent item s
in m edical care expenditures.
A t all b u t two levels between $50 0 and
$ 3 ,5 0 0 , Providence fam ilies used the largest share of their m edical
budget to p ay the general physician ’s bills.
(See table 3 1 .)
T hese
expenses decreased steadily in relative im portance in successive in
com e classes, from alm ost tw o-fifths to only one-sixth of total m edical
care expenditures.
E xpenditures for h ospitalization ranged irregu
larly from 2 to 36 percent of the total m edical care ou tla y, reflecting
the fact th at th ey represent prim arily em ergency expenditures.
T
able
31.— Distribution of money expenditures of Providence fam ilies for
medical care 1
Percentage of total medical care expenditures
Income class
$500-$749_____________
$750-$999_____________
$1,000-$1,249 _________
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$1,749__________
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249__________
$2,250-$2,499__________
$2,500-$2,999__________
$3,000-$3,499__________
$3,500-$3,999__________
$4,000-$4,999__________
$5,000-$7,499__________
$7,500 and over_______
Average
total
amount
$28
30
57
46
69
72
78
99
93
119
132
139
210
260
Other Hospi
Physi Den Ocu special
taliza
cian
tist
list
tion
ists
Medi
cine
and
drugs
Eye
glasses
21
6
35
13
30
11
10
14
8
8
23
2
9
11
16
18
14
18
10
12
11
9
10
10
6
13
8
8
3
6
4
9
3
4
7
3
5
5
4
7
6
3
38
36
26
31
24
31
33
29
30
26
20
23
22
16
3
13
9
14
18
18
20
17
18
25
25
33
23
26
2
(*)
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
5
7
6
4
7
10
7
15
11
11
8
9
10
11
Health,
acci
dent Other*
insur
ance 2
9
8
3
7
4
8
6
4
9
4
5
6
7
12
5
4
3
4
3
5
4
8
6
10
8
6
14
12
1Summary of data published in B. L. S. Bulletin 648, vol. V.
2 Excludes automobile accident insurance.
3 Includes nursing care, examinations and tests, clinic visits, and medical appliances.
*Less than 1 percent.
L ea v in g o u t of consideration hospital costs, m edicine and drugs
constituted the second largest o u tlay for fam ilies w ith incom es be
tween $500 and $ 1 ,5 0 0 , b u t declined in im portance thereafter.
T h is
suggests th at low -in com e fam ilies tend to purchase p aten t m edicines
as a su bstitute for the m ore expensive p hysician ’s care, or to use
clinic services for which the chief expense is the prescriptions obtained
there.
E xpenditu res for dental care were n ext in im portance to those
for the general practitioner at the incom e levels betw een $ 1 ,5 0 0 and
$ 3 ,5 0 0 , and exceeded the latter at succeeding levels, pointing to the
general in adequacy of the dental care received b y low -incom e fam ilies.
In general, Providence fam ilies spent very little for oculists’ care.
T h e su bstan tially larger expenditures for eye glasses indicates th at
m a n y fam ilies m a y h ave depended on o p tom etrist’s exam ination, a
1 1 3 9 9 1 °— 41--------6
72
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
E N G LA N D
C IT IE S
service frequently supplied w ith the purchase of eye glasses.
As a
whole, fam ilies with incom es below $ 5 ,0 0 0 devoted less than 10 per
cent of their m edical care expenditures to such item s as exam inations,
nursing services, clinic visits, and m edical appliances and supplies.
H e a lth and accident insurance p aym en ts appeared to be unrelated to
incom e, absorbing betw een 3 and 12 percent of the total.
Recreation .— Expenditures classified in the recreation category in
the present stu d y b y no m eans represented the full am oun t spent on
leisure-tim e
activities.
F ood
and
liquor
used
friends have been considered food expense.
when
entertaining
E xpenditures for ow ned
and rented vacation hom es, as well as cam ping sites used while on v a ca
tion, were considered housing expense.
T h e ou tlay for cruises was
divided between food and transportation.
Expenditures for a u to m o
bile pleasure trips h ave been included under autom obile operation
expense, and sim ilarly, railroad and other fares for vacation trips
h ave been considered transportation expense.
T h e N e w E n gland fam ilies studied generally spent less for recrea
tion than for m edical care, except at the higher incom e levels in P ro v
idence.
In contrast to m edical care expense, how ever, average outlays
for recreation tended to increase rather steadily over the incom e range
as a proportion of total m on ey expenditures.
In Providence, these
expenditures rose from 1 percent of the total, at the $500 level, to
over 5 percent for fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 and m ore.
In the
sm all cities, there was a com parable increase from 1 percent for fa m
ilies w ith incom es of $ 250 to $500 to alm ost 5 percent for those w ith
incom es of $ 3 ,0 0 0 and m ore.
In H averhill and N e w B ritain, on the
other hand, recreation expenditures constituted a som ew h at higher
proportion of the total at the lower incom e levels than in the other
city units, b u t show ed a less rapid increase, at succeeding incom e
levels, follow ed b y a m arked decline at the highest lev el.2
A m o n g incom e groups below the $ 1 ,0 0 0 level, average am ounts
spent for recreation were less than $2 per m on th .
T h e low est incom e
class studied in each city unit had an average of $1 or less per m o n th .
A verage yearly expenditures for this category did n ot am ou n t to as
m uch as $100 in any incom e group below the $ 3 ,0 0 0 level.
In general, m ovies took a larger share of recreation expenditures
than did an y other form of recreation.
A m o n g Providence fam ilies at
the incom e levels up to $ 3 ,0 0 0 , for exam ple, average outlays for m ovies
were alm ost equal in m agnitu de to the com bined outlays for radios,
m usical instrum ents, toys, pets, club dues, and hom e entertaining
(exclusive of food and drink).
T h e share going to these other form s
o f diversion increased steadily to m ore than half at the levels above
$ 3 ,0 0 0 , while the proportion of the recreation budget allotted to
m ovies declined m arkedly over the incom e range, w ith no consistent
2
See Tabular Summary, table 2.
M IN O R
C A T E G O R IE S
OF
73
E X P E N D IT U R E
increase in the dollar expenditures at the incom e levels above $ 3 ,5 0 0 .
E xpenditures for adm issions to theaters, concerts, lectures, dances,
spectator sports and the like, although relatively sm all, increased
slow ly at succeeding incom e levels. E q u ip m en t and fees for participa
tion in gam es and sports, which took a som ew hat larger proportion of
the recreation ou tla y than did “ o ther” adm issions, increased relatively
rapidly w ith incom e.
A m o n g Providence fam ilies with incom es of
$ 4 ,0 0 0 and m ore, such expenditures exceeded the average am oun ts
spent for m o v ies.3
Reading and tobacco.— R eadin g and tobacco, which are recreational
in nature, were b o th am ong the m ore inelastic item s in the budgets
of the N e w E n g la n d fam ilies, show ing a slight tendency to decline,
over the incom e range, as a proportion of total m o n ey expenditures.
In all three city units, tobacco consituted roughly 2 percent of total
expenditures, and reading approxim ately 1 p ercent.4
Providence fam ilies w ith incom es of $500 to $ 750 spent on tobacco
an average of $22 during the year, while those w ith incom es of $ 7 ,5 0 0
and m ore spent only 4 tim es as m u ch.
(See table 3 0 .)
In H averh ill
and N e w B ritain the range from the low est to the highest incom e
levels was from $13 to $82.
R eadin g expenditures were so low , never exceeding an average of
$30 am ong fam ilies w ith incom es up to $ 3 ,0 0 0 , th at they apparently
included little m ore than new spapers.
A lth o u g h the dollar differences
were very sm all, fam ilies in the sm all city unit consistently reported
the highest expenditures for reading, and those at com parable incom e
levels in Providence generally reported the low est.
Education .— A lth o u g h practically every fa m ily reported som e ex
pense for reading, fewer than one-half of the fam ilies, even at the
highest incom e levels in the N e w E n glan d cities, reported an y expense
for education.
A s m a n y as one-fourth reported education expense
only at the incom e levels above $ 1 ,2 5 0 in the sm all cities, above $ 2 ,0 0 0
in H averh ill and N e w B ritain , and above $ 2 ,2 5 0 in Providence.
T h e o u tlay for education averaged less than $15 am ong fam ilies
w ith incom es below $ 2 ,2 5 0 in all the city units.
(See table 3 0 .)
O n ly at the highest incom e levels in P rovidence was the average
ou tlay substantial— $153 for fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 7 ,5 0 0
and $322 for those in the highest group studied.
F or the m o st part,
the expenditures reported represented no m ore than the cost of books
and supplies.
A m o n g fam ilies at the higher incom e levels, how ever,
th ey occasionally included tuition costs of children at a u niversity
or boarding school, and represented an increasing proportion of total
current expenditures.
3 See Tabular Summary, table 9.
4 See Tabular Summary, table 2.
74
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
As in the case of expenditures for reading, those for education
also tended to run slightly higher in the small cities than in Providence
and the middle-sized cities. The difference may be due to the fact
that books and supplies are less commonly furnished by the schools
in small communities than in large cities.
Contributions and personal taxes.— E xpenditu res for contributions
to individuals and institu tion s and personal taxes were h ighly elastic,
increasing from less than 2 percent of total m o n ey expenditures at
the low est incom e levels to su bstan tially m ore than 10 percent at the
highest levels in P rovidence and the m iddle-sized cities.
T h e increase
w as very gradual throughout the lower incom e range, how ever, fo l
low ed b y a sharp rise at the upper end of the incom e scale.5
T h e expenditures grouped under this category h ave been classified
together for convenience because they represent ou tlays n ot incurred
for the direct satisfaction of the m aterial needs of the fa m ily m ak in g
the expenditure.
In other respects they are n ot closely related to
each other either in purpose or in the channels through w hich the
expenditures are m ade.
C on tributions
to
religious organizations
constituted
the largest
share of the ou tla y for this group of item s up to the m iddle incom e
levels.
(See table 3 2 .)
relative im portance.
A t higher levels, th ey were of decreasing
T h e rapid increase at the upper end of the
incom e scale in average am oun ts spent is in large part explained b y
the substantial ou tlays for personal taxes (incom e, poll and personal
property taxes).
A m o n g fam ilies w ith incom es below $ 2 ,5 0 0 th ey
am oun ted to n ot m ore than $3 for the year, while in the highest incom e
class studied in Providence ($7 ,5 0 0 and over) th ey were n ot far below
$250.
G i f t s 6 and ou tlays for the support of relatives together accounted
for slightly m ore than h alf of total expenditures for this category
am ong
virtu ally
all incom e
groups
above
$ 1 ,5 0 0
in
Providence.
A verage contributions to the com m u n ity chest and other welfare
agencies were a sm all b u t relatively stable proportion of the total
throughout the incom e range.
When expenditures for this miscellany of items are considered
together, the data show that families in the small cities generally
reported somewhat larger average outlay than did families in the
larger cities.
5 See Tabular Summary, table 2.
6 Nonmoney gifts to persons not members of the economic family are included in this category, while
gifts exchanged within the family are entered in the appropriate sections of the schedule. Since the char
acter of gifts to non-members of the family is not known, a study of aggregate purchases of specific groups
of items will, from the point of view of market analysis, somewhat underestimate the total purchases made
by these families.
M IN O R
T
able
C A T E G O R IE S
OF
75
E X P E N D IT U R E
32.— Distribution of m oney expenditures of Providence fam ilies for contribu
tions and, personal taxes 1
Percentage of contributions and personal taxes
Average
total
amount
Income class
$500-$749 _________
_______
$750-$999________________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________________
$1,250-$1,499_____________________
$1,500-$1,749_____________________
$1,750-11,999_____________________
$2,000-$2,249_____________________
$2,250-$2,499____________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________________
$3,000-$3,499_____________________
$3,500-13,999_____________________
$4,000-$4,999_____________________
$5,000-$7,499_____________________
$7,500 and over__________________
$10
16
26
30
47
67
71
89
100
120
154
239
292
923
Reli
gious
institu
tions
57
54
47
47
39
33
37
35
32
26
29
22
21
9
Support
of rela
tives 2
Gifts to Commu
nity
Personal
other
taxes 3
persons 2 welfare
agencies
7
8
9
15
9
25
16
19
23
19
19
29
13
22
14
21
24
30
42
30
35
34
32
34
33
28
27
31
5
4
6
6
7
7
9
8
8
10
10
17
12
7
5
3
3
1
1
3
(*)
2
3
5
4
7
9
11
8
23
26
12
Other
(*)
2
1
1
7
2
1
4
4
1 Summary of data published in B. L. S. Bulletin 648, vol. VII.
2 Refers to persons outside the economic family.
3 Amounts reported for taxes under this heading do not include sales taxes, which were included in the
expense for the items to which they applied; automobile taxes, which were included in automobile opera
tion expense; taxes on owned homes, which were treated as an expense of home ownership; nor taxes on
other real property, which were deducted from the gross income from such property.
*Less than 1 percent.
Expenditures fo r minor categories among occupational groups.— T h e
am oun ts spent for the m inor categories as a group varied so m arkedly
w ith the situation and the habits of the individual fa m ily th at clearly
defined occupational differences could scarcely be expected to appear.
There were, likewise, few differences to be observed in the case of the
individual groups of item s.
Fam ilies in the self-em ployed group in Providence had relatively
low expenditures for m edical care, b u t tended to report the largest
outlays for contributions and personal taxes.
Recreation expendi
tures were, on the whole, largest am ong w age-earner and
business fam ilies.
salaried
T here was som e evidence of occupational differ
ences in respect to expenditures for tobacco, w ith wage-earner fam ilies
ranking high and salaried professional fam ilies at the opposite ex
trem e.7
In H averhill and N e w B ritain an occupational pattern could be
distinguished only w ith respect to recreation and m edical care expen
ditures.
T h e self-em ployed fam ilies had the sm allest expenditures
for recreation, while wage earners tended to report the largest.
M e d i
cal costs generally ran high for salaried business and professional
fam ilies and low for those in the self-em ployed and clerical groups.
A verage expenditures for m edical care were surprisingly uniform
am ong fam ilies of the three occupational groups studied in the sm all
7
See Tabular Summary, table 2, for data for the individual categories. When the effect of varying family
composition in the several occupational groups is eliminated there was very little indication of significant
occupational differences for any of the categories in any of the three city units. (See appendix D.)
76
cities.
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
In expenditures for recreation and for contributions and per
sonal taxes,
business
and
professional fam ilies
there
consistently
ranked highest at the incom e levels between $ 1 ,2 5 0 and $ 2 ,2 5 0 .
jExpenditures fo r minor categories among family-type groups .— On the
whole, the age and size composition of the New England families
studied had even less effect than their occupational classification on
the average outlays for the minor categories as a group, but there
were fairly clear relationships as regards several of the individual
categories.
In all three city units, tw o-person fam ilies reported the largest
average outlays for contributions and personal taxes, p robab ly be
cause these fam ilies were better able to accept financial responsibility
tow ard relatives than were the larger fam ilies.
A s w ould be expected,
fam ilies w ith at least three m em bers 16 and over (types I V and V )
which usually contained one or m ore m em bers of high school or
college age, consistently reported the highest expenditures for educa
tion, while the h u sband-an d-w ife fam ilies reported only negligible
ou tlays for this category.8
T here was som e tendency in the m iddle-sized and sm all cities for
fam ilies w ith children to spend m ore for recreation than other fam ilies
b u t the differences were n o t large enough to b e conclusive.
Summary.— Since the m inor categories of expense constitute a
h ighly heterogeneous group of item s, the individual fa m ily situation
during the year 1 9 3 5 -3 6 was very im p ortan t in determ ining h ow m u ch
a fa m ily spent for these goods and services, in com parison w ith their
o u tla y for the larger categories.
F a m ily
tastes
and h abits
were
highly significant in influencing the distribution of the rem aining
am oun ts am ong such goods and services as recreation, reading, educ
tion or gifts.
Nevertheless, despite individual variations, income was dominant
in determining the amounts spent for the minor categories. The
average expenditures for each increased fairly steadily at succeeding
income levels, those for medical care at approximately the same rate
as total expenditures, those for tobacco and reading slightly less
rapidly, and those for recreation, education, and gifts, community
welfare, personal taxes, more rapidly.
T here were no clear occupational differences w ith respect to the
m inor categories of expense th at were consistent throughout the
three city units.
influence
only
F a m ily size and age com position had a w ell-defined
on
expenditures for
education,
and
contributions,
and personal taxes.
8
These family-type differences with respect to the level of outlay for education and for contributions and
personal taxes were quite clear in each city unit when the effect of varying occupational distribution in the
family type groups was eliminated. (See appendix D.)
M IN O R
C A T E G O R IE S
OE
E X P E N D IT U R E
77
C ity size in N e w E n glan d appears to have had as m uch influence
on these expenditures as occupational classification or fa m ily ty p e.
Fam ilies in the sm all cities generally reported the highest average
expenditures for m edical care, reading, education, and gifts, contri
butions, and personal taxes.
F or the m o st part, there were no clear-
cut differences betw een the other city units.
A lth o u g h recreation
expenditures m igh t be expected to vary directly w ith city size, there
appeared to be no pattern of this sort am ong the urban fam ilies
studied in N ew E n gland.
Chapter VIII
Surplus and Deficit Items
A su m m ary of the relationship between current incom es and expend
itures of the N e w E n glan d fam ilies studied was presented in chapter
II.
I t was found th at at succeeding incom e levels an increasing pro
portion of fam ilies ended the year 1 9 3 5 -3 6 w ith a surplus and a
decreasing proportion reported a n egative balance betw een incom e
and outgo.
C on sequ ently, there was a shift from large average net
deficits for fam ilies as a group at the lower incom e levels to substantial
average n et surpluses for fam ilies at the higher levels.
In the present chapter a more detailed analysis of surplus and
deficit will be made, in order to show the relative importance at dif
ferent income levels of negative and positive changes in family assets
and liabilities, and the role played in these changes by the various
constituent items.1 No attempt was made in the present study to
determine the total assets of the families interviewed, or the sum of
their liabilities. They were asked to report only as to increases or
decreases that had taken place during the twelve-month period cov
ered by the schedule. Thus, all along the income range both surplus
and deficit items were likely to be reported by the same family, since
there is a wide variety7 of transactions that involve changing either the
form of resources and commitments, or the family’s net assets.
The more common surplus items throughout the income scale were
insurance premiums paid, investments, and increases in savings. The
payment of an insurance premium, however, might involve a with
drawal of savings accumulated in previous years, or borrowing the
money to avoid lapse of policy. Similarly, investments in securities
or other business enterprise might represent merely a change in the
form of an asset— from savings accounts to bonds or real estate, for
example, or it might represent a net surplus for the year. On the
liability side there was equal possibility for change both in form and
amount of outstanding obligations. Old bills were paid off and new
ones incurred. Many home-owning families paid something on the
principal of the mortgage, but some families increased their mortgage
debts. As previously indicated, the net result of such changes was
1
In the following discussion, based on a summary of detailed data to be presented in B. L. S. Bulletin
648, vol. VIII, two types of surplus items and two types of deficit items are distinguished. Surplus items
represent transactions that increase assets or decrease liabilities, while deficit items represent transactions
that decrease assets or increase liabilities.
78
SU R PLU S
AND
D E F IC IT
79
IT E M S
rarely an exact b a la n ce; m ost fam ilies had either a surplus or a deficit
for the year.
Important surplus items.— T h e change from average net deficit to
average net surplus was chiefly the result of the growing im portance
of those item s th at w ent to increase assets.
In virtu ally every incom e
group studied in both Providence and the m iddle-sized cities increases
in assets were at least four tim es as great as decreases in liabilities.
(See table 3 3 .)
A t m o st incom e levels insurance prem ium s were of m ajor im portance
in the accum ulation of assets.2 T h e y exceeded increases in in vestm ents
T able
33.— Surplus item s: Average amount of change in 1 yeary 1985—36
P R O V ID E N C E
os
OS
T*
Os
Os
Os
OS
OS
T*
1
All surplus items 1__________
k
l
£
fe
(2)
OS
os
OS
s
os
os
<N
os
os
Os
P*
p*
e<r
t
<N
««■
os
OS
OS
CO
d
$34 $60 $85 $119 $159 $162 $207 $248 $383 $472 $775
31
52
73 110 129 143 180 210 336 427 703
3
Bank accounts
(2)
Investments. ______
(2)
Insurance__________ __ (2)
28
Other___ ______________ 0 ) —
1
1
44
6
15
2
55
1
3
8
12
9
30
27
38
47
45
72
4
1
4
18
8 14
4 (*)
5
8 ’ 13
3
3
30
4
4
33
1
9
4
28
1
16
44
1
6
1
1
1
7
3
28
Increases in assets_________
Decreases in liabilities___
Mortgage payments __
Loans due
Balances due___ ______
Other
(*)
(2)
(2)
(2)
’’ 2
1
(2)
(?)
11 50 19
11
7 (*)
82 79 100
10 . . . .
13
19
os
OS
OS
Tf?
$5,000-$7,499
OS
OS
$3,000-$3,499
Os
Item
38 83 139 138 380
47 10 30 73 54
90 116 156 197 252
1 11 19 17
5
$ 7 ,5 0 0 an d
over
Income class
$603 $1,195 $2, 288
573 1,078 2,116
265
48
260
(*)
378
206
471
23
759
624
634
99
30
117
172
25
101
171
5
16
1
M I D D L E -S I Z E D C IT IE S
All surplus items 1_______
...
Increases in assets____ . . .
Bank accounts.
Investments .
Insurance
Other_____ . .
__ __
_
___ _
. ...
$56 $49 $70 $92 $105 $152 $230 $269 $273 $446 $681 $712 $1, 364 s$2,188
56
76
92 118 203 186 240 400 598 687 1,153 31,751
56
42
56
3
5
9
1
7
37 ”5l
60
1
(*)
11
1
77
3
24
15
78
1
29 66 100 78 194 398
11 26 174 203 101
71
95 106 107 146 158 168
2 43 20
3
8
7
670
168
276
39
3 411
3 830
3 300
3 210
.
7
14
16
13
34
27
83
33
46
83
25
211
3 437
Mortgage payments
Loans due
Balances due_________
Other
.
.
__
2
6
3
12
1
12
3
11
1
19 18
2
30 ” 15
32
21
7
14
4
20
7
1
19
1
13
1
81
5
5
1
6
1
2
5
91
67
43
10
3 337
(3)
3 100
(3)
Decreases in liabilities
1 All surplus items represent the sum of increases in assets and decreases in liabilities for families at the
respective income levels. M any of these families also reported decreases in assets and increases in liabilities
as shown in table 35. The algebraic sum of total surplus and total deficit at a given income level is the
average net surplus or deficit, as shown in table 5, ch. II, of this bulletin.
2 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
2 Includes all families with incomes of $5,000 and more.
♦Less than $1.
2 In a study among Federal employees conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics shortly before the
inauguration of this investigation the schedule provided for information on the type of insurance represented
by the premiums reported Informants were so infrequently able to supply this information that the ques
tion was omitted from the piesent schedule. It is, therefore, impossible to estimate how much of the amount
paid in life insurance premiums represents savings, and how much represents merely insurance protection
for the year.
80
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
E N G LA N D
C IT IE S
and in bank accounts up to the $ 3 ,5 0 0 level in Providence and the
$ 2 ,5 0 0 level in the m iddle-sized cities.
M o reov er, they were greater
than the total decreases in liabilities throughout the incom e range in
Providence, and up to the $ 5 ,0 0 0 level in the latter city unit.
In the
incom e groups above $ 3 ,5 0 0 , in P rovidence, insurance p aym en ts alone
were greater than the average total of deficit item s.
T h e general im portance of insurance p aym en ts is well illustrated
b y the figures in table 34, show ing the insurance p ay m en ts of P ro v i
dence fam ilies as a percentage b oth of m o n ey incom e and of all surplus
item s.
Insurance p ay m en ts absorbed 4 to 8 percent of m o n ey incom e,
and showed a slight tendency to increase m ore rapidly th an incom e.
M o reov er, th ey constituted from one-half to four-fifths of the total
value of surplus item s reported b y Providence fam ilies at the incom e
levels below $ 2 ,0 0 0 , and one-third to alm ost one-half at succeeding
levels up to $ 7 ,5 0 0 .
E v e n am ong fam ilies in the highest incom e class
studied, insurance paym en ts am ounted to m ore than one-quarter of
the average to ta l of surplus item s.
W h e n insurance prem ium s paid b y fam ilies in P rovidence are co m
pared w ith those of fam ilies in the m iddle-sized cities, it appears th at
Providence fam ilies reported slightly sm aller p ay m en ts at the levels
up to $ 1 ,2 5 0 and p ay m en ts th at were approxim ately the sam e at the
three succeeding levels.
one,
Providence
A t all incom e levels above $ 2 ,2 5 0 , except
fam ilies reported
insurance
prem ium s
th at
were
increasingly in excess of those paid b y fam ilies in H averhill and N ew
B ritain.
Increases in ban k accounts and m on ey on hand were generally
second in im portance in the surplus account.
T h e y increased even
m ore rapidly than insurance p aym en ts, from less than $5, for exam ple,
for P rovidence fam ilies w ith incom es under $ 1 ,0 0 0 , to $ 759 for those
w ith incom es of $ 7 ,5 0 0 and m ore.
A m o n g fam ilies in H averh ill and
N e w B ritain, there was a com parable increase to $67 0 at the $ 4 ,0 0 0
level, although follow ed b y a drop to $411 at the highest level.
T
able
34.— Average insurance 'premiums paid by Providence fam ilies , as a
percentage of m oney income and of all surplus items
Income class
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249 _______________
$1,250-$1,449________________
$1,500-$1,749________________
$1,750-$1,999________________
$2,000-$2,249________________
Percent
age of
money
income
Percentage
of all sur
plus
items 1
4
5
5
6
5
5
4
82
73
65
69
50
62
43
Income class
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999_____ ____
$3,000-$3,499
$3,500-$3,999__
$4,000-$4,999____
. .
$5,000-$7,499__________
$7,500 and over
i Surplus items consist of increases in assets and decreases in liabilities.
Percent Percentage
age of
of all sur
money
plus
income
items 1
5
6
6
7
6
8
6
47
41
42
32
43
39
28
SU R PLU S
In
AN D
D E F IC IT
81
IT E M S
Providence, increases in in vestm ents,
which were relatively
im portant only above the $ 5 ,0 0 0 level, were thus consistently exceeded
b y increases in ban k accounts.
In H averhill and N e w B ritain , h ow
ever, increases in in vestm en ts were su bstantial beginning a t the $ 2 ,5 0 0
incom e level.
M o reov er, th ey were greater than
the
increases in
ban k accounts am ong fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 2 ,5 0 0 to $ 3 ,5 0 0 and
those w ith incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 and m o re.3
Decreases in liabilities were relatively insignificant am ong surplus
item s, averaging less than $10 0 a t all incom e levels up to $ 4 ,0 0 0 in
H averhill and N e w B ritain and to $ 5 ,0 0 0 in Providence.
3 3 .)
(See table
R eductions in m ortgages were in general the largest single item
at in c o m e'le v e ls above $ 1 ,5 0 0 in Providence and the m iddle-sized
cities.
R ep a ym en ts of loans were of negligible im portance th roughout
the incom e range.
A lth o u g h p ay m en ts on charge and in stallm en t
accounts or on other bills due were the largest item s up to $ 1 ,2 5 0 or
$ 1 ,5 0 0 , th ey m ade little contribution to surplus, since th ey did n ot
average as m u ch as $30 am ong fam ilies at an y incom e level in P rovi
dence, or m ore than $30 am ong fam ilies in the m iddle-sized cities at
the incom e levels below $ 4 ,0 0 0 .
Important deficit items.— Since a surplus usually connotes previous
planning, whereas a deficit is m ore likely to reflect an em ergency
situation or a large non-recurrent expenditure, the variation w ith
incom e in the average size of deficit item s was m u ch less regular than
the variation in surplus item s.
A fa m ily th at is unexpectedly forced
to m eet obligations in excess of current incom e is frequen tly lim ited
in its choice of m eth ods.
D ependin g on w h at its past accum ulations
h ave been, it m a y w ithdraw from bank accounts, pledge or sell prop
erty or securities, take ou t or increase a m ortgage on the fa m ily h om e,
or it m a y use its credit through borrow ing or increasing its unpaid
bills.
Changes in both assets and liabilities on the deficit side, therefore,
varied irregularly over the incom e range.
(See table 3 5 .)
B o th ,
how ever, tended to decrease in im portance a t successive incom e levels.
In general, am ong the fam ilies studied in N e w E n glan d, decreases in
assets bulked considerably larger than increases in liabilities.
D e
creases in bank accounts and in m on ey on hand constituted the m o st
im portant com pon ent in total decreases in assets a t m o st incom e
levels.
In fact, at all incom e levels above $ 1 ,5 0 0 in Providence,
decreases in bank accounts alone exceeded all increases in liabilities
com bined.
T h is was n ot true in the m iddle-sized cities, how ever.
A s w ould be expected, decreases in assets due to the surrender or
settlem en t of insurance policies were a significant factor only at
scattered points throughout the incom e scale.
R eceipts from
the
3
This item took no account of changes in the market value of securities or real estate owned; the amounts
reported represented expenditure for new investments.
82
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
disposal of investments was of no general importance, probably
because families at the lower income levels had little real property
or stock holdings and those at the upper income levels preferred, if
possible, to maintain their investments and draw on other resources
to meet demands beyond current income.
Increases in liabilities were relatively constant in average amount,
particularly in Providence, where, as has already been pointed out,
they were exceeded by the decreases in assets at all income levels
above $750. (See table 35.) In general, bills due (charge and install
ment accounts and other bills) made up the major portion of the
increases in liabilities.
T
35 . — D eficit item s: A verag e a m ount o f change in 1 ye a r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6
able
PR OVIDENCE
All deficit items 1_________ _______
1
S
sc
se*
sS-
05
05
S
SC
s
cf
SC-
sc5
so
of
S
C-
8
_ >
o °
(2) $150 $121 $144 $126 $189 $156 $174 $112 $194 $224 $145 $95 $199 $369
Decreases in assets--------------------
(2)
41
66
91
64 124
98 107
Bank accounts___ _________
Investments. _____________
Insurance ------ --------------Other
______ _____
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
34
2
5
56
50
45 69
4
2
12 53
3 (*)
87 102 63
4 ....
3
1
8
Increases in liabilities______ ..
(2)
109
55
53
62
58
67
40
16
19
20
3
19
28
3
4
18
32
8
17
37
4
23
5
35
4
8
31
1
Mortgages payable________
Loans due.. ______ ______
Balances due........... .............
Other_____________________
"O
$2,250- $2,499
$750-$999
$250-$499
Item
$500-$749
Income class
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
61
23
25
9 41
1 (*)
65
17
47
1
72 133 191 108
154 58
4
26
7 '"50
33
37
74 143 313
70 112 227
3 73
4 18
10 13
---21
56
56
14
44
3
M ID D L E-SIZED CITIES
All deficit items
l. . .
_______ _______ $430 $190 $156 $160 $127 $183 $312 $148 $103 $320 $501 $149 $698 3569
98
77
80
58 ~
~146
54
37 126 134 101 594 3316
Bank accounts......................
Investments____ ___ ______
Insurance____ ______ ____ _
O th e r ...___ ________ ____ _
46
68
30
(*)
57
1
19
3
45
4
6
3
51 115
10
3
39 28
10
28
15
10
1
29
162
45
11
21
Increases in liabilities__________
222
92
79
80
69
73 166
94
66 194 367
48 104 3253
97
27
98
6
16
45
25
20
48
12
2
11 ' " 8
46 57
8
10
91 136
15 152
74 70
14
9
31
(3)
7
(3)
10 "9 4 3 13
....
10 3240
Decreases in assets____________ ~208
Mortgages payable_________
Loans due. . _______ _____
Balances due______________
Other________ _____ _______
19
41
19
m
56
9
93
8
21
5
8 60 108
(•)
18
9
66 57
10 (*)
66
____
54 157 3267
(3 )
283 3 49
47 154 (3 )
....
1 All deficit items represent the sum of decreases in assets and increases in liabilites for families at the
respective income levels. Many of these families also reported increases in assets and decreases in liabilities
as shown in table 33. The algebraic sum of total surplus and total deficit at a given income level is the
average net surplus or deficit, as shown in table 5, ch. II, of this bulletin.
2 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level.
3 Includes all families with incomes of $5,000 and more.
•Less than $1.
SU R PLU S
AN D
D E F IC IT
83
IT E M S
New or increased loans from individuals and banks were substantial
at the lower income levels, but were generally insignificant among the
higher income families. New mortgages and increases in mortgages
were reported only at scattered income levels— never above the $2,250
level in Providence, although they were considerable among families
in the middle-sized cities in the income groups between $2,500 and
$4,000. Since a substantial proportion of New England families
owned their homes, the infrequency of this item, particularly in the
middle income ranges, suggests either that most home owners already
carried heavy mortgages or that the pressure for funds characteristic
of depression years had slackened enough so that homeowning fami
lies no longer had to mortgage their homes to obtain living expenses.
At the lowest income levels, it should be noted, increases in rents due
(included under “ other” increases in liabilities) were a substantial
item among those contributing to deficits.
In sta llm en t p u rch a ses .—A t most income levels increases in balances
due on installment purchases were the largest item in balances due.
Table 36 shows, for Providence families, the percentage reporting
decreases and increases in such balances during the report year, and
the average amount of decreases or increase per family reporting it.
It will be seen that, in general, the increases exceeded the decreases
with reference to both the number of families and the average amount,
with the result that there was a general net increase in such balances
during the year covered by the study. The same was true in the
other regions surveyed. It is in line with what might be expected
during a year of improving business conditions following a number
of depression years.4
T
able
36 . — In crea ses and decreases in a m ou n ts due on insta llm ent p urchases
am on g P rovid en ce fa m ilie s
Families reporting
decreases
Families reporting
increases
Percent
Average
amount
Percent
age
$40
44
148
52
50
90
231
154
87
238
218
188
338
24
16
14
13
17
18
16
15
18
8
6
7
12
15
Income class
age
$500-$749______________ _____________________________________
$750-$999. _________
_____________________________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________________________________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________________________________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________________________________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________________________________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________________________________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________________________________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________________________________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________________________________________
$3,500-$3,999_______________________________________ ____ _____
$4,000-$4,999__________________________________________________
$5,000-$7,499___________________________ ____ _________________
$7,500 and over .
. -- ____ __________ _________________
5
13
4
8
6
7
5
3
4
6
11
3
4
Average
amount
$34
54
82
146
133
166
194
157
180
187
220
244
278
348
* In the New England region net increases were less substantial, both in percentage of families reporting
them, and in average amount, than in the other regions covered.
84
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
Automobile purchase was the most important item accounting for
increases in installment accounts. Balances due on furniture and
electric refrigerators were also fairly important in the lower half of the
income scale.
S ou rces an d d isp o sitio n o f fu n d s u se d .— The foregoing discussion has
indicated three types of sources from which families obtained funds,
and also three channels of disbursement. Funds used came from
’
SOURCE AND D ISPO SITIO N OF FU N D S
USED FOR FAMILY LIVING IN ONE YEAR
AT SELECTED INCOME LEVELS
PROVIDENCE, 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 6
NONRELIEF WHITE FAM IL IES INCLUDING HUSBAND
AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN
INCOME CLASS
PERCENTAGE
(In D o lla rs)
20
0
40
60
80
100
5 0 0
AND U N D E R
7 5 0
7 5 0
AN D U N D E R
1 0 0 0
1500
AN D U N D E R
1750
5 0 0 0
A N D U N O ER
7 5 0 0
7 5 0 0
AND
OVER
SOURCE OF FUNDS
VTZTTk
money
E g g
OECREASE IN ASSETS
GSS
INCREASE IN L IA B IL IT IE S
INCOME
DISPOSITION OF FUNDS
M
V ///A
MONEY e x p e n d i t u r e s
INCREASE IN ASSETS
OECREASE IN L IA B IL IT IE S
U .S .B U R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS
current money income, from amounts realized by the liquidation of
assets, and from increases in liabilities. Disbursements took the
form of money expenditures for current family living, sums devoted
to savings or other increase in assets, and amounts used to pay off
obligations incurred in previous years. The relation of these constit
uents to the total gives a good picture of the year’s financial results
for the families studied.
Figure 5 shows, for selected income groups in Providence, the per
centage of total funds that were derived from each of the three
sources, and the percentages that were accounted for by each of the
SURPLUS AND DEFICIT ITEMS
three types of spending.
85
A m o n g fam ilies w ith incom es o f $ 5 0 0 to
$ 7 5 0 , current incom e accounted for only 81 percent of the funds used,
while 14 percent was supplied b y increases in liabilities, and the balance
b y decreases in assets.
M o n e y expenditures for current livin g at
this incom e level took 96 percent of aggregate outlay and thus ex
ceeded m on ey incom e b y a su bstantial m argin.
V irtu a lly all the
rem aining disbursem ents were used to increase assets.
In the n ext higher group, $ 7 5 0 to $ 1 ,0 0 0 , m on ey incom e supplied
87 percent of all funds used, the rem ainder com ing a lm ost equally
from decreases in assets and increases in liabilities.
A t this level
m oney expenditures for current living still exceeded m on ey in com e,
accounting for 94 percent of all disbursem ents.
A t the upper end of the incom e scale ($ 7 ,5 0 0 and over) current
incom e supplied all b u t 4 percent of the funds used b y the fam ilies at
th at econom ic le v e l; alm ost all of the rem ainder cam e from decreases
in assets.
Such fam ilies spent only 77 percent of their total disburse
m ents for current fa m ily living, and devoted 21 percent to increasing
assets.
T h u s, there is m ade evident in another m anner the point
brought o u t in chapter I I , th at over the incom e range there is a steady
shift from h eavy deficit financing at the lower end, to substantial
savings at the upper end.
Chapter IX
Summary
T h e discussion of fam ily expenditures in the preceding chapters
was prim arily in term s of averages, and of variations in these averages
th at were associated w ith differences in incom e level, in occupational
classification, and in fa m ily com position.
T hese averages necessarily
obscured the differences am ong individual fam ilies w ithin a given
classification in am oun ts spent and in the apportion m ent of th at
spending.
W h ile it is im p o rta n t to consider how w idely fam ilies
similar in certain established respects differ am ong them selves in
expenditures for consum ption goods and services, the averages th at
have been presented m ake it possible to discern the broad outlines of
fam ily consum ption patterns, and the differences in those patterns
th at m a y be expected am ong fam ilies differing in com position and in
socio-econom ic status.
Variation in expenditures among jamities with similar incomes.— A n
exam ination of the distribution at each incom e level of Providence
fam ilies according to the am ou n t of their total expenditures reveals a
wide
dispersion
even
at
the
low -incom e
levels.
(See
table
3 7 .)
A m o n g fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 500 to $ 7 5 0 , total expenditures
(m oney value of current fa m ily living) ranged from under $ 600 to
over $ 1 ,2 0 0 .
A t the m edian-incom e interval for Providence fam ilies,
$ 1 ,5 0 0 to $ 1 ,7 5 0 , expenditures varied from under $ 1 ,0 0 0 to between
$ 3 ,0 0 0 and $ 3 ,5 0 0 .
M o reo v er, this dispersion showed no tendency
to decline at succeeding incom e levels.
T h e proportion of fam ilies reporting expenditures below the incom e
range in w hich th ey were classified rose rather steadily up to the
$ 2 ,2 5 0 level, b u t thereafter generally rem ained in the neighborhood of
50 percent.
Since from 80 to 90 percent of the fam ilies above th at
level reported surpluses,1 it w ould appear th at a considerable propor
tion of the fam ilies whose incom e exceeded expenditures saved a co m
paratively sm all percentage of their incom e.
T h e occupational classification and com position of the fa m ily seem
in general to have relatively little effect upon this tendency toward
dispersion of expenditures above or below current incom es.
A v a il
able evidence indicates th at, at the low er-incom e levels, to ta l ex
penditures are m ore likely to concentrate within and below the given
1 See table 5.
86
T
able
3 7 . — Percentage distribution of Providence fam ilies according to money value of current fa m ily living
113991
05
>
s
Income class
8
S
g
¥
5
14
3
g
1
1
a
I
1
1
8
&
8
60-
t
8
14
20
36
22
3
19
33
5
i
m-
10
8
29
3
” 5"
24
10
(* )
m
2
1
14
21
3
1
1
3
8
20
7
1
1
1
2
8
I
I
CO
1
10
22
14
2
S3-
m
2
3
10
22
3
3
1
3
9
16
1
2
I
05
O
of
8
m-
of
05
05
s
of
of
I
n
of
of
1
of
1
2
f
of
8
1
cf'
of
f
of
w
s
8
05
g
8
f
1
of
I
of
8
s
05
?
?
4
S
SI
£
I
8
tf
U
of
05
8
05"
O
'S
§
0
»o
S3
1
9
4
25
2
1
1
6
18
7
1
2
4
1
12
9
11
3
1
2
31
9
3
2
2
"T
21
2
1
4
7
n
2
7
13
20
8
2
I
"8 "
3
2
11
14
6
12
6
1
9
1
2
7
13
12
3
2
11
2
2
3
2
____
__ _ _
1 Includes total current money expenditures and the value of housing, food, and fuel obtained without money expense.
♦Less than 1 percent.
8
05
8
2
1
1
3
13
8
6
1
2 1
2
5
(* )
(* )
”
"
10
3
3
4
14
12
2
4
12
10
3
2
2
1
6
40
51
18
3
3
1
1
1
11
2
1
1
4
28
4
35
11
3
6
16
24
46
3
33
3
46
15~
SUMM ARY
$ 5 0 0 -$ 7 4 9
$ 7 5 0 -$ 9 9 9
$ 1 ,0 0 0 -$ 1 ,2 4 9
$ 1 ,2 5 0 -$ 1,4 9 9
$ 1 ,5 0 0 -$ 1 ,7 4 9
$ 1 ,7 5 0 -$ 1 ,9 9 9
$ 2 ,0 0 0 -$ 2 ,2 4 9
$ 2 ,2 5 0 -$ 2 ,4 9 9
$ 2 ,5 0 0 -$ 2 ,9 9 9
$ 3 ,0 0 0 -$ 3 ,4 9 9
$ 3 ,5 0 0 -$ 3 ,9 9 9
$ 4 ,0 0 0 -$ 4 ,9 9 9
$ 5 ,0 0 0 -$ 7 ,4 9 9
$ 7 ,5 0 0 and over-
8
8
»o
T
8
&
8
05
05
00
88
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
income intervals among wage-earner families than among those in the
business and professional groups.2 A wage-earner family, at the
lower income levels, would probably be less likely to spend beyond
current receipts, in anticipation of future increases in income, than
would a young professional or business family. Either because of past
income or because of prospective earning power, there may have been
many business and professional families that felt justified in spending
beyond current income, whereas the bulk of the wage-earning families
were probably not much below their characteristic income level.
When the data are further subdivided to show expenditures for the
individual categories, the variations from family to family are even
wider, relatively, than are found in total expenditures for current
living. Such variations reflect the wide differences among families
in their habits and tastes, as well as in the circumstances that operate
in any given year to m odify their usual pattern of spending.3
The share o f fo o d , shelter, an d clothing in the f a m i l y budget.— It has
already been noted that after the three basic essentials— food, shelter,
and clothing— have been provided, families in the lower part of the in
come scale have comparatively little remaining to cover all the other
goods and services included in family living. Hence, the varying
proportions of total consumption accounted for by these categories,
and by those that partake more of the nature of luxuries, provide an
indication of the pattern of living at different economic levels.4
In the New England communities included in the survey, the three
categories, food, housing, and clothing, absorbed at least half of total
expenditures for current living at every income level studied, and more
than 80 percent at the lowest level in each city unit. (See table 38.)
When the outlay for these categories is expressed as a percentage of
income, the decline over the income range is even more pronounced.
In Providence, families with incomes of $500 to $750 spent 99 percent
of income for these categories, while those receiving $7,500 and over
spent only 41 percent. In the middle-sized cities families at the $250
to $500 level spent for these essentials nearly 60 percent more than
they received as income, while those with incomes of $5,000 and over
spent only 43 percent of income in this way.
E x p en d itu r e s f o r recreation, a u tom obiles, and p a id h elp . — The rapidly
increasing share of total expenditures that went for the luxury cate
gories— automobiles (purchase and operation), recreation, and house2 See Bulletin 642, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Family Income and Expenditure in Chicago, vol. II,
ch. IX .
3 See appendix E, for further discussion of variability in family expenditures.
4 It should be pointed out that in the higher-income groups expenditures for these three essentials include
elements of comfort or display, as well as the satisfaction of the basic needs. It is, therefore, impossible to
make a clear distinction between “ necessities" and “luxuries," quite apart from the question of deciding
which categories to include under each classification. For present purposes, however, the three largest
categories representing goods which no family can do without may be considered as necessities, while three
others, automobiles, household help, and recreation, are in one sense luxuries, since they can generally
be eliminated from the budget if circumstances require it.
89
S U M M A R Y
hold help— was in marked contrast to the large but declining portion
taken by those classed as necessaries. (See table 38.) Expenditures
for these three “ luxury” goods and services increased much more
rapidly than total expenditures and more rapidly even than total
income. They amounted to an average of less than $65 and accounted
for less than 6 percent of total expenditures up to the $1,250 income
level in Providence, the $1,000 level in Haverhill-New Britain, and
the $750 level in the small cities. In general, these categories absorbed
almost 20 percent of the total among families with the highest incomes
in each city unit.
T
able
38 . — A verage ex pen d itu res, f o r fo o d , h ousing, and clothing com bined, and f o r
autom obiles, recreation, and household help com bined 1
PROVIDENCE
Food, housing, and clothing
Income class
Amount
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$l, 249_________________
$1, 250-$l, 499______ ____ _____
$1, 500-$l, 749_________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_________________
$2,000-$2,249______ ____ _____
$2, 250-$2,499_________________
$2, 500-$2, 999_________________
$3,000-$3,499______ ____ _____
$3, 500-$3, 999_________________
$4,000-$4, 999_________________
$5,000-$7,499_________________
$7,500 and over___________ --
$691
734
891
1,033
1,176
1, 277
1,444
1,489
1,642
1,878
1,941
2,413
2,893
4,179
Percentage
of total
Percentage
expendi of adjusted
tures
income
83.3
77.5
74.4
73.9
70.9
67.2
67.6
66.1
64.7
62.9
61.3
61.4
57.5
50.3
Automobiles, recreation, and
household help
Amount
Percentage
Percentage
of total
adjusted
expendi ofincome
tures
$13
46
63
103
141
223
242
266
347
452
493
631
929
1, 667
1.6
4.9
5.3
7.4
8.5
11.7
11.5
11.8
13. 7
15.1
15.6
16.1
18.5
20.0
1.9
5.3
5.6
7.5
8.7
11.8
11.4
11.1
12.8
14.0
13.1
14.2
15.5
16.3
157.5
98.8
85.7
78.0
74.8
70.1
66.7
62.8
61.2
57.1
56.5
51.1
44.9
43.3
$14
31
55
98
95
182
256
270
305
526
584
536
847
791
1.8
3.7
5.5
8.0
6.8
10.9
13.0
13.4
13.8
20.3
19.0
17.0
23.9
14.6
3.4
4.5
6.0
8.6
7.0
11.2
13.6
12.7
12.8
19.5
18.1
14.3
19.8
11.3
119.7
102.3
81.1
77.4
70.3
71.0
64.4
62.3
60.2
58.4
48.8
$19
44
68
88
137
164
260
268
347
423
659
2.8
4.8
6.7
7.3
9.9
9.8
13.9
13.2
15.0
16.1
19.2
4.0
6.4
7.3
7.7
9.9
10.1
13.9
12.6
14.5
15.3
16.5
98.7
84.1
79.2
75.2
72.9
67.7
67.5
62.4
60.6
58.3
51.5
54.2
48.2
41.0
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$l, 249_________________
$1, 250-$l, 499_________________
$1, 500-$l, 749_________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_________________
$2,000-$2, 249_________________
$2, 250-$2, 499_________________
$2, 500-$2,999_________________
$3,000-$3,499_________________
$3, 500-$3, 999_________________
$4,000-$4,999_________________
$5,000 and over______________
$649
687
782
887
1,020
1,135
1, 254
1, 333
1,458
1,544
1,822
1,920
1,922
3,039
82.3
81.1
77.5
72.5
72.8
68.0
63.7
66.2
65.7
59.5
59.4
60.9
54.2
56.0
SM ALL CITIES
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$7*9_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$l, 249_________________
$1, 250-$l, 499_____ ______ ____
$1, 500-$l, 749_________________
$1, 750-$l, 999_________________
$2, 000-$2,249_________________
$2, 250-$2, 499_________________
$2, 500-$2,999_________________
$3,000 and over______________
$566
699
751
883
976
1,157
1, 210
1, 329
1,441
1,609
1, 954
82.7
76.0
74.2
73.0
70.2
69.0
64.7
65.1
62.2
61.4
56.9
1 The income and expenditure figures used in preparing this table include the money value of food, hous
ing, and fuel received without money expense m the year covered by the schedule. The housing figure
includes expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, but does not include expenditures for household help,
other types of household operation, or furnishings and equipment.
90
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
Thus, in Providence, for example, while the share of the total going
to food, housing, and clothing declined by more than one-third, the
share spent on the three luxury categories increased more than 12
times. Providence families with incomes of $500 to $1,000 spent
about 20 times as much for the necessaries as for luxury goods, while
those with incomes of $5,000 or more spent only two and one-half
times as much for the former as for the latter.
R elative changes in expen d itu res w ith changes in in c o m e .— The fore
going chapters have shown differences in the relative increases in
expenditures for the several categories of goods and services as
successively larger incomes make possible a growing latitude in con
sumers’ choices.
It is possible to obtain a rough measure of the elasticity of various
types of expenditures over a given income range by computing the
percentage differences in average outlay between the lower and upper
ends of that range. Elasticity varies in different parts of the income
scale, and is also greater or less depending on the length of the range
selected for the comparison, since average expenditures for each
category increase in successive income classes.
When average expenditures are compared for Providence families
over a range that begins with the group receiving $500 to $1,250 and
ends with those receiving $5,000 and over, the following percentage
increases in expenditures are obtained for the individual categories,
arranged in order from the smallest relative increase to the greatest:
P e r c e n ta g e in cr ea s e
Tobacco_________________________________________________________
Food 1___________________________________________________________
Reading__________________________________________________________
Personal care____________________________________________
Housing 2________________________________________________________
Transportation other thanautomobile_________________________
Medical care____________________________________________________
Clothing_________________________________________________________
Furnishings and equipment____________________________________
Automobile operation__________________________________________ 1,
Recreation_______________________________________________________ 1,
Household operation_____________________________________________ 2,
Automobile purchase_____________________________________________ 2,
Contributions and personal taxes_______________________________ 2,
160
226
300
348
354
394
448
736
756
108
906
090
338
610
1 Includes the m o n e y value of food received w ith o u t m one y expense.
2 Includes fuel, light and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel received w ith o u t m one y expense.
Over this range, which represents an increase of 716 percent in total
income,5 total current expenditures rose slightly more than 500 per
cent, while the percentage increase in outlay for the individual cate
gories varied from 160 for tobacco to increases of more than 2,000
6 Money income increased 684 percent over this range.
S U M M A R Y
91
percent in several categories. The percentage increase in the expendi
tures for education is so large as to be meaningless and is not shown.
In fact, as has been pointed out, there is virtually no expenditure at
the lower-income levels and fairly substantial expenditures for private
tuition at the higher levels. Among the more important categories
of consumption food was least elastic, with an increase in average
expenditures of 226 percent, and household operation was the most
elastic, .with average outlay rising nearly 2,100 percent. Clothing
expenditures increased about 750 percent, at a rate closely similar
to that for furnishings and equipment.
The manner in which income elasticity in expenditures varied for
Providence families in different parts of the income scale is indicated
by the lists appearing below, which represent the individual categories
arranged according to the percentage increase in average expenditures
over the income ranges from $500-$749 to $1,000-$1,249, and from
$3,000-$3,499 to $5,000-$7,499. The first range represents an
increase in average income of about 75 percent and an increase in total
expenditures of 45 percent. The range between the two upperincome groups represents an increase in income of about 85 percent
and a rise in total expenditures of nearly 70 percent.
$500-$749 to $1,000-$1,249
Food1 ____ _______________________
Housing 2____ _____ ______ _________
Reading________ ______ ___ _________
T o ta l e x p e n d itu r e s
__ ____ _
_ ______
_____
Tobacco___
Clothing___________________ ___ . .
Personal care. __ ___________________
Transportation other than by auto
mobile.*
_______ __________
Household operation
_ _ _______
Medical care __ ____________________
Contributions and personal t a x e s .__
Recreation
_________
Furnishincs and equipment
Automobile purchase _ _ ________ ____
Automobile operation __
_ _
Education _ _________________ ______
Percentage
increase
22
32
33
45
50
55
56
62
76
104
160
171
360
500
533
9. 900
$3,000-$3,499 to $5,000-$7,499
Tobacco ____________________________
Reading. __________ ______ _________
Food1 ___
______________ _______
Automobile operation. ________ __
Housing 2________ ________ _____ '___
Transportation other than by auto
mobile.- _____________ ______ _____
Personal care____ . . . _____ . . . .
__
T o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e s __ _ _______________
Medical care_______________________ _
Clothing_____ _______________________
Recreation ______ __________________
Automobile purchase _______________
Household operation______ ______
Contributions and personal taxes_____
Education___ _________________ __ __
Percentage
increase
18
39
40
52
55
58
62
69
76
87
104
111
122
143
800
1 Includes the value of food obtained without money expense.
2 Includes expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel obtained with
out money expense.
It will be seen from these lists that at the lower level of income
expenditures for most of the categories increased more rapidly than
total expenditures for current living, while in the upper range about
half increased more slowly and half more rapidly.
One of the most striking changes in elasticity between the lower
income range and the upper appears in the case of automobile pur
chase and operation expenditures. Since comparatively few families
at the $500 to $750 level reported automobile ownership, the rise in
average outlay for automobile purchase operation between that level
and the $1,000 to $1,250 level was over 500 percent. In the upper
92
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
range, which represented a slightly greater relative increase in income,
average expenditures for automobile purchase rose 111 percent and
for automobile operation, only 52 percent.
For most of the smaller categories of expenditure elasticity was
less in the upper part of the income scale than in the lower, but for
housing, household operation, clothing, and even food, elasticity was
somewhat greater in the upper range.
The growth with income in average expenditures by Providence
families for the main categories is shown graphically in figures 6 and
7. These figures indicate both the level of outlay and the relative
increase in different parts of the income scale.6 The relatively small
increases for both food and housing noted in chapters III and IV are
emphasized in figure 6. Among the other categories a number show
relative increases that are closely similar. All categories of expendi
ture showed a clear tendency toward a relatively slower increase at
the higher income levels, although this is least marked with respect
to contributions and personal taxes. The flattening of the curves
in the upper part of the income scale reflects the growing importance
of various forms of savings with increase in income.
E x p en d itu r e s at su ccessive in com e levels .— As already indicated, data
for individual families reveal great differences among families both in
the level of spending and in its apportionment among consumption
goods and services. When families are classified into groups that are
homogeneous in certain established respects, however, their average
expenditures assume such regularity of design that it becomes pos
sible to speak of the “ patterns” of expenditures at successive income
levels in the communities studied. The designs become especially
apparent when all families studied are grouped into a few 'broad
income classes, and the patterns of expenditures are compared for
families at each of these economic levels. (See table 39).
Among families with incomes under $1,000 in all three city units,
food and home maintenance together absorbed between 80 and 90
percent of total income.7 If expenditures for clothing and personal
care are added to those for food and home maintenance, the average
outlay for these categories by families in this income group accounted
for approximately 95 percent of income in Providence and the small
cities, while in Haverhill-New Britain the amount so spent slightly
exceeded total income. Thus, even in the two former communities, not
more than 5 percent of income remained for all other categories, in
cluding medical care, transportation, contributions and personal taxes,
recreation, reading and other miscellaneous items. It is not surpris
ing, therefore, that these families were unable to supply all of their
current needs out of income, but reported fairly substantial deficits.
* Average expenditures were smoothed and plotted on double logarithmic paper.
7
Figures for income and expenditures both include the money value of housing, food, and fuel obtained
without money expense in the year of the survey.
93
SUM M ARY
Fig . 6
RELATIVE CHANGES IN SPECIFIED CATEGORIES
OF E XP E N D ITU R E WITH CHANGES IN INCOME
PROVIDENCE, 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6
NONRELIEF W HITE FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND
AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN
A N N U A L EXPENDITURE
(In Dollars )
A N N U A L EXPENDITURE
(in Dollars )
The slopes o f the lines show the percent increase in expenditure corresponding to the percent increase in income.
A slope greater than that o f a 4 5 degree tine represents a gain in the specified kind o f expenditure relatively
greater than the gain in income^ a slope less than that o f a 4 5 degree tine represents a gain relatively smaller.
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
94
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIRS
SUM M ARY
T
able
95
39 . — Percentage d istribu tion o f adjusted f a m i ly in com e 1
PROVIDENCE
Percentage of adjusted family income
Income class
$500-$999__________________
$1,000-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over___ ______
Total
adjust Total
ed
money
income value of
current
living
$819
1,447
2, 394
3, 712
7,673
111.1
104.8
96.1
88.8
82.6
Food
46.1
37.4
29.2
23.1
17.4
Cloth
Home ing and Trans
main
porta
person
tenance
tion
al care
38.7
34.4
31.9
30.5
29.0
10.2
11.3
11.5
10.8
9.7
Contri
Medi butions
cal
and per Other
care
sonal
taxes
4.6
8.0
9.7
9.2
7.5
3.5
4.1
3.7
3.4
3.0
1.7
2.8
3.5
4.4
7.1
6.3
6.8
6.6
7.4
8.9
10.2
11.4
11.0
10.2
4.3
7.9
11.6
10.6
3.8
4.9
3.5
2.7
1.9
2.7
3.1
6.6
6.9
6.9
6.6
6.1
8.5
10.1
10.8
10.2
5.1
8.0
10.1
10.6
5.1
4.7
4.9
4.0
2.8
3.1
3. 7
4.8
6.8
7.1
7.2
7.8
M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
$250-$999__________________
$1,000-$1,999______________
$2,000-$2,999_______________
$3,000 and over____________
$799
1, 456
2, 321
4,488
117.8
104.5
94.7
84.1
45. 5
33.8
27.8
18.4
45.2
36.9
31.1
29.5
SM A LL CITIES
$250-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,999_______________
$3,000 and over_______
...
$847
1,472
2,333
4,002
115.1
101.9
95. 7
85.8
42.9
33.4
27.6
20.0
43.9
35.5
31.4
28.4
1 See glossary, appendix B, for definition of the items included in each category.
In succeeding incom e groups food and hom e m aintenance took
steadily decreasing proportions of total incom e.
T h is relative decline
was balanced in part b y decreasing deficits, or, at the higher levels, b y
increasing surpluses, and in part b y relative increases in am ounts spent
for the sm aller categories, such as transportation, clothing, recreation,
and contributions and personal taxes.
A verage total expenditures
were still in excess of incom e, how ever, in the group w ith incom es of
$ 1 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,0 0 0 , b u t above th at level savings gained steadily in
average size, and accounted for approxim ately 18 percent of incom e
am ong Providence fam ilies receiving $ 5 ,0 0 0 and over.
In this latter
group, as am ong fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 3 ,0 0 0 or over in the other
two city units, food and hom e m aintenance took less than half of
incom e.
O n the whole, for com parable incom e groups, b oth the level of
spending and its apportionm ent in different parts of the incom e scale
were sim ilar in the three N e w E n glan d city units.
F ood and clothing
each tended to h ave sligh tly less relative im portance in the sm all
cities than in the larger com m unities and m edical care a little m ore.
A u to m o b ile ownership was less frequent and expenditures for au to
m obile operation were sm aller in Providence than in the other cities,
thus reflecting the generally observed relationship between city size
and
autom obile expenditures.
Expenditures for clothing first in
creased and then tended to decline as a percentage of total expendi
tures in each of the city units.
96
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
T h e expenditure d ata for the N e w E n g la n d cities included in the
present stu d y show clearly th at both in the level of spending and in
the relative im portance o f the several categories fa m ily incom e is
m u ch m ore determ inative than are other factors represented in the
foregoing analysis.
W h ile size of city exerted a m o d ify in g influence
on som e portions of the fa m ily budget, such as on food and au to
m obile expense, it rather surprisingly appeared w ith ou t significant
influence on such a category as housing in these com m unities, in spite
of the general belief th at housing costs vary directly w ith city size.
TABU LAR SUM M ARY
T h e data presented in the follow ing tables sum m arize, b y m ajor
groups, the expenditures of n ative w hite fam ilies living in Providence,
R . I ., in a m iddle-sized city tabulation unit com prising H averhill,
M a s s ., and N e w B ritain , C o n n ., and in a sm all city unit com prising
Greenfield, M a s s ., W a llin g fo rd and W illim a n tic, C o n n ., and W e s t
brook, M a in e .
T h e data on expenditures were obtained only from
nonrelief w hite fam ilies containing husband and wife, b oth n ative
born.
N o t all fam ilies m eeting these qualifications were scheduled,
b u t the n um ber of eligible fam ilies in the different incom e, occupa
tional, and fa m ily typ e groups is given in colum n 2 o f all tables in
order to
show
their relative
frequency in
the
com m u n ity.
(See
statem en t in section on sam pling, appendix A , regarding the “ eligible”
sam ple.)
D u e to the infrequency of fam ilies in the business and professional
categories at the lower incom e levels, and of fam ilies in the wage-earner
and clerical groups at the upper incom e levels, d ata presented for “ A ll
fam ilies” and for fam ilies of each typ e include the different occupa
tional groups at the follow ing incom e levels:
Occupational group
Providence
2 middle-sized
cities
4 small cities
Wage earner ________________________________________
Clerical.. ____________________________ ____________
Business and professional______ _______________ _____
$500-$2,999
$750-$2,999
$1,250 and over
$250-$2,499
$500-$2, 499
$1,000 and over
$250-$2,499
$500-$2,499
$1,000 and over
D a ta for “ A ll fam ilies” and for each occupational group include
fa m ily types I through V .
D a t a for “ A ll fam ilies”
are w eighted
according to the frequency in the eligible sam ple of the occupational
groups and the fa m ily types.
D a t a for the occupational groups are
w eighted b y the frequency o f the fa m ily typ es, and d ata for the fa m ily
types are w eighted b y
the frequency of the various occupational
groups at the incom e levels where th ey are represented (see section on
sam pling, appendix A ) .
A verages are in all cases, except as indi
cated in table 1 - A , based on the n um ber o f fam ilies reporting expendi
tures, whether or n ot they reported expenditure for the particular
item .
97
CONTENTS
Page
Table number and title
1. B alance of F amily I ncome and E xpenditure : Num
ber of eligible families, number reporting expendi
tures, average net money and nonmoney income,
average money expenditure for family living, net
surplus or deficit, and balancing difference, by occupa
tion, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36____
1-A . N et Surplus or D eficit : Percentage of families
having a surplus or deficit, and average amounts
reported, by occupation, family type, and income,
in 1 year, 1935-36
2. S ummary of F amily E xpenditure : Average money
expenditure for specified groups of goods and services,
by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year,
1935-36_______________ ___ ___ ____________________
3. F ood : Average value of all family food, money ex
penditure for food at home and away from home,
average value of food home-produced or received as
gift or pay, and money expense per meal per food
expenditure unit, by occupation, family type, and
income, in 1 year, 1935-36
4. H ousing : Average value of housing secured with and
without money expenditure, by occupation, family
type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36
4—A. M oney E xpenditure for F amily H ome by
Owners and R enters , and F acilities I ncluded
in R ent for F amily H ome : By occupation, family
type, and income, in 1 vear, 1935-36
5. H ousehold Operation : Average money expenditure
for groups of items of household operation and per
centage distribution of such expenditure, by occupa
tion, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36____
6. C lothing : Average money expenditure for clothing
for husband and wife and other family members, and
percentage distribution of such expenditure, by
occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year,
1935-36_______________________________
7. Personal Ca r e : Average money expenditure for toilet
articles and preparations, and services, and percent
age distribution of such expenditure, by occupation,
family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36
8. A utomobile Operation a n d Purchase : Percentage
of families owning and purchasing automobiles,
average money expenditure for all families for opera
tion and purchase, by occupation, family type, and in
come, in 1 year, 1935-36
_
9. R ecreation : Average money expenditure for recrea
tion of specified types, by occupation, family type,
and income, in 1 year, 1935-36
98
4 small
Provi 2 middlesized
cities
dence
cities
99
140
170
101
142
172
103
144
174
114
152
180
117
154
182
120
156
184
123
158
186
126
160
188
129
162
190
132
164 •
192
135
166
194
TA B U L AR S U M M A R Y
99
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T able
1.— B a la n c e o f f a m i l y in c o m e a n d e x p e n d it u r e : N u m b er o f eligible
fa m ilie s , num ber reporting ex p en d itu res, average net m o n e y and n o n m o n e y in co m e,
average m o n e y expen ditu re f o r f a m i ly livin g, net su rp lu s or deficit, and balancing
difference, by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Average net income
ReportEligible1 penditures
(1)
(3)
(2)
Total
Non
M oneya money
from
housing3
(4)
(5)
(6)
Average Average Average
money net sur net bal
expendi plus or ancing
ture for deficit
differ
family
ence®
(-)«
living *
(7)
(8)
(9)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000-$7,499_______________
$7,500 and over_________ - _
560
1, 236
1,498
1,660
1, 254
1,294
946
604
774
342
196
210
244
160
30
64
82
138
133
167
133
104
135
69
41
46
49
25
$649
852
1,113
1,362
1, 599
1,869
2,123
2, 375
2, 693
3,209
3, 736
4, 441
5, 977
10,170
$635
847
1,104
1,338
1,574
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
700
360
212
178
30
34
49
51
35
49
41
31
24
276
374
428
358
330
318
180
216
3, 607
4, 218
5,684
9, 709
$14
5
9
24
25
29
39
68
84
87
129
223
293
461
$764
920
1,177
1,362
1, 619
1, 853
2,076
2,174
2,438
2, 883
3,000
3,694
4, 710
7,811
-$116
-6 1
-5 9
-7
-3 0
6
33
136
189
248
630
508
996
1,919
—$13
—12
—14
—17
-1 5
—19
-2 5
—3
—18
-9
-2 3
16
-2 2
-2 1
650
848
1,114
1,368
1,602
1,870
2,141
2, 363
2,719
636
844
1,108
1,337
1,575
1,857
2,070
2,297
2, 619
14
4
6
31
27
13
71
66
100
765
904
1,190
1,332
1,632
1,843
2,116
2,143
2, 393
-116
-4 8
-6 8
22
-4 6
28
-2 6
146
244
—13
—12
—14
—17
-1 1
-1 4
—20
8
-1 8
30
33
37
44
36
32
24
28
868
1,109
1,346
1,593
1, 874
2,118
2, 380
2,644
860
1,095
1,343
1, 566
1, 834
2,119
2, 305
2, 561
8
14
3
27
40
-1
75
83
980
1,141
1,436
1,569
1,869
2, 099
2,163
2,465
-107
-3 2
-6 9
15
-9
65
141
108
—13
—14
-2 4
-1 8
-2 6
-4 5
1
-1 2
114
90
114
108
60
136
80
52
66
102
62
25
19
25
16
12
33
21
12
16
20
10
1, 347
1, 595
1, 863
2, 094
2, 385
2, 694
3,238
3, 739
4, 417
5,879
11, 001
1,307
1,586
1, 779
2,064
2, 360
2, 607
3, 254
3, 517
4,150
5,427
10,464
40
9
84
30
25
87
-1 6
222
267
452
537
1, 347
1, 632
1,881
1,984
2,158
2, 368
3,209
2,958
3, 539
4, 389
7, 272
-3 7
-2 8
-7 9
72
212
257
54
541
606
1,098
3, 220
-3
-1 8
-2 3
8
-1 0
-1 8
-9
18
5
-6 0
-2 8
48
68
82
90
96
150
152
104
96
92
82
12
20
26
22
24
28
25
19
16
13
12
1, 358
1, 584
1,829
2, 052
2, 309
2, 676
3,156
3, 653
4, 336
5, 933
8,598
10
16
59
69
32
45
81
171
36
360
1,364
1, 702
1,844
2,029
2, 324
2, 589
2,855
3,081
3, 899
4, 995
7,535
1
-101
-3
38
-3
115
322
617
421
908
1, 093
_7
-1 7
-1 2
-1 5
-1 2
-2 8
-2 1
-4 5
16
30
-3 0
1,840
2,084
2, 307
2, 609
3,122
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-11,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
C le r ic a l
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin ess a n d
p r o fes sio n a l
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$l,50O-$l,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000-$7,499_______________
$7,500 and over____ _______
S a la ried b u s in e s s
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000-$7,499_______________
$7,500 and over____
___
See p. 138 for notes on this table.
1, 358
1, 594
1, 845
2, 111
2,378
2, 708
3, 201
3, 734
4, 507
5, 969
8, 958 1
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
100
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I .
T
able
1.— B a la n c e o f f a m i l y in c o m e a n d e x p e n d it u r e : N u m b er o f eligible
fa m ilie s , num ber reporting ex p en d itu res, average net m o n e y and n o n m o n e y in co m e,
average m o n e y expen d itu re f o r f a m i l y living, net su rp lu s or deficit, and balancing
difference, by occup ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Number of
families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Average net income
Average Average Average
money net sur net bal
expendi plus or ancing
Non
differ
money ture for deficit
family
Money
ence
(-)
from
housing living
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
S a la rie d p r o fe s s io n a l
$1,250-$1,499_________ ______
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499........................
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
$1,389
1, 613
1,868
2,111
2,386
$1, 350
1,598
1, 820
2, 067
2, 290
$39
15
48
44
96
$1, 363
1, 671
1,848
1,972
2,084
—$3
-3 5
-4
121
243
-$ 1 0
-3 8
-2 4
-2 6
-3 7
$2,500-$2,999_______ ____ _
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-14,999_______ _____
$5,000-$7,499_______________
$7,500 and over_____________
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
2,730
3,203
3, 734
4,341
6,196
13,156
2,593
2,982
3, 602
4, 072
5, 756
12, 471
137
221
132
269
440
685
2, 318
2, 688
2, 840
3,497
4, 848
11, 316
294
287
782
546
945
1,108
-1 9
7
-2 0
29
-3 7
47
204
392
490
520
412
372
312
160
232
100
56
48
64
32
10
17
18
33
32
32
37
22
36
17
12
8
10
6
657
842
1,111
1,363
1,608
1,866
2,106
2,383
2,685
3,259
3,732
4,681
5, 729
10,991
621
825
1,091
1,340
1,576
1,839
2,068
2, 324
2, 597
3,131
3,667
4, 302
5,514
10,659
36
17
20
23
32
27
38
59
88
128
65
379
215
332
718
832
1,165
1,337
1, 567
1,893
2,081
2, 226
2,430
2,642
3,109
3, 562
4, 469
7, 751
-8 2
(*)
-6 0
15
23
-3 7
6
117
189
477
613
768
1,058
2,946
-1 5
-7
-1 4
-1 2
-1 4
-1 7
-1 9
-1 9
-2 2
12
-5 5
-2 8
-1 3
-3 8
252
574
642
654
436
546
312
198
234
112
64
66
82
38
9
25
36
62
55
75
56
39
43
27
17
21
17
6
642
851
1,114
1,358
1,591
1,866
2,132
2,384
2,702
3,164
3, 759
4,367
6,110
9,034
642
851
1,114
1,335
1,586
1,854
2,081
2,337
2, 614
3,112
3,609
4,309
5,871
8,574
23
5
12
51
47
88
52
150
58
239
460
771
889
1,184
1,382
1,553
1,857
2,061
2, 202
2, 348
2,851
3,145
3,867
4,785
6,693
—116
—24
—59
-2 8
32
19
47
140
264
291
479
423
1,077
1,971
—13
—14
—11
-1 9
1
-2 2
-2 7
-5
2
-3 0
-1 5
19
9
-9 0
104
270
366
486
406
376
322
246
308
130
76
96
98
90
11
22
28
43
46
60
40
43
56
25
12
17
22
13
654
874
1,115
1,365
1,599
1,877
2,129
2,362
2,692
3, 213
3,718
4,372
6,030
10,356
648
874
1,107
1,339
1,562
1,823
2,101
2, 271
2,613
3,126
3, 559
4,112
5,641
9,849
8
26
37
54
26
91
79
87
159
260
389
507
839
1,117
1,185
1,362
1,744
1,809
2,086
2,118
2,511
3,099
2,795
3,640
4,808
8, 304
-182
—229
-5 8
-2
-149
28
44
146
133
35
771
436
886
1,531
-9
—14
-2 0
-2 1
-3 3
-1 4
-2 9
7
-3 1
-8
-7
36
-5 3
14
F a m ily ty p e :
Type I
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000-$7,499_______________
$7,500 and over_____________
T y p e s I I and I I I
$500-$749_____________ _____
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249__________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000-$7,499_______________
$7,500 and over_____________
T y p e s I V and V
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-12,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499________ _______
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_____ _____ ____
$5,000-17,499_______________
$7,500 and over___________ _
6
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
TABULAR SUMMARY
101
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
1 - A .— N e t s u r p lu s o r d e f ic it: Percentage o f fa m ilie s having a su rp lu s or
deficit , and average a m ounts reported , b y o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in
1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 —3 6 1
T able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
0)
Average
net sur
plus or
deficit
(-)
(4)
Percentage of fami Average amount for
lies having 3—
families having 3—
Surplus
Deficit
Surplus
Deficit
(6)
(6)
(7 )
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749____________ ____ _
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249_____ ____________
$1,250-$1,499__............................
$1,500-$1,749_________ ____ _
$1,750-$1,999______ _____ _____
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________ _____ $3,500-$3,999_______ __________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
earn er
560
1,236
1,498
1, 660
1, 254
1,294
946
604
774
342
196
210
244
160
30
64
82
138
133
167
133
104
135
69
41
46
49
25
-116
-6 1
-5 9
-7
-3 0
6
33
136
189
248
630
508
996
1,919
14
57
43
62
57
62
71
78
76
82
96
91
94
88
79
43
49
35
36
37
26
20
20
16
4
7
6
12
$36
53
73
96
146
153
169
260
348
427
690
623
1,114
2,198
$153
211
182
190
314
241
345
325
361
681
682
770
914
226
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
700
360
212
178
30
34
49
51
35
49
41
31
24
-116
-4 8
-6 8
22
-4 6
28
-2 6
146
244
14
61
39
71
56
63
64
84
80
79
39
56
29
35
36
32
16
8
36
54
72
103
153
178
160
242
392
153
208
170
170
375
236
409
350
861
276
374
428
358
330
318
180
216
30
33
37
44
36
32
24
28
-107
-3 2
-6 9
15
-9
65
141
108
42
55
45
63
63
73
90
72
58
28
49
35
37
21
10
28
48
71
82
146
117
141
205
307
217
254
215
218
224
412
114
90
114
108
60
136
80
52
66
25
19
25
16
12
61
69
50
82
66
79
69
83
88
90
100
35
31
50
18
25
18
31
17
12
10
90
260
120
358
300
719
138
142
752
665
1,242
423
55
40
67
76
55
64
85
100
92
W age
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999______ ______ ____
$2,000-$2,249__________ _____ _
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________ _____ _
C le r ic a l
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999_____ ____ _______
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
181
444
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s a n d
p ro fessio n a l
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249_______ ______ — .
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________ _____
$3,000-$3,499______ ____ _______
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499_____________ ____
$7,500 and over
_____ _______
102
20
62
10
-3 7
-2 8
-7 9
72
212
257
54
541
606
1,098
3, 220
48
68
12
20
1
-101
82
90
96
150
152
104
96
92
82
26
22
24
28
25
19
- 3
33
21
12
16
139
252
374
357
418
783
858
1,274
3,220
S a la rie d b u s in e s s
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499_____ ____________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999 _
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499 _
___
$7,500 and over_______________
See p. 138 for notes on this table.
16
13
12 1
38
- 3
115
322
617
421
9Q8
1,093
100
78
45
44
33
24
36
33
15
8
22
53
83
120
207
264
339
435
617
481
908
1,473
62
306
256
490
412
302
322
278
223
102
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN
NEW
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T a b l e 1—A . — N e t s u rp lu s o r d e fic it: P ercentage o f fa m ilie s having a su rp lu s or
deficit, and average a m ounts reported, by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in c o m e , in
1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Eligible
Reporting expenditures
(2)
(3)
Average
net surplus or
deficit
(-)
(4)
Percentage of fami Average amount for
lies having—
families having—
Surplus
Deficit
Surplus
Deficit
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
S a la ried p r o fe s s io n a l
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999______ _____ _____
$3,000-$3,499_____ ____ _______
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4'000-$4'999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
56
54
68
70
56
94
110
40
48
50
16
13
15
31
-3
-3 5
-4
13
243
22
294
287
782
546
945
1,108
22
23
10
14
16
3
121
51
38
66
84
67
28
56
34
16
33
$67
153
119
168
440
$134
166
246
134
150
89
87
11
8
184
964
92
93
356
421
782
595
7
100
100
1,200
2,493
10
120
110
1,108
F a m ily ty p e : T y p e I
10
20
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
204
392
490
520
412
17
18
33
32
-8 2
(*)
-6 0
15
23
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
372
312
160
232
32
37
-3 7
22
36
17
53
70
70
71
90
47
30
25
100
117
189
477
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
________
$5,000-$7,499______
$7,500 and over______ ____ __ _
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
613
768
1.058
2,946
100
100
100
94
6
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
-116
-2 4
-5 9
-2 8
32
62
52
59
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499_____ , ___________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
546
312
198
234
75
56
39
43
27
19
47
140
264
291
17
479
423
1,077
1,971
100
6
61
23
68
66
70
39
58
29
25
72
83
129
138
198
137
251
272
327
410
556
301
493
448
510
230
666
194
68
89
38
44
40
31
81
38
76
62
158
141
128
226
162
244
63
67
80
85
82
37
29
17
13
18
136
196
226
325
444
183
289
247
20
10
222
768
1,058
2,946
T y p e s I I and I I I
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over__ _ __________
T ypes I V
112
64
66
82
38
21
17
6
11
85
94
15
-149
9
39
52
60
37
73
61
48
35
53
100
6
479
541
1,199
1, 971
100
396
248
864
and V
11
22
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
104
270
366
486
406
28
43
46
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
28
44
146
133
35
70
77
81
71
76
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
76
96
98
90
12
771
436
93
90
91
80
17
22
13
-182
-229
-5 8
-2
886
1, 531
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
11
59
61
103
136
251
413
188
181
375
27
14
19
26
139
105
250
324
294
244
257
281
371
936
7
899
594
1,078
1,981
985
1, 707
968
225
20
6
9
20
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T a b l e 2 .—
S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu r e : Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occupation, f a m i ly
113991
ty p e , and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
[White nonrelief families, including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(2)
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing a
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Fur
nish
Auto
ings Cloth mo
and
ing
bile*
Other equip
ment
19)
(10)
01)
(12)
Other
trans
porta
tion
Per
sonal
care
(13)
(14)
Con
For tribu
Medi
tions
Recre To Read mal
Other
cal
and
ation* bacco
ing
edu
per items
care
cation
sonal
taxes 5
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
560
1,236
1,498
1, 660
1, 254
30
64
82
138
133
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
764
920
1,177
1,362
1,619
316
361
436
519
569
170
190
224
237
278
$1,750-$1,999............
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-12,999 _______
$3,000-$3,499________
1,294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.3
1,853
2,076
2,174
2,438
2,883
605
670
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over
..
196
41
46
49
25
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.9
3,000
3,694
4, 710
7, 811
210
244
160
21
139
25
37
49
61
5
17
23
28
40
708
790
299
340
334
384
501
154
169
169
192
192
71
93
107
143
198
778
973
1.107
1, 585
452
536
663
903
206
235
252
375
202
668
80
90
117
121
245
440
989
60
67
93
6
24
30
28
30
57
46
69
7
16
19
29
45
167
170
184
241
265
28
33
37
36
36
37
41
44
47
50
72
78
99
93
119
55
62
71
73
46
50
48
56
60
269
375
451
537
49
56
57
137
54
69
81
113
132
139
159
166
245
436
64
151
48
63
47
60
89
173
208
236
258
294
77
57
341
432
549
810
88
254
120
22
16
19
25
30
34
30
44
72
94
13
17
21
210
260
120
29
33
31
36
68
71
88
9
11
12
16
17
19
(*)
(*)
10
1
2
3
7
16
26
30
47
67
71
89
20
20
6
20
23
28
14
17
100
120
28
32
39
52
33
65
153
322
154
239
292
923
1
2
9
8
6
5
2
1
10
TABULAR SUM M ARY
(1)
Eligi
ble
Aver
age
num
ber
of
Report
ing ex persons
per
pendi
family
tures
4
2
7
12
27
See p. 138 for notes on this table.
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
O
CO
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T a b l e 2 ,—
S u m m a r y o f fa m ily ex pen ditu re: A verage m on ey expenditure f o r specified groups o f goods and services, by occup ation , f a m i l y
ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(1)
Eligible
(2)
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing
(5)
(6)
(7)
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(8)
nishOther
ings Cloth Auto trans
mo porta
and
ing
bile
equip
tion
Other ment
Per
sonal
care
(ID
(14)
(9)
(10)
(12)
(13)
Con
For- tribu
tions Other
Medi
Recre To Read- mal
and
cal
ation bacco
ing
edu
per items
care
cation
sonal
taxes
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Percentage of total money expenditures
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749— _
$750-$999----$1,000-$1,249_
$1,250-$1,499_
$1,500-$1,749_
560
1,236
1,498
1,660
1,254
30
64
82
138
133
3.1
3.2
3.2
3. 2
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.4
39.3
37.1
38.1
35.1
22.3
20.7
19.0
17.4
17.2
10. 5
9.8
10.0
8.9
8.6
2.7
2.7
3.1
3.6
3. 8
0.6
1.8
2.0
2.1
2. 5
7.8
7.3
7.9
8.8
9.3
0.8
3.2
3.7
5.2
5.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
3.7
3.3
4.8
3.4
4.3
0.9
1.7
1.6
2.1
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.8
2.3
2.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.1
.1
.2
$1,750-$1,999_
$2,000-$2,249_
$2,250-$2,499_
$2,500-$2,999.
$3,000-$3,499_
1,294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
3.3
3.3
3. 4
3. 4
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
32.7
32.2
30.7
29.0
27.4
16.1
16.4
15.4
15.7
17.4
8.3
8. 1
7.8
7. 9
6.6
3.8
4. 5
4.9
5. 9
6.9
2.6
3.0
2. 2
2. 5
3.1
9.3
10.0
10.8
10.6
10.2
9.0
8.2
8.5
9.9
9.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.7
3. 9
3.8
4.6
3.8
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.3
3.0
4.2
2. 5
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
1.0
4
3
9
6
6
3.6
3.4
4.1
4.1
4.2
.3
.1
(*)
.4
.1
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26.0
26.3
23.5
20.3
15.1
14.5
14.1
11.6
6.9
6.4
5.4
4.8
6.7
6.6
9.3
12.7
2.6
1.5
1.9
3.2
11.4
11.7
11.7
10.4
8.9
10.2
9.6
6.9
1.6
1.5
1.2
1. 8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1. 4
4
8
5
3
5.3
4.5
5.2
5.6
9
9
8
7
1.1
1.7
3.2
4.1
5.1
6.5
6.2
11.8
.1
.2
.2
.3
$3,500-$3,999_______
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499__...........
$7,500 and over..........
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.1
U
.2
.8
.6
.4
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
Aver
age
num
ber of
Report- persons
per
ing expendi- family
tures
Number of
families
£
Average money expenditure in dollars
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.5
765
904
1,190
1,332
1,632
316
360
436
529
592
170
182
224
217
264
80
86
118
117
134
21
25
37
41
53
5
17
25
21
37
61
68
92
119
157
6
29
51
74
72
13
16
21
22
32
16
18
25
30
35
28
30
59
49
77
7
15
18
31
54
22
31
33
28
42
9
10
12
15
17
$1,750 -$1,999_______
$2,000-$2,249_.........
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.6
1,843
2,116
2,143
2,393
620
699
686
742
281
314
272
287
150
175
144
196
63
83
96
105
42
67
66
76
179
209
257
275
182
205
177
237
28
31
32
50
35
40
40
47
62
88
84
118
51
63
89
70
50
42
52
64
1
1
2
4
10
15
27
27
52
19
21
19
22
10
6
17
5
71
72
111
93
(*)
1
1
11
10
10
(*)
1
1
6
Percentage of total money expenditures
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.3
39.8
36.6
39.7
36.4
22.2
20.1
18.8
16.3
16.2
10.5
9.5
9.9
8.8
8.2
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.2
0.6
1.9
2.1
1.6
2.3
8.0
7.5
7.7
8.9
9.6
0.8
3.2
4.3
5.5
4.4
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.1
3.7
3.3
5.0
3.7
4.7
0.9
1.7
1.5
2.3
3.3
2.9
3.4
2.8
2.1
2.6
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
(*)
0.1
.1
.2
.2
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.0
3.2
0.1
.1
.9
.8
.6
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.7
33.0
32.0
31.0
15.3
14.8
12.7
12.0
8.1
8.3
6.7
8.2
3.4
3.9
4.5
4.4
2.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
9.7
9.9
12.0
11.5
9.8
9.7
8.2
9.9
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
3.4
4.1
3.9
4.9
2.8
3.0
4.2
2.9
2.7
2.0
2.4
2.7
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.5
.3
.8
.2
3.9
3.4
5.2
3.9
(*)
(*)
(*)
.2
Average money expenditure in dollars
S U M M A R Y
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
TA B U LA R
W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.4
980
1,141
1,436
1, 569
1, 869
364
434
519
534
598
219
227
285
294
299
103
115
129
146
162
27
37
56
69
78
18
20
46
51
44
64
97
120
132
172
37
24
69
120
150
24
20
30
24
30
20
25
31
32
40
28
52
42
52
94
17
20
25
31
61
24
33
36
29
43
12
13
16
17
19
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
318
180
216
32
24
28
3.2
3.5
3.3
2,
2,099
2,163
465
682
671
676
360
366
371
175
173
190
94
100
154
35
40
56
218
235
256
170
176
281
37
37
36
44
44
48
78
114
98
61
50
73
60
41
56
19
20
26
2
1
19
23
32
35
61
2
20
25
62
75
99
(*)
(*)
(*)
4
1
(*)
1
17
2
1
20
* Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
O
Ox
PROVIDENCE, R . I.
T able 2.— S u m m a r y o f fa m ily ex pen ditu re: Average money expenditure for specified groups of goods and services, by occupation, fam ily
O
type , and income , in 1 year , 1 9 3 5 -3 6 — C on tinu ed
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
Aver
age
num
Report ber of
Eligi ing ex persons
per
pendi
ble
tures family
(2)
(1)
(4)
(3)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing
(5)
(6)
(7)
Fur
nish
Other
ings Cloth Auto
mo trans
Fuel,
ing
and
porta
light,
bile
tion
and
Other equip
ment
refrig
eration
(8)
(9)
(10)
(ID
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
Medi
Recre To Read
cal
ing
ation bacco
care
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Con
For tribu
tions
mal
and Other
edu
per items
cation sonal
taxes
(19)
(20)
(21)
Percentage of total money expenditures
C lerica l
30
33
37
44
36
3.0
3.1
3. 2
3.2
3.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.3
38. 0
36.2
34.1
32.0
22.4
19.9
19.8
18.7
16.0
10.6
10.1
9.0
9.3
8.7
2.8
3.2
3.9
4.4
4.2
1.8
1.8
3.2
3.3
2.4
6.5
8.5
8.4
8.4
9.2
3.7
2.1
4.8
7.7
8.0
2.4
1.8
2.1
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.9
4.5
2.9
3.3
5.0
1.7
1.8
1.7
2.0
3.3
2.4
2.9
2.5
1.8
2.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
(*)
(*)
(*)
0.1
(*)
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
3.3
0.4
.1
(*)
.1
.9
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
318
180
216
32
24
28
3.2
3.5
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.4
31.1
27.4
17.2
16.9
15.1
8.3
8.0
7.7
4.5
4.6
6.2
1.7
1.8
2.3
10.4
10.9
10.4
8.1
8.2
11.4
1.8
1.7
1.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
3.7
5.3
4.0
2.9
2.3
3.0
2.8
1.9
2.3
.9
.9
1.0
.1
.9
1.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
.1
(*)
.8
Average money expenditure in dollars
I n d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s
a n d p r o fessio n a l
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.8
1,347
1,632
1,881
1,984
2,158
482
519
557
678
683
229
280
341
319
386
140
149
162
144
193
73
76
87
88
131
22
44
95
157
13
119
171
148
188
214
67
105
162
69
147
18
42
17
27
30
28
36
33
34
55
33
67
66
60
70
22
40
74
45
63
38
34
34
61
58
15
18
18
17
18
1
1
5
6
18
42
50
76
91
77
18
(•)
6
(•)
2
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.8
2,368
3,209
2, 958
3, 539
4,389
7, 272
717
858
770
905
1,164
1,606
388
616
395
592
492
788
181
164
214
316
259
335
161
239
252
309
465
978
27
157
98
57
107
305
264
321
332
402
509
732
213
330
226
293
362
474
19
32
52
35
46
81
46
57
54
56
74
100
63
68
128
115
200
212
78
108
102
76
188
439
51
65
81
65
86
76
23
27
25
34
37
36
10
28
62
42
150
336
116
130
162
239
241
756
11
9
5
3
9
18
C IT IE S
$1,250-11,499________
$1,500-$1,749 ______
$1,750-$.1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499_______
ENGLAND
276
374
428
358
330
NEW
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
Number of
families
Percentage of total money expenditures
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s
a n d p ro fessio n a l
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
35.9
31.8
29.6
34.2
31.8
17.1
17.2
18.1
16.1
17.9
10.4
9.1
8.6
7.2
8.9
5.4
4.6
4.6
4.4
6.1
1.6
2.7
5.1
7.9
.6
8.8
10.5
7.9
9.5
9.9
5.0
6.4
8.6
3.5
6.8
1.3
2.6
.9
1.4
1.4
2.1
2.2
1.8
1.7
2.5
2.4
4.1
3.5
3.0
3.2
1.6
2.4
3.9
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.1
1.8
3.1
2.7
1.1
1.1
1.0
.8
.8
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.8
3.1
3.1
4.0
4.6
3.6
1.3
(•)
.3
(•)
.1
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,0G0-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.3
26.7
26.1
25.6
26.6
22.1
16.4
19.2
13.4
16.7
11.2
10.9
7.6
5.1
7.2
8.9
5.9
4.6
6.8
7.4
8.5
8.7
10.6
13.5
1.1
4.9
3.3
1.6
2.4
4.2
11.1
10.0
11.3
11.4
11.6
10.1
9.0
10.3
7.6
8.3
8.2
6.5
.8
1.0
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.6
1. 7
1.4
2.7
2.1
4.3
3.2
4.6
2.9
3.3
3.4
3.4
2.1
4.3
6.0
2.2
2.0
2.7
1.8
2.0
1.0
1.0
.8
.8
1.0
.8
.5
.4
.9
2.1
1.2
3.4
4.6
4.9
4.1
5.5
6.8
5.5
10.4
.5
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
1
2
8
10
37
55
52
78
80
1
4
1
5
2
14
14
17
79
126
259
89
129
170
265
344
585
5
2
1
7
19
10
Average money expenditure in dollars
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.0
1,364
1,702
1,844
2,029
2,324
527
576
581
570
657
240
310
349
381
364
100
150
148
164
186
52
82
81
125
134
24
34
58
43
49
110
166
164
191
233
84
98
178
190
226
18
24
30
37
45
33
35
37
41
47
49
80
48
62
139
34
33
48
71
80
39
37
48
40
52
15
18
19
23
20
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over___ _
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.3
4.0
2,589
2,855
3,081
3,899
4, 995
7, 535
722
793
784
1,050
1,029
1, 560
474
489
516
486
830
994
193
194
201
188
238
385
148
188
188
226
433
1,028
81
69
58
46
73
210
261
296
350
471
587
810
264
219
288
406
536
578
35
36
52
70
60
141
51
52
54
84
87
118
101
140
133
160
219
299
79
138
176
258
313
400
49
66
65
75
61
98
23
30
28
28
40
60
(*)
TABULAR SUMM ARY
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
* Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages o f less than 0.1 are not shown.
O
•<!
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
able
2 . —S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu r e : Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occup ation, fa m ily
typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 —Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(1)
Aver
age
num
ber of Total
teportEligi ing ex persons
per
pendi
ble
tures family
(3)
(2)
(4)
(5)
Food
Hous
ing
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(6)
(7)
(8)
Fur
Other
nish
Auto
ings Cloth mo trans
porta
ing
and
bile
tion
Other equip
ment
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
For
Medi Recre
To Read mal
cal
ation bacco
ing
edu
care
cation
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Con
tribu
tions
and Other
per items
sonal
taxes
(20)
(21)
Percentage of total money expenditures
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,600-$l,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-12,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.6
33.9
31.6
28.1
28.3
17.6
18.2
18.9
18.8
15.7
7.3
8.8
8.0
8.1
8.0
3.8
4.8
4.4
6.2
5.8
1.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
2.1
8.1
9.8
8.9
9.4
10.0
6.1
5.7
9.7
9.4
9.8
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.6
4.7
2.6
3.1
6.0
2.5
1.9
2.6
3.5
3.4
2.9
2.2
2.6
2.0
2.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
.9
0.1
(*)
.1
.4
.4
2.7
3.2
2.8
3.8
3.4
0.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999_:______
$5,000-$7,499__...........
$7,500 and over....... .
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.3
4.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.9
27.8
25.5
26.9
20.6
20.7
18.3
17.1
16.7
12.5
16.6
13.2
7.5
6.8
6.5
4.8
4.8
5.1
5.7
6.6
6.1
5.8
8.7
13.6
3.1
2.4
1.9
1.2
1.5
2.8
10.1
10.4
11.4
12.1
11.7
10.7
10.2
7.7
9.3
10.4
10.7
7.7
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.8
2.2
1.7
1.6
3.9
4.9
4.3
4.1
4.4
4.0
3.0
4.8
5.7
6.6
6.3
5.3
1.9
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.2
1.3
.9
1.0
.9
.7
.8
.8
.5
.5
.6
2.0
2.5
3.4
3.4
4.5
5.5
6.8
6.9
7.8
.2
.1
(*)
.2
.4
1
Average money expenditure in dollars
S a la r ie d p r o f e s s i o n a l
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999_....... .
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
3.1
2.9
2.8
3.3
3.3
1,363
1,671
1,848
1,972
2,084
416
590
596
582
595
273
316
360
370
356
124
124
161
152
192
70
66
71
103
107
36
16
43
48
30
151
149
155
207
189
60
174
102
133
202
24
15
38
32
50
32
28
38
41
40
64
69
110
75
68
27
35
46
80
68
23
16
37
38
36
12
17
18
20
22
3
1
16
31
55
48
53
54
59
73
$2,500-$2,999....... _ ...
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999....... .
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
4.2
2.318
2,688
2,840
3,497
4,848
11, 316
683
737
771
912
1,136
1,630
444
434
360
559
706
879
202
210
207
216
264
480
151
182
175
196
405
835
52
68
98
79
77
283
217
273
328
396
563
1,110
154
281
272
427
477
577
36
39
40
54
75
335
44
43
55
59
83
132
64
126
133
129
212
252
60
103
187
105
236
608
60
48
41
56
59
83
21
28
35
37
41
79
14
14
35
70
206
587
113
98
102
191
301
3, 299
(*)
2
3
1
1
3
4
1
11
7
147
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
Household
operation
Number of
families
O
00
Percentage of total money expenditures
S a la r ie d p r o f e s s i o n a l
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
3.1
2.9
2.8
3.3
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.6
35.3
32.3
29.5
28.6
20.0
18.9
19.5
18.8
17.1
9.1
7.4
8.7
7.7
9.2
5.1
3.9
3.8
5.2
5.1
2.6
1.0
2.3
2.4
1.4
11.1
8.9
8.4
10.5
9.1
4.4
10.4
5.5
6.7
9.7
1.8
0.9
2.0
1.6
2.4
2.3
1.7
2.0
2.1
1.9
4.7
4.1
6.0
3.8
3.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
4.1
3.3
1.7
1.0
2.0
1.9
1.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.2
.1
.9
1.6
2.6
3.5
3.2
2.9
3.0
3.5
(*)
0.1
.2
.1
(*)
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
4.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.5
27.5
27.2
26.1
23.5
14.4
19.1
16.2
12.7
16.0
14.7
7.8
8.7
7.8
7.3
6.2
5.4
4.2
6.5
6.8
6.2
5.6
8.4
7.4
2.2
2.5
3.5
2.3
1.6
2.5
9.4
10.2
11.5
11.3
11.6
9.8
6.6
10.4
9.6
12.2
9.8
5.1
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
3.0
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.2
2.8
4.7
4.7
3.7
4.4
2.2
2.6
3.8
6.6
3.0
4.9
5.4
2.6
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.2
.7
.9
1.0
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
1.2
2.0
4.2
5.2
4.9
3.6
3.6
5.5
6.2
29.1
.1
.1
(*)
.3
.1
1.3
14
19
32
33
56
3
3
1
1
1
78
88
115
123
117
2
1
2
12
8
198
264
329
2,047
27
81
Average money expenditure in dollars
F a m ily t y p e :
T ype I
$500-$749 _________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499 _____
$1,500-$1,749________
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
718
832
1,165
1,337
1,567
298
298
391
494
491
168
180
211
239
277
75
88
116
116
130
13
21
34
55
70
7
19
41
32
49
56
57
74
109
152
(*)
42
58
79
117
10
9
19
29
36
15
17
21
29
30
21
26
101
53
59
5
17
18
29
37
22
26
37
21
43
11
10
11
18
19
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1,893
2,081
2,226
2,430
2,642
517
596
567
603
636
331
368
361
390
460
151
160
156
179
185
80
106
108
140
212
50
111
75
86
94
176
189
230
204
273
259
173
233
372
280
38
29
29
25
19
35
37
38
40
46
60
86
138
91
100
49
64
92
74
120
47
52
61
62
60
20
20
19
24
30
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over.........
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3,109
3, 562
4,469
7, 751
639
984
846
1,192
518
670
710
986
205
166
198
307
198
301
381
918
48
25
116
238
325
285
524
801
459
355
649
304
41
76
58
212
49
75
105
104
125
144
164
104
173
116
266
327
81
57
54
75
31
37
42
55
(*)
1
2
5
2
17
TABULAR SUMM ARY
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999....... .
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
2
7
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
O
CO
T
able
2.—
S u m m a ry o f fa m ily e x p e n d itu re :
Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services , by occupation , fa m ily
ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Food
(6)
Hous
ing
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(7)
(8)
Fur
nish
Auto Other
ings Cloth mo trans
ing
and
bile porta
tion
Other equip
ment
(9)
(10)
(ID
02)
(13)
Con
For tribu
Per Medi
tions
Recre To Read mal
cal
sonal
and Other
edu
ing
ation bacco
items
care
care
cation per
sonal
taxes
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
08)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Percentage of total money expenditures
T ype I
2.0
2. 0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.5
35.8
33. 6
36.8
31.2
23.4
21.6
18.1
17.9
17.7
10.4
10.6
10.0
8.7
8.3
1.8
2.5
2.9
4.1
4.5
1.0
2. 3
3. 5
2.4
3.1
7.8
6. 9
6. 4
8.1
9.7
0.1
5.1
5.0
5.9
7.5
1.4
1.1
1. 6
2. 2
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
2 2
1.9
2.9
3.1
8. 7
4.0
3.8
0.7
2.0
1. 5
2.2
2.4
3.1
3.1
3.2
1. 6
2.7
1.5
1. 2
.9
1.3
1.2
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.3
28.7
25.5
24.9
24.1
17.5
17.7
16.2
16.0
17.5
8.0
7.7
7.0
7.4
7.0
4.2
5.1
4.9
5.8
8.0
2.6
5.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
9. 3
9.1
10.3
8.4
10.3
13.7
8.3
10.4
15.3
10.6
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.0
.7
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
3. 2
4.1
6.2
3.7
3.8
2.6
3.1
4.1
3.0
4.5
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.6
2.3
1.1
1.0
.9
1.0
1.1
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.5
27. 7
19.0
15.5
16.7
18.8
15.9
12.7
6.6
4.7
4.4
4.0
6.4
8.5
8. 5
11.8
1.5
.7
2.6
3.1
10.4
8.0
11. 7
10.3
14.8
9.9
14. 5
3.9
1.3
2.1
1. 3
2.7
1.6
2.1
2. 3
1.3
4.0
4.0
3. 7
1.3
5.6
3. 3
6.0
4.2
2.6
1. 6
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.7
0.4
.4
.l
.1
.1
(*)
0.1
.2
.1
4.1
4.2
5.2
5.1
4.4
.1
(*)
.1
.5
.3
6.4
7.4
7.4
26.5
.1
.6
.2
1.0
.5
C IT IE S
(*)
1.9
2.3
2.7
2.5
3.6
EN G LA N D
10
17
18
33
32
N E W
204
392
490
520
412
IN
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499 _______
$1,500-$1,749________
E X P E N D IT U R E S
(1)
Eligi
ble
Aver
age
num
ber
of Total
teporting ex persons
per
pendi family
tures
F A M IL Y
Household
operation
Number of
families
110
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
Average money expenditure in dollars
T yp es I I and I I I
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
771
889
1,184
1,382
1,553
316
361
456
515
553
157
185
226
228
286
83
88
112
119
130
26
27
37
41
62
5
13
18
32
30
69
61
113
129
130
10
18
46
92
106
15
23
14
19
24
17
18
29
31
34
26
26
31
54
58
10
13
19
30
40
23
29
33
37
33
8
11
13
15
15
$1,750-$1,999_______
$2,000-$2,249_______
$2,250-$2,499_______
$2,500-$2,999_______
$3,000-$3,499_______
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
1,857
2,061
2,202
2,348
2,851
630
663
680
710
820
298
331
364
428
519
156
178
176
198
186
73
96
129
168
239
62
50
39
36
51
166
214
231
262
283
135
183
191
169
207
21
22
27
30
38
36
37
45
45
48
90
87
104
86
117
55
59
58
62
122
47
45
52
48
56
18
20
20
24
28
$3,500-$3,999_______
$4,000-$4,999_______
$5,000-$7,499_______
$7,500 and over------
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
3.6
3.3
3.6
3.6
3,145
3,867
4, 785
6,693
850
914
1,112
1, 301
446
637
729
622
214
216
259
392
272
269
563
1,057
73
74
115
489
358
404
509
570
207
419
450
689
50
39
51
54
60
58
64
100
153
149
227
163
193
228
241
300
48
67
82
85
1
6
13
26
25
41
3
11
15
10
6
4
6
7
23
63
70
79
71
110
1
2
1
4
4
30
29
32
41
32
53
82
2
157
301
262
814
2
10
7
14
(*)
(*)
(*)
0.1
0.8
1.5
2.2
1.8
2.6
0.3
.9
1.1
.6
.1
.1
(*)
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
(*)
(*)
(*)
Percentage of total money expenditures
T y p e s I I and
III
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249_......... .
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.0
40.6
38.6
37.2
35.7
20.4
20.8
19.1
16.5
18.4
10.8
9.9
9.5
8.6
8.4
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.0
4.0
0.6
1.5
1.5
2.3
1.9
8.9
6.9
9.5
9.3
8.4
1.3
2.0
3.9
6.7
6.8
1.9
2.6
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.4
2.2
2.2
3.4
2.9
2.6
3.9
3.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249__...........
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999___..........
$3,000-$3,499________
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.0
32.2
30.9
30.3
28.8
16.1
16.1
16.5
18.2
18.2
8.4
8.6
8.0
8.4
6.5
3.9
4.6
5.9
7.2
8.4
3.3
2.4
1.8
1.5
1.8
8.9
10.4
10.5
11.2
9.9
7.3
8.8
8.7
7.2
7.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.7
4.8
4.2
4.7
3.7
4.1
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.6
4.3
2.5
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
.3
.3
.8
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.0
3.9
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
3.6
3.3
3.6
3.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.0
23.6
23.3
19.4
14.2
16.5
15.3
9.3
6.8
5.6
5.4
5.9
8.6
7.0
11.8
15.8
2.3
1.9
2.4
7.3
11.4
10.4
10.6
8.5
6.6
10.8
9.4
10.3
1.6
1.0
1.1
.8
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.5
4.9
3.9
4.7
2.4
6.1
5.9
5.0
4.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.0
.7
.7
.6
1.0
1.4
1.7
(*)
5.0
7.8
5.5
12.2
Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
2
TABULAR SUM M ARY
$500-$749__________
$750-$999__________
$1,000-$1,249_______
$1,250-$ 1,499_______
$1,500-$1,749_______
PROVIDENCE, R. I.
T
able
2 .—
S u m m a ry o f fa m ily e x p e n d itu re :
A verage m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occupation, fa m ily
typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(2)
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
(5)
Food
(6)
Hous
ing
(7)
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(8)
Fur
nish
Other
Auto
ings Cloth mo trans
ing
porta
and
bile
tion
Other equip
ment
(9)
(10)
(ID
(12)
(13)
Con
For tribu
tions
Per Medi
Recre To Read mal
and Other
cal
sonal
ing
edu
ation bacco
items
care
care
cation per
sonal
taxes
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
T yp es I V and V
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.6
839
1,117
1,185
1,362
1,744
352
453
459
553
667
205
216
241
249
272
83
97
131
131
157
24
28
40
52
53
2
25
10
20
42
49
94
84
119
173
5
40
24
39
57
11
18
33
24
29
16
22
25
31
37
47
41
44
28
90
3
19
19
26
58
21
33
28
32
33
8
12
13
14
17
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499....... .
$2,250-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499._...........
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.1
1,809
2,086
2,118
2,511
3,099
656
750
724
786
884
269
323
292
345
518
154
169
172
197
203
58
77
89
125
153
27
29
35
58
119
179
219
244
296
320
125
157
146
195
303
29
48
50
48
46
39
48
48
54
55
59
62
70
100
134
62
63
69
81
118
43
51
36
57
64
$3,500-$3,999....... .
$4,000-$4,999__..........
$6,000-$7,499...............
$7,500 and over.........
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
4.1
4.1
4.3
4.8
2,795
3,640
4,808
8,304
819
1,008
1,274
1,844
408
399
577
992
199
283
282
392
147
201
376
986
101
62
48
161
338
525
599
914
181
354
323
556
55
56
63
145
53
74
80
121
119
129
225
357
119
148
235
533
65
73
73
94
12
16
17
35
45
1
1
14
4
7
18
20
19
22
27
16
15
44
27
24
60
54
79
106
129
15
1
1
14
2
25
32
42
56
45
106
311
571
118
185
293
569
3
5
7
13
C IT IE S
2
3
5
7
C)
EN G LA N D
11
22
28
43
46
N E W
104
270
366
486
406
IN
$500-$749................
$750-$999_...............$1,000-$1,249....... .
$1,250-$1,499....... .
$1,500-$1,749...............
E X P E N D IT U R E S
0)
Eligi
ble
Aver
age
num
ber of
Report persons
ing ex
per
pendi family
tures
F A M IL Y
Number of
families
to
Percentage of total money expenditures
T ypes I V
and V
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.0
40.6
38.7
40.6
38.2
24.4
19.3
20.3
18.3
15.6
9.9
8.7
11.1
9.6
9.0
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.8
3.0
0.2
2.2
.8
1.5
2.4
5.8
8.4
7.1
8.7
9.9
0.6
3.5
2.0
2.9
3.3
1.3
1.6
2.8
1.8
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.1
5.6
3.7
3.7
2.0
5.2
0.4
1.7
1.6
1.9
3.3
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
(*)
0.2
.3
.4
.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.6
2.6
0.1
.1
1.2
.3
.4
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.3
36.0
34.2
31.3
28.5
14.9
15.5
13.8
13.7
16.7
8.5
8.1
8.1
7.8
6.6
3.2
3.7
4.2
5.0
4.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.3
3.8
9.9
10.5
11.5
11.8
10.3
6.9
7.5
6.9
7.8
9.7
1.5
2.3
2.4
1.9
1.5
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.1
1.8
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.0
4.3
3.4
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.8
2.4
2.4
1.7
2.3
2.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
.7
2.1
11
.8
3.3
2.6
3.7
4.2
4.2
.8
(*)
(*)
.6
.1
$3,500-13,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000-$7,499________
$7,500 and over_____
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
4.1
4.1
4.3
4.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.3
27.8
26.5
22.2
14.6
11.0
12.0
11.9
7.1
7.8
5.9
4.7
5.2
5.5
7.9
11.9
3.6
1.7
1.0
1.9
12.1
14.4
12.4
11.0
6.5
9.7
6.7
6.7
2.0
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.5
4.3
3.5
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.1
4.9
6.4
2.3
2.0
1.5
1.1
.9
.9
.9
.7
1.6
2.9
6.4
6.9
4.2
5.1
6.1
6.9
.1
.1
.1
.2
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
S U M M A R Y
113
TA B U LA R
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
114
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
PROVIDENCE, R . I.
T able 3.— Food:
A verag e value o f all fa m i ly f o o d , m o n e y expend iture f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y fr o m h o m e , average value o f fo o d hom e-prod u ced or received as
gift or p a y , and m o n e y exp en se per meal per fo o d expend iture unity by o ccu p a tion y
f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 —3 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of fami
lies
Occupational
group, family
type, and income
class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
(1)
Percentage of Average
expenditure value of Average
money
for food
food
home- expendi
ture
per
pro
meal
duced
per
food
Away
Away
or re
At
At
from
from
ceived expend
home home1 home
iture
home as gift
unit2
or pay
Average expenditure
for food purchased
Average
value
of all
family
food
All
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
01)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
560
1, 236
1,498
1, 660
1, 254
30
64
82
138
133
$366
380
448
530
583
$316
361
436
519
569
$311
354
424
498
540
$5
7
12
21
29
98.4
98.1
97.2
96.0
94.9
1.6
1.9
2.8
4.0
5.1
$50
19
12
11
14
$0.108
.116
. 142
. 169
. 176
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
1,294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
622
687
682
723
804
605
670
668
708
790
556
612
601
620
684
49
58
67
88
106
91.9
91.3
90.0
87.6
86.6
8.1
8.7
10.0
12.4
13.4
17
17
14
15
14
.185
.205
. 198
.208
.226
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000u$7,499______
$7,500 and over___
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
813
987
1,136
1, 630
778
973
1,107
1, 585
661
817
890
1,188
117
156
217
397
85.0
84.0
80.4
74.9
15.0
16.0
19.6
25.1
35
14
29
45
.226
.279
.266
.305
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
366
380
451
535
611
316
360
436
529
592
311
355
424
513
569
5
5
12
16
23
98.4
98.6
97. 3
97.0
96. 1
1.6
1.4
2.7
3.0
3.9
50
20
15
6
19
. 108
. 113
. 140
. 170
. 176
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
631
705
690
760
620
699
686
742
569
655
637
684
51
44
49
58
91.8
93.7
92.9
92.2
8.2
6.3
7. 1
7.8
11
6
4
18
. 186
.200
.203
.205
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
379
438
536
539
619
364
434
519
534
598
350
423
493
499
552
14
11
26
35
46
96.2
97.5
95.0
93.4
92.3
3.8
2.5
5.0
6.6
7.7
15
4
17
5
21
. 124
.148
. 168
.171
. 184
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
318
180
216
32
24
28
714
694
685
682
671
676
604
601
588
78
70
88
88.6
89.6
87.0
11.4
10.4
13.0
32
23
9
.210
. 191
.201
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
495
535
583
680
698
482
519
557
678
683
454
488
521
636
593
28
31
36
42
90
94.2
94.0
93.5
93.8
86.8
5.8
6.0
6.5
6.2
13.2
13
16
26
2
15
. 163
. 169
. 190
.226
. 192
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000-$7,499______
$7,500 and over___
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
735
870
779
919
1,172
1,654
717
858
770
905
1,164
1,606
611
743
630
757
936
1,181
106
115
140
148
228
425
85. 2
86.6
81.8
83.6
80.4
73.5
14.8
13.4
18.2
16.4
19.6
26.5
18
12
9
14
8
48
.220
.238
.215
.252
.269
.310
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
C lerica l
In d ep en d en t
b u si
n ess and p r o fes
sio n a l
See p. 138 for noteis on this 1table.
115
TABULAR SU M M A R Y
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
able
3. — F o o d : A verage value o f all f a m i ly f o o d , m o n e y expen d itu re f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y f r o m homey average value o f fo o d h om e-produ ced or received as
gift or p a y t and m o n e y exp en se per m eal per fo o d expend iture unity hy o ccu p a tion ,
f a m i ly t y p e , and in c o m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 —8 6 — Continued
Number of fami
lies
Occupational
group, family
type, and income
class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
(1)
Average
value
of all
family
food
All
(4)
Percentage of Average
expenditure value of Average
money
for food
food
home- expendi
ture
per
pro
meal
duced
per
food
Away
or re
Away
At
At
expend
from
home from home home ceived
iture
as gift
home
unit
or pay
Average expenditure
for food purchased
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(li)
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-12,249______
$2,250-12,499______
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
$563
593
624
593
670
$527
576
581
570
657
$446
531
513
502
576
$81
45
68
68
81
84.6
92.2
88.3
88. 1
87.7
15.4
7.8
11.7
11.9
12.3
$36
17
43
23
13
$0.184
. 194
.188
.200
.217
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5 000-$7,499______
$7,500 and over___
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
740
800
841
1,065
1,074
1, 573
722
793
784
1,050
1,029
1,560
608
683
679
878
871
1,237
114
110
105
172
158
323
84.2
86.1
86.6
83.6
84.6
79.3
15.8
13.9
13.4
16.4
15.4
20.7
18
7
57
15
45
13
.208
.234
.237
.313
.277
.305
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
450
594
615
602
617
416
590
596
582
595
402
543
556
525
512
14
47
40
57
83
96.7
92.0
93.3
90.2
86.1
3.3
8.0
6.7
9.8
13.9
34
4
19
20
22
. 156
.203
. 175
. 180
. 178
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
683
699
737
762
784
771
912
927
1,179 ' 1,136
1,824 1,630
604
642
653
775
832
968
79
95
118
137
304
662
88.4
87.1
84.7
85.0
73.3
59.4
11.6
12.9
15.3
15.0
26.7
40.6
16
25
13
15
43
194
.214
.206
. 215
.246
.241
.287
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
314
336
407
495
509
298
298
391
494
491
289
286
380
458
456
9
12
11
36
35
97.0
96.0
97.2
92.7
92.9
3.0
4.0
2.8
7.3
7.1
16
38
16
1
18
.137
.136
. 177
.225
.223
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999._____
$3,000-$3,499______
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
522
603
602
615
657
517
596
567
603
636
466
531
473
489
511
51
65
94
114
125
90.1
89.1
83.4
81.1
80.3
9.9
10.9
16.6
18.9
19.7
5
7
35
12
21
.232
.268
.258
.267
.270
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000-$7,499______
$7,500 and over___
56
48
64
32
12
10
6
690
990
872
1,203
639
984
846
1,192
531
829
666
992
108
155
180
200
83.1
84.2
78.7
83.2
16.9
15.8
21.3
16.8
51
6
26
.294
.405
.335
.374
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
408
366
462
530
566
316
361
456
515
553
313
358
440
503
528
3
3
16
12
25
99.1
99.2
96.5
97.7
95.5
.9
.8
3.5
2.3
4.5
92
5
.097
.110
.137
.161
.166
S a la rie d p r o f e s
sio n a l
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249 _____
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______ •
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000-$7,499 ____
$7,500 and over___
F a m ily typ e:
T ype I
8
11
T y p e s I I and I I I
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749...........
6
15
13
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
116
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T able 3.— F o o d :
A verag e value o f all fa fn ily f o o d , m o n e y exp en d itu re f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y f r o m h om e , average value o f fo o d h om e-p rod u ced or received as
gift or p a y , and m o n e y ex p en se per m eal per fo o d ex pen d itu re unity b y o c c u p a tio n
f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m ef in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Number of fami
lies
Occupational
group, family
type, and income
class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
(1)
Average
value
of all
family
food
All
(4)
Percentage of Average
expenditure value of Average
money
for food
food
expendi
home- ture per
pro
meal
duced per food
or
re
Away
Away
At
At
expend
from
from
ceived
home
iture
home home home as gift
unit
or pay
Average expenditure
for food purchased
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
(ID
T y p e s I I and I I I —
Continued
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
546
312
198
234
112
$75
56
39
43
27
$656
696
688
731
828
$630
663
680
710
820
$579
607
614
639
718
51
56
66
71
102
91.9
91.6
90.3
90.0
87.6
8.1
8.4
9.7
10.0
12.4
26
33
8
21
8
.187
.194
.198
.200
.218
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000-$7,499______
$7,500 and over-----
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
866
931
1,168
1,318
850
914
1,112
1, 301
727
770
919
1,067
123
144
193
234
85.5
84.2
82.6
82.0
14.5
15.8
17.4
18.0
16
17
56
17
.222
.251
.245
.287
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
364
475
477
569
679
352
453
459
553
667
351
445
454
535
638
1
8
5
18
29
99.7
98.2
98.9
96.7
95.7
.3
1.8
1.1
3.3
4.3
12
22
18
16
12
.078
.098
.103
.120
.139
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
673
763
729
799
897
656
750
724
786
884
614
694
673
704
788
42
56
51
82
96
93.6
92.5
93.0
89.6
89.2
6.4
7.5
7.0
10.4
10.8
17
13
5
13
13
.137
.155
.160
.171
.199
$3,500-$3,999._____
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000-$7,499______
$7,500 and over___
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
858
1,025
1,283
1,913
819
1,008
1,274
1,844
700
842
1,013
1, 309
119
166
261
535
85.5
83.5
79.5
71.0
14.5
16.5
20.5
29.0
39
17
9
69
.181
.234
.239
.289
T ypes I V
and V
TA B U L A R S U M M A R Y
117
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
4.— H o u s in g : A verag e value o f h ousing secured with and w ithout m o n e y
expenditure^ hy o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in c o m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
Aver
age
value
of all
housing
plus
Re
port
fuel,
Eligible ing ex light,
pendi and re
tures
friger
ation
0)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Average value of housing secured1
Per
cent
age of
housing
Without
With money ex
penditure
money expenditure value
secured
without
All Fam Other
Own Rent money
hous ily hous Total
ed as pay expend
ing home2 ing*
home4 or gift iture •
Aver
age ex
pense
for
fuel,
light,
and re
friger
ation
Aver
age
value
of all
hous
ing
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
$14
5
9
24
25
$5
9
18
22
(11)
(12)
(13)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249----$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
560
1, 236
1,498
1,660
1,254
30
64
82
138
133
$265
'287
350
383
442
$80
90
117
121
139
$184
195
233
261
303
$170
190
224
237
278
$170
190
224
237
278
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999----$3,000-$3,499-----
1,294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
482
549
571
661
780
154
169
169
192
192
328
379
402
468
588
299
340
334
384
501
297
336
324
366
483
$2
4
10
18
18
29
39
68
84
87
$3,500-$3,999----$4,000-$4,999----$5,000-$7,499----$7,500 and over.
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
787
994
1,208
1, 739
206
581
235
759
252
956
375 1,364
452
536
663
903
435
506
575
752
17
30
88
151
$500-$749_____
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249----$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
265
274
348
366
425
80
86
118
117
134
184
186
230
248
291
170
182
224
217
264
170
182
224
217
264
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499----$2,500-$2,999___
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
445
560
482
584
150
175
144
196
294
385
338
387
281
314
272
287
279
313
269
262
$750-$999___ _
$1,000-$1,249----$1,250-$1,499----$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$l,999_.._
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
332
358
417
468
501
103
115
129
146
162
227
241
288
321
339
219
227
285
294
299
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499----$2,500-$2,999___
318
180
216
32
24
28
534
614
644
175
173
190
359
441
454
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249... _
$2,250-$2,499___
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
409
438
587
497
604
140
149
162
144
193
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999----$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000-$7,499___
$7,500 and over.
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
657
764
831
1,175
1, 204
1,661
$14
(*)
6
3
7.6
6
3.9
9.2
8.3
25
36
66
83
80
4
3
2
1
7
8.8
10.3
16.9
17.9
14.8
129
223
293
461
117
200
288
405
12
23
5
56
22.2
29.4
30.6
33.8
14
4
6
31
27
4
6
24
27
14
7. 6
2
6
12.5
9. 3
2
1
3
25
13
71
66
100
10
71
61
100
3
219
226
283
293
298
(*)
1
2
1
1
8
14
3
27
40
7
14
3
20
33
1
7
7
3.5
5.8
1.0
8 4
11.8
360
366
371
351
347
360
9
19
11
-1
75
83
-1
75
79
4
(*)
17.0
18.3
269
289
425
349
411
229
280
341
319
386
229
280
340
319
379
1
7
40
9
84
30
25
40
9
84
30
25
14.9
3.1
19.8
8.6
6.1
181
475
600
164
214
617
316
859
944
259
335 1, 325
388
616
395
592
492
788
376
606
373
570
447
637
12
10
22
22
45
151
87
-1 6
222
267
452
537
87
-1 6
222
267
452
510
18.3
- 2 .7
36.0
31.1
47.9
40.5
i.
O c c u p a tio n a l
grou p: W age
ea rn er
(*)
(*)
2.
2.
7
5
4.4
18.4
19.5
25.8
C le r ic a l
In d ep en d en t
b u sin es s a n d
p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 138 for notes on this table.
* Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
27
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
118
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
4.— H o u s in g : A verage value o f h ousing secured with and w ithout m o n e y
exp en d itu re , by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 8 5 —3 6 — Con.
T able
Aver
age
value
of
all
Occupational
housing
group, family
plus
Re
type, and in
port
fuel,
come class
Eligible ing ex light,
pendi and re
tures
friger
ation
Number of
families
(1)
(2)
(3)
Average value of housing secured
Aver
age ex
pense
for
fuel,
light,
and re
friger
ation
Aver
age
value
of all
hous
ing
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
$100
150
148
164
186
$240
320
366
440
433
$240
310
349
381
364
$239
309
347
376
359
$1
1
2
5
5
$10
17
59
69
$10
17
59
68
506
193
533
194
201
597
657
188
866
238
385 1, 354
474
489
516
486
830
994
446
468
505
454
717
868
28
21
11
32
113
126
32
44
81
171
36
360
32
44
81
131
22
360
312
331
408
414
452
273
316
360
370
356
273
316
355
367
335
5
3
21
39
15
48
44
96
2
38
1
96
202
581
210
655
492
207
216
828
264 1,146
480 1,564
444
434
360
559
706
879
430
415
331
524
573
607
14
19
29
35
133
272
137
221
132
269
440
685
137
199
74
249
440
235
16
20
20
30
With money ex
penditure
Without
money expenditure
Own Rent
All Fam Other
hous ily hous Total ed
as pay
ing home ing
home or gift
(9)
(10)
(ID
(12)
Per
cent
age of
housing
value
secured
without
money
expend
iture
(13)
S a la ried b u stn ess
$1,250-$1,499___
$1^500-$1,749----$1,750-$1,999----$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
$341
470
515
604
619
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499----$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000-$7,499----$7,500 and over.
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
700
727
799
845
1,104
1, 739
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749----$1,750-$1,999----$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
436
462
570
566
644
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999----$4,000-$4,999----$5,000-$7,499----$7,500 and over.
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
784
865
699
1, 044
1,410
2,044
$500-$749
..
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249----$1,250-$1,499----$1,500-$1,749-----
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
279
286
347
378
440
75
88
116
116
130
204
197
231
262
309
168
180
211
239
277
168
180
211
238
276
1
1
36
17
20
23
32
$1,750-$1,999----$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499-----
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
509
566
576
657
772
151
160
156
179
185
358
406
420
478
587
331
368
361
390
460
329
359
339
360
441
2
9
22
30
19
27
38
59
88
127
27
38
59
88
127
7.5
9.4
14.0
18.4
21.6
$3,50O-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000-$7,499----$7,500 and over.
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
789
1, 215
1,124
1, 625
205
583
166 1,049
925
198
307 1, 318
518
670
710
986
510
620
589
872
8
50
121
114
65
379
215
332
65
379
215
332
11.1
36.1
23.2
25.2
$1
40
14
3.1
4.6
13.4
15.9
6.3
8.3
13.6
26.0
4.2
26.6
S a la ried p r o f e s
s io n a l
124
124
161
152
192
39
13
10
43
22
58
20
450
12. 5
4.5
11.8
10.6
21.2
23.6
33.7
26.8
32.5
38.4
43.8
F a m ily typ e:
T ype I
36
1
-2
17. 6
8. 6
8.7
8.8
10.4
119
TA B U L A R S U M M A R Y
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T able 4.— H o u s in g :
A verag e value o f h ou sin g secured with and without m o n ey
exp en d itu re , by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Con.
Number of
families
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
(1)
Aver
Average value of housing secured
Aver
age
value age ex- Aver
of all pense age
With money ex
Without
housing for value
penditure
money expenditure
plus
Re
fuel,
light, of all
portfuel,
Eligible ing ex- light, and re- hous
ing
All Fam Other
Own Rent
pendi- and re- frigerhous ily hous Total
tures
friger- ation
ed as pay
ing home ing
home or gift
ation
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Per
cent
age of
housing
value
secured
without
money
expenditure
(13)
T ypes I I
and I I I
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249__..
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
$241
274
339
370
422
$83
88
112
119
130
$157
185
226
251
291
$157
185
226
228
286
$157
185
225
228
286
$1
(*)
o
$23
5
$13
-1
$10
6
9.2
1.7
$1,750-$!,999___
$2,000-$2,249_.__
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
466
559
587
715
757
156
178
176
198
186
310
381
411
516
571
298
331
364
428
519
297
328
359
420
508
1
3
5
8
11
12
50
47
88
52
8
47
42
85
52
4
3
5
3
3.9
13.1
11.4
17.1
9.1
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999____
$5,000-$7,499___
$7,500 and over.
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
810
911
1, 227
1,474
214
596
216
695
968
259
392 1,082
446
637
729
622
438
595
668
590
8
42
61
32
160
58
239
460
114
50
239
416
36
8
25.2
8.3
24. 7
42.5
$500-$749...........
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749----
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
296
317
380
409
466
83
97
131
131
157
211
216
249
276
309
205
216
241
249
272
205
216
241
249
272
$1,750^$1,999----$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
478
521
555
622
808
154
169
172
197
203
323
351
383
424
605
269
323
292
345
518
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000-$7,499___
$7,500 and over.
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
766
942
1,248
1,892
199
567
659
283
282
966
392 1.499
408
399
577
992
44
T ypes I V
and V
6
C)
2.8
3
3.2
9.8
12.0
(*)
8
24
37
267
323
285
329
494
2
(*)
7
16
24
54
28
91
79
87
46
22
91
79
68
19
16.7
8.0
23.8
18.6
14.4
375
388
487
778
33
11
90
214
159
260
389
507
159
216
376
427
44
13
80
28.0
39.5
40.3
33.8
• Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
1 1 3 9 9 1 °— 11-------9
6
8
27
37
8
6
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
120
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
4 - A .— M o n e y ex pen ditu re for fa m ily h o m e by ow ners a n d ren ters,
a n d fa cilities in clu d e d in ren t for fa m ily h o m e : B y o ccu p a tion , f a m i ly
ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
a b l e
£
£
5
,
©
P5
(1)
(2)
(3)
too
g
£
‘3
a
*
°
&
g
<»
©
*
o
«
(4)
(5)
Percentage of renters having specified
facilities included in rent2
2
•22
QJ
1
I
«
M
£
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
W
©
u
9
2
£
O
3
©
too
(10)
08
£
(ii)
(12)
'3
Jri
o o
’3
03
C8
08 u
A
be
§ 2
£
©
“ .2
©
P?
2
(13)
(14)
100
100
99
100
100
(*)
3
2
100
100
100
99
100
1
6
3
5
9
(*)
3
1
1
7
100
90
95
100
4
14
19
17
14
£
bfi
.- i T J
fl
t-l
(M
O o ®
~ f t Ul
ft x a
©
Average
money
expense for
family
home
w
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
Percentage
of families 1
^
Number of
families
Percentage with none of
these facilities included
i n rent
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
A l l fa m ilie s
560
1,236
1,498
1, 660
1,254
30
64
82
138
133
95
92
93
86
85
$74
124
177
232
$175
195
231
245
285
4
1
4
4
7
12
14
5
7
2
(*)
2
1
2
$1,750-$1,999____ 1,294
946
$2,000-$2,249____
604
$2,250-$2,499____
774
$2,500-$2,999____
342
$3,000-$3,499____
167
133
104
135
69
15
22
32
34
31
83
76
67
66
67
305
317
254
247
518
300
350
365
426
490
4
10
6
8
13
2
3
2
1
1
1
4
7
4
5
10
9
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
42
40
59
59
57
55
41
29
312
412
536
750
536
629
659
971
9
23
19
15
8
6
24
18
560
$500-$749________
960
$750-$999_______
$1,000-$1,249____ 1,124
$1,250-$1,499____ 1,014
684
$1,500-$1,749
30
34
49
51
35
95
92
94
81
82
43
89
189
248
175
191
232
225
266
4
1
4
4
6
16
18
2
8
2
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
86
59
67
56
349
294
207
184
274
338
306
329
2
11
7
2
7
$750-$999____
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749____
$1,750-$1,999____
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
36
10
3
11
16
92
90
97
87
81
410
266
215
216
221
212
229
285
311
320
9
5
5
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999____
318
180
216
32
24
28
6
38
24
94
62
76
416
241
165
349
414
417
6
8
4
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
21
12
31
18
26
79
88
69
82
74
171
168
319
272
480
254
293
353
334
364
$500-$749 ____
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749____
$3,500-$3,999____
$4,000-$4,999____
$5,000-$7,499
$7,500 and over__.
4
1
17
22
1
(*)
-
10
5
O c c u p a tio n a l
grou p: W age
ea rn er
$1,750-$! ,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999___
12
38
30
44
4
2
4
4
4
5
2
2
4
4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
5
4
4
2
4
4
C le r ic a l
44
4
3
3
2
9
4
10
100
97
100
100
100
100
100
100
3
8
4
In d ep en d e n t
b u sin es s a n d p r o
fe ssio n a l
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749____
$1,750-$1,999____
*2,000-$2,249____
|2,250-$2,499........
11
6
23
15
25
100
100
100
100
100
15
See p. 138 for notes on this table.
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 for expenditures, or less than 1 for
proportions of families reporting, are not shown.
TA B U L A R S U M M A R Y
121
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T able 4 - A .— M o n e y expen ditu re fo r fa m ily h o m e by ow ners an d ren ters,
a n d fa c ilitie s in c lu d e d in r en t for fa m ily h o m e : B y o ccu p ation , fa m ily
95
87
63
75
318
373
405
285
234
308
343
360
378
28
24
30
36
30
64
72
76
70
56
70
36
356
405
451
276
735
756
1,101
19
4
35
91
89
78
87
65
299
441
165
300
318
365
402
433
23
4
9
38
48
38
36
77
25
62
348
47
330
54
192
58
378
23
517
38 1,132
484
461
488
621
669
864
4
7
12
90
76
90
89
74
48
183
133
187
198
226
249
292
37
37
85
78
78
63
63
298
327
240
203
432
331
362
359
440
409
9
18
13
17
24
62
36
65
76
38
64
35
452
536
367 1,032
480
602
942
780
14
60
37
60
(14)
5
$447
552
607
653
486
630
(13)
£
w
$301
834
238
557
426
704
12
( )
^
( )
Light
6
03
C
D
Mg
uT+2
C
D
H
( )
2
Garage
0
3
C
D
w
H
oo
§
A §3
ss
as
o
Furnishings
8
3
a
£
°c*
Percentage of renters having specified
facilities included in rent
Renters
Renting
3
Average
money
expense for
family
home
3
Owning
3
Percentage
of families
^ R eporting
w
expendi
tures
1
( )
3
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
Eligible
Number of
families
Percentage with none of
these facilities included
in rent
typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
In d ep en d en t
b u sin es s a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l — Con.
$2,500-$2,999
$3'000-$M99
$3'500-$3j999
$4,000-$4,999
$5'000-$7'499
$7,500 and over _
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
44
23
68
49
77
60
56
77
32
51
23
17
20
96
95
10
32
100
33
14
21 21
64
82
4
36
18
100
S a la rie d b u sin e s s
48
12
20
22
$1,250-$1,499_
$l'500-$1^749 . . .
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499........
82
90
96
26
$2,500-$2,999_ _ __
$3,000-$3,499____
$3,500-$3,999____
$4,000-$4,999____
$5,000-$7,499
$7,500 and over. _
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
56
54
68
13
15
31
70
56
13
68
24
12
5
13
37
25
100
481
485
535
622
743
6
6
8 100
100
5
100 5
100 17 17
100
12 6 25
100 6 6
10 3 10
100 10 6
15
9
26
0 6
12 24 33 10
39
100 28 33
25
100 25 25
23
23
100
16
17
4
5
6
8
12
S a la rie d p r o fe s
sio n a l
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749_ . .
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999____
$3,000-$3,499........
$3,500-$3,999____
$4,000-$4,999
$5,000-$7,499____
$7,500 and over__
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
22
23
10
14
16
3
10
6
4
7
13
9
29
9
4
12
5
5
19
10
7
13
23
50
100 14
95
4
100 9
94
11
100
100
100
100
91
100 29
100
5
5
6
9
F a m ily ty p e :
T ype I
10
$500-$749..............
$750-$999________
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499........
$1,500-$1,749____
204
392
490
520
412
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499........
$2,500-$2,999____
$3,000-$3,499____
372
312
160
232
32
37
$3,500-$3,999____
$4,000-$4,999____
$5,000-$7,499........
$7,500 and over—
56
48
64
32
12
8
100
17
18
33
32
22
36
17
1 106 11
10
13
10
15
22
22
86
10 10
2
2
6
13
6
9
4
2
10 100
100
100
100
99
1
5
4
11
14
30
100
98
100
100
16
97
60
100
70
100
100
1
8
1
3
13
5
13
3
4
3
60
37
60
37
8
2
30
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
122
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
4 - A . — M o n e y e x p e n d it u r e f o r f a m i l y h o m e b y o w n e rs a n d r e n te r s ,
a n d f a c ilit ie s in c lu d e d in r e n t f o r f a m i l y h o m e : B y occupation , fa m ily
typ e , and income , in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -3 6 — C on tin u ed
able
87
25
15
76
75
85
369
258
286
275
383
295
363
379
466
530
30
23
38
50
65
72
62
13
247
540
411
665
718
659
540 1,104
Percentage with none of 1
these facilities included
in rent
$203
357
(14)
^
&
w
85
90
Mechanical
refrigerator
GO)
$157
185
226
235
280
03
(h
©
“ g
Ut +3
C
D
«
®
03
Is
(
12)
3
0
8
6
ce
oS
Light
W
( )
( )
1
0
&
Furnishings
8
3
(5)
c
*
° 22
*
Percentage of renters having specified
facilities included in rent
Renters
b/D
G
+3
g
Average
money
expense for
family
home
3
Owning
Percentage
of families
3
R eporting
expenditnres
w
w
1
( )
Eligible
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
3
Number of
families
p
11
T
T y p e s I I and I I I
$500-$749 .
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999
$3,000-$3,499
546
312
198
234
75
56
39
43
27
112
64
$3,500-$3,999
$4,000-$4,999____
$5,000-$7,499
$7,500 and over___
T y p e s I V and
66
82
38
17
21
6
17
12
8
11
30
22
100
100
100
66
6
7
5
1
4
4
4
1
6
4
9
4
10
8
1
3
13
13
9
6
5
11
4
18
21
100
100
98
100 * 4
100
100
100
100 4 4
97
3
100 10 10
100 10
94
8
9
91
100
2
6
9
V
11
22
$500-$749...............
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749____
104
270
366
486
406
28
43
46
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999 ___
$3,000-$3,499........
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
$3,500-$3,999........
$4,000-$4,999........
$5,000-$7,499
$7,500 and over...
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
See p. 138 for notes on this table.
202
91
100
87
10 86
3
74
220
216
248
255
284
5
176
188
76
83
54
60
55
267
374
241
264
583
276
321
357
370
532
11
2
2
5
6
8
36
51
309
436
446
736
529
409
947
13
26
21
16
46
40
42
64
41
92
60
8
33
1,010
4
5
22
14
14
15
15
25
24
41
4
15
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
94
100
100
4
4
14
8
15
2
6
123
TA B U L A R S U M M A R Y
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
5 .— H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n :
Average m oney expenditure for groups of
items of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by
occupation , fa m ily typ e , and income , in 1 year , 1985—36
able
[White nonrelief families, including husband and wife, both native bom]
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and in-,
come class
1
( )
Eligi
ble
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
2
( )
(3)
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
Fuel,
help
Fuel,
light,
light, Paid
and
Other
and house Other
Total
Percent items * refrig hold items
refrig
Average age of
era
help
era
amount families
tion
tion
having
1
(4)
(5)
1
6
( )
8
( )
(7)
(9)
10 (ID
( )
A l l fa m ilie s
$50O-$749.........................
$750-$999____ _________
$1,000~$1,249____ ______
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749_____ ____ _
560
1,236
1, 498
1,660
1, 254
30
64
82
138
133
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
1,294
946
604
774
342
$3,500-$3,999.... .......... .
$4,000-$4,999_____ _____
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over. ________
196
$101
115
154
170
$80
90
117
(*)
$2
2
1
10
11
121
1
1
200
139
167
133
104
135
69
225
262
276
335
390
154
169
169
192
192
244
160
41
46
49
25
408
480
692
1.364
206
235
252
375
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
155
158
187
118
117
134
(*)
2
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
700
360
150
175
144
196
3
5
178
213
258
240
301
(*)
212
49
41
31
24
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
130
152
185
215
240
103
115
129
146
162
(*)
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
318
180
216
32
24
28
269
273
344
175
173
190
210
4
$21
25
37
47
59
79.2
78.3
76.0
71.2
69.5
33
67
4
9
15
27
41
131
68.5
64.5
61.2
57.3
49.2
65
90
233
694
49
44
82
97
137
155
207
295
50.5
49.0
36.4
27.5
70
83
96
110
20.8
1.2
1.0
21.7
24.0
27.6
29.5
.4
3.8
4.0
9.9
17.2
31.1
31.7
34.8
32.8
33.6
15.9
18.7
33.7
50.9
33.6
32.3
29.9
(*)
21.6
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p ;
W a g e ea rn er
101
111
21
80
86
4
13
7
12
11
20.8
25
37
41
53
79. 2
77.5
76.1
74.1
71.6
63
79
83
98
70.4
67.9
60.0
65.1
(*)
27
37
50
79.2
75.7
69.8
(*)
.
1
1.6
5.4
2.3
22. 5
23.9
25.9
28.3
29.6
30.5
34.6
32.6
C le r ic a l
6
3
2
18
4
47
6
2
6
5
12
10
33
76
67. 5
.8
76
96
107
65.1
63.4
55.2
6.7
1.5
13.7
28.2
35.1
31.1
See p. 139 for notes on this table.
♦Average amounts of less than
20.8
24.3
27.0
30.4
31.7
66 68.2
$1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
3.2
1.4
124
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
5.— H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n : Average m oney expenditure for groups of
items of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by
occupation, fa m ily type, and income, in 1 year, 1935—36 — C on tin u ed
able
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
1
Eligi
ble
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
2
(3)
( )
( )
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
Fuel,
help
light,
Other
and
Total
Percent items
refrig
Average age of
era
tion amount families
having
Fuel,
light, Paid
and house Other
refrig hold items
era
help
tion
(4)
(5)
$213
225
249
232
324
$140
149
162
144
193
342
403
466
625
724
1,313
181
164
214
316
259
335
152
232
229
289
320
150
148
164
186
6
( )
8
( )
(7)
(9)
10
( )
(ID
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s
a n d p r o fes sio n a l
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749 __________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2^250-$2,499___________
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over-------------
136
80
52
33
66
102
62
12
21
12
16
20
10
$9
2
22
39
93
101
158
261
690
4
$64
76
85
34
109
5
88
122
65.7
66.2
4.2
65.1
62.1
59.6
.8
6.8
30.1
33.8
34.1
37.9
33.6
30
43
70
54
79
92
146
151
151
204
288
52.9
40.7
45.9
50.5
35.4
25.5
11.4
23.1
21.7
25.3
35.7
52.6
35.7
36.2
32.4
24.2
28.9
21.9
5
13
18
52
65
70
114
118
65.8
64.7
64.6
56.8
58.1
7.3
4.8
3.8
5.0
34. 2
28.0
30.6
39.4
36.9
S a la ried b u s in e s s
12
20
26
22
100
$1,250-$1,499_ ________
$1,500-$1,749__...........
$1,750-$l ,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
48
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and o v e r .._____
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
341
382
389
414
671
1,413
193
194
37
188
238
385
57
58
235
720
100
56
54
13
15
31
194
190
232
255
299
124
124
161
152
192
1
12
9
5
25
5
16
13
353
392
382
412
669
1,315
207
216
264
480
68
82
90
96
24
12
201
17
11
11
16
66
20
37
33
44
44
96
111
122
131
168
198
308
56.6
50.1
51.7
45.4
35.5
27.2
10.8
17.1
14.6
14.0
35.0
51.0
32.6
32.8
33.7
40.6
29.5
21.8
S a la ried p r o fe s s io n a l
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999
...........
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499.... ............ .
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over________
F a m ily ty p e :
68
70
56
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
13
22
23
10
14
16
3
202
210
30
51
39
61
176
581
22
49
33
32
61
100
69
54
71
78
102
121
131
136
135
229
254
63.9
65.3
69.4
59.6
64.2
.5
6.3
57.2
53.6
54.2
52.4
39.5
36.5
8.5
13.0
9.8
1.7
10.2
14.8
26.4
44.2
35.6
28.4
30.6
30.6
34.1
34.3
33.4
35.6
32.8
34.1
19.3
T ype I
$500-$749
_________
$750-$999_
_________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1.500-$1.749___________
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
88
109
150
171
200
75
13
21
88
116
116
130
2
2
34
53
70
85.2
80. 7
77. 3
67.8
65.0
1.2
14.8
19.3
22.7
31.0
35.0
125
TABULAE SU M M A R Y
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T a b l e 5 .— H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n : Average m oney expenditure for groups of
items of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by
occupation, fa m ily type, and income, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -3 6 — C on tin u ed
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
F a m ily typ e;
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Eligi
ble
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
Fuel,
Fuel,
heIP
light,
light, Paid
and
Other
and house Other
Total refrig
Percent items refrig hold items
Average age of
era
era
help
tion amount families
tion
having
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
T y p e 1—
Continued
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
$231
266
264
319
397
$151
160
156
179
185
C)
$17
1
26
80
7
12
16
38
63
$80
89
107
114
132
65.4
60.2
59.1
56.1
46.6
(*)
6.4
.4
8.2
20.2
34.6
33.4
40.5
35.7
33.2
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over________
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
403
467
579
1, 225
205
166
198
307
60
122
226
649
44
61
93
83
138
179
155
269
50.9
35.6
34.2
25.1
14.9
26.1
39.0
53.0
34.2
38.3
26.8
21.9
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499_________
$1,500-$1,749___________
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
109
115
149
160
192
83
88
112
119
130
7
6
26
27
37
41
55
76.1
76.5
(*)
75.2
74.4
67.7 • 3.6
23. 9
23.5
24.8
25. 6
28.7
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
229
274
305
366
425
156
178
176
198
186
3
13
27
52
115
5
12
27
35
48
70
83
102
116
124
68.1
65.0
57.7
54.1
43.8
1.3
4.7
8.9
14.2
27.0
30.6
30.3
33.4
31.7
29.2
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over_______
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
486
485
822
1, 449
214
216
259
392
123
. H4
345
726
82
58
89
100
149
155
218
331
44.0
44.5
31.5
27.1
25.3
23.5
42.0
50.1
30.7
32.0
26.5
22.8
$500-$749 ____________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249____ .
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
107
125
171
183
210
83
97
131
131
157
77.6
77.6
76. 6
71.6
74.8
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
212
246
261
322
356
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999_____ _____
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over____ _
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
346
484
658
1,378
T y p e s I I and I I I
1
(*)
T y p e s I V and V
5
2
4
24
28
40
47
53
154
169
172
197
203
1
4
23
17
3
4
12
17
58
76
85
102
136
199
283
282
392
19
58
145
697
24
27
68
100
128
143
231
289
3
O
O
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
2.7
(*)
22.4
22.4
23. 4
25.7
25. 2
72. 6
68.7
65.9
61.2
57.0
.4
1.5
7.1
4.8
27. 4
30.9
32.6
31.7
38.2
57.5
58.5
42.3
28.4
5.5
12.0
21.8
50.6
37.0
29.5
35.9
21.0
(*)
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
126
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
a b l e
6.— C lo th in g : A verag e m o n e y expenditure f o r clothing f o r husband and
w ife and other f a m i ly m em bers, and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re,
b y o ccu p ation , f a m i l y ty p e , and in c o m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational
group,
family, type, and in
come class
(1)
Average money expenditure for
clothing i
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
All
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(2).
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
A l l fa m ilies
$500-$749— ........... .........
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
560
1,236
1,498
1, 660
1,254
30
64
82
138
133
$60
67
93
120
151
$27
24
32
44
48
$18
27
38
46
59
$15
16
23
30
44
45.0
35.8
34.4
36.7
31.8
30.0
40.3
40.9
38.3
39.1
25.0
23.9
24.7
25.0
29.1
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
1, 294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
173
208
236
258
294
60
68
80
83
99
65
79
86
91
110
48
61
70
84
85
34.7
32.7
33.9
32.2
33.7
37.6
38.0
36.4
35.3
37.4
27.7
29.3
29.7
32.5
28.9
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999_____ ____ _
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over------------
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
341
432
549
810
117
146
183
253
130
124
199
295
94
162
167
262
34.3
33.8
33.3
31.2
38.1
28.7
36.3
36.4
27.6
37.5
30.4
32.4
$500-$749______________
$750-$999___ __________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-11,749___________
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
61
68
92
119
157
27
23
31
45
46
18
27
36
44
61
16
18
25
30
50
44.3
33.8
33.7
37.8
29.3
29.5
39.7
39.1
37.0
38.9
26.2
26.5
27.2
25.2
31.8
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
179
209
257
275
60
62
86
71
68
73
109
80
33.5
29.7
33.5
25.8
38.0
34.9
42.4
29.1
28.5
35.4
24.1
45.1
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
64
97
120
132
172
25
34
44
48
64
25
45
49
48
63
14
18
27
36
45
39.1
35.0
36.7
36.4
37.2
39.1
46.4
40.8
36.4
36.6
21.8
18.6
22.5
27.2
26.2
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499......... ..........
$2,500-$2,999___________
318
180
216
32
24
28
218
235
256
71
79
86
86
71
88
61
85
82
32.6
33.6
33.6
39.4
30.2
34.4
28.0
36.2
32.0
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749......... ..........
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
119
171
148
188
214
48
53
56
73
51
49
80
56
72
75
22
38
36
43
88
40.3
31.0
37.8
38.8
23.8
41.2
46.8
37.8
38.3
35.1
18.5
22.2
24.4
22.9
41.1
$2,500-$2,999................
$3,000-$3,499........... .........
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over...... .........
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
264
321
332
402
509
732
89
104
118
117
153
253
108
131
134
109
191
250
67
86
80
176
165
229
33.7
32.4
35.5
29.1
30.1
34.6
40.9
40.8
40.4
27.1
37.5
34.1
25.4
26.8
24.1
43.8
32.4
31.3
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
51
74
62
124 ,
C le r ic a l
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s
a n d p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 139 for notes on this table.
TABULAE SUMMARY
127
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
6.— C lo th in g : A v era g e m o n e y exp en d itu re fo r clothing f o r husband and
w ife and other f a m i ly m em bers, and percentage d istribution o f such ex p en d itu re,
by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 —3 6 — Continued
a b l e
Number of families
Occupational
group,
family, type, and in
come class
(1)
Average money expenditure for
clothing
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
All
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s
$1,250-$1,499_........... .......
$l'500-$l'749_____ _____
$l'750-$l',999___________
$2'000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
$110
166
164
191
233
$40
63
60
67
90
$46
68
66
89
81
$24
35
38
35
62
36.4
37.9
36.6
35.1
38.6
41.8
41.0
40.2
46.6
34.8
21.8
21.1
23.2
18.3
26.6
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3'000-$M99___________
$3^500-$3,999___________
$4'000-$4'999___________
$5j000-$7,499 _________
$7,500 and over. _____
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
261
296
350
471
587
810
95
109
123
178
230
259
98
110
144
138
219
331
68
77
83
155
138
220
36.4
36.8
35.1
37.8
39.2
32.0
37.5
37. 2
41. 2
29.3
37.3
40.8
26.1
26.0
23. 7
32.9
23.5
27.2
$1,250-$1,499....................
$1,500-$1,749___________
$lj750-$lj999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499__________
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
151
149
155
207
189
41
52
47
82
72
70
62
60
78
74
40
35
48
47
43
27.2
34.9
30.3
39.6
38.1
46.3
41.6
38.7
37.7
39.1
26.5
23.5
31.0
22.7
22.8
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499................ .
$7,500 and over________
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
217
273
328
396
563
1,110
74
82
102
120
158
225
84
93
91
118
178
288
59
98
135
158
227
597
34.1
30.0
31.1
30.3
28.1
20.3
38.7
34.1
27. 7
29.8
31.6
25.9
27.2
35.9
41.2
39.9
40.3
53.8
$500-$749______________
$750-$999.______ ______
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
56
57
74
109
152
27
29
31
54
62
27
28
42
55
90
2
48.2
50.9
41.9
49.5
40.8
48. 2
49.1
56.7
50.5
59.2
3.6
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,500-$2,499___________
$2,250-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499____ ______
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
176
189
230
204
273
81
88
107
102
120
94
103
122
100
144
1
46.0
46.6
46.5
50.0
44.0
53.4
53.4
53.1
49.0
52.7
.6
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999....................
$5,000-87,499___________
$7,500 and over________
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
325
285
524
801
153
155
276
394
166
108
248
407
6
22
47.1
54.4
52.7
49.2
51.1
37.9
47.3
50.8
1.8
7.7
fc500-$749.........................
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249__......... .......
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749„........... . _
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
69
61
113
129
130
34
21
38
46
44
33
24
47
52
51
22
16
28
31
35
49.3
34.4
33.6
35.7
33.9
18.8
39.4
41.6
40.3
39.2
31.9
26.2
24.8
24.0
26.9
$1,750-$1,999__......... .......
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499____ ____ __
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
166
214
231
262
283
58
72
87
88
109
61
84
85
106
110
47
58
59
68
64
34.9
33.6
37.7
33.6
38.5
36.8
39.3
36.8
40.4
38.9
28.3
27.1
25.5
26.0
22.6
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499_________ _
$7,500 and ov er.............
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
358
404
509
570
121
166
158
167
354
145
221
253
83
93
130
150
33.8
41.1
31.1
29.3
43.0
35.9
43.4
44.4
23.2
23.0
25.5
26.3
S a la ried p r o fe s s io n a l
F a m ily ty p e : T y p e I
1
1
2
9
1.4
.4
1.0
3.3
T y p e s I I and I I I
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
128
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T able 6.— C lo th in g :
A v era g e m o n e y exp en d itu re f o r clothing f o r husba nd and
w ife and other f a m i l y m em bers, and percentage distribution o f such exp en d itu re,
b y o ccup ation , f a m i l y ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Number of families
Occupational
group,
family, type, and in
come class
(1)
T yp es I V and
Average money expenditure for
clothing
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
All
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
V
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
$49
94
84
119
173
$10
21
20
32
40
$13
29
19
31
38
$26
44
45
56
95
20.4
22.3
23.8
26.9
23.1
26.5
30.9
22.6
26.0
22.0
53.1
46.8
53.6
47.1
54.9
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499__......... .......
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
179
219
244
296
320
40
45
57
66
74
42
53
65
74
82
97
121
122
156
164
22.3
20.5
23.4
22.3
23.1
23.5
24.2
26.6
25.0
25.6
54.2
55.3
50.0
52. 7
51.3
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000-$7,499___________
$7,500 and over________
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
338
525
599
914
88
128
144
240
84
118
149
274
166
279
306
400
26.0
24.4
24.0
26.2
24.9
22.5
24.9
30.0
49.1
53.1
51.1
43.8
TABULAR SUMMARY
129
P R O V ID E N C E , R . 1 /
T
7.— Personal care: A v era g e m o n e y exp en d itu re f o r toilet articles and
prep a ration s , and services , and percentage distribution o f such exp en d itu re , by
occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e y and in co m e , in 1 y e a r f 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
a b l e
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Average money expenditure for Percentage of total
personal-care ex
sonal care
penditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
Services1
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
Toilet
Toilet
articles
articles
and prep Services1 and prep
arations
arations
(6)
(7)
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749.................................
$750-$999__________ ______ _
$1,000-$1,249............. .................
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
560
1,236
1,498
1,660
1, 254
30
64
82
138
133
$16
19
25
30
34
$6
8
12
14
14
$10
11
13
16
20
37.5
42.1
48.0
46.8
41.2
62.5
57.9
52.0
53.2
58.8
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499...................... ..........
$2,500-$2,999_________ ________
$3,000-$3,499............. .................
1,294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
37
41
44
47
50
17
20
21
23
27
20
21
23
24
23
45.9
48.8
47.7
48.9
54.0
54.1
51.2
52.3
51.1
46.0
$3,500-$3,999,._............. ..............
$4,000-$4,999_____ ____________
$5,000-$7,499_...............................
$7,500 and over_______________
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
54
69
81
113
30
41
49
71
24
28
32
42
55.6
59.4
60.5
62.8
44.4
40.6
39.5
37.2
$500-$749____ ____ ___________
$750-$999_____ ________ ____ _
$1,000-$1,249____ _____ _______
$1,250-$1,499_______ _____ _____
$1,500-$1,749__________________
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
16
18
25
30
35
6
8
12
15
14
10
10
13
15
21
37.5
44.4
48.0
50.0
40.0
62.5
55.6
52.0
50.0
60.0
$1,750-$1,999_________ ____ _
$2,000-$2,249_____ ____________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
35
40
40
47
16
19
20
20
19
21
20
27
45.7
47.5
50.0
42.6
54.3
52.5
50.0
57.4
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999_____ ____ _______
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
20
25
31
32
40
8
9
13
14
18
12
16
18
18
22
40.0
36.0
41.9
43.8
45.0
60.0
64.0
58.1
56.2
55.0
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2 250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
318
180
216
32
24
28
44
44
48
21
20
23
23
24
25
47.7
45.5
47.9
52.3
54.5
52.1
$1,250-$1,499.................................
$1,500-$l,749_._............... ............
$1,750-$1,999__.................. ..........
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
28
36
33
34
55
12
17
16
16
27
16
19
17
18
28
42.9
47.2
48.5
47.1
49.1
57.1
52.8
51.5
52.9
50.9
$2,500-$2,999______ ___________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999-______ _________
$4,000-$ 4 ,9 9 9_____ _________
$5,000-$7,499.............................
$7,500 and over______ ^ _.........
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
46
57
54
56
74
100
24
32
32
30
45
63
22
25
22
26
29
37
52.2
56.1
59.3
53.6
60.8
63.0
47.8
43.9
40.7
46.4
39.2
37.0
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
ea rn er
W age
C le r ic a l
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s a n d
p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 139 for notes on this tat)le.
130
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T able 7.— P erson al care:
A verag e m o n e y expend iture fo r toilet articles and
p rep a ra tion s , and services , and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re , b y
o ccu p ation f a m i l y ty p e , and in c o m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 S 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Average money expenditure for
personal care
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
Services
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Percentage of total
personal-care ex
penditure
Toilet
articles
Services
and prep
arations
(7)
(6)
Toilet
articles
and prep
arations
(8)
S a la rie d b u s in e s s
$1,250-$1,499............... ..................
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
$33
35
37
41
47
$14
17
17
20
23
$19
18
20
21
24
41.6
48.6
45.9
48.8
48.9
58.4
51.4
54.1
51.2
51.1
$2,500-$2,999___________ _______
$3,000-$3,499____________ _____
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and o v e r...____ ________
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
51
52
54
84
87
118
26
28
29
55
54
77
25
24
25
29
33
41
51.0
53.8
53.7
65.5
62.1
65.3
49.0
46.2
46.3
34.5
37.9
34.7
$1,250-$1,499___ ____ __________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
32
28
38
41
40
13
12
17
21
19
19
16
21
20
21
40.6
42.9
44.7
51.2
47.5
59.4
57.1
55.3
48.8
52.5
$2,500-$2,999____ ____ _________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
44
43
55
59
83
132
21
24
30
30
47
67
23
19
25
29
36
65
47.7
55.8
54.5
50.8
56.6
50.8
52.3
44.2
45.5
49.2
43.4
49.2
$500-$749____________ _________
$750-$999_____ ________ ______
$1,000-$1,249........ ........................
$1,250-$1,499___________ ______
$1,500-$1,749........ ................. .......
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
15
17
21
29
30
6
8
9
13
12
9
9
12
16
18
40.0
47.1
42.9
44.8
40.0
60.0
52.9
57.1
55.2
60.0
$1,750-$1,999________ _________
$2,000-$2,249...... ............ ...........
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999_______ __________
$3,000-$3,499___ ____ __________
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
35
37
38
40
46
16
17
19
20
27
19
20
19
20
19
45.7
45.9
50.0
50.0
58.7
54.3
54.1
50.0
50.0
41.3
$3,500-$3,999________ _____ _
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over............. .............
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
49
75
105
104
24
54
71
61
25
21
34
43
49.0
72.0
67.6
58.7
51.0
28.0
32.4
41.3
$500-$749.......................................
$750-$999......... ............................
$1,000-$1,249.................................
$1,250-$1,499............... .................
$1,500-$1,749.................................
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
17
18
29
31
34
7
8
14
15
16
10
10
15
16
18
41.2
44.4
48.3
48.4
47.1
58.8
55.6
51.7
51.6
52.9
$1,750-$1,999.................................
$2,000-$2,249.... ............................
$2,250-$2,499...... ...........................
$2,500-$2,999_________ ________
$3,000-$3,499................................
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
36
37
45
45
48
17
18
22
21
26
19
19
23
24
22
47.2
48.6
48.9
46.7
54.2
52.8
51.4
51.1
53.3
45.8
S a la ried p r o fe s s io n a l
F a m ily T y p e :
T ype
I
T yp es I I and I I I
TABULAR SUMMARY
131
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
7.— Personal care: A verag e m o n e y
expen d itu re f o r toilet articles and
p rep a ration s, and services, and percentage d istribu tion o f such exp en d itu re, by
occu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
a b l e
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
T ypes H a n d
III—
Average money expenditure for Percentage of total
personal-care ex
personal care
penditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(2)
(3)
(4)
Toilet
articles
Services and
prep Services
arations
(5)
(7)
(6)
Toilet
articles
and prep
arations
(8)
Continued
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
$60
58
64
100
$36
30
36
63
$24
28
28
37
60.0
51.7
56.2
63.0
40.0
48.3
43.8
37.0
$500-$749........................ ..............
$750-$999______ ______ _______
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________ _______
$1,500-$1,749__________________
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
16
22
25
31
37
4
9
13
14
15
12
13
12
17
22
25.0
40.9
52.0
45.2
40.5
75.0
59.1
48.0
54.8
59.5
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
39
48
48
54
55
17
24
22
26
29
22
24
26
28
26
43.6
50.0
45.8
48.1
52.7
56.4
50.0
54.2
51.9
47.3
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499_________ ____ ____
$7,500 and over_______________
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
53
74
80
121
29
43
46
77
24
31
34
44
54.7
58.1
57.5
63.6
45.3
41.9
42.5
36.4
$3,500~$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999_______ ______
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
T yp es I V and V
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
132
P R O V ID E N C E , R. I.
T
8.— A u to m o b ile o p eration an d p u rc h a se : P ercentage o f fa m ilie s o w n in g
and purchasin g a u tom obiles , average m o n e y expend iture f o r all fa m ilie s fo r
operation and p u rch ase , by occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e t and in co m ey in 1 y e a r ,
able
1 9 8 5 -8 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Purchas Opera
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(6)
(5)
Opera
tion 1
Purchase
(net) 2
(7)
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749_______ _____________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__................... .........
$1,250-$1,499___________ ______
$1,500-$1,749__________________
560
1,236
1,498
1, 660
1,254
30
64
82
138
133
13
23
36
45
58
10
7
12
11
$6
30
44
72
94
$6
16
38
53
66
$14
6
19
28
$1,750-$1,999____ _____________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
1, 294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
73
70
72
83
78
16
17
19
22
19
167
170
184
241
265
108
105
115
157
182
59
65
69
84
83
$3,500-$3,999............. ...................
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over___ _________
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
82
88
98
90
29
33
35
42
269
375
451
537
160
195
276
312
109
180
175
225
$500-$749______ ____ _________
$750-$S99_____________________
$1,000-$l,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
13
20
38
43
56
11
10
14
8
6
29
51
74
72
6
16
42
54
59
13
9
20
13
$1,750-$1,999........................... .
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________ ____
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
70
93
71
64
20
19
26
16
182
205
177
237
104
98
104
138
78
107
73
99
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249 _________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
33
31
45
66
79
9
37
24
69
120
150
17
24
55
81
117
20
6
16
12
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999_________________
318
180
216
32
24
28
75
77
93
18
10
31
170
176
281
121
118
172
49
58
109
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499.... ............................
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
60
34
84
43
60
12
13
10
6
17
67
105
162
69
147
52
29
127
65
103
15
76
35
4
44
$2,500-$2,999__................ ...........
$3,000-$3,499_________ ____ ____
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999___________ _____ _
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
86
80
100
92
100
100
15
30
40
27
29
31
213
330
226
293
362
474
168
167
146
190
230
294
45
163
80
103
132
180
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
14
39
33
In d e p e n d e n t b u sin ess a n d
p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 139 for notes on this table.
TABULAR SUMMARY
133
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
8.— A u to m o b ile o p eration a n d p u rc h a se : Percentage o f fa m ilie s ow n in g
and purchasin g a u tom obiles , average m o n e y expend iture f o r all fa m ilie s fo r
operation and p u rch ase , by occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e t and in c o m e , in 1 ye a r ,
1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
able
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Purchas Opera
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(6)
(5)
Opera
tion
Purchase
(net)
(7)
(8)
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s
$1,250-$1,499_________ ______
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
39
59
72
64
68
22
12
18
22
22
$84
98
178
190
226
$41
79
110
111
127
$43
19
68
79
99
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999_______ ______
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_________ _____
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
85
76
70
84
96
89
33
16
26
36
44
45
264
219
288
406
536
578
146
169
151
181
315
318
118
50
137
225
221
260
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999_____ ____________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
54
73
60
80
78
5
23
12
4
17
60
174
102
133
202
46
108
78
131
134
14
66
24
2
68
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
86
79
92
89
100
62
16
23
34
30
62
154
281
272
427
477
577
154
211
199
230
297
350
70
73
197
180
227
$500-$749 ___________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
20
34
46
34
64
i9
12
5
10
42
58
79
117
27
41
66
89
15
17
13
28
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3.000-$3,499__________________
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
76
65
72
97
80
26
14
19
25
30
259
173
233
372
280
132
112
132
211
178
127
61
101
161
102
$3,500-$3,999_____ ____ _______
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
87
84
100
100
56
27
38
12
459
355
649
304
173
172
401
266
286
183
248
38
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499______ ____ ______
$1,500-$1,749_________ ____
252
574
642
654
436
9
25
36
62
55
22
14
39
61
61
4
8
22
16
10
18
44
92
106
10
9
43
60
65
9
3
32
41
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249____ _____________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
73
82
80
80
79
12
22
15
9
9
135
183
191
169
207
108
112
135
145
177
27
71
56
24
30
S a la ried p r o fe s sio n a l
F a m ily typ e.
T ype I
(*)
(*)
T y p e s I I and I I I
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
134
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
a b l e
8.— A u to m o b ile operation and p u rc h a se : P ercentage o f fa m ilie s ow n in g
and pu rch asin g a u tom obiles, average m o n e y expend iture f o r all fa m ilie s f o r
operation and purchase, by occup ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 y e a r ,
1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
T yp es I I and
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Purchas Opera
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(5)
(6)
Opera
tion
Purchase
(net)
(7)
(8)
/ / / —Continued
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
83
84
100
100
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____ _______________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
18
25
20
36
48
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-17,499__________________
$7,500 and over______________
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over__________ _____
Types I V
11
43
53
62
$207
419
450
689
$183
198
227
330
7
9
5
40
24
39
57
5
15
24
32
45
71
63
65
74
76
14
15
21
29
20
125
157
146
195
303
87
93
87
123
189
38
64
59
72
114
79
92
96
83
24
28
18
43
181
354
323
556
131
204
235
320
50
150
88
236
$24
221
223
359
and V
10
25
7
12
135
TABULAR SUMMARY
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
able
9.— R ec rea tio n : A verage m o n e y expen ditu re f o r recreation o f specified typ es,
by occup ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(2)
(1)
Average money expenditure for recreation
Paid admissions
Reporting ex- ,
penditures
Total
(3)
(4)
Movies
Other1
(5)
(6)
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
Other 1
(7)
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$500-$749______________ ____
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-11,249._______ _________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
560
1,236
1,498
1,660
1,254
30
64
82
138
133
$7
16
19
29
45
$3
6
8
12
19
$1,750-$1,999...................... ..........
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499_............... ................
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
1, 294
946
604
774
342
167
133
104
135
69
55
62
71
73
120
21
25
29
29
28
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
196
210
244
160
41
46
49
25
159
166
245
436
42
35
41
35
$500-$749_____ _______________
$750-999.................... ............ .......
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
560
960
1,124
1,014
684
30
34
49
51
35
7
15
18
31
54
3
6
8
11
22
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
700
360
212
178
49
41
31
24
51
63
89
70
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750 $1,999__________________
276
374
428
358
330
30
33
37
44
36
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999___ ____ __________
318
180
216
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749______ ___________
$1,750-$1,999_____ ____ _______
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
$3
1
3
3
$4
6
8
13
21
4
5
6
7
13
5
3
7
10
10
25
29
29
27
69
15
25
20
44
11
48
51
103
91
58
133
254
(*)
$1
2
1
2
(•)
W age
ea rn er
1
1
3
3
1
4
3
4
6
8
15
26
21
21
33
30
3
4
* 7
5
5
2
8
9
22
36
41
26
17
20
25
31
61
8
9
16
15
21
2
3
1
1
5
1
1
1
2
5
6
7
7
13
30
32
24
28
61
50
73
25
24
29
5
4
7
5
4
11
26
18
26
114
90
114
108
60
25
19
25
16
12
22
40
74
45
63
12
19
16
27
30
1
2
5
5
5
1
2
9
1
9
8
17
44
12
19
136
80
52
66
102
62
33
21
12
16
20
10
78
108
102
76
188
439
28
34
37
32
47
41
7
10
15
12
20
49
9
12
11
3
20
137
34
52
39
29
101
212
(*)
(*)
(*)
C le r ic a l
In d e p e n d e n t p r o fes sio n a l a n d
b u sin es s
See p. 139 for notes on this table.
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
1 1 3 9 9 1 °— 41-
-10
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
136
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
9.— R e c re a tio n : A verage m o n e y expen d itu re f o r recreation o f specified t y p e s ,
b y o ccu p ation , fa m i ly ty p e , and in c o m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 —8 6 — Continued
able
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(2)
(1)
Average money expenditure for recreation
Paid adinissions
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(3)
(4)
Movies
Other
(5)
(6)
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
Other
(7)
(8)
S a la rie d b u s in e s s
$1,250-$1,499__________ _______
$1,500-$1,749____ _____________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
48
68
82
90
96
12
20
26
22
24
$34
33
48
71
80
$21
13
25
29
31
$1
3
3
8
5
$1
2
2
6
9
$11
15
18
28
35
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_______________
150
152
104
96
92
82
28
25
19
16
13
12
79
138
176
258
313
400
35
30
46
39
41
26
7
19
19
38
15
37
11
11
8
95
101
97
26
78
103
86
156
240
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999________ _________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
56
54
68
70
56
13
15
31
22
13
27
35
46
80
68
10
16
22
33
22
2
2
3
9
7
1
5
5
5
7
14
12
16
33
32
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over. _ _ __ _______
94
110
40
48
50
16
22
23
10
14
16
3
60
103
187
105
236
608
17
20
36
32
30
57
7
8
4
17
29
66
13
6
20
13
22
23
67
127
43
155
485
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,?49__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
204
392
490
520
412
10
17
18
33
32
5
17
18
29
37
3
3
10
16
19
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
372
312
160
232
100
32
37
22
36
17
49
64
92
74
120
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,C00-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over___ ______ __
56
48
64
32
12
8
10
6
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
252
574
642
654
436
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over_____ _____ __
S a la rie d p r o fe s s io n a l
F a m ily ty p e :
T ype I
1
3
3
3
1
6
5
10
12
20
25
39
23
18
6
7
10
8
18
6
1
8
17
8
17
31
35
26
76
173
116
266
327
48
21
34
31
21
25
19
33
6
5
72
42
98
65
141
221
9
25
36
62
55
10
13
19
30
40
2
6
7
12
16
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
g
6
9
15
21
546
312
198
234
112
75
56
39
43
27
55
59
58
62
122
19
22
22
26
29
3
4
4
7
12
6
5
6
7
17
27
28
26
22
64
64
66
82
38
17
21
17
6
193
228
241
300
30
39
38
28
12
8
17
41
14
129
66
105
137
52
120
126
C)
(*)
3
8
(*)
T y p e s I I and I I I
(*)
(*)
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0,1 are not shown,
137
TABULAR SUMM ARY
P R O V ID E N C E , R . I.
T
9.— R ecrea tio n i Average m oney expenditure for recreation of specified types,
by occupation, fa m ily typ e , and incom e , in 1 year , 1 9 3 5 -3 6 — C on tin u ed
able
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(2)
(1)
T ypes I V
Average money expenditure for recreation
Paid admissions
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(3)
(4)
Movies
Other
(5)
(6)
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
Other
(7)
(8)
and V
$500-$749_______ ___________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-11,749__________________
104
270
366
486
406
11
22
28
43
46
$3
19
19
26
58
$2
12
7
10
23
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499___ _____ ________
376
322
246
308
130
60
40
43
56
25
62
63
69
81
118
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000-$7,499__________________
$7,500 and over__________ ___
76
96
98
90
12
17
22
13
119
148
235
533
2
2
$1
6
11
12
6
24
28
28
35
34
3
5
5
6
11
4
3
7
9
6
31
27
29
31
67
46
40
48
39
13
36
23
50
14
13
25
123
46
59
139
321
* Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
(*)
C)
$1
2
2
$1
(*)
F ootnotes fo r Tables in E xpend iture T a b u la r S u m m ary
P r o v id e n c e
tab le
l
1 See glossary, appendix B, for eligibility requirements.
2 Money income is equal to the sum of money expenditure (column 7) plus net surplus or deficit (column
8) plus net balancing difference (column 9).
3 Nonmoney income from housing includes imputed income from owned family or vacation homes plus
rent received as pay or gift (average amounts based on all families, whether or not they reported such non
money income).
4 Includes purchases on cash or credit basis. Does not include money disbursements resulting in an
increase in family assets or a decrease in liabilities. (Examples of disbursements not treated as expenditures
will be found in the glossary, appendix B.)
5 See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of surplus and deficit.
• Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts and reported money disburse
ments. See glossary, appendix B. A maximum balancing difference within 5.5 percent was allowable on
each schedule.
T ABLE 1-A
1 A surplus represents an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities, or both; a deficit represents a de
crease in assets or an increase in liabilities, or both.
2 Some families reported neither surplus nor deficit for the year; therefore the sum of columns 5 and 6 does
not always equal 100 percent.
3 Since the average amounts in these two columns are based on the number of families reporting surplus
or deficit, respectively, they do not add to the average net surplus or deficit shown in column 4 for all fam
ilies.
TABLE 2
1 The averages in this table include money expenditures for goods and services purchased on either cash or
credit basis. They do not include value of goods and services received without money expenses. Averages
are based on all families, whether or not they reported expenditures for the specified categories.
2 Housing expenditures include the money expense of home owners and rent contracted for by renting
families for family home and other housing. The value of fuel, light and refrigeration is included when
furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate.
3Includes all expenditures for operation and maintenance (see table 8), and the net purchase price (gross
price less trade-in allowance) of automobiles bought during the schedule year. The proportion of auto
mobile expense chargeable to business has been deducted. See glossary, appendix B.
4 Includes paid admissions, equipment and supplies for games, sports and other recreation, club dues,
and the like. Does not include expense for transportation, food, or lodging while on vacation.
* Taxes include only poll, income, and personal property taxes. All other taxes, such as those on real
estate, amusements and retail sales taxes are included as a part of the expenditure for these items. Gifts
do not include gifts from one member of the economic family to another.
TABLE 3
1 Includes expenditures for board at school, which amounted to less than 5 percent of average food expense
for all families with incomes of less than $7,500. Among families in the business and professional catagories.
it amounted at most to an average of $239, at the income level $7,500 and over. For families of types IV and
V, it amounted at most to an average of $151, at the income level $7,500 and over.
2 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure.
TABLE 4
1 Includes housing expenditure for both owners and renters. Average amounts for renting families are
based on rental rate contracted for. Value of fuel, light and refrigeration is included when furnished by the
landlord and included in the rental rate. See table 4-A for percentage of families for whom those facilities
were included as part of the rental rate.
2 See table 4-A for separation of expense for owning and renting families.
3 Includes net money expenditure for owned or rented vacation homes, lodging while traveling or on
vacation, and room at school.
4 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. Includes nonmoney income from owned
vacation homes, which amounted at most to an average of $34 for all families, at the income level $7,500
and over.
8 Percentages based on the average value of all housing (column 6).
TABLE 4-A
1 These two percentages do not always add to 100, since families that both owned and rented during the
year, or received rent as gift or pay, are not included in columns 4 through 7.
2 Percentages based on renting families reporting these facilities included in rent at the end of the schedule
year.
138
TABULAR SUMMARY
139
TABLE 5
1 Excludes value of fuel, light and refrigeration furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate.
Fuel received without money expense is not included in this average, but amounted to less than 5
percent of money expense for fuel, light and refrigeration for all families.
1 See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
TABLE 6
1 Value of clothing gifts from one family member to another are included in the average expenditure for
the member receiving such gifts. Gifts of clothing to or from individuals outside the economic family
are excluded.
* For families of type I, averages and percentages shown in columns 7 and 10 are for individuals who were
members of the economic family less than 27 weeks, and were therefore not considered equivalent members
in determining family type. See glossary, appendix B, for method of classifying families by type.
TABLE 7
1 See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
TABLE 8
1 To obtain the average expense of operation for families owning automobiles, divide the average shown in
this column by the corresponding figure in column 4 and multiply by 100.
2 To obtain the average net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) for families purchasing
automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 5 and multiply
by 100.
TABLE 9
1 See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
140
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
N E W
T
a b l e
E N G L A N D ,
2
M ID D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
1. — B alan ce o f fa m ily in c o m e and ex p en d itu re: N u m b er o f eligib le
fa m ilie s , nu m ber rep o rtin g ex p e n d itu r e s , average net m o n ey a n d n o n m o n e y in
co m e , average m o n e y ex p en d itu re f o r fa m ily liv in g , net s u rp lu s or d eficit , and ba la n cin g
d iffe r en ce , by o c c u p a tio n , fa m ily t y p e , and in c o m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 -8 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Average net income
Non
M oneys money
from
housing *
Eligible i
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Average Average Average
money net sur net bal
expendi plus or ancing
ture for deficit
differ
family
ence 8
(-)*
living 4
(7)
(8)
(9)
A l l families
$250-$499__________ ____
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$399
653
897
1,126
1,353
$377
606
885
1,095
1,331
$22
47
12
31
22
$754
758
982
1,182
1,368
-$374
-141
-8 6
-6 8
-2 2
—$3
-1 1
-1 1
-1 9
-1 5
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
1,607
1,865
2,114
2, 372
2, 700
1,570
1,832
2,051
2,290
2, 615
37
33
63
82
85
1, 621
1, 923
1,941
2,129
2, 505
-3 1
-8 2
121
170
126
-2 0
-9
-1 1
-9
-1 6
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over__ '_____ __
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
3, 212
3, 742
4,274
7,015
3,100
3, 663
4,114
6, 708
112
79
160
307
2,945
3,061
3,385
5,123
180
563
666
1,619
-2 5
39
63
-3 4
$250-$499___________________
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499________________
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
399
654
898
1,125
1,354
377
607
885
1,087
1, 323
22
47
13
38
31
753
738
981
1,160
1, 364
-373
-121
-8 4
-5 4
-2 7
-3
-1 0
-1 2
-1 9
-1 4
$1,500-$1,749________________
$1, 750-$l,999__________ ____
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
1,606
1,869
2,105
2, 367
1, 564
1,857
2,038
2, 279
42
12
67
88
1,598
1,961
1,928
2, T02
-8
-111
120
186
-2 6
7
-1 0
-9
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
640
890
1,147
1, 344
1,606
595
886
1,135
1,340
1, 597
45
4
12
4
9
894
981
1, 254
1, 370
1,694
-274
-9 0
-9 6
-1 5
-9 4
-2 5
-5
-2 3
-1 5
-3
$1,750-$1,999_______________
S2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
156
134
76
32
23
23
1,869
2,133
2,390
1,833
2, 085
2, 298
36
48
92
1, 756
1,937
2, 099
90
164
213
-1 3
-1 6
-1 4
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$! ,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
1,095
1,336
1, 603
1,869
2,063
1.066
1,319
1,508
1, 754
1,963
29
17
95
115
100
1,175
1, 339
1, 609
1, 733
1,759
-9 8
3
-7 8
21
208
-1 1
-2 3
-2 3
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499________________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over____________
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
2, 378
2,708
3,193
2,288
2,633
3,104
90
75
89
2,162
2,610
3,019
110
60
110
179
338
3,090
3,922
Occupational group: W age
earner
Clerical
Independent business
professional
and
(t )
4, 263
6,631
(t)
4,084
6, 293
(t )
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
*Averages of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t )
(t)
932
2,284
(*)
-4
16
-3 7
-2 5
(t )
62
87
TA B U LA R
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
2
141
S U M M A R Y
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
1.— B alan ce o f fa m ily in c o m e and ex p e n d itu re: Number of eligible
fam ilies, number reporting expenditures, average net money and nonmoney in
come, average m oney expenditure for fam ily living, net surplus or deficit, and balancing
difference, by occupation, fa m ily type, and, income, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -8 6 — C on tin u ed
a b l e
Number of
families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Average net income
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
Money
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Average
money Average Average
net sur net bal
expendi
ancing
Non
ture for plus or
differ
deficit
money family
ence
(
)
from
living
housing
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Salaried business and pro
fessional
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over. __________
38
98
82
134
96
46
138
76
46
58
54
12
21
24
18
27
13
34
17
14
7
6
$1, 111
1,373
1, 613
1,850
2,141
2, 350
2, 694
3,225
3, 733
4,282
7,270
$1,096
1, 368
1,604
1,820
2,091
2,310
2, 603
3,097
3,701
4,138
6,984
$15
5
9
30
50
40
91
128
32
144
286
$1, 218
1,413
1, 610
2,138
2,095
2, 224
2,438
2,890
3,074
3, 628
5,924
—$93
-2 4
20
-280
7
109
168
231
596
446
1,175
$ -2 9
-2 1
-2 6
-3 8
-1 1
-2 3
-3
-2 4
31
64
-115
58
140
232
338
288
194
166
128
76
60
20
6
28
14
4
13
14
30
27
19
22
24
16
7
5
2
3
2
341
637
896
1,129
1, 333
1, 620
1,871
2,104
2,379
2, 736
3,111
(t)
4, 253
(t)
295
569
892
1,078
1, 292
1, 596
1,836
2,067
2, 264
2, 615
3,045
(t)
4,077
(t)
46
68
4
51
41
24
35
37
115
121
66
(t)
176
(t)
636
703
939
1,157
1,281
1, 625
1, 952
1, 973
1,981
2, 490
2, 667
(t)
2, 601
(t)
-349
-127
-4 2
-6 4
26
-4
-117
109
293
164
396
(t)
1, 394
(t)
8
-7
-5
-1 5
-1 5
-2 5
1
-1 5
-1 0
-3 9
-1 8
(t)
82
(t)
32
118
326
406
406
290
264
222
104
82
48
10
32
28
1
17
35
56
52
61
49
39
23
20
12
4
6
7
(t)
647
902
1,120
1,366
1,596
1,857
2,126
2, 366
2, 681
3,185
3, 790
4, 279
6,263
(t)
628
892
1,114
1,364
1, 576
1,835
2,069
2, 334
2, 624
3, 084
3, 790
4.124
5,940
(t)
(t)
787
996
1,184
1,431
1,617
1,943
1,959
2,153
2.591
2,838
3, 583
3,943
4, 614
(t)
-144
—89
-4 9
-4 5
-1 8
-103
111
190
55
244
147
110
1, 324
(t)
-1 5
-1 5
-2 1
-2 2
30
56
142
200
256
224
218
178
106
86
64
36
46
48
2
5
22
28
40
35
35
33
29
25
12
9
6
3
(t)
(t)
649
859
1,082
1,322
1,539
1,826
2, 016
2,266
2,606
3,129
3, 618
4,129
6,881
(t)
(t)
836
1,019
1,215
1,365
1,622
1.877
1.897
2, 212
2, 435
3,112
2,903
3,473
5, 601
(t)
-173
-147
-111
-3 7
-7 1
-3 3
141
61
165
64
688
610
1, 362
(t)
-1 4
-1 3
-2 2
-6
-1 2
-1 8
-2 2
-7
6
-4 7
27
46
-8 2
Fam ily typ e: T y p e I
$250-$499___________________
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499________________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over____________
T y p es I I and I I I
$250-$499___________________
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_____ _________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over____ ________
19
10
6
2
20
22
57
32
57
101
155
323
-2 3
-5
-1
-9
-2 2
2
60
71
2
T y p es I V and V
$250-$499___________________
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000-$3,499_______________
$3,500-$3,999_______________
$4,000-$4,999_______________
$5,000 and over_________
702
888
1,132
1,353
1, 609
1,871
2.105
2,373
2, 692
3, 263
3, 732
4,282
7, 268
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
53
29
50
31
70
45
89
107
86
134
114
153
387
142
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
N E W E N G L A N D , 2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D C IT IE S
T
1 -A .— N et su rplu s or deficit: Percentage of fam ilies having a surplus or
deficit, and average amounts reported , by occupation , fa m ily typef and incom e , in
1 yeary 1 9 3 5 -8 6 1
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(1)
(2)
Reporting expenditures
(3)
Average
net sur
plus or
deficit
(-)
(4)
Percentage of fami Average amount for
lies having 2—
families having s—
Surplus
Deficit
(6)
(5)
Surplus
(7)
Deficit
(8)
A ll fam ilies
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________ ____
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
-8374
-141
-8 6
-6 8
-2 2
$21
37
47
59
$100
70
62
51
38
$48
55
83
92
$374
215
172
211
202
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999____ _____________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
-3 1
-8 2
121
170
126
57
57
72
75
67
42
43
28
24
31
125
146
240
280
321
241
390
192
168
290
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over__ __ _________
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
180
563
666
1, 619
65
95
84
100
35
5
16
427
632
891
1, 619
281
812
541
$250-$499 ____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
-373
-121
-8 4
-5 4
-2 7
19
35
46
57
100
70
64
50
39
52
51
82
95
373
186
161
184
207
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249____ _____________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
-8
-111
120
186
58
51
69
77
42
49
31
23
134
136
254
302
200
374
182
198
$500-8749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-81,749__________________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
-274
-9 0
-9 6
-1 5
-9 4
30
43
44
69
55
70
52
56
31
45
30
74
76
75
105
404
232
229
215
338
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-82,499__________________
156
134
76
32
23
23
90
164
213
72
84
74
26
16
22
186
220
315
164
133
92
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
-9 8
3
-7 8
21
208
49
60
48
72
78
51
40
44
28
22
94
111
113
144
291
281
162
303
296
81
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________ _____
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999_______ ___________
$4,000-84,999__________________
$5,000 and over______ _________
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
110
60
110
(t)
932
2,284
78
68
71
22
28
29
206
262
315
(t)
1,049
2,284
235
429
386
Occupational group :
W age earner
Clerical
Independent business and pro
fessional
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
90
100
(t)
10
(t)
155
143
TABULAR SUMM ARY
N E W E N G L A N D , 2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D C IT IE S
T
1 - A . — N et su rplu s or d eficit: Percentage of fam ilies having a surplus or
deficit, and average amounts reported , by occupation , fa m ily type , and incom e , in
1 year , 1 9 8 5 -8 6 — C on tin u ed
able
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(1)
(2)
Reporting expenditures
(3)
Average
D8t sur**
nliiQ
piUd \nr
JL
deficit
( ->
(4)
Percentage of fami Average amount for
lies having—
families having—
Surplus
Deficit
Surplus
Deficit
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Salaried business and professional
$1,000-$1,249_______ _____ ____
$1,250-$1,499____ _____ _______
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
38
98
82
134
96
1221
24
18
27
—$93
-2 4
20
-280
7
$66
51
64
43
60
$34
41
36
57
40
$82
102
123
95
203
$430
186
164
563
286
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999_____________ _____
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over__ _ _________
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
109
168
231
596
446
1,175
69
67
61
95
79
100
31
33
39
5
21
225
361
522
678
743
1,175
148
220
222
833
691
$250-$499
__________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
-349
-127
-4 2
-6 4
26
18
41
53
68
100
72
59
47
27
33
51
85
134
349
185
107
232
241
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
194
166
128
76
60
19
22
24
16
7
-4
-117
109
293
164
61
44
68
87
67
39
56
32
9
33
132
156
296
366
334
213
327
281
270
177
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999
______________
$5,000 and over_______________
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
396
(t)
1,394
(t)
70
(t)
100
(t)
30
(t)
614
(t)
1,394
(t)
$250-$499____________ ________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
32
118
326
406
406
1
17
35
56
52
(t)
-144
-8 9
-4 9
-4 5
(t)
(t)
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
290
264
222
104
82
61
49
39
23
20
-1 8
-103
111
190
55
64
70
80
76
60
36
29
20
24
35
111
115
196
288
334
246
638
220
127
417
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over
_ _ ____
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
244
147
110
1, 324
83
75
48
100
17
25
52
319
469
818
1,324
132
820
541
$250-$499........ .............................
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_______________ _____
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
(t)
-173
-147
-111
-3 7
$1,500-$1,749----- ------- --------------$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249___ ____ _________
$2,250-$2,499___________ _____ $2,500-$2,999__________________
224
218
178
106
86
35
35
33
29
25
-7 1
-3 3
141
61
165
44
51
67
65
74
53
49
33
35
26
140
191
266
185
302
253
266
112
173
235
$3,000-$3,499............. ...................
$3,500-$3,999
__ ______
$4,000-$4,999 _____ ____ _______
$5,000 and over________________
64
36
46
48
12
9
6
3
64
688
610
1,362
50
100
100
100
50
482
688
610
1, 362
350
Fa m ily typ e: T y p e I
(t)
113
(t)
(t)
Typ es I I and I I I
6
38
47
60
81
60
51
38
(t)
32
53
79
70
(t)
179
180
170
226
T y p es I V and V
f Average and percentage not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
57
26
37
47
(t)
43
68
57
49
(t)
68
72
86
69
(t)
494
243
251
142
2
E N G L A N D ,
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
T a b l e 2 .— S u m m a ry o f fa m ily expen ditu re: Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occup ation , fa m ily
typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6 1
144
N E W
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(1)
Eligi
ble
(2)
Aver
age
num
ber
of
Report
ing ex persons
per
pendi
tures family
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing 2
(5)
(6)
(7)
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(8)
Fur
nish
Auto Other
ings Cloth mo trans
ing
and
bile 3 porta
tion
Other equip
ment
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
For
Medi Recre To
Read mal
cal
ation4 bacco
ing
edu
care
cation
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Con
tribu
tions Other
and items
per
sonal
taxes5
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.7
3.3
754
758
982
1,182
1,368
293
307
368
424
475
204
166
214
223
256
74
82
99
109
126
28
22
25
34
42
4
9
29
44
56
43
43
74
89
130
1
19
34
68
56
1
7
9
9
13
14
16
22
28
30
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999_______
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.5
1,621
1,923
1,941
2,129
2,505
517
543
606
657
688
273
327
308
314
342
139
157
156
166
182
55
84
75
99
139
58
87
63
90
66
157
180
190
232
243
131
184
201
219
396
17
18
22
23
11
33
40
40
44
50
$3,000-$3,499_______
$3,500-13,999________
$4,000-$4,999_______
$5,000 and over_____
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.3
2, 945
3,061
3,385
5,123
758
805
784
972
403
456
388
925
206
199
202
345
177
138
215
531
119
69
74
219
332
368
386
490
408
388
607
297
29
9
64
50
53
56
83
81
13
12
21
28
36
13
18
23
26
33
11
10
12
14
16
1
1
2
10
14
17
26
40
2
13
1
9
3
83
114
89
71
81
46
53
59
61
90
36
35
39
43
48
18
22
19
22
25
4
6
13
11
41
49
53
58
75
96
5
20
3
2
7
111
164
116
117
107
109
133
98
49
61
53
82
26
28
26
29
13
95
18
12
128
96
148
823
26
20
88
52
43
20 .
33
50
54
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
Number of
families
Percentage of total money expenditures
A l l fa m ilie s
7
35
71
114
119
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.7
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.9
40.6
37.6
35.8
34.8
27.1
21.9
21.9
18.8
18.7
9.8
10.8
10.1
9.2
9.2
3.7
2.9
2.5
2.9
3.1
0.5
1.2
3.0
3.7
4.1
5.7
5.7
7.5
7.5
9.5
0.1
2.5
3.4
5.8
4.1
0.1
.9
.9
.8
1.0
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.2
5.7
2.6
3.4
4.2
3.9
1.7
1.6
2.1
2.4
2.6
1.7
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.1
.1
.1
1.3
1.8
1.7
2.2
2.9
0.3
1.7
.1
.8
.2
$1,600-$1,749. .
$1,750-$1,999 .
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499 .
$2,500-$2,999-_-
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.0
28.2
31.2
30.9
27.6
16.9
17.0
15.9
14.7
13.7
8.6
8.2
8.0
7.8
7.3
3.4
4.4
3.9
4.7
5.5
3.6
4.5
3.2
4.2
2.6
9.7
9.4
9.8
10.9
9.7
8.1
9.6
10.3
10.3
15.8 '
1.0
.9
1.1
1.1
.4
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
5.1
5.9
4.6
3.3
3.2
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.6
2.2
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.2
.3
.7
.5
1.6
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.8
.3
1.0
.2
.1
.3
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over..
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
25.7
26.3
23.1
19.0
13.7
14.9
11.5
18.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
6.7
6.0
4.5
6.3
10.4
4.0
2.3
2.2
4.3
11.3
12.0
11.4
9.6
13.9
12.7
18.0
5.8
1.0
.3
1.9
1.0
1.8
1.8
2.4
1.6
3.8
5.4
3.4
2.3
3.6
3.6
3.9
1.9
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.6
.9
.9
.8
.6
.4
3.1
.5
.2
4.3
3.1
4.4
16.0
.9
.6
2.6
1.0
1
2.
2
1
12
2
Average money expenditure in dollars
Occupational group.
Wage earner
$250-$499_
$500-$749_
$750-$999_
$1,000-$1,249 -$1,250-$1,499_______
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.7
3.3
753
738
981
1,160
1, 364
293
307
382
423
478
204
169
208
207
241
74
82
99
107
125
28
21
25
32
40
4
7
34
51
67
42
43
77
88
141
1
16
20
62
27
1
4
9
7
15
14
16
22
29
30
43
19
32
47
61
13
11
20
30
38
13
18
24
25
36
11
9
11
14
15
2
10
14
16
26
46
$1,500-$1,749_______
$1,750-$1,999.__ . . .
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499_______
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
1,598
1,961
1, 928
2,102
504
553
595
661
262
310
297
263
128
162
149
159
51
79
64
76
44
104
69
101
155
196
196
245
157
189
229
218
18
24
25
30
31
43
41
46
77
96
86
72
51
54
56
68
36
34
36
50
19
25
18
21
6
10
8
4
56
51
55
84
3
31
4
4
1. 1
0.1
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.2
3.4
0.3
.3
.1
1.0
.1
3.5
2.6
2.8
4.0
.2
1.6
.2
S U M M A R Y
120
314
700
944
950
TA B U LA R
$250-$499_
$500-$749
$750-$999
$1,000-$1 249
$1,250-$l,499.—
Percentage of total money expenditures
W age earner
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.7
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.0
41.7
39.1
36.5
35.2
27.1
22.9
21.3
17.8
17.7
9.8
11. 1
10.1
9.2
9.2
3.7
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.9
0.5
.9
3.5
4.4
4.9
5.6
5.8
7.8
7.6
10.3
0.1
2.2
2.0
5.3
1.9
0.1
.5
.9
.6
1.1
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.5
2.2
5. 7
2.6
3.3
4.1
4.5
1. 7
1.5
2.0
2.6
2.8
1.7
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.6
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999_-._
$2,000-$2,249__$2,250-$2,499-
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.5
28.2
30.9
31.4
16.4
15.8
15.4
12.5
8.0
8.3
7.7
7.6
3.2
4.0
3.3
3.6
2.8
5.3
3.6
4.8
9.7
10.0
10.2
11.7
9.8
9.6
11.9
10.4
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.1
4.8
4.9
4.5
3.4
3.2
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.3
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.2
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
.1
1.2
1.3
.9
.4
.5
.4
1.0
.2
.2
1
$250-$499
$500-$749
$750-$999_
__
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499____
4
5
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
N E W
T
a b l e
2 .—
E N G L A N D , 2
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d i t u r e : Average money expenditure for specified groups of goods and services , by occupation , fa m ily
typet and income , in 1 year , 1 9 8 5 -8 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(1)
Eligi
ble
(2)
Aver
age
num
Report ber of
ing ex persons
per
pendi
family
tures
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Fur
nish
Other
ings Cloth Auto trans
mo porta
ing
and
bile
tion
Other equip
ment
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
Medi
Recre
cal
ation
care
(15)
(16)
Con
For tribu
tions
To Read mal
and Other
bacco
ing
edu
items
cation per
sonal
taxes
07)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
C le r ic a l
...........$500-$749
$750-1999___________
$1,000-$1,249_______
$1,250-$1,499_______
$1,500-$1,749------------
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
2.7
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.3
894
981
1, 254
1,370
1,694
310
301
428
483
529
146
245
251
277
294
85
101
112
125
147
27
27
32
39
55
24
10
41
44
101
45
60
95
129
181
39
97
104
73
72
28
9
5
9
19
17
22
30
32
38
22
35
62
41
112
18
21
27
38
45
20
17
30
28
42
14
13
14
16
17
$1,750-$1,999_______
$2,000-$2,249_______
$2,250-12,499_______
156
134
76
32
23
23
3.2
3.5
3.3
1, 756
1,937
2,099
529
618
678
329
323
367
158
146
163
73
90
81
69
54
75
173
174
222
129
192
226
23
21
16
37
42
41
54
73
52
45
66
50
39
35
40
1
2
13
22
21
32
39
86
1
2
3
1
19
19
18
2
18
15
55
63
54
22
3
1
(*)
(*)
Percentage of total money expenditures
C le r ic a l
$500-1749
_____
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249_______
$1,250-$1,499_______
$l,50O-$l,749_______
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
2.7
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. O
34.7
30.8
34.1
35.4
31.2
16.4
25.0
20.0
20.2
17.4
9.5
10.3
8.9
9.1
8.7
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.8
3.2
2.7
1.0
3.3
3.2
6.0
5.0
6.1
7.6
9.4
10.7
4.3
9.9
8.3
5.3
4.2
3.1
.9
.4
.7
1.1
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
3.6
4.9
3.0
6.6
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.8
2.7
2.2
1.7
2.4
2.0
2.5
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
(*)
(*)
0.1
.1
1.5
2.2
1.7
2.3
2.3
9.6
.1
.2
.2
.1
$1,750-$1,999_______
$2,000-$2,249_______
$2,250-$2,499..............
156
134
76
32
23
23
3.2
3.5
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.1
31.9
32.3
18.7
16.7
17.5
9.0
7.5
7.8
4.2
4.6
3.8
3.9
2.8
3.6
9.8
9.0
10.6
7.4
9.9
10.8
1.3
1.1
.8
2.1
2.2
1.9
3.1
3.8
2.5
2.6
3.4
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.9
1.1
1.0
.8
.1
.9
.7
3.1
3.2
2.6
1.3
.2
(*)
F A M IL Y EXPEN DITU RES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
Number of
families
05
Independentbusiness
andprofessional
Average money expenditure in dollars
$1,000-$1,249 ______
$1,250-$1,499_______
$1,500-$1,749_______
$1,750-$1,999_______
$2,000-$2,249_______
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
2.9
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.3
1,175
1,339
1,609
1,733
1,759
416
457
537
503
577
285
289
283
287
315
120
137
160
154
181
52
62
62
84
70
9
32
26
49
30
82
84
138
182
180
55
110
136
212
48
22
5
17
7
11
21
28
31
39
32
33
33
70
56
131
17
26
27
53
43
26
32
39
28
53
13
13
17
15
24
$2,250-$2,499_______
$2,500-$2,999_______
$3,000-$3,499_______
$3,500-13,999_______
$4,000-$4,999_______
$5,000 and over_____
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
3.2
3.6
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.6
2,162
2,610
3,019
(t)
3,090
3,922
694
730
839
(t)
696
1,048
311
373
488
(t)
324
412
205
190
235
(t)
235
328
192
151
273
(t)
272
409
66
55
31
(t)
63
108
189
214
361
(t)
327
437
175
490
280
(t)
554
125
11
11
44
(t)
1
18
42
48
59
(t)
70
108
83
72
131
(t)
50
104
56
88
80
(t)
120
68
43
52
59
(t)
49
159
23
29
41
57
59
1
2
24
2
1
28
29
23
(t)
22
25
6
33
13
(t)
8
5
58
65
75
(t)
190
552
3
9
28
(t)
109
16
Percentage of total money expenditures
$1,000-$1,249_______
$1,250-$1,499........
$1,500-$1,749_______
$1,750-$1,999..... ........
$2,000-12,249_______
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
2.9
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
35.4
34.1
33.4
29.0
32.9
24.2
21.6
17.6
16.6
17.9
10.2
10.2
9.9
8.9
10.3
4.4
4.6
3.9
4.8
4.0
0.8
2.4
1.6
2.8
1.7
7.0
6.3
8.6
10.5
10.2
4.7
8.2
8.4
12.2
2.7
1.9
.4
1.1
.4
.6
1.8
2.1
1.9
2.3
1.8
2.8
2.5
4.4
3.2
7.4
1.4
1.9
1.7
3.1
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
1.6
3.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
1.4
(*)
(*)
0.1
.3
.2
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.3
3.4
0.1
.1
1.5
.1
.1
$2,250-$2,499_______
$2,500-$2,999_______
$3,000-13,499_______
$3,500-$3,999_______
$4,000-$4,999_______
$5,000 and over_____
40
90
56
6
84
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
3.2
3.6
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
(t)
100.0
100.0
32.1
27.9
27.8
(t)
22.6
26.7
14.4
14.3
16.2
(t)
10.5
10.5
9.5
7.3
7.8
(t)
7.6
8.4
8.9
5.8
9.0
(t)
8.8
10.4
3.1
2.1
1.0
(t)
2.0
2.8
8.7
8.2
12.0
(t)
10.6
11.1
8.1
18.8
9.2
(t)
17.9
3.2
.5
.4
1.5
(t)
(*)
.4
1.9
1.8
2.0
(t)
2.3
2.8
3.8
2.8
4.3
(t)
1.6
2.7
2.6
3.4
2.6
(t)
3.9
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
(t)
1.6
4.1
1.3
1.1
.8
(t)
.7
.6
.3
1.3
.4
(t)
.3
.1
2.7
2.5
2.5
(t)
6.1
14.1
.1
.3
.9
(t)
3.5
.4
♦ Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown,
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
TABULAR SUMM ARY
Independentbusiness
andprofessional
1
5
4
(*
(*)
N EW E N G L A N D ,
T able
2
M ID D L E -S IZ E D C IT IE S
2 . — S u m m a r y o f fa m ily exp en d itu re: Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occupation, fa m ily
typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(2)
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Fur
nish
Auto Other
ings Cloth
mo trans
and
ing
bile porta
equip
tion
Other
ment
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
Con
For tribu
Medi
tions
Read mal
Recre To
cal
and Other
ation bacco
ing
edu
items
care
cation per
sonal
taxes
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s a n d
p ro fessio n a l
1,218
1,413
1,610
2,138
2,095
446
457
544
559
635
234
282
284
383
309
107
130
157
144
169
22
42
66
109
83
34
32
69
91
81
102
106
151
153
207
24
156
96
223
242
19
12
9
8
22
31
29
37
39
43
76
57
68
252
90
18
28
43
59
67
33
28
22
37
44
16
19
19
22
19
9
1
1
1
23
47
30
42
54
59
4
2
4
2
S2,250-S2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999._:_____
$5,000 and over_____
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.3
3.2
2, 224
2,438
2,890
3. 074
3,628
5, 924
578
660
699
807
856
922
364
322
341
447
442
1,267
160
177
185
199
176
356
106
131
106
149
167
613
105
73
184
78
83
293
253
262
311
393
436
526
248
335
503
407
652
412
29
11
17
11
116
72
51
51
49
59
94
62
85
87
96
184
171
125
64
91
127
106
142
119
29
46
41
61
56
30
23
23
28
28
28
31
27
47
13
22
26
17
101
116
166
100
112
1,003
1
6
24
23
71
76
0.3
.2
.2
.1
Percentage of total money expenditures
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s a n d
■ p ro fe ssio n a l
$I,00O~$l,249............
$1,250-$1,499......... .
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
38
98
82
134
96
12
21
24
18
27
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.6
32.3
33.8
26.1
30.3
19.2
20.0
17.5
18.0
14.7
8.8
9.2
9.7
6.7
8.1
1.8
3.0
4.1
5.1
4.0
2.8
2.3
4.3
4.3
3.9
8.4
7.5
9.4
7.2
9.9
2.0
11.0
6.0
10.4
11.6
1.6
.8
.5
.4
1.0
2.5
2.1
2.3
1.8
2.0
6.2
4.0
4.2
11.8
4.3
1.5
2.0
2.7
2.8
3.2
2.7
2.0
1.4
1.7
2.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.0
.9
0.7
.1
.1
(*)
1.1
3.9
2.1
2.6
2.5
2.8
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999_._-____
$5,000 and over_____
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.3
3.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26.1
27.1
24.2
26.3
23.6
15.6
16.4
13.2
11.8
14.6
12.2
21.5
7.2
7.3
6.4
6.5
4.9
6.0
4.8
5.4
3.7
4.8
4.6
10.3
4.7
3.0
6.4
2.5
2.3
4.9
11.4
10.7
10.8
12.8
12.0
8.9
11.1
13.8
17.4
13.2
17.9
6.9
1.3
.4
.6
.4
3.2
1.2
2.3
2.1
1.7
1.9
2.6
1.0
3.8
3.6
3.3
6.0
4.7
2.1
2.9
3.7
4.4
3.4
3.9
2.0
1.3
1.9
1.4
2.0
1.5
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
.8
.5
1.2
1.9
.4
.7
.7
.3
4.5
4.8
5.7
3.3
3.1
17.0
(*)
.2
.8
.7
2.0
1.3
C IT IE S
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.5
EN G LA N D
12
21
24
18
27
N E W
38
98
82
134
96
IN
$i,000-$l,249________
$1,250-SI,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-SI,999________
$2,O00-$2,249________
E X P E N D IT U R E S
(1)
Eligi
ble
Aver
age
num
Report ber of
ing ex persons
per
pendi family
tures
F A M IL Y
Iniumber of
families
00
Average money expenditure in dollars
F a m ily typ e: T y p e I
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
636
703
939
1,157
1,281
257
265
308
357
395
188
163
231
223
253
56
77
100
91
112
28
26
28
32
36
3
3
52
60
74
28
45
69
86
133
(*)
23
33
117
49
2
5
7
12
18
12
16
20
29
24
17
24
25
52
58
9
11
23
21
35
8
16
16
15
31
14
11
11
14
15
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999_______
194
166
128
76
60
19
22
24
16
7
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1, 625
1,952
1,973
1,981
2,490
454
473
477
579
581
274
323
345
319
279
126
145
128
152
180
49
79
99
S3
165
70
153
52
87
51
135
163
168
177
236
220
278
369
234
549
27
18
10
19
4
34
35
40
45
40
74
68
66
61
58
54
74
71
47
70
34
34
40
47
45
18
28
24
23
29
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000 and over--------
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2,601
2, 667
595
538
210
119
17
248
464
23
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
546
346
178
242
72
291
439
8
86
47
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t>
48
98
(*)
4
2
16
1
10
15
16
28
47
4
3
(*)
20
1
50
71
83
104
183
2
10
1
2
4
160
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
20
(t)
3
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
75
56
37
30
27
26
54
164
Percentage of total money expenditures
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 0
40.4
37.7
32.8
30.9
30.8
29.6
23. 2
24.6
19.3
19.8
8.8
10.9
10. 7
7.9
8.7
4.4
3.7
3.0
2.8
2.8
0.5
.4
5.5
5.2
5.8
4.4
6.4
7.4
7.4
10.4
(*)
3.3
3.5
10.1
3.8
0.3
.7
.7
1.0
1.4
1.9
2.3
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.7
3.4
2. 7
4.5
4.5
1.4
1.6
2.4
1.8
2.7
1.2
2.3
1.7
1.3
2.4
2.2
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
$1,500-$1,749_.
1
$1,750-$1,999_.
i
$2,000-$l,249_.
19
22
24
16
7
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.9
24.3
24.2
29.2
23.4
16.9
16.6
17. 5
16.1
11.2
7.8
7.4
6.5
7.7
7.2
3.0
4.0
5.0
4.2
6.6
4.3
7.9
2.6
4.4
2.0
8.3
8.4
8. 5
8.9
9.5
13.5
14.2
18.8
11.8
22.0
1.7
.9
.5
.9
.2
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.3
1.6
4.6
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.3
3.3
3.8
3.6
2.4
2.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
2.4
1.8
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.2
1________
194
166
128
76
60
1________
$3,000-$3,499_.
i
$3,500-$3,999_.
1________
ver_____
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
(t)
100.0
(t)
22.3
20.2
(t)
13.3
(t)
7.9
(t)
4.5
(t)
9.3
(t)
.6
(t)
2.8
(t)
9.3
(t)
11. 2
(t)
17.4
(t)
16.9
(t)
.9
(t)
.3
(t)
1.8
(t)
1. 8
(t)
3.2
(t)
3.8
(t)
2.8
(t)
2.1
(t)
1.4
(t)
1.2
(t)
1.0
(t)
1.0
(t)
21.0
(t)
(t)
6.8
(t)
(*)
1.6
2.1
1.7
2.4
3.7
0.6
.4
(*)
1.7
.1
.1
.6
3.1
3.6
4.2
5.2
7.4
.1
.5
.1
.1
.2
(*)
(t)
2.1
(t)
6 0
(t)
6.3
(t)
.7
(t)
.1
S U M M A R Y
$250-$499_.
$500-$749_.
$750-1999..
i
$1,000-$1,249_.
\
$1,250-$1,499_.
TA B U LA R
$250-$499..
$500-$749 _ ______
$750-$999
___
$1,000-$1,249 _____
$1,250-81,499________
(t)
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
CD
NEW E N G LAN D ,
T
able
2
M ID D L E -S IZ E D C IT IE S
2 .— S u m m a r y o f fa m ily exp en d itu re: Average m o n ey expenditure f o r specified groups o f goods and services , by occu p ation , fa m ily
ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Number of
families
(2)
(3)
(4)
Total
(5)
Food
(6)
Hous
ing
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(7)
(8)
Fur
nish
Auto Other
ings Cloth
trans
mo porta
and
ing
bile
equip
tion
Other ment
(10)
(9)
(H)
(12)
(13)
Per Medi
Recre
cal
sonal
ation
care
care
(14)
(15)
To Read
ing
bacco
For
mal
edu
cation
Con
tribu
tions Other
and items
per
sonal
taxes
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(t)
(t)
(t)
13
19
24
32
(t)
2
1
1
Average money expenditure in dollars
T y p e s I I and I I I
1
17
35
56
52
3.0
3.5
3.4
2.5
3.5
(t)
787
996
1,184
1,431
(t)
334
394
445
511
(t)
183
204
224
267
(t)
78
105
116
130
(t)
17
24
34
44
(t)
12
19
33
61
(t)
45
79
92
135
(t)
24
14
43
53
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
290
264
222
104
82
61 1
49
39
23
20
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.6
1,617
1,943
1,959
2,153
2,591
528
543
652
663
728
282
344
333
355
393
138
154
169
174
182
59
90
73
122
171
69
56
72
62
67
159
176
203
213
252
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999........
$5,000 and over.........
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
3.2
3.5
3.1
3.7
2,838
3,583
3,943
4, 614
721
790
831
934
441
466
393
705
192
148
190
273
238
162
258
578
148
89
117
179
343
346
462
496
1
(t)
17
22
26
32
(t)
20
38
52
60
(t)
10
23
36
39
(t)
22
29
36
36
69
164
133
231
350
15
12
18
18
11
34
42
40
43
57
105
191
88
63
101
41
50
59
66
105
37
39
38
42
53
18
21
17
21
24
5
4
9
15
19
54
53
54
64
68
3
4
1
1
10
309
671
684
446
12
83
133
50
52
77
64
103
502
135
140
117
143
191
164
47
54
51
62
24
25
26
26
6
15
6
38
81
117
153
372
6
3
286
4
(t)
(t)
1.0 ______
1.3
0.2
.1
1.2
.1
1.2
(t)
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
(t)
0.2
.2
.3
.1
3.3
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.6
.2
.2
.1
8
13
14
17
2
2
3
2
Percentage of total money expenditures
T y p e s I I and I I I
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$!,499________
32
118
326
406
406
1
17
35
56
52
3.0
3.5
3.4
2.5
3.5
(t)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(t)
42.4
39.6
37.6
35.7
(t)
23.3
20.5
18.9
18.7
(t)
9.9
10.6
9.8
9.1
(t)
2.2
2.4
2.9
3.1
(t)
1.5
1.9
2.8
4.3
(t)
5.7
7.9
7.8
9.4
(t)
3.0
1.4
3.6
3.7
(t)
0.3
.9
.4
.8
(t)
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
(t)
2.5
3.8
4.4
4.2
(t)
1.3
2.3
3.0
2.7
(t)
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.5
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249........ ....
$2,250-$2,499_______
$2,500-$2,999_______
290
264
222
104
82
61
49
39
23
20
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.7
27.9
33.3
30.8
28.1
17.5
17.7
17.0
16.5
15.2
8.6
7.9
8.6
8.1
7.0
3.7
4.6
3.7
5.7
6.6
4.3
2.9
3.6
2.9
2.6
9.8
9.1
10.4
9.9
9.8
4.2
8.5
6.8
10.7
13.5
.9
.6
.9
.8
.4
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.2
6.5
9.8
4.5
2.9
3.9
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.1
4.1
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.1
1.1
.9
1.0
.9
.3
.2
.5
.7
.7
(*)
.4
C IT IE S
2
9
5
11
(t)
EN G LA N D
32
118
326
406
406
N E W
$250-$499........... ........
$500-$749_................
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
IN
fl6)
E X P E N D IT U R E S
(1)
Eligi
ble
Household
operation
o
F A M IL Y
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
Aver
age
num
ber
of
Report
ing ex persons
per
pendi
tures family
O i
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4j000-$4,999________
$5,000 and over____
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
3.2
3. 5
3.1
3.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
25.4
22.0
21.1
20.3
15.5
13.0
10.0
15.3
6.8
4.1
4.8
5.9
8 .4.
4. 5
6.5
12.5
5.2
2. 5
3.0
3.9
12.1
9. 7
11.7
10.7
10.9
18. 7
17.4
9.6
.4
2.1
2.9
1.8
1. 5
2.0
1.4
3.6
14.0
3.4
3.0
4.1
4.0
4.8
3.6
1.7
1. 5
1.3
1.3
.8
.7
.6
.6
.2
.4
.2
.21
113991
2.9
3.3
3.9
8.1
.
7.2
.1
1
4
(t)
10
15
27
46
(t)
61
2
1
5
.8
Average money expenditure in dollars
T yp es I V and V
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
4.0
3.9
3.9
4.4
4.4
(t)
836
1,019
1, 215
1,365
(t)
355
409
495
510
(t)
135
209
220
243
(t)
106
85
125
137
(t)
21
24
36
43
(t)
18
15
42
28
(t)
34
71
90
120
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
224
218
178
106
86
35
35
33
29
25
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
1,622
1,877
1,897
2, 212
2,435
558
595
642
706
724
262
310
250
269
338
152
169
159
170
183
54
80
60
86
90
32
74
58
120
76
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000 and over_____
64
36
46
48
12
9
6
3
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.5
3,112
2,903
3,473
5, 601
838
751
896
1, 087
332
442
411
1,143
215
215
226
450
148
125
168
621
129
56
45
237
(t)
21
12
11
10
(t)
17
24
31
34
(t)
10
31
42
42
(t)
20
11
22
34
(t)
18
20
25
29
(t)
10
10
13
14
(t)
176
196
190
291
239
130
139
164
196
334
10
26
35
31
16
33
42
42
46
50
62
55
106
84
78
45
41
51
67
90
36
32
40
41
46
18
18
19
21
23
3
12
27
14
81
42
41
46
65
62
9
47
8
5
5
349
393
392
460
466
335
656
160
43
11
85
13
58
61
109
76
125
78
114
104
110
100
138
73
54
57
68
42
28
28
25
26
22
133
4
1
153
90
134
1,020
42
28
2
88
(t)
7.3
.2
.1
.4
(*)
Percentage of total money expenditures
T ypes I V
and V
$250-$499___________
$500-$749
$750-$999___________
$l,000-$l,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
4.0
3.9
3.9
4.4
4.4
(t)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(t)
42.4
40.2
40.7
37.4
(t)
16.1
20.5
18.1
17.8
(t)
12.7
8.3
10.3
10.0
(t)
2.5
2.3
3.0
3.2
(t)
2.2
1.5
3.4
2.0
(t)
4.1
7.0
7.4
8.8
(t)
7.9
2.8
4.8
(t)
2.5
1.2
.9
.7
(t)
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.5
(t)
1.2
3.0
3.4
3.1
(t)
2.4
1.1
1.8
2.5
(t)
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.1
(t)
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.0
(*)
0.1
.3
(t)
1.2
1.5
2.2
3.4
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
224
218
178
106
86
35
35
33
29
25
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.4
31.7
33.8
32.0
29.7
16.2
16.5
13.2
12.2
13.8
9.4
9.0
8.4
7.7
7.5
3.3
4.3
3.2
3.9
3.7
2.0
4.0
3.1
5.4
3.1
10.9
10.4
10.0
13.2
9.9
8.0
7.4
8.7
8.8
13.8
.6
1.4
1.8
1.4
.7
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
3.8
2.9
5.6
3.8
3.2
2.8
2.2
2.7
3.0
3.7
2.2
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.2
.6
1.4
.6
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.4
2.9
2.5
.6
2.5
.4
.2
.2
$3,000-$3,499________
$3,500-$3,999________
$4,000-$4,999________
$5,000 and over_____
64
36
46
48
12
9
6
3
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26.9
25.9
25.8
19.4
10.7
15.2
11.8
20.4
6.9
7.4
6.5
8.0
4.8
4.3
4.8
11.1
4.1
1.9
1.3
4.2
11.2
13.5
11.3
8.2
15.0
11.5
18.9
2.9
1.4
.4
2.4
.2
1.9
2.1
3.1
1.4
4.0
2.7
3.3
1.9
3.5
3.4
4.0
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.0
.7
.9
1.0
.7
.5
.7
4.6
.1
O
4.9
3.1
3.9
18.2
1.4
1.0
.1
1.6
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
(t)
SU M M A R Y
81
34
66
(t)
TA B U LA R
$250-$499___________
$500-$749
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
Cn
F A M IL Y
152
E X P E N D IT U R E S
NEW ENGLAN D,
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D
C IT JE S
C IT IE S
T able 3.— F o o d :
A v era g e value o f all f a m i ly f o o d , m o n e y expend iture f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y fr o m homey average value o f fo o d hom e-prod u ced or received as
gift or p a y , and m o n e y ex p en se per meal per fo o d expend iture u n it, b y occup ation ,
f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 1
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational
group, fam ily
type, and income
class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
(1)
Average
value
of all
family
food
(4)
Percentage of Average Average
expenditure value of money
for food
food
expendi
home- ture per
pro
meal per
Away
Away duced or food ex
At
At
from
from received pendi
home
ture
home2 home home as gift
or pay
unit *
Average expenditure
for food purchased
All
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
(11)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499_________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$304
346
382
432
484
$293
307
368
424
475
$292
303
357
411
450
$1
4
11
13
25
99.7
98.7
97.0
96.9
94.7
0.3
1.3
3.0
3.1
5.3
$11
39
14
8
9
$0.104
.108
.121
. 137
. 149
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
528
556
615
663
691
517
543
606
657
688
484
510
552
605
620
33
33
54
52
68
93.6
93.9
91.1
92.1
90.1
6.4
6.1
8.9
7.9
9.9
11
13
9
6
3
.158
.162
. 176
. 196
. 198
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000 and over___
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
768
818
785
972
758
805
784
972
635
636
650
834
123
169
134
138
83.8
79.0
82.9
85.8
16.2
21.0
17.1
14.2
10
13
211
.195
.211
.251
$250-$499_________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
304
345
390
431
490
293
307
382
423
478
292
303
370
411
454
1
4
12
12
24
99.7
98.7
96.9
97.2
95.0
.3
1.3
3.1
2.8
5.0
11
38
8
8
12
.104
.107
.126
.134
. 148
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
523
555
602
672
504
553
595
661
479
526
552
612
25
27
43
49
95.0
95.1
92.8
92.6
5.0
4.9
7.2
7.4
19
2
7
11
. 154
.158
. 174
.189
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
357
343
434
487
530
310
301
428
483
529
308
294
419
459
490
2
7
9
24
39
99.4
97.7
97.9
95.0
92.6
.6
2.3
2.1
5.0
7.4
47
42
6
4
1
.110
.097
. 146
. 152
.161
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
156
134
76
32
23
23
537
624
681
529
618
678
499
547
622
30
71
56
94.3
88.5
91.7
5.7
11.5
8.3
8
6
3
. 162
. 182
.207
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
424
462
540
566
585
416
457
537
503
577
388
433
510
479
551
28
24
27
24
26
93.3
94.7
95.0
95.2
95.5
6.7
5.3
5.0
4.8
4.5
8
5
3
63
8
.134
.159
.152
.145
. 170
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000 and over___
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
695
731
843
694
730
839
632
666
709
62
64
130
91.1
91.2
84.5
8.9
8.8
15.5
1
1
4
.208
.205
.226
1
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
In d ep en d en t
b u si
n ess a n d p r o fe s
sio n a l
(t )
697
1,048
(t )
696
1,048
(t )
635
877
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t )
61
171
(t )
91.2
83.7
(t )
8.8
16.3
(t )
1
(t )
.183
.269
TA B U LA R
NEW ENGLAN D,
T
able
153
S U M M A R Y
2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D
C IT IE S
3.— F o o d : A verag e value o f all f a m i ly fo o d , m o n e y ex pen d itu re f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y fr o m hom e, average value o f fo o d hom e-p rod u ced or received as
gift or p a y , and, m o n e y exp en se per m eal per fo o d expen d itu re un it, b y occup ation ,
f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Occupational
group, family
type,and income
class
Number of
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
2
(3)
1
( )
( )
Average
value
of all
family
food
(4)
Percentage of Average Average
expenditure value of money
food
expend
for food
home- ture peipro
mealperr
Away
Away duced or food ex
At
At
received pendi
home from home from
as gift
ture
home
home or
pay
unit
( )
(7)
( )
( )
(9)
(ID
Average expenditure
for food purchased
All
(5)
6
8
10
S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s
a n d p r o fes sio n a l
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999_____
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000 and over___
38
98
82
134
96
46
138
76
46
58
54
12
21
24
18
27
13
34
17
14
7
6
$451
469
544
576
658
581
665
713
821
858
922
$446
457
544
559
635
578
660
699
807
856
922
$426
420
480
504
559
537
591
581
653
664
806
270
302
321
362
410
464
484
489
581
581
613
(t)
546
(t)
257
265
308
357
395
454
473
477
579
581
595
(t)
546
(t)
256
263
297
347
370
(t)
386
412
451
519
538
553
663
664
729
726
790
831
934
(t)
334
394
445
511
529
543
652
663
728
721
790
831
934
(t)
329
380
434
479
(t)
369
415
510
517
574
614
647
720
732
849
769
900
1,087
(t)
355
409
495
510
558
595
642
706
724
838
751
896
1,087
(t)
348
402
474
494
535
566
595
654
647
695
631
732
908
$20
37
64
55
76
41
69
118
154
192
116
95.5
91.9
4.5
8.1
88.2 11.8
90.2
9.8
88.0 12.0
92.9
89.5
83.1
80.9
77.6
87.4
7.1
10.5
16.9
19.1
22.4
99.6
99.2
96.4
97.2
93.7
87.9
89.2
88.5
91.0
91.2
77.5
(t)
73.6
(t)
.8
2.8
6.3
12.1
10.8
$5
(*)
12.6
12
17
23
3
5
14
14
$0,150
.147
.175
.176
. 177
.188
.193
.200
2
.190
.234
.240
13
37
13
5
15
.121
F a m ily typ e:
T ype I
$250-$499 ________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999 _____
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000 and over___
T y p e s I I and
4
13
14
30
27
19
128
76
60
24
16
7
5
166
20
6
28
14
22
2
3
2
399
422
422
527
530
461
(t)
402
(t)
1
2
11
10
25
55
51
55
52
51
134
(t)
144
(t)
.4
3.6
10
11
12
2
11.5
9.0
8.8
22.5
(t)
26.4
(t)
18
(t)
(t)
.118
.138
.160
.181
.203
.212
.213
.257
. 263
.269
(t)
214
(t)
III
$250-$499_________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499______
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000 and over___
T ypes I V
58
140
232
338
288
194
32
118
326
406
406
290
264
222
104
82
48
10
32
28
1
17
35
56
52
61
49
39
23
20
12
4
6
7
503
517
593
613
658
629
666
750
814
(t)
5
14
11
32
26
26
59
50
70
92
124
81
120
(t)
98.5
96.4
97.5
93.7
95.1
95.2
91.0
92.5
90.4
87.2
84.3
90.3
87.2
(t)
1.5
3.6
2.5
6.3
4.9
4.8
9.0
7.5
9.6
(t)
52
18
6
8
9
10
11
1
1
12.8
5
15.7
9. 7
(t)
.098
.118
. 132
. 149
. 153
. 154
. 180
.197
. 192
.203
. 215
.
221
.210
12.8
and V
$250-$499_________
$500-$749.................
$750-$999........ ........
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499__........
$1,500-$1,749............
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249............
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000-$3,499............
$3,500-$3,999______
$4,000-$4,999______
$5,000 and over____
30
56
142
200
256
224
218
178
106
86
64
36
46
48
2
5
22
28
40
35
35
33
29
25
12
9
6
3
(t)
7
7
21
16
23
29
47
52
77
143
120
164
179
(t)
98.0
98.3
95.8
96.9
95.9
95.1
92.7
92.6
89.4
82.9
84.0
81.7
83.5
(t)
2.0
1.7
4.2
3.1
4.1
4.9
7.3
7.4
10.6
17.1
16.0
18.3
16.5
*Aver age amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown,
f Average and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
14
(t)
.096
15
7
16
19
5
14
8
11
18
4
. 108
.114
.125
.133
.146
.152
.158
.199
. 174
6
.101
.201
.266
154
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
NEW ENG LAN D ,
T
IN
N E W
E N G LA N D
2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D
C IT IE S
C IT IE S
4.— H o u s in g : A v era g e value o f h ou sin g secured with and w ithout m o n e y
ex p en d itu re, by o ccup ation , f a m i l y ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
(1)
Aver
age
value
of all
housing
Re
plus
port
fuel,
Eligi ing ex
light,
ble
pendi and re
tures frigera
tion
(2)
(3)
(4)
Aver
age ex
pense
for
fuel,
light,
and re
frigera
tion
(5)
Average value of housing secured 1
Aver
age
value" With money ex Without money ex
penditure
penditure
of all
hous
ing
All Fam Other
Rent
hous ily hous Total Owned as pay
home 4 or gift
ing home2 ing2
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
(11)
(12)
Per
centage
of hous
ing
value
secured
without
money
expen
diture 8
(13)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499...........
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$302
298
326
366
406
$74
82
99
109
126
$226
213
226
254
278
$204
166
214
223
256
$204
166
213
222
256
$1
1
(*)
$22
47
12
31
22
$22
21
8
21
21
$26
4
10
1
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
450
518
528
563
610
139
157
156
166
182
310
360
371
396
427
273
327
308
314
342
272
323
303
310
327
1
4
5
4
15
37
33
63
82
85
35
33
52
78
74
11
4
11
$3,000-$3,499---$3,500-13,999....
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over.
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
722
734
751
1, 577
515
206
535
199
202
548
345 1,232
403
456
388
925
380
438
373
737
23
18
15
188
112
79
160
307
85
79
160
307
$250-$499______
$500-$749______
$750-$999 ____
$1,000-$1,249---$1,250-$1,499___
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
302
300
322
355
398
74
82
99
107
125
226
216
221
245
272
204
169
208
207
241
204
169
208
207
241
22
47
13
38
31
22
17
8
25
29
$1,500-$1,749----$1,750-$1,999----$2,000-$2,249----$2,250-$2,499___
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
433
484
514
510
128
162
149
159
304
322
364
351
262
310
297
263
261
308
292
261
42
12
67
88
38
12
67
79
$500-$749______
$750-$999 _____
$1,000-$1,249----$1,250-$1,499----$1,500-$1,749___
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
284
350
376
407
450
85
101
112
125
147
191
249
263
281
303
146
245
251
277
294
146
241
251
276
294
45
4
12
4
9
45
4
11
4
9
1
23.2
1.6
4.6
1.4
3.0
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249----$2,250-$2,499___
156
134
76
32
23
23
524
518
623
158
146
163
365
371
459
329
323
367
322
315
358
7
8
9
36
48
92
36
28
92
20
9.9
12.9
20.0
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749----$1,750-$1,999----$2,000-$2,249___
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
437
450
539
557
598
120
137
160
154
181
314
306
378
402
415
285
289
283
287
315
274
288
282
284
315
11
1
1
3
29
17
95
115
100
29
17
95
115
61
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over.
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
607
640
813
(t)
739
1,078
205
190
235
(t)
235
328
401
448
577
(t)
503
750
311
373
488
(t)
324
412
311
351
473
(t)
309
389
22
15
(t)
15
23
90
75
89
(t)
179
338
90
75
89
(t)
179
338
2
27
9.7
22 1
5.3
12.2
7.9
11.9
9.2
17.0
20.8
19.9
21.7
14.8
29.2
24.9
O c c v /p a t i o n a l
group: W age
earn er
(•)
1
2
5
2
30
5
13
2
4
9
9.7
21.8
5.9
15.5
11.4
13.8
3.7
18.4
24.9
C le r ic a l
4
1
In d ep en d en t
b u sin es s a n d
p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
39
(t)
9.2
5.6
25.1
28.6
24.1
22.4
16.8
15.4
(t)
35.6
45.1
TA B U LA R
NEW E N G LAN D ,
T
2
155
S U M M A R Y
M ID D L E-SIZED CITIES
4.— H o u s in g : A verag e value o f h ousing secured with and without m o n e y
exp en d itu re , by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 8 5 —8 6 — Con.
able
Aver
age
value
of all
housing
plus
Re
port
fuel,
Eligi
ing ex light,
ble
pendi and re
tures frigera
tion
Number of
families
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
(1)
(2)
(3)
Aver
age ex
pense
for
fuel,
light,
and re
frigera
tion
(4)
(5)
Average value of housing secured
Aver
age
With money ex Without money ex
value
penditure
penditure
of all
hous
ing
All Fam Other
Rent
hous ily hous Total Owned as pay
home or gift
ing home ing
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
$249
287
293
413
359
$234
282
284
383
309
$229
282
282
380
305
364
311
312
435
427
969
$5
(*)
2
3
4
(10)
(11)
(12)
Per
centage
of hous
ing
value
secured
without
money
expen
diture
(13)
S a la ried b u sin es s a n d p r o fes sio n a l
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over.
38
98
82
134
96
46
138
76
46
58
54
12
21
24
18
27
13
34
17
14
7
6
$364
419
452
561
528
565
591
656
678
762
1,909
$107
130
157
144
169
58
140
232
338
288
194
166
128
76
60
20
6
28
14
4
13
14
30
27
19
22
24
16
7
5
2
3
2
293
309
335
366
407
424
503
510
586
580
814
56
77
100
91
112
32
118
326
406
406
290
264
222
104
82
48
10
32
28
1
17
35
56
52
61
49
39
23
20
12
4
6
7
284
320
349
400
441
522
559
561
632
734
614
738
1,301
30
56
142
200
256
224
218
178
106
86
64
36
46
48
2
5
22
28
40
35
35
33
29
25
12
9
6
3
(t)
297
328
400
414
484
525
501
547
610
682
771
791
1, 980
404
364
160
322
413
177
469
341
185
479
447
199
442
586
176
356 1,553 1,267
11
29
12
15
298
$15
5
9
30
50
40
91
128
32
144
286
-$ 1
5
9
30
42
46
68
4
51
41
24
35
37
115
121
66
(t)
176
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
9.4
4. 7
2.6
.8
6.6
6.0
14.6
8.3
12.7
18.6
40
73
81
32
144
286
$16
8
18
47
6.0
1.7
3.1
7.3
13.9
9. 9
22.0
27.3
6.7
24.6
18.4
F a m ily typ e:
T ype I
$250-$499 . .
$500-$749 . .
$750-$999 . . _
$1,000-$1,249..._
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749
$1,750-$1,999._._
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499..._
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over_
538
188
163
231
223
252
274
320
338
317
271
535
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
46
23
4
25
38
24
35
37
115
121
66
(t)
176
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
700
126
145
128
152
180
210
178
234
231
235
274
294
298
358
382
434
400
604
188
163
231
223
253
274
323
345
319
279
522
346
315
(*)
1
3
7
2
8
3
31
45
26
3
(t)
19. 7
29. 4
1. 7
18.6
13.9
8.1
9.8
9.7
26.5
30.2
10.9
(t)
33.7
T y p e s I I and I I I
$250-$499______
$500-$749
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over.
(t)
202
78
214
105
230
116
269
130
302
138
154
366
390
169
387
174
450
182
542
192
466
148
548
190
273 1,028
183
204
224
267
282
344
333
355
393
441
466
393
705
183
204
224
267
281
340
328
352
384
401
438
393
666
(*)
(*)
1
4
5
3
9
40
28
39
19
10
6
2
20
22
57
32
57
101
155
323
2
1
6
2
16
22
45
32
26
26
17
9
(*)
4
12
31
75
155
323
28. 3
31.4
T y p e s I V and V
$250-$499______
$500-$749
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000-$3,499___
$3,500-$3,999___
$4,000-$4,999___
$5,000 and over.
(t)
(t)
(t)
188
106
135
238
209
85
270
220
125
274
137
243
332
262
152
169
355
310
339
250
159
376
269
170
424
338
183
215
466
332
215
556
442
226
564
411
450 1, 530 1,143
(t)
135
206
216
243
260
306
246
264
311
317
427
395
818
(t)
3
4
(*)
2
4
4
5
27
15
15
16
325
(t)
53
29
50
31
70
45
89
107
86
134
114
153
387
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
tAverage and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
53
29
47
30
68
45
71
97
86
134
114
153
387
(t)
(t)
3
1
2
18
10
28.2
12.2
18.5
11.3
21.1
12.7
26.2
28.5
20.3
28.8
20.5
27.1
25.3
156
F A M IL Y E X PE N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
NEW E N G LAN D ,
T
2
M ID D L E -S IZ E D C IT IE S
L A . — M o n ey , expen ditu res fo r fa m ily h o m e by owners an d r e n t
ers, an d facilities in clu d e d in ren t for fa m ily h o m e : B y o c c u p a t i o n ,
f a m i l y t y p e , a n d i n c o m e , i n 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 —3 6
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
(8)
(9)
(ii)
(12)
©
“ >§
©
(14)
Percentage w
these faciliti
in rent
Mechanical
refrigerator
(6)
1
£:
o,
is
G
■$2
1
w
3
xj'S
^
Garage
Renters
(4)
I 83
H
3
o
Renting
§
s
3
bO
a
a
3
©
co
l w
Average
Percentage money ex
Percentage of renters having specified
of families 1 pense for fam
facilities included in rent2
ily home
3
e x p e n d i
tu res
E lig ib le
3
(1 )
m
O c c u p a tio n a l
g r o u p , fa m ily
t y p e , a n d in
c o m e c la s s
R e p o r tin g
N u m b er of
fa m ilie s
A l l families
$ 2 5 0 - $ 4 9 9 ____________
$ 5 0 0 - $ 7 4 9 _ ........... ..
$ 7 5 0 - $ 9 9 9 ____________
120
314
12
19
9
14
14
88
70
88
83
85
$75
128
178
170
216
$221
205
218
234
262
15
9
9
11
11
26
26
32
38
48
71
70
65
60
45
244
294
266
277
317
286
323
335
348
365
11
17
17
14
26
12
69
40
63
52
28
60
37
48
354
470
315
469
474
418
468
919
32
9
58
57
7
26
50
50
51
12
16
7
13
13
88
71
89
84
84
75
133
177
136
197
221
207
211
224
250
15
9
7
9
9
41
37
36
29
19
39
39
66
74
61
57
229
263
257
199
279
289
322
330
12
12
17
26
12
12
17
44
100
100
100
100
43
17
11
12
14
57
83
87
88
86
116
182
267
265
332
181
250
252
277
287
18
15
14
11
3
11
16
10
100
100
100
100
97
18
6
6
22
23
39
78
73
61
311
258
358
325
354
360
4
32
8
19
9
27
100
100
100
5
8
35
27
53
59
38
65
73
39
41
47
240
220
233
234
302
280
284
348
367
388
16
19
21
38
18
16
17
33
62
50
55
64
50
40
36
220
369
448
345
408
518
23
33
55
40
7
35
71
114
$ 1 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 2 4 9 _______
$ 1 , 2 5 0 - $ 1 , 4 9 9 _______
700
944
950
$ 1 , 5 0 0 - $ 1 , 7 4 9 _______
$ 1 , 7 5 0 - $ 1 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 2 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 , 2 4 9 _______
$ 2 , 2 5 0 - $ 2 , 4 9 9 _______
$ 2 . 2 5 0 - $ 2 , 9 9 9 _______
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
$ 3 , 0 0 0 - $ 3 , 4 9 9 _______
$ 3 , 5 0 0 - $ 3 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 4 , 0 0 0 - $ 4 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 5 ,0 0 0 a n d o v e r _ _ .
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
119
68
52
3
2
2
6
5
5
12
5
12
20
13
34
34
3
4
100
100
100
100
98
2
8
99
100
99
98
100
4
7
4
2
11
9
36
100
100
100
71
21
100
100
100
100
98
5
3
3
9
58
33
50
6
8
4
3
3
1
1
2
O c c u p a tio n a l
grou p: W age
earner
120
$ 2 5 0 - $ 4 9 9 ____________
$ 5 0 0 - $ 7 4 9 ____________
$ 7 5 0 - $ 9 9 9 ____________
$ 1 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 2 4 9 _______
$ 1 , 2 5 0 - $ 1 , 4 9 9 _______
274
578
646
584
$ 1 , 5 0 0 - $ 1 , 7 4 9 _______
$ 1 ,7 5 0 $ 1 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 2 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 , 2 4 9 _______
$ 2 , 2 5 0 - $ 2 , 4 9 9 .............
398
286
236
124
23
3
3
2
6
6
2
9
9
3
6
6
3
2
—
7
3
3
Clerical
$ 5 0 0 - $ 7 4 9 _ ...................
$ 7 5 0 - $ 9 9 9 ____________
$ 1 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 2 4 9 .............
$ 1 , 2 5 0 - ^ 1 , 4 9 9 _______
$ 1 , 5 0 0 - $ 1 , 7 4 9 ............
$ 1 , 7 5 0 - $ 1 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 2 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 , 2 4 9 _______
$ 2 , 2 5 0 - $ 2 , 4 9 9 ............
40
9
122
21
178
194
152
33
37
27
156
134
32
23
76
23
8
3
Independent
business and
professional
$ 1 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 2 4 9 _______
$ 1 , 2 5 0 - $ 1 , 4 9 9 _______
$ 1 , 5 0 0 - $ 1 , 7 4 9 _______
$ 1 , 7 5 0 - $ 1 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 2 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 , 2 4 9 _______
82
74
$ 2 , 2 5 0 - $ 2 , 4 9 9 _______
$ 2 , 5 0 0 - $ 2 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 3 , 0 0 0 - $ 3 , 4 9 9 _______
$ 3 , 5 0 0 - $ 3 , 9 9 9 _______
$ 4 , 0 0 0 - $ 4 , 9 9 9 _______
40
90
56
$5,000 and over__
36
19
76
10
23
72
62
10
6
48
19
9
18
12
1
8
6
(t)
75
83
(t)
25
17
(t)
268
395
(t)
452
360
(t)
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
(t)
50
9
(t)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(t)
100
100
9
9
18
(t)
(t)
(t)
157
TABULAE SU M M A R Y
N E W E N G L A N D , 2 M I D D L E -S I Z E D C IT IE S
T
able
4 r A . — M o n e y expen ditu res for fa m ily h o m e b y owners a n d r e n t
ers, an d facilities in clu d ed In ren t for fa m ily h o m e : B y occupation,
Salaried business
and professional
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749
$lJ50-$l'999
$2'000-$2i249 _ .
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999____
$3,000-$3,499____
$3,500-$3,999_ _ _
$4,000-$4,999____
$5^000 and over
38
98
82
134
96
46
13s
76
46
58
54
12
21
24
18
27
13
34
17
14
7
6
90
92
95
70
73
78
47
5
30
24
22
44
72
32
53
31
22
68
47
69
$183
218
180
418
275
320
261
282
473
371
655
1,012
19
16
6
6
35
26
48
9
70
67
6
6
6
17
30
14
19
29
67
30
58
6 100
94
100
100
Mechanical
refrigerator
3
12
( )
'P
u.
■S
C8
C
3
*-•'-12
o>
tf
(14)
\
3
$252
287
288
382
319
380
353
452
418
472
Light
8
H
Furnishings
( )
Garage
H
5
Renters
Percentage of renters having specified
facilities included in rent
3
Renting
3
5
8
Average ex
pense for
family
home
<-> Home owns
ers
Owning
Percentage
of families
^
Reporting
expendi
tures
co
0)
Eligible
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
g
Numbes of
families
^ Percentage with none
&
of these facilities inw
eluded in rent
fa m ily typ e , and income, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -8 6 — Continued
3
24
97
87
10 100
100
100
100
42
67
13
17
9
25
F a m ily typ e:
Type I
$250-$499______
$500-$749.-_
$750-$999— .
$1,000~$1,249__
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749_ _
$1,750-$1,999._
$2,000-$2,249.
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999.
$3,000-$3,499____
$3,500-$3,999____
$4,C00-$4,999_ .
$5,000 and over._-
58
140
232
338
288
194
166
128
76
60
20
6
28
14
T y p e s I I and I I I
$250-$499________
$500-$749____
$750-$999.
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499.
$1,500-$1,749_
$1,750-$1,999__
$2,000-$2,249_
$2,250-12,499.
$2,500-$2,999. _
$3,000-$3,499.
$3,500-$3,999
$4,000-$4,999
$5,000 and over._-
32
118
326
406
406
290
264
222
104
82
48
10
32
28
4
13
14
30
27
19
22
24
16
7
5
2
3
2
1
17
35
56
52
61
49
39
23
20
124
6
7
25
75
58
87
76
80
76
64
75
49
33
18
22
13
18
14
24
28
25
51
67
82
(t)
(t)
4
100
100
100
5
6 100 17
10
6
100 11
10
100
100 15
13
100 13
41
92
7
100
100
100
100
..13
13
13
(t)
(t)
100
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
504
(t)
(t)
174
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
202
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
30
13
30
33
87
60
58
202
65
50
100
19
20
400
580
207
228
267
285
341
342
354
398
425
438
360
960
(t)
(t)
(t)
68
81
80
8
6
(t)
4
4
15
22
33
13
17
250
272
347
293
224
601
89
91
95
96
82
78
2
225
220
233
237
262
282
302
334
330
356
400
43
57
(t)
75
154
230
216
121
275
255
308
315
377
451
362
22
18
10
25
45
28
67
6 100
100
6 1 100
11 5 96
4
19
100
30
100
10
100
26
5
10
0
11 42 11 100
16
17
37
..100
25
100
100
100
100
100 100
(t)
(t)
(t)
6
2
7
8
19
10
(t)
4
(t)
7
4
1
6
8
1
3
4
7
3
17
25
T y p es T V and V
$250-$499________
$500-$749
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999
$3,000-$3,499
$3,500-$3,999
$4,000-$4,999
$5,000 and over...
30
56
142
200
256
224
218
178
106
86
64
36
46
48
2
5
22
28
40
35
35
33
29
25
129
6
3
(t)
43
18
28
27
41
30
40
53
53
92
58
54 1
50
1
57
82
72
73
52
67
54
43
38
8
42
46
60
101
129
142
218
234
293
177
227
296
279
470
301
386
158
224
247
253
294
314
325
354
324
676
369
505
1.250
10
12
13
18
7
6
21
9
100
■(■Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
100
0 3
1 10
100
5
100
10
97
25
100
17
97
40
100
50
10 100
100
100
100
100
80
100
(t)
(t)
101
20
3
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
158
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
2
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
5.— H ou seh old o p e ra tio n : Average m oney expenditure for groups of items
of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure , by occupationj fam ily typey and incom e , in 1 year , 1935—86
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Eligi
ble
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Total
(4)
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
heIP
Fuel,
Fuel,
light, Paid
light,
and house Other
and
Other
refrig
Percent items2 refrig hold items
era Average age of
help
era
tion 1 amount families
tion 1
having
(5)
(ID
(9)
(10)
3
5
$28
22
25
32
39
72.5
78.8
79.8
76.2
75.0
(*)
1.4
1.8
27. 5
21.2
20.2
22.4
23.2
(8)
(7)
(6)
A ll families
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$102
104
124
143
168
$74
82
99
109
126
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
194
241
231
265
321
139
157
156
166
182
5
19
10
25
40
10
18
16
27
35
50
65
65
74
99
71.6
65.1
67.6
62.7
56.7
2.6
7.9
4.3
9.4
12.5
25.8
27.0
28.1
27.9
30.8
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over___ ____
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
383
337
417
876
206
199
202
345
69
39
107
396
30
32
51
84
108
99
108
135
53.8
59.0
48.4
39.4
18.0
11.6
25.7
45.2
28.2
29.4
25.9
15.4
$250-$499______ _______
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
102
103
124
139
165
74
82
99
107
125
2
5
2
8
28
21
25
30
35
72.5
79. 6
79. 8
77.0
75.8
1.4
3.0
27.5
20.4
20.2
21.6
21.2
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
179
241
213
235
128
162
149
159
4
19
6
6
10
20
11
13
47
60
58
70
71.5
67.2
70.0
67.6
2.2
7.9
2.8
2.6
26.3
24.9
27.2
29.8
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
112
128
144
164
202
85
101
112
125
147
11
3
6
3
13
27
27
32
39
44
75.9
78.9
77.8
76.2
72.8
.1
.1
.1
5.4
24.1
21.0
22.1
23.7
21.8
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
156
134
76
32
23
23
231
236
244
158
146
163
11
14
14
19
28
13
62
76
67
68.4
61.9
66.8
4.8
5.9
5.7
26.8
32.2
27.5
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
172
199
222
238
251
120
137
160
154
181
2
5
9
10
50
62
60
78
70
69.7
68.8
72.1
64.7
72.1
1.2
2
6
29.1
31. 2
27.0
32.8
27.9
(*)
$2
3
(•)
Occupational group:
W age earners
Clerical
(*)
(*)
(*)
Independent business
and professional
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
.9
2.5
$2,250-$2,499___________
40
9
397
205
102
51.6
22.7
90
80
25.7
$2,500-$2,999___________
90
18
341
190
116
55.7
10.3
35
36
34.0
$3,000-$3,499___________
56
12
508
235
56
126
46.3
28.9
147
24.8
$3,500-13,999___________
6
1
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
$4,000-$4,999___________
48
8
507
235
142
61
130
46.4
28.0
25.6
$5,000 and over________
36
6
737
328
243
83
166
44.5
33.0
22.5
See p. 168 for notes on this table.
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 for expenditures, or less than 1 for propor
tions of families reporting, are not shown,
f Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
TA B U LA R
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
2
159
SU M M A R Y
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
5.— H o u se h o ld o p e ra tio n : A verage m o n e y expen d itu re f o r groups o f item s
o f household operation and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re , by occup a
tion , f a m i ly t y p e f and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
able
Number of
families
Occupational
group,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
Fuel,
Fuel,
help
light,
light, Paid
and
Other and house Other
refrig
Percent items refrig hold items
era Average age of
era
help
tion amount families
tion
having
Eligi
ble
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
$107
130
157
144
169
160
177
185
199
176
356
(7)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(ID
Salaried business and
professional
1
i
o
q
«
$l',250-$l',499____ ______
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-12,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over.. _____
38
98
82
134
96
46
138
76
46
58
54
12
21
24
18
27
13
34
17
14
7
6
$129
172
223
253
252
58
140
232
338
288
194
166
128
76
60
20
6
28
14
4
13
14
30
27
19
22
24
16
7
5
2
3
2
84
103
128
123
148
175
224
227
235
345
329
32
118
326
406
406
290
264
222
104
82
48
10
32
28
1
17
35
56
52
61
49
39
23
20
12
4
6
7
30
56
142
200
256
224
218
178
106
86
64
36
46
48
2
5
22
28
40
35
35
33
29
25
12
9
6
3
266
308
291
348
343
969
8
20
20
41
34
12
36
43
85
*3
39
18
35
42
12
44
77
498
$22
42
63
70
65
71
89
94
105
90
115
82.9
75.6
70.4
56.9
67.1
60.1
57.5
63.6
57.2
51.3
36.7
28
26
28
31
36
49
63
81
64
133
99
66.7
74.8
78.1
74.0
75.7
72.0
64.8
56.4
64.7
52.2
63.8
1.3
15.4
7.1
13.2
13.6
4.1
12.6
22.5
51.4
17.1
24.4
28.3
27.7
25.8
26.7
28.9
32.3
30.2
26.2
11.9
Fa m ily T y p e : T y p e I
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over__
56
77
100
91
112
126
145
128
152
180
210
1
4
16
18
19
32
20
27
29
29
33
48
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
420
178
149
29
(t)
93
(t)
.8
7.1
7.9
8.1
9.3
6.1
33. 3
25.2
21.9
25.2
24.3
28.0
28.1
35.7
27.2
38.5
30.1
42.4
35.5
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
22.1
T yp es I I and I I I
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$l,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over________
95
129
150
174
197
244
242
296
353
430
310
448
851
78
105
116
130
138
154
169
174
182
192
148
190
273
3
7
12
28
12
50
66
129
59
122
449
3
12
16
22
17
44
50
42
25
48
100
17
24
31
37
47
62
61
72
105
109
103
136
129
82.1
81.4
77.3
74.7
70.1
63.1
69.8
58.8
51.6
44.6
47.8
42.4
32.1
2.0
4.0
6.1
11.5
5.0
16.9
18.7
30.0
19.0
27.2
52.8
17.9
18.6
20.7
21.3
23.8
25.4
25.2
24.3
29.7
25.4
33.2
30.4
15.1
(t)
(t)
(t)
T yp es I V and V
$250-$499____ .*________
$500-$749 _____________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over. _ _____
(t)
127
109
161
180
206
249
219
256
273
363
340
394
1,071
(t)
106
85
125
137
152
169
159
170
183
215
215
226
450
(t)
(*)
1
12
1
4
20
40
34
70
481
(t)
(t)
3
10
8
5
8
22
17
31
67
100
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown,
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
21
24
36
43
53
68
59
82
70
108
91
98
140
83. 5
77.9
77. 6
76.1
73.8
67.9
72.6
66.4
67.0
59.2
63.2
57.3
42.0
.1
.5
4.8
.5
1.6
7.3
11.0
10.0
17.8
44.9
16. 5
22.0
22.4
23.9
25.7
27.3
26.9
32.0
25.7
29.8
26.8
24.9
13.1
160
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
NEW ENGLAN D,
T
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D
C IT IE S
C IT IE S
6.— C lo th in g : A v era g e m o n e y exp en d itu re f o r clothing f o r husband and
w ife and other f a m i ly m em b ers , and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re , by
o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in c o m e , in 1 ye a r , 1935—86
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
Average money expenditure for
• clothing i
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
All
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
A ll families
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$43
43
74
89
130
$14
14
25
29
44
$16
22
30
37
54
$13
7
19
23
32
32.6
32.6
33.8
32.6
33.8
37.2
51.1
40.5
41.6
41.6
30.2
16.3
25.7
25.8
24.6
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
157
180
190
232
243
53
57
62
81
76
62
71
77
84
96
42
52
51
67
71
33.7
31.7
32.6
34.9
31.3
39.5
39.4
40.6
36.2
39.5
26.8
28.9
26.8
28.9
29.2
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over________
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
332
368
386
490
106
103
108
197
123
97
159
197
103
168
119
96
31.9
28.0
28.0
40.2
37.1 •
26.4
41.2
40.2
31.0
45.6
30.8
19.6
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
42
43
77
88
141
14
14
27
27
45
16
22
31
36
60
12
7
19
25
36
33.3
32.6
35.1
30.7
31.9
38.1
51.1
40.2
40.9
42.6
28.6
16.3
24.7
28.4
25.5
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
155
196
196
245
52
57
60
78
60
77
75
80
43
62
61
87
33.6
29.1
30.6
31.8
38.7
39.3
38.3
32.7
27.7
31.6
31.1
35.5
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
45
60
95
129
181
15
18
31
51
62
14
26
44
49
76
16
16
20
29
43
33.3
30.0
32.6
39.5
34.2
31.1
43.3
46.4
38.0
42.0
35.6
26.7
21.0
22.5
23.8
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
156
134
76
32
23
23
173
174
222
58
53
83
65
83
80
50
38
59
33.5
30.4
37.4
37.6
47.8
36.0
28.9
21.8
26.6
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
82
84
138
182
180
36
26
36
68
69
29
39
58
61
60
17
19
44
53
51
43.9
31.0
26.1
37.4
38.4
35.4
46.4
42.0
33.5
33.3
20.7
22.6
31.9
29.1
28.3
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over________
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
189
214
361
78
61
109
72
80
153
39
73
99
41.3
28.5
30.2
38.1
37.4
42.4
20.6
34.1
27.4
(t)
(t)
38
98
82
134
96
12
21
24
18
27
Occupational group:
Wage earner
Clerical
Independent business
and professional
(t)
327
437
(t)
105
168
(t)
138
177
(t)
84
92
32.1
38.4
42.2
40.6
(t)
25.7
21.0
Salaried btisiness and
professional
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2, 249__________
102
106
151
153
207
33
41
54
51
74
See p. 169 for notes on this table.
•[Averages and percent;ages not c<imputed for fewer tllan 3 cas<e s .
39
38
50
71
82
30
27
47
31
51
32.4
38.7
35.8
33.3
35.7
38.2
35.8
33.1
46.4
39.7
29.4
25.5
31.1
20.3
24.6
TA B U LA R
NEW ENGLAN D,
T
161
S U M M A R Y
2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D
C IT IE S
6.— C lo th in g : A verage m o n e y expenditure fo r clothing fo r husband and
w ife and other f a m i ly m em bers, and percentage distribution o f such ex pend iture, by
occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
able
Number of families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
Average money expenditure for
clothing
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
All
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Salaried business and
professional —Con.
$88
85
104
111
111
217
$110
106
100
108
179
210
$55
71
107
174
146
99
34.8
32.4
33.4
28.2
25.4
41.3
43.5
40.5
32.2
27.5
41.1
39.9
21.7
27.1
34.4
44.3
33.5
18.8
28
45
69
86
133
12
15
32
34
55
16
30
36
50
77
1
2
1
42.8
33.3
46.4
39.5
41.4
57.2
66.7
52.2
58.2
57.8
1.4
2.3
.8
19
22
24
16
7
135
163
168
177
236
52
65
72
88
88
82
97
94
86
148
38.5
39.9
42.8
49.7
37.3
60.8
59.5
56.0
48.6
62.7
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
248
(t)
291
(t)
117
(t)
106
(t)
131
(t)
185
(t)
(t)
(t)
47. 2
(t)
36. 4
(t)
52.8
(t)
63.6
(t)
(t)
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
32
118
326
406
406
1
17
35
56
52
(t)
45
79
92
135
15
24
30
48
(t)
18
31
35
52
(t)
12
24
27
35
(t)
33.3
30.4
32.6
35.6
(t)
40.0
39.2
38.1
38.5
(t)
26.7
30.4
29.3
25.9
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
290
264
222
104
82
61
49
39
23
20
159
176
203
213
252
56
61
66
88
82
59
67
85
87
99
44
48
52
38
71
35.2
34.6
32.5
41.4
32.5
37.1
38.1
41.9
40.8
39.3
27.7
27.3
25.6
17.8
28.2
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over. _______
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
343
346
462
496
136
114
124
175
151
160
251
205
56
72
87
116
39.6
32.9
26.8
35.3
44.1
46.3
54.4
41.3
16.3
20.8
18.8
23.4
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249...................
$1,250-$1,499___________
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
(t)
34
71
90
120
(t)
11
19
20
26
6
19
20
31
(t)
17
33
50
63
(t)
32.4
26.8
22.2
21.7
(t)
17.6
26.8
22.2
25.8
(t)
50.0
46.4
55.6
52.5
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
224
218
178
106
86
35
35
33
29
25
176
196
190
291
239
49
47
49
68
61
49
56
54
79
56
78
93
87
144
122
27.8
24.0
25.8
23.4
25.5
27.8
28.6
28.4
27.1
23.4
44.4
47.4
45.8
49.5
51.1
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over________
64
36
46
48
12
9
6
3
349
393
392
460
80
91
98
170
99
79
80
178
170
223
214
112
22.9
23.2
25.0
37.0
28.4
20.1
20.4
38.7
48.7
56.7
54.6
24.3
$2,250-12,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000-$3,499___________
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999___________
$5,000 and over________
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
$253
262
311
393
436
526
$250-$499 ____________
$500-$740 ______
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
$1, 500-$l,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999
194
166
128
76
60
$3,000-$3,499 _____
$3,500-$3,999___________
$4,000-$4,999 _ __
$5,000 and over________
'
F am ily typ e : T y p e I
1
1
2
3
.7
.6
1.2
1.7
(t)
T y p e 11 and I I I
(t)
T y p e I V and V
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
162
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
N E W E N G L A N D , 2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D C IT IE S
T
7.— P e rs o n a l c a re : A verag e m o n e y expenditure fo r toilet articles and p r ep a rationSy and services , and percentage distribution o f such ex pen d itu re , b y o ccu p ation ,
f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 -3 6
a b l e
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Average money expenditure for Percentage of total
personal-care ex
personal care
penditure
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total i
(2)
(3)
(4)
Toilet
Toilet
articles Services * articles
Service1 and
prep
and prep
arations
arations
(6)
(5)
(7)
(8)
A l l families
$250-$499____ ________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$14
16
22
28
30
$7
8
10
14
16
$7
8
12
14
14
50.0
50.0
45.5
50.0
53.3
50.0
50.0
54.5
50.0
46.7
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999________ ____ _____
$2,000-$2,249____________ ______
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
33
40
40
44
50
17
21
22
24
30
16
19
18
20
20
51.5
52.5
55.0
54.5
60.0
48.5
47.5
45.0
45.5
40.0
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_____ __________
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
53
56
83
81
31
30
48
50
22
26
35
31
58.5
53.6
57.8
61.7
41.5
46.4
42.2
38.3
$250-$499_____ _______________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
14
16
22
29
30
7
8
11
15
17
7
8
11
14
13
50.0
50.0
50.0
51.7
53.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
48.3
43.3
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
31
43
41
46
16
21
22
25
15
22
19
21
51.6
48.8
53.7
54.3
48.4
51.2
46.3
45.7
$500-$749____ ________________
$750-$999____ _________ ____
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
17
22
30
32
38
8
10
14
16
19
9
12
16
16
19
47.1
45.4
46.7
50.0
50.0
52.9
54.6
53.3
50.0
50.0
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499____ _____ _______
156
134
76
32
23
23
37
42
41
22
23
22
15
19
19
59.5
54.8
53.6
40.5
45.2
46.4
$1,000-$1,249.................................
$1,250-$1,499____ ____ ________
$1,500-$1,749.................................
$1,750-$1,999_______ __________
$2,000-$2,249__________ ____ _
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
21
28
31
39
32
10
12
16
22
16
11
16
15
17
16
47.6
42.8
51.6
56.4
50.0
52.4
57.2
48.4
43.6
50.0
$2,250-$2,499_________ ______
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499____ _____ _______
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999____ _____________
$5,000 and over............. ..............
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
42
48
59
24
30
36
18
18
23
57.1
62.5
61.0
50.0
65.7
42.9
37.5
39.0
(t)
50.0
34.3
54.8
48.3
54.2
56.4
53.5
45.2
51.7
45.8
43.6
46.5
Occupational group; W age
earner
Clerical
Independent business and
professional
(t)
70
108
(t)
35
71
(t)
35
37
(t)
Salaried business and
professional
$1,000-$1,249............. ...................
38
12
31
$1,250-$1,499__________________
98
21
29
$1,500-$1,749__________________
82
24
37
$1,750-SI,999__________________
134
18
39
$2,000-$2,249__________________
96
27
43
See p. 169 for notes on this tat>le.
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
17
14
20
22
23
14
15
17
17
20
TA B U LA R
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
2
163
S U M M A R Y
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
7.— Personal care: A verage m o n e y expen ditu re f o r toilet articles and p rep a
ra tion st and services , and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re, by o ccu p a tion ,
f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
able
expenditure for Percentage of total
Number of families Average money
personal-care ex
personal care
penditure
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
Service
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Toilet
Toilet
articles
articles
and prep Services and prep
arations
arations
(6)
(7)
(8)
Salaried business and
professional —Continued
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
$51
51
49
59
94
62
$28
30
26
31
59
36
$23
21
23
28
35
26
55.0
58.8
53.1
52.5
62.8
58.1
45.0
41.2
46.9
47.5
37.2
41.9
$250-$499______ ______________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999____ ________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
12
16
20
29
24
6
9
9
14
13
6
7
11
15
11
50.0
56.2
45.0
48.3
54.2
50.0
43.8
55.0
51.7
45.8
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$l,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499____ ____ ________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
194
166
128
76
60
19
22
24
16
7
34
35
40
45
40
16
19
20
28
24
18
16
20
17
16
47.1
54.3
50.0
62.1
60.0
52.9
45.7
50.0
37.9
40.0
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over____ _______ __
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
32
118
326
406
406
1
17
35
56
52
$1,500-$! ,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
290
264
222
104
82
61
49
39
23
20
34
42
40
43
57
18
23
22
21
36
16
19
18
22
21
52.9
54.8
55.0
48.8
63.2
47.1
45.2
45.0
51.2
36.8
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over____ __________
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
50
52
77
64
32
24
48
36
18
28
29
28
64.0
46.2
62.3
56.2
36.0
53.8
37.7
43.8
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
224
218
178
106
86
35
35
33
29
25
33
42
42
46
50
17
22
23
25
28
16
20
19
21
22
51.5
52.4
54.8
54.3
56.0
48.5
47.6
45.2
45.7
44.0
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over-----------------------
64
36
46
48
12
9
6
3
58
61
109
76
32
34
57
49
26
27
52
27
55.2
55.7
52.3
64.5
44.8
44.3
47.7
35.5
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999___ ____ _________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
Fam ily typ e: T y p e I
24
47
(t)
48
(t)
(t)
32
(t)
23
(t)
16
(t)
51.1
48.9
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
66.7
33.3
Types I I and I I I
(t)
17
22
26
32
(t)
8
11
13
17
(t)
9
11
13
15
47.1
50.0
50.0
53.1
52.9
50.0
50.0
46.9
Types I V and V
(t)
17
24
31
34
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
8
11
16
17
(t)
9
13
15
17
(t)
47.1
45.8
51.6
50.0
(t)
52.9
54.2
48.4
47.0
164
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
N E W
T
able
E N G L A N D ,
2
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
C IT IE S
8.— A u to m o b ile operation an d p u rc h a se : Percentage o f fa m ilie s ow n in g
and purchasin g a u tom obiles, average m o n e y expend iture fo r all fa m ilie s fo r
operation and pu rch ase, b y o ccup ation , f a m i l y typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Purchas Opera
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(5)
(6)
Opera
tion 1
Purchase
(net) *
(7)
(8)
A l l families
$250-$499_________ ________
$50O-$749.................................. .
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499_______ __________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
12
18
19
41
39
2
6
10
7
$1
19
34
68
56
$1
19
18
51
48
$1,500-$1,749_______ ______
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
54
69
56
74
91
16
22
19
23
35
131
184
201
219
396
88
117
114
131
194
43
67
87
88
202
$3,000-$3,499____ ____ ________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999______ ___________
$5,000 and over_______________
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
84
86
91
100
37
37
52
34
408
388
607
297
202
209
278
201
206
179
329
96
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
120
274
578
646
584
7
26
50
50
51
12
15
16
39
26
3
11
4
1
16
20
62
27
1
16
11
46
25
9
16
2
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
58
69
69
79
22
25
23
22
157
189
229
218
101
121
126
140
56
68
103
78
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
37
36
49
48
52
13
22
13
3
5
39
97
104
73
72
36
49
70
71
65
3
48
34
2
7
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
156
134
76
32
23
23
63
61
74
11
16
26
129
192
226
107
110
135
22
82
91
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-SI,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
40
85
65
80
47
31
13
28
55
110
136
212
48
55
96
87
112
48
14
49
100
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
63
95
86
22
50
16
175
490
280
(t)
554
125
82
190
176
(t)
202
105
$1,000-$1,249_____ ____________
38
12
22
24
$1,250-$1,499__________________
98
21
68
19
156
$1,500-$1,749__________________
82
24
34
13
96
$1,750-$1,999__________________
134
18
71
25
223
$2,000-12,249__________________
96
27
75
26
242
See p. 169 for notes on this table.
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown,
tAverage and percentage not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
24
101
66
122
131
(*)
$16
17
8
Occupational group: Wage
earner
Clerical
Independent business and
professional
(t)
100
100
(t)
44
33
93
300
104
(t)
352
20
Salaried business and profes
sional
55
30
101
H i
TA B U LA R
NEW E N G LAN D ,
165
S U M M A R Y
2 M ID D L E -S IZ E D
C IT IE S
T able 8.— A u to m o b ile operation an d p u rc h a se : Percentage o f fa m ilie s o w n
ing and purchasin g a u tom obiles , average m o n e y ex pen d itu re f o r all fa m ilies
fo r operation and purchase b y o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 y e a r ,
19 3 5 - 8 6 . — Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Purchas Opera
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(6)
(6)
Opera
tion
Purchase
(net)
(7)
(8)
Salaried business and profes
sional— Continued
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
70
88
82
84
84
100
24
25
53
42
58
35
$250-$499__ _________ _____ _
$500-$749____ ________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499____ _____________
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
25
22
13
53
35
5
14
6
23
33
117
49
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499_________ _____ _
$2,500-12,999. _____ ___________
194
166
128
76
60
19
22
24
16
7
60
75
71
79
89
28
37
38
27
44
$3,000-$3,499________ _________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
52
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749____________ ____ _
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
32
118
326
406
406
1
17
35
56
52
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-12,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
290
264
222
104
82
61
49
39
23
20
46
65
60
72
95
4
20
7
24
30
69
164
133
231
350
62
104
101
141
203
7
60
32
90
147
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
67
100
100
100
25
50
67
39
309
671
684
446
176
288
176
279
133
383
508
167
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
224
218
178
106
86
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
64
36
46
48
$248
335
503
407
652
412
$141
197
222
205
342
265
$107
138
281
202
310
147
Fa m ily typ e: T y p e I
(•)
100
(t)
100
(t)
(t)
43
(t)
(*)
23
20
79
46
13
38
3
220
278
369
234
549
116
162
152
131
173
104
116
217
103
376
464
(t)
439
(t)
187
(t)
202
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
277
237
(t)
T yp es I I and I I I
(t)
21
17
37
34
(t)
4
3
10
7
24
14
43
53
23
13
36
41
1
1
7
12
T y p es I V and V
(t)
(t)
(t)
(t)
13
2
10
81
34
66
24
33
59
57
1
7
35
35
33
29
25
61
70
68
72
88
21
13
21
20
33
130
139
164
196
334
96
99
100
120
201
34
40
64
76
133
12
9
6
3
91
79
80
100
42
31
46
25
466
335
656
160
227
189
395
145
239
146
261
15
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown,
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
34
27
52
166
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
N E W
T
a b l e
E N G L A N D ,
2
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
M I D D L E -S I Z E D ^ C I T I E S
9.— R e c r e a tio n : A v era g e m o n e y exp en d itu re fo r recreation o f specified typ es ,
by occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e and in co m e, i n 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 —8 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Average money expenditure for recreation
Paid admissions
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(1)
(2)
penditures
Total
(3)
(4)
Movies
Other i
(5)
(6)
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
Other i
(7 )
(8)
A ll families
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749________ ______ _____
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
120
314
700
944
950
7
35
71
114
119
$13
12
21
28
36
$3
4
9
9
14
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249_________ _____
$2,250-12,499___________ _____
$2,500-$2,999__________________
708
648
528
286
228
115
106
96
68
52
46
53
59
61
90
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over________________
132
52
106
90
29
15
15
12
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
120
274
578
646
584
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249____________ _____
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$1
1
4
$1
1
2
4
$10
7
10
16
14
16
18
18
20
30
5
3
5
4
6
3
8
7
5
7
22
24
29
32
47
107
109
133
98
26
25
30
28
7
12
15
11
9
13
20
7
65
59
68
52
7
26
50
50
51
13
11
20
30
38
3
4
9
10
15
1
1
5
1
1
2
6
10
6
9
17
12
398
286
236
124
41
37
36
23
51
54
56
68
14
15
22
23
7
3
5
2
4
13
10
5
26
23
19
38
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1.499 _________________
$1.500-$1,749__________________
40
122
178
194
152
9
21
33
37
27
18
21
27
38
45
9
11
7
15
17
1
1
1
3
4
1
3
3
1
8
8
16
17
23
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
156
134
76
32
23
23
45
66
50
22
15
11
2
3
5
4
4
6
17
44
28
$1,000-$1,249_-......................... .
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749___ ____ _________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
82
74
76
72
62
19
10
23
19
10
17
26
27
53
43
8
12
14
13
11
1
2
4
7
2
1
2
4
5
6
13
9
32
20
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999_____ ____________
$5,000 and over_______________
40
90
56
6
48
36
9
18
12
1
8
6
56
88
80
24
33
26
4
6
4
3
5
10
25
44
40
38
98
82
134
96
12
21
24
18
27
C)
(*)
(*)
Occupational group: Wage
earner
(*)
C)
(*)
Clerical
(*)
Independent business and
professional
(t)
120
68
(t)
32
35
(*)
(t)
15
6
(t)
12
9
(t)
61
18
Salaried business and
professional
$1,000-$1,249_____________ _____
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749_.____ ___________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
18
28
43
59
67
9
12
22
21
17
(*)
(*)
See p. 169 for notes on this table.
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
1
5
5
2
1
1
5
6
7
15
19
28
39
TA B U LA R
N E W
T
a b l e
E N G L A N D ,
2
167
S U M M A R Y
M I D D L E -S I Z E D
C IT IE S
9.— R e c re a tio n : A verag e m o n e y ex pen d itu re f o r recreation o f specified t y p e s ,
by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e f and in co m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Number of families
Paid admissions
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
(2)
(1)
Average money expenditure for recreation
ing ex;penditures
Total
(3)
(4)
Movies
Other
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
(5)
(6)
(7)
Other
(8)
Salaried business and
professional —Continued
46
138
76
46
58
54
13
34
17
14
7
6
$64
91
127
106
142
119
$26
27
26
27
28
23
$6
7
9
14
15
15
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$75C-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
58
140
232
338
288
4
13
14
30
27
9
11
23
21
35
5
4
11
8
12
1
1
2
2
7
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
194
166
128
76
60
19
22
24
16
7
54
74
71
47
70
15
17
20
24
31
11
6
6
5
8
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
20
6
28
14
5
2
3
2
(t)
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
32
118
326
406
406
1
(t)
35
56
52
10
23
36
39
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
290
264
222
104
82
61
49
39
23
20
41
50
59
66
105
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
48
10
32
28
12
4
6
7
117
143
191
164
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
30
56
142
200
256
2
5
22
28
40
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-J$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
224
218
178
106
86
35
35
33
29
25
45
41
51
67
90
20
19
22
19
30
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,00C-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and o v er... __________
64
36
46
48
12
9
6
3
110
100
138
73
36
21
31
32
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000-$3,499__________________
$3,500-$3,999__________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________
$5,000 and over_______________
$3
8
7
14
26
6
$29
49
85
51
73
75
3
3
3
3
6
7
8
13
4
20
4
2
1
24
31
41
16
30
Fa m ily type: T y p e I
75
56
11
(t)
20
(t)
(t)
3
(t)
1
(t)
(*)
(*)
61
(*)
(t)
6
(t)
(t)
29
(t)
T yp es I I and I I I
17
(t)
4
8
9
15
(t)
1
(t)
(t)
1
3
1
2
6
5
14
24
15
12
17
14
20
8
3
3
3
3
8
4
5
12
6
13
22
25
30
37
56
19
31
37
27
8
12
26
27
5
16
46
13
85
84
82
97
(*)
O
Types I V and V
(t)
20
11
22
34
(t)
6
8
9
16
(t)
(t)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
1 1 3 9 9 1 °—
41
— 12
3
(t)
1
3
11
3
10
14
3
2
6
4
5
1
3
3
6
4
21
17
20
38
51
8
5
16
14
14
10
7
52
60
81
34
2
1
Footnotes for Tables in Expenditure Tabular Summary
N ew
E ngland,
M id d l e - S iz e d
C it ie s
TA B L E 1
1 See glossary, appendix B, for eligibility requirements.
* Money income is equal to the sum of money expenditure (column 7) plus net surplus or deficit (column
8) plus net balancing difference (column 9).
3 Nonmoney income from housing includes imputed income from owned family or vacation homes plus
rent received as pay or gift (average amounts based on all families, whether or not they reported such nonmoney income).
4 Includes purchases on cash or credit basis. Does not include money disbursements resulting in an
increase in family assets or a decrease in liabilities. (Examples of disbursements not treated as expendi
tures will be found in the glossary, appendix B.)
8 See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of surplus and deficit.
8 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts and reported money disburse
ments. See glossary, appendix B. A maximum balancing difference within 5.5 percent was allowable on
each schedule.
TA B L E 1-A
1
A surplus represents an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities, or both; a deficit represents a decrease
in assets or an increase in liabilities, or both.
3 Some families reported neither surplus nor deficit for the year; therefore the sum of columns 5 and 6 does
not always equal 100 percent.
3 Since the average amounts in these two columns are based on the number of families reporting surplus
or deficit, respectively, they do not add to the average net surplus or deficit shown in column 4 for all families.
TA B L E 2
1 The averages in this table include money expenditures for goods and services purchased on either
cash or credit basis. They do not include value of goods and services received without money expenses.
Averages are based on all families, whether or not they reported expenditures for the specified categories.
2 Housing expenditures include the money expense of home owners and rent contracted for by renting
families for family homes and other housing. The value of fuel, light, and refrigeration is included when
furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate.
3 Includes all expenditure? for operation and maintenance (see table 8), and the net purchase price (gross
price less trade-in allowance) on automobiles bought during the schedule. The proportion of automobile
expense chargeable to business has been deducted. See glossary, appendix B.
4 Includes paid admissions, equipment and supplies for games, sports and other recreation, club dues,
and the like. Does not include expense for transportation, food, or lodging while on vacation.
8 Taxes include only poll, income, and personal property taxes. All other taxes, such as those on real
estate, amusements and retail sales taxes are included as a part of the expenditure for these items. Gifts
do not include gifts from one member of the economic family to another.
TABLE 3
1 Includes expenditures for board at school, which amounted to less than 5 percent of average food expense
for all families. Among any group of 3 or more families in the business and professional categories, it
amounted at most to an average of $12, at the income level $4,000 to $4,999. For families of types IV and V
it amounted at most to an average of $33, at the income level $3,500 to $3,999.
2 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure.
T ABL E 4
1 Includes housing expenditure for both owners and renters. Average amounts for renting families are
based on rental rate contracted for. Value of fuel, light, and refrigeration is included when furnished by the
landlord and included in the rental rate. See table 4-A for percentage of families for whom those facilities
were included as part of the rental rate.
2 See table 4-A for separation of expense for owning and renting families.
3 Includes net money expenditure for owned or rented vacation homes, lodging while traveling or on
vacation, and room at school.
4 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. Includes nonmoney income from owned
vacation homes, which amounted at most to an average of $112 for all families, at the income level $5,000
and over.
8 Percentages based on the average value of all housing (column 6).
T ABL E 4-A
1 These two percentages do not always add to 100, since families that both owned and rented during the
year, or received rent as gift or pay, are not included in columns 4 through 7.
2 Percentages based on renting families reporting these facilities included in rent at the end of the schedule
year.
T ABL E 5
1Excludes value of fuel, light, and refrigeration furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate.
Fuel received without money expense is not included in this average, but amounted to less than 5 percent
of money expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration for all families,
2 See glossary, appendix B, for items included,
16 8
TABULAE SUMM ARY
169
TA B L E 6
Value of clothing gifts from one family member to another are included in the average expenditure for
the member receiving such gifts. Gifts of clothing to or from individuals outside the economic family are
excluded.
For families of type I, averages and percentages shown in columns 7 and 10 are for individuals who were
members of the economic family less than 27 weeks, and were therefore not considered equivalent members
in determining family type. See glossary, appendix B, for method of classifying families by type.
1
2
T ABL E 7
11n cases where the figures in this column exceed the sum of the corresponding figures in columns 5 and 6,
one or more families failed to apportion their expenditures between services and toilet articles and prepara
tions.
See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
2
T ABL E 8
1 To obtain the average expense of operation for families owning automobiles, divide the average shown
in this column by the corresponding figure in column 4 and multiply by 100.
To obtain the average net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) for families purchasing
automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 5 and multiply
by 100.
TABLE 9
2
2See glossary, appendix B , for items included.
170
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
N E W
T
able
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
1.— B a l a n c e o f f a m i l y I n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e : N u m b er o f eligible
fa m ilie s , nu m ber reporting expen ditu res, average net m o n e y and n o n m o n e y in co m e,
average m o n e y expenditure f o r f a m i ly living, net su rp lu s or deficit, and balancing
difference, b y o ccu p ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Report
ing ex
Eligible1 pendi
tures
(2)
(1)
Average net income
(3)
Total
Money 3
Non
money
from
housing3
(4)
(5)
(6)
Average
money
expendi
ture for
family
living *
(7)
Average Average
net sur net bal
plus or ancing
deficit
differ
ence 8
(-)*
(8)
(9)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499___________ ______
$500-$749____ _____ _________
$750-$999_ _________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$446
643
902
1,119
1, 359
$393
614
873
1, 071
1, 323
$53
29
29
48
36
$604
851
960
1,140
1,322
-$200
-220
-7 6
-5 3
19
-$11
-1 7
-1 1
-1 6
-1 8
$1,500-$1,749____ __________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000 and over..
______
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
1, 613
1,867
2,116
2,368
2,739
3,969
1,556
1,814
2,048
2,293
2,665
3,801
57
53
68
75
74
168
1,602
1,800
1, 950
2, 218
2, 518
3,231
-2 3
14
102
94
181
603
-2 3
(*)
-4
-1 9
-3 4
-3 3
$250-$499___________________
$500-$749____ ______________
$750-$999.................................
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
446
639
905
1,118
1, 357
393
612
875
1,072
1, 321
53
27
30
46
36
604
869
963
1,140
1,297
-200
-239
-7 8
-5 2
-3 8
-1 1
-1 8
-1 0
-1 6
-1 4
$1,600-$1,749______ ________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249.......... ........... .
$2,250-$2,499............_..............
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
1, 616
1,858
2,100
2, 367
1, 563
1, 814
2,028
2, 318
53
44
72
49
1, 595
1, 792
1,885
2,266
-1 2
17
142
66
-2 0
5
1
-1 4
16
34
69
85
70
59
57
40
10
18
36
38
41
36
27
24
666
872
1,123
1,360
1, 599
1,876
2,171
. 2,365
626
852
1, 076
1,331
1, 551
1, 829
2,114
2,289
40
20
47
29
48
47
57
76
739
927
1,195
1, 405
1, 626
1, 817
1,968
2,142
-9 8
-6 4
-9 8
-4 0
-4 1
16
149
184
-1 5
-1 1
-2 1
-3 4
-3 4
-4
-3
-3 7
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_____ _________
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
1,125
1,375
1,612
1,886
2,103
1,057
1,326
1,531
1,802
2,031
68
49
81
84
72
1,038
1, 343
1,602
1,810
2,058
17
-1
-4 8
5
-1 2
2
-1 6
-2 3
-1 3
-1 5
$2,250-$2,499______ ________
$2,500-$2,999______ ________
$3,000 and over_____________
63
90
221
30
41
71
2, 372
2, 739
3,969
2, 275
2, 665
3,801
97
74
168
2,225
2, 518
3,231
60
181
603
-1 0
-3 4
-3 3
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
ea rn er
W age
C le r ic a l
$500-$749__..............................
$760-$999_______________ _
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
B u s i n e s s a n d p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
TABULAR SUMMARY
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
4
S M A L L
171
C IT IE S
1 . — B a l a n c e o f f a m i l y i n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e : N u m b er o f eligible
fa m ilie s , num ber reporting ex p en d itu res, average net m o n e y and n o n m o n e y in co m e,
average m o n e y expenditure f o r f a m i ly livin g, net su rp lu s or deficit, and balancing
difference, by occup ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued
able
Number of
families
Occupational group, familytype, and income class
F a m ily ty p e :
Report
Eligible ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(1)
Average net income
(3)
Total
Money
Non
money
from
housing
(4)
(5)
(6)
Average
money
expendi
ture for
family
living
(7)
Average Average
net sur net bal
plus or ancing
deficit
differ
ence
(-)
(8)
(9)
T ype I
$250-$499___________________
$500-$749..................................
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$436
627
902
1,118
1,362
$411
578
854
1,053
1,324
$25
49
48
65
38
$667
852
946
1,086
1,290
-$239
-261
-8 1
-2 7
51
—$17
-1 3
-1 1
-6
-1 7
$1,500-$1,749_______________
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249______ ______
$2,250-$2,499.......................... .
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000 and over_____________
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
1,613
1,879
2,100
2,885
2,697
3,863
1,547
1,828
2,024
2,313
2, 711
3, 748
66
51
76
72
-1 4
115
1,549
1,770
1,877
2,241
2, 502
2,990
10
35
119
86
243
763
-1 2
23
28
-1 4
-3 4
-5
$250-$499....... ............ ..............
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
665
911
1,122
1,362
(t)
661
904
1,092
1,343
4
7
30
19
(t)
816
966
1,170
1,338
(t)
-139
-5 3
-6 0
24
(t)
-1 6
-9
-1 8
-1 9
$1,500-Sl,7 4 9 ...____ _______
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
$3,000 and over_____________
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
1,613
1,863
2,115
2, 341
2,773
3,779
1,582
1,827
2,037
2, 272
2, 643
3, 625
31
36
78
69
130
154
1,632
1,791
2,030
2,196
2,477
3, 266
-2 4
50
35
99
210
385
-2 6
-1 4
-2 8
-2 3
-4 4
-2 6
$250-$499_____ ____ ________
$500-$749___________________
$750-$999___________________
$1,000-$1,249_______________
$1,250-$1,499_______________
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
(t)
638
878
1,117
1,352
(t)
610
829
1,068
1, 292
(t)
28
49
49
60
(t)
928
974
1,177
1,340
(t)
-289
-133
-8 1
-3 1
(t)
-2 9
-1 2
-2 8
-1 7
$1,500-$1,749__________ ____
$1,750-$1,999_______________
$2,000-$2,249_______________
$2,250-$2,499_______________
$2,500-$2,999_______________
3,000 and over______________
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
1,611
1,860
2,131
2, 375
2, 757
4, 232
1,530
1,789
2,075
2,292
2,628
4,009
81
71
56
83
129
223
1,618
1,838
1,957
2, 214
2, 576
3,383
-5 7
-4 2
134
97
75
683
-3 1
-7
-1 6
-1 9
-2 3
-6 1
T y p e s I I and I I I
T ypes I V
(t)
and V
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN NEW ENGLAND CITIES
172
N E W
T
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
1 - A . — N e t s u r p l u s o r d e f i c i t : Percentage o f fa m ilie s having a su rp lu s or
deficit , and average a m ou n ts reported , b y o ccu p ation , f a m i l y t y p e , and in c o m e , in
1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 —3 6 1
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families—
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
0)
Average
net sur
plus or
deficit
1 -)
(4)
Percentage of fami
lies having2—
Average amount for
families having 3—
Surplus
Deficit
Surplus
Deficit
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
—$200
-220
-7 6
-5 3
19
21
40
49
61
92
69
53
46
36
$43
70
86
133
$218
332
197
204
173
$1,500-$1,749........ ........................
$1,750-$1,999___________ ____ $2,000-$2,249___________ _____—
$2,250-$2,499...... ................- .........
$2,500-$2,999_ -------- -----------------$3,000 and over_______________
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
-2 3
14
102
94
181
603
54
62
69
70
60
80
43
35
28
27
32
15
158
200
238
226
453
834
253
316
218
235
285
409
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999______ ____ __________
$1,000-$1,249_________ _______ $1,250-$1,499............... ..................
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
-200
-239
-7 8
-5 2
38
17
40
50
60
92
72
53
45
36
41
68
84
140
218
341
195
209
134
$1,500-$1,749_........... ...................
$1,750-$1,999____________ ______
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
-1 2
17
142
66
55
59
76
67
43
36
22
33
170
209
252
255
245
297
231
325
$500-$749___________ ____ _____
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249________ _________
$1,250-$1,499_________ ______
$1,500-$1,749__________________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
-9 8
-6 4
-9 8
-4 0
-4 1
46
46
34
55
47
48
48
66
42
47
39
75
76
113
123
242
208
188
244
213
$1,750-$1,999_________ ________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
59
57
40
36
27
24
16
149
184
64
83
80
36
17
20
190
243
264
288
315
135
$1,000-$1,249____________ _____
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749.................................
$1,750-SI,999. ............. .................
$2,000-$2,249........................ .........
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
17
-1
-4 8
5
-1 2
64
71
60
68
42
26
26
38
29
51
101
120
141
186
186
183
326
345
417
178
$2,250-$2,499._..............................
$2,500-$2,999_____________ ____
$3,000 and over_______________
63
90
221
30
41
71
60
181
603
66
60
80
27
32
15
171
453
834
190
285
409
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
B u s in e s s a n d p r o fessio n a l
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
173
TABULAR SU M M AR Y
N E W
T
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
1 - A . — N e t s u r p l u s o r d e f i c i t : P ercentage o f fa m ilie s having a su rp lu s or
deficit , and average am ou n ts reported , hy o ccu p a tion , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in
1 2/ear, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
able
Number of families—
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
F a m ily ty p e :
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Average
net sur
plus or
deficit
(-)
Percentage of fami Average amount for
lies having—
families having—
Surplus
Deficit
Surplus
Deficit
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(4)
T ype 1
$250-$499____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________ ______
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
-$239
-261
-8 1
-2 7
51
16
46
62
57
86
77
49
33
36
$31
68
108
200
$280
344
227
286
198
$1,500-$1,749................................
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249___________ ____
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______ _____
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
10
35
119
86
243
763
50
56
68
69
56
86
47
38
32
31
22
7
221
268
254
231
498
953
213
332
191
235
167
760
$250-$499______________ ____
$500-$749______________ ____
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
-139
-5 3
- 60
24
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499___ ____ _________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______________
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
-2 4
50
35
99
210
385
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$!,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$],499____________ ____ _
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
(t)
-289
-133
-8 1
-3 1
$1,500-$1,749___________ _______
$1,750-$J,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249___________ ______
$2,250-$2,499............... .................
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over____ __________
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
-5 7
-4 2
134
97
75
683
T y p e s 11 and I I I
(t)
26
37
43
66
(t)
56
72
64
79
69
70
55
55
55
34
40
25
36
21
31
26
(t)
46
72
63
97
(t)
120
151
195
200
347
656
273
146
158
118
232
243
277
281
228
342
T yp es I V and V
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
24
34
37
58
58
57
73
64
56
85
(t)
76
55
54
39
42
43
20
29
44
12
(t)
45
63
67
108
144
182
227
245
451
843
(t)
396
278
194
244
339
350
191
206
410
407
N E W
T able 2.—
S u m m ary
of
fa m ily e x p e n d itu r e :
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
Average money expenditure fo r specified groups of goods and services, by occupation, fam ily
type, and income, in 1 year, 1985-36 1
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
(1)
Aver
age
num
ber
of
Report persons
ex
Total ing
per
pendi
family
tures
(2)
(3)
(4)
Total
Food
Hous
ing >
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Fur
nish
Other
Auto
ings Cloth
trans
mo
and
ing
porta
bile 3 tion
equip
Other
ment
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
Con
For tribu
Medi
tions
Other
To Read mal
cal Recre
and items
ation4 bacco
edu
ing
per
care
cation
sonal
taxes8
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
A l l fa m ilie s
11
50
96
151
150
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.2
604
851
960
1,140
1,322
248
293
362
405
452
135
194
177
204
221
67
96
100
121
132
26
22
25
34
42
3
19
44
40
43
36
47
59
83
103
10
28
45
63
101
1
4
4
8
7
10
15
18
21
27
31
47
42
56
65
6
16
22
24
33
9
25
22
30
30
9
11
13
16
18
1
1
4
4
12
29
23
28
39
1
4
3
3
5
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over_____
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.3
1,602
1,800
1,950
2, 218
2, 518
3, 231
511
539
589
623
707
767
264
264
277
307
392
407
159
173
180
186
186
237
61
61
86
96
127
207
51
65
62
88
75
115
147
163
191
226
220
341
111
189
173
259
302
407
8
11
11
12
13
16
35
36
41
48
55
69
83
76
114
129
82
160
45
66
75
67
88
152
39
35
38
43
54
51
22
22
24
25
29
35
5
14
11
23
39
63
55
67
72
81
137
193
6
19
6
5
12
10
n
Percentage of total money expenditures
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.0
34.4
37.7
35.5
34.2
22.4
22.8
18.4
17.9
16.7
11.1
11.3
10.4
10.6
10.0
4.3
2.6
2.6
3.0
3.2
0.5
2.2
4.6
3.5
3.2
6.0
5.5
6.1
7.3
7.8
1.6
3.3
4.7
5.5
7.6
0.2
.5
.4
.7
.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.0
5.1
5.5
4.4
4.9
4.9
1.0
1.9
2.3
2.1
2.5
1.5
2.9
2.3
2.6
2.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
i. 4
(*)
0.1
.1
.4
.3
2.0
3.4
2.4
2.5
3.0
0.2
.5
.3
.3
.4
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over--------
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.9
29.9
30.4
28.2
28.1
23.8
16.5
14.7
14.2
13.8
15.6
12.6
9.9
9.6
9.2
8.4
7.4
7.3
3.8
3.4
4.4
4.3
5.0
6.4
3.2
3.6
3.2
4.0
3.0
3.6
9.2
9.1
9.8
10.2
8.7
10.5
6.9
10.5
8.8
11.7
12.0
12.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1
5.2
4.2
5.8
5.8
3.3
5.0
2.8
3.7
3.8
3.0
3.5
4.7
2.4
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
.3
.8
.6
1.0
1.5
1.9
3.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
5.4
6.0
.4
1.1
.3
.2
.5
.3
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
21
117
340
460
466
NEW
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
Household
operation
Number of
families
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
Average money expenditure in dollars
W a g e earn er
1
1
4
4
12
29
23
27
39
1
4
3
3
5
21
21
23
27
6
12
15
10
56
69
64
67
4
20
4
1
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.2
604
869
963
1,140
1,297
248
294
361
412
454
135
198
177
202
207
67
98
100
119
127
26
22
26
31
40
3
20
46
41
47
36
50
60
85
102
10
29
46
64
101
1
4
4
7
7
10
16
18
21
26
31
51
41
55
60
6
16
23
24
32
9
26
21
29
29
9
11
13
16
17
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.6
1,595
1,792
1,885
2, 266
516
543
595
620
269
260
251
279
160
170
176
174
57
56
59
85
49
70
67
122
144
156
176
250
106
201
187
291
9
14
7
16
35
34
38
47
82
69
110
150
42
62
75
70
39
35
38
57
(*)
Percentage of total money expenditures
W a g e earn er
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.0
33.8
37.5
36.2
35.0
22.4
22.8
18.4
17.7
16.0
11.1
11.3
10.4
10.4
9.8
4.3
2.5
2.7
2.7
3.1
0.5
2.3
4.8
3.6
3.6
6.0
5.8
6.2
7.5
7.9
1.6
3.3
4.8
5.6
7.8
0.2
.5
.4
.6
.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.0
5.1
5.9
4.2
4.8
4.6
1.0
1.8
2.4
2.1
2.5
1.5
3.0
2.2
2.5
2.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
(*)
0.1
.1
.4
.3
2.0
3.3
2.4
2.4
3.0
0.2
.5
.3
.3
.4
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499._______
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.4
30.3
31.7
27.4
16.9
14.5
13.3
12.3
10.0
9.5
9.3
7.7
3.6
3.1
3.1
3.8
3.1
3.9
3.6
5.4
9.0
8.7
9.3
11.0
6.6
11.2
9.9
12.8
.6
.8
.4
.7
2.2
1.9
2.0
2.1
5.1
3.8
5.8
6.6
2.6
3.5
4.0
3.1
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
.4
.7
.8
.4
3.5
3.8
3.4
3.0
.3
1.1
.2
(*)
Average money expenditure in dollars
C le r ic a l
$500-$749___________
$760-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$ X , 250-$l,499________
$l,50O-$l,749________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.1
739
927
1,195
1,405
1, 626
285
371
393
446
511
171
172
215
257
281
85
99
129
149
153
23
22
40
45
60
11
25
45
39
55
33
51
76
95
154
23
42
82
122
136
1
9
9
11
7
13
17
24
29
33
18
46
62
91
73
18
14
25
32
43
17
27
36
29
39
10
13
16
18
22
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
59
57
40
36
27
24
3.3
3.1
3.3
1,817
1,968
2,142
540
599
649
275
300
316
167
175
196
68
82
85
74
77
74
204
210
238
154
139
173
8
16
13
39
45
48
89
94
115
61
67
77
40
45
40
23
23
25
2
2
3
29
19
38
34
45
11
6
14
59
86
68
(*)
(*)
TABULAR SU M M AR Y
$250-$499_____ _____
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
2
(*)
3
6
11
5
4
11
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
*Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
Oi
N E W
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
T a b l e 2 . — S u m m a r y o f fa m ily ex p en d itu re: Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occupation , f a m i ly
typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
. income class
Total
(1)
(2)
Aver
age
num
ber
of
Report
persons
ing ex
per
pendi
family
tures
(3)
(4)
Total
Pood
Hous
ing
(5)
(6)
(7)
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(8)
Fur
nish
Auto Other
ings Cloth mo trans
ing
and
bile porta
tion
Other equip
ment
Per
sonal
care
(ID
(14)
(9)
(10)
(12)
(13)
Medi
Recre To Read
cal
ation bacco
ing
care
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
ConFor taibutions
mal
and Other
edu
per items
cation sonal
taxes5
(20)
(19)
(21)
Percentage of total money expenditures
C lerica l
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.6
40.0
32.9
31.7
31.4
23.1
18.6
18.0
18.3
17.3
11.5
10.7
10.8
10.6
9.4
3.1
2.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
1.5
2.7
3.8
2.8
3.4
4.5
5.5
6.3
6.8
9.5
3.1
4.5
6.9
8.6
8.3
0.1
1.0
.8
.8
.4
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.4
5.0
5.2
6.5
4.5
2.4
1.5
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.3
2.9
3.0
2.1
2.4
1.4
1.4
' 1.3
1.3
1.4
(*)
(*)
0.2
.1
.2
3.9
2.0
3.2
2.4
2.8
0.3
(*)
.2
.4
.7
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
59
57
40
36
27
24
3.3
3.1
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.8
30.3
30.3
15.1
15.2
14.7
9.2
8.9
9.2
3.7
4.2
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.4
11.2
10.7
11.1
8.5
7.1
8.1
.4
.8
.6
2.1
2.3
2.2
4.9
4.8
5.4
3.4
3.4
3.6
2.2
2.3
1.9
1.3
1.2
1.2
.6
.3
.6
3.2
4.4
3.2
.3
.2
.5
2.8
118
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.2
1,038
1,343
1,602
1,810
2,058
365
452
493
528
569
203
242
228
265
307
136
164
189
192
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over--------
63
90
221
30
41
71
3.3
3.2
3.3
2,225
2, 518
3,231
609
707
768
325
392
407
186
237
189
20
22
1
1
51
50
80
66
142
20
28
56
43
41
79
116
151
146
206
28
73
101
191
172
17
5
5
7
14
32
35
36
43
49
52
93
87
135
19
42
57
83
79
34
40
29
32
24
24
28
7
6
19
10
28
48
63
71
75
4
6
26
13
113
127
207
67
75
115
198
220
341
287
302
407
10
13
16
48
55
69
119
82
160
57
88
152
34
54
51
25
29
35
40
39
63
101
137
193
3
12
10
17
22
C IT IE S
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$!,749............
$1,750—$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
ENGLAND
Average money expenditure in dollars
B u s in e s s a n d p r o fe s
s io n a l
NEW
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
Household
operation
Number of
families
Ci
Percentage of total money expenditures
B u s in e s s and p r o fes
s io n a l
$1,000-$! ,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
2.8
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
35.3
33.7
30.8
29.3
27.7
19.6
18.0
14.2
14. /
14.9
11.4
10.2
10.2
10.4
9.3
4.9
3.7
5.0
3.6
6.9
1.9
2.1
3.5
2.4
2.0
7.6
8.6
9.4
8.1
10.0
2.7
5.5
6.3
10.5
8.3
1.6
.4
.3
.4
.7
1.9
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.1
4.7
3.9
5.8
4.8
6.6
1.8
3.1
3.6
4.6
3.8
2.1
2.5
2.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.4
0.1
.5
.4
1.0
.5
2.7
3.6
3.9
3.9
3.6
0.1
.3
.4
1.4
.6
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over_____
63
90
221
30
41
71
3.3
3.2
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.5
28.1
23.8
14.6
15.6
12.6
8.5
7.4
7.3
5.1
5.0
6.4
3.0
3.0
3.6
8.9
8.7
10. 5
12.9
12.0
12.6
.4
.5
.5
2.2
2.2
2.1
5.3
3.3
5.0
2.6
3.5
4.7
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.8
1.5
1.9
4.5
5.4
6.0
.1
.5
.3
1
12
42
31
32
54
2
4
1
3
7
79
94
75
102
212
241
2
52
10
2
18
6
1.8
4.9
3.3
2.9
4.2
0.3
.5
.1
.3
.5
5.1
5.3
4.0
4.6
8.5
8.1
.1
2.9
.5
.1
.7
.2
Average money expenditure in dollars
F a m ily ty p e :
T ype I
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
667
852
946
1,086
1,290
243
263
324
369
379
171
210
171
207
227
81
101
100
121
135
36
23
28
37
41
3
19
43
42
53
25
36
52
71
76
18
23
69
65
130
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over____
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1,549
1,770
1,877
2,241
2,502
2,990
436
452
472
559
637
550
294
273
296
303
460
475
150
163
166
191
162
203
55
61
119
108
120
157
66
73
65
122
98
129
133
130
166
182
173
278
115
267
201
332
324
444
2
4
7
3
10
13
17
19
25
47
66
46
46
78
3
16
26
21
34
8
23
21
30
28
8
11
13
16
19
10
3
10
13
12
27
30
28
37
48
56
63
75
66
124
168
69
147
43
57
71
52
73
170
36
31
38
34
62
58
23
19
27
25
23
42
(*)
2
1
3
Percentage of total money expenditures
T ype I
$250-$499
____
$500-$749
____
_
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36. 5
30.9
34.2
34.1
29.5
25. 7
24. 7
18.1
19.1
17.6
12. 2
11.9
10. 6
11.1
10.5
5. 4
2.7
3.0
3.4
3.2
0.4
2. 2
4. 5
3.9
4.1
3. 7
4. 2
5. 5
6.5
5.9
2. 7
2. 7
7. 3
6.0
10.0
(*)
0.2
.4
.6
.2
1.5
1. 5
1.8
1.7
1.9
7.0
7. 7
4.9
4.2
6.0
0.4
1.9
2.7
1.9
2.6
1. 2
2.7
2.2
2.8
2.2
1. 2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over_____
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.2
25.7
25.2
25.0
25.4
18.4
19.0
15.4
15.9
13. 6
18.4
15.9
9.7
9.2
8.8
8. 5
6.5
6.8
3.6
3.4
6.3
4.8
4.8
5.2
4.3 • 8.6
4.1
7.3
3. 5
8.8
5.4
8.1
3.9
6.9
4.3
9.3
7.4
15.0
10.7
14.8
13.0
14.9
.6
.2
.5
.6
.5
.9
1.9
1.6
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.1
4.8
3.7
6.6
7.5
2.8
4.9
2.8
3.2
3.8
2.3
2.9
5.7
2.3
1.8
2.0
1.5
2.5
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.1
.9
1.4
i
‘Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
0.1
.1
.1
.1
—
TABULAR SU M M AR Y
$250-$499___________
_
$500-$749_______
$750-$999_______
.
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
N E W
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
T able 2.— S u m m a r y o f fa m ily exp en d itu re:
Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occupation, fa m ily
typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Occupational group,
family type, and
income class
Total
(1)
(2)
Aver
age
num
Report ber of
ing ex persons
per
pendi
tures family
(3)
(4)
Household
operation
Total
Food
Hous
ing
Fuel,
light,
and
refrig
eration
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Fur
Other
nish
Auto
ings Cloth mo trans
porta
and
ing
bile
tion
Other equip
ment
(9)
(10)
(ID
(12)
(13)
Per
sonal
care
(14)
For
Medi
Recre To Read mal
cal
ing
edu
ation bacco
care
cation
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(t)
(t)
(*)
Con
tribu
tions
Other
and
per items
sonal
taxes
(20)
(21)
Average money expenditure in dollars
T y p es I I and I I I
(t)
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.4
(t)
816
966
1,170
1,338
(t)
325
383
417
471
(t)
170
182
205
223
(t)
81
94
115
122
(t)
16
22
31
44
(t)
15
48
50
50
(t)
54
62
84
112
(t)
34
33
73
87
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2.250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over.........
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.3
1, 632
1,791
2,030
2,196
2,477
3,266
539
551
622
608
661
829
270
273
260
329
330
347
162
175
179
177
208
230
66
55
75
107
185
245
34
73
67
103
80
145
149
170
214
228
251
363
123
180
208
213
303
349
5
5
8
11
(t)
17
18
23
29
(t)
31
38
58
60
(t)
15
21
27
34
(t)
27
25
31
34
5
6
6
3
13
11
36
39
40
50
52
80
82
71
153
99
112
185
50
84
71
83
93
163
37
34
33
41
47
45
(t)
1
3
6
(t)
15
18
28
34
22
24
23
28
37
35
5
6
8
33
16.
28
45
49
68
85
81
194
7
1
3
9
8
17
C IT IE S
2
22
45
58
50
9
14
15
17
(t)
2
2
2
4
Percentage of total money expenditures
T y p e s I I and I I I
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499....... .......
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.4
(t)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(t)
39.9
39.7
35.6
35.3
(t)
20.9
18.8
17.5
16.7
(t)
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.1
(t)
2.0
2.3
2.6
3.3
(t)
1.8
5.0
4.3
3.7
(t)
6.6
6.4
7.2
8.4
(t)
4.2
3.4
6.2
6.5
(t)
0.6
.5
.7
.8
(t)
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.2
(t)
3.8
3.9
5.0
4.5
(t)
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.5
(t)
3.3
2.6
2.6
2.5
(t)
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.3
(t)
(*)
0.1
.3
.4
(t)
1.8
1.9
2.4
2.5
(t)
0.2
.2
.2
.3
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over_____
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.1
30.8
30.6
27.6
26.7
25.5
16.6
15.2
12.9
14.9
13.3
10.6
9.9
9.8
8.8
8.1
8.4
7.0
4.0
3.1
3.7
4.9
7.5
7.5
2.1
4.1
3.3
4.7
3.2
4.4
9.1
9.5
10.6
10.4
10.1
11.1
7.5
10.0
10.3
9.7
12.3
10.7
.3
.3
.3
.1
.5
.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.4
5.0
4.0
7.5
4.5
4.5
5.7
3.1
4.7
3.5
3.8
3.8
5.0
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.1
.3
.3
.4
1.5
.6
.9
2.8
2.7
3.3
3.9
3.3
5.9
.4
.1
.1
.4
.3
.5
ENGLAND
5
43
155
174
188
NEW
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499__.........
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN
Number of
families
oo
Average money expenditure in dollars
T y p es I V and V
$250-$499___________
$500-$749___________
$750-$999___________
$1,000-$1,249________
$1,250-$1,499________
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249________
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999„_______
$3,000 and over____
4
18
51
2
12
111
120
18
47
53
(t)
3.9
4.2
4.0
4.4
(t)
928
974
1,177
1,340
113
108
49
59
40
30
16
34
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.4
4.2
, 618
1,838
1,957
2,214
2,576
3,383
102
59
28
82
1
(t)
309
400
443
518
(t)
203
175
198
208
(t)
116
116
129
143
(t)
31
29
34
41
(t)
30
32
21
68
101
124
44
87
554
606
664
691
839
880
225
247
273
294
367
411
166
181
192
188
196
269
61
57
49
57
46
43
76
159
185
196
262
248
370
92
129
126
228
273
432
66
66
78
80
210
19
(t)
69
(t)
28
21
(t)
7
2
10
7
9
23
15
19
13
11
(t)
18
18
25
' 27
(t)
26
43
38
39
45
47
57
63
91
91
79
117
69
148
68
55
(t)
21
17
23
31
40
57
80
67
101
127
(t)
23
16
26
26
45
39
42
54
49
51
(t)
11
13
15
17
20
23
23
24
28
30
(t)
8
2
12
(t)
20
4
15
24
28
9
33
23
36
106
143
44
63
71
59
97
155
(t)
8
7
4
5
8
7
5
4
10
7
T y p e s I V and V
$250-$499___........ .
$500-$749_._...........
$750-$999................
$1,000-$1,249__...........
$1,250-$1,499..............
$1,500-$1,749________
$1,750-$1,999________
$2,000-$2,249_........... .
$2,250-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000 and over_____
4
18
51
2
12
111
120
18
47
53
(t)
3.9
4.2
4.0
4.4
113
108
49
59
40
30
16
34
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.4
4.2
102
59
28
82
(t)
10
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(t)
33.3
41.2
37.6
38.7
(t)
21.9
18.1
16.8
15.5
(t)
12.5
11.9
34.2
33.0
34.0
31.2
32.6
26.1
13.9
13.4
13.9
13.3
14.2
12.1
(t)
3.2
3.3
(t)
7.4
7.0
(t)
3.0
10.7
(t)
3.3
3.0
2.9
3.0
1.4
9.3
3.8
6.5
10.3
9.8
9.8
8.5
7.6
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.7
2.9
11.0
8.0
6.2
1.8
8.6
9.8
2.1
5.7
7.0
6.4
10.3
10.1
10.0
2.1 11.8
10.6
1.7
9.6
2.2 10.9 12.7
(t)
0.8
.2
.8
.5
.6
1.3
.8
.9
.5
.3
(t)
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.2
1.9
(t)
2.8
4.4
5.8
4.1
5.6
4.9
4.0
5.3
2.7
4.4
(t)
2.3
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.5
3.1
4.1
3.0
3.9
3.8
(t)
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.9
2.8
2.1
2.1
2.4
1.9
1.5
(t)
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
.9
(t)
0.9
.2
1.0
.3
.6
1.8
1.2
1.6
4.1
4.2
(t)
2.1
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.7
3.4
3.6
2.7
3.8
4.6
(t)
0.9
.7
.3
4
!5
.4
.3
.2
.4
.2
TABULAR SU M M AR Y
Percentage of total money expenditures
$1
•Average amounts of less than
and percentages of leso. than 0.1 are not shown.
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
CO
180
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
N E W
E N G L A N D , 4
NEW
S M A L L
ENGLAND
C IT IE S
C IT IE S
T able 3.— F o o d :
A verag e value o f all f a m i ly f o o d , m o n ey expen d itu re f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y fr o m h o m e, average value o f fo o d h om e-produ ced or received as
gift or p a y , and m o n e y ex p en se per meal per fo o d expen d itu re u nit, hy o ccup ation ,
f a m i l y typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6
[White noDrelief families including husband and wife, both native bcrn]
Number of
families
O c c u p a t i o n al
group,
family
type, and income
class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
(1 )
Average
value
of all
family
food
(4)
Percentage of Average Average
expenditure value of money
food expendi
for food
home- ture per
pro
meal per
duced or
ex
Away
Away received food
At
At
pendi
from
home home1 home from
ture
as
gift
home
or pay
unit 2
Average expenditure
for food purchased
All
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
GO)
(11)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499.......... .......
$500-$749.......... .
$750-$999__________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$! ,499______
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$262
329
381
425
482
$248
293
362
405
452
$248
287
353
397
442
$6
9
8
10
100.0
98.0
97.5
98.0
97.8
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000 and over___
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
528
555
611
647
736
800
511
539
589
623
707
768
478
507
553
564
617
675
33
32
36
59
90
93
93.5
94.0
93.9
90.5
87.3
87.9
$250-$499...............
$500-$749............ ___
$750-1999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
262
331
382
434
482
248
294
361
412
454
248
287
352
404
447
7
9
8
7
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999...........
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499............
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
531
557
620
631
516
543
595
620
486
519
568
564
$500-$749..................
$750-$999...............
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499__........
$1,500-$1,749______
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
317
377
409
472
521
285
371
393
446
511
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499_..........
59
57
40
36
27
24
563
627
663
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499_..........
$1,500-$1,749_..........
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000 and over___ '
63
90
221
30
41
71
$14
36
19
20
30
$0,098
.107
.124
.136
. 144
6.5
6.0
6.1
9.5
12.7
12.1
17
16
22
24
29
32
.158
.163
.172
.183
.220
.215
100.0
97.6
97.5
98.1
98.5
2.4
2.5
1.9
1.5
14
37
21
22
28
.098
.108
.123
.138
. 145
30
24
27
56
94.2
95.6
95.4
91.0
5.8
4.4
4.6
9.0
15
14
25
11
.155
. 162
. 176
.168
283
368
387
426
474
2
3
6
20
37
99.3
99.2
98.5
95.5
92.8
.7
.8
1.5
4.5
7.2
32
6
16
26
10
.101
.131
.132
.145
.164
540
599
649
477
521
609
63
78
40
88.4
87.0
93.9
11.6
13.0
6.1
23
28
14
.161
.184
.195
381
496
524
542
581
365
452
493
528
569
349
440
454
500
552
16
12
39
28
17
95.6
97.3
92.1
94.7
97.0
4.4
2.7
7.9
5.3
3.0
16
44
31
14
12
.128
.132
.161
.165
.157
651
736
800
609
707
768
535
617
675
74
90
93
87.8
87.3
87.9
12.2
12.7
12.1
42
29
32
.187
.230
.215
2.0
2. &
2.0
2.2
O c c v p a t i o n a l
g rou p :
W a g e
ea rn er
C le r ic a l
B u sin e ss and
p r o fessio n a l
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
181
TA B U L AR S U M M A R Y
N E W
T
able
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
3.— F o o d : A verag e value o f all f a m i ly fo o d , m o n ey expen d itu re f o r fo o d at
hom e and a w a y fr o m h o m e, average value o f fo o d hom e-p rod u ced or received as
gift or p a y , and m o n e y ex p en se per m eal per fo o d exp en d itu re un it, by occup ation ,
f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Number of
families
O c c u p a tio n a l
group,
family
type, and income
class
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
(1)
Average
value
of all
family
food
(4)
Percentage of Average money
expenditure value of Average
for food
food
expendi
home- ture per
pro
meal per
or fcod ex
Away
Away duced
At
received pendi
At
from
from
home
ture
home home home as gift
or pay
unit
Average expenditure
for food purchased
All
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
F a m ily ty p e :
T ype I
$250-$499_________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$250
290
344
384
411
$243
263
324
369
379
$243
255
310
363
373
$8
14
6
6
100.0
97.0
95.7
98.4
98.4
3.0
4.3
1.6
1.6
$7
27
20
15
32
$. 113
.119
.149
.165
.172
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000 and over___
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
445
462
484
566
651
613
436
452
472
559
637
550
393
410
435
456
555
498
43
42
37
103
82
52
90.1
90.7
92.2
81.6
87.1
90.5
9.9
9.3
7.8
18.4
12.9
9.5
9
10
12
7
14
63
.195
.196
.209
.241
.296
.243
$250-$499_________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999 _____
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000 and over___
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
$250-$499_________
$500-$749_________
$750-$999_________
$1,000-$1,249______
$1,250-$1,499______
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
$1,500-$1,749______
$1,750-$1,999______
$2,000-$2,249______
$2,250-$2,499______
$2,500-$2,999______
$3,000 and over___
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
T y p e s I I and I I I
T ypes I V
(t)
363
395
440
496
(t)
325
383
417
471
(t)
319
377
409
454
539
551
622
608
661
829
516
527
574
584
578
754
370
436
468
552
Ct)
309
400
443
518
(t)
306
394
432
514
575
630
684
706
853
900
554
606
664
691
839
880
520
574
637
644
732
738
559
563
661
664
726
847
6
6
8
17
98.2
98.4
98.1
96.4
(t)
(t)
23
24
48
24
83
75
95.7
95.6
92.3
96.1
87.4
91.0
4.3
4.4
7.7
3.9
12.6
9.0
(t)
1.8
1.6
1.9
3.6
(t)
38
12
23
25
(t)
.103
.114
. 127
.139
20
12
39
56
65
18
.156
. 158
.168
.175
.180
.224
61
36
25
34
(t)
.078
.085
.105
.113
21
24
20
15
14
20
. 121
. 138
. 146
. 137
. 164
. 185
and V
(t)
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
3
6
11
4
99.0
98.5
97.5
99.2
(t)
(t)
34
32
27
47
107
142
93.9
94.7
95.9
93.2
87.2
83.9
6.1
5.3
4.1
6.8
12.8
16.1
(t)
1.0
1.5
2.5
.8
(t)
182
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
N E W
T
E N G L A N D , 4
NEW
S M A L L
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
C IT IE S
4 .— H o u sin g : A verag e value o f hou sin g secured with and w ithout m o n e y
ex p en d itu re , b y o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e f and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 S 5 —S6
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
(1)
Eligi
ble
Re
port
ing
ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Aver
age
value
of all
hous
ing
plus
fuel,
light,
and
refri
gera
tion
(4)
Average value of housing secured1
Per
Aver
cent
age
age
Aver
ex
of
With money ex
Without money
pense age
housing
penditure
for
expenditure
value
value
of
fuel,
secur
all
light,
ed
and hous
Rent without
as
ing
Own
All Fam Other
refri
money
hous
hous ily
gera
ed
pay
expen
or
ing home* ing 3 Total home*
tion
gift diture 3
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(9)
(11)
(12)
(13)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499_____
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249.__
$1,250-$!,499...
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$268
323
311
375
391
$67
96
100
121
132
$188
223
206
252
257
$135
194
177
204
221
$135
194
177
303
218
$1,500-$1,749----$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499----$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000 and over.
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
482
492
527
568
653
813
159
173
180
186
186
237
321
317
345
382
466
575
264
264
277
307
392
407
261
256
271
295
369
310
$250-$499...........
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499-----
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
268
326
311
370
372
67
98
100
119
127
188
225
207
248
243
135
198
177
202
207
$1,500-$1,749----$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499-----
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
485
475
502
502
160
170
176
174
322
304
323
328
$500-$749_..........
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499----$1,500-$1,749-----
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
302
299
392
437
482
85
99
129
149
153
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
59
57
40
36
27
24
492
533
588
$1,000-$1,249----$1,250-$1,499----$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000 and over.
63
90
221
30
41
71
$27
28
25
48
33
$26
1
4
$1
3
$53
29
29
48
36
3
8
6
12
23
97
57
53
68
75
74
168
52
51
68
62
57
148
5
2
135
198
177
201
206
27
27
28
46
31
26
1
1
53
27
30
46
36
269
260
251
279
266
255
246
264
3
5
5
15
53
44
72
49
50
44
72
49
3
16.5
14.5
22.3
14.9
211
192
262
286
329
171
172
215
257
281
171
172
215
256
280
32
2
47
29
36
8
18
(*)
1
1
40
20
47
29
48
12
19.0
10.4
17.9
10.1
14.6
167
175
196
322
357
392
275
300
316
261
291
302
14
9
14
47
57
76
47
57
51
25
14.6
16.0
19.4
391
429
474
543
571
118
136
164
189
192
271
291
309
349
379
203
242
228
265
307
203
230
222
254
303
(•)
12
6
11
4
68
49
81
84
72
68
49
74
77
72
611
653
813
189
186
237
422
466
575
325
392
407
318
369
310
7
23
97
. 97
74
168
81
57
148
3
13
17
20
28. 2
13.0
14.1
19.0
14.0
17.8
16.7
19.7
19.6
15.8
29.2
O c c u p a tio n a l
grou p:
W a g e ea rn er
2
5
28. 2
\2. 0
14. 5
18.5
14.8
C le r ic a l
B u sin e ss and
p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
* Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
7
7
16
17
20
25.1
16.8
26.2
24.1
19.0
23.0
15.8
29.2
183
TABULAR S U M M A R Y
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
4.— H o u s in g : A verage value o f h ousing secured with and w ithout m o n ey
exp en d itu re, by occu p ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 —3 6 — Contd.
able
Number of
families
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
(1)
Eligi
ble
Re
port
ing
ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Aver
age
value
of all
hous
ing
plus
fuel,
light,
and
refri
gera
tion
(4)
Per
Average value of bousing secured
Aver
cent
age
age
of
ex
Aver
housing
pense age
With money ex
Without money
for
penditure
expenditure
value
value
secur
of
fuel,
all
ed
light,
Rent without
hous
and
ing
Own
as
refri
direct
All Fam Other
hous ily
hous Total
gera
ed
pay money
ing home ing
or
tion
home
expen
gift
diture
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(9)
(ID
(12)
(13)
F a m ily typ e:
T ype 1
$250-$499______
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$277
363
325
395
403
$81
101
100
121
135
$196
259
219
272
265
$171
210
171
207
227
$171
210
171
206
225
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000 and over.
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
513
487
538
566
608
794
150
163
166
191
162
203
360
324
372
375
446
590
294
273
296
303
460
475
287
263
291
293
443
281
$250-$499______
$500-$749______
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
(t)
(t)
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000 and over.
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
$250-$499______
$500-$749
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249___
$1,250-$1,499___
4
18
51
111
120
12
18
47
53
$1,500-$1,749___
$1,750-$1,999___
$2,000-$2,249___
$2,250-$2,499___
$2,500-$2,999___
$3,000 and over.
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
$25
49
48
65
38
$25
47
44
65
33
17
194
66
51
76
72
-1 4
115
60
51
76
53
-1 4
94
(t)
(t)
$1
2
7
10
5
10
$2
4
5
6
19
21
12.8
18.9
21.9
23.9
14.3
18.3
15.7
20.4
19.2
- 3 .1
19.5
T y p e s I I and I I I
(t)
260
286
353
367
464
486
521
575
668
732
(t)
81
94
115
122
162
175
179
177
208
230
174
189
235
242
170
182
205
223
170
182
204
219
301
309
338
398
460
501
270
273
260
329
330
347
269
264
251
318
321
314
(t)
(t)
(t)
1
4
1
9
9
11
9
33
4
7
30
19
31
36
78
69
130
154
(t)
4
2
30
19
28
36
78
46
74
128
(t)
(t)
5
3
23
56
26
2.3
3. 7
12.8
7.9
10.3
11.7
23.1
17.3
28.3
30.7
T y p e s I V and V
2
(t)
(t)
411
116
116
129
143
474
504
523
565
695
904
166
181
192
188
196
269
349
346
377
231
224
247
268
306
318
329
377
496
634
203
175
198
208
225
247
273
294
367
411
203
175
197
206
224
241
269
280
324
328
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
113991
-41------- 13
(t)
(t)
2
28
•49
49
60
1
6
4
14
43
83
81
71
56
83
129
223
1
(t)
28
49
49
54
75
67
56
83
129
209
(t)
(t)
6
6
4
14
12. 1
21.9
19.8
22.4
26.5
22.3
17.0
22.0
26.0
35.2
184
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
4
NEW
S M A L L
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
C IT IE S
4 - A . — M o n e y expen ditu res for fa m ily h o m e by owners an d ren ters,
an d fa cilities in clu d e d in ren t for fa m ily h o m e : B y o ccu p a tion , fa m i ly
ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
able
Percentage with none of
these facilities included
in rent
Mechanical
refrigerator
9
22
33
32
15
4
1
1
3
100
98
99
100
98
15
4
1
6
100
99
98
96
83
100
3
£2
(12)
'P
Light
©
"3
£
g
(8)
1
Garage
(6)
a
o
M
©
Renters
(4)
W
3
*
3
.3
'3
o
Renting
a
O m
<D ©
<D
tf
(14)
Percentage of renters having specified
facilities included in rent2
Furnishings
Average
money ex
pense for
family home
3
Percentage
of families 1
^ Reporting
w
expendi
tures
0)
3
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
Eligible
Number of
families
^
5
w
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
g3
J-c
©
boo
Ui +*
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499 _
$500~$749_______
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499____
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
18
21
20
30
24
70
77
77
68
74
$59
192
206
163
175
$171
193
182
218
228
15
11
2
8
7
15
8
$1,500-$1,749____
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999____
$3,000 and over_ _
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
34
29
39
39
54
65
63
70
61
57
44
32
242
214
227
274
398
265
277
271
307
321
385
424
12
5
4
11
11
13
5
1
$250-$499____
$500-$749-__
$750-$999___
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499____
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
18
21
22
29
20
70
79
75
69
78
59
221
210
161
154
171
192
181
214
220
15
10
2
4
8
15
8
$1,500-$1,749____
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
36
29
40
26
61
71
60
72
259
226
200
222
275
265
281
282
13
8
6
$500-$749________
$750-$999______
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749____
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
17
5
22
28
27
67
95
78
65
68
47
15
205
194
284
196
192
226
252
284
23
6
16
14
14
6
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
$2,250-$2,499____
59
57
40
36
27
24
22
39
36
74
61
60
227
266
276
266
310
333
$1,000-$1,249____
$1,250-$1,499____
$1,500-$1,749____
$1,750-$1,999____
$2,000-$2,249____
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
49
36
35
38
38
51
64
63
62
62
147
223
144
169
252
257
246
259
296
349
27
14
7
$2,250-$2,499____
$2,500-$2,999____
$3,000 and over___
63
90
221
30
41
71
53
52
65
41
43
32
303
398
265
355
385
424
25
11
13
4
3
7
38
48
48
50
75
78
1
5
3
1
1
1
3
1
2
4
5
5
10
O c c u p a tio n a l
grou p:
W age
ea rn er
5
4
9
22
31
25
15
3
4
31
41
48
21
7
9
17
43
58
51
14
6
100
98
100
100
98
15
5
100
100
95
100
3
3
2
2
3
5
C le r ic a l
3
66
64
80
100
95
100
98
100
6
6
3
100
100
100
B u sin e ss and p r o
fe ssio n a l
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
5
14
7
7
36
50
44
55
34
64
75
78
19
7
4
5
100
100
100
95
100
89
83
100
10
7
5
5
10
11
5
185
TABULAR SUM M ARY
N E W
E N G L A N D ,
4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
4 - A .— M o n e y expen ditu re for fa m ily h o m e by owners an d ren ters,
and facilities in clu d ed in ren t for fa m ily h o m e : B y occup ation , f a m i ly
ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued
14
10
34
25
48
4
2
3
3
45
60
52
57
80
25
17
(t)
2
13
35
22
(t)
6
46
48
48
48
50
92
2
c5
®a
be o
©
(14)
^
5i
w
(12)
£* Mechanical
w
refrigerator
Light
g
Garage
©
"S
£
©
(8)
Furnishings
©
w
3
(6)
Renters
*o n
t-l
©©
a
o
M
Percentage of renters having specified
facilities included in rent
3
Renting
Average
money ex
pense for
family home
3
Percentage
of families
Owning
Reporting
expendi
tures
%
3
(1)
^
Occupational
group, family
type, and in
come class
Eligible
Number of
families
Percentage with none of
these facilities included
in rent
able
3
T
F a m ily ty p e :
T ype I
$250-$499
$500-$749________
$750-$999
$1,000-$ 1,249
$1,250-$1,499
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
14
31
31
36
22
86
64
68
64
74
$63
190
140
160
182
$189
215
189
233
232
14
2
18
14
$1,500-$1,749
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999
$3,000 and over. _
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
35
25
35
44
44
71
64
75
65
56
56
21
263
201
256
243
512
255
299
284
319
330
387
460
29
11
12
14
20
25
10
$250-$499________
$500-$749
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
5
9
18
14
(t)
95
86
78
84
(t)
114
295
196
141
(t)
173
174
203
230
(t)
8
3
2
3
(t)
6
$1,500-$1,749
$1,750-$1,999
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999____
$3,000 and over..
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
21
20
41
32
50
44
76
77
59
56
44
56
280
222
162
316
306
188
272
265
317
351
385
410
4
2
$250-$499________
$500-$749
$750-$999
$1 000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
(t)
24
28
39
41
(t)
76
72
61
59
(t)
255
148
149
193
(t)
186
186
225
218
(t)
11
$1,500-$1,749
$1 750-$l,999
$2 000-$2,249
$2 250-$2,499
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
49
42
42
41
69
79
46
58
58
59
31
18
204
216
242
269
297
320
258
266
290
276
382
416
7
3
5
4
5
9
3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
93
100
80
100
10
2
3
10
11
7
25
T y p e s I I and I I I
T ypes I V
6
12
12
15 ~"l5~
3
4
12
(t)
100
99
100
97
100
100
100
96
88
100
(t)
1
(t)
(t)
6
3
4
12
12
8
and V
$2\r>0 0 -$ 2 J999
$3,000 and over__
6
fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
(t)
22
16
43
32
14
36
45
46
100
100
(t)
(t)
89
100
100
99
(t)
100
96
100
91
80
100
(t)
(t)
4
9
- -
186
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
N E W
T
E N G L A N D ,
4
NEW
E N G L A N D C IT I E S
S M A L L
C IT IE S
5.— H ou se h old o p e ra tio n : A verag e
m o n e y expend iture f o r grou p s o f
item s o f household operation and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re , by
occupation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in c o m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 —3 6
able
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
Eligi
ble
(1)
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
Fuel,
help
Fuel,
light,
Report
light, Paid
ing ex
and
Other and house Other
Percent items2 refrig hold items
pendi Total refrig
era Average age of
tures
help
era
tion 1 amount families
tion 1
having
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(6)
(8)
(9)
GO)
(11)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499______ ________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$93
118
125
155
174
$67
96
100
121
132
$3
8
4
6
7
$23
22
24
33
39
72.1
81.4
80.0
78.1
75.9
3.2
1
1
3
.8
.6
1.7
24.7
18.6
19.2
21.3
22.4
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over________
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
220
234
266
282
313
444
159
173
180
186
186
237
8
5
20
21
33
100
12
14
17
20
33
50
53
56
66
75
94
107
72.3
74.0
67.7
66.0
59.5
53.4
3.6
2.1
7.5
7.4
10.5
22.5
24.1
23.9
24.8
26.6
30.0
24.1
$250-$499_______________
$500-$749
-- ______
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
93
120
126
150
167
67
98
100
119
127
3
8
4
5
8
23
22
25
30
38
72.1
81.7
79.4
79.3
76.0
3.2
1
1
2
.8
.7
1.2
24.7
18. 3
19.8
20.0
22.8
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
217
226
235
259
160
170
176
174
8
5
3
21
10
12
10
19
49
51
56
64
73.7
75.2
74.9
67.2
3.7
2.2
1.3
8.1
22.6
22.6
23.8
24.7
$500-$749................. .........
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
108
121
169
194
213
85
99
129
149
153
3
3
7
9
6
9
5
14
23
19
37
38
51
78.9
81.8
76.3
76.8
71.8
2.5
1.8
3.6
4.2
21.1
15.7
21.9
19.6
24.0
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
59
57
40
36
27
24
235
257
281
167
175
196
9
13
6
26
9
14
59
69
79
71.1
68.1
69.8
3.8
5.1
2.1
25.1
26.8
28.1
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
169
186
244
255
334
118
136
164
189
192
2
2
10
2
58
5
7
20
12
35
49
69.8
48 • 73.1
70
67.2
64
74.1
84
57.5
1.2
1.1
4.1
.8
17.4
29.0
25.8
28.7
25.1
25.1
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over_______
63
90
221
30
41
71
302
313
444
189
186
237
30
33
100
26
33
50
9.9
10.5
22.5
27.5
30.0
24.1
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
B u s in e s s a n d p r o fe s
sio n a l
See p. 196 for notes on this table.
83
94
107
62.6
59.5
53.4
187
TABULAR SUM M ARY
N E W
E N G L A N D ,
4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
T a b l e 5.— H o u se h o ld o p e r a tio n : A verag e m o n e y exp en d itu re f o r groups o f
item s o f household operation and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re , by
occu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
Number of
families
Occupational group,
family type, and in
come class
Eligi
ble
(2)
(1)
F a m ily ty p e :
Average money expenditure for house
hold operation
Percentage of total
household opera
tion expenditure
Paid household
Fuel,
help
Fuel,
light,
Report
light, Paid
ing ex
and
Other and house Other
pendi Total refrig
Percent items refrig hold items
era Average age of
tures
era
help
tion amount families
tion
having
(3)
(4)
(5)
(8)
(7)
(6)
(9)
(10)
(ID
T ype I
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999_______ _____
$1,000—$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$117
124
128
158
176
$81
101
100
121
135
$6
14
5
7
4
$30
23
27
36
38
69.2
81.5
78.1
76.6
76.7
5.1
1
1
3
.8
.6
1.7
25.7
18.5
21.1
22.8
21.6
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over________
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
205
224
285
299
282
360
150
163
166
191
162
203
1
4
40
18
14
57
3
23
19
21
22
43
54
57
79
90
106
100
73.2
72.8
58.3
63.9
57.4
56.4
.5
1.8
14.0
6.0
5.0
15.8
26.3
25.4
27.7
30.1
37.6
27.8
$250-$499_____ _________
$500-$749 ____________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
97
116
146
166
(t)
81
94
115
122
5
7
13
(t)
16
20
29
41
(t)
83.5
81.1
78.7
73.5
(t)
2
2
3
1.7
1.4
1.8
(t)
16. 5
17. 2
19.9
24 7
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over..
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
228
230
254
284
393
475
162
175
179
177
208
230
16
3
10
38
87
129
27
9
18
37
69
61
50
52
65
69
98
116
71.1
76.1
70.5
62.3
53.0
48.4
7.0
1.3
3.9
13.4
22.1
27.2
21.9
22.6
25.6
24.3
24 9
24.4
$250-$499______________
$500-$749 . . .
______
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
(t)
147
145
163
184
(t)
116
116
129
143
1
1
(t)
78.9
80.0
79.2
77.7
(t)
1
4
(t)
31
29
33
37
.6
2.2
(t)
21. 1
20.0
20.2
20.1
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over________
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
227
247
258
266
276
479
166
181
192
188
196
269
6
8
10
10
5
105
4
12
14
8
12
44
55
58
56
68
75
105
73.2
73.3
74.4
70.7
71.0
56.2
2.6
3.2
3.9
3.7
1.8
21.9
24.2
23.5
21.7
25.6
27.2
21.9
T yp es I I and I I I
T ypes I V
(t)
(t)
and V
(t)
(t)
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
188
N E W
T
able
E N G L A N D , 4
NEW
S M A L L
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
C IT IE S
6 .— C lo th in g : A verag e m o n e y expen ditu re fo r clothing fo r husband a nd w ife
and other f a m i ly m em bers, and percentage distribution o f such exp en d itu re, b y occupa
tion, f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 —3 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational g ro u p ,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Average money expenditure for
clothing i
All
family
mem
bers
(4)
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499______: ____
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$36
47
59
83
103
$7
18
19
25
31
$10
19
22
30
41
$19
10
18
28
31
19.4
38.3
32.2
30.1
30.1
27.8
40.4
37.3
36.2
39.8
52.8
21.3
30.5
33.7
30.1
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249_._________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over____ . . .
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
147
163
191
226
220
341
46
46
58
66
70
97
57
62
63
72
73
118
44
55
70
88
77
126
31.3
28. 2
30.4
29.2
31.8
28.4
38.8
38.0
33.0
31.9
33.2
34.6
29.9
33.8
36.6
38.9
35.0
37.0
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
36
50
60
85
102
7
IS
20
27
31
10
20
23
33
44
19
12
17
25
27
19.4
36.0
33.3
31.8
30.4
27.8
40.0
38.4
38.8
43.1
52.8
24.0
28.3
29.4
26.5
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
144
156
176
250
43
45
55
59
56
61
55
76
45
50
66
115
29.9
28.8
31.2
23.6
38.9
39.1
31.2
30.4
31.2
32.1
37.6
46.0
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$1,749___________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
33
51
76
95
154
13
13
21
32
48
11
13
24
31
57
9
25
31
32
49
39.4
25.5
27.6
33.7
31.2
33.3
25.5
31.6
32.6
37.0
27.3
49.0
40.8
33.7
31.8
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
59
57
40
36
27
24
204
210
238
50
62
77
76
74
81
78
74
80
24.5
29.6
32.4
37.3
35.2
34.0
38.2
35.2
33.6
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249___________
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
79
116
151
146
206
15
33
49
47
62
16
42
60
52
70
48
41
42
47
74
19.0
28.4
32.5
32.2
30.1
20.2
36.2
39.7
35.6
34.0
60. S
35.4
27.8
32.2
35. 9
$2,250-$2,499__________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over________
63
90
221
30
41
71
198
220
341
65
70
97
64
73
118
69
77
126
32.8
31.8
28.4
32.3
33.2
34.6
34.9
35.0
37.0
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p :
W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
B u sin e ss and p ro
fe ssio n a l
See p. 197 for notes on this table.
TABULAR SUM M ARY
N E W
T
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
189
C IT IE S
6.— C lo th in g : A v era g e m o n e y expen ditu re f o r clothing f o r husband and w ife
and other fa m i ly m em bers , and percentage d istribution o f such exp en d itu re , b y occupa
tio n , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued
able
Number of families
Occupational g r o u p ,
family type, and in
come class
(1)
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
(2)
(3)
Average money expenditure for
clothing
All
family
mem
bers
(4)
Percentage of total fam
ily clothing expenditure
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
Hus
band
Wife
Other
family
mem
bers
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
F a m ily ty p e : T y p e I
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$!,499___________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$25
36
52
71
76
$8
19
21
29
32
$12
16
26
35
42
$5
1
5
7
2
32.0
52.8
40.4
40.8
42.1
48.0
44.4
50.0
49.3
55.3
20.0
2.8
9.6
9.9
2.6
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$!,999__________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999__________
$3,000 and over________
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
133
130
166
182
173
278
54
45
66
84
79
108
72
69
85
93
62
165
7
16
15
5
32
5
40.6
34.6
39.8
46.2
45.7
38.8
54.1
53.1
51.2
51.1
35.8
59.4
5.3
12.3
9.0
2.7
18.5
1.8
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249__________
$1,250-$1,499___________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
(t)
(t)
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999__________
$3,000 and over________
145
111
66
45
27
76
r'7
$250-$499______________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249___________
$1,250-$!,499___________
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
$1,500-$1,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499___________
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over--_______
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
T y p e s I I and I I I
38
36
32
16
23
(t)
54
62
84
112
149
170
214
228
251
363
18
19
24
32
47
51
71
83
74
114
25
21
32
47
57
67
71
92
103
132
(t)
n
(t)
(t)
22
28
33
33.3
30.6
28.6
28.6
46.3
33.9
38.1
41.9
45
52
72
53
74
117
31.5
30.0
33.2
36.4
29.5
31.4
38.3
39.4
33.2
40.4
41.0
36.4
41
38
64
64
(+)
17.4
19.1
17.8
23. 4
(t)
82
92
111
185
134
226
23.3
23.2
23.0
14.5
22. 6
20.0
25.1
27.0
20.4
14.9
23.4
18.9
(t)
20.4
35.5
33.3
29.5
30.2
30.6
33. 6
23.2
29.5
32.2
T y p e s I V and V
(t)
69
68
101
124
159
185
196
262
248
370
(t)
12
13
18
29
37
43
45
38
56
74
t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
16
17
19
31
40
50
40
39
58
70
(t)
23.2
25.0
18.8
25.0
(t)
59.4
55.9
63.4
51.6
51.6
49.8
56. 6
70.6
54.0
61.1
190
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
N E W
T
E N G L A N D , 4
NEW
S M A L L
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
C IT IE S
7.— P erson al care: A verag e m o n e y expen ditu re fo r toilet articles and p rep a
rations, and services, and percentage distribution o f such ex pend iture, b y o ccu p a tion ,
able
f a m i l y typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6
[White nonrelief families, including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Average money expenditure
for personal care
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
Percentage of total
personal care ex
penditure
Toilet
Toilet
•
Services1 articles Services1 articles
and prep
and prep
arations
arations
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499___________ __________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249_____ ____ _______
$1,250-$1,499__________________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$10
16
18
21
27
$4
7
9
10
14
$6
8
9
11
13
40.0
46.7
50.0
47.6
51.9
60.0
53.3
50.0
52.4
48.1
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-81,999__________________
$2,000-82,249__________________
$2,250-82,499__________________
$2,500-82,999__________________
$3,000 and over.. ____ _______
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
35
36
41
48
55
69
18
20
23
27
33
41
17
16
18
21
22
28
51.4
55.6
56.1
56.2
60.0
59.4
48.6
44.4
43.9
43.8
40.0
40.6
$250-$499______________________
$500-8749_____________________
$750-8999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-81,499__________________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
10
16
18
21
26
4
8
9
10
13
6
8
9
11
13
40.0
50.0
50.0
47.6
50.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
52.4
50.0
$1,500-$1,749______________ ____
$1,750-81,999__________________
$2,000-82,249__________________
$2,250-82,499___________ ____
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
35
34
38
47
18
18
21
26
17
16
17
21
51.4
52.9
55.3
55.3
48.6
47.1
44.7
44.7
$500-8749_____________________
$750-8999_____________________
$1,000-81,249__________________
$1,250-81,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
13
17
24
29
33
5
8
12
16
18
8
9
12
13
15
38.5
47.1
50.0
55.2
54.5
61.5
52.9
50.0
44.8
45.5
$1,750-81,999__________________
$2,000-82,249__________________
$2,250-82,499__________________
59
57
40
36
27
24
39
45
48
22
25
27
17
20
21
56.4
55.6
56.2
43.6
44.4
43.8
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-81,999__________________
$2,000-82,249__________________
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
20
32
35
36
43
10
16
20
22
25
10
16
15
14
18
50.0
50.0
57.1
61.1
58.1
50.0
50.0
42.9
38.9
41.9
$2,250-82,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______________
63
90
221
30
41
71
48
55
69
28
33
41
20
22
28
58.3
60.0
59.4
41.7
40.0
40.6
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : W a g e ea rn er
C le r ic a l
B u s in e s s a n d p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 197 for notes on this table.
TABULAR SUMMARY
N E W
E N G L A N D , 4
S M A L L
191
C IT IE S
T a b l e 7.— P erson al care: A verag e m o n e y expenditure f o r toilet articles and p rep a
ra tion s , and services, and percentage d istribution o f such ex p en d itu re , b y o ccup ation ,
f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
F a m ily ty p e :
Average money expenditure
for personal care
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Total
(2)
(3)
(4)
Toilet
articles
Services and prep
arations
(6)
(5)
Percentage of total
personal care ex
penditure
Toilet
articles
Services and
prep
arations
(7)
(8)
T ype I
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749____ ________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$10
13
17
19
25
$4
7
8
9
13
$6
6
9
10
12
40.0
53.8
47.0
47.4
52.0
60.0
46.2
53.0
52.6
48.0
$1,500-$l,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______________
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
30
28
37
48
56
63
17
16
21
28
37
35
13
12
16
20
19
28
56.7
57.1
56.8
58.3
66.1
55.6
43.3
42.9
43.2
41.7
33.9
44.4
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$l,999__________________
$2,000-12,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______________
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-81,999__________________
$2,000-82,249__________________
$2,250-82,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over___ ____________
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
T y p e s I I and I I I
(t)
17
18
23
29
(t)
36
39
40
50
52
80
8
9
11
15
(t)
9
9
12
14
17
16
18
21
24
30
19
23
22
29
28
50
(t)
47.1
50.0
47.8
51.7
52.8
59.0
55.0
58.0
53.8
62.5
(t)
52.9
50.0
52.2
48.3
47.2
41.0
45.0
42.0
46.2
37.5
T yp es I V and V
(t)
18
18
25
27
38
39
45
47
57
63
t Average and percentage not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
6
9
12
13
18
20
25
26
34
37
(t)
12
9
13
14
20
19
20
21
23
26
(t)
33.3
50.0
48.0
48.1
47.4
51.3
55.6
55.3
59.6
58.7
(t)
66.7
50.0
52.0
51.9
52.6
48.7
44.4
44.7
40.4
41.3
192
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
N E W
E N G L A N D ,
IN
N E W
A N D
4
E N G LA N D
S M A L L
C IT IE S
C IT IE S
T able 8.— A u to m o b ile o p eration and p u rc h a se :
Percentage o f fa m ilie s o w n in g
and purchasin g autom obiles, average m o n ey expen d itu re fo r all fa m ilie s for o p er
ation and purchase, by occupation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Purchas Opera
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(5)
(6)
Opera
tion i
Purchase
(net)2
(7)
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
16
31
34
48
64
4
12
10
20
$10
28
45
63
101
$10
20
29
38
68
$8
16
25
33
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over___ _________ .
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
62
68
73
84
92
93
12
22
20
27
22
48
111
189
173
259
302
407
77
104
110
138
188
193
34
85
63
121
114
214
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
16
32
35
48
62
5
12
10
24
10
29
46
64
101
10
20
28
37
66
9
18
27
35
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
60
64
79
80
10
20
19
40
106
201
187
291
74
99
124
135
32
102
63
156
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499___________ _____ _
$1,500-$1,749__________________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
23
33
54
65
65
6
11
9
15
23
42
82
122
136
23
38
49
82
85
4
33
40
51
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
59
57
40
36
27
24
76
70
89
28
24
13
154
139
173
112
90
131
42
49
42
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$!,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
40
58
64
• 67
67
26
31
33
35
29
39
67
67
74
65
16
12
21
18
28
73
101
191
172
28
60
74
106
99
13
27
85
73
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over............................
63
90
221
30
41
71
84
92
93
24
22
48
287
302
407
145
188
193
142
114
214
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : W a g e
ea rn er
C le r ic a l
B u s in e s s a n d p r o fes sio n a l
See p. 197 for notes on this table.
TA B U LA R
N E W
E N G L A N D ,
193
S U M M A R Y
4
S M A L L
C IT IE S
T able 8.— A u to m o b ile o p eration an d p u rc h a se :
Percentage o f fa m ilie s o w n in g
and purchasin g a u tom obiles , average m o n e y exp en d itu re fo r all fa m ilie s f o r
operation and pu rch ase , by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e } and in c o m e , in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 3 6 — Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
(1)
F a m ily ty p e :
Percentage of all
families
Eligible
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Owning
automo
biles
(2)
(3)
(4)
Average money expenditure
of all families
Opera
Purchas
ing auto tion and
mobiles purchase
(5)
(6)
Opera
tion
Purchase
(net)
(7)
(8)
T ype 1
$250-$499
$500-$749
_____________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
28
31
53
46
69
15
12
22
$18
23
69
65
130
$18
23
41
30
83
$28
35
47
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______________
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
68
79
79
86
100
93
11
29
22
37
11
64
115
267
201
332
324
444
89
121
130
144
260
176
26
146
71
188
64
268
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
$1,500-81,749__________________
$1,750-81,999__________________
$2,000-82,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-82,999__________________
$3,000 and over______ _______
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
$250-8499_____________________
$500-8749_____________________
$750-8999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249_____________ _____
$1,250-81,499__________________
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
$1,500-81,749__________________
$1,750-81,999 _________________
$2,000-$2,249........... .............. .......
$2,250-82,499__________________
$2,500-82,999____ _____ ________
$3,000 and over__________ _____
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
T y p e s 11 and I I I
T ypes I V
(t)
29
26
56
62
(t)
11
10
10
17
12
26
24
19
31
35
70
67
75
91
94
91
(t)
34
33
73
87
123
180
208
213
303
349
(t)
13
26
52
65
(t)
90
108
121
143
145
175
21
7
21
22
33
72
87
70
158
174
and V
(t)
32
11
39
58
46
60
68
76
81
94
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
(t)
(t)
6
6
22
28
21
44
87
12
11
15
24
25
47
92
129
126
228
273
432
(t)
28
9
28
54
47
85
86
128
139
224
(t)
12
16
33
45
44
40
100
134
208
194
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
N E W
E N G L A N D ,
IN
N E W
4
S M A L L
E N G LA N D
C IT IE S
C IT IE S
T able 9.— R e c re a tio n :
A v era g e m o n e y exp en d itu re fo r recreation o f sp ecified t y p e s ,
by o ccu p ation , f a m i l y t y p e , and in c o m e , in 1 y e a r , 1935-36
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
Number of families
Average money expenditure for recreation
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Paid admissions
Eligible
(1)
(2)
penditures
Total
(3)
(4)
Movies
Other 1
(5)
(6)
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
(7)
Other1
(8)
A l l fa m ilie s
$250-$499____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
21
117
340
460
466
11
50
96
151
150
$6
16
22
24
33
$4
5
8
8
14
$2
1
2
1
(*)
(*)
$2
2
3
$2
9
11
12
15
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_______________
376
316
252
156
90
221
154
131
97
82
41
71
45
66
75
67
88
152
17
21
25
22
29
25
4
4
5
6
8
18
4
8
7
9
17
22
20
33
38
30
34
87
$250-$499........ .
...
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999____ ________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
21
101
306
351
323
11
40
78
89
81
6
16
23
24
32
4
5
8
8
13
2
1
2
1
$1,500-$1,749_____ ____________
$1,750-$1,999____ _____________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
242
190
128
53
80
60
41
28
42
62
75
70
18
20
25
26
3
4
4
8
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749__________________
16
34
69
85
70
10
18
36
38
41
18
14
25
32
43
5
8
8
13
16
1
1
1
2
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499_____ ____ ________
59
57
40
36
27
24
61
67
77
19
25
20
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
$1,500-$1,749_________ _______
$1,750-$1,999_____ ____________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
40
58
64
67
67
26
31
33
35
29
19
42
57
83
79
7
20
17
22
25
$2,250-$2,499...................... ..........
$2,500-$2,999____ ____ ________
$3,000 and over........ .......... .........
63
90
221
30
41
71
57
O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : w a g s ea rn er
2
2
3
2
9
12
12
15
4
9
5
10
17
29
41
26
4
1
2
4
2
12
4
14
13
21
3
5
3
6
10
9
33
27
45
2
3
1
2
6
7
4
8
9
17
27
49
40
(*)
(*)
C le r ic a l
B u s i n e s s a n d p r o fes sio n a l
88
152
22
29
25
See p. 197 for notes on this table.
*Averages of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown.
8
6
4
8
18
8
17
22
23
34
87
TA B U LA R
N E W
195
S U M M A R Y
E N G L A N D , 4 S M A L L
C IT IE S
T able 9.— R e c rea tio n :
A verag e m o n e y exp en d itu re fo r recreation o f specified ty p e s ,
by o ccu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1935-36— Continued
Number of families
Occupational group, family
type, and income class
Eligible
F a m ily ty p e :
(3)
(2)
(1)
Report
ing ex
pendi
tures
Average money expenditure for recreation
Paid admissions
Total
Movies
(4)
(5)
Other
(6)
Equip
ment for
games
and
sports
Other
(7)
(8)
T ype I
$250-$499__________
_______
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
12
56
134
175
158
7
16
33
46
47
$3
16
26
21
34
$3
5
9
7
13
$1
2
2
2
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_________ . ___
118
97
84
52
35
63
38
34
21
20
9
14
43
57
71
52
73
170
15
16
18
17
24
21
4
5
4
7
12
21
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999_____________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
5
43
155
174
188
2
22
45
58
50
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over_____________ _
145
111
66
45
27
76
67
38
36
32
16
23
$250-$499_____________________
$500-$749_____________________
$750-$999____ ________________
$1,000-$1,249__________________
$1,250-$1,499__________________
4
18
51
111
120
2
12
18
47
53
$1,500-$1,749__________________
$1,750-$1,999__________________
$2,000-$2,249__________________
$2,250-$2,499__________________
$2,500-$2,999__________________
$3,000 and over ________ ____
113
108
102
59
28
82
49
59
40
30
16
34
(*)
(*)
$4
1
3
$10
11
11
16
3
10
3
5
14
25
21
26
46
23
23
103
T y p e s I I and I I I
T ypes I V
(t)
15
21
27
34
(t)
6
6
9
12
(t)
18
21
20
20
25
26
50
84
71
83
93
163
2
1
2
1
(t)
<•)
4
4
4
7
5
17
(t)
1
2
3
7
13
14
18
6
8
10
16
22
34
22
51
37
40
41
86
and V
(t)
21
17
23
31
40
57
80
67
101
127
(t)
7
11
9
17
(t)
19
25
33
29
39
27
•Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown,
tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases.
1
1
1
1
4
4
7
3
8
17
(t)
(*)
(*)
(t)
1
2
13
5
12
11
3
5
9
7
16
9
14
23
31
28
38
74
Footnotes for Tables in Expenditure Tabular Summary
N ew E ngland , Small C ities
table
1
1 See glossary, appendix B, for eligibility requirements.
Money income is equal to the sum of money expenditure (column 7) plus net surplus or deficit (column 8)
plus net balancing difference (column 9.)
3 Nonmoney income from housing includes imputed income from owned family or vacation homes plus
rent received as pay or gift (average amounts based on all families, whether or not they reported such non
money income).
4 Includes purchases on cash or credit basis. Does not include money disbursements resulting in an
increase in family assets or a decrease in liabilities. (Examples of disbursements not treated as expenditures
will be found in the glossary, appendix B.)
5 See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of surplus and deficit.
6 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts and reported money disburse
ments. See glossary, appendix B. A maximum balancing difference within 5.5 percent was allowable
on each schedule.
TABLE l-A
2
1 A surplus represents an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities, or both; a deficit represents a decrease
in assets or an increase in liabilities, or both.
2 Some families reported neither surplus nor deficit for the year; therefore the sum of columns 5 and 6 does
not always equal 100 percent.
3 Since the average amounts in these two columns are based on the number of families reporting surplus
or deficit, respectively, they do not add to the average net surplus or deficit shown in column 4 for all families.
TABLE 2
1 The averages in this table include money expenditures for goods and services purchased on either
cash or credit basis. They do not include value of goods and services received without money expenses.
Averages are based on all families, whether or not they reported expenditures for the specified categories.
2 Housing expenditures include the money expense of home owners and rent contracted for by renting
families for family homes and other housing. The value of fuel, light and refrigeration is included when
furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate.
3 Includes all expenditures for operation and maintenance (see table 8 ),and the net purchase price (gross
price less trade-in allowance) of automobiles bought during the schedule year. The proportion of automo
bile expense chargeable to business has been deducted. See glossary, appendix B.
4 Includes paid admissions, equipment and supplies for games, sports and other recreation, club dues, and
the like. Does not include expense for transportation, food, or lodging while on vacation.
* Taxes include only poll, income, and personal property taxes. All other taxes, such as those on real
estate, amusements and retail sales taxes are included as a part of the expenditure for these items. Gifts do
not include gifts from one member of the economic family to another.
TABLE 3
1 Includes expenditures for board at school, which amounted to less than 5 percent of average food expense
for all families. Among families in the business and professional categories, it amounted at most to an aver
age of $33, at the income level $3,000 or over. For families of types IV and V, it amounted at most to an aver
age of $90, at the income level $3,000 or over.
2 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure.
TABLE 4
4
Includes housing expenditure for both owners and renters. Average amounts for renting families are
based on rental rate contracted for. Value of fuel, light and refrigeration included when furnished by the
landlord and included in the rental rate. See table 4-A for percentage of families for whom those facilities
were included as part of the rental rate.
2 See table 4-A for separation of expense for owning and renting families.
3 Includes net money expenditure for owned or rented vacation homes, lodging while traveling or on va
cation, and room at school.
4 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. Includes nonmoney income from owned
vacation homes, which amounted at most to an average of $2 for all families, at the income level $2,500 to
$2,999.
3 Percentages based on the average value of all housing (column 6).
TABLE 4-A
1 These two percentages do not always add to 100, since families that both owned and rented during the
year, or received rent as gift or pay, are not included in columns 4 through 7.
2 Percentages based on renting families reporting these facilities included in rent at the end of the schedule
year.
TABLE 5
1 Excludes value of fuel, light and refrigeration furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate.
Fuel received without money expense is not included in this average, but amounted to less than 5 percent
of money expense for fuel, light and refrigeration for all families except those with incomes of $250 to $499
and those with incomes of $750 to $999.
2 See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
196
TA B U LA R
S U M M A R Y
197
TABLE 6
1 Value of clothing gifts from one family member to another are included in the average expenditure for the
member receiving such gifts. Gifts of clothing to or from individuals outside the economic family are
excluded.
2 For families of type I, averages and percentages shown in columns 7 and 10 are for individuals who were
members of the economic family less than 27 weeks, and were therefore not considered equivalent members
in determining family type. See glossary, appendix B, for method of classifying families by type.
TABLE 7
i See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
T ABL E 8
1 To obtain the average expense of operation for families owning automobiles, divide the average shown
in this column by the corresponding figure in column 4 and multiply by 100.
2To obtain the average net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) for families purchasing
automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 5 and multiply
by 100.
TABLE 9
See glossary, appendix B, for items included.
Appendix A
Sampling Procedure in Cities of the N ew
England Region
T h e Controlled Sample
Several considerations prompted the decision to employ a relatively
unique sampling procedure in the Study of Consumer Purchases.
The study aimed to describe expenditure patterns of families of differ
ent size and composition regardless of their numerical importance in
the community as a whole. It was necessary therefore to restrict
the number of schedules obtained from the more numerous elements
of the population and to secure a disproportionate number from the
rarer groups. These controls facilitate the type of analysis which
“ holds other things equal” while the effect of a given factor is in
vestigated. When an equal number of cases is secured for families
of given type, occupation, and income, it is much easier to study
changes in expenditure patterns with increase in income, holding
occupation and family type relatively constant. In addition, since
the collection of statistics on family expenditures is very time con
suming and requires great skill, it was necessary to limit the number
of schedules secured to a minimum which would yield reliable gen
eralizations. The present study attempted to throw light on the
expenditure patterns of all classes of the population— high income
groups as well as low, families deriving their incomes primarily from
business and professional occupations as well as the clerical and wage
earner groups.
Still another consideration was the desire to provide results which
would be comparable from one city to another and in different regions
of the country, minimizing or controlling the differences in racial,
nativity, or occupational composition of the population in each place.
From the point of view of comparability with future studies, further
more, the restriction of the study to an American born population
was deemed advisable since the control of immigration is resulting
in a progressively larger proportion of native born individuals in this
country.
A “ controlled sample” accompanied by a random sample seemed
to meet all of these requirements.1 Appendix A of Volume I pre1 The use of a “ controlled sample” was proposed in “ A Suggested Plan for an Inquiry into the Economic
and Social Well-Being of the American People” prepared by a special committee of the Social Science Re
search Council in September 1929. The circumstances under which the present study was conducted made
possible a large preliminary random sample and thus permitted the selection of families for the expenditure
survey by income, occupation, and family type.
113991°— 41------ 14
199
200
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
sented a detailed description of the sam pling procedure used in the
stu d y of a random sam ple of fam ilies in five cities of the N e w E n glan d
R egion .
T h e present discussion will be concerned prim arily w ith the
controlled sam ple in the large city of Providence, R . I . ; in the two
m iddle-sized
cities of H averhill,
M a ss,
and in four sm all cities: W a llin gford ,
B ritain,
C o n n .;
C o n n ., W illim a n tic,
and
N ew
C o n n .,
Greenfield, M a s s ., and W e stb ro o k , M a in e .2
B o th the collection and tabulation plans of the stu d y provided
th at data on expenditures secured from fam ilies in the m iddle-sized
cities, and sim ilarly in the sm all cities, were to be com bined to yield
a pattern of expenditure for fam ilies in m iddle-sized cities and an
other in sm all cities of the N ew E n gland region which could be co m
pared w ith the expenditures of fam ilies iu the large city studied in
this region.
I t wras recognized that there w ould be an insufficient
num ber of fam ilies in any one m iddle-sized city or in any one sm all
city to provide a large enough sam ple for tabulation b y the controls
desired, b u t the m iddle-sized
cities together and the sm all cities
together w ould have large enough populations to yield the desired
q uota of fam ilies of the typ e to be studied.
General collection procedure.— Before turning to the m eth od b y
which the sam ple was controlled, a brief description of the general
sam pling and collection procedure of the study is presented.
T h e inform ation of the Consum er Purchases stu d y was secured
through interviews
of fam ilies
by
field
agents who recorded
the
inform ation given by fam ily m em bers upon schedule form s shown
on pages 2 1 3 -2 1 8 .3
T h e addresses of fam ilies to be interview ed were
obtained b y a random sam pling of the addresses listed in the city
directory which was current at th at tim e for each city.
T h e first
field agent assigned to each fam ily obtained the “ record card” in
form ation (which related prim arily to n a tiv ity and n um ber of persons
in the fa m ily) and if the fam ily proved to contain a husband and wife,
both n ative born white who had been m arried at least a year, a “ fa m ily
schedule”
p ation,
(covering data ^on fam ily m em bership com position, occu
and
incom e)
2
war
obtained
in
the sam e in terview .4
The
Income data on Greenfield and Westbrook were published by the Bureau of Home Economics and
hence were not included in vol. I of this series.
3An investigation of family income and consumption by means of schedules filled after the end of the
report year is confronted with questions concerning the degree of accuracy with which families may be
expected to remember details of expenditures made over a period of 12 months. It is admittedly impossible
to obtain by the schedule method precise records of expenditures for each item included in family living.
It is believed, however, that accuracy sufficient for the purposes of generalization can be achieved. One
means toward this end followed by the Study of Consumer Purchases was the use of highly detailed schedule
forms which served to remind families of the wide variety of items for which they might have incurred
expenditures during the year. Such schedules, filled through painstaking interviews, provided data that
in the great majority of cases undoubtedly represented closely the spending patterns of the families inter
viewed.
4In addition to the regular sample, a smaller sample consisting of foreign born and Negro families and of
incomplete native white families was asked to give the family schedule data except in Willimantic.
201
S A M P L IN G PROCEDURE
random sample in Providence, where a 60 percent coverage was
taken, yielded 36,046 families of which 10,755 were eligible for the
family schedule information. The 50 percent random samples in
Haverhill and in New Britain provided a total of 14,472 families of
which 4,634 met the eligibility requirements for the family schedule
interview. In the small cities record card information was obtained
from 10,254 families; this total represented a 100 percent sample in
Wallingford and in Willimantic, a 50 percent random sample in Green
field and a seven-eighths random sample in W estbrook. Of these
families, approximately 4,368 were eligible for the family schedule
information.
W h e n the fa m ily schedule was returned to the office, it was edited
for com pleteness and consistency.
T h e total fa m ily incom e was co m
puted and codes for the incom e, occupation, and fa m ily type were
placed on the card.
I f the fa m ily proved to belong to the group from
which expenditure inform ation was desired (on the basis of the con
trols described on p. 203), a different field agent was assigned to secure
such data.
T h e second agent explained to the fa m ily the purpose and
plan of the expenditure stu dy and then proceeded to obtain the details
called for on the “ expenditure sch edu le.”
(See schedule form , p. 213.)
In the course of this second interview the field agent also reviewed
w ith the fam ily selected item s reported on the fa m ily schedule.
Each
fam ily selected for the controlled sam ple was asked n ot only for the
expenditure schedule inform ation, bu t also for the detailed check list
data.
Check list form s and check list data are presented in B . L . S.
B u lletin
648, vols. I I , I I I , and I V .
E xpenditure schedules were
obtained from 1,217 Providence fam ilies, from 854 fam ilies in H a v e r
h ill-N ew B ritain and from 1,034 fam ilies in the 4 sm all cities.
Figures
on the num ber of check lists obtained from fam ilies giving expenditure
data are available for the com bined N ew E n g la n d -E a st C entral regions.
In the large and m iddle-sized cities of these 2 regions, 3,675 fam ilies
gave detailed food check lists and 3,796 reported the furnishings and
equipm ent check list detail.
In addition, inform ation on the clothing
check list was supplied for 14,073 fam ily m em bers in the controlled
sam ple of the large and m iddle-sized cities of the N e w E n glan d and
E a st Central regions.
A p p roxim ately 25 percent of the total of each
typ e of check list was provided b y Providence fam ilies and about 15
percent by H a v erh ill-N ew B ritain fam ilies.
T h e num ber of check
lists taken in the sm all cities of the N e w E n g la n d -E a st C en tral regions
was as follow s: F oo d , 1,606; furnishings, 1,958; and clothing, 6,968.
R o u gh ly fou r-ten ths of each type of check list were taken in the sm all
cities of W a llin g fo rd , W illim a n tic, W estb ro o k , and Greenfield.
W h e n the expenditure schedules and check lists were returned to
the office, a careful editing and arithm etic check of the entries took
place.
T h e repeated and careful editing of each schedule for reason-
202
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
ableness and internal consistency was of vital im portance to the
q u ality of the schedules obtained.
T h is process helped n ot on ly to
id en tify schedules th at were w holly or partly fictitious, b u t also to
correct errors arising from unintentional m istakes on the part of the
fa m ily or the interviewer.
T h e com plexity of the schedule and the
interdependence of m a n y sections m ade intelligent editing at once
v ita lly necessary and unusually effective for attaining reasonable
accuracy in the results.
E v e ry expenditure schedule had to m eet certain requirem ents before
it was acceptable for tabulation .
T h e m ore im p ortan t of these were:
(1) th at the schedule m eet certain standards w ith respect to co m
pleteness.
Schedules were considered sufficiently com plete for tab u la
tion if the to ta l expenses of all m ajor groups of item s were reported.
T h u s, because of the lim itation of tim e and funds tow ard the close of
the field w ork schedules were considered acceptable even though the
expenditure for every specific item was n ot recorded.
In general,
how ever, relatively few schedules contained unknow n expense item s
since section totals were usually secured b y addition of the expenses for
specific item s.
(2) th at the inform ation given appeared to be reliable.
N o n e of
the standards for acceptability of expenditure schedules was so con
strued as to perm it the acceptance for tabulation of a schedule which
was considered unreliable b y either the field agent or the supervisor.
A schedule w ith m a n y unexplained om issions and inconsistencies was
w ithheld from tabulation on the grounds of unreliability, even though,
strictly speaking, it fell w ithin the definition of an acceptable schedule.
(3) th at the discrepancy betw een receipts and disbursem ents w as less
than 5.5 percent.
T h is is referred to as the “ balancing difference”
and is described in the glossary.
(4) th at
additional inform ation secured during the expenditure
interview did n ot m ake the fa m ily “ ineligible” for an expenditure
schedule according to the eligibility requirem ents show n below .
Schedules which were unacceptable for tabulation were returned to
the agent or to a check interview er who attem p ted to secure the m issing
inform ation from the fa m ily, or, in the case of too large a balancing
difference, an effort was m ade to determ ine whether the incom e or the
expenditure data, or b oth were in error.
A random sam ple of no less than one out of every five of the first
expenditure schedules su bm itted b y each agent was checked w ith the
fa m ily b y a m em ber of the supervisory staff.
L ater a larger or sm aller
proportion was checked as conditions w arranted, b u t never less than 1
in 20 schedules was “ check in terview ed,” and fictitious schedules or
serious errors were thus caught.
T h e early results of rechecking deter
m ined, in the case of each agent, whether his work should be m ore or
less in tensively checked thereafter, or w hether he should be dism issed.
S A M P L IN G
PROCEDURE
203
On the whole, the percent of agents guilty of deliberate falsification
was very small.
Controls or eligibility requirements .— Only families having specified
characteristics were asked to give information on their expenditures.
The characteristics of the families treated as eligible for the con
trolled sample in the New England region were as follows:
1. N ativity and color .— White families in which both the husband
and wife were born in continental United States or Alaska.
2. F a m ily com position.— Families in which the husband and wife
had been married at least a year and families in which both husband
and wife were dependent upon a common income for at least 27 weeks
of schedule year. Families of types I to V as defined in the glossary,
page 220. Data secured from family type II were tabulated and
analyzed with data from type III. Similarly data for types IV
and V were pooled in the computation of averages and percentages.
3. N on reliej status.— Families not having received relief during the
schedule year.
4. Living arrangements.— Families maintaining housekeeping quar
ters for at least 9 months during the schedule year.
5. Room ers and boarders.— Families not having roomers or boarders,
or families having not more than the equivalent of one roomer and/or
boarder for the year. (Sons and daughters or other relatives with
separate incomes, from whom it was impossible to obtain complete
information on expenditures were treated as boarders or as guests,
depending on whether they paid the family for room or board.)
6. Guests.— Families with not more than the equivalent of one
guest for half a year (26 guest weeks). (If guest lived with the
family for 27 weeks or more the family was not asked to give the
expenditure data.)
7. Occupational group.— Six occupational groups. Families were
classified in the occupational group from which the major part of their
earnings was secured. In the collection and tabulation of the data
on expenditures, however, no distinction was made between inde
pendent professional and independent business groups in the Provi
dence sample. In the middle-sized cities, the salaried business group
was not separated from the salaried professional group; also the
independent professional group was not separated from the inde
pendent business families. In the small cities, the four business and
professional groups were not separated. (See table 1, and glossary
p. 220.)
8. Incom e class.— In Providence, families having incomes from
$500 to over $7,500. In Haverhill-New Britain, families having
incomes of $250 to over $5,000 and in the four small cities, families
having incomes of $250 to over $3,000. The income classes eligible
varied with the different occupational groups.
204
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
E N G LA N D
C IT IE S
Since families in the business and professional categories were
relatively infrequent at the lower income levels and since the same
was true of wage earners and clerical families at the upper levels, it
seemed inadvisable to attempt to secure data from the same income
classes for each occupational group. N ot only would it have been
very time-consuming and expensive to locate the infrequent occu
pational groups at the extremes of the income scale but expenditure
data secured from such families would not have been representative
of any large group. Therefore, at the income levels under $1,250 in
Providence and under $1,000 in the other cities, the expenditure
study was limited to families in the wage-earner and clerical groups.
At the higher income brackets of $2,500 and over, the wage-earner
and clerical groups were relatively infrequent. Families of business
and professional persons on the other hand, predominated at the
highest income levels in the white group, so it was from such occu
pational groups that the expenditure patterns of relatively highincome families were secured.
The classification of families on the basis of the three controls of
income class, occupational group, and family type constitutes what
has been referred to in this report as a “ cell.”
Since the number
of cases to be secured in each cell was limited to six, it was of para
mount importance to obtain randomness in the selection of families
for these “ cells.” Great care was therefore taken to guard against
the introduction of a bias. Even the first small random sample
would have yielded all the desired cases for the most frequent popula
tion groups. If the cells drawn from the modal population group
had been filled from the first sample, they would have been much
more homogeneous with respect to the period covered by the data
than cells which represent the less frequent population groups, and
any greater variability within the latter cells might have been at
tributed to income, occupation, or family type while it might actually
have been due to price changes occurring while the study was in
progress. This possible bias was minimized by the provision that
not more than 50 percent of the cases in cells representing the most
frequent population groups were to be chosen from any one of the
series of random samples secured in the family income survey and that
all expenditure schedules which were discarded later because income
and expenditures did not balance should be replaced by cases drawn
from recent samples. It is recognized, however, that these provisions
did not entirely eliminate the bias introduced by the time element.
A n effort was m ade to obtain six fam ilies of each occupational
group or com bination of groups in m o st cells.
T h e n um ber of fam ilies
S A M P L IN G
205
PROCEDURE
called for b y plans which were form ulated prior to the field work is
show n in table 1.
In sofar as practicable, the collection staff a ttem p ted
to secure the num ber of schedules shown in this plan.
In the course
of the survey, it was observed th at the original plans tended to elim i
nate too m a n y of the lower incom e wage-earner and clerical fam ilies
in Providence, so the eligibility requirem ents were altered so as to
include such fam ilies.
Sim ilarly, there appeared to be a sufficiently
large num ber of wage-earner and clerical fam ilies w ith incom es of
$ 2 ,2 5 0 to $ 2 ,5 0 0 in the m iddle-sized and sm all cities to ju stify ex
tending the upper incom e lim its of the eligible group to include this
incom e class.
The number of expenditure schedules obtained and used in the
tabulations varies somewhat from the number shown in the plans.
(See table 1.) The discrepancies may be attributed to several factors—
the most important of which was the fact that families of specified
types at certain income levels were not sufficiently numerous to yield
the desired number of schedules. Furthermore, not all families
from which expenditure data were desired contributed the informa
tion. Some had moved out of the city, others could not be found at
home, while still others were unable or unwilling to give the detailed
information requested. Of the schedules which were secured, a
number had to be discarded because of inconsistency, incompleteness,
or unreliability of data shown.
T
able
1. — N u m b er o f schedules desired and nu m ber obtained in controlled sam ple
A. PROVIDENCE
[Nonrelief native white complete families!
Salaried
Wage earner
Professional
Income class
De
Ob
sired 1 tained
Under $250________
$250-$499__________
$500-$749__________
$750-$999__________
$1,000-$l, 249______
$1, 250- $1, 499______
$1, 500-$l, 749______
$1, 750-$l, 999______
$2.000-$2. 249______
$2, 250-$2, 499______
$2, 500-$2, 999______
$3,000-$3,499
_ _
$3, 500-$3, 999 ____
$4,000-$4, 999______
$5,000-$7, 499______
$7, 500 and over____
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
34
49
51
35
49
41
31
24
De
Ob
sired 1 tained
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
i Equally distributed among 5 family types.
Business
Independent
business and
professional
De
Ob
sired 1 tained
De
Ob
sired 1 tained
Clerical
30
33
37
44
36
32
24
28
De
sired 1
Ob
tained
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
15
15
15
15
13
15
31
22
13
22
23
10
14
16
3
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
15
15
15
15
See p. 220 for description of types.
12
20
26
22
24
28
25
19
16
13
12
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
25
19
25
16
12
33
21
12
16
20
10
206
T
able
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
1 . — N u m b er o f schedules desired and n u m ber obtained in controlled sa m p le —
Continued
B. H A V E R H IL L , N E W B R IT A IN
Professional and business
Wage earner
Clerical
Salaried
Income class
Independent
Desired 1 Obtained Desired 1 Obtained Desired 1 Obtained Desired 1 Obtained
Under $250
___
$250-$499
$500-$749
________
$750-$999
$1, 000-$l, 249_______
$1, 250-$l, 499_______
$1, 500-$ i, 749_______
$1, 750-$l, 999_______
$2, 000-$2.249_______
$2 250-$2, 499
$ ’ 500-$2, 999
___
$3,0C0-$3, 499
____
$3. 500-$3, 999
_ .
$4, 000-$4, 999 ____
$5,000 and over__ _
2
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
7
26
50
50
51
41
37
36
23
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
9
21
33
37
27
32
23
23
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
12
21
24
18
27
13
34
17
14
7
6
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
19
10
23
19
10
9
18
12
1
8
6
C. W A L L IN G F O R D , W IL LT M A N TIC , W E ST B R O O K A N D G R E E N F IE L D
Professional and
business
Clerical
Wage earner
Income class
Desired 1 Obtained Desired 1 Obtained Desired 1 Obtained
Under $250 ______________________________
$250-$499 ______________________
______
$500-$749
_______________ ______
$750-$999
_____ __________________
$1,000-$l, 249
.
__________________
$1,250-$l, 499
.
__________
$1, 500-$l, 749 ____________________________
$1,750-$l, 999 _________________ _______
____________________
$2,000-$2,249
_
$2, 250-$2, 499_____________________________
$2, 500-$2, 999 _________________________ _
$3,000 and over _ _
_
____
_ _
i Equally distributed among 5 family types.
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
11
40
78
89
81
80
60
41
28
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
10
18
36
38
41
36
27
24
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
26
31
33
35
29
30
41
71
See p. 220 for description of types.
Another obstacle to an exact control of the number of schedules in
each cell resulted from shifts in the cell classification of families after
the detailed interview on expenditure data. The income class in
which the family was classified on the basis of the relatively short
family schedule interview did not always correspond with the income
class in which the family fell on the basis of the interview for expendi
tures. The shifts arose partly from the fact that the methods of
computing income differed slightly for the two schedules, and partly
from the fact that sources of income which the family had forgotten
to mention to the agent obtaining the family schedule data occa-
S A M P L IN G
PROCEDURE
207
sionally came to light in the course of the long interview in connection
with the discussion of expenditures.6 In general, these shifts were
compensating and involved changes of only one income interval—
to the next higher or lower income class.
Changes in the family type classification also resulted from the
longer interview— largely because of differences in the definition of
the economic family. Whereas all related persons living under the
same roof, or eating at least two meals daily with the family whose
income could be ascertained were included in coding the family type
for purposes of the family schedule tabulation, only persons dependent
on a common family fund whose expenditures could also be ascertained
were regarded as members of the economic family in the controlled
sample. The discrepancies in the codes resulting from these differ
ences, however, were negligible. The shifts in occupational code
resulting from the longer interview also were relatively infrequent.
Aside from the effect of discrepancies arising from different defini
tions of the economic family, the longer interview brought to light
additional facts concerning the net earnings of various family mem
bers. Detailed information on automobile expenditure, for example,
occasionally revealed a different, and more accurate figure for occupa
tional expenses than that which had been deducted when reporting
the net earnings of family members in the family schedule interview.
The above discussion of changes in cell code has been presented
primarily to give the reader some insight into the type of problems
involved in obtaining equal numbers of cases in each cell in the con
trolled sample.6 Since the final classification of families into family
type, income and occupational group was prepared during the final
office edit of an expenditure schedule, it was inevitable that changes
5 Because of the extensive coverage of the family income survey, it was necessary to keep the time of the
family schedule interview as short as possible. On that account information on the expenses of an owned
home other than interest payments was not obtained from the families covered in the large random sample.
Therefore, in estimating non-money income from home ownership for the income report, it was necessary
to resort to a table of estimated average expenses at given rental values. During the expenditure interview,
however, figures were obtained on expenses such as taxes, repairs, special assessments, and insurance and
thus a revised figure on the nonmoney income from owned home was computed by subtracting the actual
rather than the estimated expenses from the total rental value.
Similarly, for families having boarders the income figure on the family schedule included the estimated net
income from boarders after deductions had been made for the cost of food; these deductions varied with the
amount of the payment for board and were estimated on the basis of data secured in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics study of the money disbursements of wage earners and clerical workers. At the time of the ex
penditure schedule interview, detailed information was obtained on the food expenditures of the family,
from which it was possible to compute more accurately the money expense for boarders' food, and thus to
gauge more correctly the net income from boarders.
No attempt was made at the time of the family schedule interview to determine nonmoney income from
an owned vacation home. This figure was obtained, however, from information secured during the expendi
ture interview, and is included in the income figure by which families in the controlled sample were classified.
Furthermore, rent received as a gift is not included in the income figure of the family schedule but it was
taken into account in deriving the income classification of families giving expenditure data.
6 In the middle-sized and small cities a further obstacle to obtaining the exact number of schedules desired
in each cell arose from the fact that schedules from rather widely separated cities were used to fill each cell.
Since the collection of schedules was being carried on simultaneously unavoidable duplication resulted
because some assignments in each city yielded schedules at the same time.
208
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
would tend to increase the number of schedules in some cells and
decrease others.
W eig h tin g the controlled sa m p le .— Having limited the number of
schedules obtained from families in different income, occupational,
or family type groups, it is obviously impossible to treat the results
as though they comprised a random sample and constituted a pro
portional cross-section of each of the elements of the population. It
is not valid, for example, to add together the expenditures of an equal
number of wage earners, clerical, and business and professional workers
at the $1,250 to $1,500 income level and assume that the resulting
figure represents the expenditures of families as a whole in this income
bracket. Such an assumption would be justifiable only if (a) the
expenditures of the different occupational groups were identical within
an income class or if (b) the random sample contained an equal
number of families in each occupational group at the given income
class. Since one of the purposes of the present study was to discover
whatever variations there may be in the expenditure patterns of
families in different occupational groups, the first assumption was
obviously precluded. As for the second assumption, the random
sample analyses have revealed great differences in the proportions of
families in the various occupational groups, so simple summation of
the expenditures of the several groups will not yield an accurate
picture of family disbursements. Family types or income brackets
also should not be combined without first taking into account the
number of cases in the random sample of eligible families.
All expenditure averages and percentages of families reporting
specified expenditures shown in the Tabular Summary and text tables
are weighted by the frequency of eligible families in the constituent
groups.7 Thus, the figures for each occupational group at each income
level were derived by weighting or multiplying the averages for the
constituent family type groups by the number of eligible cases in each.
Similarly the averages for each family type have been weighted by
the frequency of the different occupational groups in given family
types. Furthermore, the averages for each income bracket have
been built up by weighting the occupational averages which in turn
have been weighted by the family type averages. If the reader is
interested in further combinations of data by income level, he should
multiply the averages shown for such income levels by the number of
7
Shifts in cells presented some difficulty in preparing the basic tabulations, namely, expenditure schedules
appeared in cells for which no weights were available since no eligible cases had been classified in these
cells in the tabulation of the random sample. It was decided to give cells in which no random sample
schedules were secured but in which expenditure schedules appeared a weight equivalent to the number of
expenditure schedules appearing in the tabulations. These arbitrary weights would tend to make the num
ber of families in the city appear greater than was actually found but counterbalancing these added weights
was the fact that a number of cells which contained eligible cases in the random sample had no expenditure
schedules, and thus were not utilized.
S A M P L IN G
eligible fam ilies in each.
209
PR OCEDURE
T h e weights for each incom e class are
show n in colum n 4 of table 2.
T h is table which is presented for
Providence and for H a v e rh ill-N e w B ritain also enables the reader
to com pare the eligible sam ple oi n ative w hite com plete families w ith
the random sam ple of all n ative w hite com plete fam ilies.
T
2a . — In c o m e distribution o f fa m ilie s in P rov id en ce , R . I . , and o f different
sam ples obtained , sh ow in g relation of controlled sa m p le to ra nd om sa m p les
a b l e
Native white conlplete families 4
All fami
lies 1
Eligible
for con Control
led
trolled
sample 2 sample *
All
Income class
(1)
Relief and
nonrelief
Total______ _______
____________ ____________
Under $250 _
____________________ __ ___
$250-$499__________________ , _______________
$500-$749___________________________________
$750-$999__ •________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________
$1,250-$1,499_______________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________
$1,750-$1.999________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________
$2,250-$2,499____________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________
$4,000-$4,999______________________________
$5,000 and over____________ __ ___________
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Relief and Nonrelief Nonrelief Nonrelief
nonrelief
58, 455
18, 885
16, 457
2. 958
5, 432
8, 716
8,163
8, 077
5, 932
4. 650
4,010
2,739
1,708
2, 269
1,274
799
723
1,005
370
1,060
2,020
2,226
2, 405
2,169
1,685
1. 695
1,223
787
1,066
697
414
376
692
177
462
1,010
1,818
2, 274
2,125
1,667
1,683
1.217
787
1,063
695
414
376
689
560
1,236
1, 498
1,660
1, 254
1,294
946
604
774
342
196
210
404
30
64
82
138
133
167
134
104
135
69
41
46
74
1 Includes all complete and incomplete native and foreign white families. (See vol. I, Tabular Summary,
sec. A.) This table excludes Negro and other non-white families because of their relative infrequency.
2 These figures are the weights for the controlled sample. It includes only 6 occupational groups and 5
family types. (See eligibility requirements, p. 203.) Due to cell shifts (see discussion, p. 206) the number
of eligible families used in weighting differs slightly from the number of eligible families obtained on the basis
of the family schedule interview.
3 Unweighted count of the number of expenditure schedules secured in 6 occupational groups and 5 family
types.
4 Figures in columns 1, 2. 3, and 4 represent the estimated number in a 100-percent coverage of the city.
While it is possible to make an estimate of the total consumption
of families in these New England cities by income levels from the
expenditure data and the income distribution shown in column 1 of
table 2, such an estimate presupposes that expenditures of foreign
families, incomplete families, and families securing relief are like
those of the nonrelief native complete families surveyed in this study.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics is making a comparison of the expendi
tures of families with native- and foreign-born homemakers in the
wage-earner and clerical groups having comparable incomes and
family composition. Preliminary results do not indicate significant
differences in expenditures for groups of items by the two nativity
groups. As yet, no data are available comparing the expenditures
of incomplete and complete families.
2 1 0
T
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
2 b . — In c o m e distribu tion o f fa m ilie s in m id d le-sized cities 1 o f the N e w
E n g la n d reg io n , sh ow in g relation o f controlled sa m p le to rand om sa m p les
a b l e
Native white complete families
Income class
All fami
lies in
combined
cities 2
Relief and
nonrelief
Total
- ____ - - _____
Under $250
______________________________
$250-$499___________________________________
$500-$749___________________________________
$750-$999___________________________________
$1,000-$1,249________________________________
$1,250-$1,499________________________________
$1,500-$1,749________________________________
$1,750-$1,999________________________________
$2,000-$2,249________________________________
$2,250-$2,499________________________________
$2,500-$2,999________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________________
$3,500-$3,999________________________________
$4,000-$4,999________________________________
$5,000 and over_______ _
__________ __
Eligible
for con Control
led
trolled
sample 3 sample 4
All
Relief and Nonrelief Nonrelief Nonrelief
nonrelief
28, 774
9, 554
7, 875
1,494
2, 333
4,195
5,130
4, 321
3,180
2. 293
1, 832
1.228
793
901
469
218
216
171
242
466
955
1,309
1, 372
1,254
937
808
676
381
500
259
134
136
125
59
209
437
949
1,174
1,188
894
790
662
369
495
258
134
132
125
120
314
700
944
950
708
648
528
286
228
132
52
106
90
7
35
71
114
119
115
106
96
68
52
29
15
15
12
1 New Britain. Conn., Haverhill, Mass.
Estimated from samples. Includes all complete and incomplete native, and foreign white families.
(See vol. I, Tabular Summary, sec. A.)
3 Includes only 6 occupational groups and 5 family types. (See eligibility requirements, p. 203.) These
figures are the weights for the controlled sample. Due to cell shifts (see discussion, p. 206) the number of
eligible families used in weighting differs slightly from the number of eligible families obtained on the basis
of the family schedule interview.
4 Unweighted count of the number of expenditure schedules secured in 6 occupational groups and 5 family
types.
2
Appendix B
Schedule Form and Glossary
211
Facsim ile o f E xpend iture Schedule
U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o p L abor
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ttch
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eerteal.etin
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B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
Code N o_____
N A T IO N A L R E S O U R C E S C O M M IT T E E
W O R K S P R O G R E S S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N
D E P A R T M E N T O F A G R IC U L T U R E
W ASH IN G TON
Schedule N o ..
C O N F ID E N T IA L
INCOOPERATIONWITH
I. YEAR COVERED BY
SCHEDULE
STUDY OF
CONSUMER PURCHASES
1935
12 m o n th s b e g in n in g ..
0
V. HOUSING EXPENSE (during schedule year)
D
|
E
R E N T E D H O M E (excluding vacation homo)
N um ber of weeks—
M E M B E R S O F F A M IL Y
Sex'
Date o f interview __
E X PE N D IT U RE SCH ED U LE—URBAN
II. C O M P O SIT IO N OF ECON OM IC FAM ILY
B
A g e n t--------------------
A Federal Works Project
and en din g____________ , 193
A
C it y _________
C . T . or E . D .........
Age
A t borne
1.
Away
Present home
Number o f months occupied..
2. M onthly rental rate--------------. Husband______________
M
3. Rental concessions___________
. Wife___________________
F
4.
T o t a l rent____________
5. Repairs paid for b y family----6.
T o t a l ex p en se ( 4 + 5 ) . .
O W N E D H O M E (excluding vacation home)
Number o f months:
H I. RESIDENCE
7.
Owned____________
8.
Occupied as owner.------------------
9. Structural additions to
home
during year.......... .......................
In city during schedule y e a r..
10. Paid on principal o f mortgage
during year..................................
IV . LIVIN G QUARTERS OCCUPIED
(at end o f schedule year)
EXPENSE POE MONTHS OWNED
1. T ype o f living qu a rters______________________________________
8. Total number o f rooms (excluding b ath room s)________________
11.
1. T otal number o f persons occupying these rooms (including
except back taxes-------------------
family, roomers, paid help, and others) ___________________
4. If fa m ily is n o w r e n t in g , d o e s
Yes
No
a. □
Garage.
□
b. □
F u r n is h
□
ingse. □
Heat.
□
d. □
Water.
□
14. Special assessments.
15. Repairs and replacements...
r e n t in c lu d e :
Yes
No
e.
□
/•
□
□
□
g.
O
□
16. Insurance, fire, tornado—
17. Other._____________________
Light.
R e fr ig e r a t o r
(mechanical).
a. □
In living quarters.
b. □ Indoors, other.
c. □ Outdoors.
6. Running water:
a. □
Hot or cold.
b. □ Cold only.
c. □
None.
7. Location of toilets:
a. □
In living quarters.
b. □ Indoors, other.
c. □ Outdoors.
8. Number of toilets:
a. Flush____
b. Other____
.
18.
T o t a l f o r m o n th s o w n e d
19.
T o t a l f o r m o n th s o c c u p ie d
(1 1-17)--------------------------
R efrig eration .
as ow n e r _________________
20.
HOUSING FACILITIES
5. Water supply:
Interest on mortgage...
12. Refinancing charges.......................
13. Taxes payable in schedule year,
T o t a l f o r f a m il y ’s h o m e
(6 + 1 9 )--------------------------
9. Heating (check principal
m ethod):
a. □ Central, steam or
water.
b. □ Central, air.
c. □ Stoves (not kitch
en).
d. □ Kitchen stove only.
e. □ Fireplace.
/ . □ None.
10. Lighting:
a. □ Electricity.
b. □ Gas.
c. □ Kerosene.
.d. □ Other.
11. Cooking fuel:
a. □ Gas.
ft. □ Electricity.
e. □ W ood or. coaL
d. □ Kerosene or gas
oline.
e. *□ Other.
V A C A T IO N H O M E
21. Vacation home owned: N et expense fo r months
occupied-------------------------------------------------------22. Vacation hom e rented:
R ent and repairs
for months occupied___________ . ____________
23. Lodging while traveling o r on vacation----24.
T o t a l 21-23........................................
25. Rental value o f housing received as gift or p a y 26. N et m oney value o f occupancy o f family.’s
owned home________________________________
27. Net money value o f occupancy o f owned
vacation home----------------------------------------------
(1)
213
214
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
VI. HOU SEH OLD OPERATION
B
A
O
' 1
1
.
1
1
1
F U E L , L I O H T , and
R E F R IG E R A T I O N
1.
Coal:
Bit.
2.
C oke
□
□
A nth.
□
Briqts.
□
3 - F u e l o il
4.
5.
Unit
Price
1
1
1
Earlier Seasons
Latest season
M onths___________
M onths.__________
M onths___________
M onths___________
M o n th s....................
Quantity Expense
Quantity Expense
Quantity Expense
Quantity Expense
Quantity Expense
$ ---------- —
$ ----------
$ . --------
$ ----------
$ ----------
T ota l expense
fo ry e a r .
(for office use)
*-------------------
__________
W o o d D K indling □
Kerosene □
Gaso liin » n
ft. T C lfiotrifiity
_____
X X X
7 - G a s ____________________
8.
Ice ___________
9.
T
otal
( 1 - 8 ) _________________
—
X X X
—
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
—
10. Value o f fuel gathered b y fam ily or received free, $—
0 |D
E
| F
°
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
—
VH. M EDICAL CARE
I
Physician: __ — office visits at $—
Physician: — __ home calls at $—
11. C ook o r general
worker.
12. Cleaning m an or
woman_______
Dentist______
Other specialist (specify)—
13. Laundress...
14
_
15
-
Clinic visits: N u m b er____ .. at $..
Hospital room or b e d : ____ days at $__
Private nurse: In h o s p .____ days at $__
16. Aprons, uniforms, and gifts to paid help...
Private nurse: A t h o m e ____ days at $...
17.
Visiting nurse:--------------- visits at $_____
T o t a l (1 1 -1 6 )_____________________
Examinations and tests <not included afore) Medicines and drugs___________________
O T H E R H O U SE H O LD E X P E N S E
E ye glasses--------------------------------------------M edical appliances and supplies_______
18. W ater r e n t 19. Telephone: Num ber m o s ..
Health and accident insurance--------------
per m o. $...-------
Other_______________ ____________________
. Laundry sent out: Num ber wks_____ ; amt. $ ~
.
T o t a l ( 1 -1 6 )-
VHI. RURAL— URBAN B ACKGROU N D
Specify service___________________________
22. Laundry soap and other cleaning supplies...
B
23. Stationery, postage, telegrams---------------------
N o. years
24. M oving, express, freight, etc_______________
25. Other.-----------------------------------------------------------
1. On a farm o r in open
country.
2 . In village o f less than
2,500._________________
26.
T o t a l (1 8 -2 5 )-------------------------------------------
3. In city of 2,500 to 10,000.
27.
T o t a l h o u s e h o ld o p e r a tio n ( 9 + 1 7 + 2 6 ) —
4. In city o f 10,000 or more.
(2)
I
State
N o . years
State
S C H E D U LE
FORM
AN D
IX. RECREATION
A
B
|
0
Adults
Num
ber
Price
215
GLOSSARY
XII. EDUCATION
D
|
E
F
A
B 1
Children
Num
ber
Price
Expense
for year
Public
1. M o v ie s :
Winter
Spring...............-
3.
Summer..............
4.
F a l l .............................
____
$. -
1.
Nursery school, kindergarten.
2.
Elementary school___________
3.
High or preparatory
Tuition
and fees
Books
and sup-
$_____
$ - ____
s c h o o l .. .
4. Business or technical schooL.
5 . College, graduate, or profes
sional school................. .........
6 . Ball games, other spectator sports_____________
A
—
—
B
7. Dances, circuses, fairs..................................................
—
C
Expense
for year
G AM ES A N D SPO RTS
8 . Equipment, supplies, fees, licenses (enter year’s
expense fo r each item ):
Hunting, $....................... ; Fishing, $---------------------;
Camping, $............. ; Trapping (sport), $-------Hiking, $.......................... ; Riding, $......................
6 . Total, tuition (1 -5 D )___
$..
7. Total, books and sup
plies (1 -5 E )............................
Highest grade com pleted by:
13. Husband __
8 . Special lessons__________
9. Other (excluding board
and rent)_____________
14. W i f e - ......................
15. Son or daughter
over 16 years with
m ost schooling:
Baseball, $............; Tennis, $.............; Golf, $------10.
Bicycles, $...... ........ ; Skates, sleds, skis, $--------
T o t a l X&-9)________
Billiards and bowling, $............; Boats, $----------
1 1 . Board at school or col
Cards, chess, other games, $---------- ; Other, $ „ .
lege...
1 2 . R oom rent a t school or
______ college.......................
9. T otal (all items 8 ) ....... ..........................................
O T H E R R E C R E A T IO N
a. S e x ________________
b. A g e .............................
c. M em ber of economic
family?
Yes □ N o □ ________
Xni. OCCUPATIONAL EXPENSE
(not reported as business expense or as deduction from gross income)
10. Radio: Purchase......................................................
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Private
$
5. Plays, pageants, concerts, lectures, forums----------
11.
D 1 E
Expense for year
School attended during schedule year
Paid admissions to—
2.
C
M embers
attending
Batteries, tubes, repairs,..........................
Expense
for year
Musical instruments (specify)............ ................
Sheet music, phonograph records_____________
$.
1. Union dues, fees.
Cameras, films, photo supplies________________
Children’s toys, play equipment----------------------
2. Business and professional association dues.
Pets (purchase and care)_____________________
3. Technical books and journals_______________
17. Entertaining in and out o f home_____________
4. Supplies and equipment______________________ ___________ ___
18. Dues to social and recreational clubs_________
19. Other (specify)---------------------- -------------------------20.
T o t a l ( 1 - 1 9 ) ............. ..............................
5. Other_____________________________________________ __________
6.
X. TOBACCO
T o t a l ( 1 - 5 ) ..........................................................................................
XIV. PREVIOUS OCCUPATION OF HUSBAND
Expense
for year
1 . W as husband’s occupation same during schedule year as
in 1929?
1. Cigarettes: Packages per week------ © -------- £
Yes □ N o □
2 . I f not, his occupation in 1929 v
2. Cigars: Number per week-------------- @ — — l
XV.^GIFTS, C O M M U N ITY WELFARE, AN D TAXES
3. Tobacco: All other------------------------------------------4 . S m o k e r s ’ s u p p l i e s --------------------------------------------------------J5.__________ T
“
otal
( 1 - 4 ) ------------- ---------------------------------------
1 . Gifts (Christmas, birthday, other) to persons not
members o f econom ic fam ily (not charity).
2. Contributions to support relatives not members
o f econom ic family---------------------------------------------
XI. READING
3. Donations to other individuals...
1. Newspapers: D aily------------------------------------------
4. Com m unity chest and other welfare agencies
2.
W eekly--------------------------------------3. Magazines (subscriptions and single copies)—
5. Church, Sunday school, missions_________________
6 . Taxes: Poll, income, personal property (payable
in schedule year, except back taxes)___________
4. Booki (not ichool booh) bought dining year: Nsmber---------------5. Book rentals and library fees, public and rental libraries-------------6. Books borrowed from public and rental libraries: Nnmber------------_____
xxxx
7. Other_____________________________________________
8.
7.________ T o t a l ( 1 - 6 ) ........... ............................................
T o t a l (1 -7 ).............. .........................................
14—3290
<3>
1 1 3 9 9 1 °— 41-------15
216
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
XVL USUAL FOOD EXPENSE DURING EACH SEASON OF SCHEDULE YEAR
A
1
Latest season of year
1
1
1
1
Earlier seasons
1
1
M/mthi
FOOD AT BOMB
Per week
F o o d e x p e n s e a t—
1. G r o c e r y o r ge n e ra l s to r e (ex
clu d in g s o a p , m a tch e s, e tc .)
Per month
Per week
Per month
Per week
$
$
$ '
$
$
Per week
Per month
Per week
Per month
Per week
.
Per month
Per week
.....
1
__
Per month
Per week
Per month
ft
ft
ft
ft
*
Per month
Per week
Per month
Per week
Per month
.
4 . V e g e ta b le a n d fr u it m a rk e t
A d d itio n a l e x p e n s e f o r f o o d
a t hom e—
8 . O th e r f o o d a t h o m e ____________
0.
T ota l fo r w eek or
m o n th ( 1 - 8 ) ..................
10.
T o t a l f o r season_______
FOOD AWAT FROM HOMB
(Excluding meals while sway at school,
and meals carried from home)
E xpense fo r —
11 . M e a ls a t w o r k __________________ —
12. TiiineliAS a t nnhnol __
...
—
—
—
—
.
13 . M e a ls w h ile tr a v e lin g o r o n
v a c a t io n __ ____■_ _____ _.
1A
Ot h e r m e a l s a w a y —
R t m H antii
I)?-
Tiiuidhes________________
1A
D in n e ro
17- Tm» cre a m , c a n d y
___ _____
18. S o ft d rin ks, b e e r , e t c _
______
19.
T o ta l fo r w eek o r
m o n th .................. ...........
20 .
T o t a l f o r se a so n _______
FOOD RAISED AT HOME OR RECEIVED AS GIFT OR PAT
DURING SCHEDULE YEAR
TOTAL FOOD EXPENSE DURING SCHEDULE YEAR
2 1 . F o o d a t h o m e (ite m 10 )__________________ —
M o n e y v a lu e o f f o o d —
24 . R a is e d f o r fa m ily ’s o w n u se..
2 2 . F o o d a w a y fr o m h o m e (ite m 2 0 )________
25 . R e c e iv e d a s g if t o r p a y __________
23.
26.
T o t a l ......................................................
(4)
T o t a i _______
___________
.
S .--------------------------
217
SCHEDULE FORM AND GLOSSARY
XVII. AUTOM OBILES
(owned at any tim e during year)
XIX. OTH E R TRAVEL AND .TRANSPORTATION
L O C A L -T O W O R K ; SC H O O L, ST O R E S, E T C .
1 . H ow many months during year did you own:
. Bus, trolley, taxi, train, ferry boat, rent of auto__ mobile.—___ _________________________
a 1 autom obile,_____ m os.; b 2 autom obiles,_____ m os.;
c 3 autom obiles,____ m os.; n o autom obiles,______ mos.
O T H E R T R A V E L (Excluding business travel)
2.
A U T O M O B IL E S O W N E D A T E N D O F S C H E D U L E Y E A R
A
B
c
Year bought
New
Used
E
D
Make
Price
—
2. 19_________
a. iQ
Railroad (including Pullman)______________
3. Interurban bus-------------------------------------------4. Other (specify vehicle)..
PU RC H A SE A N D U P K E E P D U R IN G Y E A R
$----------
. O f m otorcycle—
. O f boat, airplane, other vehicle...
4. 19_________
of car betught du ring year $----------------5. Gross price <
6 . Trade-in all<nwance f or used <jar, $..............................
T o tal ( l - 6 ) _
XX XX
Proportion o f m otorcycle □ or other vehicle □
expense chargeable to business..............................
XXXX
7. Net price o f car bouight (5 m inus 6 ) _______________
8 . M onth purchased_______Terms:
Caeh □
XX. PERSONAL CARE
Installment □
9. T otal number o f miles driven during year (all owned cars)
_______________miles.
10. Average miles per gallon o f gasoline,-------miles.
Wife:.Haircut (usual juice, _____), shampoo,
waves, manicures, facials, other___________
Husband: Haircut (usual price,--------), shaves,
shampoos, other.
O A S O L IN E
C
A
B
Season
Num ber ol
gallons
12
________
12
.
. Children under
_______) , other.
Expense
_________________
otal for t e a r
7. Shaving soap and cream------------------------------ ---------8 . Cold cream, powder, rouge, nail polish, perfume—
( 1 1 - 1 5 ) ...........................
9. Brushes, etc., combs, razors, files_________________
10. Other toilet articles and preparations........................
B
Expense
for year
T o t a l (1-1 0 )..........................................................
11.
1 7 . O i l : N u m b e r o f q u a r t s ____________________________________
T ire s, tu b e s ;
P u rch a se
.
.
$ ................
XXI. EQ U IPM EN T O W N ED BY FAM ILY
. . . . . . . ____ ___
G a ra g e p m t, p a r k in g
21
L i c e n s e s , iTV'l,,,h’ n g r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e .
_________ . —
22
F i n e s , d a m a g e s p a ir ! t o o t h e r s .
23
A u t o m o b i l e in s u r a n c e , (a ll t y p e s )
24
T W lls (h riH gA j
fptrryj
tu n n p .n
____
.
________
. .
_ _
....
__
_
K IN D O F E Q U IP M E N T
.
. _ .
Yes
1 r Plano , ___________ _______
2 5 . A c c e s s o r i e s ( i n c l u d i n g a u t o m o b i l e r a d i o ) --------------------
otal
'schedule year
Price
No
__
Season
purchased
2 . P h o n o g r a p h ________ ____
X X XX
—
3. R a d io
T
E
|
I f purchased in
____
2 6 . O t h e r ( i n c l u d i n g a s s o c i a t i o n d u e s ) --------------------------------27.
D
| 0
Owned at
end o f
schedule
year
.
. . . . _________
___ ...
8
A
1 9 . R e p a i r s , r e p l a c e m e n t s , s e r v i c e ----------------------------------------20
price,
T O I L E T A R T IC L E S A N D P R E P A R A T I O N S
A
18
(usual
. T ooth paste and powder, m outh wash, etc____
1 5 __________________________ _____________________________
T
Haircuts
T o ile t soaps: ---------- cakes at-----------------------
. . . ______________
1 4 ......................................................................................................
16.
16:
Other members of family: Haircut (usual price,
__ __), other..............................................
$ -------------
1 1 . L a t e s t ------------------------------------------ -------------------------
( 7 , 1 6 , a n d 1 7 - 2 6 ) .................................................
2 8 . P r o p o r tio n o f a u t o m o b ile e x p e n s e c h a r g e a b le t o
b u s i n e s s ................................................................- ..............................
5. Other mechanical refrigerator.
X X X X
—
XX XX
XXX X
4 . " R e f r ig e r a t o r , e l e c t r i c
$
..........
—
6 . Ice bo x ..............................................
XVIII. C L O TH IN G EXPENSE
(M ake no entry if check list is used)
7 . P r e s s u r e cooker__
Expense
for year
8*
machine, power.
Q. W a s h i n g m a c h i n e , o t h e r
1 . W ife_______________________________________________
$----------
2 . Husband____________________________________________________
I f) . T r o n i n g m a c h i n e
1 1 . V a c u u m c l e a n e r . .....................
12. Sewing machine, electric.
13. Other sewing machine________
5.
XXH. FURN ISHINGS AND EQUIPM ENT
6^
7.
(M ake no entry if check list is used)
8.
9.
Purchased in schedule year not included in items 4-13, section
X X I.
T o ta l
(5)
T otal expense for year, $-------------------- -------------------------
218
Expense for
year
1. Interest on debts incurred for family living other than mortgage on
rvompH Vinmp
.
„„
_ _____________________ ___
2. Did family have checking account at any time during schedule
year? YesD N o □
II
||
Expense for
year
$
II 5. Loss, other than business loss
•5
II 6. Funeral, eemetery___
7. Other______________
_
3. Bank service charges, safe deposit box-------------------------------------------4. Legal expense (not business)
__________________________________
_________________ |
|
8.
T
(1—7)...... -
otal
-
____
XXIV. CHANGES IN FAMILY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES DURING SCHEDULE Y E A R ___________ 1935 t o ___________ 193...
(Excluding changes due to increases or decreases in the value o f property which has not changed hands)
C H A N G E S I N P R O P E R T Y O W N E D B Y F A M IL Y A N D A M O U N T S D U E F A M IL Y
B
A
|
C H A N G E S I N D E B T S O W E D B Y F A M IL Y
0
D
E
Changes in assets during schedule year
Net amount of increase
1 . M o n e y in s a v i n g s a c c o u n t s _____________________
9.
Tn c lw w l r i r j oA m iln i.fl
3
O n hand
.
$
Net amount o f decrease
$
.... .
__________
P u r c h a s e d ................................................
A
S o ld
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
10.
S o ld
p rn p p p + y *
.
f9
x x x x x x x x
P n r fih a a p H
S o l d ____________________________
11. I m p r o v e m e n t s
1 9 . A l l o t h e r ( s p e c i f i y ) ----------
.
.
S .-----------------------------
Net amount of decrease
$
__ .......... __
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
2 7 . B a c k t a x e s ( d u e b e f o r e s c h e d u l e y e a r ) _______
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
3 0 . O t h e r b i l l s d u e ____________________________________
3 1 . P a y m e n t s o n in s t a l l m e n t p u r c h a s e s m a d e
p r io r t o s c h e d u le y e a r (s p e c ify g o o d s
p u rc h a s e d ):
(rt)
a e e o n n ts d u e
m
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
________
(r)
......
x x x x x x x x
3 2 . B a l a n c e d u e o n in s t a l l m e n t p u r c h a s e s m a d e
in s c h e d u le y e a r (s p e c ify g o o d s p u r
c h a s e d ):
x x x x x x x x
(a) -----------------------------------------------------x x x x x x x x
(b)
x x x x x x x x
-
-
(c)
.....................
T o t a l (1-19)...........................................
_
20. C h a r g e
x x x x x x x x
20.
...
2 5 . B a c k r e n t s ( d u e b e f o r e s c h e d u l e y e a r ) _______
nf pn yT n p n t.
1 6 . I n s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s s e t t l e d ________________________
1 7 . L o a n s m a d e b y f a m ily t o o th e r s d u rin g
s c h e d u l e y e a r ( b a l a n c e n o t r e p a i d ) -----------18 . R e p a y m e n t s t o f a m ily o n lo a n s m a d e
h ftfnrft ftP.hpHnlp yp q /r
.................
2 8 . T a x e s d u e i n sch e d u le * y e a r , u n p a id
x x x x x x x x
T m p r o v p m p n fa n n nf.ViPr rp.al
*Frpf|npnpy
-
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
o n o w n e d h o m e -------------------------
1 3 . I n s u r a n c e p r e m i u m s p a i d ( lif e , e n d o w m e n t ,
fLrmuit.yA
14
M o rtg a g e * o n ow n e d h o m e
2 6 . R e n t s d u e in s c h e d u l e y e a r , u n p a i d
x x x x x x x x
O tw
Net amount of Increase
21.
2 4 . N o t e s d u e t o in d i v i d u a l s
........
5 . R e a l e sta te:
$
F
2 2 . M o r t g a g e s o n o t h e r jrwal e s t a t e
2 3 . N o t e s d u e t o b a n k s , in s u r a n c e c o m p a n i e s ,
s m a ll l o a n c o m p a n i e s
,.............
4 . I n v e s t m e n t s in b u s i n e s s ................................
9,
|
Changes in liabilities during schedule year
Liabilities
M oney, stocks, real estate, other assets
33
................................
34.
...................
........ -
-
-
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
A ll n ffiA P {a p A /n fy t
T o t a l ( 2 1 - 3 3 ) ___________________
14—3200
FAM ILY EXPENDITURES IN N E W ENGLAND CITIES
X X m . OTHER FAMILY EXPENSE
S C H E D U LE
FORM
A N D
GLOSSARY
219
Classifications and Definitions o f Terms Used in T ex t and Tabular
Summary
The following glossary of terms is limited to those classifications and
definitions needing explanation for the interpretation of the tabular
and textual material on the summary of expenditures. Later publi
cations, presenting more detailed data in particular fields of consump
tion, will contain further definitions. Items appearing on the ex
penditure schedule and on the expenditure summary which are not
discussed in the present volume are omitted from the glossary.
Any system of classifying goods and services necessarily has certain
limitations and may not meet the needs of all groups or agencies which
utilize the data. The classification adopted for the Study of Consumer
Purchases is in substance one that has been found useful in other
studies and which thus has the advantage of yielding comparable
data. Since the uses to which specific goods may be put by consum
ers vary considerably from family to family and even within the family
circle, depending upon a multiplicity of factors, the decision to classify
commodities in one category rather than another were necessarily
arbitrary. The classifications determined upon have, however, been
applied consistently throughout the tabulations.
The expenditures of each family during the report year have been
classified under 16 major groups of goods and services, as presented
in table 2 of the Tabular Summary. This classification has been
used over a period of years in similar studies of family living by such
agencies as the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor
and the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of Agriculture.
Specific definitions of terms should be prefaced by the explanation
that, whenever a sales tax was in force in a particular community dur
ing the period covered by the study, the estimated total amount of
sales tax paid for each taxable item appearing on the schedule was
added to the total expense for the item.
F a m i l y .— For purposes of the Study of Consumer Purchases, an
economic family was defined as a group of persons belonging to the
same household and dependent upon a common income.1 Expendi
ture data were secured only from families including both a husband
and a wife. In the New England region the expenditure survey was
restricted to families of five types. (In the East Central region
white families of two additional types, including five to eight members
were studied, and in Atlanta Negro families of seven types.)
1 For more detailed definition, see vol. I of this bulletin, glossary.
220
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
F a m i ly t y p e .— Families were classified according to the number and
age of members, in addition to husband and wife, in one of five types,
as follows: 2
T ype
I
II
III
IV
No other persons (families of two).
One child under 16 (families of three).
Two children under 16 (families of four).
One person 16 or over and one or no other person, regardless
of age (families of three or four).
V One child under 16, one person 16 or over, and one or two
others, regardless of age (families of five or six).
The above family types are based upon the equivalent number of
persons under 16 years of age and the equivalent number 16 years or
over in the economic family during the year. By the use of a conversion
table the number of weeks of membership of persons in the economic
family for only a portion of the schedule year is expressed in terms of
equivalent members. If the economic family contained, in addition
to the married couple, only one person who was a member for 26 weeks
or less, he was not regarded as an equivalent member; had he been in
the family for 27 weeks he would have been classified as one equiva
lent member. If two persons, both of whom were under 16 years, were
members of the economic family for a total of from 27 weeks through
78 weeks, together they counted as one equivalent member; had they
been members for a total of from 79 through 130 weeks, they would
have been counted as two equivalent members. The same method of
computation applied to persons 16 and over. If, however, the family
contained one person 16 years of age or over and one child under 16
years, each for less than 27 weeks, neither would be counted as a
member of the economic family, although the period of membership
for the two together equaled more than 26 weeks.
O ccu pational g r o u p .— Families were also classified in one of seven
groups: Wage-earner, clerical, independent business, independent pro
fessional, salaried business, salaried professional, and families with
no gainfully employed members.3 In general, the wage-earner classi
fication included all types of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled manual
jobs which are usually paid by the hour, day, or week, rather than on
a monthly or annual salary basis. In the clerical classification were
grouped store clerks and salesmen working for others, as well as office
workers. Professional, semiprofessional and technical workers were
included in the independent professional group when employed on
their own account, and in the salaried professional group when they
were employed by others on a salary basis. Persons classified in the
independent business group were entrepreneurs owning and operating
2 See pictogram of family types, p. 3.
3 The occupational categories are based upon the Works Progress Administration’s Manual of Work Divi
sion Procedure, sec. 2, “ Occupational classification” (June 1935); and “ Index of occupations,” Circ. No. 2A
(September 1935).
S C H E D U LE
FORM
AN D
GLOSSARY
221
businesses of any type. Also classified in the independent business
category were families which derived the major portion of their earned
income from roomers and boarders. The salaried business category
consisted mainly of salaried managers and officials; chief officers of
corporations drawing salaries, as well as minor executives, were thus
classified in the salaried business group, even though some owned
controlling interest in the business. The seventh category consisted of
families that had no earnings from an occupation.
The occupational classification of a family was determined by the
occupational group from which it derived the major portion of its
earnings during the report year, whether that portion was contributed
by one or more family members.4
I n c o m e .— The total income by which the family was classified
included money income (derived from earnings and other sources
such as interest, dividends, pensions, etc.), and in addition, non
money income from housing (for owners, the difference between
rental value of the home and current expense for interest, repairs,
mortgages, and the like; for renters, the value of rent received as
a gift or pay).
T o arrive at the figure for earnings from gainful occupations of
family members (wages, salaries, profits, and other withdrawals from
business for family use, tips, commissions, and bonuses), occupa
tional expenses were deducted. Similarly, the figures for earned
income not attributable to individual members (i. e., income from
family enterprises such as the keeping of roomers and boarders or
casual work in the home) represented net rather than gross income
from such sources. Items classified as nonearned money income
were: Interest and dividends; rents from property; pensions, annui
ties and benefits; gifts in cash, etc.5
Adjusted family income, presented in chapters I and IX , consists
of total income plus the value of food and fuel obtained without money
expense.
E x p e n d itu r e s .— M oney expenditures include all money expenses
incurred during the report year for current family living, whether or
not the full amount was paid during the year.6 Balances remaining
unpaid at the end of the year were handled as increases in liabilities.
Total expenditures include money expenditures and the value of
food and fuel obtained without direct money expense. Total expendi
tures are thus synonymous with “ money value of current family living”
defined below.
4 For a more detailed statement see vol. I of this bulletin, glossary.
fi For a more detailed statement of the components of income as used in the study see vol. I, glossary.
8
This was not true in the case of a few items such as fire insurance premiums on owned homes and con
tributions to the Community Chest. For these items only the amounts paid during the year were classed
as expenditures.
222
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
Value of fam ily living.— The money value of current family living
consisted of money expenditures for current living, and the value of
housing, food, and fuel obtained without direct money expense. The
value of housing included the imputed net income from owned family
and vacation homes and the rental value of housing received as gift
or pay. (See below under nonmoney income from housing.)
Surplus or deficit.— The difference between the fam ily’s total
money income for the year and its total money expenditure was, if
a positive sum, a surplus, or, if a negative sum, a deficit. This sur
plus or deficit was accounted for by one or more of a series of changes
in assets and liabilities, described below.
Receipts.— The term receipts has been used to designate current
money income plus funds made available through liquidation of
assets or through credit.
Disbursements.— The term disbursements has been used to desig
nate money expenditures for current family living plus money used
to decrease debts incurred before the beginning of the report year or
to increase assets.
Balancing difference.— Due to the difficulty experienced by families,
few of which kept detailed records, in accounting in toto for receipts
and disbursements, a margin of tolerance was set up for discrepancies
between the two. If the difference amounted to less than 5.5 percent
of receipts or disbursements, whichever was larger, the schedule was
tabulated, this amount being carried as a balancing difference. If the
discrepancy was 5.5 or larger, the schedule was discarded. In cases
where disbursements exceeded receipts, as accounted for by the family,
the balancing difference was negative; if receipts exceeded disburse
ments, the difference was positive.
FOOD
Included here were all family expenses for food, together with ex
penditure for such items as ice cream, candy, soft drinks, beer, and
alcoholic beverages. Cod-liver and haliver oil were also considered
food.
N onfood articles which may be bought in grocery stores, such as
cleaning supplies, matches, soap, tobacco, and food for pets were
excluded from this category.
Food at home.— A distinction was made between food purchased to
be prepared at home and food purchased and eaten away from home.
In the former category was included the cost of any food prepared
at home but eaten away from home, such as home-prepared lunches
for work, school, or picnics. Cost of articles such as coffee, milk, or
other food, bought at work or school to supplement the home prepared
lunches was classified with expense for food away from home.
S C H E D U LE
FORM
AN D
GLOSSARY
223
Food purchased to be prepared in a vacation home occupied by the
family was classified as expense for food at home.
The amount spent for food served to boarders was derived through
use of the average expense per meal per equivalent adult (explained
below), and was deducted from total expense for food at home, so
that the figures shown in table 2, column 6, and table 3 of the Tabular
Summary represent net family expense.
F o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e .— Included here was expense for meals at work
and at school (except for food carried from home), including board at
school, meals while traveling or on vacation (except for food prepared
in a vacation home), meals purchased on a business trip for which
there was no reimbursement by an employer, other meals eaten out,
and ice cream and candy, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages consumed
away from home.
Expense for food away from home necessarily included in many
cases some expense for service and entertainment as well as food costs
proper.
V a lu e o f f o o d h om e-p rod u ced or received as a gift or p a y .— A value was
placed on all food which was raised for family consumption or given
to the family as a gift or in lieu of cash payment for services. All
such food was evaluated at the retail prices prevailing in the com
munity. No deductions from the evaluation of home-produced food
were made for the cost of seeds and implements or for the value or
cost of labor.
The money value of food received as gift or pay represents the net
value of all food received free plus the value of food received as pay
during the year by members of the family. If members of the family
received a substantial number of free meals as guests in excess of the
number of meals furnished to guests (not counting house guests since
they were treated as members of the household though not of the
economic family, for the period of their stay), the value of meals so
received in excess of those furnished was tabulated.
An evaluation was made of meals which were furnished to members
of the family without charge by the employer or paid for from expense
accounts. Examples of such instances are salesmen reimbursed for
meals taken while traveling, students working for their board at
school, or waiters who received meals as part of their pay.
Likewise, if the owner of a store or an employee occasionally
brought home food which he received from his place of business with
out payment, such food was evaluated at local retail prices and
included in the total value of food received without direct money
expense. However, if the store proprietor charged himself for food
which he brought home regularly for family consumption, the retail
value of such food was added to his money earnings and the goods
were entered as purchases in the subsection for food at home.
224
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
A v era g e expen ditu re p e r m eal p er eguivalent a du lt .— In recognition
of the variations in quantity, and thus in expense, of food consump
tion among persons of different ages, the following scale of relative
expense for various persons served from the family food supply was
adopted: 7
P erson
R ela tiv e
fo o d e x p e n se
20 years of age and over__________________________________________
13 to 19 years_____________________________________________________
6 to 12 years_______________________________________________________
Under 6 years_____________________________ _____ _________________
1. 0
1. 1
. 9
.6
These relatives were applied whether the person was a member of
the economic family or a boarder, guest, or domestic servant. The
relative factor applied to nurses for the sick was 0.9. The term
equivalent adult is used in the text as representing one food expendi
ture unit.
It was assumed that 21 meals per week were eaten by each member
of the economic family during that portion of the report year spent
at home. For other members of the household (boarders, house
guests, household help, and nurses) the actual number of meals eaten
was ascertained. The average expense per meal per equivalent
person was derived by dividing the total family food expense (after
subtraction of expense for food eaten while traveling or on vacation)
by the total number of equivalent person meals.
In order to determine the expense for meals served to boarders,
the average expense per meal per food expenditure unit was multiplied
by the total number of meals served to boarders; the resulting sum
was deducted from the total family expense for food at home.
HOME M AINTENANCE
H o u s in g e x p e n se .— Each family reported expense incurred during
the report year for family home and other housing. Average amounts
for renting families are based on the rental rate contracted for, minus
any concessions granted by the landlord, and plus any repairs paid
by the tenant. Housing expense for renting families included fuel,
light, and/or refrigeration when one or more of these items was
included in the rental rate. For owning families, all expense incurred
for repairs, interest, insurance, and the like was included. Because
of the fact that fuel, light, and refrigeration were included in the rent
paid by many renting families, all tables in the text of the report
that show housing expense include fuel, light, and refrigeration with
housing. In tables 2, 4, and 4 - A of the Tabular Summary, however,
housing expense does not include fuel, light, and refrigeration.
7
This scale of food relatives was developed from data secured from the Bureau of Home Economics of the
Department of Agriculture, which furnished information on standard food allowances, based on actual food
expense records, differentiated by age, sex, and activity.
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No attempt was made to apportion and deduct from family expense
an amount for space rented to roomers. Since, however, expenditure
data were not taken from families having the equivalent of more than
one lodger throughout the year, the value of such space was not an
important item to the families.
Housing expense incurred during the report year and not paid by
the end of the year was included here and also carried as an increase
in liabilities.
Family home.— Average expense, as shown in table 4, column 8,
includes only expense for living quarters occupied by the family
group, whether such quarters were rented or owned.
Other housing.— Included in housing expense as shown in table 2,
but shown separately in table 4, column 9, is expense for vacation
home, lodging while traveling, and room at school.
Expenses for a vacation home, whether owned or rented, were of the
same type as for a family home. If a family owned a vacation home
and rented it out during any part of the schedule year, the total rent
received was subtracted from total expense incurred for the home and
only the net amount was tabulated. If the rent received exceeded
expenses for the year, no net expense was incurred and the positive
balance was included as a part of the fam ily’s income.
Excluded from expense for lodging while traveling was the amount
paid by a family member while traveling on business or while working
out of town. These amounts were considered occupational expense
and were deducted from gross earnings in arriving at family income.
Housing received without direct money expenditure.— See page 226
under Nonmoney income from housing.
Expenditures fo r rented homes and owned homes.— For the purpose
of comparing the housing expenses of home owners and renters
(table 4 -A , columns 6 and 7) a family was classified as renting only
if it rented during the entire year (and received no rent as gift or pay),
and as owning only if it occupied an owned home during the entire
year. Expense for renters includes only expense for dwelling quarters
occupied by the entire family group. The number of months of
occupancy of the rented home was multiplied by the monthly rental
rate to obtain the total amount of rent paid. From this sum was
deducted the value of any rental concessions received by the family.
Concessions were distinguished from rent as pay or gift and defined
as occupancy given free by the landlord for a limited time as an in
ducement to the family to rent the living quarters. T o the total rent
paid was added the value of repairs or improvements paid for by
the tenant, if the landlord did not reimburse the family. Rental
expenses incurred but not paid during the schedule year were included
here, and also carried as an increase in family liabilities.
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Housing expense for owned home for the year included interest on
the mortgage, refinancing charges, taxes payable, expense for repairs
and replacements, special assessments, and premiums for fire, tornado,
or earthquake insurance on the home. For all these items except
insurance, the expense figure refers to amounts incurred during the
schedule year, whether or not they were entirely paid before the end
of the year. Balances remaining unpaid were carried as increases in
liabilities. In the case of insurance premiums, no attempt was made
to prorate payments for previous or coming years as an allocation of
expense for the schedule year. Structural additions and other per
manent improvements to the home were not classed as current ex
penditures for housing but as increases in assets. (See p. 234, Assets
and Liabilities.)
I f the h om e owned and occupied b y the fam ily was a tw o -fam ily or
m u ltip le-fam ily house, only th at portion o f the expense w hich applied
to the living quarters of the ow ner’s fam ily was included as expense of
owned hom e.
T h e basis for this allocation was the com parative
m o n th ly rental values of the dwelling units under consideration.
The
rem aining expense was deducted from gross rents received, to derive a
n et figure w hich was added to the fa m ily ’s incom e.
F a cilities in clu ded in re n t .— Families that were renting their homes
at the end of the schedule year were asked to state which of a specified
list of housing facilities were furnished by the landlord and covered
by the rental rate for the living quarters. These data are presented
in table 4 -A of the Tabular Summary.
Facilities were n ot considered to have been included in the rent if
the fam ily paid separate am oun ts for their use, over and above the
rental for the living quarters them selves.
N o n m o n e y in com e f r o m h o u sin g .— An attempt was made to evaluate
all housing received without direct expense, whether in the form of
rent as pay or gift, or of imputed income from an owned family home
or an owned vacation home. Average amounts of such value are
shown in table 4, columns 10-12, Tabular Summary.
I f a fam ily received any rent as part o f wages or salary, as in the
case of a m inister, a resident m anager, or a janitor, the estim ated
m o n th ly rental value was m ultiplied b y the num ber o f m onths such
premises were occupied, and the resulting am oun t was included as a
part o f the fa m ily ’s incom e.
I f a fam ily occupied rent free during
an y part o f the schedule year, a h om e th at was owned b y a relative or
friend, the rental value was estim ated for the period, and from it
was subtracted any housing expense incurred b y the fam ily in connec
tion w ith such occupancy.
fa m ily ’s incom e.
T h e n et figure was then added to the
H ou sin g furnished to individual fam ily m em bers
while aw ay from h om e, w hether as g ift or in return for services, was
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not included in nonmoney income from housing, which relates solely
to housing that served as the family home.
M uch more important, on the average, than rent as pay or gift,
was imputed income from owned home. If a family during any part
of the schedule year occupied a home owned by a member of the
family the rental value of this home was estimated (in relation to
rental rates on equivalent quarters) for the period of occupancy.
From this sum were deducted all expenses incurred for the home, for
interest on a mortgage, repairs, taxes, special assessments, and pre
miums for insurance, during the period of occupancy. The remaining
amount was considered as imputed income from housing, and included
as a nonmoney part of the fam ily’s total income. If the expenses
were greater than the estimated rental value, the family was considered
to have had a negative income from housing. The net effect was to
place many home owners in a higher income class ($250 intervals)
than if they had been classified on the basis of money incomes alone.
Fuel gathered by the family or received as gift was valued at local
retail prices.
Household operation .— H ousehold operation expenses included
am oun ts incurred or paid for heating and cooking fuels, light, and
refrigeration, for paid household help, and for other household item s
such as w ater rent, telephone, laundry, and cleaning supplies.
T he
expense for operating both fam ily and vacation hom es which were
occupied b y the fa m ily was included in the total operation expense.
I f certain expenses for operation, such as fuel, light, or w ater rent,
were paid b y the fam ily for a period when the hom e was rented to
som e other fa m ily, such expenses were excluded from the scheduled
fa m ily ’s total household operation expense and were deducted from
the gross rents received in com puting net incom e from rent.
The average expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration, as shown in
table 2, column 8; table 4, column 5; and table 5, column 5, of the
Tabular Summary is an understatement of expense for this category
since, in the case of renters, one or more of these items was sometimes
included in the rent, and covered by the rental rate.
Paid household help .— Included in this subsection was the expense
for the em p loym en t of household help, b oth full and part tim e, b y the
fa m ily during the year.
N u rsem aids were classified as household help, but the fees charged
b y nurses caring for the sick were grouped w ith m edical care.
Ex
pense for the em p loym en t of seamstresses for the duration of a specific
job to m ake or repair clothing for the fam ily, or to sew household
linens or m ake slip covers was included w ith expense for clothing and
furnishings, respectively.
T h e cost of em ploying a laundress was
included in this subsection only if the laundry work was done on the
fa m ily ’s premises.
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Besides the cash wages paid by the family to servants, the total
expense for household help included carfare for which the servants
were reimbursed by the family, and the amounts spent by the family
during the year to outfit their servants, as well as amounts given in
tips and presents to doormen, elevator men, and delivery boys not
directly employed by the family. The money value of gifts which
did not represent a direct money expense to the family was not
included in the expense of household help. Meals furnished to
servants by the family were considered a part of family food expense
rather than part of the wages paid.
Other item s o f household operation e x p e n se .— Grouped in this sub
section were expenditures for such items of household operation as
water rent, telephone, laundry sent out, laundry soap and other clean
ing supplies, stationery and postage, telegrams, moving charges,
express and freight fees, household disinfectants and insecticides,
wood and metal polishes, paper products for household use, and fees for
garbage and trash removal.
F u r n ish in g s and eq u ip m e n t .— Classified as furnishings and equip
ment were kitchen, cleaning, and laundry equipment, furniture, glass
ware and china, silverware, household textiles, floor coverings, lug
gage, and gardening equipment. Included in this grouping also were
articles of household equipment such as mechanical refrigerators, ice
boxes, pressure cookers, washing and ironing machines, vacuum
cleaners, and sewing machines.
Yard goods for the making of household linens, draperies, and slip
covers, as well as the cost of paid help for sewing these articles were
likewise combined with expense for furnishings. Premiums paid for
fire and theft insurance on furnishings, expense for repairs, the cleaning
o f furnishings and equipment, and fees for renting furniture were also
incorporated in this group of expenditures. Premiums paid during
the year for insurance on furnishings were included in the total regard
less of the duration of the insurance which the premium covered.
The recorded prices of furniture and equipment included charges for
financing articles bought on an installment plan. If, in the purchase
of any of these items, a used article of the same kind was traded in,
the amount recorded was the net price, that is, the gross price minus
the trade-in allowance.
CLOTHING
Besides those articles ordinarily regarded as clothing, the following
items were also so classified: Accessories such as gloves, handker
chiefs, purses, umbrellas, jewelry, ties and collars, belts, garters, and
suspenders; yard goods, yarns, and findings for clothing made at home,
the cost of paid help for the making of clothing, dry-cleaning and
pressing of clothing; repair of shoes and charges for shoeshines; fees
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for renting articles of clothing; flowers for personal wear; premiums
paid for insurance on clothing and jewelry. These items of expense
were allocated to the individual members for whom the expense was
incurred.
Articles of clothing purchased for wear at work and special clothing
bought for participation in sports were included with clothing.
PERSONAL CARE
Toilet articles and p re p a r a tio n s .— Under “ toilet articles and prepara
tions” were included the following items: Toilet soaps, dentifrices,
shaving soaps and creams, facial and hand creams and lotions,
powders, rouge and lipsticks, perfumes, and equipment for personal
care such as brushes and combs, razors, files, scissors, curling irons,
hair dryers, powder pufFs, and sanitary supplies.
P erso n a l services .— The following items were classified as services:
Haircuts, shampoos, shaves, all types of waves, manicures, facials,
eyebrow trims, dyeing and dressing of hair, Turkish baths.
Tips to barbers and beauty operators were combined with the
charge for the service.
TR A N SPO R TA TIO N
A u to m o b ile e x p e n se .— Data on automobile expense refers to auto
mobiles driven by the family which were used either partly or wholly
for family purposes. Expense for operation of automobiles used
entirely for business purposes was not regarded as a family expense,
but was included with other deductible expenses in arriving at net
earnings of the family.
“ Fam ily” use of a car was defined as operation of the car for such
purposes as transportation to and from work, school, theater, and
shopping centers, as well as for vacation travel and driving for pleasure.
The use of the family car in pursuit of one’s gainful occupation was
defined as business use of an automobile. The most common example
of this is the use of the family car by a physician or a salesman for
making professional or business calls.
The procedure used by the agent in obtaining information on auto
mobile expense was to ask for the total annual expense for each item
specified on the schedule. If the family used its automobile partly
for family and partly for business purposes, the agent then asked the
family to estimate the proportion of the use which was chargeable to
business. This was expressed as a percentage, and represented the
proportion of business use over the period of the entire schedule year.
The family was asked to base its estimate of the proportion of
automobile used applicable to business on the mileage and the amount
of time during which the car was so used.
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T h e com plem ent of this proportion, representing the expense appli
cable to fa m ily use, was then applied to each item of operating expense,
as well as to the n et purchase price of a car bou ght during the year.
Since further refinem ent of the data was n o t feasible, the sam e per
centage was applied to each item of expense; no account was taken
of internal variations in business use as between different item s, as
the fa m ily was asked to report the over-all percentage.
The amount of the total operating expenses which was chargeable
to business was regarded as an occupational expense deductible from
gross earnings. Likewise, the proportion of the net purchase price of
an automobile bought during the schedule year which was chargeable
to business (in the same proportion as the operating expense) was re
garded as an investment of the family funds in business and was so
classified in the section showing assets and liabilities, unless this
amount had been excluded from the total income originally reported
on the family schedule. However, the total amount still owing on
such a car at the end of the year was recorded as a debt in the section
on assets and liabilities, without distinction between family and
business proportions.
Included in the gross purchase price of a car were financing charges
other than for insurance when the car was purchased on the install
ment plan. The net price of a car bought during the year was
derived by subtracting from the gross contract price the amount
allowed on the trade-in of another car.
The expense for operation included the following items: Gasoline,
oil, tires and tubes, repairs and service, garage rent, parking fees,
licenses including registration fees, fines and damages paid, automo
bile insurance, tolls, accessories for the car, and association dues.
In addition to the cost of operating a car owned by the family,
operation expenditures included the amount paid or shared by a
family member for operating a car owned by someone not a member of
the economic family.
The percentage of families owning automobiles, shown on table 8,
column 4, of the Tabular Summary includes all families reporting
ownership for one or more months during the schedule year. This
percentage included families which purchased either new or used
cars or both during the year, as well as families which had purchased
cars prior to the schedule year.
The percentage of families operating automobiles, shown in text
table 25, was determined by the number of families reporting any
operating expenditures. Hence, a family which shared the cost of
operating a car owned by someone not a member of the economic
family was classified as an operator. Further, since fees for drivers’
licenses were included as operating expense, a family which neither
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GLOSSARY
owned a car nor shared actual operating expense might be classified
as an operator. On the other hand, if a family owned a car but
incurred no operation expense during the year (not even storage nor
license fees), the family was not classified as an operator. These
factors account for the difference in the percentage of families operat
ing automobiles as shown in text table 25 and in the percentage of
families owning automobiles shown in tabular summary, table 8.
Other travel and transportation.— T h e cost of transportation other
than b y autom obile was designated as “ other travel and transporta
tio n .”
A s in the case of autom obile expense, travel for business pur
poses was excluded from the record of fam ily expenditures.
D a ily
travel to and from work was regarded as a fa m ily expense.
Besides the cost of transportation on public vehicles, there was
com bined under this heading the am oun t spent for the purchase and
operation of vehicles other than autom obiles, such as a m otorcycle,
b oa t, or airplane.
I f, how ever, these vehicles were m aintained pri
m arily for recreational purposes, the expense was classified as an
expenditure for recreation.
MEDICAL CARE
D a t a on expenditures for m edical care include all expense incurred
for the care of m em bers of the econom ic fa m ily during the schedule
year.
T h e total m edical care bill covered fees of physicians, dentists,
oculists, and other specialists, cost of hospitalization and nurses’ fees,
fees for m edical exam inations and tests, cost of m edicines, drugs, and
m edical appliances and supplies, and health or infirm ary fees paid at
college.
Included also was the am oun t paid out for prem ium s on
insurance which provided benefits in case of sickness or accident, as
well as the cost of subscribing to cooperative “ hospital plan s” and
m em bership dues to group health associations.
W h e n accident or
sick benefits were included in a life insurance policy, the proportion
of the total prem ium s which applied to health insurance was ascer
tained and grouped w ith m edical care expense.
A similar procedure
was follow ed w ith respect to dues to fraternal organizations if dues
covered the cost of health and accident insurance.
A m o u n ts which
em ployers of fam ily m em bers deducted from w ages or salaries for
accident or health insurance were included w ith m edical care expense.
In these instances, the am ount deducted was now added to wages if
such am ounts had originally been excluded in determ ining the incom e
of the fam ily.
B enefits received during the year from health and accident insur
ance were included w ith current m on ey incom e and the expense for
the illness was recorded as an expense for m edical care.
1 1 3 9 9 1 °— 41-------16
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RECREATION
Expenditures for recreation covered adm ission fees to com m ercial
entertainm ents, the cost of supplies and equipm ent for participating
in gam es and sports, and expense for m iscellaneous entertainm ent
item s.
Paid adm issions to m ovies, plays, concerts, lectures, ball gam es and
other spectator sports, dances,
expense for recreation.
and circuses were included in the
T h e expense for com m ercial entertainm ent
covered the am ounts spent b y the fam ily for paid adm issions for their
guests, bu t food and refreshm ents bou ght for guests were classified as
food expense.
Included in the recreation category was the cost of equipm ent,
supplies, fees, and licenses necessary for participation in gam es and
sports such as hunting, tennis, golf, the various winter sports, bicycling,
billiards and bow ling,
card
and
other table gam es.
E xpense for
lodging while on vacation was classified as housing, rather than as
recreation expense.
In the case of sum m er cam ps, when no alloca
tion of the total expense could be m ade b y the fam ily, one-fourth of
the total was classified w ith recreation expense.
T h e cost of food on
vacation trips was classified w ith other food expense.
E xpense for
sport uniform s or sport clothes was classified w ith other cloth in g
expense.
Expenditures for a vacation cruise were divided am ong
food, lodging, and travel, and were n ot classified as recreation expense.
T h e third subdivision of recreation expense covered expenditures
for such item s as the purchase and repair of radios (not au tom ob ile),
of m usical instrum ents, care of pets, and the cost of children's p la y
eq u ip m en t; dues to social and recreational clubs were also defined as
expense for recreation.
TOBACCO
Besides the ou tlay for cigars, cigarettes, and other tobacco, total
tobacco expenditures included the am ount spent for sm oking supplies
such as pipes, pipe cleaners and racks, cigarette holders, tobacco
pouches, and ash trays.
Sm oking stands, how ever, were grouped
w ith furniture.
READING
Expenditures for reading consisted of o u tlay for general reading
m atter such as new spapers and m agazines, and the purchase and
rental of books.
T h e cost of books and journals which fa m ily m em bers purchased
for use in their occupational pursuits was deducted from their earnings
and thus was treated as an occupational expense.
B ooks and journals
purchased for use at schools attended b y m em bers of the fa m ily
were com bined w ith expense for education.
Picture books for very
you n g children who were m em bers of the econom ic fa m ily were con
sidered to y s and incorporated w ith expense for recreation.
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EDUCATION
The total expenditures for education consisted of tuition fees and
cost of books and supplies for all formal educational pursuits, whether
for initial training, for recreational purposes, or for improving one’s
occupational qualifications. The cost of room and board at school
or college was included under housing and food expense, respectively.
Included in the total expense for education was the cost of lessons
in music and art, bridge, games and sports, dancing, knitting and
sewing, tuition for religious education that was separate from church
dues, and fees for correspondence courses. The supplies for special
lessons, however, were not as a rule combined with education expense,
but were entered in more appropriate sections of the schedule. For
instance, supplies for music lessons, such as sheet music and instru
ments, were grouped with recreation expense. The same is true of
supplies for bridge lessons and of special equipment for lessons in
various types of sports. Special clothing for dancing was classified
as clothing expense, as were supplies for knitting and sewing lessons.
CONTRIBUTIONS AN D PERSONAL TAXES
Expenditures for gifts which were recorded in this section of the
schedule were restricted to gifts and donations made by family
members to persons outside the economic family and to organiza
tions. Presents bought by one family member for another were
classified in appropriate sections of the schedule.
Gifts to household help and other servants were combined with
expense for paid help, while the amount of tips given to persons per
forming a personal service, such as waitresses, hairdressers, and the
like, was added to the expense for the service in question.
Classified in this category were expenditures for presents for special
occasions to persons outside the economic family, contributions to
the support of relatives not members of the family, charitable dona
tions to individuals and to community chests and other welfare agen
cies, donations to church and religious organizations, and contribu
tions to political parties, alumni associations, and the like.
Contributions to the support of relatives usually covered such
items as cash given to relatives for current living expenses, bills paid
(not incurred) for nonmembers of the family for such items as medical
care, or for funeral expenses assumed by the family. Amounts paid
in premiums for the insurance of persons who were not members of
the economic family were also included in gifts made by the family,
regardless of the beneficiary of the policy. The purchase price of
gifts of property, such as real estate or stocks and bonds, was included
with the total expense for gifts if the property was purchased during
the schedule year.
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Poll, incom e, and personal property taxes w hich fell due w ithin
the schedule year were incorporated in the total for this section.
I f the taxes rem ained unpaid at the end of the year they were also
entered as an increase in fam ily liabilities.
E xclu ded from the taxes
entered here were real property taxes and personal property taxes on
autom obiles.
Sales and other excise taxes were added to the price
of each item of expense rather than recorded as a lu m p su m , and
am usem ent taxes were included with recreation expense.
OTH ER ITEMS OF FAM ILY EXPENSE
M iscellaneous item s of fa m ily expenditure which were n ot readily
classifiable w ith other m a jo r groups of consum er goods and services
were com bined under this heading.
T h is included expenditures for such item s as interest on debts
incurred for fam ily living (other than m ortgage on an owned h o m e),
fees for legal advice on fa m ily problem s as opposed to business m atters,
fam ily losses, cost of funerals for m em bers of the econom ic fa m ily,
together w ith the purchase price and upkeep of a cem etery lot.
Classified as fam ily loss was the am ou n t of m on ey lost through
th eft or accident, personal loans m ade during the year which were
w ritten off at som e tim e during the year as uncollectible, rent paid
for a dwelling after the fa m ily had m o v ed from it, or before the
fa m ily h ad m o v ed into it, and the am oun t of installm ents paid during
the year on articles which were repossessed through failure to m eet
further p ay m en ts.
ASSETS A N D LIABILITIES
T h e difference betw een the fa m ily ’s to ta l m on ey incom e for the year
and its total expenditures w as accounted for, apart from the balan c
ing difference, b y one or m ore of a series of changes in assets and
liabilities.
A ssets include all property owned b y
the fa m ily
and
am oun ts due to the fa m ily ; liabilities include all am oun ts owed b y
the fa m ily.
A m o n g assets, as discussed in chapter I X of the text above, were
b an k accounts (including checking accounts, savings accounts, and
m o n ey on h a n d ), in vestm ents (including real estate, securities, in v est
m en ts of fam ily funds in business), insurance
(prem ium s paid or
policies settled or surrendered), and such item s as im p rovem en ts on
owned h om e or other real estate, loans m ade to others, and th at portion
o f the soldiers’ bonus or o f a cash gift or inheritance received during the
schedule year which was n ot spent for current living.
A m o n g liabilities were am ounts payable on principal of m ortgages
on the fam ily hom e or other real estate, loans due to banks, sm all loan
com panies, insurance com panies, or individuals, bills due (including
charge accounts and other bills and
balances due on in stallm en t
purchases), and other item s such as rents and taxes due.
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The record was restricted to money changes, that is, changes in
assets and liabilities resulting from purchase and sale of property, and
other money transactions. Changes in assets due to the increase or
decrease in market value of real estate, securities, or other personal
property owned were disregarded.
The record was restricted to the disposition of family funds; business
funds were excluded from the analysis.
No attem pt was made to determine the total assets or the total
liabilities of the families. Rather, they were asked to report only as
to increases and decreases that had taken place during the scheduled
year. For instance, instead of recording as a liability the total amount
which the family owed on installment purchase contracts, only the
amount by which such obligations at the end of the year was greater
or less than the sum owed at the beginning of the year was ascertained.
In determining the amount of net surplus or of net deficit attrib
utable to each family, four separate totals were obtained. These
were: Net amount of increase in assets, net amount of decrease in
assets, net amount of increase in liabilities, and net amount of decrease
in liabilities.
The sum of the total increase in assets plus the total decrease in
debt, represents the disposition of funds not used for current expendi
tures during the schedule year. The sum of the total decrease in
assets and the total increase in debt represents funds which were made
available to the family for current spending but which were not
considered current income.
The difference between these two sums gave the net change in all
assets and obligations over the year’s period. A positive result
denoted a net surplus or an excess of assets over debts, while a negative
figure denoted a net deficit, or excess of liabilities over assets.
Appendix C
Communities and Racial Groups Surveyed by the Study
of Consumer Purchases
The cities covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in reports on
family expenditures in the Study of Consumer Purchases are as
follows:
Metropolitan and large
cities
Region
Northeast______________ New York, N. Y.i 2____
Providence, R. I.
Southeast___ ____ ______
Middle-sized cities
Haverhill, Mass. .
New Britain, Conn.
Atlanta, Ga.2___ ______
East Central__________
Columbia, S. C.2
Mobile, Ala.2
Chicago, 111.1 _ __ . _ Muncie, Ind
Columbus, Ohio.2
New Castle, Pa.
Springfield, 111.
West C entral-R ocky
Mountain.
Omaha, Nebr.-Council
Bluffs, Iowa.
Denver, Colo.
Pacific Northwest
___
Portland, Oreg__ _ _
Dubuque, Iowa.
Small cities
Greenfield, Mass.
Wallingford, Conn.
Westbrook, Maine.
Willimantic, Conn.
Beaver Falls, Pa.
Connellsville, Pa.
Logansport, Ind.
Mattoon, 111.
Peru, Ind.
Springfield, Mo.
Butte, Mont.
Pueblo, Colo.
Aberdeen-Hoquiam, Wash.
Bellingham, Wash.
Everett, Wash.
1 The metropolitan centers of Chicago and New York have been treated separately from the other large
cities.
2 Information obtained from both white and Negro families.
A parallel stu dy was conducted b y the Bureau of H o m e E con om ics
of the U n ited States D ep a rtm en t of Agriculture which, together w ith
the study m ade b y the Bureau of L abor Statistics, constitutes the
Stu d y
of
C on sum er
Purchases.
The
com m unities
in
which
the
fam ilies were visited by the agents of the Bureau of H o m e Econ om ics
and the Bureau of L ab or Statistics, respectively, are listed in Bull.
649, V o l. I, page 297.
For consistency in the analysis of the expendi
ture data, schedules for all sm all cities in the regions m entioned
hereafter were analyzed b y one Bureau or the other, irrespective of
which Bureau had gathered the data in the original field survey.
T h e Bureau of H o m e E conom ics analyzed all expenditure data for
sm all cities in the Southeast, and in the W e s t C en tra l-R o ck y M o u n ta in
region.
Likew ise, the Bureau of L abor Statistics analyzed all expendi
ture data for sm all cities in N ew E n gland.
237
238
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
NEW
ENGLAND
C IT IE S
Communities covered by the Bureau of Home Economics in reports
on family expenditures in the Study of Consumer Purchases, are
as follows:
Region
Small cities
Villages
New England
Mount Vernon, Ohio.
New Philadelphia, Ohio.
Beaver Dam, Wis.
Lincoln, 111.
Boone, Iowa.
Moberly, Mo.
Columbia, Mo.
Billings, Mont.
________
____ Mountain
and Plains
Dodge City, Kans.
Greeley, Colo.
Logan, Utah.
Provo, Utah.
Pacific_______________ .
Astoria, Oreg__________
Eugene, Oreg.
Klamath Falls, Oreg.
Olympia, Wash.
Southeast:
White and Negro fam Albany, Ga._ _________
Gastonia, N. C.
ilies.
Griffin, Ga.
Sumter, S. 0 .
White families only__
Central_____________ ____
Negro families only _
Farm counties
6 in Vermont
8 in Massachusetts.
7 in Pennsylvania.
6 in Ohio.
8 in Michigan.
6 in Wisconsin.
8 in Illinois.
11 in Iowa.
2 in Vermont.
6 in Kansas____________
9 in North Dakota.
4 in Colorado.
1 in Montana.
2 in South Dakota.
12 in California___ _____
5 in Oregon.
7 in Washington.
8 in Georgia- ______
7 in South Carolina.
8 in North Carolina.
10 in Mississippi.
...
3 in New Jersey.
1 in Pennsylvania.
3 in Ohio.
1 in Michigan.
1 in Wisconsin.
4 in Illinois.
5 in Iowa.
4 in Kansas.
4 in North Dakota.
3 in Colorado.
1 in Montana.
1 in South Dakota.
1 in central California.
2 in southern California
5 in Oregon.
1 in Washington.
2 in
2 in
2 in
7 in
2 in
4 in
1 in
2 in
North Carolina.
Mississippi.
South Carolina.
Georgia.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia.
Mississippi.
1 in Mississippi.
An investigation of the income and money disbursements of families
of wage earners and clerical workers was undertaken by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics in the fall of 1934 for the purpose of revising the
cost of living index published currently by the Bureau. The data
from that investigation cover 1 year within the period 1934-36 and
include details on income, family composition, expenditures for prin
cipal categories and for detailed items of consumption for a total sam
ple of 14,668 families of employed wage earners and lower salaried
clerical workers in 42 cities, all with population over 50,000. Data
on quantities of food, clothing and furnishings and equipment pur
chased; on types of medical care received; and on changes in assets
and liabilities are also included. A summary of these findings is
presented in United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin
N o. 638.
The individual cities for which data are available and the bulletins
in which the detailed data appear are as follows:
N o rth A tla n tic R eg io n ,
N ew
Y ork
C ity
(B. L. S. Bull. 637, Vol. I): White and
Negro families.
N orth A tla n tic R eg io n , E leven C ities (B. !
Boston, Mass.
Buffalo, N . Y .
Johnstown, Pa.
Lancaster, Pa.
Manchester, N . H.
Philadelphia, Pa. (white and Negro
families).
S. Bull. 637, Vol. II):
Pittsburgh, Pa. (white and Negro
families).
Portland, Maine.
Rochester, N. Y .
Scranton, Pa.
Springfield, Mass.
C O M M U N IT IE S
AND
R A C IA L
GROUPS
SURVEYED
239
East North Central Region , (B. L. S. Bull. 636):
Cincinnati, Ohio (white and Negro
families).
Cleveland, Ohio.
Columbus, Ohio.
Detroit, Mich.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Indianapolis, Ind. (white and Negro
families).
Lansing, Mich.
Milwaukee, Wis.
W est North Central and M ountain Region (B. L. S. Bull. 641):
Denver, Colo.
Kansas City, Mo. and Kansas City,
Kans. (white and Negro fam
ilies) .
Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.
St. Louis, Mo. (white and Negro
families).
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Southern Region (B. L. S. Bull. 640):
Baltimore, Md. (white and Negro
families).
Birmingham, Ala. (white and Negro
families).
Dallas, Tex.
Houston, Tex. (white other than
Mexican and Mexican families).
Jackson, Miss, (white and Negro
families).
Jacksonville, Fla.
Louisville, K y. (white and Negro
families).
Memphis, Tenn. (white and Negro
families).
Mobile, Ala. (White and Negro
families).
New Orleans, La. (White and Negro
families).
Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. (white
and Negro families).
Richmond, Va. (white and Negro
families).
Pacific Region (B. L. S. Bull. 639):
Los Angeles, Calif, (white other
than Mexican and Mexican fam
ilies) .
Sacramento, Calif.
San Diego, Calif.
San Francisco and Oakland, Calif.
Seattle, Wash.
Appendix D
Analysis of Expenditures by Families of Given T ype,
Occupational Group, and Income: Rank Test Method
and R esults1
One of the purposes of the present study is to discover whatever
differences there may be in the expenditure patterns of families of
different composition that belong to the same income and occupa
tional group, and likewise differences in the expenditure patterns
of families in different occupational groups but of the same com po
sition and the same income class. The determination of such
differences is complicated both by the extreme variability of the
expenditures of families of the same composition, occupational
group and income class in any 1 year, and by the small number of
schedules which it was possible to secure for one cell within the time
and funds available for the present study. Emergencies of various
sorts, differences in debts carried over from the previous year or
in accumulated reserves, and in personal tastes result in very wide
differences in expenditures among families with identical incomes,
with children of the same age, and with fathers of the same occu
pational status. In any extensive investigation of family expendi
tures, the classification of families mast allow for a range of income
within each cell, a range in the ages of the children, and the grouping
of occupations, thus increasing the possibility of variation.
An examination of the average expenditures of families of a given
type, occupational group and income class emphasizes the need for
developing some method of summarizing the differences and of
testing their significance.
The method used in this report is based on a chi-square test de
veloped by M ilton Friedman and reported in the Journal of the
American Statistical Association for December 1937.
The m eth od .— The method of ranks used in testing family expendi
tures for probable family type and occupational bias, in this bulletin,
is a simplification of the method devised by Friedman. For a descrip
tion of the application of the method to this problem, see Bulletin
642, vol. II, appendix D. The Friedman method was simplified by
using deviations from sums of ranks rather than deviations from
mean ranks, and by constructing a table of k values for the 5 percent
and 1 percent levels, instead of using the chi-square table.
i
Prepared by A. C. Rosander.
241
242
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
T
NEW
ENGLAND
C IT IE S
1 . — Values of k 1
able
FOR P=0.05
p
n
(ranks)
(rows)
3
3__________________
4__________________
5__________ ____ _
6__________________
7__________________
8__________________
9_________ ____ _
10__________________
11__________________
12__________________
13__________________
14__________________
15______ ____ ______
4
2 18
26
32
38
42
50
56
62
68
75
81
87
93
5
35
50
65
78
91
104
117
130
143
156
169
182
195
7
6
71
95
119
142
166
190
214
237
261
285
308
332
356
116
155
194
233
271
310
349
388
426
465
504
542
581
8
9
176
235
294
353
411
470
529
588
646
705
764
823
881
253
338
422
506
591
675
760
844
928
1.013
1,097
1,182
1, 266
349
465
582
698
814
930
1,047
1,163
1, 279
1,396
1, 512
1,628
1,745
465
620
776
931
1,086
1,241
1,396
1, 551
1,706
1,861
2,016
2,171
2,326
235
314
392
471
549
628
706
785
863
942
1,020
1,098
1,177
333
443
554
665
776
887
998
1,109
1, 219
1, 330
1, 441
1, 552
1,663
452
603
753
904
1,055
1, 205
1,356
1, 507
1,657
1,808
1,959
2,110
2, 260
596
794
993
1,192
1,390
1,589
1,787
1.986
2,185
2, 383
2,582
2, 780
2,979
10
FOR P=0.01
3__________________
4__________________
5__________________
6__________________
7__________________
8__________________
9__________________
10__________________
11__________________
12__________________
13__________________
14__________________
15__________________
U8
32
42
50
62
72
78
87
95
104
113
121
130
41
62
95
113
132
151
170
189
208
227
246
265
284
100
133
166
199
232
266
299
332
365
398
432
465
498
158
211
264
317
370
422
475
528
581
634
686
739
792
, * _ | * r+! L f c b 2 j
2 P=0.02.
For extending the table use:
np
k = - -
(•p-f-l) 2
Z ,—
-X
with
p —
1 degrees of freedom.
Rank tests were made of the average expenditures of native white
families for each of the m ajor groups of expenditures by family type
and by occupation, the results of which are summarized in tables 2
through 4.
The family type tests were based upon three family type groups—
I, II and III, IV and V — the ranks being based upon the sums of the
occupational averages within each income class and each family type
group. The occupational tests were based on five occupational groups
for Providence, four for the middle-sized city unit, and three for the
small cities, the ranks being based upon the sums of the averages of
the three family type groups within each income class and each
occupational group.
Certain combinations of items made throughout the study were
followed in making the tests. Housing expense includes the cost of
fuel, light, and refrigeration. Housing value is housing expense plus
free rent and imputed value of owned home. Automobile expense
includes both that of purchase and that of operation.
243
A N A L Y S I S OF E X P E N D IT U R E S
Tables 2 through 4 present for each test, for each item, the devia
tions of the sums of ranks from the average sum expected. A negative
value means that the sum of ranks for a given family type or occupa
tion, the summation extending over all income classes used, is less
than the average sum expected; a positive value means the sum of
ranks is more than the average sum expected.
The value, P k, gives the probability of getting by chance a value of
k larger than the one obtained. If this probability is 0.05 or less, we
have grounds for rejecting the hypothesis that the average expendi
tures for that speicfic item came from the same expenditure universe.
We show three levels of probability as follows:
0 .0 5 + means a value of P greater than 0.05.
0 .0 5 — means a value of P between 0.05 and 0.01.
0 .0 1 — means a value of P less than 0.01.
A test of significance is much more effective in rejecting a hypothesis
than in proving one, and this together with the limitation of the rank
test, should caution the reader against making any sweeping generali
zations from the test results. At best they suggest hypotheses for
further and more refined testing.
T
able
2 . — S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y typ e and occu p ation m ea n rank tests in P rovid ence
[Income range, $l,250-$3,000]
Occupation tests
Family type tests
(occupations 1-6 combined)— (family types I, II-III, IV -V combined)—occupafamily type deviations 1
tion deviations 2
Item
I
Food__ _____ _ _
Clothing___ _
__ _
Housing expense 3____
Housing value 4_. _ _
Household operation..
Furnishings _
Auto to ta l_____
Other transportation..
Personal care _ ._ _
Medical care . . . _ _
Recreation.___ ___
Tobacco . ____ ___
R eading___ _
Education____ ___
Gifts and taxes_______
Changes in assets and
liabilities
—
Total__________
II-III IV -V
-6
-5
0
3
3
6
6
2
—5
3
1
3
4
- 6
6
0
-1
1
-2
3
-1
-1
-4
1
1
1
-1
-1
0
- 2
k
Pk
-4
72 0 .0 1 62 .0 1 .05+
14 .05+
54 .0 1 62 .01 —
62 .0 1 24 .05+
42 .0 5 26 .05+
6 .05+
14 .05+
26 .05+
72 .0 1 56 .0 1 26 .05+
6
6
-1
-1
-6
-5
-5
2
4
-4
- 2
- 2
-3
6
-1
4
-3
-1
0
1
2
2
.05+
Inde
pendent
Salaried Salaried profes Cleri Wage
profes busi
sional
cal earn
sional
ness
and
er
busi
ness
-5 . 5
-1
K
8
0
— 3
-4
2
-3
1
—
2
-7
-3 . 5
4
1
7
-5
2
-2
4
3
4
2
5
1
7
-. 5
2. 5
1
7
- 5 .5
-. 5
-0 . 5
-1
0
—2
7
0
-7
- 6
- 2
-9
-1
2
7
-5
7
2
2
0
1
1
4
2
-1 1
-9
-1 2
0
4
1. 5
- 3 .5
0
- 6
3
3
-5
- 5 .5 - 5
4.5 - 5
0
- 6
- 3
-4
6
2
0
7
4
4
- 1 .5
12
0
3
-3
k
92.5 0. 05+
14
.0 5 +
166
.0 5 158
. 05—
210
.0 1 14
.0 5 +
110
.0 5 +
50
.0 5 +
114
.0 5 +
133. 5 .0 5 +
39. 5 . 05+
70
.0 5 +
97. 5 .0 5 +
245. 5 .0 1 46.5 .0 5 +
110
.0 5 +
144
.0 5 -
1 Deviations from average sum of ranks (12).
2 Deviations from average sum of ranks (18).
s Includes housing expense plus fuel, light and refrigeration.
4 Includes housing expense plus imputed income from owned home and rent received as pay or gift.
Pk
244
T
F A M IL Y
able
3. —
E X P E N D IT U R E S IN
NEW
ENGLAND
C IT IE S
S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y typ e and occup ation m ean rank tests in H a verh illN e w B rita in
[Income range, $l,000-$2,500]
Family type tests
(occupations 1-6 combined)—
family type deviations 1
Item
Food_____ ___________
Clothing_____
Housing expense 3____
Housing value 4 _ _. .
Household operation—
Furnishings __. _____
Auto—total _________
Other transportation..
Personal care ________
Medical care_________
Recreation___________
T o b a c c o . _________
Reading. . . . _______
Education____________
Gifts and taxes______
Changes in assets and
liabilities____ __ __
I
II-III IV -V
-6
3
3
2
4
4.5 - 2
-1
1
0
1
-1
0
-3
0
-3
2
-. 5
2
-1
1
1
0
3
0
0
- 2 .5
2
3
-2
-3
-6
- 2 .5
0
-1
1
3
1
- 1 .5
0
-1
-3
2.5
-5
5
5
-3
Total___________ - 3
3
-2
0
k
Occupation tests
*
(family type I-V combined)—occupation
deviations 2
Inde
pendent
profes
sional
and
business
Salaried
profes
sional
and
business
Pk
54 0 .0 1 .0 1 56
30.5 .05+
2
.05+
2
.0 5 +
2
.05+
18
.0 5 +
14
.0 5 +
6.5 .05+
2
.0 5 +
2
.0 5 +
18
.0 5 +
12. 5 .0 5 +
38
.05
.05
38
3
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
2. 5
4
2
-2
5
38
.05
-4
18
.0 5 +
1
-5 . 5
-7
3
9
5
-8
-4
-4
-5
-3
-7
2
-3
-4
4.5
1
3
-1
-1
1
0
3
0
-1
2
Cleri
cal
-1
1.5
-2
1
0
- 1 .5
1.5
-3
-5
8
1
Wage
earner
k
Pk
-2
63.5 0. 05+
3
68
.0 5 +
-8
.0 5 86
-9
164
.0 1 -7
84
.0 5 94
5
.0 5 2
24
.0 5 +
3
30
.0 5 +
1.0 34. 5 .0 5 +
1
30
.0 5 +
4
70
.0 5 +
0
8
.0 5 +
-.5
36.5 .0 5 +
1. 5 21.5 .0 5 +
2
18
.0 5 +
1
-4
26
.0 5 +
106
.0 5 -
1 Deviations from average sum of ranks (12).
2 Deviations from average sum of ranks (15).
3 Includes housing plus fuel, light and refrigeration.
4 Includes housing expense plus imputed income from owned home and rent received as pay or gift.
T
able
4. —
S u m m a r y o f f a m i ly typ e and occup ation m ean rank tests in W a llin g
fo rd , W illim a n tic , W estbrook , and Greenfield
[Income range, $l,000-$2,500]
Family type tests (occupations 1-6
combined)—family type devia
tions 1
Item
I
Food_______ ____________
Clothing.. ..
. _______
Housing expense 2_____ . . .
Housing value 3._ _ ______
Household operation______
Furnishings____ ________
Auto—total_______________
Other transportation____ __
Personal care______________
Medical care______________
Recreation________________
Tobacco ________________
Reading_______ . _________
Education. . . . __________
Gifts and taxes_________ ._
Changes in assets and liabil
ities_____________________
Total
___________
-6
-5
1
3
2
3
4
- 2 .5
-5
0
-3
-1
3
-6
6
4
-4
II-III
IV -V
k
Pk
0
0
2
-4
-2
2
0
-2
4
-1
4
0
1
0
-2
6
5
-3
1
0
-5
-4
4.5
1
1
-1
1
-4
6
-4
72
50
14
26
8
38
32
30.5
42
2
26
2
26
72
56
0. 0 1 .01
.05+
.0 5 +
.05+
.05
.05+
.05+
.0 5 .05+
.05+
.0 5 +
.05+
.0 1 .0 1 -
-4
32
26
0
1
3
Occupation tests (family types I-V
com bined)—occupation
devia
tions 1
Salaried
and inde
pendent Clerical Wage
earner
profes
sional and
business
-4
.5
1
2
5
-4
-3
-3
1.5
-.5
2
-2
5
3
3.5
1
.5
3
3
0
3
0
1.5
2
.5
-2
2
-1
- 3 .5
-1
.0 5 +
-3
-1
.05+
-1
1 Deviations from average sum of ranks (12).
2Includes fuel, light, and refrigeration.
8 Includes Wbusing expense plus imputed income and rent as gift or pay.
3
3
-1
-4
-5
-5
1
3
1.5
- 3 .5
0
0
0
-4
.5
- 2 .5
4
-2
k
Pk
26
0.05+
1.5 .0 5 +
.0 5 +
26
38
.05
50
.01
26
.0 5 +
.0 5 +
18
13.5 .0 5 +
18.5 .0 5 +
.5 .0 5 +
8
.0 5 +
8
.0 5 +
42
.0 5 21.5 .0 5 +
19.5 .0 5 +
26
.0 5 +
14
.0 5 +
A p p e n d ix E
V a r ia b ilit y in F a m ily E x p e n d itu re s
The wide variation shown in chapter I X in total expenditures
among families with similar incomes is paralleled by even wider rela
tive variations in the outlay for individual categories, since families
with the same total expenditures may still differ greatly in the appor
tionment of the total among the constituent elements in family living.
Accordingly, it is important to give consideration to such variations,
both because they provide a basis for judging the significance of the
averages obtained, and because they offer interesting evidence to
students of consumption on questions concerned with the relative
diversity or standardization in consumption patterns among families
similar in certain established respects.
In view of the physiological limitations imposed on the demand for
food it accords with expectations to find that expenditures for food
generally show less relative variation among families within the same
income, occupational, and family type group than do those for any
other category. Thus, for example, among Providence clerical fam
ilies with one or two children under 16, in the income class $1,750 to
$2,000, expenditures for food by the family reporting the lowest outlay
was only 32 percent below the average for the group, while the family
that spent the most was approximately the same percentage above the
average. (See table 5.)
Expenditures for housing and clothing also were relatively less vari
able than many other groups of items, as were those for personal care.
It is interesting to note that for a number of categories expenditures
ranged from zero to several times the mean. On the whole, among the
groups of items for which every family reported some outlay, the range
in expenditures was relatively great for such categories as medical care,
household operation, and recreation.
In general, the mean for a paiticular category was closer to the min
imum than to the maximum expenditure, indicating that most families
made moderate expenditures while a few had very large outlays for the
category during the particular year. This was particularly true, it
should be noted, of such goods and services as furnishings and equip
ment, automobiles, and medical care.
245
246
T
able
F A M I L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S I N
5. —
NEW
E N G L A N D C IT IE S
M e a n exp en d itu res o f P rovid en ce fa m ilie s in selected grou p s and range o f
ex p en d itu res f o r in d ivid u a l fa m ilie s
Classification
Income___ __ - ______
Occupation___ ___ .
_ __________
Family type. _ ____________ ____ _____
Renters______
__ __ _
__
Owners_____ ________ ___ ----------------------
$1,750-$1,999
Clerical
II and III
8
0
$2,500-$2,999
Salaried business
IV and V
5
3
Range from mean
Category
Mean
Range from mean
Mean
Below
Above
Below
Above
Total income 1_________________ ____ _____
$1,838
$78
$112
$2,690
$175
$256
Total expense 1------------- ---------------------------
1,798
131
123
2, 721
374
931
592
32
170
75
66
291
157
96
49
136
401
32
90
51
40
111
44
34
44
123
195
144
63
54
35
123
67
119
83
31
11
33
101
67
34
16
1
45
11
16
100
48
34
10
1
25
39
23
137
55
18
12
3
28
823
87
227
55
80
489
213
203
43
197
63
53
54
95
72
46
24
22
85
15
194
87
142
30
80
189
41
103
43
197
63
53
20
86
30
37
13
22
31
15
187
137
373
45
220
241
177
287
55
686
438
56
197
64
29
9
48
56
96
-1 1
-972
+560
Food, total__________________________
Away from home________________
Clothing, total _______ ___________
Husband________________________
Wife_____________________________
Housing i-------- ----------------------------------Fuel, light, refrigeration ------------- _
Household operation. _______________
Furnishings and equipment
---------Autmobile operation______________ Automobile purchase . ____________
Other transportation. . . _________
Personal care__ _______ _______ _____
Medical care____ _ _ ___ ___________
Recreation_____________ ______ __
Tobacco-------- ------------- ---------------- Reading____________________________
Education_________________ _____
Contributions and personal taxes____
Other
____
__ ________________
Net surplus (+ ) or deficit (—) -----------------
+61
-9 1
+105
15
1 Includes imputed income from owned homes and the value of rent received as pay or gift.
The range from a relatively large deficit to a large surplus was very
striking. The point made in chapter V III concerning the wide varia
tion among individual families in the balance of income and expendi
tures is thus emphasized, since these figures represent the net result of
transactions with respect to specific asset and liability items.
Appendix F
Family Type Composition of Occupational Groups and
Occupational Composition of Family Type Groups
The interdependence of occupational and family type groups made
it desirable to analyze at given income levels the expenditures of
families of given composition holding occupational group constant
and, similarly, expenditures of families of different occupational
classification holding family type constant. (See appendix D .)
Since, however, the data (weighted averages) presented in the text
and tabular summary for family type groups by income and for
occupational groups by income reflect such interdependence, the
following tables are presented in order to indicate the relative im
portance along the income scale of the several occupational groups
within each family type and of the several family type groups within
each occupational category.
T
able
6 . — D istrib u tio n o f eligible f a m ilie s o f specified occupation al groups according
to f a m i l y ty p e , b y in com e
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native-born]
PR OVIDENCE
Income class
Total
Wage earner:
$500-$749_____________ 100.0
$750-$999 ____________ 100.0
$1,000-$1,249__________ 100.0
$1,250-$1,499__________ 100.0
$1,500-$1,749__________ 100.0
$1,750-$1,999_________ 100.0
$2,000-$2,249__________ 100.0
$2,250-$2,499__________ 100.0
$2,500-$2,999
100.0
Clerical:
$750-$999
__________ 100.0
$1,000-$1,249__________ 100.0
$1,250-$1,499__________ 100.0
$1,500-$1,749__________ 1 100.0
$1,750-$! ,999___________ 100.0
100.0
$2,000-$2,249... ____
$2,250-$2,499__________ 100.0
$2,500-$2,999__________ 100.0
Independent business and
professional:
100.0
$1,250-$l,499
100.0
$1,500-$l,749_________
$1,750-$!,999___________ 100. 0
$2,000-$2,249__________ 100.0
$2,250-$2,499
100.0
$2,500-$2,999__________ 100.0
100.0
$3,000-$3,499
$3,500-$3,999__________ 100.0
11.3991°— 41-
-17
IV
II
and
III
and
36
31
32
29
31
27
29
27
26
45
48
43
40
32
42
28
30
19
19
21
25
31
37
31
43
43
55
35
35
32
36
29
26
24
31
42
44
39
35
40
42
27
29
23
21
29
29
31
32
49
40
40
35
40
50
23
34
30
27
37
I
24
23
27
16
26
44
33
34
27
23
32
43
38
44
Income class
II
IV
and and
V
III
Total
I
100.0
100.0
100.0
33
22
26
24
33
22
43
45
52
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33
35
32
51
33
31
30
29
23
37
15
46
47
51
27
40
33
37
40
35
33
29
21
18
17
22
27
36
33
31
42
30
56
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
47
30
18
31
25
28
27
30
32
48
44
40
39
21
22
38
29
36
28
42
45
V
50
Independent business and
professional— Con.
$4,000-$4,999__________
$5,000-$7,499__________
$7,500 and over.. _____
Salaried business:
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$1,749__________
$1,750-$1,999_-._______
$2,000-$2,249__________
$2,250-$2,499__________
$2,500-$2,999__________
$3,000-$3,499__________
$3,500-$3,999__________
$4,000-$4,999__________
$5,000-$7,499__________
$7,500 and over _ __ _
Salaried professional:
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$1,749 _________
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249__________
$2,250-$2,499 _________
$2,500-$2,999__________
$3,000-$3,499__________
$3,500-$3,999__________
$4,000-$4,999__________
$5,000-$7,499 _________
$7,500 and over______
100.0
8
16
25
247
44
31
25
33
36
59
48
75
248
F A M IL Y
T able
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
E N G LA N D
C IT iE S
6 . — D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilie s o f specified occup ation al gro u p s according
to f a m i ly ty p e , b y in com e — Continued
N E W E N G L A N D , 2 M I D D L E -S I Z E D C IT IE S
Income class
Wage earner:
$250-$499_____________
$500-$749_____________
$750-$999_____________
$1,000-$1,249__________
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$1,749__________
$I,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249__________
$2,250-$2,499__________
Clerical:
$500-$749_____________
$750-$999_____________
$1,000-$1,249__________
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$1,749__________
$1,750-$!
_________
$2,000-$2,249_________
$2,250-$2,499-- . ___
Independent business and
professional:
$1,000-$1,249__________
$1,250-$1,499 _ ______
$1,500-$1,749__________
,999
Total
IV
and
V
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
48
45
34
34
31
32
26
24
28
27
37
45
44
42
34
37
41
19
25
18
21
22
27
34
37
35
53
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
40
30
40
28
20
24
27
26
40
52
43
41
56
36
45
40
20
18
17
31
24
40
28
34
100.0
100.0
100.0
37
43
13
41
30
47
40
NEW
Wage earner:
$250-$499 _____________
$500-$749______________
$750-$999
$1,000-$1,249
$1,250-$1,499___________
$1,500-$!,749___________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249
$2,250-$2,499___________
Clerical:
$500-$749
$750-$999______________
$1,000-$1,249 __________
$1,250-$1,499___________
II
and
III
I
22
27
Income class
Total
II
IV
and and
III
V
I
______
Independent business and
professional— C ont inued
$l,750-$l,999_-_
$2,000-$2,249__________
$2,250-$2,499__________
$2,500-$2,999________
$3,000-$3,499__________
$3,500-$3,999__________
$4,000-$4,999__________
$5,000 and over_______
Salaried business and pro
fessional:
$1,000-$1,249__________
$1,250-$1,499__________
$1,500-$! ,749__________
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249_ _ ___
$2,250-$2,499
, __
$2,500-$2,999 „
____
$3,000-$3,499__________
$3,500-$3,999__________
__________
$4,000-$4,
$5,000 and o v e r ._____
999
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8
29
30
22
11
61
26
50
40
43
33
17
29
17
31
45
20
38
46
100
38
66
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
48
21
32
36
19
22
29
18
13
21
15
26
61
39
43
52
65
33
32
22
31
26
18
29
21
29
13
38
50
65
48
41
44
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27
27
35
30
52
41
30
35
21
32
35
35
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
53
31
34
34
31
41
39
29
22
41
44
33
27
27
30
34
25
28
22
33
42
32
31
37
E N G L A N D , 4 S M A L L C IT I E S
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
57
47
39
37
35
32
31
34
27
24
37
45
39
38
33
34
24
26
19
16
16
24
27
35
35
42
47
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50
41
36
33
38
50
42
47
12
9
22
20
Clerical— Continued
$1,500-$1,749 . ______
$1,750-$1,999__________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499________ _
Business and professional:
$1,000-81,249. ____
$1,250-$1,499____
..
$1,500-$1,749 _________
$1,750-$1,999___________
$2,000-$2,249___________
$2,250-$2,499
$2,500-$2,999___________
$3,000 and over________
1
1
F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S IN N E W E N G L A N D CITIES
T
a b l e
7 .—
249
D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilie s o f specified typ es according to occupation al
g r o u p , b y in com e
[White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born]
PR OVIDENCE
Income class
Family type I:
$500-$749_____________________________
$750-$999_____________________________
$1,000-$1,249_________________________
$b250-$l,499_________________________
$1,500-$1,749____ __________________
$L750-$b999_________________________
$2,000-$2,249 _
.
________
$2'250-$2'499 ________________________
$2'500-$2'999_________________________
$3,000-$3,499
_
________
$3^500-$3'999_ .
_______________
$4,000-$4,999
$5,000-$7,499
.
__________
$7,500 and over
_________
Family types II and III:
$500-$749
_____________
$750-$999___
. __________________
$1,000-$1,249
____________
_________________
$1,250-$1,499
$1,500-$1,749 _______________________
$1,750-$1,999
_ _
_________
$2,000-$2,249 .
_ _______________
___________________
$2,250-$2,499 .
$2,500-$2,999
_____________
$3,000-$3,499
- _
$3,500-$3,999
_____
$4,000-$4,999
_______________
$5,000-$7,499
_ _
$7,500 and over
__
Family types IV and V :
$500-$749
____________ ___
$750-$999 _
_ ___________________
$1,000-^1,249_________________________
$1,250-$1,499
_________________
$1,500-$1,749 __
__________________
__________________
$1,750-$1,999 . .
$2,000-$2,249 _ _ ____________________
$2,250-$2,499. _ ______________________
$2,500-$2,999_________________________
$3,000-$3,499
__________________
$3,500-$3,999
. _ ___________
$4,000-$4,999
____________
$5,000-$7,499
____
$7,500 and over
_ _ _ ____________
Total
Wage
earner
Clerical
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
76
73
57
51
52
34
35
20
24
27
26
31
26
27
27
29
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
80
74
62
51
54
32
33
15
20
26
25
28
24
43
24
26
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
76
78
64
62
57
48
37
32
24
22
26
26
27
31
36
28
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
Salaried
business
9
8
12
17
9
20
24
25
46
34
50
3
6
7
15
20
20
46
54
46
53
38
5
4
3
7
9
11
30
21
8
13
12
7
8
9
8
13
20
20
19
24
41
37
3
7
8
8
19
21
50
65
52
37
63
3
6
5
9
11
18
30
16
24
22
6
6
5
9
8
14
26
34
29
47
36
2
3
4
6
11
18
39
42
42
29
51
2
3
7
6
8
8
35
24
29
24
13
Salaried
profes
sional
250
T
able
F A M IL Y
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
C IT IE S
7 . — Distribution of eligible fam ilies of specified types according to occupational
group , by income— C o n t i n u e d
N E W E N G L A N D , 2 M ID D LE-SIZED CITIES
Income class
Family type I:
$250-$499_______________________________________
$500-$749_______________________________________
$750-$999_______________________________________
$1,000-11,249____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499____________________________________
$1,500-$1,749____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999____________________________________
$3,000-$3,499________________________
________
$3,500-$3,999__________
______________________
$4,000-$4,999____________________________________
$5,000 and over _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ _ ________
Family types II and III:
$250-$499 .
__________________________
$500-$749
___________________________
$750-$999 ___ ________________________________
$1,000-$1,249____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499____________________________________
$1,500-^1,749____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499____________________________________
$2,500-$2,999
_______________________________
$3,000-$3,499_______________________ __________
$3,500-$3,999
_ . _ ____________
$4,000-$4,999 ________________ ________________
$5,000 and over. ___ ___ _______ _______ _ ___
Family types IV and V :
____
__________ __________
$250-$499 .
$500-$749 .
___________________________
$750-$999
____________________________
$1,000-$1,249____________________________________
$1,250-$1,499____________________________ _______
$1,500-$1,749____________________________________
$1,750-$1,999____________________________________
$2,000-$2,249____________________________________
$2,250-$2,499____________________________________
$2 500-$2,999
____ _______
____
$3000-$3,499
- -$3 500-$3,999
___ __________ ____
$4 000-$4 999
- - ___ - - $5 000
nvp.r
Total
Wa?e
earner
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100
89
84
65
63
66
44
44
45
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100
86
80
71
60
47
40
43
23
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100
86
85
71
62
60
49
47
62
Clerical
11
16
21
19
16
23
28
26
Inde
pendent
business
and pro
fessional
9
11
5
4
14
16
33
30
57
43
14
20
19
20
30
21
27
29
8
5
12
17
7
19
44
50
44
21
14
15
15
23
16
28
21
25
Salaried
business
and pro
fessional
5
7
13
29
14
13
67
70
100
43
57
2
15
11
22
23
29
56
50
100
56
79
9
8
13
10
16
8
40
41
17
39
60
59
83
61
50
50
5
7
11
13
16
5
F A M IL Y
T
able
E X P E N D IT U R E S
IN
N E W
EN G LA N D
251
C IT IE S
7.- — Distribution of eligible fam ilies of specified types according to occupational
group , by income — C o n t i n u e d
N E W E N G L A N D , 4 SM ALL CITIES
Income class
Total
Family type I:
$250-$499______________________ _____
______
$500-$749__________________________________________
$750-$999______________
________ ___
$1,000-$1,249______________________________________
$1,250-$1,499______________________________________
$1,500-$1,749______________________________________
$1,750-$1,999_______________________________________
$2,000-$2,249_______________________________________
$2,250-$2,499______________________________________
$2,500-$2,999 . . _
$3,000 and over. __
Family types II and III:
$250-$499__
______________________
______
$500-$749____________________ ___________________
$750-$999__________________________________________
$1,000-$1,249______________________________________
$1,250-$1,499______________________________________
$1,500-$1,749______________________________________
$1,750-$1,999______________________________________
$2,000-$2,249______________________________________
$2,250-$2,499______________________________________
$2,500-$2,999_______ _______
____ ___
$3,000 and over
Family types IV and V:
______
______
$250-$499
$500-$749
___
__________
___________ . _
$750-$999_ _______________________________________
$1,000-$1,249______________________________________
$1,250-$1,499______________________________________
$1,500-$1,749______________________________________
$1,750-$1,999______________________________________
$2,000-$2,249______________________________________
$2,250-$2,499______________________________________
$2,500-$2,999 _
_______ __________________
$3,000 and over
_ _
O
Wage
earner
Clerical
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
86
90
74
71
65
60
51
27
14
10
14
18
16
16
24
23
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
86
89
78
66
56
58
47
31
14
11
17
21
25
22
26
31
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
89
94
77
73
75
62
53
42
11
6
14
14
13
18
20
24
Business
and
professional
12
11
19
24
25
50
100
100
5
13
19
20
27
38
100
100
9
13
12
20
27
34
100
100
@FedFRASER