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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
J A M E S J . D A V I S . SECRETARY
WOMEN'S BUREAU
M A R Y ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN
OF
THE
WOMEN'S
BUREAU,
N o . 46
FACTS
ABOUT WORKING WOMEN
A GRAPHIC PRESENTATION BASED ON
CENSUS STATISTICS AND STUDIES
OF T H E WOMEN'S BUREAU
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1925
A D D I T I O N A L COPIES
o r THIS PCBUCATIOM MAT BE PEOCCBKD FBOM
THE SUrZBtNTENDENT OF IXXTUMKNTS
OOVEBlfMENT PBUmNQ OFTICE
WASmMQTOK, P. C.
AT
16 C E N T S PER COPY
CONTENTS
Page
Letter of transmittal
v
Introduction
1
Tables and charts:
1. Proportion of women and of men gainfully occupied: 1880-1890-_
4, 6
2. Distribution of workers, by sex, in each main occupational
division: 1910 and 1920
6, 7
3. Distribution of women by main occupational divisions: 1910
and 1920
8, 9
4. Proportion of women in each State gainfully occupied: 1920
10,11
5. Proportion of women i n specified nativity and race groups gainfully occupied: 1910 and 1920
12,13
6. Nativity and race of working women: 1910 and 1920
14,15
7. Distribution of working women i n specified nativity and race
groups, by main occupational divisions: 1910 and 1920
16-21
8. Nativity and race of women i n each main occupational division:
1910 and 1920
22,23
9. Proportion of women in each age group, gainfully occupied:
1920
24,25
10. Age of working women and men: 1920
26, 27
11. Age of women in each main occupational division: 1920
28, 29
12. Distribution of working women in each age group by main
occupational divisions: 1920
30,31
13. Proportion of women in specified nativity and race groups,
gainfully occupied, by age groups: 1920
32, 33
14. Proportion of working women in each marital class: 1890-1920-- 34, 35
15. Marital condition of working women: 1890-1920
36
16. Distribution of working women i n each marital class by main
occupational divisions: 1910 and 1920
37-39
17. Marital condition of women i n each main occupational division:
1910 and 1920
40, 41
18. Marital condition of working women by nativity and race groups:
1920
42,43
19. Proportion of women in each marital class gainfully occupied, by
nativity and race groups: 1920
44
20. Distribution of working women i n each marital class, by nativity
and race groups: 1920
45
21. Marital condition and age of working women, by nativity and
race groups: 1920
46,47
22. Scheduled weekly hours of work of women in 13 States
48, 49
23. Women's earnings in 10 States. (Chart only)
50
APPENDIX TABLE
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation,
classified by sex, for the United States: 1910 and 1920. (Reprinted from the
U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth ^census. Population: 1920. v . 4,
Occupations, p. 35-43, table 4.)
m
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
U N I T E D STATES D E P A B T M E N T OP L A B O R ,
WOMEN'S
BUREAU,
Washington, Fehruary 7,1925.
SIB: There is transmittoi herewith a graphic presentation of
facts relating to women workers. The study is based on the United
States Censiis of Occupations and surveys made by the Women's
Bureau and is offered i n the belief that i t will prove a useful handbook in the study of the working woman of the United States and
her status in the industrial world.
This study was made by Miss Florence P. Smith, research assistant
in the Women's Bureau.
M A R Y A N D E R S O N , Director.
H o n . JAMES J . D A V I S ,
Secretary of Labor.
FACTS ABOUT WORKING WOMEN
INTRODUCTION
That more than eight and one-half million women i n the United
States are working outside their homes for wages and salaries is a
fact which invariably challenges attention and evokes innimierable
questions. W h a t do they do—these women?* What proportion
are they of all the women i n the country, and has that proportion,
as well as the actual number of working women, increased since
1910?
Who are these millions of women who earn their own living and
in so many instances contribute to the support of their families as
well? How many are native or.foreign born, how many are white,
and how many are of other races? H o w old are they? H o w many
of them are under 25 years of age, and how do the ages of working
women compare w i t h the ages of working men?
How many of these wage-earning women are married, and what
proportion do they form of all the married women i n the country?
Has that proportion increased or decreased i n the last decade? I n
what occupations are the greatest niunbers of married women to be
found, and how old are the most of these women who continue i n or
return to their jobs after marriage?
These and many other questions have been answered i n the statistics of the Fourteenth Census of the United States, published b y the
Bureau of the Census i n a detailed and comprehensive report on occupations.® These facts disclosed b y the census of 1920, i n so far as
they relate to women at work, are presented here i n graphic form
for ready reference. The charts and tables which follow cover outstanding facts concerning the working women of the United States
as a whole; i t is impractical to present i n similar manner the data for
the 48 States. Comparison between 1910 and 1920 is shown i n all
cases where comparable figures were available and where the facts
could be well presented graphically.
»In this connection seo U , S. Women's Bureau. Occupational progress of women: A n Interpretation of
census statistics of women i n gainful occupations. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1922. 37 p.
(//« Bulletin 27.)
> U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920, v. 4, Occupations. Washington,
Govermnent Printing Office. 1923. 1309 p.
1
2
FACTS ABOUT
WOEKING
WOMEIT
I n comparing the figures for 1910 and 1920 i t is necessary to bear
in m i n d that the census date changed from A p r i l 15 in 1910 to
January 1 i n 1920. This change i n date, the Bureau of the Census
points out,® probably accounts for the'decrease shown in the number
of women engaged in agricultural pursuits, since i n most localities
agricultural work is at or near its lowest ebb i n January, However,
this decrease " m a y have been apparent only and due to an overenumeration i n 1910. I n a considerable measure, however, each
decrease probably was actual. To the extent the decreases were
actual, they are believed to have resulted mainly from the change
in the census date and changes i n the enumerators' instructions."
Another fact to be noted relates to the statistics shomng marital
condition. Since marital condition i n relation to occupation was
considered of greater importance i n the case of women than of men,
the marital condition of working women b u t not of working men is
brought out in the report of the Bureau of the Census.* Likewise,
because of the special significance attached to the employment of
married women, special tabulations were made for this class of
women—that is, wives—as a separate group, while the returns for
aU other marital classes—that is, women who were single, widowed,
divorced, or of unknown status—^were tabulated together. Hence
no separate statistics for single women are available. Furthermore,
i t was assumed at the censuses of 1910 and 1920 that all married
women at work were at least 15 years of age. The tabulations regarding marital condition, therefore, were made on that basis,
whereas other facts presented relate to women and girls 10 years of
age and over.
Only two charts do not present data taken from the census tables;
charts 22 and 23 are based on studies made b y the Women's Bureau.
Although surveys of hours of work of women i n industry have been
made i n 13 States, wage studies have been conducted b y the bureau
i n b u t 10 States.® I n surveying a State no attempt is made to include
all the women at work i n that State, b u t sufficiently representative
numbers of women and establishments are covered to present a
cross-section picture and provide a fair index t o the conditions
under which the wage-earning women of the whole State work.
, This bulletin is presented i n the belief t h a t i t w i l l prove a useful
handbook i n the study of the working woman of the United States
and her status i n the industrial world.
» Op. Clt., p. 23.
*op.cit.,p. m ,
4 Data for State studies In process of preparation have not been tocludeO.
10 FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G WOMEIT
TABLE
PROPORTION OF W O M E N A N D OF M E N GAINFULLY
OCCUPIED: 1880-19201
Sex and census year
Population
10 years of
age and over
Persons 10 years of age
and over engaged in
gainful occupations
Number
WOMEN:
18S0
1890 «
1900
1910
1920
MEN:
1880
1890. .
1900.-_
19101920
_
Percent
18,025,627
23.060,900
28,246,384
34,552,712
40,449,346
2,647,157
4,005,532
6,319,397
8,075.772
8,549,511
14.7
17.4
1&8
23.4
2L1
18,735,980
24.352,659
29,703,440
37,027,658
42,289,969
14,744,942
19,312,651
23,753,836
sa 091,664
33,064,737
m7
78l3
8ao
8L3
7&2
* TJ. S. Bureau of tho Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920. v . 4, Occupations, p. 33, table I.
»Figures for 1890 are exclusive^of
exclusive - p
r ^ q n s i n Indjan Territory and on Indian reservations, areas specially
enumerated at t l i a t census* b u t for which occupation statistics are not available.
5
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
CHART 1.—PROPORTION OP WOMEN A N D OF M E N
OCCUPIED: 1880-1920
P^r o&nt
IOQ\
GAINFULLY
cn
Men
tvom&f
90
60
00.0
76.7
ei.3
733.
70
eo
SO
40-
iSO
10
17.4
/6.6
14.7
10
0
I
taeo
IS90
ffoo
jno
azo
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G W O M E I T
6
T A B L E 2 — C H A R T 2 . — D I S T R I B U T I O N O F W O R K E R S , B Y SEX,
Occu^tiona!
e/M^
• •• 1
Ttta/
iVomerr
t
3S./6ZJ36
M occupations
fzfisapaz
/igrlcu/ture
Per
Men
cent
S.07S,772
2LZ
30,09/.S6^ 764
G.S49JS//
Z0.5
33.0^737
/.OB'^./sa
cenf795
es.7
oeozso!
/ass^/sa
Per
••
9.9
9l36S,030 90J
\
Monufacrurii^
T/'anspomthn
Trade
Professimof
/Q6Ze.73/
/,02aS70
/2,6/e^Z^
/7./
6Z3
/SJ
fO,QQd.ie3 649
2.530,795 960
2JB37/920
/06,62S
3j:>63.sez
2i3.0S4
7,0
2,eso,sz& 930
3,fin€70
J2.9
•MfidO
667^792 J5.7
3J46,5p£ ,67./
3,575^/67 &43
/j695,36t
73909/
959,470
/,/27,39/
SZ!&
67/
/,24/,330
329
64.2
/,2t7.360
35:6
34£
A/43^29
656
4S6
1.700,425 544
i.O/Bt^se
Domestic
C/<6rica/
3772,559:
/,737,053
3/20,5'^/
5€J
1 U.S.Bureau « the Census. Fourteenth mMu^
• Includes extrsetion of mioersis andpuDlie serv
'fo
FACTS ABOUT WORKINGWOMEN"81
I N E A C H M A I N O C C U P A T I O N A L D I V I S I O N : 1910 A N D 1920»
/9/0
/920
Population: 1930. v. 4, Occupations, p. 34, tabte 3.
1C6. Not presented graphically because of small number tavglv^i},
8
FACTSABOUT W O R K I N G WOMEN" 81
TABLE
3.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O M E N B Y M A I N OCCUPATIONAL
DIVISIONS: 1910 A N D 1920 ^
Females 10 years of age and over
Occupational division
Number
A l l occnpations
Agriculture, forestry, and animal h u s b a n d r y . . . — . . . . . . . . .
Extraction of minerals
Manufacturing and mechanical industries
Transportation
.....
..
Trade
Public service (not elsewhere classified)
Professional service
...........
Domestic and personal service
Clerical o c c u p a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1920
1910
Per cent
of total
i n each
division
Number
Per cent
of total
in each
division
8,076,772
100.0
8,549,511
loao
1,807,501
1,094
1,820,570
106,625
468,088
13,558
733,891
2,531,221
693,224
22.4
(0
22.5
L3
5.8
.2
9.1
31.3
7.3
1,084,128
2,864
1,930,341
213,054
667,792
21,794
1,016,498
2,186,924
1,426,116
12.7
(0
22:6
2L5
7.8
.3
11.9
25.6
1&7
1U, S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920. v, 4, Occupations, p. 34, table 2.
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
PACTS ABOUT W O K K I N G W O M E K
CHART
9
3.—DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL
DIVISIONS: 1910 A N D 1920
Pen
/oo-
•
f9W
/9&0
35f
313
tS'
to-
7
J5
/R7
78
a
6
Ai
A^iouh lianufoC' Thns-^ Trach Profes- Domes- C/er/ca/
rurc
turing porfat/an
siona/ tic.
10
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N GW O M E N "81
TJIBLE 4 — P K O P O R T I O N
OF W O M E N
OCCUPIED:
I N EACH
1920»
STATE
GAINFULLY
Females 10 years of age and over
State
Total
number
Engaged in gainful
occupations
Number
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California—
Colorado
Connecticut.
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Ijouisiana
Maine
Mtiryland
Massachusetts...
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire..
New Jersey.
New Mexico
New York
N o r t h CaroUna—
North Dakota-—
Ohio
OklahomaOregon-.
Ptonnsylvanla.
Rhode Island
South Carolina...
8outh Dakota
Tennessee
l^Bias
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming—.-
869,077
223,868
111,810
18,386
634,033
115,810
1,339,057
286,647
351,853
62,587
540,073
146,352
18,102
87,128
365,637
85,262
288,745
1,050,976
17,609
146,103
2,537,438 .640,938
1,157,492
185,385
141,321
932,795
92,510
676,228
131,493
904,259
152,726
681,106
64,845
306,658
137,221
£76,020
1,591,865
503,155
245,383
1,358,977
164,066
890,255
194,964
670,099
244,615
1,352,024
23,278
185,857
71,789
484,262
4,334
24,500
49,302
180,644
295,990
1,237,914
14,041
123,769
1,135,295
4,215,068
202,697
926,790
28,328
218,221
409,970
2,242,416
94,594
716,198
64,492
295,928
686,232
3,321,983
80,662
246,672
205,656
615,092
29,686
223,612
152,108
884,810
303,843
1,708,209
21,783
159,235
26,899
139, W7
156,210
862,375
92,900
496,641
67,439
612,778
182,365
997,362
9,402
62,677
Per cent
25w8
16.4
18-2
21.4
17.8
27.1
20.8
23.3
26.7
12.0
a. 3
16.0
15.2
13.7
14.5
22.4
21.1
23.8
31.6
18.1
18.4
29.1
18.1
15.2
14.8
17.7
27.3
23.9
121
26.9
2L9
13.0
1&3
ia2
18.4
20.7
32.7
33.4
13.3
17.2
17.8
13.7
19.2
IB.1
18.7
11.2
18.3
15.0
^ U . S* Bureau of the Oenuss.^ Pourteentb census. Population: 1920. t * 4, Occupations, p. 47, tables*
81
FACTS ABOUT WORKING W O M E N "
CHART 4 . — P R O P O K T I O N
OF
W O M E N
OCCUPIED:
IN
EACH
STATE
ocnt g.k) ZO 30 40 €Q €0 yo 60
So Coroltna
J^f]
J
^MtJahrtd 23tj\
Ma^zachuse/fs
Af/ssJs^pjb/
Ncvf^mpshir^
Connecticut'
NowVorK
Ccorgfcc
A/atoma
Afcrj/oftti
Florida
i.oufs/ixna
//aCaro/zna
CaZ/for/jia
I//mo/s
I>eA2ivars
P^tjnsyfvoniQ
Vermont
i/\fest3/nft0n
Orc^or?
Mmrfcsotit
Ohio
W/Sconun
Artionso^
Wctf/fon
/4/s^ovri JO/1
y/r^inia
Co/orach lld\
iZ6\
Tcjc^s
in\
AWot?
Tenmes^c. nt\
Arlzom
I6.i\
Imt/cna
h
loyya
AJO^tOftQ / 5 2 i
Wyoming
li
tte/ffucHy H5\
Ut^h
33985^—25t
3
GAINFULLY
1920
m
12
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G WOMEIT
TABLE 5.—PROPORTION OF W O M E N I N SPECIFIED N A T I V I T Y AND
RACE GROUPS G A I N F U L L Y OCCUPIED: 1910 A N D 19201
Females 10 years of age and over
1930
1910
Nativity and race group
Engaged in gainful occupations
Total
number
A l l fTOBPI
Native white—Native parentage
Native white—Foreign or mixed parentage.
Foreign-bom white
Negro
Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and all other...
Indian
Chinese
J a p a n e s e . . . . . . . . . .
A l l other
Kn^ged in gainful occupations
Total
number
Per
cent
Number
Per
cent
84,652.718
8,076,772
23.4
40,449,346
8,649,511
91,1
18,147,527
6,998,781
5,623,333
3,6S0,530
102,535
96,176
3,445
6,852
G2
5,098,639
1,722,279
1,222,791
2,013,981
18,082
14,710
17.1
24.6
21.7
54,7
17,6
16.0
21,716,069
8,494,749
6,078,195
4,043,763
116,570
85,379
5,189
25,432
570
3,733,329
2,110,454
1,118,463
1,571,289
15,976
9,848
732
5,289
107
17,2
24.8
1&4
3&9
13.7
11.5
14.1
20.8
18.8
»3,351 32.5
21
C)
Number
»U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census* Population: 1920. v. 4, Occupations, p. 340, table Z
* Separate occupation figures for Chinese and Japanese are not available for 1910.
» Per cent not shown, base being less than 100.
FACTS ABOUT W O B K I N A
IS
WOMEN'
CHART 6.—PROPORTION OF WOMEN I N SPECIFIED N A T I V I T Y A N D
RACE GROUPS G A I N F U L L Y OCCUPIED: 1910 A N D 1920
Per cenf
56
t n
mo
nzo
40
339
>30
Z4-6&1-6
U7
ZO
16.4-
/76
n.iJZL
1
s
i
to
1 1 1
I'
li
I
i
III
I f
14:
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I K G
WOMEN
TABLE 6 . — N A T I V I T Y A N D R A C E OF W O R K I N G W O M E N : 1910 A N D
19201
Females 10 years of age and over engaged
in gainful occupations
Nativity and racc group
Total
number
TotaL.
Native ivhito—Native parentage
Native white—Foicign or miicd parentage .
Foreign-born white
Negro.,
Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and all other.,
1920
igio
Per cent
of total
in cach
group
Total
number
Per ccnt
of total
in each
group
8,076,772
100.0
8,549,511
100.0
3,098,639
1,722,279
1,222,791
2,013,981
18,082
38.4
21.3
15.1
21.9
.2
3,733,329
2,110,454
1,118,463
1,571,289
16,976
43.7
217
13.1
18.4
.2
1U. s. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920. v. 4, Occupations, p. 33&-34Q,
tables 1-2.
TACTS ABOTJT WOEJKING W O M E K
^Chart 6,—NATIVITY A N D RACE OF WORKING WOMEN: 1910
A N D 1920
15
TABLE 7.—DISTRIBUTION OF WORiaNG WOMEN I N SPECIFIED N A T I V I T Y AND RACE GROUPS, BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISIONS: 1910 AND 1920i
A l l groups
j
Native w l i i t o Natlvo parontago
Occupational division
1910
1020
1920
1910
Native w i i i t e Foreign or m l i c d
pareotago
Foreign-bom white
1910
1920
1910
loao
I,7a2,a79
2,110,454
l,»a,79I
1,118,463
Indian, Chinese,
Japanese,
and a l l other
Negro
1910
1920
1910
1920
NUMBER
A l l occupatioiii..
Agrlcolture, forestry, and animal husbandry
Extraction of minerals
Transportation
Trade
Public service (not elsewhere daaslfled)
Professional service
Domestic and personal service
Clerical occupations
8,075,772
8,549,611
3,098,630
3,733,339
1,807,601
1,094
1,820.570
l«Vfl25
468,088
13,558
733,8912,631,221
693,224
1,084,128
2,864
1,030,341
213, OM
667,792
21,791
1,016,498
2,186,924
1,420,110
621,781
398
708,461
62,706
216,913
9,577
460,027
712,714
306,059
377,276
1,158
772,297
127,078
352,388
14,910
655,344
650.655
782,223
71,382
211
612,396
36,953
171, m
2,802
m, 542
398.726
212,717
-60,076
658
631,316
71,430
213,976
4,862
250,920
310,311
643,976
425,173
5,614
72,355
811
68,205
661,076
41,187
2,015,981 1,671,289
IS, 082
15,976
414,552
10,938
89,649
1,QI0
70,657
399,961
91,309
1,051,137
81
67,937
1,286
7,027
349
29.645
853,387
3,132
612,261
337
104,983
3,525
11,158
966
39,127
790,631
8,301
6,232
10
6.003
36
263
19
472
6,318
129
4,854
15
4,193
83
621
16
650
6,336
308
PER CENT
AU occupttioiii
Agriculture, forestry, and animal huaban'lry-.
Extraction of minerals
Manufacturing and mcchanlcal industries
Transportation
Trado
Public service (not elsewhere classified)
Professional service..
—
Domestic and personal service
Clerical occupations
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.4
12.7
20.1
10.1
4.1
2.4
4.7
3.6
6Z2
39.0
28.9
«3lis
.6
6.9
.1
37.1
<\7
.2
.7
.1
30.6
.2
1.5
.1
30.4
.1
26.2
.6
3.9
.1
3.4
.5
.7
.2
9.1
31.3
7.3
2.5
7.8
.3
11.0
25.6
lfl.7
2.0
7.0
.3
14.8
23.0
9.0
3.4
9.4
.4
17.6
17.4
2t.0
2.1
10.0
.2
10.8
23.2
14.1
3.4
10.1
.2
11.9
10.1
25.8
» U . S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth consua. Population: 1920. v. 4, Occupations, p. 340, tables 3 and 4.
> Lieaa tban one-tenth ol l per cent.
4.8
45.9
3.4
.1
1.0
8.0
a
0.3
35.8
8.2
42.4
.2
.1
1.0
a>
81
FACTS ABOUT WORKING WOMEN"
7-A.—DISTRIBUTION OF WORKING WOMEN I N SPECIFIED
N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS, BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL D I V I SIONS: 1910 A N D 1920
CHART
Aic7//Ve
white - /yatf^^e parentage
Per cent
too
im
mo
tZ9
to
ZOJ
no
E07
/76
to-
10,1
Aqfi
^ncuh ManufaoTrartS' Trade Profes- Domz^- Clzrical
rut
^urz turmg
fiorfafion
^iono! tic
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
18
7-B.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O R K I N G WOMEN I N SPECIFIED
N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS, BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISIONS: 1910 A N D 1920
CHART
fiafiye white - Fore/^n or mii^ed
parohfagc
Per cont
/OQx
1=]
•
ivo
mo
3S.6
30.f
da
m
zo
f6J
HL
/Cl^
/o
[Ik 'Ml
r l
Agncu/'/iQnufijc-TrprjS' Trade, Prcfes--Domos-Ckrkal
tur^
faring ftorfafion
s/onaJ tie
81
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G W O M E N "
CHAKT 7 - C . — D I S T R I B U T I O N O F W O R K I N G W O M E N I N S P E C I F I E D
N A T I V I T Y A N D R A C E GROUPS, B Y M A I N O C C U P A T I O N A L D I V I SIONS: 1910 A N D 1920
Foreign'horn
Per
wh/te,
cent
100 \
C=3
mo
4S.9
40
^7/
ZQ
10
7Cc//-» MonufQC'
fare.
taring
33985®—25t
4
Trado
Pfpfzs^
^tono/
JDp/nc,a~
tio
Cizrhal
20
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
7-D.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O R K I N G WOMEN I N SPECIFIED
N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS, B Y M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISIONS: 1910 A N D 1920
Chart
Hzgro
•
iOO\
mo
mo
SijL
so,^
50'
no
40
zo
w
€7
Ayiculturti
Monufaoiurmg Dornz'^tio
FACTS ABOUT WORKING WOMEN"
81
7-E.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O R K I N G WOMEN I N SPECIFIED
N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS, B Y M A I N OCCUPATIONAL D I V I SIONS: 1910 A N D 1920
CHART
Indtott^ Ch/msc, ijQpQne.se,, and all oiher
P^R CC/T/
iQO\
t=3
40
mo
304
ao
£5.9
ZO
iO
Agriculture Morxjfacturing
Professional Domeatic
TABLE 8—CHART
8.—NATIVITY A N D RACE OF WOMEN I N EACH M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISION; 1910 A N D 1920 i
Naf'mwhth
foreign " fizgro- Ihdian,
Naftvewhtfz,
Foreign orbor/s whJfc
frtix^pcttti
fiarento^c
other
ag^
Per
Per
per
Per
Per
Humher
cent
gcff/ Number
rchtNumber
ceMNumber
^3.7
14.7
divhion
iSfOi
tap6lat
/S/
364fjtip^ ZU UtZTSl
iH
/SZ&
O.Z
/JJ /,S7{269
M-f
fcO
to
03
g
§
Agriculture,
%m
J.9
sojm
as
5<3tZ S^dSl
. ^ ^ JLZ f,0S/J37
4fi54a4'
3.7
/9/OL
m i
moL
: m
i1-4
i
IV Ut
40A
ssei$s
HZ
w / / / / / / M m m m ^
to 0.9 <
et
79617M 337aa
/3Z01
SSas
mssssssi
Q
I
w
fe;
>
36.9
4C.06 H i / 6
415/73
MS
3.7
a4
/9/OL
S.4 '4m
ax
/9ZOL
TrmsporfaUoh
62p0isaA
S9i€
iZi^CTi
S3 f^Bf.A Z
SJ 3.SZ&
/7
JC ( / )
(/)
/9/OL
mssmsmammm
v////////////mm
v////////////^^
msjo
JJt.0
SLB
Trod^
fSS 7pt7AS
//JS6/ 7
a/
moZ
i^jsoL
M M !
Fubilo ,5cwcc
PJS7J
7a6 tfiot mr
eak
M^ifo
6tt ec
seaZZJ /,04C
07
40
a/
Professional
/Biol
J.d
c./
IBZ^
SB^m
7.9
Hdsfiil
627
6.9
zsqnoMJ 7qSS7
-
v////////y
/9/oL
w Z6
4A
V/////////A
07
Qomcsfic
7/A7/f ztx
/se SS/^<r76
zz:2 BS3,}67
JJ.7
eso^ssi
19.Bmn
WM /AJ
sjta
imV
SJ3H
J9ZO\L
OcfiCQl
516 mjrn 4a9 ^jej tf.9
3i.i
SU se,si7s
4/3Z
6.4 ^JO/ a6
fta r / *
moL
006f/^
JBZQL
-^Native, white.Nativc .pamitagc
X^D/ofive whiteForeign or mixed
parentage
f^^Foreign-born
vfhiis.
C
than one-fenih of / yocr cwt
I V , B, Bureau of iho census. Fourteeuth census. Population: 1020. v, 4, Occupations, p. 341» table 4.
i
i
§
g
§
y / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ^CI
^
Y / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / m m Q.
p=j
Negro
Chinese,
Japanese,and c//
other
fcO
CO
24
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G WOMEIT
TABLE 9.—PROPORTION OF W O M E N I N EACH AGE GROUP GAINF U L L Y OCCUPIED: 19201
Females 10 yeara of age and over
Age group
Total number
Engaged in gainfuloecupatii3ns
Number
10 year* and oTer.
Under 16 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25to44yeats ........
45 to 64 years
65 years and over.
Age unknown
...
...
.
...
*
..
.
.
Percent
40,449,546
8,649,511
21.1
6,207,597
3,820,998
4,749,976
15^249,602
7,915,205
2,450,144
55,824
346,610
1,411,427
1,809,075
3,417,373
1,352,479
196,900
15,647
5.6
3&9
3SL1
22.4
17.1
8.0
2&.Q
1 rr. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Populfttion: 1920. v. A, Occupations, p. 376, table 2.
81
FACTS ABOUT WORKING WOMEN"
CHART 9.—PROPORTION OF WOMEN I N EACH AGE GROUP GAINF U L L Y OCCUPIED: 1920
Per czrrt
iOOr
35./
30-
ao
to
ao
(//7cter/6
years
leioN
years
aotoZ4- l5fo4^
*y^rs
years
45fo6^ eSyears
year3
ana over
26
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G WOMEIT
TABLE 10.—AGE OF W O R K I N G
W O M E N A N D M E N : 19201
Men
Women
Ago group
Number
10 yeara and oTer.
Under 16 years
I 6 t o 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 years and over
Ago unknown
Per cent
Number
Per ccnt
8,549,511
100.0
33,064,737
100.0
346,610
1,411,427
1,809,075
3,417,373
1,352,479
196,900
15,617
4.1
las
21.2
4ao
1&8
2l3
.2
714,248
2; 547,424
4,121,392
15,579,586
8,552,175
1,492,837
57,075
2.2
7.7
12.5
47.1
25.9
4.5
.2
1 U. 8. Bureau of tho Census. Fourteenth ccnsus. Population: 1920. v. 4, Occupatioifi, p. 375,
tables 1-2.
FACTSABOUT WORKING
CHART
Per
WOMEN"
81
10.—AGE OF WORKING WOMEN A N D M E N : 1920
c^nt
IQQ'
Women
CI3
Men
SO
47J
40.0
40 '
30.4
ZLZ
10
/aj
je.5
\IZ.5
iO
Ui
t
jlzL
Under 16
years
33985®—25t
J6tol9
years
5
20 to 14years
ZSfo44
years
years
ana over
to
11.—AGE OF WOMEN I N EACH M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISION: 1920»
TABLE
Agriculture,
forestry,
and animal husbandry
Age group
Extraction of
minerals
Manufacturing and Transpormechantation
ical industries
Trade
Public
scrvlco
(not
elsewhere
olassifled)
00
Professional
service
Domestic
and
personal
servicc
Clerical
occupations
NUMBER
Under 16 years
16 to 19 years
-
25 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 years and over
Age unknown
-
1*084,198
9,8M
188,071
1S2.921
130,790
337,087
219,802
54,356
1,098
146
603
610
1,125
405
66
9
813,054 I
81,002
435,038
382,765
730,250
271,017
26,986
2,653
3,295
67,362
70,702
63,266
7.660
547
222
fil,TM
1,016,498
2,188,924
1,426,118
a
14,134
122,786
138,915
291,658
91,725
7,408
1,166
45
641
2,929
12,096
6,654
471
68
1,486
80.899
294,827
490,804
130,600
10,976
2,916
37,924
206,877
302,220
972,489
668,448
93,135
6,825
20,507
343,697
481,411
618,508
57,338
2,955
1,700
S
>
10years and oTer...
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 I
17.3
14.1
12.1
31.1
20.3
5.0
.1
fi.1
21.0
17.8
39.3
14.1
2.3
.3
4.2
22.6
19.8
37.8
H.0
1.4
.1
1.5
31.6
33.2
29.7
3.6
.3
.1
Z1
18.4
20.8
43.7
13.7
1.1
.2
0,2
%9
13.4
65.6
25.6
2.2
.3
> U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1930. y, 4, Occupations, p. 376, table 3.
w
o
CJ
^
0
w
PEn CENT
Under 16 years..
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25to 44 years
45 to 64 years.,:
65 years and over
Age unknown
2
667,792 1
100.0
100.0
100.0
5
0. 1
8.0
29.4
48.3
12.8
1.1
.3
1.7
9.4
13,8
44.6
26.0
4.3
.3
1.4
24.1
33.8
36.4
4.0
.3
• I
1
CI
m
CHART 11.—AGE OF W O M E N I N E A C H M A I N O C C U P A T I O N A L D I V I S I O N : 1920
Percent
/oot
/fey
O Under ts years
m /etoJS jears
Ea zotoz^years
ES zsto^years
so
-MS
30
20
m
to
Ayicu/turc
Manufacturing Tran^rtatton
Trade
Profezsfonat Domestic
Cter/cat
TABLE
12.—DISTRIBUTION OF WORKING WOMEN I N EACH AGE GROUP BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISIONS: 1920»
Age group
A l l groups
AgriculManufacture,
Eitraction turing and Transporforestry, of
minerals mcchanical
tation
and animal
Industries
industry
Trade
Public
Domestic
scrvlco
and
(not else- Professional
service
personal
where classervice
sincd)
05
O
Clerical
occupations
NUMBEU
10 yeari and orer
Under 16 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 years and over
Ago unknown
-
8.549,511
1.034.128
2,864
1,090,341
913,054
667,782
91,7»4
1,010,498
2,188,924
1,428,118
5
346,610
1,411.427
1,809.075
3.417,373
1,352.479
106,000
15,&17
18S.071
152,02 (
130,790
337,087
219,802
64,356
1,098
146
603
610
M25
40.'i
66
9
81,002
435,638
382,76.5
730,250
271.017
26,986
2,653
3,293
67.362
70.702
63,206
7.660
617
222
14,131
122,786
138,915
29I,6.'>8
91,725
7,408
1,166
45
611
2.929
12.096
5.654
471
58
1,486
8a 899
298,827
490.894
130.500
10.976
2,916
37,924
206,877
302,226
972,489
568,448
93,135
6.825
20.507
343.697
431,411
618,508
67,338
2.955
1,700
2
Cft
PEll CENT
10 year* and orer
Under 16 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 years and over
Age unknown
12.7
<»)
92. e
9.5
7.8
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.3
10.8
7.2
9.9
16.3
27.6
7.0
(>)
(«)
23.4
30.9
21.2
21.4
20.0
13.7
17.0
1.0
4.8
3.9
1.9
.6
.3
1.4
4.1
8.7
7.7
8.5
6.8
3.8
7.6
1 U. S. Bureau of the Census, Pourteectb census. Topulatioa: 1920. v.
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per ceut.
^
100.0
0.1
>
S
g
g
Occupations, p. 37(V-377f tables 3-4.
0.3
11.9
25.6
18.7
S
.2
.4
.4
a4
5.7
16.5
H.4
9.6
5.6
18.6
10.9
14.7
16.7
28.5
42.0
47.3
37.2
5.9
24.4
26.6
15.2
4.2
tf
§
g
ia9
w
(')
.4
o
FACTS ABOUT WORKING WOMEN"
81
12.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O R K I N G W O M E N I N EACH AGE
GROUP BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISIONS: 1920
CHART
22
Monufoeh^ 3/J
Ti-on^pvfthtn 33
Tnxim
77
fYvfksiionat t6S
£>ommjttc
/6J
OvM 26S
Man^^oefurtty 2/.4
Thinjpoifaffon /3
Troef &5
firof€S3hnof MA
DoftfJtie 2AS
Oarcaf
iSZ
4Sto 64
M^tuAicturiny ZCuO
Trma*
Prof99ihnpt 316
Dogmatic
4ZJO
Cfrieof 42
ZZ6
ManufiKfurin^ /3J
TraOt M
/ye^jahnaf SJ6
Oomm^ m
a«ricat /J
Ptcfa^hnof fKt fnc/udeet because cf smaff
im^vvd.
Tfonsporh^ not irKAM bmi^ mff p^mrit^ intend.
TABLE
13.—PROPORTION OF WOMEN I N SPECIFIED N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS GAINFULLY OCCUPIED, BY AGE
GROUPS: 1920»
Native white—Native parentage
Age group
Total
nambor
Engaged In gainful
occupations
Number
Native white—Foreign or mlied
parentage
Total
number
Per cent
Engaged In gainful
occupations
Number
Foreign-bora white
Total
number
Perccnt
to
Negro
Engaged tn gainful
occupations
Number
CO
Total
number
Engaged in gainful
occupations
Number
Per cent
Per cent
a
H
10 y e t r t » n d orer
Under 18 years
to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 to 64 ywars
05 year? and over
91,710,069
3,733,329
17.9
3,746,11®
2,241,771
2,629,880
7,807,162
^884,369
1,373,349
33,410
136,032
642,614
855,946
1,439,349
558,203
93,033
7,353
3.7
2&7
3Z5
18.4
K4
6.8
22.0
0,494,749
9,110,454
94.8
6,078,195
1,118,463
18.4
4,043,763
1,571,289
33.9
1,501,064
881,660
1,067,020
3,15^386
1.623,864
^ 202,350
5,396
67,650
452,396
521,017
774,177
271,734
21,686
1,794
4.5
51.3
48.8
24.6
16.7
8.3
33.2
205,829
227,053
469,856
2,720,964
1,799,118
648,843
6,532
1^766
129,166
177,030
506,267
25a 084
38,453
1,697
7.7
56.9
37.7
18.6
13.9
5.9
26.0
731,682
458,780
507,678
1,525,792
591,006
158,832
9,993
125,354
185,787
252,417
689,933
269,955
43,096
4,747
17.1
4a 5
44.5
45.2
45.7
27.1
47.5
I U . S. Bureau of the Census. Foortocath ceasu5. Population: 1930. v . 4, Occupatfom, p. 377, table
03
Id
H
§
M
25
O
^
O
CHART 1 3 . — P R O P O R T I O N O F W O M E N I N S P E C I F I E D N A T I V I T Y A N D R A C E GROUPS G A I N F U L L Y O C C U P I E D , B Y
A G E GROUPS: 1920
'
WkNativz whitB^
^rorzkn-borrt
Native, parentoge^
P^r cznt
white.
for^grt ormix^
fiar^ntagZ'
60
4S7
45Z
40
JO •
ao
m
/67
A6
6S\
to
Urtcfer/6ycarts
iBfx>i9yzQrs ZOtoZ^ytar^
ZStoi-i-yzats i-SfoG^-ycar^ GSyzar^ and over
34
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
TABLE
14,—PROPORTION OF W O R K I N G W O M E N I N EACH MARITAL
CLASS: 1890-1920 >
Women 15 years of age and over
Census year and marital condition
Total
number
Engaged In gainful
occupations
Number
Percent
1890
Afgrejtie
Married
Single, widowed, divorced, and unknown
19,602,178
3,712,144
18.9
11,124,785
8,4n,393
515,260
3,196,884
16
37.7
24,249,191
4,997,415
20.8
13,810,057
10,439,134
769,477
4,227,938
5l6
4a5
90,047,325
7,639,828
25.4
17,684,687
12,362,638
1,890,661
6,749,167
ia7
46.5
35, i n , 615
8,346,796
217
21,318,933
13,868,582
1,920,281
6,426,515
9.0
4&4
1900
AjfrefUe-Married
Single, widowed, divorced, and unknown
1910
Aggreftte
Married
Single, widowed, divorccd, and unknown
1920
Married
Single, widowed, divorced, and unknown
»U. 8. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920. v. 4, Occupations, p. 692, table 1.
FACTS ABOUX WOBKING WOMEN^
CHAET
35
14.—PROPORTION OF W O R K I N G W O M E N I N E A C H M A R I T A L
CLASS: 1890-1920
Per cejit
/a?-
s3Z7
xSO-'
10-
mi
io..
90
Jdso /BOO is/0
Married
mo
mo /900 /9ia jszo
^ingh, w/dovsfed,
dlvorced^anct un Known
TABLE 15—CHART
15.—MARITAL CONDITION OF WORKING WOMEN: 1890-19201
Wome/f /S ycar^ 0^09® ancfovtr
zngogedin qatnM occupations
o
/Vumt^ Per conf
disfr/hution
^g^reyaf^
Jwjsfe,
foo.o
mchkyeot, <ffyon:ccC,andun/p7orm
A^re^fe
^ifJSaza
/,63Qi€ef
s,74s^t£7
30
40
Pcrc^ro^e.
so
eo
/aso
/BOO
I S
100.0
7SJ
Afarriad
ZXO
^/nff/e's *v/dotyfid, divorced, ondun^mm G,4ZG^Si5 77.0
zo
ae/
^,S97A/S /oao
Agqreoa^^
Married^
S^fe^^ nwbmsat dJyorced^ctndw^Cnom 'iizzzssa
MarrM
/o
M
/B/0
/92L0
E B
lEB
SI
t IT. 8. Bureau of tho Oensns. ^ourteoBtb oensas. Population: 1020. v.
Ocscupattons, p. 693. table 2.
70
CO
Oi
60
Bojoo
81
FACTS ABOUT WORKING W O M E N "
16.—DISTRIBUTION OF WORKING WOMEN I N EACH MARITAL CLASS BY M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISIONS: 1910 A N D 1920»
TABLE
Women 15 years of age and over engaged i n gainful occupations
1910
Occupational division
Single, widowed,
divorced, and
unknown
Married
Number
AUoccnpadons
.Agriculture, forestry, and animal
husbandry
Extraction of minerals
Manufacturing and mechanical
industries
Transportation
Trade
Public service (not elsewhere
classified)
Professional service
Domestic and personal service
Clerical occupations
Per
cent
1,880,661 100.0
692,745 36.6
371 O
330,914
8,602
83,0S9
4,377
76,287
662,199
33,077
1920
17.5
Per
cent
Number
Per
cent
5,749,167 100.0 1,920,281 100.0
6,426,515
100.0
663,425
1,503
8.8
(»)
22.4
2.9
7.9
13.9
23.8
Number
780,616
4.4
4.0
35.0
1.7
9,178
657,055
1,822,078
556,132
Number
371.637
1,278
19.3
24.3
1.4
6.6
466,663
26,480
156,490
ai
1,437,469
185,902
507,449
11.4
31.7
9.7
7,642
123,678
637,675
129,038
.4
6.4
33.2
6.7
14,226
892,326
1,631,775
1,292,440
13.6
O
1,445,003
97,432
381,084
.6
Per
cent
Single, widowed,
divorced, and
unknown
Married
25.1
1.7
.1
.2
2ai
1 U.S.Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920. v . 4, Occupations, p. 693, table 4.
»Less than one-tenth of i per cent.
38
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
CHART 1 6 . — D I S T R I B U T I O N O F W O R K I N G W O M E N I N EACH MARI
AfarrJed
Per
certt
/9J0 36.6
Ayhu/ture
/9Z0
/9.3
/9/0
n.s
Manufaduring
/920
TTvcfe
/9/0
/9Z0
P/r/kssJond
B,i
/9/0
/920
1
6!f
/9/0 Jf.O
Domestic
/9Z0
Cferia^
332
iStO
17
f920
6,7
/O
20
30
SO
TACTS ABOUT WOBKING WOMEN"
89
TAL CLASS, B Y M A I N O C C U P A T I O N A L D I V I S I O N S : 1910 A N D 1920
40
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G WOMEIT
TABLE 17.—MARITAL C O N D I T I O N OF W O M E N I N EACH M A I N OCCUPATIONAL DIVISION: 1910 A N D 1920»
Women 15 years of ago and over engaged i n gainful occupations
1920
1910
Occupational division
Married
Total
Single, widowed, divorced, and
unknown
number
Number
A l l occupations..
Agriculture, forestry, and
animal husbandry
1,473,261
Extraction of minerals
1,000
Manufacturing and mechanical industries
1,775,917
Transportation
106,034
Trade
464,173
public service (not elsewhere classified)
13,655
Professional service
733,342
Domestic and personal
service
1
2,483,277
Clerical occupations
539,200
Per
cent
Number
Married
Total
number
Number
Per
cent
Per
cent
Single, widowed, divorced, and
unknown
Number
Per
cent
1,890,661 S17 5,749,167 76.5 8,546,796 1,920,281 23.06,426,515 77.0
692,745 47.0
371 35.0
330,914
8,602
934,962
2,781
371,537 39.7 563,425 6a3
1,503 54.0
1,278 4a 0
81.4 1,904,132
9L9
212,382
381,034 82.1 663,939
406,663 24.5 1,437,469 75.5
26,480 12.5 185,902 87.5
156,490 216 607,44^ 76.4
9,178 67.7
21,768
657,055 89.6 1,015,904
7,542 34.6
123,578 1Z2
780,516 53.0
C5.0
1&6 1,445,003
&1 97,432
17.9
4,3n
32.3
76,237
ia4
661,109 20.6 1,822,078 73.4 2,169,450
33,077 5.6 656,132 94.4 1,421,478
14,226 65.4
87.8
637,675 29.4 1,631,775
129,038 9.1 1,292,440
7a6
9a9
» U . S . Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1920. v . 4» Occupations, p. 693, table 3.
81
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G WOMEN"
CHART
17.—MARITAL CONDITION OF WOMEN I N EACH
OCCUPATIONAL DIVISION: 1910 AND 1920
HI Married
I—\3fngf^, m'dow^cf, cf/Vorcect
and unHnown
Agricutture.
!9/0 Esa
Eg
iBlO e g g
m
Extraction of minerals
J9iO
12551
i9Z0,
tlanufactunn^
/3/0
m
mo^
m .
Tran^sportaJ-ton
/9/0 B T T
[
Trade
iBJQ
J9Z0
m
m .
Public Qerv/c<z
tBtO
m
mo
m
Profes^'onat ^zrv/Co
|
/9to\
M
mo\i
Dom^^tio
/B/0
m
/SZO
C/^r/caf
/S/0
/9Z0\
m
•
MAIN
lO
TADLB 18.—MARITAL C O N D I T I O N OF WORKING WOMEN, B Y NATIV^
I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS: 1920 ^
Women IG years of qro and over cDgngcd In
fatnful occupations
Nativity and race group
Single, widowed,
divorced, and
unknown
Married
Total
number
Number
Tcl4L
Native white—Notlvo parentage
Native white—Foreign or miicd parentage...
Foreign-born white
Negro
Chinese, Japanese, and all other
652, WO
2,088, 431
1,113, 2in
1,470,915
G,m
707,fi03
245,311
29a I M
662,684
3,929
4,728
> U. S. Bureau ot tho Census. Fourteenth Census. Population: 1920. v.
Per
cent
Number
SIO
6,430,516
77.0
19.4
11.7
av.6
44.0
42.9
77.5
2,915,460
1,^13,120
817,090
814,231
5,230
1,375
80.0
85.3
73.4
6,M
57.1
22.5
i
A
0
c3
Per
wnt
1
s
0
Occupations, p. 605* tabic 6.
1
CHART 1 8 . — M A R I T A L C O N D I T I O N O F W O R K I N G W O M E N B Y N A T I V I T Y A N D R A C E GROUPS: 1920
Pzr cent
o
/p
Ahtlkic tvMte -/iatUm parentay:
^
liatlve y^hlte - Foreigt^
or mtACcT pare^nta^^
QZl 4
/brei^'born
/ndian
Jp
^p
so
ep
rp
so
op
wmsmmmmsmsmmm
v//////////////////////////////^^^^
. Bsa
^^mmmwi^^^i^^'
^
y/////////////////^^,
msssssssmsmmm
C/7/nes<T,Japar7BSG,and a/t
other
/oo
mmmmmBBBBBBBBmm
^hlte
/fcffro
zo
•• AfarrhdL
^ S/n^fQ, mdo^^d, ctfvorcedt^and un/Cnoi^n.
TABLE
CHART
19.—PROPORTION OF WOMEN I N EACH M A R I T A L CLASS GAINFULLY OCCUPIED, BY N A T I V I T Y
A N D RACE GROUPS: 1920 »
liiomen 15 years ofage and over
Engagedin gai/t"
fui ocoupafions
Tofa!
Number ^ ^
f
nutntxucent
/^otiYe ryhife -Mtiye parentooe
Married
ilJ95,Q65
7a7,S03 63
SJn^k, n^/clotvecl, divorced, ana unKnom
l^-^S.-Ha 4QZ
ISktive wlitB'Fi^-^
orn^dpormwe
Married
'
a.69a&70
Z4-5.3II &3 H
Mdomd. d/ycrced.and unHnown 3.J2QeS3 / , 6 4 3 . 7 2 0
5 5 . 5 ^
Foreign'bom ¥\rhife
Married
^J23.SOd Z96,/26.
7.2
Sin^e, widomd,diyorced,and uni(hown 1,790/fGZ GI7,090 45.6
Mq/X>
i^arrJed
Z.039,fQ/ 6&Z.684 SZ5
Single • iy/doned, divorced,and unKnom t,S63,S}9 ei4,Z9t SOB
hdian
3.929
69
Married
43.323
Single, n/domd, dimxed.andunHnatvn
5.239 /9£
26,600
Chines, Japanese, ana ai/ ether
2S.SS/
Married
4.72G /as
Single, widowed.divorced,midun/rnom
3.5S2
/,375 307
U . B. B u r e a u of the Census.
Tourteenth census.
Population: 1920.
v . 4» Occupations, p. 694, table C.
^
S^
Sf 6f 7f
SO A^
.
81
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G WOMEN"
TABLE
20.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O R K I N G WOMEN I N EACH MARITAL CLASS BY N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS: 19201
Women 15 years of age and over engaged i n
gainful occupations
Nativity and race group
Single, widowed, divorced, and unknown
Married
Number
TotaL
Native white—Native parentage
Native white—Foreign or mixed parentage
Foreign-born white
Negro
Indian
Chinese, Japanese, and all other
-
Per cent
Number
Per cent
1,920,281
100.0
6,426,615
100.0
707,503
245,311
296,126
662,6&1
3,929
4,728
36.8
12.8
15.4
34,6
.2
.2
2,945,460
1,843,120
817,090
814,231
6,239
1,375
45.8
28.7
12.7
1Z7
.1
(0
»U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth census. Population: 1930. v . 4, Occupations, p. 695-696,
tables 6 and 8.
»Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
CHART
20.—DISTRIBUTION OF W O R K I N G WOMEN I N EACH M A R I TAL CLASS, B Y N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS: 1920
Married
its
Sing/^, w/dowcd^diVarcz^d^and unMnowff
IZ7 at
267
dl NaHvz. whiti&'/iQtivo parentage.
XSZiNaftve^ whitc-For&gn or mixedparcnta^e^
Far^ign-borrt whJfz.
Hi Xrfd/on, Chmese^
and a//
46
I'ACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G WOJIEN-
TABLE
M A R I T A L C O N D I T I O N A N D AGE OF W O R i a N G WOMEN,
BY N A T I V I T Y A N D RACE GROUPS: 1920 ^
WomcQ 15 years of age and over engaged in
gainful occupations
N a t i v i t y and rac© and ago group
Number
A l l groups
IT) to 19 yeara
20 t o 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 years and o v e r '
Natire white—Katiro pu-entJige
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years...
25 to 44 years
45 years and over»
Single, widowed, div o r c e , and unknown
Married
i
Native white-Foreign or mixed parentage
Per cent
100.0 1 6,426,515
100.0
74,305
283,870
1,143,706
418,400
3.9 1 1,481,017
1,525,205
its
2.273,667
59.6
1,146,626
21.8
23.0
23.7
35.4
17.8
707, &0S
100.0 {
8,W5,4C0
lOOO
29,980
100,191
407,769
163,563
4,2
15.0
57.6
23.1
669,100
749,755
1,031,580
495,025
22.7
25.5
35.0
16.8
100.0 1 1,843,120
100.0
490,346
483,733
627,792
241,249
26.6
26.2
34.1
13.1
7,677
37,284
146,385
53,965
Foreign-born white
Number
1,920,231
245,311
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 years and over >
Per cent
3.1
15.2
59.7
22.0
817,090
100.0
15 to 19 years...
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 years and over J
4,382
27,876
189,138
74,730
1.5
9.4
63.9
25.2
135,303
149,154
317,129
215,504
16.6
1&3
38.8
26.4
Negro
688,684
100.0 I
814,231
100.0
31,911
111,095
394,916
124,762
4.8
16.8
59.6
18.8
184,856
141,322
295,017
193,036
22.7
17.4
36.2
23.7
6,259
100.00
1,114
901
1,595
1,629
21.3
17.2
30.4
31.1
296,126
15 to 19 years..-*.
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 years and over >
100.0 1
Indian
3,929
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 years and over >
258
548
2,169
954
6.6
13.9
55.2
213
4,728
100.0 1
1,375
100.0
97
876
3,329
426
2.1 1
18.5
70.4
9.0
298
340
554
183
21.7
24.7
40.3
13.3
Chineae, Japanese, a n d all other
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 years and over»
- V* u. u u i o a u w i,uD
tables 5 and 7.
) Includes ago unknown.
, . ^
100.0 1
CHART 2 1 . — M A R I T A L C O N D I T I O N A N D A G E O F W O R K I N G W O M E N , B Y N A T I V I T Y A N D R A C E GROUPS: 1920
Married
Per cc/f/
iOO 90 60
70
€Q 50 40
JO ZO iO
o
O
mdow^d, divorozd.onciunKfiown
Per oe^t
to to JO AO SO 60 70 do SO m
All groups
Naf/ve i^h/t^^
/Vo//Ve parenf^Q^e,
A/Qf)ve whife-Poreign
or mix^dpar^tas^
mzosmsosamm
Porcf^t^ horn white
i^gro
Indian
V / / / / / / / / / / / / / / M
Chinese, Wapanz-^c,
and o/i ofh^K
^^^O to Z^years
W///M
1
WS^car^and
over'
TABLE 22.—SCHEDULED W E E K L Y HOURS OF WORK OF WOMEN I N 13 STATES ^
Numbor of cstablisbmcnts and number of womon whoso scheduled weekly hours were—
Number
reported
State
ToUl
Per cent dJs*
tributlon..
Alabama
Arkansas
Qeorgla
Indiana..........
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
Ohio
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia
4,220
1»773
7,433
8,785
7,878
8,399
11,148
18,834
34,615
30,461
6.537
8,453
11,001
1 From surveys made by the U. 8. Women's Bureau.
* DetaUs aggregate more than total becausc some establlshn
1 appear in more than one group.
00
81
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G WOMEN"
CJHXRT" 2 2 . ^ C H E D U L E D
W E E K L Y
I N
13
HOURS
OF
WORK
Ovcr^
B2
Missouri
KzntucK^
mm^mm
SJSB
ma
I/7Cfic/7Q
a,76S
NNL
Aiabama
4:2Z0
3a Coroiina
»
* From smreys made b y U . S. Women'3 Bureau.
OF
STATES
hour^
W O M E N
CHART
23.—WOMEN'S EARNINGS I N 10 STATES »
Do//ars
^aes
/S
f/^ss
S/2SS
^//ss
pa7s
/O
aaao
S
/ihodghhfKl NmJerts^ Ohio
Date
i920
i9ZZ
/dumber hf mrmn zy^
3^,e5S 30.S63
Oeorp/o MJssouH Han^s
/920
/92Z
/BSO
ArKansas J(enfucty Sa(kirvJho Atba^
/SJSZ
/92/
A7S3
S^BS
<S6B
I From surveyB mado by tho XJ. 8. Women's Bureau. Half of tbo women surveyed In each Stuto Gamed less and half more in ono woolc than tlie auiouiita sliowu.
APPENDIX
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified
by sex, for the United States: 1910 and 1920 »
[The figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also h r certain individual occupations bave been
corrected to conform to the classification for 1920]
1910
Total
POPULATION 10 Y E A R S OF A G E
A N D OVER
71,580,
AU occupationi.,
1920
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
37.027, 558*34, 553,712 82,730,315 42,289,009 40,449,346
38,167,3381 30,091.5S4 8,075,772 41,614,848 33,064,737 8,549,511
Amctiltizre, forestry, and animal
flttsbandry
12,659,088 10,851,581 1,807,501 10,953,158 9,869,030 1,084,128
Dairy fanners, farmers, and stock raisers. 6,079,341 fi, 717,384
Dairy farmers.
61,811
59.240
Fanners, general farms
5,864,4» 5,606,789
Farmers, turpentine farms
511,
508
Stock raisers
52,52l|
50,847
261,956 6,201,261 6,947,425
114,867
118,813
2,576
257,703 6,004,580 5,757,327
309
309
3
74,922
77,559
1,674
253,836
3,946
247,253
Dairy farm, farm, and stock farm laborers 6.069,32 4,551,247 1,518,074 4,041,627 3,248,712
60,770
Dairy farm laborers
63,367
35,014
32,237
2,777
Farm laborers (home farm)*
3,310,534 2,133,949 1,176,585 1,850,119 1,273,477
2,636,966 2,299,444
Farm laborers (working out)»....
337.522 2,055,276 1,843,307
15,790
16.099
27,55^'
Farm laborers (turpentine farm)
316
27.241
55,368
56,766
59,Stock herders, drovers, and feeders---.
874
58,376
792,915
2,597
576,642
211,969
309
1,393
Dairy farm, farm, garden, orchard, etc.,
foremen
Dairy farm foremen.
Farm foremen, general farms
Farm foremen, turpentine farms.
Farm foremen, stock farms.
Garden and greenhouse foremen
Orchard, nursery, etc., foremen
Fisbermen and oystermen
Foresters, forest rangers, and timber
cruisers.
78,708
2,339
65,251
724
4,800
1,698
3,896
14,34L
140
13,767
88
87
93,048
2,479
79,018
724
4,894
1,874
4,059
476
52,836
52,457
379
3,653
3,651
2
43,419
1,001
34,017
89S
3,593
1,223
2,687
7,776
85
7,504
1
67,799
11
4,332
Gardeners, florists, fruit growers, and nurFruit growers
Gardeners
Landscape gardeners
Nurserymen
Garden, greenhouse, orchard, and nursery laborers
Cranberry bog laborers.
Garden laborers
Greenhouse laborers.
Orchard and nursery l a b o r e r s " ! ! ! ! ^ . .
2,637
94
176
163
131,421
7,977
41,255
75,481
3,777
2,931
7,834
1,051
2,27d
4,413
15
79
169,399
8,345
55,402
98,591
4,402
2,659
160,116
7,407
52,208
93,523
4,377
2,601
9,283
938
3,194
5,068
25
58
126.453
1,316
76,372
16,796
31,969
7,474
137,010
241
81,532
16,239
38,998
127,589
236
75,234
15,075
37,044
6,298
1,164
1,954
205,036
6,090
2,344
17,106
279
1.503
Lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchop*
9,421
Foremen and overseers
I
Inspectors, scalers, and surveyors
Teamsters and haulers
Other lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchoppers
15,038
15,038
205,315
6,090
2,344
17,106
139,322
139,246
179,775
179,490
279
Owners and managers of log and timber
camps
Managers and o f f i c T a i s . I i r i " I " I I I " I l
Owners and proprietors
7,931
1,725
6,206
7 927
1,725
6,202
8,410
2,095
6,315
8,397
2,090
6,307
13
6
8
44,238
2,145*
40,408
2,020
40,599
2,893
36,939
2,759
3,660
134
6,617
15,198,
2,883'
12,1511
3.233!
3.0111
5,617
15,198
2,874
8.921
2,856
2,9221
5;379;
2,600
14,116|
4,599
1.3061
9,642
5,379
2,597
11,792
3,687
1.183
3
2,324
1,012
183
161,
pers
Other agricultural and animal husbandry
pursuits
Apiari^
Com shellers, hay balers, gr^in threshers, etc
Ditchers (farm)*
Irrigators and ditch tenders
Jou try raisers
Poultry yard laborers
Other and not specitted pursuits
43^
161,191
4,798
2,100
Census. Fourteenth census.
3,830
12^
Population: 1920. v . 4, Occupations, p. 35-
' Decreaa, 1910 to 1920, probably due mainly to change of census date from A p r . 15 in 1910 to Jan. 1 in 1920.
61
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G W O M E I T
52
Toted persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupationf damjied
by sex, for the United StaUs: 1910 and 1920—Couiinned
[The fleures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occapations haye been
corrected to conform to the classiflcatlon for IftflOJ
1930
1010
OCCUrATlON
Total
Total
Female
1,094
14,387
»M,07fi
2J.328
22,133
1,105
25,127
9,786
1,140
14,201
613,924
39,270
65,436
49, WS
Operatives i n other and not spodfitd
mines
Lead and zinc mine operatives
Other specified mine operatives
N o t specified mine operatives
Extraction of minerals..
965,168
Male
10
Silale
Female
1,090,223 1,087,SW
8,8«4
0
1
36,931
27,945
8,986
27,939
8»984
107
12
9
86
34,325
14,469
2,522
17,334
34,143
14,446
2,481
17,216
'182
613,519
39,251
55,397
49,909
405
19
39
733,936
36,054
32,700
38,704
732,441
35,918
32,666
38,605
1,495
136
»
47,252
19,486
7,945
19,821
47,109
19,471
7,891
19,807
83
15
54
14
41,389
20,798
11,320
9,271
41,282
20^749
11,271
9,262
107
49
49
Quarry operatives
80,840
80,795
45
45,162
45,084
Oil, gas, and salt well operatives
O i l a n d gas well operatives
Salt well and works operatives
29,927
2^662
4,365
29,580
25,548
4,032
347
14
333
91,022
65,550
6,472
90,297
85,303
4,994
Foremen, overseers, and Inspectors
Foremen and overseers..
Inspectors
23,338
22,142
1,19€
OTOrators, ofHcials, and managers
Managers
•lanagers....
Officials
Operators...,
25,234
9,79S
Coal mine operatives.
Copper mine operatives
Qold and silver mine operatives....
Iron mine operatives
l,14g
Hannfactnrinf and mechanical i n dustries
110,628,731
Apprentices to building and hand trades.
Blacksmiths' apprentices
Boiler makers' apprentices
Cabinetmakers* apprentices
Carpenters' apprentices
Coopers' apprentices
Electricians* apprentices
Machinists' apprentices <
Masons' apprentices
Painters', glaiiers', and varnishers'
apprentices
Paper hangers' apprentices
Plasterers' apprentices
Plumbers' apprentices
Roofers' and slaters' apprentices
Tinsmiths' and coppersmiths' appren-
O
>^816
Apprentices, other
Architects', designers', and draftsmen's
apprentices
Jewelers', watchmakers', g o l d ^ i t h s ' , '
and silversmiths* apprentices
Printers' and bookbinders* a p p r e n t i ^ l
Other apprentices
Bakers.,
Blacksmiths, forgemen, and hammermen
Blacksmiths,
Forgemen, hammermen, and w d d ^ "
•2,814
ilm
•2,660
O
•2,501
O
(0
(0
•2,653
440
»G69
•9,903
304
12,011
6,996
6,015
t
>4
2
302
(>)
31
7
24
0)
23
41
US
Od
9
725
247
47S
73,897
2,659
2,005
1,020
4,797
365
9,557
39,448
1,434
1,616
172
398
7,386
250
1,598
165
2
6
IS
18
7
7,386
250
o
2,816
2,815
11,980
5,989
6,991
4,326
2,715
1,611
17
4
13
2711
65,898
60^532
5,366
3,479
2,247
10,366
44,440
(0
1,110
43
3,777
>1,839
•12,395
(»)
•1,770
•11,454
•941
2,633
11,603
47,885
89,631
84,762
4,779
97,940
93,347
240,174
232,988
7,186
240,143
232,957
7,186
31
31
221,421
195,255
221,416
195,251
26,165
1
• Cpmparablo figures for 1910 not available.
• Figures for 1910 approximate only.
' apprentices" probably are machine tenders.
73,953
2,661
2,005
1,030
4,805
365
9,562
39,463
1,434
1,153
o
6
2
1,820,670 12,818,624 10,888,183 1,980, Ml
h
IL
O
Apprentices to dressmakers and milliners
Dressmakers' apprentices
Milliners' apprentices
18,808,161
O
8
26,166
4,300
tm
386
1,237
3.445
4,593
5
4
I
81
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G W O M E N "
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified
by sex, for the United States: 1910 and i f i ^ J ^ O — C o n t i n u e d
[Thefiguresfor 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the classification for 1920]
1910
Total
Male
1920
Female
Total
Male
Female
Hannfftcturing and mechmnicU
induatriea—Continued.
Boiler makers
44,761
44,761
Brick and stone masons
» 169,402 U69,387
174,422
Builders and building contractors
173,573
41,892
Cabinetmakers
41,884
817,120
Carpenters
—.
817,082
127,589
Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters.
113,538
25,299
Coopers
25,292
Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in
factory)
449,342
1,582
Dyers
14,050
13,396
Electricians
j l . . »120,241 >120,155
14,051
7
74,088
131,264
90,109
45,511
887,379
140,165
19,066
74,088
131,257
90,030
45,503
887,208
128.859
19,061
7
79
8
171
11,306
5
447,760
654
>86
235,855
15,109
212,964
14,978
212,945
235,519
131
19
577
100
477
13,716
5,494
8,222
13,530
5,484
8,m
186
10
176
279,984
242,096
37,88^
279,940
242,064
37,876
44
32
12
» 15
849
Electrotypers, stereotypers, and lithographers..
Electrotypers and stereotypersLithographers
12,506
4,368
8,13fi
11,929
4,268
7,661
Engineers (stationary), cranemen, hoistmen, eta
Engineers (stationary)
Cranemen, derrickmen, hoistmen, etc.-
(>)
231,041
(»)
(')
231,031
(')
Engravers
13,967
13,429
538
15,053
14,492
561
Filers, grinders, buffers, and polishers
(metal)
Buffers and polishers
Filers
Grinders
49,525
30,496
10,236
8,793
46,679
28,191
10,069
8,419
2,846
2,305
167
374
59,785
30,511
10,959
18,315
57,315
28,484
10,893
17,938
2,470
2,027
66
377
Firemen (eicept locomotive and fire department)
Foremen and overseers (manufiacturing).
111,248
175,098
111,248
155,358
19,740
143,875
307,413
143,862
277,242
13
30,171
Fnmacemen, smeltermen, heaters, pouretc
Fumacemen and smeltermen
Heaters
l^adlers and pourers
Puddlers
36,251
19,735
10,120
679
5,717
36,226
19,719
10,111
679
5,717
40,806
18,201
16,470
1,020
5,115
40,800
18,197
16,468
1,020
6,115
Glass blowers-.
15,504
15,474
0,144
9,055
Jewelers, xvatchmakers, goldsmiths, and
silversmiths
Goldsmiths and sUversmiths
II^
Jewelers and lapidaries (factory)
Jewelers and watchmakers (not in
factory)
32,574
5,757
10,631
30,037
5,553
8,783
2,537
204
1,848
4,828
8,757
37,914
4,771
7,701
1,678
57
1,056
16,186
15,701
485
20,007
25,442
565
869,478
853,679
15,799
Laborera(n.o, s.«):
laborers
specified
623,203
608,075
16,128
C t o i r a l and allied industries
Fertilizer factories.
Paint and varnish factories
Powder, f r i d g e , dynamite, fuse, and
fireworks factories
Soap factories
Other chemical factories
II!
41,741
9,847
2; 959
39,711
9,757
2,842
74,289
12,943
4,841
70,994
12,808
4,677
3,295
135
164
4,277
3,433
21,225
3,ftl7
3,173
19,992
8,467
4,715
43,323
7,821
4; 346
41,342
646
369
1,981
Cigar and tobacco factories
16,3921
11,436
35,157
21,295
13,862
1
uti™
4,9561
indudo cement finishers; these numbered 7,,621 in 1920.
"cranemen, derrickmen, hoistmen, etc.," were classified w i t h the semiskilled oper-
54
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupaiiont classified
hu sdx, for the United States: JO JO and 1920—Continued
[The figures for lUlOfor ccrtainofthn dl^isltm totaL<i nnf! nJso for crrlnin ln<iIvliJual ottmpations hare been
'
corrcitcd to conform to the dassiflcation for I920J
1920
1910
OCCUPATION
Total
Male
Total
Female
Male
Female
Manulkcturing and meGh&ZLie&l
industries—Continued
Laborers (n. o. s.i)—ConUnucd.
Clay, glass, and stone industries
Brick, tile, and terra cotta factories-.
Glass factories
l i m e , cement, and artificial stone
factories
Marble and stone yards
Potteries
Clothing industries
Corset factories
Glove factories
H a t factories (felt)
Shirt, collar, and cuflt factories
Suit, coat, cloak, and overall factories.
Other clothing factories
152,438
77,333
23,686
2,388
621
124,544
48,636
28,837
120,215
48, OW
537
35,931
6,847
8,641
152
68
599
30,051
5,084
11,836
29,884
5,081
10,710
W7
23
1,13«
5,424
286
446
1,541
^816
6,414
194
sis
821
1,651
679
1,363
1,301+
994
12,776^
771
1,757;
9S9,
2,708j
2,567
1,317
2,219
960
6,362
577
858
164
1,391
1,7M
1,607
75,691
3,755
6,324
755
159,535
8,315:
143,397
6,869
16.138
1,446
128
1,133
233
91
9S7
1,432
108
1,457
15,190^
6,584
6,300
13,058
59, M8l
15,733
16,686
14,174
4,39S
5,291
17,983
9,743
55,436
15,414
14,119
1,885
63,519!
1,727
63,412
158
107
717,022
11,292
8a 874
2.')6,548
53,280
68,917
9,594
173,734
62,783
12,591
117
2,467
*MS
424
218
26, m 2;47«
m
r o o d industries
Bakeries
Butter, chcese, and condensed m i l k
factories
, Candy factories
Fish curing and packing
Flour and grain mills
F r u i t and vegetable canning, etc
Slaughter and packing bouses
Sugar factories and refineries
Other food factories
4,81C
2,878]
4,870,
9,243;
4,670,
33,903!
8,270
4,688
1,845
4,637
9.152
3,083
32,471
8,647
6,813
ITarness and saddle Industries
Helpers i n buUding and hand trades..,
1,298
06,303
66,222
81
Iron and steel Industries
Agricultural implement factories
Automobile factories
Blastfurnaces and steel rolling mills >,
Car and railroad shops
Ship and boat building
Wagon and carriage factories
Other iron and steel factories»
N o t specified metal industries
482,941
n,or>7
15,783
202,352
48,342
ll,»S3
12,391
138,059
42,924
476,801
ia953
15,644
201,030
48,114
11,975
12,232
134,295
42,558
6,140
114
139
1.362
228
159
3,764
366
729,6131
11,409,
83,3411
258,830
53,643
69,196
9,817
179,607
03,770
Other metal industries
Brass mills
Clock and watch factories
Copper factories
Gold and silver factories
Jewelry factories
Lead and rinc factories
Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories.
Other metal factories
44,773
10,885
1,879
11,580
l,277j
GGS
7.945
7,587
2.946
*42,134
10,606
1,202
11,532
1,101
528
7,871
6,709
2,525
2,f»39
279
617
54
176
140
74
878
421
67,887
18,485
3,108
10,963
2,272;
1,421
8,927
17,605
6,106j
62,771
17,614
1,929
lasos
317,244
23,618
4,459
26a 142
29,025
313,228
23,089
4,099
258,361
27,679
4,016
529
360
1,781
1,346
320,613{
35,272
5,32l|
245,683:
34,337
309,874
32,600
4,596
241,334
31,344
10,739
2,672
725
31,388
29,959
1,429
52,263
49,7S6
2,477
7,041
5,217
1,824
11,436
8,886
2,550
1,557
5»4S4
1,096
4,131
461
1.363
3,455
7,981
6,240
zm
809
1,741
10^277
20,798
7,952
20,491
14,194
19,210:
26.703
27,480.
) Includes iron foundries.
* Includes box factories (wood).
5'22
777
Lumber and furniture industries
Furniture factories
Piano and organ factories.,
Saw and planing mills <
Other woodworUng factories..
Paper and p u l p mills
Printing and publishing
Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag,
etc.. factories
Printing, publishing, and engraving.
Shoe factories.,
Tanneries
1 N o t otherwise spedflcd.
* Includes tinplate mills.
1,210
88
8
4325
307
18,121
1,01ft
2,186
1,039
138
3,315
4,112
319
2.567
^^
279
223
2,061
211
1,255
8,859
15,436
4,709
6S
2,169
397
FACTS ABOUT WOBKINQ WOMEK
55
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified
by sex, for the United States: 1010 and
Continued
fThefiguresfor 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
*
corrected to conform to the classiflcatioa forl920l
1910
Total
Male
1920
Female
Total
Male
Female
Uanofacturing and raechanical
iAdostries—Continued
Laborers (n. o. s.^—Continued.
Textile industriesCarpet mills
Cotton mills
Knitting mills.,
Lace and embroidery mills
Silk mills.
Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills
Woolen and worsted mills
Other textile mills
Hemp and jute mills..
Linen mills..
3,769
37,804
7,8(M
705
3,79S
3,437
32,037
4,2&4
468
2; 686
332
5,767
3,540"
237
1,112
3,953
76,315
11,943
944
10; 080
3,378
6,603
677
7,350
575
16,669
5,340
267
2,730
9,958
12,290
9.S62
10^245
596
2,045
10,605
22,227
9,885
18,238
720
3,989
11,018
1,462
733
3,797
2,410
167
259
4,757
8,608
1,295
479
3,131
234
3,469
17,243
1,254
458
4,268
283
10,980
14,564
1,110
304
3,805
237
9,018
2,679
144
94
463
46
1,932
246,677
1,565
1,105
11,446
8,176
11,434
16. M9
229,517
1 340
790
11,431
8,011
10,053
16,534
17,160
225
315
15
165
1,381
15
2,800
1,407
9,384
15,417
26,789
18,845
426,398
2,407
1,093
9,352
15,255
23,562
18,787
37,493
393
314
32
162
3,227
1,90S
18,857
1,403
11,215
13,546
413
985
6,405
32,237
109,433
1,757
18,294
791
11,151
12,224
319
909
6,354
29,836
99,723
151
3,274
10,295
2,401
31,566
47,515
513
304
235
983
229
2&1
Other Industries
Broom and brush factories
Button factories
Charcoal and coke works
Electric light and power plants
Electrical supply factories
Gasworks
Leather belt, leather case, etc., factories
Liquor and beverage Industries
Paper hot factories
Petroleum refineries
Rubber factories
Straw factories
Tnmk factories
Turpentine distUleries
Other miscellaneous industries
Other not specified industries
Loom flxets,.^..
666
1,
30
1,322;
94
76
51
2,401
9,710
3,678
10,530
3,384
31.795
51,467
577
2,486
9,731
84,337
191,354
9,605
77,583
170,921
217
126
6,754
20,443
13,254
13,254
15,961
15,958
3
488,019
461,344
17,442
9,263
487,956
461,271
17,442
0,243
894,662
801,901
37,669
55,092
894,654
801,896
37,669
55,089
8
Managers and superintendents (manufacturing)
10i210
102^748
1,462
201,721
196,771
4,950
Manufacturers and officials.
Manufacturers
Officials
256,591
235,107
21,484
251,892
230,809
21,083
4,699
4,298
401
231,615
183,386
48,229
223,289
178,441
44,848
4,945
3,381
281,741
4,645
3,727
273,369
281,690
4,638
3,727
273,325
44
23,265
3,657
7
69,598
M ^ i n l s t s , millwrights, and toolmakers
Machinists
and die setters and sinkers.
^^
Mechanics (n.o.s.i)
248
3,732
(')
OtiMD^^lwksmlth3,andbel^
Molders. founders, and casters ( m e t a l ) - . .
Brass mplders, founders, and castersIron molders, founders, and casters..
Other molders, founders, and casters.
Oilers of machineiT
^(build.^.
Painters, 8 liers, and vamlshers
tory)..
(fac-
»Not Otherwise specified.
M
(»)
5
61
7
23,152
127,906
23,093
6,459
122,447
23,272
73.255
120,900
120,783
6,609
112,070
2; 204
117
3
52
62
123,681
7,238
114,031
2,412
123,668
7,238
114,022
2,408
13
112,122
2; 266
14,013
13,990
24,612
24,568
44
337,355
2,999
334,814
1,968
2»641
1,031
323,032
4,137
319,697
3,168
3,335
969
273,441
273,060
381
248,497
248,394
103
60,916
69,786
1,129
70,398
68,135
2,263
Painters, glaiiers, vamlshers, enamelers.
querers, and Japaimers..,
^lers, and varaishers
73
* Comparable figures for 1910 not available.
9
4
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
56
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation^ cUusiJUd
by sex, for the United States: 1910 and
Continued
[The figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain Individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the dassiflcation for 1^20]
IKSO
1010
OCCUPATION
Total
Male
Female
Total
^lale
Fenuae
H&nnfactnrinc and mechanical
industries—Continued
25,fi77
23,fi59
24,780
23,006
797
553
18,746
27,730
18,338
27,663
Plasterers and cement finishers
Cement finishers
Plasterers..
147,082
t 47,676
to
47,C82
47,676
45,876
7,62i:
38,255^
45,870
7,621
38,249
Plumbers and gas and steam fitters
Pressmen and plate printers (printing)—,
Rollers and roll hands (metal)
Roofers and slaters. Sawyers
148,301
20,084
18,407i
14,078
43,276
148,304
19,892
18,384
14,078
43,257
192
23
200,718
18,CS3
25,001*
11,378
33,809
206,715
18,683.,
?5,0G1.
11,378!.
33,800,
30^705'
635.
3,920
17,158
622
3,292
13,517
13
628
50,341
1,407,
5,521
32,072
1,352
4,686
55
835
5,263'
4,44^
16,444
2,858
2,516
7,870
2,405
1,927
8,574
7,379
6,288'
29,74«,
4,811
^239
17,984
2,568
3,049
11,762
Paper hangers
Pattern and model makers..
Semiskilled operatives (n. o. s.»):
Chemical and allied industries
Fertilizer factories
Paint and varnish factories
Powder, cartridge, dynamite, fuse,
and fireworks factories.
Soap factories
Other chemical factories
(0
408
57
151,801
70,956
71.845
145,222
61,262
83,960
Clay, fijoss- and stone industries
Brick, tile, and terracotta factories..
Glass factories
Lime, cement, and artificial stone factories
Marble and stone yards.
Potteries
88,691
13,407
41,877
79,230
1Z619
37,927
758
3,950
85,434!
9,987
44,831
72,269
9,357
37,636
13,165
630
7,195
8,539
16,259
8,480
8,389
11,785
129
150
4,474
7,633
5,546
17,437
7,436
5,478
1:^372
307
68
5,065
Clothing industries
Corset factories
Glove factories
Hat factories (felt)
Shirt, collar, and cufi factories
Suit, coat, cloak, and overall factories,
Other clothing factories.-.,,^
386,136
13,073
19,339
33,020
60,169
138,012
122,493
148,866
1,375
5,353
22,702
13,311
75,444
30^681
237,270
409,361
12,642
23,357
21,178
52,377
143,872
155,935;
143,718
1,115
6,584
14,716
10,361
79,357
31,585
64,515
124,350
Food industries
Bakeries
Butter, cheese, and condensed milk
factories
Candy factories
Fish curing and packing
Flour and grain mills
F r u i t and vegetable canning, etc
Slaughter and packing houses
Sugar factories and refineries
Other food factories.,.
105,283
8,938
3,008
188,895
20r441
116,493
8»&58
11,583
11,508
3a 943
2,776
3,992
6,290
25,897
1,871
13,978
11,065
13,608
1,786
3,750
2,127
23,492
1,655
8,192
Cigar and tobacco factories
Harness and saddle Industries
I r o n and steel industries
Agricultural implement factories
Automobile factories
Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills >
Car and railroad shops
Ship and boat building
Wagon and carriage factories
Other i r o n and steel factories *
N o t specified metal industries
13; 986
10,318
46,858
62,598
91,812j
36,600!
2,745
31,368
562
22,650
21,958
17,573
345,483
4,494
20,243
67,889
47,406
14,464
21,255
138,677
31,055
24?; 4 ^
16,942
632,161
7,13^
108,376
89,536
97,ooa
97,175
8,749
309,112
15,084
91,291
17,482
18,244
2,986
6,239
60,844
13,576
10,043
2,834
4,432
1.084
16,043
2,383
Other metal industries
69,815
48,956
20,859
Brass mills.
16,885
14,350
2,535
Clock and watch factories
15,628
9,252
6,376!
Copper factories
1,968
1,915
53
Gold and silver factories
6,831
4,14lJ
I,690l
» Cement finishers were Included w i t h brick and stone masons*' i n 1910.
«Not otherwise spedfied.
* Includes tin-plate mills.
i r o n foundries.
for< Indudes
FRASER
Digitized
16,096
20,913
4,363
7,524
3,898
41,906
3,144
9,791
369,040
4,866
21,091
70,273
47,783
14,530
22,339
154,720
33,438
121,164
93,627
97,979
97,666]
16,773
6,462
42,016
6,306
8,065
662
7,843
976
491
681
36,338
3,906
8,201
152
81
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G WOMEN"
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupationj classified
hy sex^ for the United States: 1910 and 1920—Continued
[Thefiguresfor 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the classification for 1920]
1910
Total
Male
10,834
1,91&
10,611
6,143
168,271
44,&40
18,953
36,618
6,334
1,652
6,674
4,638
154,324
40,936
17,400
63,6^1
32,304
Paper and pulp mills
36,383
25,803
Printing and publishing
Blank book» envelope, tag, paper
bag, etc., factories
Printing, publishing, and engraving-
68,790
32,851
10,032
58,758
3,422
29,429
Shoe factories
Tanneries^
181,010
33,652
Textile industries:
Carpet mills
Cotton mills
Knitting inill?
Lace and embroidery mills
Silk mills
Textile dyeing, finishing, and printWoolen and w o r s t ^ ' m f l b r i X I X I Z I -
1920
Female
Total
Male
Female
UumfactnTing and mechanical
industriea—C ontinued
SemiskiUed operatives (n. o. s.O—Contd.
Other metal industries—Continued.
Jeweky factories
Lead and zinc factories
Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories.
Other metal factories
Lumber and furniture industries—.
Fumiture factories
Piano and organ factories
Saw and planing mills '
Other woodworking factories
4,500
263
3,937
1,505
13,947
3,704
1,553
2,376
6,314
15,083
2,464
19,356
9,437
168,719
55,717
19,852
57,320
35,830
150,079
48,906
16,949
54,016
30,208
10,680
54,669
41,321
13,348
3^939
80,403
39,281
41,122
6,610
29,329
13,694
66,709
5,117
34,164
8,577
32,545
121,744
31,746
1,906
206,225
32,226
132,813
28,598
73,412
3,628
37,347
280,149
87,866
16,027
79,379
17,655
139,483
22,528
4,336
29,019
19,692
140,666
65,338
11,691
50,360
23,387
302,454
107,604
19,083
115,721
13,003
153,269
26,922
6,086
42,953
10,384
149,185
80,682
12,997
72,768
16,371
105,186
11,168
53,130
5,203
52,056
17,736
126,418
12,154
64,703
5,582
61,715
67,228
4,621
1,084
6,517
3,365
50,741
26,287
2,007
703
3,022
2,324
18,231
40,&41
2,614
1,281
3,495
1,041
32,510
79,994
4,168
2,574
8,454
3,543
61,255
34,944
1,951
860
4,714
2,533
24,881
45,050
2,217
1,714
3,740
1,005
36,374
Other industries
Broom and brush factories
Building and hand trades
Button factories
Charcoal and coke works
Electriclight and power plants...
Electric^ supply factories
Gasworks
leather belt,leathVr"^Ve'tc^7actoriM
Liquor and beverage industries,—
Paper box factories
Petroleum refineries
Rubber factories
Straw factories
Trunk factories
T o n t i n e distilleries
Other miscellaneous industries....
Other not specified Industries
346,430
11,163
11,733
11,461
1,634
8,880
24,677
5,732
11,653
31,503
17,917
1,739
31,593
5,915
4,944
1,449
71,050
93,487
222,111
9,037
10,212
6,682
1,618
8,701
13,636
6,689
8,473
29,664
4,862
1,669
21,170
1,945
4,381
1,441
41,244
51.684
124,319
2,126
1,521
4,779
16
176
11,041
43
3,080
1,839
13,055
70
.10,423
3,970
563
8
29,806
41,803
622,662
12,606
7,003
12,977
410,256
10,219
1,138
121,968
207,047
7,768
1,692
15,610
37,452
9,294
12,809
14,960
7,077
8,229
67,370
7,751
4,644
1,130
75,772
121,496
212,406
2,387
20
5,209
Shoemakers and cobblers (not in factory)
69,570
68,788
782
78,859
78,599
260
Stffled occupations (n. o. s.i)
Annealers and temperers (metal)...
gano and organ tuners
W ^ carvers
Other skilled occupations
16,808
1,901
6,633
5,368
2,906
16,560
1,894
0,528
5,308
2,830
248
7
105
60
76
19,395
2,913
7,(M7
3,025
6,411
19,326
2,910
7.007
3.008
6,401
69
3
40
17
35,731
11,427
204,606
35,726
11,427
163,795
40,813
Other textUe mills
Hemp and jute mUls
Linen mills
Hope and cordage factories
Sail, awning, and tent factories
Not specified teitUe mills
Stonecutter
Stmctiiral iron workers (building)
^ Not otherwise specified.
60,000
15; 949
64,841
m
8,891
86,204
»Includes box factories (wood).
8,946
2,186
12,167
6,660
22,096
18,836
160,404
6,137
278
7,189
2,777
18,640
6,811
2,903
3,304
5,622
27,389
168
4,380
695
13,375
662
18,834
6,351
812
8
46,196
85,551
3
31,828
68
FACTS ABOUT W O E K I N G WOMEIT
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation^ ctassified
by sex, for the United States: 1910 and 19S0—Continued
[The figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
corrected to conlorm to tbe classification for 1920)
1920
1910
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Manufacturing and mechanical
industries^Continued
21
24
74,9f»S
74,957
5,232
C9,72S
11
1
27.
2,850,528
2,267
Tinsmiths and coppersmiths..-.
Coppersmiths
Tinsmiths and sheet metal workers
3,410
56,423
59,809
3,410
£6,399
Upholsterers
X,221
IS,92S
2,637,420
2,530,795
5,304
24,242
62,857
46,510
5,289
24,242
62,813
46,498
35,376
45,785
40S,469
35,339
45,752
406,396
6,606
5.279
63»3SS
5,2V>
63,382
6,600
3,866
41,944
15,973
207
194,882
4,468
1HS76
4,462
158,204
31,339
278
111
180,468
9^946
34,795
18a 468
8,&46
34,612
115,673
11,192
163
183
11,168
15,598
15,368
230
23,231
17,033
12,273
4,760
17,028
12,273
4,755
16,819^
11,878
4,941
16,789
11,875
4,914
30
3
27
Boiler washers and engine hostlers
Brakemen
Conductors (steam railroad)
Conductors (street railroad)
10^409
92,572
65,604
56.932
10,409
92,572
65,604
56,932
25,3W
114,107
74,539
63,7C0|
25,271
114,107
74,539
63,507
253
Foremen and overseers
Steam railroad
Street railroad
60.933
65,260
4,673
65,038
4,655
240
222
18
79,294
73,046
6,248
79,216
72,980
6.236
78
66
12
570,975
^13,168
27,807
567,522
539,920
27,602
3,453
3,248
305
495,713
470,199
25,514
488,659
463,613
25,046
7,054
6,586
Transportation
Water transportation (selected occupations):
Boatmen, canal men, and lock keepers..
Captains, masters, mates, and pilots...
Longshoremen and stevedores
Sailors and deck hands
Road and street transportation (selected
occupations}:
CarriflRe and hack drivers
Chauffeurs
Draymen, teamsters, and expressmen L
Foremen of l i v e r y and transfer companies
Garage keepers and managers
Hostlers and stable hands
Laborers (garage, road, and street)
Garage
Road and street building and repairing
Street cleaning.^
l i v e r y stable keepers and managers...
Proprietors and managers of transfer
companies
Railroad transx>ortation (selected occupations):
Baggagemen and freight agents..
Baggai
Baggagemen...
Freight agents..
Laborers
Steam railroad-,
Street railroad..
1,293
5,23^
69,735
29,605
106,625 3,063,582
10
313, «M
54,800
33
2
323
33
284,096
41^484
01
649
04S
6,2S6
25,318
85,005
2
3
4
72
2G6
Locomotive engineers ».
Locomotive flremen
96,229
76»381
96,229
76,381
109,899
91,345
109,899
91,345
—
MotorraenSteam railroad
Street railroad
68,705
2; 487
56,218
58,705
2,487
56,218
66,519
3,660
66,499
3,560
62; 939
"26
62^959
20
51
35,830
22,236
35,881
41
32,385
19,80?
32,426
10
2,433
2,433
3,445
3,455
» Tcanwters I n agriculture, forestry,f and "-V.
the 1
extracUon
minerals Are
are c***iH
classified
« » . v iof minerals
11 tiviw i t h the other work^s
-- ,
i n those industries, respectively; and drivers for bakeries and laundries are classified w i t h dcliTcrymen in
trade.
Cfflcials and superintendents.
Steam railroad
Street railroad
22,238
19,8a5
PACTS ABOtTT WOBKING WOMEN
59
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupaiionj classified
by sex, for the United States: 1910 and
Continued
rrbe figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
correctcd to conform to tho classification for 19201
1910
1920
OCCUPATION
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Transportation—Continued
Eailroad t r a n ^ r t a t i o n (selected occupations)—Continued,
Switchmen, flagmen, and y a r d m e n —
Switchmen and fiagmen (steam rail
road)
Switchmen and flagmen (street rail
road)
Yardmen (steam railroad)
85,147
85,095
111,565
111,000
565
73,419
73,367
101,917
101,359
558
2,153
9,575
2,153
9,575
2,500
7,148
2,496
7,145
24,138
22,930
1,208
26,585
24,324
2,261
Express, post, telegraph, and telephone
(selected occupations):
Agents (express companies)
5,875
5.804
71
5,293
5,193
100
Express messengers and railway mail
clerks
Express
Railway
22,021
6,781
15,240
22,018
6,778
15,240
3
25,005
9,138
15,867
24,996
9,129
15,867
Mail carriers
Telegraph and telephone linemen,..
Telegraph messengers
Telegraph operators
Telephone operators
80,678
28,350
9,152
69,953
97,893
79,667
28.347
9,074
61,734
9,631
1,011
3
78
8,219
88,262
91,451
37,917
9,403
79.434
190,160
90,131
37,905
8,969
62,574
11,781
1,320
12
434
16,860
178,379
14,738
14,333
405
25,995
25,958
37
7,064
3,843^
3,016
815
7,064
3,439
3,016
814
404
....
9,558
6,822
3,488
6,127
9,657
6,797
3,488
6,116
1
25
50,233
42,721
3,451
1,340
33,432
9,089
7,369
5,088
5,966
5,920
49,848
42,675
3,445
2,491
1,237
33,229
9,067
7,362
5,011
5,963
5,826
18,957
11,603
7,354
48,124
18,384
11,059
7,325
46,634
573
544
29
1,490
4,331
4,435
350
28,621
27,916
299
9,259
40
9,088
1,831
221
1,410
1,774
40
1,753
2,204
43
2,136
3,676,187
468,088 4,242,979
104
705
171
421
21
68
667,792
5,3(W
4,226
Ticket and station agents
Other transportation pursuits:
Foremen and overseers (n. o. sJ)
Road and street building and repairing
Telegraph and telephone
Water transportation
Other transportation'
Inspectors
32,962
33,237
Steam railroad
27,525
27,661
Street raikoad
_ __
2,265
2,268
Telegraph and telephone
2,485
2,619
Other transportation
687
689
26,300
26,655'
Laborers (n. o. s,»)
2,979
3,010,
Express companies-2,605
2,605
Pi^-lines
5,251
5,312
Telegraph a n ^ t e l V p h o n V r " " ! " " ! ^
14,177
14,267
Water transportation
1,288
1,361
Other transportation
Proprietors, officials, and managers
„ ( n . 0,8.1)
13,411
14,839
8,680
Telegraph and telephone
4,731
Other transportation _
4,750
37,749
Other occupations (semiskilled)
38,742
Rpad and street building and repairing
4,726
5,076
Steam railroad
24,125
24,424
5,147
Street raikoad
]
5,187
992
Telegraph and telephone
1,213
1,905
Water transportation
1,945
854
Other transportation
897
Trade.^t
3,614,670 8,148,582
B^kere, brokers, and money lenders....
Bankers and bank officials
Commercial brokers and commission
men
I^an^brokers and loan company offlS^tockbrokera
Brokers not specified and promoters
275
136
3
134
2
255
31
'"ei
90
73
1,428
1,409
19
2,821
3
203
•
22
7
77
3
94
105,804
56,059
103,170
54,387
2,634
1,672
161,613
82,375
156,309
78,149
24,009
23,690
319
27,552
27,358
194
2,111
1,232
13,729
8,664
1,989
1,191
13,522
8,391
122
41
207
273
4,385
1,088
29,609
16,6M
4,255
1,066
29,233
16,248
130
22
376
366
\ Not otherwise specified.
, „
,
jjj^Marked increase, 1910 to 1920, probably duo mainly to Increase in garage and pipe-line foremen, here
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
60
Total versons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified
by s^, for the United States: 1910 and 1920—Continued
[The figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain Individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the classiacation for 1920]
1930
1910
OCCUPATION •
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Trade—Continued
Clerks I n stores»
Commercial travelers
Decorators, drapers, and window dressers
387,183
163,620
5,341
275,589
161,027
4,902
213,521
176,514
7,69S
170,397
2,806
1,155
Deliverymen»
Bakeries and laundries
Stores ®
229,619
24,030
205,589
229,4€9
24,012
205,457
170,039
20,858
149,181
196
30
166
20,724
17,&46
2,778
17,649
14,900
2,749
22,367
16,565
6,802
4,070
4,039
31
Floorwalkers, foremen, and overseers
Floorwalkers and foremen i n stores
Foremen (warehouses, stockyards, etc.)
Inspectors, gangers, and samplers
13,446
11,685
12,683
1,031
Insurance agents and officials
Insurance agents
Officials of insurance companies........
97,964
88,463
9,501
95,302
85,926
9,376
134,978]
119,918
15,000
129,589
114,835
14,754
5,083
306
Laborers i n coal and lumber yards, warehouses, etc
Coal yards
Elevators
Lumberyards
Stockyards
Warehouses
81,123
16,663
6,346
43,398
6,998
8,718
80,450
16,655
6,335
43,389
5,991
8,080
125,009
25,192;
11.312,
43,351
124,713
25,157
11,244
43,297
22,859
22,156
35
63
54
29
710
Laborers, porters, and helpers i n stores..
Newsboys
102,333
29,708
98,169
29,435
116,602
27,635
8,405
326
22,362
2,200
6,118
4,393
21,352
I,640
6,105
4,368
33,715
2,357
8,836
6,310
1,061
669
22
43
10,591
10V339
16,539
16,212
327
149,135
139,927
Pro^rietorSj^ officials,
and
22,888
22,
4,16
managers
EmploymentVfflOBkw^rsrrillll"^
Proprietors, etc., elevators
Proprietors, etc., warehouses
Other proprietors, officials, and man-
Beal estate agents and officials..
Retail dealers*
Agricultural implements and wagons..
A r t stores and artists' materials...
Automobiles and accessories
Bicycles
Books
Boots and shoes
Butchers and meat dealersBuyers and shippers of grain
Buyers and shippers of livestock
Buyers and shippers of other farm produce
Candy and confectionery
Cigars and tobacco
Carpets and r u g s . . .
:
Clothing and men's furnishings
Coal and wood
Coffee and tea
Crockery, glassware, and queensware-.
Curios, antiques, and novelties
Delicatessen stores
Department stores
Drugs and medicines, including drug^ g i s t s and pharmacists
D r y goods, fancy goods, and notions...
Five and ten cent and variety stores...
Florists (dealers)»
Flour and feed
125,862
122,935
2,927
1,328,275 1,249,295
7,760
7,789
1,989
2,646
28,626
28,768
2,200
2,221
2,600
3,035
21,781
22,544
120,940
122,105
7,288
7,305
30,433
30,464
1,127,926
8,410
1,955
4,545
1,486
2,796
18,470
122,757
II,454
32,346
6,806
21,601
16,375
1,152
34,229
23»&42
5,112
2,298
2,377
2,313
8,564
68
7,937
1,353
86
1,044
624
239
210
358
718
406
10,640
40,091
19,141
1,132
46,653
26,656
6,044
1,618
3,353
4,333
11,752
80,167
2,161
65,414
63,909
7,962
67,321
6,963
1,037
3,294
6,746
407
2,627
9,309
106
0,363
« M a n y of the "clerks i n stores" probably are "salesmen and saleswomen."
• * Not*ot^mTse s ^ d f i ^ f
^ ^ ^ mainly to substitution of motor for horse-drawn
J Includes, also, managers and superintendents of retail stores.
• Growers of flowers are shown under " A g r i c u l t u r e , " p. 61.
10,607
32,368
18,031
1,116
43,440
26,057
4,766
1,505
2,593
3,665
10,800
76,995
66,158
4,899
4,784
9,2121
78,990
29
657
142
21
435
763
31
7,723
1,110
16
3,213
278
113
760
768
953
3,162
7,751
1069
962
97
deUvery wagons.
81
FACTS ABOUT WORKING W O M E N "
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified
by seXy for the United States: 1910 and iP^i?—Continued
[The figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occuoations have been
corrected to conform to the classification for 1920]
1910
Total
Male
1920
Female
Total
Male
Female
23,385
26,013
4,789
4,420
80,026
239,236
41,144
2,706
50,402
8,203
21,433
22,749
4,350
27,687
13, m
7,909
8,474
6,577
12,632
34,473
2,024
5,951
52,681
65,728
22,185
25,337
4,434
4,335
76,317
216,059
40,453
2,685
48,493
8,166
20,652
22,596
4,307
27,589
12,509
7,360
7,808
6,298
11,743
32,873
1,985
5,260
49,955
1,200
676
355
85
3,709
23,177
691
21
1,909
37
781
153
43
98
595
549
666
279
889
1,600
39
691
2,726
6,245
257,720 1,177,494
5
5,048
3,130
4,823
4,098
41,841
250,487 1,125,782
816,352
5,045
1,639
40,207
769,461
361,142
3
3,184
1,634
356,321
1,127
Trade—Continued
Eetail d e a l e r s C o n t i n u e d .
Fruit
Furniture
Furs
Gas fixtures and electrical suppliesGeneral stores
' Groceries
Hardware, stoves, and cutlery
Harness and saddlery
Hucksters and peddlers
Ice
Jewelry.
Junk
Leather and hides
Lumber
MUk..
Music and musical instruments.
Newsdealers
Oil, paint, and wall paper
Opticians
Produce and provisions
Rags__
Stationery.,
Other specified retail dealers.
Not specified retail dealers
Salesmen and saleswomen
Auctioneers.
Demonstrators
Sales agents
Salesmen and saleswomen (stores)
195,432
39,663
7,541
80,415
7,361
29,962
15,219
2,475
27,250
14,694
5,222
7,075
6,818
6,284
29.639
1,975
5,823
38,612
45,621
921,130
3,990
4,380
35,522
877,238
1,281
170
687
1,746
4,128
663,410
3,985
1,250
31,424
626,751
tlndertakers
Wholesale dealers, importers, and exporters
20,734
19,921
813
24,469
23,342
51,048
50,123
925
73,574
72,780
794
Other pursuits (semiskilled)
Fruit graders and packers
Meat cutters
Packers, wholseale and retail trade
Other occupations
41.640
4,715
15,405
13,401
8,119
34,068
2,677
15,378
10,392
5,621
7,572
2,038
27
3,009
2,498
67,611
8,074
22,884
19,701
16,952
52,106
4,988
22,804
13,603
10,711
15,505
3,086
80
6,098
6,241
459,291
445,733
13,658
21,794
PubHe senrice (not elsewhere clawifled)
770,460
748,666
Firemen (fire department)
Guards, watchmen, and doorkeepers
35,606
78,271
35,606,
78,168
50,771
115,553
50,771
115,154
399
L^orers (public service)
Garbage men and scavengers
Other laborers
67,234
4,227
63,007
66,505
4,227.
62,278
106,915
5,481
101,434
105,385
5,475
99,910
1,530
6
1,524
Marshals, sherifis, detectives, etc
Detectives
Marshals and constables
J o b a t i o n and truant officers
Sheriffs
23,599
6,349
9,073
1,043
7,134
23,219
6,162
9,071
855
7,131
30,968
11,562
188
3
32,214
11,955
6,897
2,679
10,683
10,627
1,246
393
17
780
56
Officials and Inspectors (city and county).
Officials and inspectors (city)
Offiaals and inspectors (county).
52,254
33,210
19,044
49,668
32,199
17,469
2,586
1,011
1,575
55,597
33,505
22,092
50,748
31,918
18,830
4,849
1,587
3,262
Officials and inspectors (state and tTnited
States)
'
Officials and inspectors (state)
Postmasters
Other United States officios
52,926
7,202
27,849
17,875
43,389
6,662
19,127
17,600
9,537
540
8,722
275
80,334
9,126
31,935
39,273
67,944
8,596
20,727
38,621
12,390
630
11,208
652
Policemen
Soldiers, sailors, and marines»
h
82,120 1 81,884
61,980..
61,980
225,503
225,503
77,153 ..
77,153
J Includes, also, managers and superintendents of retail stores.
' Includes only those resident i n continental United States at the date of the enumeration.
62
FACTS ABOUT W O R K I N G
WOMEN
Total vcrsom 10 years of age and over engaged in cach specified occupation, dasBiJied
by sextfor the United StaUs: 1010 and
Continued
fTho figures for 1910 for cxirtain of tho division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the classification for 19201
1930
1910
cxrirPATioN
Total
^lalc
Female
Total
Male
Female
Public serrice (not eltwhere c U t t i fled>—Continued
Other pursuits
Lifo-savers
LiRhthouso keepers..
Other occupations
10,2fiS
2,158
um
6,517
1,693.361
Profesdoual serTlce
Actors and showmen..
Actors
ShottTnen,
48,31«
28,297
» 20,096
10,045
2;i5S
1,652
6,335
9S9.470
35,293
16,305
118,988
223
21,453
2,287
41
182
17.703
1,144
2
21
1,121
7M,89l 2,143,889 1,127,391 1,016,408
13.100
48,172. 33,818 14,354
11,992
28,361 15,124] 13,237
1 1,108 19,811 18,6&1 1,117
Architects
Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art
16,613
34,104
16,311
18,675
Authors, editors, and reporters
Authors
Editors and reporters.....
33,750
4,3CS
34,382
32,611
2,310
30,201
34,197)
118,018
15,6r>8
39,99^
16,273
18,185
35,402
137
14,617
40,865
.6,668
8,736
3,006
5,730
15, CM
117,333
12,710
38.743
32, W1
127,270
33,407
56,152
101075
47,449
11,788
33,314
2,34
44,437
9,211
32,923
2,303
70,651
15,410
52,865
2,376
114,704
139,310
114,146
54,832
31,775
»151,132
« 142,117
122,519
130,265
5,030
34,259
144,977
120,781
57,587
3,367
27,140
137,758
1,738
72,678
1,663
7,119
7,219
Teachers
Teachers (athletics, dancing, etc.)..
Teachers (school)
599,237
3,931
505,306
121,210
2,768
118,442
478,027
1,163
476,864
761,766
9,711
752,055
116,848
639,241
4,054
635,207
Technical engineers
C i v i l engineers and surveyors...
Electrical engineers
Mechanical engineers»
M i n i n g engineers
88,755
62,033
<15,278
14,514
6,930
88.744
52;02S
* 15,272
14,514
6,930
II
136,121
82,327
11,652
5,819
11,652
76,508
149,12S
13,494
Other professional pursuits.
Aeronauts
Librarians
Other occupations
15,677
(')
7,423
8,254
7,585
8,092
5,091
5,829*
2,263
35,018
1,312
15,297
18,409
13,502
5,763
Semiprofessional pursuits
Abstractors, notaries, and jiisticta'of'
peacc
FOTtune^^lers, hypnotiste,"VpirUu-"
64,036
44,632
20,394
116,555
45,929
7,445
6,660
785
10,071
1,483
1,220
928
6,834
2,162
4,672
14,774
7,491
5,246
2,245
12,884
2,929
8,215
15,970
2,706
6,24.1
7,081
223
1,970
8,889
3,360
11,736
41,07S
11,322
2,744
376!
11,027
2,743
282
295
1
94
18,395
1,826
1,503
Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists....
Clergj'men
Cone^oj>residents and'profc^VsT
Designers, draftsmen, and inventors.
Designers
Draftsmen
Inventors
Lai
—Mans and teachers of music
Osteopaths
Photographers
Physicians and surgeons
Trained nurses
Veterinary surgeons
I.I
I!
Healers (exceprost^pVthsanTph^^^
dans and surgeons)
K w ^ r ^ o f charitable and penal instiKeci>crs of pleasure tcrorts,"ra^tracksV
etc
Officials o f i o d g o s , " s ^ i e t Y ^ r e V c V " I " "
Religious, charity, and welfare workers.
T h ^ t r i c a l owners, managers, and oflidals
Tiwfmen and s p o r t s m e n l l l l l l l l l l l l l l .
Other occupations
15,4
S,811
1,600
5
«6
I
" s h o w m e n " i n I9I0.
1 l^JoaDly I n c l u d e some teachers i n schools below cjollegiatc rank.
* lucIudcs,
also, all technical engineers not elsewhere classified.
64,6^
27,077
37,689
6,695
1,714
1,787
1,829
6^987^
9,758
5a 880
2,349^
136,060
64,642
27,065
37,678
6,695.
7,664
5,652
41
18
12
11
143,664
19,273
7,902
4,931
197
371
63
PACTS ABOUT WOBKING W O M B K
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation^ classified
hy sex, for the United States: 1910 and 1920—Continued
[The figures for 1910 for certain of the division totals and also for certain individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the classification for 19201
1910
Total
Male
1920
Female
Total
Male
Female
Professional serrice—Continued
Attendants and helpers (professional scrv<
ice)
-Dentists* assistants and apprentices...
Librarians' assistants and attendants..
Physicians* and surgeons' attendants..
Stage hands and circus helpers.
Theater ushers
Other attendants and helpers
Domestic and personal serrice..
(»)
2,0-18
4,140
6.836
2,278
507
689
6.444
2,131
(})
3,772,560
1,241,338
0)
Barbers, hairdressers, and m a n i c u r i s t s -
195,275
Billiard room, dance hall, skating, etc.,
keepersBilliard and pool room keepers
Dance hall, skating rink, etc., keepers.
2,792
3,451
392
147
31,712
6,708
2,279
7,051
5,803
6,221
4.650
14,693
1,768
1,067
641
5,377
2,868
2,972
17,019
4,940
1,212
6,410
426
2,353
1,678
(')
2,531,221 3,404,892 1,217,968 2,186,924
172,977
216,211
22,298
182,965
33,246
15,943
13,700
2,243
818
159
659
24,897
22,140
2,757
24,655
22,067
2,588
242
73
169
142,400
64, SW
189,273
113,081
23,052
14,000
7,195
25,010
50,269
15,940
91,629
133,392
15,175
36,803
40,713
55,583
221,612
178,628
18,652
15,142
11,848
33,376
41,449
17,262
149,590
114,740
33
24,955
7,337
14,134
204,350
29,038
Boardi]
lOuse keepers..
Bootblj
Charwomen and cleaners
•Elevator tenders
Hotel keepers and managers
Housekeepers and stewards
Janitors and seitons
Laborers (domestic and professional serv'
ice).
Launderers and laundresses (not i n laundry)
53,480
50,265
3,215
32,893
31,224
1,669
533,697
13,693
520,004
396,756
10,882
385,874
Laundry operatives >
Foremen and overseers
Laborers
Other operatives 3
112,264
3,071
8,786
100,407
35,909
1,674
5,432
76,355
1,397
3,3W
71,601
120,715
3,611
13,107
103,997
39,968
2,076
6,570
31,322
80,747
1,535
6,537
72,675
18, (H3
2.602
15,441
17,057
2,362
14,695
240
746
13,692
4,665
9,027
12,239
4,081
8,158
1,453
584
869
133,043
6,205
126,838
117,117
6,205
110,912
156,769
4,773
151,996
19,338
15,926
137,431
4,773
132,658
84,128
84,055
88,168
87,683
485
54,612
17,298
12,218
54,560
17,297
12,198
1
20
43,208
22,513
2^447
42,929
22,486
22,268
279
27
179
fi0,3lC
10,516
87,987
72,343
15,644
-
Laundry owners, officials,and managers».
Managers and officials
Owners and proprietors *
Midwives and nurses (not trained)Midwives
Nurses (not trained)
Porters (except i n stores)
Porters, domestic and professional service..,^
Porters, steam railroad
Other porters (except i n stores)
Eestaurant, caf6, and lunch-room keepers.
Servants..
Bell boys, chore b o y ^ e t c " !
Butlers..
Chambermaids
Coachmen and footmen
Cooks
Ladies' maids, valet^ etc..,
Nurse maids
Other servants
JI
60,832
1,572,225
18,329
13,168
39,789
25,667
450,440
•
24,222
1,000,610
15,926
ao
26,839
25
14,235
173,333
21,452
262,676 1,309,549 1,270,946
17,231
662
17,667
10,690
13,168
29,302
39,602
187
2,427
25,667
398,475
117,004
333,436
f
6,791
2,436
21,786 1 11,890
795,140
86,547
914,063
19,338
258,813 1,012,133
16,472
759
10,689
250
29,052
2,427
129,857 •"268,"618
1,268
4,523
11
11,879
697,301
97,839
Waiters
188,293
102,495
85,798
228,985
112,064
116,921
Other pursuits
Bartenders
Bathhouse keepers and attendants
Cemetery keepers
Cleaners and renovators (clothing, etc.)
Hunters, trappers, and guides
Saloon keepers
Umbrella menders and scissors grinders
Other occupations
109,119
101,234
4.595
4,842
14,860
3,887
68,21
1,053
433
192,931
100,984
3,125
4,811
12,215
3,840
66,724
1,016
6,188
250
1,470
31
2,645
47
1,491
37
217
84,967
26,085
2,858
5,540
21,667
7,332
17,835
917
2,733
78,475
25,976
2,032
5,496
17,094
7,28S
17,312
899
2,378
6,492
109
826
44
4,573
44
523
18
355
216
J Comparable figures for 1910 not avaUable.
> Some of the owners of hand laundries probably are included w i t h laundry operatives.
64
FACTS ABOUT WOEKING WOMEIT
Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupaiion, classified
by sex, for the United States: 1910 and
Continued
[The figures for 1910 for certain of tho division totals and also for certain Individual occupations have been
corrected to conform to the classification for 1920J
1910
Total
Clerical occupAtions
Male
1,737,053 1,143,829
1920
Female
Total
593,224 3,126,541
Male
Female
1,700,426 1,428,116
Agents, canvassers, and collectors
Agents
Canvassers
Collectors
105,127
60,785
18,595
35,747
96,325
48,495
13,980
33,850
8,802
2,290
4,615
1,897
175,772
130,338
14,705
30; 729
159,911
121,428
10,514
27,999
15,831
8,910
4,191
3,730
Bookkeepers* cashiers, and accountants..
Accountants and auditors
Bookkeepers and cashiers
486,700
39,239
447,461
299,545
35,653
263,892
187,155
3,586
183,569
734,688
118,451
616,237
375,564
105,073
27a m
359,124
13,378
345,748
Clerks (except clerks i n stores)
Shipping clerks
Weighers
Other clerks
720,498
80,353
11,504
628,581
597,833
78,192
10.984
508,657
122,065 1,487,905 1,015,742^
2,161
123,684
118,9 ^
5S0
16,229
14,7
119,924 1.347,992
882,0
472,163
4,740
1,499
465,924
108,035
10,806
96,748
4,274
113,022
6,973
96,76!
14,254
4,467
07,169
92; 474
4,695
106,049
96,2
316,693
53,378
263,315
615,154
Messenger, bundle, and oflQce boys and
girls I
Bundle and cash boys and girls
Messenger, errand, and ofDco boys and
girls»
Stenographers and typists
1 Except telegraph mcsscngeis.
O
11,287
6,692
2,5'
9,787
564,744
@FedFRASER