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1 * i I V Factory Workers’ Earnings in Selected Manufacturing Industries June 1959 Distribution of Nonsupervisory Workers in Selected Manufacturing Industries by Straight-Time Hourly Earnings Bulletin No. 1275 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU Ew an OF LABO R C la g u o , S T A T IS T IC S C o m m issio n e r Factory W orkers’ Earnings in Selected Manufacturing Industries June 1959 Bulletin No. 1275 M a y 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, W ashington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents Preface The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides in this bulletin the basic results of a nationwide survey of straighttime hourly earnings (exclusive of premium pay for over time and work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts) of non supervisory workers in selected manufacturing indus tries. The data reflect a June 1959 payroll period. The survey was part of a broad program of studies initiated by the U. S„ Department of Labor for continuing appraisal of Federal minimum wage legislation. The Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions participated in the planning of the survey and provided the necessary funds. This bulletin was prepared in the Bureau's Divi sion of Wages and Industrial Relations by Herbert Schaffer under the direction of Norman J. Samuels. Contents Page Summary ____________________________________________________________________________ Wage changes— April 1954 to June 1959 __________________________________________ Confectionery and related p ro d u cts______________________ Vegetable and animal oils and fats _______________________________________________ Knitting m ills _______________________________________________________ Men1s seam less hosiery m ills ___________________________________________________ Men’ s, youths1, and boys1 furnishings, work clothing, and allied garments ______________________________________________________________ Men*s, youths1, and boys* shirts (except work shirts), collars, and nightwear ___________________________________________________________ Women’ s, m is s e s 1, children’ s, and infants* under garments _________________ Girls*, children’ s, and infants* outerwear ______________________________________ Miscellaneous apparel and accessories __________________________________________ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products _______________________________________ Sawmills and planing m ills, general _____________________________________________ Wooden containers _________________________________________________________________ Miscellaneous wood products _____________________________________________________ Household furniture ________________________________________________________________ Handbags and other personal leather goods _____________________________________ Toys, amusement, sporting and athletic goods _______________________________ Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions, except precious metals ______________________________ 1 3 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 Tables: lo Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings of all nonsupervisory workers in selected manufacturing industries by selected characteristics, United States and South, June 1959 __________________ 2. Percentage distribution of all nonsupervisory workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-tim e hourly earn ings, United States and South, June 1959 _______________________________ 3. Percentage distribution of all nonsupervisory workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-tim e hourly earn ings for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, United States and South, June 1959 ______________________________________ 4. Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manu facturing industries by average straight-tim e hourly earnings, United States and South, June 1959 ______________________________________ 5. Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manu facturing industries by average straight-tim e hourly earnings for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, United States and South, June 1959_______________________________________ 6. Average straight-tim e hourly earnings and percent of production workers earning less than specified amounts of pay in selected manufacturing industries, United States, April 1954, April 1956, May 1958, and June 1959 _________________________________________________ 7. Average straight-tim e hourly earnings and percent of production workers earning less than specified amounts of pay in selected manufacturing industries, South, April 1954, April 1956, May 1958, and June 1959 _________________________________________________ 18 19 24 29 35 40 42 Appendixes: A. B. Scope and method of survey _______________________________________________ Questionnaire ______________________________________________________________ v 43 46 Factory Workers’ Earnings in Selected Manufacturing Industries. June 1959 Summary A pproxim ately 1^3 m illion non su p ervisory w ork ers w ere em ployed in the selected manufacturing industries surveyed in June 1959. 1 The econ om ic im portance of these industries m ay be m easured by the value o f goods shipped, which totaled over $20 b illion in 1957, 2 These industries w ere concentrated, fo r the m ost part, in the South and N ortheast region s, each accounting fo r about tw o-fifth s of the w ork ers. The em ploym ent of w om en was of m a jor significance in m ost of the industries studied, representing approxim ately half o f the total em ploym ent. 3 The p rop ortion of wom en in the w ork fo r c e was p a rticu la rly high in the apparel industries, w here they constituted about 85 p ercen t of the e m p loy ees. The use of incentive pay system s v a ried w idely among the industries studied. hi seven of the industries, half or m o re of the production w ork ers w ere paid by this method; in five other industries, fr o m on e-fifth to three-tenths of such w ork ers w ere paid on an incentive b a sis. The manufacturing industries studied w ere all rela tively low -w age in d u stries. The highest average hourly wage re co rd e d in June 1959 was $ 1 .8 4 at straigh t-tim e rates (excluding prem ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eek ends and late shifts) fo r non su pervisory w ork ers in the vegetable and anim al oils and fats industry (table 1). The le v e l of straigh t-tim e earnings in none of the other industry a vera ges exceeded $ 1 .6 5 , and was le s s than $ 1 .5 0 in nine indus trie s . The low est average hourly earnings w ere $1. 25 paid to n on su pervisory w ork ers in m e n 's sea m less h o sie ry m ills . In contrast, the straight-tim e average (e x clu siv e of prem ium pay fo r overtim e work) fo r production w ork ers in a ll m anu facturing industries com bined, was $2. 16 an hour in June 1959. 4 The 59-cen t range in average wage lev els among these low -w age indus trie s re fle c ts substantial d iffe re n ce s in pay stru ctu res. Even among those in du stries studied in the apparel group (men* s furnishings, w om en1s under garm ents, ch ild ren 1s outerw ear, m iscellan eou s apparel, and fabricated textile products), the le v e l of earnings v a ried by as much as 27 cents. Individual earnings, fo r the m ost part, w ere clu stered at or near the $1 F ed era l m inim um wage (table 2). M ost of the w ork ers, th erefore, earned le s s than the industry a vera ges. About a fifth of the n on su pervisory w ork ers in all industries com bined earned fro m $1 to $ 1 .0 5 an hour. 5 The low er paid 1 Two of the industries, saw m ills and w ooden containers, w ere surveyed in the South only. 2 1957 Annual Survey of M anufactures, U. S. Bureau of the Census, S eries M A S -57-2, O ctober 1959. Value o f shipments fo r 1957 a re shown separately fo r each of the industries subsequently d iscu ssed in this bulletin. Data fo r 1958 w ere not available at the tim e this bulletin was w ritten. 3 Em ploym ent and Earnings, U. S. Department of Labor, Vol. 6, No. 5, N ovem ber 1959, table B -6 . Estim ates of the representation of wom en in the w ork fo r c e a re presented separately fo r each of the industries subsequently d is cu ssed in this bulletin. This inform ation rela tes to July 1959. 4 Em ploym ent and Earnings, U. S. Department o f Labor, Vol. 6, No. 2, August 1959, table C -3. 5 F or ease of reading, in this and subsequent d iscu ssion of tabulations, the lim its o f the cla s s in tervals a re designated as $1 to $ 1 .0 5 , Or betw een $1 and $1. 05, instead of using the m o re p r e c is e term in ology of n$ l and under $1. 05. " 2 industries included in the survey gen erally had the la rg est concentrations of w ork ers at that wage interval. F or exam ple, in m e n 's sea m less h osiery, m en 's shirts, and m en 's furnishings (industries with average earnings of $ 1 .2 5 , $1.27-, and $1. 29, re sp ectiv ely ), fr o m about a fourth to three-tenths of the non su perv is o r y w ork ers had earnings between $1 and $ 1 .0 5 an hour. Even the highest paid industry studied, vegetable and anim al oils and fats, had a fifth of its w ork e rs at that wage interval. A verage earnings fo r n on su pervisory w ork ers in the South w ere sub stantially below those fo r the re s t of the country. D ifferen ces in pay le v e ls w ere as m uch as 87 cents an hour in the vegetable and anim al oils and fats in du stries. 6 In 6 of the 11 rem aining industries w here com p a rison s w ere p o ssib le , average earnings in the South w ere low er by fro m 30 to 48 cents. The sm a llest d iffe re n ce was 15 cents in the m e n 's sea m less h o sie ry industry. Industry a v e r ages w ere a lso le s s w idely d isp ersed in the South than in the country as a whole. A verage hourly earnings ranged fro m $ 1 .1 2 in southern saw m ills to $ 1 .3 4 in southern knitting m ills and household furniture plants. Thus, the 2 2-cen t range o f average earnings among the industries studied in the South was about 2.5 tim es sm a ller than the interindustry variation in the country. Among the southern apparel industries, the g rea test d ifferen ce in average earnings was 13 cents, about half as la rge as the nationwide d ifferen ce among the same apparel industries. Another distinct ch a ra cte ristic of the industry pay structures studied in the South was the significantly la rge p rop ortion s of n on su pervisory w ork ers c lu s tered at or ju st above the F ed era l m inim um wage of $1. M ore than a third of the southern n on su pervisory w ork ers in all of the industries com bined had earn ings o f between $1 and $1. 05 an hour. Seven of every 10 w ork ers earning fro m $1 to $1. 05 w ere em ployed in the South. As many as 56 percen t of the saw m ill w o rk e rs w ere concentrated in the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval. Eight of the 14 in du stries studied in the South had at lea st 38 p ercen t o f their w ork ers earning fro m $1 to $1. 05, and 4 o f the rem aining industries had fr o m 26 to 29 p ercen t ea rn ing these w ages. In addition to geographic wage d iffe re n ce s, pay le v e ls in the urban area s gen era lly d iffered fr o m those in le s s urbanized com m unities (table 3). In all but one o f the industries studied on a nationwide b a sis in June 1959, average earnings in m etropolitan a rea s exceeded those in nonm etropolitan a rea s by amounts ran g ing fro m 3 cents in m en 's sea m less h o sie ry to 69 cents in vegetable and anim al o ils and fats. In the United States, the m a jority of n on su pervisory w ork ers in 9 of the 14 industries (w here data w ere available fo r both types of a reas) w ere em ployed in m etropolitan a rea s. In the South, on the other hand, m ost of the w o rk e rs in all but one of the industries studied w ere em ployed in nonm etropolitan a rea s. Although m etropolitan area a verages in the South w ere a lso gen erally higher than nonm etropolitan a rea a vera ges, pay d ifferen ces w ere sm a ller. F or exam ple, d ifferen ces in average hourly earnings by m etropolitan area status in 10 industries in the South did not exceed 19 cents, w hereas on a nationwide b a sis, wage d iffe ren ces in 9 industries w ere 20 cents or m o re . P roduction w ork ers accounted fo r m ore than nine-tenths of the nonsuper v is o r y w ork ers in the vast m a jority of the industries studied (table 4). C on se quently, distributions of individual earnings fo r production w ork ers w ere g e n e r ally not m arkedly differen t fr o m those of a ll n on su pervisory w ork ers. Earnings, 6 These d iffe re n ce s w ere com puted by subtracting the aggregate earnings and em ploym ent fo r the South fro m those fo r the United States. The rem aining aggregate provided an average fo r the United States m inus the South; the a verage fo r the South was then subtracted fr o m the average fo r the re st o f the country. 3 how ever, w ere low er fo r production than fo r all n on su pervisory w ork ers as r e flected by the a vera ges. Wage d iffe re n ce s ranged fro m 1 to 3 cents, inclusive, in 11 industries, fro m 5 to o cents, inclusive, in 3 industries, and 12 cents in 1 industry. In the South, production w ork ers a lso averaged le s s than all non su p erv isory w ork ers, but the d ifferen ces w ere gen erally not as great as in the country as a whole. Wage Changes— A p ril 1954 to June 1959 The June 1959 data colle cte d in 13 of the 15 manufacturing industries surveyed in the United States and in 10 of the 14 in the South perm itted c o m p arison s of wage le v e ls and distributions of production w ork ers with those o b tained fro m two e a rlie r surveys in A p ril 1954 and May 1958. In addition, data fo r 9 of these industries in the United States and 8 in the South w ere available fro m a study conducted in A p ril 1956 (tables 6 and 7). Nationwide em ploym ent of production w ork ers in the industries studied gen erally in creased or rem ained rela tively constant during the p eriod fro m A p ril 1954 to A p ril 1956. Em ploym ent conditions in May 1958 reflected the 1957-58 re c e s s io n ; the number of w ork ers d ecrea sed between A p ril 1956 and May 1958 in all but one of the industries studied in both p eriod s. As a result, 1958 em p loy ment le v e ls in eight industries w ere below their 1954 lev els. Between May 1958 and June 1959, em ploym ent in crea sed in all but one of the industries w here data w ere available. However, these em ploym ent gains w ere insufficien t in four indus trie s (m iscella n eou s apparel, costum e jew elry , handbags, and vegetable and anim al oils and fats) to offset p reviou s d e cr e a se s. Em ploym ent lev els between 1954 and 1958 ro s e fro m 4 to 17 p ercen t in 8 of the 13 industries, and declined fro m 5 to 10 p ercen t in the others. In the South, em ploym ent of production w ork ers in the industries studied between A p ril 1954 and June 1959 showed a grea ter percentage in crea se than in the country as a whole. Em ploym ent lev els r o s e in a ll but one of the industries studied in the South by fro m 14 to 33 percen t; the gain in a m a jority of the ca se s amounted to at lea st 25 percent. Between A p ril 1956 and May 1958, which in cludes the re c e s s io n period, em ploym ent did not fa ll as m arkedly in the southern industries studied as in the Nation as a whole. The number of w ork ers in the South d e crea sed in three industries, rem ained the sam e in three others, and in creased in another. A verage pay le v e ls of production w ork ers among the industries studied on a nationwide b a sis r o s e by at lea st 13 cents an hour and by as m uch as 32 cents between A p ril 1954 and June 1959. On a percentage b a sis, the in c r e a s e s varied fr o m 10 to 25 percent, of which m ore than half w ere between 10 and 14 percent. There appeared to be no co rre la tio n between the le v e l of average hourly earnings and the amount of in crea se. F or exam ple, the low est two avera ges in A p ril 1954 w ere $1. 11 in men*s and boys* furnishings and $1. 20 in handbags, and the highest two w ere $ 1 .4 0 in vegetable and anim al o ils and fats and $ 1 .4 5 in household furniture. A verage earnings by June 1959 had in cre a se d by 14 and 20 percen t, resp ectiv ely , in the low er paid industries, and by 23 and 12 percent, resp ectiv ely , in the higher paid group. In four of eight in du stries (con fection ery, m en ’ s and b o y s 1 furnishings, m iscellan eou s fa bricated textile products, and handbags) w here data w ere available fo r four p a y roll p eriod s, the in cre a se in average earnings was grea ter in the period fro m 1954 to 1956 than the total in cre a se s re co rd e d between 1956 and 1959; in m iscellan eou s apparel _and in household furniture, the in crea se in average earnings was grea ter in the p eriod fro m 1956 to 1958 than in the other two p e riod s; and in the other two in du stries (knitting m ills and girls* and children* s outerw ear), earnings in crea sed by approxim ately the sam e amounts in each of the three p eriod s studied. 4 The r is e in average hourly earnings between A p ril 1954 and June 1959 was accom panied b y m arked changes in the distribution of individual earnings. In A p ril 1954, the p rop ortion of production w ork ers earning le s s than $1 an hour ranged fro m 18 percen t in the highest paid industry to 49 percen t in the low est paid industry. A m a jority of the other industries had at lea st three-tenths of their w ork ers earning le s s than $1 at that tim e. M ore than half of the w ork ers in a ll but three of the industries studied earned le s s than $1. 25. In A p ril 1956, about 1 month after the $1 F edera l minim um wage becam e effective, few er than 3 p ercen t of the w ork ers in any of the industries studied earned le s s than $1 an hour. This p eriod further re fle cte d the ea rly effects of the new lega l m inim um by the concentration of earnings at or near $1. In A p ril 1954, no m ore than an eighth of the w ork ers w ere earning between $1 and $1. 05 an hour. In A p ril 1956, as many as tw o-fifth s of the w ork ers earned fro m $1 to $1. 05 and at lea st a fifth w ere at that interval in m ost of the industries. The upward swing of earnings during that 2 -y ea r p eriod was not, how ever, solely confined to m ovem ent around the $1 le v el in all of the industries. F or exam ple, the prop ortion of w ork ers earning $1. 25 or m ore in crea sed fro m 43 percen t in A pril 1954 to 68 p ercen t in A p ril 1956 in the con fection ery industry, from 44 to 54 percen t in m iscellan eou s fabricated textile products, fro m 30 to 39 p ercen t in the handbag industry, and by le s s e r amounts in each of the other industries. Between A p ril 1956 and May 1958, the concentrations of w ork ers in the $1 to $ 1 .0 5 wage interval had lessen ed in m ost of the industries studied. This d eclin e continued through June 1959 in m ost of the industries, although the d egree o f change was somewhat sm a ller than in the p reviou s p eriod. However, at lea st 14 percen t of the w ork ers earned from $1 to $ 1 .0 5 in 9 of the 13 industries studied during that p eriod. M ore than half o f the w ork ers in all but two indus trie s earned at lea st $1. 25 in June 1959. Industry wage lev els w ere substantially low er in the South than in the re s t of the country. In A p ril 1954, average hourly earnings ranged fro m 86 cents fo r production w ork ers in girla* and c h ild r e n s outerw ear to $1. 21 in knitting m ills . Four of 10 industries studied in the South paid on the average le s s than $1 an hour at that tim e. The p rop ortion of w ork ers earning lea s than $1 va ried fro m three-tenths in m iscella n eou s wood products to m o re than fo u r-fifth s in g i r l s 1 and children*s outerw ear. M ore than tw o-th irds of the w ork ers earned le s s than $1. 25 in each of the industries studied. With the establishm ent of the $1 F ed era l m inim um wage on M arch 1, 1956, wage lev els and distributions of southern production w ork ers changed strikingly. In six o f eight industries, w here data w ere available in A p ril 1954 and A pril 1956, average hourly earnings in cre a se d by 10 to 27 percen t. No m ore than 5 p ercen t of the w ork ers in any of the industries studied in the South in A p ril 1956 earned le s s than the $1 m inim um wage. M oreover, few er than 15 percen t o f the w ork ers in any one of these eight industries earned between $1 and $ 1 .0 5 in A p ril 1954, w hereas the low est prop ortion at that pay interval in A p ril 1956 was 26percen t. Six o f the eight indus trie s in the latter p eriod had fro m 35 to 60 p ercen t of their w ork ers earning between $1 and $ 1 .0 5 . E xcept fo r the donfectionery and household furniture in d u stries, little change o cc u rre d in the p rop ortion s of w ork ers earning $1. 25 or m o re during the 2-y e a r p eriod. Subsequent in cre a se s in average earnings in the South betw een A p ril 1956 and May 1958, and betw een May 1958 and June 1959 w ere substantially sm a ller than in the previous p eriod , and w ere generally sm a ller than those re co rd e d in the country as a whole. In general, the prop ortion o f production w ork ers co n centrated in the $1 to $ 1 .0 5 wage interval d ecrea sed somewhat by May 1958 and the p rop ortion was reduced again by June 1959. However, the $1 m inimum apparently continued to influence wages in the South; fro m about tw o-fifth s to a 5 half o f the production w ork ers in five industries, and fro m about a fourth to th re e tenths in three other industries earned between $1 to $ 1 .0 5 in June 1959. A l though the prop ortion of w ork ers earning at lea st $1. 25 an hour had in crea sed by 12 to 24 percentage points in m ost of the industries in the South between A pril 1954 and June 1959, few er than a third in 8 of 10 industries had those earnings in June 1959. In com paring the r is e in average hourly earnings in the United States and in the South during the p eriod fr o m A p ril 1954 to June 1959, it can be noted that in cre a se s on a ce n ts-p e r-h o u r b a sis w ere grea ter fo r the country as a whole in 6 of 10 industries w here such data w ere available. On a percentage b a sis, in cr e a s e s in average pay lev els w ere grea ter in the Nation in four industries, ap p roxim ately the sam e in two industries, and grea ter in the South in four industries. O verall absolute and rela tive in cre a se s in the South w ere m ost noteworthy in the m e n 's furnishings, children*s outerw ear, and household furniture industries. The follow ing portion of this rep ort sum m arizes the wage lev els and distributions in the United States and the South fo r each of the industries studied. D ifferen ces in earnings between m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan a rea s and b e tween production and all n on su pervisory w ork ers a re a lso d iscu ssed b rie fly . In addition, ch a ra cte ristics of the industry are noted w herever p o ssib le to provide som e background inform ation on the nature of the industry pay structure. C on fection ery and Related P roducts Candy and related products accounted fo r the m a jor portion of the co n fe ctio n e ry industry*s production. Value of candy shipments in 1957 amounted to o v er $1 billion . Chocolate and co co a products and chewing gum added $626. 6 m il lion to value of shipments in the industry. The industry em ployed 62,000 nonsuperv is o r y w ork ers at the tim e of the survey in June 1959, alm ost half of them in the N ortheast region. Women constituted about half of the w ork fo r c e . Incentive pay system s p reva iled fo r about three-tenths of the production w ork ers. Non sup e rv is o r y w ork ers in the Nation* s con fection ery industry averaged $ 1 .6 0 an hour at straigh t-tim e rates in June 1959 (table 1). About a fourth of the w ork ers within the scope o f the survey earned le s « than $1. 30 and nearly the sam e prop ortion earned at lea st $ 1 .9 0 an hour. F ew er than a tenth of these w o rk e rs re ce iv e d le s s than $ 1 .1 0 (table 2). Thirteen p ercen t of the n on su pervisory w ork ers included in the c o n fe c tion ery industry survey w ere em ployed in the South, w here average earnings of $ 1 .2 4 w ere 42 cents below the com bined average fo r the re s t of the country. A ll but a tenth of the southern w ork ers had earnings of le s s than $ 1 .6 0 ; m ore than tw o-th irds earned between $1 and $1. 30; and over a fourth w ere con cen trated in the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval. A verage hourly earnings fo r production w ork ers in this industry w ere 3 cents below the le v e l fo r all n on su pervisory w ork ers both in the United States and in the South (table 4). Few d iffe re n ce s existed between the o v era ll distribution o f individual earnings fo r n on su p ervisory w ork ers and fo r production w ork ers. Vegetable and Anim al O ils and Fats The vegetable and anim al o ils and fats industry includes m ills which m anufacture cottonseed, soybean, and other vegetable oils, and establishm ents engaged in rendering inedible grea se and tallow , and m anufacturing oils from other anim ajs, such as fish . Shipments of cottonseed o il and grea se and tallow 6 prod u cts exceed those of the other products in term s of value which, in 1957, amounted to $ 4 5 8 .6 m illion and $ 4 2 7 .6 m illion , resp ectiv ely . Em ploym ent in the industry num bered 30, 000 n on su pervisory w ork ers in June 1959. The South accounted fo r tw o-fifths of these w ork ers, and the North Central States, a third. Women accounted fo r few er than a tenth of the w ork fo r c e . Incentive pay was of m in or im portance in the industry. A ll but about 5 p ercen t of the production w ork ers w ere paid on a tim e b a sis. Non su p ervisory w ork ers in the industry averaged $ 1 .8 4 an hour in June 1959 (table 1). Earnings fo r about the m iddle third of these w ork ers ranged fro m $1. 40 to $2. 10 an hour; a fifth w ere concentrated in the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval and a sim ila r p rop ortion earned $2. 30 or m ore (table 2). In the South, non su p erv isory w ork ers averaged $1. 33— 87 cents below the com bined average fo r the other regions of the United States. Of the approxim ately 6, 000 n on supervisory w ork ers in the vegetable and anim al oils and fats industry earning le s s than $ 1 .0 5 , m ore than nine-tenths w ere em ployed in the South. Few er than a fourth of the southern w ork ers earned $ 1 .6 0 or m ore and over half earned le s s than $ 1 .1 0 an hour. M ore than th ree-fifth s of the country*s non su pervisory w ork ers included in the industry study w ere em ployed in m etropolitan a rea s. T heir average ea rn ings of $2. 09 exceeded the average fo r those in nonm etropolitan area s by 69 cents (table 3). These wage levels r e fle c t the d ifferen ces in the distribution of indi vidual earnings. F ew er than a tenth of the non su pervisory w ork ers in m etropolitan area s had earnings between $1 and $1. 05 an hour, com pared with m o re than tw ofifths in nonm etropolitan a rea s. M ore than half of those in the fo r m e r group earned at lea st $2 an hour, w hereas few er than a fifth had these w ages in the latter group. N early th ree-fifth s of the industry*s w ork fo r c e in the South was e m ployed in nonm etropolitan a rea s; these w ork ers averaged $1. 18 an hour, c o m pared with $ 1 .5 6 fo r those em ployed in m etropolitan a rea s. This 3 8-cen t d if fe re n ce was substantially le s s than the 69-ce n t d ifferen ce between the a verages in m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan area s in the United States. N early th reefifths of the industry*s southern w ork ers in nonm etropolitan a rea s earned le s s than $1. 05 an hour, about tw ice the prop ortion in m etropolitan a rea s. A verage hourly earnings fo r production w ork ers in this industry w ere 12 cents below the average fo r all n on su pervisory w ork ers in the United States and 8 cents below the le v e l in the South (table 4). P roduction w ork ers in m e tr o politan a rea s averaged $ 1 .9 6 an hour, 13 cents below the all n on su pervisory average, w hereas the $1. 34 average fo r production w ork ers in nonm etropolitan a re a s was only 6 cents below the Nation*s average in these a rea s (table 5). In the South, the d ifferen ces in pay le v e ls between production and a ll n on su pervisory w ork ers in m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan area s w ere 9 and 8 cents, resp ectiv ely . Knitting M ills Three types of operations a re found in the knitting industry: ( l ) The "in tegrated " m ill which pu rch a ses m a teria ls, p rod u ces textiles and related prod u cts, and p e rfo rm s the selling function; (2) the "co n tra ct" or "co m m is s io n " m ill which p r o c e s s e s m a terial owned by others; and (3) establishm ents com m only known as jo b b e rs o r con v erters of knit goods which p e rfo rm the entrepreneurial functions o f a m anufacturing com pany such as buying the raw m aterial, designing and p r e paring sam ples, and assigning yarns to others fo r knitting products on their 7 account. The products m anufactured in knitting m ills include fu ll-fash ion ed h o siery , sea m less h osiery , outerw ear, underw ear, tubular or flat fa b ric, gloves, and other related goods. In term s of value of shipment, knitted outerw ear ranked highest with $ 7 7 1 .9 m illion of goods shipped in 1957. S eam less h o sie ry added alm ost $554. 8 m illion to the value of shipments fo r the industry and knit fa b rics, $445. 1 m illion . In June 1959, em ploym ent in the industry totaled 219, 000 nonsu p erv isory w ork ers; m ore than half w ere em ployed in the South and tw o-fifth s in the Northeast. The bulk of the industry*s production w ork fo r c e (a lm ost tw othirds) was paid on an incentive b a sis; individual p ie c e -r a te system was the m ost typical. Women represen ted a lm ost seven-tenths of the w ork ers. A verage hourly earnings w ere $ 1 .4 4 fo r non su pervisory w ork ers in cluded in the nationwide survey of knitting m ills in June 1959 (table 1). E arn ings fo r nine-tenths of these w ork ers ranged fr o m $1 to $2; slightly m ore than tw o-fifth s earned le s s than $ 1 .2 5 , and n early tw o-th irds, le s s than $ 1 .5 0 an hour (table 2). The la rg est single concentration of w ork ers at any one pay in terva l was represen ted by the 30,678 w ork ers (14 percent) who earned fro m $1 to $ 1 .0 5 an hour. A verage earnings of $ 1 .3 4 in the South w ere 21 cents b elow the c o m bined average fo r the other section s of the country. Half of the southern w ork ers earned le s s than $1. 25 an hour, and a fifth w ere concentrated in the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval. N early a fourth of the southern w ork ers earned at lea st $1. 50 an hour. A m a jority of the n on su pervisory w ork ers in knitting m ills w ere e m ployed in the nonm etropolitan a rea s o f the United States. These w ork ers a v e r aged $1. 35, 20 cents le s s than those in m etropolitan a rea s (table 3). In the fo r m e r a rea s, 18 percen t of the w ork ers earned le s s than $ 1 .0 5 and 6 percen t earned $2 or m o re , com pared with 10 and 16 percent, resp ectiv ely , in the la t ter a rea s. The p rop ortion of knitting m ill w ork ers in the nonm etropolitan area s of the South was grea ter than that in the country as a whole, and the d ifferen ce in pay le v e ls between m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan a rea s was sm a ller. A verage hourly earnings in the South w ere $1. 39 in m etropolitan area s and $1. 32 in non m etropolitan a rea s. A d ifferen ce o f only 5 percentage points existed between the prop ortion s of w ork ers earning le s s than $1. 25 in the m etropolitan and n on m etro politan a reas of the South. Wage lev els and distributions fo r knitting m ill w ork ers in production jo b s v a ried but slightly fro m the ov e ra ll le v e ls and distributions (tables 4 and 5). Men*s S eam less H osiery M ills W orkers em ployed in knitting, dyeing, or finishing m en 's sea m less h o s ie ry num bered 33, 000 in June 1959, and accounted fo r 15 percen t of the em ploy m ent in the N ation's knitting m ills . The industry was highly concentrated in the South w here a ll but about a tenth o f the w ork ers w ere em ployed. Women w ere predom inant in the w ork fo r c e , accounting fo r a lm ost th ree-fou rth s o f the w ork ers. The incentive method of wage payment was w idespread in these m ills ; tw o-th irds o f the w ork ers w ere paid on this b a sis. M en's sea m less h o sie ry a c counted fo r about tw o-fifth s of the value of all sea m less h o sie ry shipped in 1957. A verage earnings o f $ 1 .2 5 at straigh t-tim e rates in m e n 's sea m less h o s ie ry m ills w ere 19 cents below the average in all types of knitting m ills in June 1959 (table 1). Southern n on su pervisory w ork ers in the industry averaged $1* 23, 15 cents le s s than the com bined average fo r the re s t of the Nation. The distribution of earnings in the South varied only slightly fr o m the o v e ra ll d is tribution. Earnings fo r m ore than half of the southern w ork ers fe ll b elow $1. 15 an hour and three-tenths w ere clu stered in the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval (table 2). F ew er than a tenth of the n on su pervisory w ork fo r c e in the South earned $ 1 .6 0 or m o re . A ll but 5, 000 o f the 29,000 n on su pervisory w ork ers in the m en ’ s sea m less h o s ie ry m ills in the South w ere em ployed in nonm etropolitan a rea s. Earnings a v eraged $1. 22 in these a rea s com pared with $1. 25 in m etropolitan a rea s (table 3). The m a jo r d ifferen ce in the distribution of individual earnings between the two a rea s was at the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval; about a fourth of the m etropolitan area w o rk e rs and three-tenths o f the nonm etropolitan area w ork ers earned these w ages. The wage structure fo r production w ork ers in m en ’ s sea m less h o sie ry m ills c lo s e ly approxim ated that fo r a ll n on su pervisory w ork ers. A verage ea rn ings fo r production w ork ers in the United States w ere 2 cents below those fo r a ll n on su p ervisory w ork ers and only 1 cent in the South (table 4). M en’ s, Youths’ , and B oy s’ Furnishings, W ork Clothing, and A llied Garm ents Included in the m e n 's and b o y s ' furnishings industry w ere m anufacturers o f d re s s and sport shirts, nightwear, underwear, neckw ear, tro u se rs, and w ork clothing. The value of shipments o f shirts and nightwear was n ea rly $828 m il lion in 1957; underwear, $259. 9 m illion ; neckw ear, $ 1 0 9 .7 m illion ; trou sers, $42 3 .1 m illion ; w ork sh irts, $ 8 8 .4 m illion ; and m iscella n eou s clothing, $709.1 m illion . M anufacturers o f m en 's and b o y s ' furnishings a re divided into three types as a re m ost m anufacturers of apparel. The division is sim ila r to that found in the knitted goods industry and con sists of ( l ) regu lar or inside fa cto r ie s which p e rfo rm a ll o f the m anufacturing functions within the plant, (2) con tra ctors who m anufacture apparel fr o m m a teria ls owned by others, and (3) jo b b e rs who p e rfo rm a ll of the functions except fo r production. N onsupervisory em ployees totaled 328, 000 in June 1959; n ea rly half w ere em ployed in the South, m o re than a third in the N ortheast, and about an eighth in the North Central area. Women accounted fo r 85 percen t o f the w ork fo r c e and m o st o f them w ere em ployed as sew ing-m achine op era tors. Wage incentive system s a re w idely used in the industry^ About seven-tenths o f the production w o rk e rs w ere paid by this method, and m ost o f them w ere paid on a p ie c e rate b a sis. N onsupervisory w ork ers in the industry earned an average o f $1. 29 an hour in June 1959 (table 1). Earnings fo r alm ost three-tenths o f these w ork ers w ere concentrated in the $1 to $ 1 .0 5 wage interval. T h ree-fifth s o f the non su p e rv iso ry w ork ers earned le s s than $1. 25 and fo u r-fifth s le s s than $1. 50 (table 2). In the South, average earnings w ere $1. 14, 27 cents below the com bined a verage fo r the re st o f the country. M ore than th ree-fou rth s o f the southern w o rk e rs had hourly earnings o f le s s than $ 1 .2 5 and approxim ately tw o-fifth s earned betw een $1 and $ 1 .0 5 an hour. A verage earnings in the nonm etropolitan a rea s of the country, w here the m a jo rity o f the in du stry's w ork ers w ere located, w ere $1. 17. Earnings in m e t ropolitan a rea s averaged $ 1 .4 4 (table 3). The d iffe re n ce s in the distributions of earnings between m etropolitan and nonm etrppolitan a rea s w ere la rg ely found in the low er and upper wage in tervals. M ore than tw o-fifth s of the w ork ers in the sm all 9 city a re a s earned le s s than $1* 05 an hour, m o re than tw ice the prop ortion in the m etropolitan areas* On the other hand, approxim ately a third of the w ork ers in the latter a rea s earned at lea st $ 1 .5 0 , m o re than three tim es the p rop ortion in the fo r m e r a rea s. In the South, all but about a fifth of the non su p ervisory w ork ers in the industry w ere em ployed in nonm etropolitan a rea s. Although average earnings in these area s w ere substantially low er than in the m etropolitan a rea s, the d ifferen ce was not as m arked as in the country as a w hole. Southern w ork ers averaged $1. 12 in nonm etropolitan a rea s and $1*24 in m etropolitan a rea s, a d ifferen ce of 12 cents com pared with 27 cen ts fo r the Nation. The m a jor d ifferen ce in the distribution of earnings between m etropolitan and nanm etropolitan a rea s in the South was the grea ter concentration of w ork ers (45 p ercen t as against 28 percent) earning between $1 and $ 1 .0 5 in the latter a rea s. D ifferen ces in wage le v e ls and distributions between production w ork ers and all n on su p ervisory w ork ers w ere rela tiv ely m inor (tables 4 and 5). A verage earnings fo r production w ork ers w ere 2 cents low er than those fo r all nonsuper v is o r y w ork ers in the country as a whole and w ere identical in the South. M en ^ , Youths1, and B o y s1 Shirts (except Work Shirts), C ollars, and Nightweax The popularity of sport not without som e adverse effect m e n 's and boys* d re ss shirts and cut in 1947, com pared with 82. sh irts in 1958. 7 shirts has grow n during the last 11 y e a rs, but on d re s s shirts. F or exam ple, 164. 1 m illion 73. 5 m illion m en ’ s and boys* sport shirts w ere 7 m illion d re ss shirts and 164. 8 m illion sport M anufacturers of m en’ s and boys* shirts em ployed 90, 000 n on su pervisory w o rk e rs in June 1959. These w ork ers constituted m ore than a fourth of the m en ’ s furnishings industry. M ore than half of the industry’ s w ork fo r c e was located in the South and n ea rly tw o-fifth s in the N ortheast. The occupational structure of the industry is ch a ra cterized by the la rge num ber of wom en w ork ers engaged in sew ing-m achine operations— m ore than half of all production w ork ers. Women, in fact, represen ted about nine-tenths of the industry’ s w ork fo r c e . Incentive pay— in the fo r m of p iecew ork — was w idely used in the industry. Nationwide earnings in the shirt industry averaged $1. 27 in June 1959, 2 cents le s s than the le v e l fo r w ork ers producing all types of m en’ s and boys* furnishings (table 1). In the South, average earnings of $1. 15 in the shirt in dustry exceeded the average fo r southern w ork ers in the la rg e r industry group by 1 cent. Little d ifferen ce existed in the distribution of earnings between non su p erv isory w ork ers in the m en ’ s shirt industry and those in m en ’ s furnishings (table 2). L evels and distributions of earnings w ere a lso sim ila r in m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan a rea s (table 3). Women’ s, M is s e s ’ , Children’ s, and Infants’ Under Garments The value of shipments of w om en’ s and ch ild ren ’ s underwear totaled $ 8 9 5 .8 m illion in 1957, and that of c o r s e ts and a llied garm ents amounted to $ 3 9 7 .4 m illion . The m anufacture of w om en’ s under garm ents was concentrated in the Northeast, w here m ore than tw o-th irds of the 114,000 w ork ers included 7 1947 Census of M anufacturers, Vol. 11, and F acts fo r Industry, S eries M C23A-08, O ctober 1959, U. S. Department of C om m erce, Bureau of the Census. 10 in the survey w ere em ployed. M ost of the jo b s in the industry w ere filled by w om en who constituted alm ost nine-tenths of the w ork ers. The incentive method of pay p reva iled fo r slightly m ore than half of the production w ork ers. The Nation*s p rod u cers of under garm ents fo r women, m is s e s , children, and infants paid an average of $1. 38 an hour in June 1959 (table 1). Earnings fo r nine-tenths of the n on su p ervisory w ork ers ranged fr o m $1 to $ 1 .9 0 an hour (table 2). M ore than a fifth of the w ork ers earned le s s than $ 1 .1 0 ; about half, le s s than $ 1 .2 5 ; and fo u r -fifth s, le s s than $ 1 .6 0 . A verage earnings in the South w ere $1. 24, 17 cents le s s than the c o m bined average fo r the other section s of the country. Although w ork ers in the South rep resen ted about on e-fifth of the industry*s w ork fo r c e , they accounted fo r approxim ately tw o-fifth s of a ll w ork ers earning le s s than $ 1 .0 5 an hour. A lm ost half of the southern w ork ers earned le s s than $1. 15 and all but a tenth le s s than $ 1 .6 0 . A pproxim ately th ree-fifth s of the w ork ers in the industry w ere em ployed in the m etropolitan a rea s of the United States. Their average earnings of $ 1 .4 3 exceeded the pay lev el in the nonm etropolitan a rea s by 15 cents (table 3). In the South, on the other hand, about a fourth of the w ork ers w ere located in m e t ropolitan a reas w here they averaged $ 1 .2 6 , only 3 cents m ore than those in nonm etropolitan a rea s. In the Nation, the prop ortion of w ork ers in nonm etropolitan areas earning $1 to $1. 05 was higher than those in m etropolitan areas by 7 p e r centage points, while the p rop ortion in the latter a reas earning $2 or m o re was higher than those in the fo r m e r a rea s by 8 percentage points. Corresponding d iffe re n ce s between the prop ortion s of southern w ork ers in m etropolitan and non m etropolitan a rea s w ere 1 and 3 percentage points, re sp e ctiv e ly . A v era g e earnings fo r production w ork ers in this industry w ere 2 to 3 cents low er than fo r all n on su pervisory w ork ers fo r the va riou s wage ch a r a c te r is tic s studied. D ifferen ces in wage distributions w ere rela tiv ely m inor (tables 4 and 5). Girls*, Children*s, and Infants* Outerwear The m a jor products in the ch ild ren ’ s outerw ear industry in term s of d olla r value of shipments in 1957 w ere d r e s s e s , b lou ses, w aists, and skirts— about $269. 5 m illion . The shipment of ch ild ren ’ s coats amounted to $162. 2 m il lion and m iscella n eou s outerw ear, $229. 9 m illion . About 73, 000 non su pervisory w o rk e rs w ere em ployed in the industry at the tim e of the survey in June 1959. The m a jo r a rea of em ploym ent was in the Northeast, which accounted fo r a lm ost th ree-fou rth s of the w ork fo r c e . Women w ere predom inant in the w ork fo r c e , accounting fo r 85 p ercen t of the w ork ers. A lm ost half of the production w ork ers in the industry w ere paid on an incentive b a sis, m ostly p ie ce rates. N onsupervisory w ork ers in the girls*, ch ild ren 's, and infants' outerw ear industry averaged $ 1 .4 7 at straigh t-tim e hourly rates in June 1959 (table 1). Earnings fo r about nine-tenths of the N ation's w ork ers within the scope of the survey ranged fro m $1 to $ 2 .2 0 an hour (table 2). The la rg est single con cen tration in any one wage interval was represen ted by the 11, 689 w ork ers (16 p e r cent) who earned fr o m $1 to $ 1 .0 5 an hour. A third o f the w ork ers re ce iv e d le s s than $ 1 .1 5 and a lik e prop ortion earned at lea st $ 1 .5 0 . The South accounted fo r 15 percen t of the in du stry's n on su pervisory w ork e rs. A verage earnings of $1. 18 in the South w ere 34 cents below the c o m bined average fo r the r e s t of the country. A lm ost tw o-fifth s of the southern 11 w ork ers w ere concentrated in the $1 to $1. 05 wage interval, accounting fo r m ore than a third of the Nation’ s w ork ers in that pay interval. A ll but a fourth of the w ork ers in the South earned le s s than $1. 25 an hour. M ore than seven-tenths of the w ork ers in the outerw ear industry (g ir ls ’ , ch ild ren ’ s, and infants’ ) w ere em ployed in the m etropolitan area s of the country. These w ork ers averaged $ 1 .5 4 an hour, 24 cents m o re than those in nonm etro politan a rea s (table 3). T h irty-tw o percen t of the w ork ers in the sm a ller c o m m unities earned le s s than $ 1 .0 5 and 7 p ercen t earned $2 or m ore, w hereas in la rg e r com m unities, 11 percen t w ere at the low er rates and 17 p ercen t at the higher ra tes. In the South, em ploym ent was not only grea ter in the nonm etropolitan a rea s, but average hourly earnings of $1. 19 exceeded those in m etropolitan a rea s by 2 cents. The m a jor d ifferen ce in the distribution of individual earnings o c cu rred in the $1 to $1. 05 pay interval; 45 p ercen t in m etropolitan a rea s com pared with 36 p ercen t in nonm etropolitan a rea s had those earnings. D ifferen ces in pay le v e ls between production and all n on su p ervisory w ork ers did not exceed 3 cents and, in m ost instan ces, production w ork ers averaged 2 cents le s s . The distribution of individual earnings fo r production w ork ers, fo r the m o st part, pa ra lleled those fo r a ll n on su pervisory w ork ers (tables 4 and 5). M iscellan eou s A pparel and A c c e s s o r ie s M iscellaneous apparel included a v a riety of products such as d re s s and w ork glov es, robes and d ressin g gowns, rain coats, leather and sheeplined clothing, b elts, suspenders, g a rters, handkerchiefs, etc. The value of shipments in 1957 was highest fo r raincoats ($119*9 m illion ), b elts ($ 9 0 m illion ), and w ork gloves ($ 7 9 .6 m illion ). N onsupervisory em ploym ent in the industry totaled 58,000 in June 1959* M ore than th ree-fifth s of the w ork ers w ere located in the N ortheast and a lm ost a fifth in the North Central States. N early fo u r-fifth s of the w ork fo r c e w ere women. About half of the production w ork ers w ere paid on an in centive b a sis. N onsupervisory w ork ers in the United States engaged in m anufacturing m iscella n eou s apparel and a c c e s s o r ie s averaged $ 1 .5 4 an hour in June 1959 (table 1). M ore than half of the w ork ers, how ever, earned le s s than $ 1 .3 5 and about a fifth, le s s than $1. 10 (table 2). On the other hand, a fifth of the w ork ers earned at lea st $ 1 .9 0 an hour and a tenth, $2. 30 or m o re . Southern m anufacturers of m iscella n eou s apparel and a c c e s s o r ie s paid an a verage of $1. 17 an hour, 43 cents le s s than the com p osite wage le v e l in the other region s o f the United States. Earnings fo r nine-tenths o f the 8, 000 w ork ers in the South fe ll below $ 1 .4 0 an hour; th ree-fou rth s earned le s s than $ 1 .2 5 ; and m o re than half, le s s than $1. 10. A lm ost tw o-fifth s of the w ork ers w ere c o n centrated in the $1 to $ 1 .0 5 wage interval. M etropolitan a rea s accounted fo r m o re than seven-tenths of the in du stry's w ork fo r c e in the Nation and average earnings of $ 1 .6 4 exceeded those in non m etropolitan a rea s by 36 cents (table 3). F ew er than a tenth of the m etropolitan area w ork ers earned le s s than $ 1 .0 5 , w hereas m o re than a fourth had these earnings in nonm etropolitan a rea s. At the other end of the pay sca le, m ore than a fifth of the w ork ers in m etropolitan a rea s earned at lea st $2 an hour, com pared with few er than 5 p ercen t o f the w ork ers in nonm etropolitan a rea s. 12 The d ifferen ce in w age le v e ls betw een the m etropolitan and non m etro politan a re a s o f the South w as 4 cents ( $ 1. 19 and $ 1. 15, respectively)* A m a jo r it y of southern w ork ers w e re em ployed in nonm etropolitan a rea s. Although the distribution of earnings v a ried som ew hat between the two a rea s, the d if fe r e n ce was sm all when com pa red with the distribution in the country a s a whole. The la rg e st d ifferen ce in fee p rop ortion s o f w o rk e rs at any one wage interval w as 10 percentage points. The in d u stry 's production w ork ers averaged 3 cen ts le s s than all nonsu p e rv iso ry w ork ers in the United States; the d ifferen ce w as 2 cents in the South (table 4). The wage d ifferen tial betw een production w ork ers in m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan a rea s was a lm ost identical with that fo r all n on su p ervisory w ork e r s (table 5). M iscellan eou s F abricated T extile P rodu cts M anufacturers of housefurnishings, such as bedspreads, sheets, and tow els re co rd e d the highest value o f shipments among the com ponent industries in 1957— $868 m illion . Other im portant segm ents o f the m iscella n eou s fabricated textile products industry w ere the m iscella n eou s group ($266 m illion ), curtains and d ra p e ries ($189* 4 m illion ), textile bags ($ 1 87 . 9 m illion ), and canvas products ($ 1 0 4 .4 m illion ). Industry em ploym ent totaled 124, 000 in June 1959* The N orth east em ployed m o re than half of the w ork fo r c e , the South about a fifth, and the North Central slightly le s s than a fifth. The w ork fo r c e was com p osed o f a lm ost tw o-th ird s wom en. F ew er than a fourth of the production w ork ers in the industry w ere paid incentive w ages. Straight-tim e average hourly earnings in the industry w ere $ 1.5 1 in June 1959 (table 1). Earnings fo r nine-tenths of the w ork ers included in the su rvey ranged fr o m $1 to $2. 30 an hour and w ere distributed in m uch the sam e m anner as those in m iscella n eou s apparel and a c c e s s o r ie s (table 2). F or e x am ple, 51 percen t of the w ork ers in both industry groups earned le s s than $1.35 an hour and about 19 percen t earned le s s than $1. 10. In the South,how ever, w ork ers in this industry averaged $1. 27, 10 cents above the pay le v e l of m iscella n eou s apparel w ork ers in the South, but still 30 cents below the com bined a verage fo r fa b rica ted textile w ork ers in the r e s t o f the United States. Earnings fo r half of the 25, 000 southern w ork ers in m is cellan eou s fabricated textiles w ere le s s than $ 1 .1 5 , and about three-tenths w ere concentrated in the $1 to $ 1 .0 5 pay interval. A lm ost a fifth o f the w ork ers earned at lea st $1. 50. M ore than fo u r -fifth s of the w ork ers w ere em ployed in the m etropolitan a re a s of the United States. These w ork ers averaged $ 1 .5 4 , com pared with $1. 32 fo r those in nonm etropolitan a rea s (table 3). In the latter a rea s, 34 p e r cent earned le s s than $1. 10, about tw ice the prop ortion in the fo r m e r a rea s. C on versely, n early a fifth of the w ork ers in the la rg e r com m unities earned $2 or m o re , about tw ice the prop ortion in the sm a ller com m unities. Among the va riou s industries studied w here data w ere available fo r the South, m iscella n eou s fa b rica ted textile products was the only one with a m a jority o f its w o rk ers in m etropolitan a rea s. /Their average earnings of $ 1 .3 4 w ere 18 cents higher than those in nonm etropolitan a rea s. The m ost notew orthy d if fe re n ce in the distribution of earnings was in the $1 to $ 1 .0 5 wage interval; 23 p ercen t of the n on su p ervisory w ork ers in the m etropolitan a rea s o f the South had these earnings com pared with 35 p ercen t in the nonm etropolitan a rea s. 13 A verage hourly earnings fo r production w ork ers in this industry w ere 6 cents below the pay le v e ls fo r all n on su pervisory w ork ers in the United States and in the South (table 4). The pay advantage o f all n on su pervisory w ork ers over production w ork ers was grea ter in the m etropolitan a rea s, 6 cents in the United States and 8 cents in the South, com pared with 4 and 2 cents, resp ectiv ely , in nonm etropolitan a rea s (table 5). Sawm ills and Planing M ills, G eneral T im ber tra cts as w ell as the average yield per log a re rela tively sm all in the South, p a rticu la rly in com p a rison with w estern lum ber. This condition req u ire s many southern saw m ills to transport both labor and equipment to the raw m a terial. In a survey conducted by the Bureau o f L abor Statistics in 1957, 8 51 p ercen t of the southern m ills w ere found to be of the portable type. Another ch a ra cte ristic of southern saw m ills was the predom inance of sm all m ills , which, in the aggregate, account fo r the m a jor portion o f the output. It has been e s ti m ated that 95 percen t of the southern saw m ills each produce le s s than 3 m illion b o a r d -fe e t annually, but their com bined output amounts to about tw o-th irds of the annual production of a ll southern lu m b e r .9 In term s of em ploym ent, how ev er, 3 p ercen t o f the m ills each em ploying m o re than 100 w ork ers, accounted fo r 29 p ercen t of a ll the w ork ers within scop e o f the 1957 survey of southern saw m ills. Em ploym ent in southern saw m ills totaled 148, 000 in 195910 and virtu ally a ll of the w ork ers w ere m en. P ra ctica lly a ll of the production w ork ers w ere paid by the hour. A verage stra igh t-tim e hourly earnings in the southern saw m ill industry was $1. 12 in July 1959 (table 1 ) . 11 Earnings fo r 56 p ercen t of the w ork ers w ere within a 5 -cen t range fr o m $1 to $1. 05 (table 2). A ll but a tenth of these w ork e rs earned le s s than $ 1 .4 0 an hour. About fo u r-fifth s of the southern saw m ill w ork ers w ere em ployed in non m etropolitan a rea s. Their average earnings w ere identical with the o v era ll a v erage and individual earnings w ere distributed sim ila rly (table 3). Although a v erage earnings fo r saw m ill w ork ers w ere 5 cents higher in the m etropolitan than in the nonm etropolitan a rea s of the South, the distribution of earnings did not v a ry to any great extent. Southern saw m ill w ork ers in production jo b s averaged $1. 11, 1 cent le s s than a ll n on su pervisory w ork ers (table 4). T heir influence on the wage stru ctu re was significant, as they represen ted a ll but 2 percen t of the total non su p e rv iso ry w ork fo r c e . 8 See BLS R eport 130, E ffects of the $1 Minimum Wage, Southern Saw A p ril 1957. 9 F ed era l R eserv e Bank of Atlanta, Monthly Review , N ovem ber 1955. 10 Em ploym ent in southern saw m ills, as shown by the 1957 BLS survey, was about 20, 000 le s s than the 1959 lev el. This d ifferen ce is p rim a rily attributable to the exclu sion in the e a rlie r survey o f saw m ills em ploying few er than 8 w ork e rs , and of independent planing m ills . 11 Data fo r the saw m ill industry w ere co lle cte d in the South only. m ills , 14 Wooden Containers Wooden containers include such item s as baskets fo r shipping fru its and vegetables, rattan and w illow fo r laundry ham pers and cloth es baskets, ciga r b ox es, wooden boxes (nailed or w ire bound) fo r industrial u se rs, and various kinds o f cooperage* The value of w ooden container shipments rem ained fa irly stable between 1954 and 1957 (except w ooden boxes) although the d ollar value had d eclin ed by 13 p ercen t between 1947 and 1954. P o ssib le fa c to r s contributing to this d eclin e w ere the com petition fro m the paperboard industry, and the growth in the p ra ctice o f transporting goods in bulk form . 12 Although w ooden container plants a re found in a ll section s of the United States, they generally tend to loca te c lo s e to their m a jo r con su m ers, such as industrial u se rs in the North Central States and vegetable and fru it g row ers in the South. A plentiful supply of lum ber in the South contributes to the con cen tration o f wooden container plants in that area. Southern m anufacturers of w ooden containers em ployed 22, 000 n on su p ervisory w ork ers in June 1959. Men c o m p ris e d slightly m o re than th ree-fou rth s of the w ork fo r c e . M ore than fo u r-fifth s o f the production w ork ers w ere paid on an hourly b a sis. Southern m anufacturers of wooden containers 13 within the scope of the survey paid an average o f $ 1 .2 2 an hour at stra igh t-tim e rates in July 1959 (table 1). M ore than tw o-fifth s of these w ork ers had earnings between $1 and $1. 05, and m ore than th ree-fou rth s earned le s s than $1. 25 (table 2). A verage earnings fo r w ooden container w ork ers w ere $1. 33 in southern m etropolitan a rea s and $1. 18 in nonm etropolitan a rea s (table 3). M ore than seven-tenths of the w ork ers w ere em ployed in the latter a rea s. F o r ty -s ix p e r cent o f the nonm etropolitan area w ork ers earned between $1 and $1. 05 an hour, com p ared with 30 p ercen t in m etropolitan a rea s. Earnings of $2 or m o re w ere re c e iv e d by 12 percen t of those in m etropolitan area s and 3 p ercen t in non m etropolitan a rea s. P roduction w ork ers in the southern wooden $1. 19 an hour, 3 cents le s s than the pay le v e l fo r (table 4). D ifferen ces in the distribution o f individual exam ple, 79 p ercen t o f the production w ork ers and v is o r y w ork ers earned le s s than $ 1 .2 5 an hour. container industry averaged a ll n on su p ervisory w ork ers earnings w ere slight. F or 76 percen t of a ll n on su per M iscellan eou s Wood P roducts A wide va riety of products a re cla s s ifie d under m iscella n eou s wood p ro d ucts including w ooden bow ls and b oard s, straw baskets, bulletin boards, cane ch a irs, clothespins, bottle cork s, flag p oles, handles, knobs, ladders, and rollin g pins. Wood p reserv in g is a lso included in the industry and p rim a rily involves the treating of w ood with c r e o s o te o r other p re se rv a tiv e s to preven t d ecay and to p ro te ct against fir e and in sects. The value of treated w ood shipments was $ 2 4 8 .4 m illion in 1957 and the value o f m iscella n eou s wood products totaled $424. 6 m illion . Em ploym ent o f 54, 000 n on su p ervisory w ork ers in the industry w as distributed as fo llo w s: F ew er than a third of the w ork ers w ere in the N orth east; m o re than three-tenths in the South; a lm ost a fourth in the North Central; 12 tain ers, 13 See BLS R eport 126, E ffects o f the $1 Minimum Wage, Wooden C onA p ril 1957. Data fo r the w ooden container industry w ere co lle cte d in the South only. 15 and more than a tenth in the West. Men constituted four-fifths of the work force. Wages were paid on an hourly basis to almost nine-tenths of the pro duction workers. Average straight-time earnings for nonsupervisory workers in the in dustry were $1.46 an hour in June 1959 (table 1). Earnings for almost ninetenths of the workers within the scope of the survey ranged from $1 to $2. 10 an hour (table 2). About a fifth of the workers were concentrated within the $1 to $1.05 wage interval; two-fifths earned less than $1.25; three-fifths, less than $1.45; and four-fifths, less than $1.80. Earnings in the southern region averaged $1. 23, 34 cents below the combined average for the other regions. All but a tenth of the southern workers earned less than $1.60 and nearly two-fifths were clustered within the $1 to $1.05 wage interval. Approximately three-fifths of the nonsupervisory workers in the Nation*s miscellaneous wood product industry were located in nonmetropolitan areas. Av erage earnings of $1. 31 for these workers were 36 cents less than those in m etro politan areas (table 3). This difference in wage levels reflects the differences in the distribution of individual earnings. Fewer than a tenth of the workers in metropolitan areas earned from $1 to $1. 05 an hour and about a fourth earned at least $2. In nonmetropolitan areas, about a fourth of the workers were at the lower wage interval and fewer than a tenth were at the higher wage levels. Of the 17, 000 workers in the South, 12, 000 were employed in nonmetro politan areas. Average hourly earnings were $1. 16 in nonmetropolitan areas and $1.41 in metropolitan areas. In nonmetropolitan areas, half of the nonsuper visory workers earned from $1 to $1.05, compared with a tenth in the m etro politan areas. Little difference existed between the proportion of workers earn ing $2 or more, but more than a third of those in the latter areas had earnings from $1.50 to $2, compared with fewer than a tenth in the form er areas. Average earnings for all nonsupervisory workers in the industry did not exceed those for production workers by more than 3 cents in the United States, the South, or in metropolitan or nonmetropolitan areas (tables 4 and 5). Household Furniture Manufacturers of household furniture employed 260, 000 nonsupervisory workers at the time of the survey in June 1959. Thirty-six percent of the work force was located in the South, 30 percent in the North Central, 25 percent in the Northeast, and 9 percent in the West. Men constituted more than four-fifths of the work force. A fourth of the production workers were paid on an incentive basis. Value of shipments of wood furniture exceeded $lV 4 billion in 1957, and was followed by upholstered furniture at about $920 million, metal furniture at $498. 7 million, and mattress and bedsprings at $391. 9 million. Workers in the manufacture of household furniture were paid an average of $1.65 an hour at straight-time rates (table 1). About a fourth of the workers earned less than $1. 25 and another fourth earned at least $2 an hour (table 2). Average hourly earnings of $1. 34 in the South were 48 cents below the combined average for the rest of the country. In contrast with the United States as a whole, half of the workers in the South earned less than $1. 25, twice the proportion in the Nation. 16 Almost three-fifths of the Nation's nonsupervisory workers in the house hold furniture industry were located in metropolitan areas where they averaged $1, 81 an hour, 39 cents above the pay level in nonmetropolitan areas (table 3). Individual earnings were distributed differently in the two areas. Two-thirds of the workers in the nonmetropolitan areas earned less than $ 1. 50 and more than two-fifths, less than $1.25. In metropolitan areas, two-thirds of the workers earned at least $1. 50, and more than a third earned $2 or more. In the South, three-fifths of the nonsupervisory workers were employed in nonmetropolitan areas. Their average earnings of $1.27 were 19 cents be low those in metropolitan areas. Three-fifths of the workers in nonmetro politan areas earned less than $1.25 and a sixth earned $1.50 or more, com pared with two-fifths and one-third, respectively, in metropolitan areas. Average hourly earnings of production workers fell below those of all nonsupervisory workers by 2 cents in the country as a whole and by 1 cent in the South (table 4). Handbags and Other Personal Leather Goods Nonsupervisory employment in establishments manufacturing leather handbags and other personal leather goods numbered 27, 000 in June 1959. The industry was highly concentrated in the Northeast region, which accounted for nearly nine-tenths of the workers. More than two-thirds of the industry's work force were women. Production workers paid on an hourly basis represented 85 percent of the work force. Shipments of women's leather handbags were valued at $203. 3 million in 1957 and billfolds, wallets, and key cases, at $66. 3 million. Nonsupervisory workers in the industry averaged $1.49 an hour in June 1959 (tables 1). Although individual earnings for about nine-tenths of the workers included in the survey ranged from $1 to $2.20, almost half earned less than $1. 30, and more than a fourth earned less than $1. 15 (table 2). Nationally, almost four-fifths of the nonsupervisory workers were em ployed in metropolitan areas. Average earnings of $1.51 for these workers ex ceeded those in nonmetropolitan areas by 6 cents (table 3). About the same p ro portions of workers in each area, two-fifths, had earnings of less than $1.25. The proportion of workers in metropolitan areas earning $2 or more, however, was 16 percent, 7 percentage points greater than in nonmetropolitan areas. Workers employed in production jobs averaged $1.44 an hour, 5 cents less than all nonsupervisory workers (table 4). The difference in pay levels be tween production workers in metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan areas was 3 cents (table 5). Toys, Amusement, Sporting and Athletic Goods More than half of the 81, 000 nonsupervisory workers in plants engaged in manufacturing toys, amusement, sporting * and athletic goods were employed in the Northeast States and three-tenths in the North Central States. The re maining workers were about equally divided between the South and the West. Nearly half of the industry's work force was composed of women. The incentive method of pay applied to about a fourth of the production workers. Thp major items among the various products manufactured in the industry were games and toys (except dolls and children's vehicles) with a shipment value of $457. 5 million in 1957, and sporting and athletic goods with a shipment value of $424.8 million. 17 Average straight-time hourly earnings were $1. 57 in June 1959 (table 1). Half of the workers within the scope of the survey earned at least $1.50 and more than a fifth received $1.90 or more (table 2)• Another fifth of the work force earned between $1 and $1.15 an hour. In the metropolitan areas of the Nation, where four-fifths of the indus try^ workers were employed, average earnings were $1.60 an hour, compared with $1.48 in nonmetropolitan areas (table 3). Twenty-nine percent of the work ers in the former areas earned less than $1.25 and 19 percent earned $2 or more, whereas 35 percent in the latter areas were at the lower level of pay and 9 percent at the upper level. Average hourly earnings of $1.54 for production workers in the indus try were 3 cents below the pay level for all non supervisory workers (table 4). Production workers averaged $1.56 in metropolitan areas and $1.45 in non metropolitan areas. This 11-cent differential was 1 cent less than the differ ential between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas for all nonsupervisory workers (tables 5). Costume Jewelry, Costume Novelties, Buttons, and Miscellaneous Notions, except Precious Metals The value of needles, pins, fasteners, and similar notions shipped in 1957 amounted to $218. 6 million; costume jewelry and notions totaled $213.1 million. Button shipments in that year were valued at approximately $54.9 million. The industry employed 55, 000 nonsupervisory workers in June 1959, almost ninetenths of whom were located in the Northeast region. About half of the work force consisted of women. More than four-fifths of the industry’ s production workers were paid time rates. Average straight-time hourly earnings were $1.48 an hour for the non supervisory workers included in the survey in June 1959 (table 1). Individual earnings for approximately the middle half of the workers ranged from $1. 15 to $1.70 an hour. The largest single concentration of workers at any one wage interval was an eighth who earned from 1 to $1.05 an hour (table 2). Almost nine-tenths of the industry’ s work force were employed in m etro politan areas. Contrary to the usual pattern, average earnings of $1.45 for these workers were 24 cents below the level in nonmetropolitan areas (table 3). More than two-fifths of the metropolitan area workers earned less than $1.25, nearly twice the proportion in nonmetropolitan areas. At the other end of the pay scale, almost a fourth of those in the latter areas earned at least $2, about twice the proportion in the metropolitan areas. Production workers in this industry averaged $1. 42 an hour, 6 cents less than the average for all nonsupervisory workers (table 4). Average earnings for production workers in metropolitan areas were 7 cents an hour below the average for all nonsupervisory workers in these areas, but earnings averaged the same in nonmetropolitan areas. The difference in average earnings between production workers in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas amounted to 31 cents (table 5). T a b le N u m b e r an d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s by s e l e c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , United S t a t e s a n d South,2 June 1959 U nited Stat es S .I.C . c od e 3 Ite m South U ni ted S ta te s Number Number Average Average of of ho u r ly h o u r ly workers worker s earnings 1 earnings 1 ( 0 0 0 's) ( 0 0 0 's) 2G7 C o n f e c t i o n e r y and r e l a t e d p r o d u c ts — M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s 4 ___________________ 62 . $ 1.60 _ 8 - $ 1 .2 4 - 2091 -5 V e g e t a b l e an d a n i m a l o il s and f a t s ___ M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s ____________________ N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s _______________ Knitting m i l l s ________________________________ M e t r o p o li t a n a r p a s _ ...... . N o n m e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s 30 19 11 219 100 118 33 6 27 1.84 2.09 1 .40 1.44 1.55 1 .35 1.25 1.27 1.2 4 12 5 7 114 28 87 29 5 24 1.33 1.5 6 1.18 1.34 1.3 9 1.3 2 1.23 1.25 1 .22 328 145 184 1.29 1.44 1.17 154 28 126 1.14 1.24 1 . 12 90 31 59 1.27 1 .43 1.17 50 8 42 1. 15 1.2 6 1.13 114 74 40 1.38 1.43 1.28 22 6 16 1.24 1.26 1 .23 73 53 20 1.47 1.5 4 1.3 0 11 4 7 1. 18 1. 17 1 . 19 58 42 16 1.54 1.64 1.28 8 3 5 1. i 7 1.19 225 Seamless hosiery mills (men's) _____ Metropolitan areas ____________________ Nonmetr opolitan a r ea s _______________ Men's, youths', andboys' f u r n is h in g s , work clothing, and allied garments _ __ _____ _______ __ Metropolitan areas ____________________ 2252 23 2 N o n m e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s M e n ' s , y o u t h s ', an d b o y s ' s h ir t s (e xc e p t w o r k s h i r t s ) , c o l l a r s , an d n ig h tw ea r _____________________________ M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s ____________________ N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s _______________ W o m e n ' s , m i s s e s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , and i n fa n t s 'u n d e r g a r m e n t s M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s ____________________ N o n m e t r op olit an a r e a s _ ____________ G i r l s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , an d i n f a n t s ' o u te r w e a r M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s ____________________ N o n m e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l an d a c c e s s o r i e s ________________________________ M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s ____________________ N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s _________ ___ 2321 234 236 23 8 S . I . C. co d e 3 It e m 00 South Num ber Number Average Average of of h o u r ly h o ur ly w orkers w orkers earnings 1 earnings 1 ( 0 0 0 's) ( 0 0 0 's) 239 M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r i c a t e d te x t il e __________________________________ p r o d u c ts M e t r o p o li t a n a j - e a s . . . N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s __ __ 242 1 S a w m i l l s a n d planing m i l l s , general 5 _ M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s __________ ___ N o n m e t r o n n li ta n , a r e a s -----------------W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s 9 . ............ 244 M etropolitan a r e a s ___ ________ __ N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s __ __ ___ M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___ ______ 24 9 M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s ____ ____________ N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s ______________ 251 H o u s e h o l d f u r n it u r e ______________________ M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s _ _ ______ N o n m e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s __ 3 17 H an d b ag s a n d othe r p e r s o n a l l e a t h e r g o o d s _ ________ __ „ ________ M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s _ __________ N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s ______________ 39 4 T o y s , a m u s e m e n t , sp o r ti n g an d a t h le t ic g o o d s _ ___ __ ______ M e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s . . . _ N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s _____ 396 Costum e jew elry, costum e novelties, bu tto n s , a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s n o t i o n s , e x c e p t p r e c io u s m e t a l ....................... M e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s _ ________________ N onm etropolitan a r e a s ____ 124 103 21 $ 1.51 1.54 1 .32 25 16 10 $ 1 .2 7 1 .34 1.16 _ _ _ 54 23 32 2 60 153 108 1.46 1.67 1.31 1.65 1.81 1.42 148 23 125 22 6 16 17 5 12 95 37 57 1.12 1.17 1 . 12 1.22 1 .33 1 . 18 1.23 1.4 1 1. 16 1 .34 1.46 1.27 27 21 6 1.49 1.51 1 .45 - - 81 65 16 1.57 1.60 1.48 _ _ _ - - 55 48 7 1.4 8 1.45 1.69 _ _ _ _ _ 1 ,1 5 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r t i m e a n d for w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , an d la t e s h i f t s . 2 T h e So uther n S ta te s in cl ud e A l a b a m a , A r k a n s a s , D e l a w a r e , D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , F l o r i d a , G e o r g i a , K e n t u c k y , L o u i s i a n a , M a r y l a n d , M i s s i s s i p p i , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , O k l a h o m a , South C a r o l i n a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V i r g i n i a , an d W e s t V i r g i n i a . 3 T h e s co p e of the i n d u s t r y g r o u p s stud ied is de fine d in the 1957 ed it i o n of the Sta n d ar d In d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l , p r e p a r e d by the B u r e a u of the B ud ge t. 4 Sta nda rd m e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s , a s d e f in e d by the B u r e a u of the B u d ge t, a r e a r e a s con tain in g at l e a s t 1 c e n t r a l c i t y o f 5 0 , 0 0 0 popul atio n an d incl ud in g ad d i ti o n a l a r e a s a r o u n d suc h c it ie s i f they m e e t c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a of being m e t r o p o li t a n in c h a r a c t e r an d e c o n o m i c a l l y i n t e g r a te d with the c e n t r a l c it y . 5 Data w e r e c o l l e c t e d in the South on ly . NOTE: D a s h e s in d ic a te no data r e p o r t e d or data that do not m e e t pu blic at ion c r i t e r i a . B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u al i t e m s m a y not equ al t ot al . T a b le 2. P e r c e n t a g e d is t r ib u t i o n o f a ll n o n s u p e r v i is o r y w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , 1 U ni te d St a t e s and South, June 19 5 9 --------- 1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Confectionery and related products Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) United States Percent of workers Under 100 ________________________________ South Cumulative Percent percent of of workers workers Vegetable and animal oils and fats South United States Cumulative Percent percent of of workers workers Kn it tin g m i l l s Cumulative Percent of percent of workers workers South United States Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0.8 0 .8 Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 1.3 1.3 0. 3 0.3 1.2 1.2 0 .6 0 .6 1.2 1.2 100 105 110 11 5 1 20 and and and and and under un der under u n d er under 105 1 1 0 ______ _______________ 115 _________ ____________ 120 _ _ 125 ______________________ 6. 1 2.2 3 .0 4. 3 3 .8 6.4 8. 6 11. 6 15. 9 19.6 2 5 .6 8 .8 7 .3 14. 1 8 .2 26. 9 35. 7 43. 0 57. 1 6 5.3 19. 8 3 .0 3 .0 1.6 1.3 2 0.4 23 .4 2 6 .4 28. 0 2 9 .4 44. 5 6. 6 5 .4 3 .6 2 .2 4 5 .8 5 2 .4 57. 8 6 1 .4 6 3 .5 14. 0 6. 1 7.3 7. 1 5. 7 14. 9 20 .9 2 8 .2 35.3 41. 0 18.3 8. 1 8.7 7. 3 6.3 19.5 2 7 .6 3 6.3 4 3 .6 4 9 .9 125 1 30 135 1 40 145 and and and and and u n de r under under under under 1 3 0 ______________________ 13 5 ______________________ 14 0 145 ______________________ 1 5 0 ______________________ 6. 6 5. 5 7 .4 4. 8 5. 6 26 .2 31. 7 39. 1 43. 9 49. 5 4 .4 3.5 4. 5 4. 4 2. 0 6 9.6 73. 1 77. 6 82. 0 84. 0 2. 1 . 7 1.6 1. 0 1. 0 3 1.5 32 .2 3 3 .8 3 4 .8 3 5 .8 3 .0 1.3 2 .3 1. 0 1. 5 6 6 .5 6 7 .9 7 0.2 71 .2 72. 6 6. 7' 5.JL 5.2 4 .6 3.6 4 7.7 5 2.9 58. 1 6 2 .7 6 6 .3 7 .2 5 .4 5. 7 4.7 3.2 57. 1 62. 5 6 8.2 72 .9 76. 1 15 0 1 60 1 70 180 190 and and and and and under under u n d er under under 1 6 0 ______________________ 1 <0 ______________________ 1 80 ........................... 1 9 0 ______ _______________ 2 00 ______________________ 9. 1 6. 7 5. 3 6 .4 5 .2 59.2 65. 9 71.2 77 .5 82. 7 6. 8 2.3 2 .2 1.5 1. 0 9 0 .8 93. 1 95.3 96. 8 97 . 9 4. 7 3.7 3.8 4 .3 6 .6 40. 5 4 4 .2 48. 1 52.3 58. 9 3. 1 2 .3 3 .9 3 .6 2 .5 7 5 .7 78. 0 82. 0 85. 6 88. 1 7.4 5.4 5. 1 3. 1 2. 0 73. 7 79. 1 8 4 .2 87 .4 89 .4 6 .3 3. 9 3.5 2 .8 1. 6 8 2 .4 8 6.3 8 9 .8 92. 7 9 4.3 200 210 220 2 30 240 and and and and and under under under under under 2 1 0 ______________________ 2 2 0 ______________________ 2 3 0 ___________ _______ 2 4 0 ______________________ 2 5 0 ______________________ 4. 0 3.4 1.9 2. 0 1.2 86. 7 90.2 92. 0 94. 0 95.2 1. 0 .4 .2 . 1 9 8.9 9 9.2 9 9 .4 9 9 .6 9 9.6 8 .3 5.3 6.2 3.5 3. 1 67.2 7 2.6 78. 7 82 .3 85 .4 2 .9 2 .3 2. 1 1.3 .6 91. 0 93.3 9 5 .4 9 6 .7 97.3 2 .3 1. 6 1.4 .9 .8 91. 7 93.3 94. 7 9 5 .6 9 6 .4 1.3 I. 1 . 9 .7 . 5 95. 6 9 6 .7 9 7 .6 98.2 98. 8 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ 1.4 .7 .4 .4 .3 96.7 97.4 97 . 8 98.2 98.5 o (2 ) - 99.7 99.7 99.7 99.7 99.7 4 .4 2. 1 2. 1 1. 0 .5 8 9.7 91 .9 94. 0 95. 0 9 5 .5 . 7 .3 .4 . 5 . 9 .4 .4 . 3 . 1 97.3 9 7 .8 98. 1 98. 5 98 . 6 .4 .2 . 1 .2 ( 2) 98. 0 98.2 98.7 99. 1 9 9.2 (2 ) 9 9 .2 9 9 .4 9 9 .5 9 9.7 99.7 _ 1. 5 100. 0 .3 100. 0 4 .5 10 0. 0 . 8 100. 0 1 00 . 0 .3 100. 0 3 0 0 and o v e r ........ (2) . 1 - 1.4 T o ta l _______ _______________________ 100 . 0 10 0. 0 1 00 . 0 1 00 . 0 100. 0 10 0 . 0 Num ber of w ork e rs (in th o u s a n d s ) _________________________ 62 8 30 12 219 114 $ 1.24 $ 1. 84 $ 1 . 33 $ 1.44 $ 1.3 4 A v e r a g e h o u r ly earnings 1 ................................ $ 1. 60 \ See fo o t n o te s at en d of t a b l e . Table 2. P e r c e n t a g e d is tr ib u ti on of a l l n o n s u p e r vi js or y w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o ur ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U ni te d S t a t e s and South, June 1 9 5 9 — C on ti n u e d M e n ' s , y o u t h s ’ , and b o y s ’ f u r n i s h i n g s , w o r k c lo t h i n g ,, an d a l l i e d g a r m e n t s S e a m l e s s h o s i e r y m i l l s ( m e n ’ s) U n i t e d Stat es Percent of w orkers Under 1 0 0 _______________________________ C u m u la t iv e p e r c e n t of w orkers 1.3 South Percent of workers U ni te d S ta te s C u m u la t i v e p e r c e n t of w orkers Percent of w orkers Cum ulative p e r c e n t of workers 2.7 4 .7 4 .7 2. 0 2. 0 2 .6 28. 6 3 8 .4 49. 0 56.5 63 .4 29. 1 10.2 10.9 7.5 6.9 3 0.4 4 0 .7 5 1 .6 59. 1 6 6 .0 2 8 .8 6 .4 9 .5 6 .5 5 .8 3 1.6 38. 0 47. 6 54. 0 5 9.8 4 1.7 8.6 9 .5 6 .4 5 .8 4 6 .4 54. 9 6 4 .4 7 0.8 7 6 .6 29. 1 6 .9 10.6 6 .4 5 .9 31 .2 38. 0 48. 6 55. 0 60. 9 4 4 .0 8.5 10 .2 6 .2 5 .3 6.3 4 .5 4 .0 3 .2 2 .5 66. 1 7 0.6 7 4 .5 7 7.7 80 .2 5.5 4 .0 2 .9 2. 1 1.4 82. 1 86. 1 89. 0 91. 1 9 2 .5 6 .2 4 .4 4. 1 3 .4 2 .8 67. 71. 75. 79 81. 5. 1 3 .0 2 .4 1. 7 1. 1 8 5.3 8 8.3 9 0.7 9 2 .4 9 3 .5 2 .6 1.5 1.2 .8 .4 95. 1 9 6 .6 97. 8 98. 6 98. 9 5. 0 3.3 2 .3 2. 1 1. 1 86. 8 9 0. 1 1 9 2.4 j 9 4.4 9 5 .6 1.6 .8 1.0 .4 .3 95. 1 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 7.3 9 7.6 ( 2) 99 .3 9 9 .4 99 .6 9 9.7 9 9.7 1.3 .7 .6 .3 .2 9 6 .8 9 7 .6 9 8.2 98. 5 98. 7 ( ( ( ( 2) 2) 2) 2) 9 9 .8 9 9 .8 9 9 .8 99 .9 9 9 .9 .3 .2 . 1 .2 ( 2) 99. 0 99 .2 9 9.3 9 9 .5 9 9.5 . 1 100. 0 .5 100. 0 2 7 .3 9 .8 10.6 7 .6 6 .8 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and u n de r u n de r un der un de r un de r 1 3 0 -------------------------------135 -------------------------------1 4 0 -------------------------------145 ------------------------------1 5 0 _____________________ 6 .7 4 .6 4 .2 3 .4 2 .4 70. 1 74.7 78. 9 82.3 8 4.7 6 .4 4 .4 4.2 3.3 2.2 7 2.5 7 6 .9 8 1 .2 84. 5 8 6 .7 150 160 170 18 0 190 and and and and and un der un de r un der un der un de r 1 6 0 _____________________ 1 7 0 -------------------------------1 8 0 ___ _______________ 1 9 0 ------------------------------2 0 0 _____________________ 4 .4 3. 0 3. 0 1.5 1. 0 89. 1 9 2.0 95. 0 9 6.5 9 7.5 3. 9 2 .5 2 .8 1.3 .8 9 0 .6 93. 1 95 .9 97.2 98. 0 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and un der under u n de r under under 2 1 0 ------------------------------2 2 0 ___________________ 2 3 0 ------------------------------2 4 0 _____________________ 2 5 0 ----------------------- — . 7 .3 .3 .2 . 1 98.3 98 . 6 9 8 .9 9 9. 1 99.2 .5 .2 .3 . 1 . 1 98. 5 98. 7 9 9 .0 99. 1 99.3 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and un de r un der un der un der under 260 270 280 290 300 .3 . 1 . 1 . 1 ( 2) 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.7 9 9.8 .3 . 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 99.6 9 9.7 9 9 .7 9 9 .8 9 9 .8 .6 .3 .3 .3 . 1 9 8.2 98. 5 9 8 .8 99. 1 99 .2 .2 100.0 .2 100. 0 •8 100. 0 1 0 0.0 100. 0 ---------------- 33 29 A v e r a g e h o ur ly e a r n i n g s 1 ------------------------------------------- $ 1.25 $ i . ; 23 T o t a l ___________ __________________ See fo ot no te s at end of t a b l e . Sbuth Percent of workers 2 .7 105 _____________________ 1 1 0 _____________________ 115 _____________________ 1 2 0 -------------------------------125 _____________________ Num ber of w orkers (in th o u s a n d s ) ---------------- Cum ulative p e r c e n t of w orkers 1.4 un de r u n de r un de r und er un de r 3 0 0 and o v e r ---------------- ------------------------- Percent of w orkers 1.4 and and and and and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________ _______ ----------- ---------------- U ni te d St at es Cum ulative p e r c e n t of w orkers 1.3 10 0 105 110 115 120 * South Percent of W orkers - . .4 .2 .2 . 1 . 1 1 5 5 0 8 C um ulative p e r c e n t of w orkers 2 .6 4 6 .6 55. 1 65.2 7 1 .4 76.8 5. 9 3. 1 2 .8 2 .5 1.5 8 2 .6 85. 8 8 8.6 9 1.0 92.5 2 .4 1.6 1. 1 .8 .3 94 . 9 9 6.5 9 7 .6 9 8.4 9 8 .8 .4 .2 .3 . 1 . 1 99. 1 99.3 99*6 99.7 99.7 . 1 ( 2) (!) ( 2) M 99 .8 9 9.8 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 . i 100.0 o © o A v e r a g e hourly earnings 1 (in ce n ts ) M e n ' s , y o u t h s ’ , and b o y s ' s h i f t s ( ex ce p t w o r k S h ir ts ) , c o l l a r s , and n i gh tw ea r ICO . 0 100 . 0 100.0 328 154 90 50 $ 1 . 29 $ 1. 14 $ 1. 27 $ 1. 15 T a b le 2 . P e r c e n t a g e d is tr ib u ti on of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n i te d S t a t e s and South, June 1 9 5 9 — C on ti nu e d W o m e n ’ s, m i s s e s ' , c h il d r e n ’ s, and i n f a n t s ’ under g a r m e n t s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 (in c e n t s ) United States Percent of w orkers U nd e r 100 Percent of w orkers c h i l d r e n 's , and in fa n ts ' o u t e r w e a r United S ta te s South C u m u la ti ve p e r c e n t of workers G irls’ , C u m u la ti ve p e r c e n t of w orkers Percent of workers Cum ulative p e r c e n t of w orkers South Percent of workers M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l and a c c e s s o r i e s South U nited S ta te s C um ulative p e r c e n t of w orkers Percent of w orkers Cum ulative p e r c e n t of workers Percent of workers C um ulative p e r c e n t of workers 1. 0 1. 0 1. 9 1.9 1.2 0. 7 0. 7 1.5 1.5 14 .4 6 .8 10.3 8. 6 8. 0 15.4 2 2 .2 32. 5 41. 1 4 9.2 26. 8 9 .2 10. 3 8. 3 6. 5 28 .7 37. 9 48 .2 56. 5 63. 0 15.9 5. 1 10 .5 6. 1 6. 7 17. 1 2 2 .2 32. 7 38. 3 45. 5 3 9.4 13.2 6 .4 6. 8 8. 1 40. 6 5 3 .8 6 0.2 67 . U 7 5 .2 13.3 5. 0 7. 1 6. 8 7. 0 14. 0 19. 0 26. 1 3 2.9 3 9 .9 3 9.2 11. 0 11. 7 6. 6 4 .4 40. 7 5 1.8 6 3 .4 7 0. 1 74. 5 13 0 _ .. . 1.35 140 _ 145 _____________________ 150 _ . ... 7. 3 5. 0 5. 0 4.3 3. 1 56. 5 6 1. 5 6 6. 5 70.7 7 3.8 7 .2 4.5 4 .2 3. 1 2 .4 7 0.2 7 4. 8 79. 0 82. 1 8 4.6 6 .6 3. 8 3. 7 3.5 2 .4 5 2.2 56. 0 59. 6 63. 1 65. 5 6. 7 2 .4 2. 0 1.6 2. 9 81. 9 8 4 .3 8 6 .3 87. 9 90. 8 5. 6 5.4 3 .6 4 .7 2 .4 45. 5 51. 0 54. 6 59.3 61. 7 5. 1 7. 7 2.2 1. 8 .9 79. 6 8 7.3 89. 5 91 .3 9 2 .2 under und er under under under 1 6 0 _____________________ 170 _ . _ _ 180 1 9 0 _____________________ 200 6. 1 4 .2 3 .9 2. 5 1. 5 7 9. 8 4. 88. 9 0. 92. 9 1 0 5 0 5. 0 2 .9 2.2 1. 5 . 8 89. 6 92 . 5 9 4.7 96.3 97. 1 6 .3 4 .2 4 .6 3. 3 1. 8 7 1.9 76. 1 80. 7 84. 0 85. 8 3. 0 1.5 .7 . 7 .4 9 3 .8 95. 3 96. 0 96. 8 9 7 .2 6. 5 4. 5 5. 0 3.2 2 .2 6 8 .2 72. 6 77. 6 80. 8 83. 0 1.8 1.2 2 .5 .6 .2 94. 0 9 5 .2 97. 8 98. 3 98. 6 and and and and and under under un der un der un der 210 220 ... ... 2 3 0 _____________________ 240 ..... .. _ ..... 250 1.6 1.2 1. 1 .6 .3 93.6 94. 8 9 5 .9 96.5 9 6 .8 . 8 .4 . 5 . 3 . 1 97 .9 9 8.3 9 8 .8 99. 0 99.2 2. 7 1. 7 1.2 1. 0 2. 1 88. 5 9 0 .3 9 1 .4 9 2.4 9 4.4 .5 .4 .4 . 1 .2 9 7.7 98. 1 98. 5 98 .6 98. 7 3. 6 2 .3 1.3 1. 7 . 8 8 6 .6 88. 9 90. 2 9 1 .9 9 2. 6 and and and and and un der un der un der un der un der 260 ......... _ _ 2 7 0 _____________________ 2 8 0 _____________________ 2 9 0 _____________________ 300 _ .5 .4 .3 .6 97.3 97. 7 98. 0 98.5 9 8 .6 .2 .2 .3 . 1 9 9.4 99.5 9 9.8 9 9 .9 99 .9 1. 1 .5 .3 .5 . 1 9 5 .6 96. 0 9 6 .4 96. 9 97. 0 . 5 9 9.2 9 9 .2 99.3 9 9 .4 9 9 .4 1.6 1. 0 . 7 .5 . 5 94.2 95.2 95. 9 9 6 .4 9 6 .9 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 9 9.5 9 9 .6 99 .6 9 9.6 9 9.6 100. 0 3. 0 1 00 . 0 100. 0 3. 1 10 0. 0 .4 100. 0 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 _ 110 _ 1 1 5 ................ 120 125 ... _ ................. 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and un der under under under under 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 3 0 0 and o v e r T o t a l _________________ 1.4 ___________ N um ber of w o r k e r s (in t h o u s a n d s ) _ _ A v e r a g e h o u r ly earnings 1 S e e f o o t n o te s at end o f t a b l e . ( 2) 100. 0 . 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 ( 2) . 1 . 1 .6 98. 8 98. 9 9 9.2 9 9 .3 99 .3 .3 . 1 .3 . 1 ( 2) .2 . 1 100 . 0 10 0. 0 100i. 0 100 . 0 1 00 . 0 100 . 0 114 22 73 11 58 8 $ 1.3 8 $ 1.24 $ 1.47 $ 1 . 18 $ 1 . 54 $ 1. 17 Table 2. Percentage distribution of all nonsupervisory workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and South, June 1959— Continued ItiiseftUaneous fabricated textile products Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) United States Percent of workers 100 ----- Under South Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers Sawmills and planing mills, general South Percent Cumulative of percent of workers workers Wooden containers South Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0. 1 0. 1 ( 2) ( 2) 0 .5 0. 5 0. 1 0. 1 to to Miscellaneous wood products United Percent of workers States Cumulative percent of workers South Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0.5 0. 5 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 _____________________ 110 _____________________ 115 _____________________ 1 2 0 ____ ________ ________ 1 2 5 ....................................... 13.4 6. 1 9.2 5. 7 5.5 13.4 19.5 28. 7 34.3 39. 8 2 7 .6 9 .8 13. 1 5.5 7. 1 2 7 .7 37. 5 5 0. 6 56 . 1 63.2 5 6 .4 8.4 10.3 3 .5 2.2 5 6 .9 65. 4 75 .7 79 .2 81 .4 41. 9 13.5 10.2 6.2 4 .3 41. 9 55 .4 65. 7 71. 8 76. 1 19.2 5 .7 5.5 4. 7 5.7 1 9.7 2 5.3 3 0 .8 3 5.6 41 .3 3 7 .9 10.2 6 .9 3 .9 4 .8 125 130 135 140 145 and and and an d and under under under under under 1 3 0 ---------------------------135 _____________________ 140 ....................... ............... 1 4 5 ________ ____________ 1 5 0 ________ ____________ /. 0 4 .4 4 .2 3 .2 2. 8 46. 8 51.2 55.4 58.6 6 1.5 5. 7 4.2 3.7 2.8 2.4 68 . 9 73 . 0 76. 8 79,6 82. 0 6. 5 1. 1 1.2 . 9 .6 87. 9 89. 0 9 0 .2 91. 1 9 1 .7 2. 8 2 .2 1. 1 2. 0 1.4 -78. 9 81. 1 8 2.2 84 .2 8 5 .6 6 .2 4 .5 4 .3 4 .2 2 .4 47. 5 52. 0 5 6 .4 60. 5 62. 9 6 .3 2 .7 2. 1 3. 9 2 .9 7 0.0 72.7 7 4.8 78.7 81 .6 150 160 1 70 180 1 90 and and and and and under un der u n d er u n de r un d er 1 6 0 _____________________ 170 _____________________ 1 8 0 _____________________ 1 9 0 _____________________ 2 0 0 _____________________ 7 .4 4. 7 4 .8 2.7 1.2 68. 9 73.6 7 8 .4 81. 1 82.3 5.9 2. 8 3. 1 .9 .8 87. 9 9 0. 7 93. 8 94.7 95.5 3. 1 .8 1.2 . 7 .3 94. 8 95.6 9 6 .8 97. 5 9 7 .8 1.9 1.2 2 .6 1.5 2 .0 8 7.4 88. 7 91.3 9 2 .8 94. 8 8. 1 4 .3 4. 0 3 .3 3. 0 71. 0 7 5 .3 7 9 .4 82. 6 85. 7 8.4 2 .2 1.9 1.8 1.4 9 0. 0 92.2 94. 1 9 5 .9 97.3 200 210 220 230 240 a nd and and and and under under under under under 210 220 230 240 250 .............. ....................... ................ .................... . _____________________ ........................... ........... _____________________ 3 .2 1. 8 2. 3 3.3 1.2 8 5 .5 87.2 89.5 9 2. 8 9 4.0 .9 .9 .7 .2 .2 96.4 97.3 98 . 0 98.2 98.4 .8 .3 .4 . 1 98. 6 9 8 .9 9 9 .3 9 9 .4 9 9 .5 2. 0 .6 .7 .5 .3 96. 9 9 7 .4 9 8.2 98. 7 99 - 0 3.3 2 .4 1. 7 1.9 1.2 88. 9 9 1 .4 93. 0 9 4 .9 96. 1 .9 .4 .4 . 1 . 1 98.2 98. 6 9 9.0 99. 1 99.2 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 ........ .................. ........... _____________________ ______ ______________ _____________________ _____________________ 1. 7 .3 .7 . 5 .2 95.7 96. 1 96. 8 97.3 97.5 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 98.6 98. 7 98. 8 98.9 98 .9 .3 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 9 9 .3 9 9.3 9 9.6 9 9.7 9 9 .7 .9 .4 .8 .3 . 1 97. 0 97. 4 9 8 .2 9 8.5 9 8 .6 .2 . 1 . 1 ( 2) ( 2) 9 9 .4 9 9 .5 99.7 9 9 .7 9 9.7 100. 0 .2 1 00 . 0 .3 3 0 0 and o v e r _ To ta l N u m b e r of w oi rkers (in tho us and s ) -----------------------------------A v e r a g e hourl; Y earnings 1 See f oot no tes at end o f ta b l e . 2. 5 100. 0 ( 2) _ 1.1 ( 2) .2 . 1 9 9.7 9 9 .8 9 9.8 9 9 .8 9 9.8 ( 2) 1 00 . 0 .3 ( 2) .3 . 1 1 00 . 0 1.4 37 .9 48. 1 55. 1 58. 9 63.7 10 0. 0 1 00 . 0 100.0 10 0. 0 10 0. 0 1 00 . 0 1 00 . 0 124 25 148 22 54 17 $ 1. 51 $ 1.27 $ 1. 12 $ 1.22 $ 1.46 $ 1 . 23 Table 2. P e r c e n t a g e d i st r ib u ti on of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d mamxfa.ctu.ring i n d u s t r i e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 Un it ed S t a t e s and Sout h, June 1 9 5 9 — C o n ti n u e d H ou se h ol d fur nitu re Unite d S tate s (in c e n t s ) Percent of workers U n d e r 100 South C u m u la t i v e p e r c e n t of w orkers 0.2 0 .2 H a n d b a g s and o t h e r perso n a l leather goods - U n i t e d ‘S t a t e s 0. 3 0. 3 Cum ulative percent of w orkers Percent of workers 0. 1 0. 1 C ostum e jew elry, costume n o v e l t i e s , bu tto n s, and m i s c e l l a n e o u s n o ti on s, except precious m etal U ni te d St a t e s United States V V) \ C um ulative percent of workers Percent of workers T o y s, am usem ent, sp o r ti n g and athletic goods Percent of w orkers C um ulative percent of w orkers 0. 1 0. 1 Cum ulative p e r c e n t of w orkers Percent of w orkers ( 2) ( 2) 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under un der under under un der 1 0 5 _____________________ 1 1 0 _____________________ 1 1 5 ___ _______________ 1 2 0 _____________________ 125 _____________________ 5.9 3 .4 6.3 5. 0 4 .5 6.2 9.6 15. 8 20 .8 2 5.3 11. 5 7 .2 1 3.4 10. 3 8. 0 11.8 19. 0 3 2 .4 42. 7 50. 7 9.5 7.4 9 .4 8.4 6. 3 9 .6 16.9 2 6 .3 34 .7 41. 0 9. 1 3. 8 6 .9 5 .8 4. 5 9. 1 13 . 0 19.9 2 5 .7 3 0 .2 12. 8 6.4 7 .2 7. 5 5 .8 12. 8 1 9.2 26 .4 3 3 .9 3 9 .7 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and un der under un der under under 1 3 0 _____________________ 135 _____________________ 1 4 0 _____________________ 145 ___________________ 150 5. 6 4. 5 4. 3 3. 7 3.9 3 0 .9 3 5 .4 39.7 4 3.4 4 7 .3 8.5 5. 5 4. 8 4 .2 3 .9 5 9 .3 64. 8 6 9 .6 7 3.7 7 7 .6 7 .9 4 .5 3 .6 3 .9 2 .8 48. 9 5 3 .4 57. 0 60. 9 63. 7 5.4 4. 0 4. 1 3.3 3.2 3 5.6 3 9 .5 43. 7 47. 0 5 0 .2 8 .7 3 .8 4 .3 3 .7 2 .6 48 .4 52. 1 5 6 .4 6 0.2 6 2 .8 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under u nder u nder u nder u n der 1 6 0 _____________________ 170 .. _ 1 8 0 _____________________ 190 _ __ ______________ 2 0 0 _____________________ 7 .6 6. 1 6 .0 4. 8 4. 1 54 . 9 60. 9 66. 9 7 1.7 75. 8 5 .9 4. 1 2 .4 1. 7 1.5 8 3 .6 87. 6 90. 0 9 1 .7 93 .2 5.5 6 .3 4 .5 4. 0 1.3 6 9 .3 7 5 .5 80. 0 84. 0 8 5 .3 9. 1 8. 0 6 .2 5 .2 4 .2 5 9.3 6 7 .3 7 3 .5 78. 7 83. 0 6. 5 5. 5 5 .3 3. 8 2 .4 6 9 .3 7 4 .8 80. 1 83. 9 8 6 .4 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under u nder under under under 210 220 230 240 250 _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ 4 .9 3. 8 3. 1 2 .7 2. 0 8 0 .6 8 4.4 8 7 .5 9 0.2 92.2 1.6 .9 .7 . 7 . 7 94. 8 9 5.7 9 6.5 97.2 9 7 .9 2.7 1.4 2 .8 1. 1 .9 88. 1 8 9 .4 9 2 .2 9 3 .4 9 4.2 4. 1 2 .6 1.9 1.5 1.4 87. 1 8 9 .7 9 1 .6 93. 1 9 4 .5 2 .8 1. 9 1.2 1.2 .9 8 9.2 91. 1 9 2.2 9 3 .4 94 .4 250 260 270 2 80 290 and and and and and under under un der un der un der 260 270 280 290 300 ___ _______________ ___________________ _____________________ _______ ___________ _____________________ 2. 0 1.6 1. 1 .8 .5 9 4.2 9 5 .8 9 6 .9 9 7.6 98. 1 .4 .4 . 3 .2 . 1 98.3 98. 7 9 9.0 99. 1 99 .2 1. 8 .7 .5 .2 . 1 96. 0 9 6 .8 9 7 .3 9 7.6 9 7 .6 1.2 .8 .6 .4 .5 9 5 .7 96. 5 97. 1 9 7 .6 98. 0 1. . . . . 9 5 .9 9 6 .8 9 7 .5 98. 1 9 8.2 3 0 0 and o v e r ______ ___________________ 1. 9 1 00 . 0 2. 0 A v e r a g e h o u r ly earn ings1 ... 1 2 _. Dashes 100. 0 1.8 1 00 . 0 1 00 . 0 10 0. 0 10Ci. 0 100 . 0 _ 260 95 27 81 55 . $1 .65 $ 1.34 $ 1 .4 9 $ 1.57 $ 1.48 E x clu d es p r e m iu m pay for L e s s than 0 . 05 p e r c e n t . NOTE: _ _ 2 .4 1 00.0 100. 0 T o t a l ______________________________ N u m b e r of w o r k e r s (in th o u s a n d s ) .8 10 0. 0 5 9 7 7 1 overtim e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , in d i c a te no da ta r e p o r t e d . Because of rou nding , h o li d a y s , and la te shifts. s u m s of i n di vi du al i t e m s m a y not e q u a l 10 0. ISO w Table 3. P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r ib u t i o n of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s in selected manufacturing industries by average f o r m e t r o p o li t a n and n o n m e t r o p o li t a n axeas,* United States a n d South, June 1959 Vegetable and animal oils Seamless hosiery mills (men's) Knitting mills and fats to straight-time hourly learnings 1 A v e r a g e hourly ea rn in g s1 (in ce n ts ) U ni te d S ta te s M etropo litan Nonm etropolitan M etro politan U n it e d S ta te s South N onm etro po lita n M etro politan N onm etro po lita n M etro po litan South Nonm etro po lita n M etro politan Nonm etro politan 1.9 0 .7 0.9 2.1 1.0 2 .5 1.0 5 5.7 8 .3 6.0 4 .0 2.9 9 .7 4 .5 6.1 7 .6 5.0 17.7 7 .4 8 .4 6 .7 6.2 16.2 7 .3 7 .8 7.2 5 .6 19.0 8 .3 9 .0 7 .3 6 .6 2 2 .2 10.0 9 .5 6 .7 6 .2 28 .4 9 .8 10.8 7.8 6.9 2 5 .0 1 0.2 8.9 6 .6 6. 1 29.9 10.2 11 .3 7.7 7 .1 2 .9 .8 1.8 .7 . 1.1 1.7 1.7 4. 1 1.4 1.8 3 .9 1.1 1.1 .7 1.2 6.2 4 .7 4 .2 4.8 3.5 7.2 5.6 6 .1 4 .5 3.6 6.2 3 .9 4 .4 4.8 3.2 7. 5 5.9 6 .2 4 .6 3 .2 7 .3 4 .5 4 .2 3.5 3 .5 6.6 4 .6 4 .2 3.4 2 .1 6 .7 4. 1 4.2 3.6 3.6 6 .4 4 .5 4.3 3.3 1.9 5.4 4 .3 4 .9 4.7 8 .7 3.5 2.6 1.9 3 .5 2.9 4.2 3.8 7.7 6 .9 4.7 2 .4 1 .4 1.4 1.4 1.1 8 .4 5 .3 6 .3 4 .2 2 .8 6 .6 5.5 4. 1 2 .2 1 .4 7 .3 4 .4 4.8 5.5 2 .3 6 .0 3 .7 3. 1 2 .0 1.4 5.7 3.6 3 .4 2 .3 1.2 4. 1 2 .9 2 .8 1.3 1.0 5 .6 3 .6 3 .1 2 .3 1.0 3 .6 2 .3 2 .7 1.1 .8 ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 10.5 6.7 6 .9 4 .5 4 .2 4 .4 3 .0 4 .9 1.9 1.2 5 .4 4.0 3.9 2 .4 1.3 1.3 1.1 .9 .6 . 1 3 .5 2 .4 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 .7 .6 1.8 1.3 1.1 .6 .5 1.2 1.0 .8 .7 .6 1 .4 .5 .5 .3 . 1 _______________ ___________________ ----------- -------------------------------------___________________ 6.3 3. 1 3.2 1.4 .8 1.0 .4 . 3 .2 .1 1.3 .6 1. 1 .8 . 1 .3 .6 .3 . 1 . 1 .3 .2 . 1 .6 .4 .2 . 1 . 1 - 1 .3 .6 .6 .6 .2 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 6 .2 1.4 1.2 .7 2 .7 .3 .7 .2 .2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 0 0.0 100.0 100.0 5 7 100 118 28 $ 1 .18 $1.5 5 $ 1 .3 5 $ 1 .3 9 1.6 and and and and and under un der under un der un der 105 110 115 120 125 -----------------___________________ __ _ _ ______ ----------------------------__ _______________ 7 .7 1.1 1.9 .9 .6 4 1 .2 6 .4 5.0 2.9 2 .7 12 5 130 135 140 145 and and and and and un der under under under un der 130 135 140 14 5 150 ______ __ ___ ___ _____________ __ _ ____ ___________________ ___________________ 1.7 .6 1.5 1.2 1.0 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and un der un der un der un der under 160 170 180 190 200 ___________________ ___________________ ______________ ___ ___________________ ___________________ 20 0 210 22 0 230 24 0 and and and and and un der under un der un der un der 210 220 2 30 240 250 250 260 27 0 280 290 and and and and and un der under under un der un der 260 270 280 290 30 0 ^ ........................................... 300 and o v e r _____ _______ Total N u m b e r of w o r k e r s (in t h o u s a n d s ) __________ _____ 19 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 ________ $ 2.09 ____ See fo o t n o te s at end of t a b l e . U ni te d S ta te s Nonm etropolitan 2 7 .5 4 .0 4. 3 3.0 1.1 ( 3) 100 10 5 110 115 120 Unde r 100 South M etropolitan 11 $1.40 0 .1 $1.5 6 ( 3) ( 3) .2 .6 .2 . 3 .2 . 1 2.9 1.0 1.0 .5 .4 .2 . 1 .4 .2 .2 . 1 .2 . 1 . 1 .4 . 1 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 . . . . 3 1 1 1 - . 1 - 1 ( 3) - ( 3) .2 (3) .2 1 0 0.0 1 00.0 1 0 0.0 100.0 87 6 27 5 24 $ 1 .3 2 $ 1 .2 7 $ 1 .2 4 - ( a) $ 1 .2 5 $ 1 .2 2 Table 3 Percentage distribution of all nonsupervisory workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas * United States aiid South, June 1959— Continued Men's, youths', and boys' furnishings, work clothing, and allied garments Men's, youths', and boys' shirts (except work shirts), collars, and nightwear Women '8, m isses', children’s, and infants' under garments A v era g e hourly ea rn in g s1 (in c e n ts ) Unde r 100 . __ _ ___ Nonm etropolitan Metropolitan South United States South Unite d States M etropolitan Nonmetropolitan Metro politan Nonmetro politan Metro politan United States Nonmetro politan Metro politan Soiith Nonmetro^ politan Metro politan Nonmetro politan 0.9 4.2 1.7 5 .3 1.0 2 .6 0 .6 3 .0 0.9 1.2 1.8 2 .0 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 ____________________ _ ________ _ _____ _____ ________ __ ____________________ 16.9 4 .8 8 .3 5.2 5.8 38.2 7.7 10.5 7 .5 5.7 2 7 .5 7.1 11.3 6 .0 7 .3 4 4 .8 8 .9 9.1 6 .5 5 .4 1 2.4 4 .5 9 .7 5. 1 6 .3 3 9.2 8 .3 1 1.1 7. 1 5.7 28. 1 6 .3 12.5 3.8 5 .8 47. 1 8 .9 9 .7 6 .6 5.2 11.8 7.1 9 .7 7 .5 8 .2 19.2 6. 3 1 1 .4 1 0.5 7 .8 z i,t 11.3 12 ,6 5.9 4 .5 2 6.6 8 .4 9 .5 9 .1 7 .3 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 __ __ _______ _ ___ ___ ____________________ ____________________ _ _ __ 7 .5 4.9 5 .0 4.0 3.4 5.3 4.2 3. 1 2 .5 1.7 8 .6 5.0 4 .4 3.5 2 .4 4 .8 3.8 2 .6 1.8 1.2 8 .3 5. 1 5.6 4 .7 4 ,3 4 .9 3 .9 3.1 2 .7 2 .0 12.4 3. 1 4 .4 4 .7 2 .8 4 .6 3. 1 2 .5 2 .0 1.2 7.2 4 .3 4 .9 4 .8 2 .7 7 .7 6 .2 5.2 3 .4 3 .7 6.9 3i 5 2.8 3 .0 1.9 4 .9 4.8 3 .2 2; 6 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 170 180 190 200 ____________________ ____________________ _ __ _ ______ _ ________ ____________________ 3.9 2.6 1.8 3.3 1.8 1.2 1.0 .5 4 .4 2 .7 3.0 1.7 .8 2.2 1.2 .8 .6 .3 7.9 5 .6 4 .0 3 .8 2 .3 3.2 1.9 1.3 1 .0 .4 3 .8 2 .9 2 .7 2 .5 .9 2. 1 1.3 .8 .5 .2 6 .3 4 .7 4 .4 2 .9 1.6 5.8 3.2 2 .8 1.7 1.2 4.9 3.0 2.3 1.9 1.2 5. u 2.9 2.2 1 .4 .7 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 2.10 220 230 240 250 __ _ _ __ _ ____________________ _ ______ ____________________ 3. 1 1.5 2.0 .8 .5 .5 .3 .2 . 1 .1 .8 .3 .6 . 1 .3 1 . 1 . 3 , l (3 ) (3 ) .5 .2 . 1 . 1 .1 .6 .5 1.1 ( 3) 2 .6 1 .7 1.4 . 7 .4 2.1 1.6 1 .4 .8 .4 .8 .4 .6 .2 .1 1.3 .8 .7 .3 .2 .6 .3 .4 .2 .1 250 260 270 280 290 and and and a nd an d under under under u n de r under 260 270 280 290 30 0 ____________________ _________ __ _________ __________ __ _ _ ______ _______ 1.3 .6 .6 .5 .3 .i (3) (3 ) (*) ( 3) (3 ) (3 ) ( 3) ( 3) .1 .3 i3 1.0 .2 <1 ( ) (3) ( s) .5 .5 . 3 .5 .1 . ; i .i .i ___________________________ 1.5 .2 .4 100.0 100.0 100.0 145 184 $1.44 $ 1 . 17 30 0 and o v e r Total ______ ___ Number of workers (in thousands) __ _____ _ — ___ Average hourly earnings 1 ______ 7 .4 4 .5 . (3 ) ( h . l ( 3) .1 . 1 . 1 .1 .1 ( 3) .1 ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) . .7 .'5 .4 .9 1 .3 .1 (3) 7.3 .2 - - 1 . .2 .1 1.0 .2 .2 100.0 1 00.0 1 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 0 0.0 28 126 31 59 8 42 74 40 6 16 $ 1 .2 4 $ 1 . 12 $ 1 .4 3 $ 1 .1 7 $1.2 6 $ 1 . 13 $ 1 .4 3 $1.2 8 $ 1 .2 6 $1.23 1 1 2 .1 1 100.0.,, 100-0 See footnotes at end of table. to cn Table 3 Percentage distribution of all nonsuperviaory worker • in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings 1 for metropolitan and nanmetropolitan areas, 2 United States and South, June 1959-—Continued G irls', children's, and infantsv outerwear Miscellaneous apparel and accessories On Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Average hourly earnings1 (in cents) United States* Metro politan Under 100 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 ____ 125 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 ____ 145 150 — 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 170 180 . . 190 200 — 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 210 220 230 240 250 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 ............................. 290 300 ________ , ____ __ __ . . _ ....... 300 and over Total __ Number of workers (in thousands) ___________________ Average hourly earnings 1 — — _ See fo otno tes at end of table, Nonmetro politan South Metro politan United States Nonmetro politan Metro politan < South Nonmetro politan Metro politan United States Nonmetro politan Metro politan South Nonmetro politan Metro Nonmetro politan . politan 0.7 2.6 0.6 1.6 0.2 1,.9 ( 3) 2.3 0.1 _ 10.7 4.0 11.0 6. 1 6.9 29.6 8. 1 8.9 6.2 6.3 45.2 11.2 6.5 4.1 7.2 36.0 14.4 6 .4 8 .4 8 .7 9.0 3.0 6.1 6.1 7.0 24,.5 10,.1 9,.7 8,.6 7,,0 35.0 13.4 10.6 8.0 3.8 41.6 9 .7 12.2 5.9 4.8 11.1 5.4 8 .4 5.6 5.1 24.4 9.3 13. 1 5.8 7.6 23.,0 7,. 1 9,,1 5,,5 8,, 1 35.0 14.2 19.4 5.5 5.6 7.3 4. 3 3.9 3.9 2.7 5.0 2.5 3.1 2.5 1.'9 9.1 1.8 1.7 .9 3.7 5.3 2.8 2.2 2.0 2 .4 5.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 2.7 7,,2 7,,4 2,.6 7,. 1 1,,6 3.4 14.3 1.2 .3 .1 6. 1 4 .0 2.7 2.6 1.4 7.2 4.6 4.3 3.3 3.0 5.8 3.4 4.0 2.6 1.8 6,,8 5,.0 4,,5 3,,9 3,,2 3.9 2.8 2.5 1.2 1.1 6.8 4.4 5. 1 3.5 1.9 5.1 3.8 3.3 2.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 .5 .8 .6 3.5 1.4 .8 .7 .3 7.4 5.5 6 .5 4.2 2.9 4,,0 1.,8 1..0 ,7 ,3 .8 1.0 5.8 .4 .2 2 .4 1.4 .7 .7 .2 7.9 4.9 5.3 3.0 1.2 5.3 3.5 2 .4 1.4 1.0 7.,8 3.,2 4.,3 1.,2 ,9 2.8 2.2 1.2 .5 .6 3.2 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.7 1.5 1.1 .7 .2 .4 .6 .4 .2 .2 - .4 .5 .5 (*) .3 4.8 3.0 1.7 2.1 1.0 .6 .3 ,4 ,5 .2 .3 ( 3) .3 .1 ( 3) .3 .1 .3 .1 - 3.5 1.9 2.6 3.5 1.4 1.9 1.0 .8 2 .4 .2 1.,2 1.,2 1.,0 ,2 ,2 .5 .3 .1 .2 (3) 1.2 .6 .4 .6 .1 .8 .2 .2 .2 .1 .4 .1 (3 ) - .5 ( !) ( #> .2 - 2.1 1.3 .9 .6 .6 ,4 ,2 ,2 ,1 ,1 .3 .1 .1 ( 3) .1 .1 ( 3) .9 .2 .2 .1 ( 3) ,3 1 ,2 2 l) ( 3) ( 3) - 1.9 .4 .8 .6 .2 .1 (3) 3.7 1.3 .6 .6 3.7 1.,4 .3 .4 2.8 .9 1. 6 .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 53 20 4 7 42 16 3 5 103 21 16 10 $1.54 $1.30 $1. 17 $1.19 $1.64 $1.28 $1. 19 $1. 15 $1.54 $1.32 $1.34 $1.16 4 0,. 1 _ Table 3. Percentage distribution of all nonsupervisory workers in selected manufeicturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas ,2 United States and South, June 1959— Continued S a w m i lls a n d planing m ills , general W ooden con ta in e rs M is c e lla n e o u s wood products A v e ra g e h ou rly e a rn in g s 1 (in cents) So ut h M etro politan U n d e r 10 0 _ So u t h N onm etro p o l it a n M e t r opo litan U n ite d States N onm etro po litan M etro p olitan So u t h N onm etro po litan M etro p olitan N onm etro po litan _ (3) 0.6 (3) 0. 1 0.8 0 .3 8 .8 2 .9 3.6 2.4 4.0 26.6 7 .7 6 .9 6.4 6 .9 9 .5 5.2 4.6 2 .5 8. 1 49 .9 12.3 7.9 4.4 3 .4 4.6 4.0 3. 5 5 .2 2 .4 7.4 4.9 4 .9 3 .4 2 .4 7.9 4. 5 3.9 9 .3 5. 3 5.7 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.8 100 105 11 0 115 12 0 and and and and and under under under under under 105 11 0 115 1 2 0 ___________________ 125 55.3 8.3 6.8 2.8 2.9 56.6 8 .5 11.0 3.6 2.1 29.7 7 .2 13 .3 9 .2 6 .2 46.0 15.6 9 .2 5. 1 3 .7 125 13 0 135 14 0 14 5 and and and and and under under under under under 13 0 135 140 1 4 5 --------------------------1 5 0 -------- ------------------- 5.5 1.9 1.3 1.3 .2 6.6 1.0 1. 1 .9 .7 3.9 2.3 1.7 2 .7 2 .4 2.5 2.2 .8 1.8 1.0 150 160 17 0 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 170 180 190 200 5.4 1.2 .5 1.4 1.0 2.7 .8 1.3 .5 .2 1.5 2 .0 2.0 2 .0 1.8 2 .0 1.0 2.8 1.4 2. 1 11. 1 5.6 6 .2 5. 1 5.4 6 .0 3. 3 2 .5 2 .0 1.3 22. 3 4 .5 2 .8 3. 1 3.5 2 .5 1.3 1.5 1.2 .5 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 210 220 230 240 250 . _ . _ _____________ __ __ ___________________ 1.6 .7 .8 .1 ( 3) .6 .3 .3 .2 ( 3) 3.4 2 .4 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.5 (3) .4 .2 -1 5.5 3. 1 2 .8 3 .7 2 .4 1.7 2 .0 .9 .6 .3 .8 .5 .8 .2 - .9 .3 .2 . 1 .1 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 _ .6 .3 (3) ( 3) ( 3) .1 3> 3) 3) 3) .5 . 1 .9 .3 . 1 .2 ( 3) .1 ( 3) ( 3) 1.5 .8 1.5 .4 .2 . . . . . .3 .4 . 1 - .2 (3) . 1 ( 3) ( 3) .3 .2 .2 .3 2 .6 .6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s ( i n t h o u s a n d s ) _____ __ _____________ 23 125 6 16 23 32 5 12 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 _________ $1.17 $1.12 $1.33 $1.18 $ 1.67 $1.31 „ . . _ _ -------- ------------------- _ _ . . . . . _ ____ __ __ 300 a n d o v e r ( ( ( ( ' 5 1 3 1 1 ( 3) ____ ( 3) $1.41 _ .4 $1.16 See footnotes at end of table. to <1 Table 3. P e r c e n t a g e d is t r i b u t i o n of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r m e t r o p o li t a n an d n o n m e t r o p o li t a n a r e a s , 2 U ni te d S t a t e s a n d S ou th, June 1 9 5 9 — C on t i n u e d H a n d b a g s a n d othe r personal leather goods H o u s e h o ld fu rn itu re Toys, am usem ent, sp o r ti n g a n d a t h l e t i c goods A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 (in ce n ts ) South U n i te d Sta te s M etropo litan Under 100 _______________________________ 0.2 M etropolitan 0.2 0.7 U ni te d St a t e s N onm etro po lita n M etro po lita n 1 2.7 9 .1 16.7 6.9 5.9 7 .9 9 .3 7.9 3.6 7. 1 5.5 4. 5 9 .6 4 .7 3.5 3.5 3.9 5.3 2.9 5 .2 6 .3 4. 3 3.9 6 .7 2.8 2 .7 6 .9 9 .6 4 .3 8.3 8 .4 7. 1 _ ____ _ ___ ____________________ 4. 7 3.7 6.9 5 .7 9.3 5 .3 5. 7 7 .4 4 .4 135 and u nder 140 140 an d u nder 145 145 a n d under 150 ______________ ____ ____________________ ______________ ____ 3 .7 3. 3 4. 1 5.1 4 .4 3.6 4.8 4 .4 4.7 4.8 4 .0 3 .4 2.8 150 160 170 180 190 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ _________ ________ 7 .9 . 3 7.4 7. 1 5.7 4.0 3.0 2.5 7. 1 5 .3 3.4 2 .7 2 .3 5. 1 3.3 an d an d an d and an d 105 110 115 120 125 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ _ ________ _ ____________________ 125 a n d under 130 130 an d under 135 an d and and an d an d under under under under under u nder under u nder under u nder 160 170 180 190 200 200 and 210 an d 6 6.1 5.2 6 . 1 5 .0 4. 3 3.9 u nder 2 1 0 under 2 2 0 2 2 0 and under 2 30 2 30 an d under 2 4 0 2 ^ 0 an d under 2 50 ____________________ _____________________ ____________________ __ __________ _______ 250 2 60 270 280 290 __________ _ ___ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 3.0 2 .5 ___________________________ 3.0 an d an d an d an d an d under under under under under 300 an d o ve r Total 260 270 280 290 30 0 ______________________________ N u m b e r of w o r k e r s (in t h o u s a n d s ) ________________________ A v erage hourly earnings 1 1 2 3 1.6 1.2 .7 100.0 3.1 3.1 1.7 1.3 2.0 1.4 1. 1 .8 1.2 .8 .5 .4 . 3 .7 .6 .7 .4 .2 .2 . 1 .4 100.0 1.7 100.0 7 .2 9.8 11.6 8.6 8.0 8.2 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.2 .7 .4 .4 .4 3.0 1.4 3.4 1.2 .6 .2 .2 .9 1.9 .8 .6 .2 ( 3) (?) ( 3) . 1 . 1 2. 5 100.0 100.0 153 108 37 57 $ 1 .8 1 $ 1 .4 2 $ 1 .4 6 $ 1 .2 7 0.2 D a s h e s in d ic a te no data r e p o r t e d . B e c a u s e of ro u nd in g, 0. 1 13.1 4 .7 M etro po lita n (3> 7.0 4. 3 5 .5 3.9 3 .7 3 .2 5 .0 4. 1 9 .5 3 .8 5 .8 3.7 5 .0 2.0 6.2 8 .9 7.7 5. 3 4.2 1.7 5 .5 4.8 9.9 9 .4 7.2 3.9 6 .5 5 .2 5 .0 3 .5 1.7 2 .3 .9 .7 2. 5 1 .7 1.6 1.2 .6 .9 .8 1.3 .3 . 1 .2 . 1 2.0 100.0 6 21 $ 1 .5 1 Un it ed S ta te s N onm etro po litan 1 3.6 7.1 7 .8 7.7 . 1 8.0 $ 1 .4 5 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m pay for o v e r t i m e an d for w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , a n d la te s h i f t s . S e e fo ot no te 1, ta b le 1 fo r de fin it ion of m e t r o p o li t a n a r e a . L e s s than 0 , 0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: _________ 2.8 9.9 M etro po lita n s u m s of in d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not equ al 1 0 0 . 2.8 6.0 4.6 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.0 6.0 2.0 .6 .6 .5 .2 .3 .2 .7 .5 .5 . 3 1.9 2 .4 100.0 65 $1.6 0 qq C o s t u m e j e w e l t y , coistume n o v e l t i e s , buttbhs^ an d m is c e lla n e o u s notion s, except precious m etal Un it ed S t a t e s N onm etro po litan 0. 1 8. 1 0. 1 10.2 ( 3) 6.1 10.6 8. 1 100 105 110 115 120 3.1 1.5 3.2 Nonm etropolitan 1 100.0 16 $ 1 .4 8 6 4. 3 3.9 1.0 1. 1 .8 1 .5 .7 . 5 .4 . 1 N or im C tr opolitan 7.0 1.8 6.2 2.9 3.9 3.2 3 .4 4 .0 2 .4 6*8 6.6 7 .1 7 .3 6 .4 7. 5 5 .0 3.2 2.2 1.8 1 .5 1.8 2i 2 1.7 2.6 .3 1.9 .9 loo. 0 100. o 48 i $ 1 .4 5 $ 1 .6 9 . Table 4. Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and South, June 1959 Confectionery and related products Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) Under 100 United States Vegetable and animal oils and fats South South United States Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0.2 0.2 1.4 1. 4 0. 6 Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0. 6 Knitting mills Percent of workers 1. 2 1. 2 South United States Cumulative percent of worker s Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers 0. 8 0. 8 1. 3 6 1 7 6 7 14. 6 6. 3 7.4 7.2 5. 8 15.4 21. 7 29.2 36.4 42. 1 18. 6 8.2 8. 8 7. 2 6. 3 Cumulative percent of workers 1.3 100 105 110 115 120 and under and under and under and under and under 105 ________________ 1 10 ________________ 115 ________________ 120 ______ __________ 125 ________________ 6.4 2.4 3.2 4. 6 4. 0 6.6 9. 0 12.2 16. 9 20. 9 26. 6 9.4 7. 5 15. 0 8. 6 28. 0 37.4 44. 9 59. 9 68. 5 23.4 3. 5 3.2 1. 7 1.4 24. 27. 30. 32. 33. 0 6 8 5 9 51.4 7. 6 5. 6 3. 9 2. 1 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 1 30 ________________ 135 ________________ 140 145 ________________ 1 50 ________________ 7. 0 5. 8 7. 9 4.9 5. 8 27. 9 33. 7 41. 7 46.6 52.4 4. 0 3.2 4.4 4. 1 2. 1 72. 5 75.7 80. 1 84. 2 86.4 1.4 .5 1. 7 .8 .7 35. 35. 37. 38. 39. 3 8 5 3 1 2. 5 1. 2 2. 5 .6 1. 2 74. 2 75. 3 77. 8 78.4 79.6 6.6 5. 2 5. 2 4. 6 3. 6 48. 7 53. 9 59.2 63. 7 67. 3 7. 0 5. 3 5. 7 4. 7 3.2 57. 5 62. 9 68. 6 73.3 76. 5 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 1 60 ________________ 1 70 ________________ 180 ___ 1 90 ________________ 200 ________________ 9. 7 6.2 5. 1 6. 2 5. 1 62. 1 68. 3 73.4 79.6 84. 7 6.2 2. 0 1.8 1. 3 1. 0 92. 6 94. 5 96.4 97.7 98. 7 4. 3 3. 3 3.2 4. 1 7. 0 43. 4 46. 7 49.9 54. 0 61. 0 2. 1 1. 6 3. 3 3.2 2. 0 81. 7 83.3 86. 5 89. 8 91.7 7.2 5.4 5. 1 3. 0 2. 0 74. 80. 85. 88. 90. 6. 3. 3. 2. 1. 82. 86. 90. 92. 94. 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 210 220 230 240 250 ________________ ________________ ________________ ... ...... 3. 8 3.3 1. 5 1. 9 1. 2 88. 5 91. 8 93. 3 95. 2 96.4 .7 .3 .2 ( 2) ( 2) 99.4 99. 7 99. 8 99. 9 99. 9 8. 5. 6. 3. 3. 3 6 7 6 4 69. 74. 81. 85. 88. 3 9 6 2 6 2. 1 1. 9 1.6 1. 0 .4 93.9 95. 8 97.4 98. 3 98. 8 1. 9 1. 6 1.4 .9 .8 92. 0 93. 6 95. 0 96. 0 96.7 1. 3 1. 0 .9 .7 .5 95. 8 96. 8 97.7 98.4 98.9 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 . ____ 270 ________________ 280 290 ________________ 3 00 1. 1 .7 .4 .3 .3 97. 5 98. 1 98. 5 98. 9 99.2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) - 99. 9 99. 9 99.9 99.9 99.9 4. 3 2. 0 2. 0 .7 .5 92. 94. 96. 97. 98. 9 9 9 9 1 .4 .1 .2 .3 ( 2) 99.2 99.3 99.4 99. 7 99.8 .8 .4 .3 .3 .1 97.6 98. 0 98. 3 98. 6 98. 7 .3 .2 .1 .2 ( 2) 99.2 99.4 99. 5 99.7 99. 8 .8 100. 0 ( 2) 100. 0 1. 9 100. 0 .2 100. 0 1. 3 100. 0 .3 100. 0 300 and over Total ......... ........ Number of workers (in thousands) __________________ Average hourly earnings 1 See footnotes at end of table. 52. 60. 65. 69. 71. 6 0 1 1 1 19. 28. 36. 44. 50. 2 8 5 8 6 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 56 8 25 11 2 05 110 $ 1. 57 $ 1. 21 $1.. 72 $1 . 25 $ 1.43 9 2 9 1 5 7 5 1 9 5 $ 1. 33 to 'O 00 T a b le 4 . P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t io n o f a l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s i n s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S o u th , J u n e 19 5 9 — C o n t in u e d S e a m le s s h o s ie r y m il l s A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 ( in c e n t s ) U n it e d S t a t e s P e rce n t of w o rk e rs Under 100 ________________________ ( m e n 's ) C u m u la t iv e p e rc e n t of w o rk e rs M e n 's , y o u t h s ', a n d b o y s ' f u r n is h in g s , w o r k c lo t h in g , a n d a l l i e d g a r m e n t s S o u th P e rce n t of w o rk e rs S o u th U n it e d S t a t e s C u m u la t iv e p e rc e n t of w o rk e rs 1.3 1. 3 1. 4 1.4 P e rce n t of w o rk e r s O M e n 's , y o u t h s ', a n d b o y s ' s h i r t s (e x c e p t w o r k s h i r t s ) , c o l l a r s , a n d n ig h t w e a r U n it e d S t a t e s C u m u l a t iv e p e rc e n t o f w o rk e rs P e rce n t of w o rk e rs C u m u l a t iv e p e rc e n t of w o rk e rs 2. 9 4. 8 4. 8 2. 1 0 6 2 8 6 42. 7 8. 5 9-4 6. 4 5. 6 47. 6 56. 1 65. 5 71.9 77.6 30. 5 7. 1 10. 9 6.3 5. 9 2. 9 P e rce n t of w o rk e rs C u m u l a t iv e p e rc e n t o f w o rk e rs 2. 1 S o u th P e rce n t of w o rk e rs C u m u l a t iv e p e rce n t of w o rk e rs 2. 7 2. 7 44. 9 8. 5 10. 2 6. 2 5. 3 47. 5 56. 1 66.3 72. 5 77. 8 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 ................ ............ 1 1 0 ________ ___ ___ 115 ________________ 1 20 ....... ..................... 1 25 ----- ------------------ 27. 8 10 2 10. 7 7.4 6. 9 29.2 39. 3 50. 1 57. 5 64.4 29- 5 10. 5 11. 0 7. 4 7. 0 30. 9 41. 4 52.4 59. 9 66. 9 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 1 3 0 ________________ 135 -----------------------1 40 .......... .................. 145 -----------------------1 50 ------------------------ 6. 5 4. 6 4. 1 3. 4 2 .4 70. 9 75.4 79.5 83. 0 85.4 6.2 4. 5 4. 1 3.4 2. 2 73. 1 77. 5 81. 6 85. 0 87. 2 6. 2 4. 5 3. 9 3.2 2. 5 67. 8 72. 3 76. 2 79.3 81. 8 5. 2 4. 0 2. 7 2. 1 1. 4 82.8 86. 8 89. 5 91.6 93. 0 6. 1 4. 4 3. 9 3. 5 2. 8 68. 9 73. 3 77.2 80. 6 83.4 5. 5 3. 1 2. 6 2. 5 1. 4 83. 3 86.4 88. 9 91.4 92. 8 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 _______ _________ 1 70 ......... ................... 1 80 ... ......................... 190 -----------------------200 ________________ 4. 2. 2. 1. 1. 3 9 9 5 0 89. 7 92. 5 95.4 96. 9 98. 0 3.9 2. 5 2. 8 1. 3 .8 91. 0 93. 5 96.3 97.6 98.4 4. 8 2. 9 2. 3 1. 5 1. 0 86. 6 89. 5 91. 8 93.4 94. 4 2.4 1.4 1.2 .7 .4 95.4 96. 8 98. 0 98. 7 99. 1 4. 8 3.2 2. 2 1. 9 1. 1 88. 2 91.5 93. 6 95. 6 96.6 2. 3 1. 6 1. 1 .8 .3 95. 1 96. 7 97.8 98. 6 98. 9 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 2 1 0 ________________ 220 ________________ 230 ________________ 240 ...... ...................... 250 ________________ .7 .2 .3 .2 .1 98. 7 98.9 99.2 99.4 99.5 .4 .2 .2 .1 .1 98. 9 99. 1 99.3 99.4 99. 5 1. 4 .7 .9 .4 .2 95.7 96.4 97.3 97. 7 97. 9 .3 .1 .2 99.4 99. 5 99.7 99.7 99.8 1. 0 .6 .5 .3 .1 97.7 98. 3 98. 8 99. 1 99.2 .3 .2 .3 ( 2) .1 99.3 99.4 99.7 99.8 99. 8 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 ________________ ________________ ........................... ................. ........... ...... ............... ....... .2 .1 .2 . 1 .2 . *2 98. 5 98.7 99. 0 99.2 99.3 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 .2 .1 .1 .1 ( 2) 99.4 99. 5 99.6 99.7 99.7 ( 2) (?) .1 ( 2) 99.7 99.8 99.8 99. 9 99.9 6 .2 .3 .1 ( 2) 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 99.9 (?) (?) ( 2) 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 •1 100. 0 .1 100. 0 .7 100. 0 100. 0 .3 100. 0 .i 100. 0 300 and o v er...................................... ( 2) ( 2) 30. 6. 9. 6. 5. 1 6 7 5 8 33. 39. 49. 55. 61. (?) ( 2) (*) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) . 1 32. 39. 50. 56. 62. 6 7 6 9 8 ' T otal_____________ _________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Number of workers (in thousands) ........................... ..... 32 28 310 148 85 48 Average hourly earnings 1 _______ $1. 23 $ 1.22 $ 1.27 $ 1. 14 $ 1. 25 $ 1. 14 See f o o t n o t e s at e n d o f t a b l e . T a b le 4 . P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t io n o f a l l p r o d u c t ib n w o r k e r s i n s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s \>y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t im e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , 1 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S o u th , J u n e 19 5 9 — C o n t in u e d Women's, m i s s e s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , infants' under garments Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) United States Percent of workers ... . Under 100 G ir ls ', South Cumulative Percent percent of of workers workers c h ild r e n 's , a n d in fa n t s ' o u t e rw e a r South United States Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers Miscellaneous apparel and accessories Percent of workers South United States Cumulative percent of workers Percent Cumulative percent of of workers workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 1. 1 1. 1 2. 1 2. 1 1.3 1.3 1. 1 1. 1 0. 8 0. 8 1. 6 1.6 13. 9 5. 3 7.3 7. 1 7.3 14. 7 19.9 27.3 34. 4 41. 7 39.4 11.3 11.9 6.7 4 .4 41. 0 52. 3 64.2 70. 9 75.3 47.4 53. 0 56. 7 61.4 63.7 4.9 8. 0 2.2 1. 8 .9 80.2 88.2 90.4 92. 1 93. 1 100 105 110 115 120 and under and under and under and under and under 105 110 .. ____ 1 15 ______ _________ 1 20 ..... ............ ........... 125 15.4 7.2 10. 7 8.9 8. 1 16. 5 23. 7 34.4 43. 3 51.5 28. 5 9.5 10. 5 8 .4 6. 7 30. 6 40. 0 50. 5 59. 0 65. 6 16. 6 5. 2 11. 0 6. 3 7. 0 17.9 23. 1 34. 1 40.4 47.4 40. 8 13.5 6. 5 6. 7 8.4 42. 0 55.5 62. 0 68.7 77. 1 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 1 30 ________________ 135 ..... . 1 40 ________________ 145 ________________ 1 50 ________________ 7.4 5. 1 4. 9 4.2 3. 0 58. 9 63.9 68. 8 73. 0 76. 0 7. 0 4 .6 4. 0 3. 1 2.4 72.6 77. 3 81.2 84. 3 86. 7 6 .8 3 .9 3. 6 3. 5 2 .4 54.2 58. 1 61. 7 65.2 67. 6 6. 7 2 .4 1. 9 1.4 2. 5 83. 8 86.2 88. 1 89. 5 92. 0 5. 5. 3. 4. 2. 150 and 160 and 170 and 180 and 190 and under under under under under 1 60 ________________ 1 70 ________________ 1 80 ____ ____________ 1 90 ________________ 200 ___ ___________ 5.6 4. 1 3. 6 2.4 1.4 81. 6 85. 6 89. 3 91.6 93. 0 4 .4 2. 7 2. 1 1.2 .8 91. 1 93.7 95.8 97. 0 97.8 6.4 4 .2 4 .2 2.7 1. 9 74. 0 78.2 82.4 85. 1 87. 0 2. 9 1. 5 .7 .7 .5 94. 8 96.3 97. 1 97. 8 98.2 6.4 4. 2 4. 5 3. 1 2. 0 70. 74. 78. 81. 84. 1 3 8 9 0 1. 8 1. 1 2. 5 .5 .2 94. 8 95.9 98.4 98.9 99. 1 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 2 1 0 ________________ 220 ________________ 230 ________________ 240 ________________ 250 ________________ 1. 5 1. 0 1. 1 .5 .3 94.5 95.5 96.6 97.2 97. 5 .7 .3 .4 .2 .1 98. 5 98. 8 99.2 99.4 99.6 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 5 7 0 0 1 89. 5 91.2 92.2 93. 2 95.3 .5 .4 .4 . 1 ( 2) 98. 7 99. 0 99.4 99.5 99.5 3.3 2. 3 1. 4 1. 7 .7 87.3 89. 6 90.9 92. 6 93.4 .2 .1 .3 .1 ( 2) 99.3 99.3 99.6 99.7 99.8 250 260 270 280 290 and under and under and under and under and under ________________ ________________ ________________ .4 .4 .2 .4 ( 2) 97. 8 98.2 98.4 98. 7 98. 8 . 1 . 1 ( 2) . 1 - 99.7 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .8 .3 .3 .4 .1 96. 1 96.3 96.7 97. 1 97.2 . 1 ( 2) .1 - 99.6 •99.6 99.6 99.8 99.8 1.3 1. 0 .7 .5 .5 94.6 95.6 96.3 96. 8 97.3 ( 2) .1 (*) ( 2) - 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 1.2 100. 0 ( 2) 100. 0 2. 8 100. 0 .3 100. 0 2. 7 100. 0 .1 100. 0 260 270 280 290 300 ________________ 300 and over - 7 6 6 7 3 T otal_______________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Number of workers (in thousands)__ ______________ 105 21 69 10 54 8 $ 1. 35 $ 1.22 $ 1.45 $ 1. 16 $1. 51 $ 1 .: 15 Average hourly earnings 1 _ See footnotes at end of table. co to Table 4. Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and South, June 1959— Continued Sawmills and planing mills, general Miscellaneous fabricated textile products (in cents) United States Under 100 ----------------------------------- South Cumulative percent of worker s Percent of worker s South Cumulative percent of workers Percent of worker s Wooden containers South Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers ( a) ( 2) ( a) (*) 0.5 0.5 ( a) l a> 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 __ __ ------------------------------------------------------------ -----------______________ 14.6 6.6 9.9 6.0 5.9 14.7 21.3 31.1 37. 1 43.1 30. 1 10.6 13.9 5.6 7. 6 30. 1 40. 7 54.7 60.3 67.9 57.2 8.6 10.4 3.6 2.2 57.7 66.3 7*6.7 80.3 82.5 43.5 14. 1 10.5 6.4 ' 4.5 43.5 57.7 68.2 74.6 79.0 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 ______________ ---------------------------------------------------------------______________ 7.1 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.0 50.2 54.8 59.2 62.4 65.4 5 .4 4 .2 3. 7 2 .4 2 .4 73.2 77.4 81.1 83.5 85.9 6.4 1.1 1.2 .8 .6 58.9 90.0 91.2 92.0 92.6 2.9 2.2 .9 1.9 1.4 81.9 84.1 85.0 86.9 88.3 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 ______________ 170 __ ----------------180 ------- ------190 __ ___________ 200 _ ------------ 7.5 4.5 4.5 2.5 1.2 72.9 77.4 82.0 84.4 85.6 5. 3 2 .6 2 .2 .7 .7 91.2 93.9 96.0 96.8 97.5 2.9 .8 1.2 .5 .3 95.5 96.3 97.4 97.9 98.2 1.5 .7 2.6 1.0 2.0 89.8 90.5 93.1 94.1 96.1 200 210 220 230 240 and under and under and under and under and under 210 ------- — 220 _ _____________ 230 — ---------240 ______________ 250 ______________ 2.7 1.5 1.9 3.3 1.2 88.3 89.8 91.7 95.0 96.2 .6 .7 .5 .2 .1 98. 1 98.8 99.3 99.5 99.6 .7 .3 .3 .1 ( 2) 98.9 99.2 99.5 99.6 99.7 1.6 .6 .6 .3 .3 97.7 98.2 98.8 99.1 99.4 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and 260 ---------------------270 — -----------------280 -------------------290 --------------300 ---------------------- 1.3 .2 .6 .4 .2 97.5 97:7 98.3 98.7 99.0 .1 ( 4) .1 (") 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 99.9 .1 .1 (*J i?> ( a) 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .1 ( a) .2 (?) (*) 99.5 99.6 99.8 99.8 99.8 1.0 100.0 .1 100.0 .1 100.0 .2 100.0 under under under under under 300 and over __ Total __ „ -----------------------_______ Number of workers (in thousands) —----- _____ 100 .0 100.0 100 .0 100.0 --------- — HI 23 145 21 $1. 45 $1. 21 $1. 11 $1. 19 Average hourly earnings 1 ml - — S e e fo o tn o te * a t e n d o f t a b le T a b le 4 . P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t io n o f a l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s i n s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t im e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S o u t h , J a n e 1 9 5 9 — C o n t in u e d Miscellaneous wood products Average hourly earnings1 (in cents) United States Under 100 __________ ________ ... . Household furniture South Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0. 5 0. 5 20. 7 26. 7 32.5 37.4 43.4 Percent of workers United States C umulative percent of workers South Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Curhulative percent of workers Percent of , workers 0.2 0.2 0. 3 0. 3 1 8 0 1 0 6. 2 3.6 6 .6 5. 2 4. 7 6. 4 10. 0 16. 6 21. 7 26. 5 11. 6 7.4 13. 9 10. 6 8. 3 11.9 19. 3 33.2 43. 9 9 5 1 8 7 72. 9 75.4 77.6 81.3 84. 1 5. 5 4 .6 4. 3 3. 9 4. 0 32. 36. 40. 44. 48. 0 6 9 8 7 8.2 5. 5 4. 9 4. 2 4. 0 60.4 65,9 70. 8 74. 9 79. 0 - - 100 and under 105 and under 110 and under 115 and under 120 and under 105 110 115 120 125 ...... 20. 2 6. 0 5. 8 4. 8 6. 0 125 and under 130 and under 135 and under 140 and under 145 and under 13 0 135 140 145 _________________ 150 6.2 4. 5 4. 4 4.2 2.3 49. 54. 58. 62. 65. 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 170 . .... _ 180 190 200 ........ 7.7 4.2 3. 8 3. 1 2.9 72. 7 76. 9 80. 7 83. 8 86. 7 8. 0 2. 1 1. 5 1.4 1.4 92. 1 94.2 95.7 97. 1 98. 5 7. 6. 5. 4. 4. 6 0 8 5 1 56. 3 62.3 68. 1 72. 6 76. 7 5. 8 4. 1 2. 2 1.4 1. 4 84. 8 88. 9 91.2 92.6 94. 0 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 210 220 .... 230 240 250 _ _ 3. 1 2.4 1.6 1.9 1. 1 89. 8 92.2 93.7 95.6 96. 7 .5 .2 .2 .1 ( 2) 99. 0 99.2 99.4 99. 5 99. 5 4. 7 3. 7 3. 0 2.6 2. 0 81.4 85. 1 88. 1 90. 7 92. 7 1.4 .9 .7 .7 .5 95.4 96.3 97. 0 97. 7 98.2 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 _________________ 280 _ 290 _ 300 _________________ .8 .4 .8 .2 .1 97.6 98. 0 98. 7 98. 9 99. 0 .1 .1 . 1 ( 2) ( 2) 99.6 99. 8 99.8 99.8 99.9 2. 0 1. 6 1. 1 .7 .4 94. 7 96,3 97.4 98. 1 98.6 .4 .3 .3 .1 .1 98.6 98.9 99.2 99.3 99.4 1. 0 100. 0 .i 100. 0 1.4 100. 0 .6 _T __ ......... __ 3 00 and over Total ____ Kumber of workers (in thousands) __________________ Average hourly earnings 1 _ 5 1 5 7 0 40. 1 10. 7 7. 3 4. 0 4 .9 5. 2. 2. 3. 2. 40. 50. 58. 62. 67. 5 ?. 2 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 50 16 238 89 $ 1. 43 $ 1.20 $ 1. 63 $ 1.33 See footnotes at end of table. CO CO CO Table 4. Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and South, June 1959— Continued Handbags and other personal leather goods Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) United States Percent of workers Under 100 ________________________ Toys, amusement, sporting and athletic goods 0. 1 Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions, except precious metal United States United States Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers Percent of workers Cumulative percent of workers 0. 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 1 0 1 1 8 10. 1 18. 1 28.2 37. 3 44. 1 9.9 4. 1 7.2 6 .4 4. 8 9.9 14. 0 2 i:2 27. 5 32.4 14. 5 7. 0 7.7 8.4 6.3 1 30 ________________ 135 ________________ 1 40 ________________ 1 45________________ 1 50 ________________ 8.2 4 .6 3 .6 4. 1 2. 9 52. 3 56. 9 60. 5 64. 6 67.6 5. 7 4. 1 4. 0 3. 3 3.2 38. 1 42.2 46.2 49. 6 52. 8 9.3 3. 8 4. 6 3. 5 2. 5 53. 2 56. 9 61. 5 65. 0 67.6 under under under under under 1 60________________ 170 ________________ 180 -----------------------1 90 ________________ 200 ------------------------ 5. 7 5. 8 4.2 3. 4 1. 3 73. 3 79. 0 83.2 86.6 87. 9 9.2 7. 8 6. 0 4. 8 4. 3 62. 0 69. 8 75.9 80. 7 85. 0 6. 5 5. 2 5. 1 2. 7 2.2 74. 1 79. 3 84.4 87. 0 89. 2 and and and and and under under under under under 2 1 0 ............................. 220 ________________ 230 ---------------------240 ________________ 250 ________________ 2.2 1.2 2. 3 1. 1 .7 90. 1 91.3 93.6 94. 7 95.4 3. 8 2. 3 1. 7 1. 5 1.3 88. 8 91. 1 92. 8 94. 3 95.6 1.9 1.6 .9 1. 3 .7 91.2 92. 8 93.7 95.5 95.7 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 __________ *____ ________________ ________________ ________________ ------------------------ 1. 6 .6 .5 .2 ( 2) 97. 0 97.6 98. 1 98. 3 98.3 1. 0 .7 .6 .4 .3 96.6 97.3 97.9 98.3 98.7 1. 3 .7 .6 .6 . 1 97. 0 97.7 98. 3 98.9 99. 0 300 and o v er_____________________ 1. 7 100. 0 1. 3 100. 0 1. 0 100. 0 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 1 0 5 ...... ...................... 110 ________________ 115 ________________ 1 20________________ 125 ------------------------ 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 10. 8. 10. 9. 6. Total _______________________ 100. 0 100. 0 ( 2) 14. 21. 29. 37. 43. 100. 0 Number of workers (in thousands) ---------------------------- 25 73 48 Average hourly earnings 1 ----------- $ 1.44 $ 1. 54 $ 1.42 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Less than 0. 05 percent. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 5 5 2 5 9 T a b le 5. P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t io n o f a l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r m e t r o p o lit a n a n d n o n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , * U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S o u th , J u n e 1959 Knitting mills Vegetable and animal oils and fats Seamless hosiery mills (men's) A v e r a g e h o u r l y 1earnings1 (in cents) Metro politan Under 100 _________________________ _ Nonmetro politan 1.6 Metro politan _ South United States South United States Nonmetro politan 1.9 Metro politan 0.8 Nonmetro politan 0.8 Metro politan 2.1 United States Nonmetro politan Metro politan South Nonmetro politan Metro politan Nonmetro politan 1.0 2.7 1.0 3.0 1.1 28.9 10.1 11.0 7.6 7. 1 25.8 10.6 8.9 6.3 6. 1 30.5 10.5 11.5 7.7 7.2 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 _ _ ___ _________ _ __ _______________ _______________ _ ______ _ 9.1 1.3 2.0 1.0 .6 46.9 7.2 5.3 2.8 2.7 32.7 4.6 4. 1 3.6 1.0 63.5 9.5 6.5 4.0 2.8 10.2 4.6 6.2 7.9 5. 1 18.2 7.6 8 .5 6.6 6.3 16.7 7.5 7.9 7.0 5.5 19.2 8 .5 9.0 7.3 6.6 23.1 10.5 9.6 6.4 6.3 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ 1.0 .6 1.5 1.1 .8 2.2 .5 1.9 •.3 .7 1.9 1.9 4.4 1.1 1.6 2.9 .7 1.2 .3 .9 5.9 4.8 4.2 4.6 3.5 7. 1 5.6 6. 1 4.5 3.6 5.8 3.7 4. 3 4.7 3.2 7.4 5.8 6.2 4.7 3.2 7.2 4 .4 3.9 3.6 3.5 6.3 4.6 4. 1 3.4 2.1 6.6 4. 1 3.8 3.6 3.6 6. 1 4 .5 4.2 3.3 1.9 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and under under under under under 160 170 180 190 200 _______________ 5.6 4.3 4.4 4.7 9.7 2.2 1.8 1. 1 3.0 2.6 3.9 3.0 7.3 7.0 4.5 1.0 .7 .7 .7 .3 8.2 5.2 6.4 4.2 2.8 6.4 5.6 4.0 2.1 1.3 7.4 4.3 4.9 5.5 2.4 5.8 3.7 3. 1 1.9 1.4 5.6 3.5 3. 5 2.3 1.1 4.0 2.7 2.8 1.3 1.0 5.6 3.6 3.2 2.3 1.0 3.5 2.3 2.7 1.1 .8 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and and under under under under under 210 220 230 240 250 ___________ __ _______________ _______________ _______________ 10.8 7.3 7.8 4.8 4.8 4.2 2.9 4.9 1.8 1.1 4.5 3.7 3.4 2.1 1.0 .6 .7 .5 .3 2.8 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.0 1. 1 .7 .6 1.8 1.2 1.1 .7 .5 1.2 1.0 .8 .7 .6 1.2 .4 .5 .3 .1 .6 .2 .3 .2 .1 .9 .3 .4 .2 .1 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 _______________ _______________ __________ __ _______________ _______________ 6.4 3.0 3.1 1.1 .8 .8 .4 .2 .1 .1 .8 .2 .4 .5 .1 - .4 .3 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .7 .3 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 - 1.3 .6 .6 .6 .2 ( 3) (3) 300 and over _____________________ 2.6 .7 .5 .1 2.6 .2 .7 .1 .1 .1 _____________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of workers (in thousands) __________________ 15 10 4 6 92 113 26 84 6 26 5 23 $1.96 $1.34 $1.47 $1. 10 $1.53 $1.34 $1.38 $1.31 $1.26 $1.22 $1.24 $1.21 Total _______________ _______________ _______________ Average hourly earnings 1 __ ( 3) .2 - (3) ( 3) .1 .2 .1 l 3) .1 l 3) .1 .1 - - .2 .1 13 ) .1 l 3) ( 3) .1 ■ __________________ S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f* t a b le . W tn T able 5. P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n a n d n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , 2 U n it ed S t a t e s a nd So ut h, June 1959—'■Continued M e n 's , y o u th s ', and boys ' furnish ings, w o r k c lothing, and a llie d g arm ents M e n 's , you th s', and b o y s ' shirts (except w o r k s h ir ts ) , c o l l a r s , and nightwear 05 Os W o m e n 's , m i s s e s ' , c h i ld r e n ’s, and i n f a n t s ' under, g a r m e n t s A vera ge hourly earnings1 South U n it e d State s M etropo l it a n U n d e r 100 ____________________________ N onm etropo lit an M etropo lit an U n it ed S t a t e s N onm etrop o lit an M etro p o l it a n South N onm etro p o l it a n 0.9 4.4 1.8 5.5 1.1 2.7 M etro po l it a n 0.6 U n it e d St at es N onm etro p o lit an 3. 1 M etro p o l it a n South N onm etro po l it a n M etro p o l it a n N onm etro p o lit an 1.0 1.3 1.9 2.2 12.7 7.6 10. 1 7.9 8 .3 20,3 6 .5 11.8 10.8 7.9 29.0 11.8 12.8 6. u 4.5 28.3 8 ,6 9.7 9.3 7.4 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and un d er u nd er un d er un d er un d e r 105 110 115 120 12 5 __________________ ------------------- ----__________________ ---------------------------__________________ 18.0 5. 1 8.6 5.4 6.0 39.2 7.7 10.5 7.4 5.6 28.7 7.0 11.6 6.0 7.2 45.6 8.8 9 .0 6 .5 5.3 13.5 4 .7 10.4 5.3 6.6 40.0 8 .3 11.2 6.8 5.6 29.9 6. 1 13.0 3.8 5.6 47.6 9.0 9.7 6.7 5.2 12 5 130 135 140 1A 5 and and and and a nd un d er un d er un d er un d er un de r 130 135 140 145 150 __________________ ---------------------------__________________ ------------------------------------------------------- 7.5 5. 1 5.0 4.1 3.5 5.2 4. 1 3.0 2.4 1.7 8.0 5.1 4.1 3.5 2 .4 4.7 3.7 2 .4 1.8 1.2 8 .3 5.3 5.4 4.9 4. 3 4.9 3.8 3. 1 2.7 2.0 11. 1 3.3 3.5 4.9 2.8 4. 5 3.1 2 .4 2.0 1.2 7 .4 4.4 4.7 4 .5 2,6 7.3 6.3 5. 1 3.5 3.7 6.8 3.5 2.6 3.2 1.9 7. 1 5. 1 4 .4 3. 1 2.6 150 160 170 180 190 and a nd and and a nd un d er un d er un d er un d er un d er 160 170 180 190 200 __________________ __________________ __________________ __ ____________ __________________ 7. 3 4 .4 3.8 2.3 1.7 3.0 1. 8 1. 2 .9 .5 4. 3 2.6 3.0 1.7 .8 2.0 1.1 .8 .5 .3 7.8 5.6 3.8 3.7 2.2 3.2 1.9 1.3 1.0 .4 3. 5 2 .9 2 .8 2.6 .9 2.0 1.3 .8 .5 .2 5.9 4.6 4.2 2.8 1.7 5. 1 3. 1 2 .5 1.7 .8 4.6 2.8 2 .4 1.3 1.2 4. 3 2.6 2.0 1.2 .6 200 210 220 230 240 and and and and a nd u nd e r un d er un d er un d er und er 210 220 2 30 240 250 __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ ----------------------- — 2 .6 1.3 1.9 .8 .4 .4 .2 .2 . 1 .1 .7 .2 .6 .1 .3 .1 . 1 (?) -1 ( 3) 2.0 1.5 1.2 .6 .3 .5 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 .6 .5 1.2 ( 3) , 1 .3 . 1 . 1 ( 3) . 1 1.9 1.4 1.4 .8 .4 .7 .4 .5 . 1 . 1 1.2 .7 .6 .3 .3 .5 . 1 .3 .2 .1 2 50 260 270 280 290 and and and and and un d er un d er un d er u nd e r und er 260 270 280 290 300 __________________ ____________ ___ --------------------------_____________— __ ________________ 1.2 .5 .5 .4 .3 . 1 . 1 .1 ( 3) ( 3) . 1 3) 3) 3) 3) ( ( ( ( ( . 1 3) 3) 3) 3) . 1 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) - ( l ( ( ( .5 .5 .2 .5 . 1 . 1 .1 ( 3) -1 - .2 .2 .1 .1 - .1 .1 ( 3) ( 3) - 300 a n d o v e r _________________________ 1.3 .1 . 1 fl .1 1.8 . 1 . 1 100 .0 N umber of w o rk e rs ( in t h o u s a n d s ) __ ------ ------------------- A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 ------------- Total S ee f o o t n o t e s at e n d o f tabl e, 3) 3) 3) 3) 3> .4 .2 .2 .2 . 1 .3 .1 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100.0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 1 00 .0 100 .0 100.0 133 177 26 122 28 57 8 41 68 37 5 15 $1.41 $1.16 $1.23 $ 1. 12 $1.39 $1.16 $1.25 $1.12 $1.41 $1.26 $1.23 $1.21 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 3) 3) s> ) 3) ______ ( 3 ) Table 5 Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas,* United States and South, June 1959— Continued G i r l s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , a n d i nf a nt s ' o u t e r w e a r M iscella n eou s app arel and a c c e s s o r i e s M is c e l la n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d textile pro du cts A v era g e hourly e a rn in g s1 (in c e n t s ) U ni te d State s M etropol ita n Un der 100 ___________________________ N onm etropo lit an M etropo l it a n South U n it ed S t a t e s South N onm etrop o lit an M etro p o l it a n N onm etro p o l it a n M etro po l it a n U n it ed S t a t e s N onm etro po l it a n M etro p o l it a n 0.7 2.6 0.5 1.5 0.3 2.0 ( 3) 2.4 ( 3) South N onm etro p o l it a n _ M etro p o lit an ( 3) N onm etro p o l it a n _ 100 105 110 115 120 and a nd an d a nd an d u nd e r u n d er un d er un d e r un d er 105 110 115 120 125 _____________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ 11 . 2 4.0 11.7 6.3 7.3 30.4 8.3 9.3 6.1 6.4 46.6 11.1 6 .4 3.9 7.3 37.5 14.9 6.5 8.3 9.0 9.4 3.3 6.4 6 .4 7 /3 25.0 10.2 9.8 8 .8 7. 1 33.5 14. 3 11.1 8 .3 4.0 42.6 9 .7 12.3 5.8 4.7 12.3 5.9 9.1 6.0 5.6 26.2 10.0 13.7 5.8 7. 7 25.6 7.8 9.8 5.7 9.1 36.7 14.9 20.0 5.5 5.4 12 5 130 135 140 145 and and a nd and a nd un d e r u n d er un d e r un d er un d e r 130 135 140 145 150 _________________ ___ ____________ _________________ _________________ _________________ 7.6 4.5 3.8 3.9 2.7 4.8 2.4 3. 1 2.4 1.5 9 .3 1.9 1.4 .9 3.8 5.1 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.7 5. 1 4.8 4. 1 3.7 2.6 7. 1 7.6 2.4 7.2 1.6 3.0 15.3 1.2 .2 . 1 5.9 4.0 2.8 2.6 1.3 7 .5 4.9 4.5 3.3 3.3 5. 1 3.4 4.0 2.5 1.8 6.8 5.4 4 .7 3.2 3.4 3.3 2 .5 2.2 1.1 1.0 150 160 170 180 190 and an d a nd an d a nd un d e r u nd e r un d er un d e r u n d er 160 170 180 190 200 _________________ _________________ _________________ __ _____ ___ _________________ 7.0 4 .4 4. 5 2.7 1. 9 5. 1 3.6 3.3 2.8 1. 9 1.6 1.6 .5 .6 .6 3.6 1.4 .9 .7 .4 7.4 5.2 5.9 4. 1 2.7 3.9 1.8 1.0 .6 .3 .7 .6 6.0 .4 .1 2.3 1.3 .6 .6 .2 8.1 4 .8 5.0 2.7 1.2 4.6 3.4 2.3 1.4 1.0 7. 1 2.9 2.9 .9 .9 2 .6 2.2 1 .1 .4 .4 200 210 220 2 30 240 an d a nd a nd and a nd u nd e r u nd e r u n d er u n d er u nd e r 210 220 2 30 240 250 _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ 2.9 2.0 1. 1 1.3 2.8 1.5 1.0 .7 .2 .3 .6 .4 . 1 .2 - .4 .3 .5 ( 3) ( 3) 4. 5 3. 1 1.8 2.2 .9 .5 .2 .4 .5 .2 .2 ( 3) .3 . 1 ( 3) .3 . 1 .3 . 1 - 2.9 1.7 2. 1 3.4 1.4 1.3 .7 .8 2.6 .2 .9 .9 .9 .2 .2 .2 .3 ( 3) .2 ( 3) 2 50 260 270 280 290 an d a nd a nd a nd a nd u n d er un d er un d e r un d e r un d e r 260 270 280 290 300 .4 .2 .1 .3 .1 .2 ( 3) __ _____ _________________ _________________ _________________ .9 .3 .4 .5 . 1 1.7 1.3 .9 .7 .6 .2 .2 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 ( 3) . 1 .9 . 1 - ( 3) - 1.4 .2 . 7 .5 .3 . 1 .2 . 1 . 1 ( 3) ( 3) . 1 - - - . 1 - ( 3) .2 - . 1 - _ . (?) ( 3) - _ .2 .3 3.4 1.0 .2 1.2 .3 .2 ( 3) ________________________ 1 0 0 .0 100.0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100.0 1 0 0 .0 100 .0 N um ber o f w o rk e rs (in t h o u s a n d s ) ___________________ 49 19 4 6 39 16 3 5 92 19 14 9 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 ________ $1.51 $1.28 $1.15 $1.16 $ 1.61 $1.26 $1.14 $1.48 $1.28 $1.26 $1.14 300 a n d o v e r Total _______________________ 3.5 1. 1 $1.18 See footnotes at end of table. CO T able 5. CO 00 P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n a n d n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s ,a U ni te d St at e s a nd S o ut h, June 1959— C o n t i n u e d S a w m i l l s a n d planing m ills, general W ooden containers M i s c e l l a n e o u s ’w o o d p r o d u c t s A v e ra g e hourly ea rn in g s1 (in c e n t s ) South M etrop o lit an U n d e r 100 ____________________________ _ M etrop o l it a n (3) ( 3) 47.6 16.3 9.5 5.2 3.8 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.7 1.6 .6 2 .8 .9 2. 1 10.5 5.7 6.0 5. 1 5.4 5.7 3. 1 2. 3 1.8 1.2 22.8 4 .7 2.7 2.0 3.7 2.0 1.0 1.0 1 .1 .5 .5 .3 .3 .1 ( 3) 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.2 .9 1.2 ( 3) .2 .1 ( 3) 5.4 3.2 2.7 3.8 2 .4 1.5 1.9 .8 .5 .3 .5 .2 .3 . 1 - .5 .2 . 1 ( 3) ( 3) .2 .4 ( 3) .1 ( 3) ( 3) . 1 ( 3) ( 3) 1.4 .8 1.5 .4 .1 .2 .4 .4 ( 3) .1 ( 3) .1 - ( 3) .2 . 1 .9 . 1 - .4 .1 - ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) . 1 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) .1 . 1 .2 2.0 .3 ( 3) .2 57. 1 8.5 11.0 3.7 2.1 31. 1 7. 7 13.7 9.9 6.6 12 5 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under u nd e r u n d er u n d er u n d er 130 135 140 145 150 --------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------— _ ------------------------------------------- 5.5 1.8 1.4 .9 .2 6.6 1.0 1. 1 .8 .7 4.2 2 .4 1.7 2.6 2 .4 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and and un d e r un d e r u n d er under u nd e r 160 170 180 190 200 __ ______________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------__________________ 4.2 1. 1 .4 .6 .8 2.6 .7 1.3 .5 .2 200 210 220 230 240 and a nd a nd and and u n d er un d e r un d er un d e r un d er 210 220 230 240 250 __________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------________________ 1.4 .4 .7 . 1 - 250 a n d un d e r 260 260 a n d u n d er 270 270 an d un d e r 280 ---------------------------__ _____________ __________________ 280 a n d u n d er 290 __ _________ 290 a n d u nd e r 300 __________________ _______________________ .1 See f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f tabl e, - - 7.2 4.8 5.1 3.5 2. 3 58.1 8.7 7.2 2.9 3.0 ______ N onm etro po lit an 4.6 4. 1 3.5 5.2 2 .4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A v era ge hourly earnings 1 0.3 M etro p o l it a n 2.4 2.1 .6 1.6 1.0 105 110 115 120 125 Number o f w o rk e rs ( in t h o u s a n d s ) ----------------------------- 0.9 , South N onm etro po l it a n 27.7 8. 1 7.2 6.4 7. 1 u n d er under under u n d er u n d er Total M etro po l it a n 9.3 3.0 3.9 2.6 4 .4 and and and and and 300 a nd o v e r N onm etro p o l it a n 0.6 100 105 110 115 120 ___ U ni t ed Sta te s South N onm etropol itan 10.0 5.6 4.9 2.7 8.7 7. 1 4. 1 3.9 9.3 5.5- 52.4 12.7 8.3 4.6 3.4 5.4 1. 9 1.4 1.5 1.6 100 .0 1 0 0 .0 10 0 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 100 .0 1 00 .0 100.0 22 123 5 16 20 30 5 11 $1.14 $1.11 $ 1 . 15 $1.64 $1.29 $1.29 $1.40 $1.13 Table 5. Percentage distribution of all production workers in selected manufacturing industries by average straight-time hourly earnings for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas,aUnited States and South, June 1959— Continued H andbags and other person a l leather good s Household furniture T oys, am usem ent, sportin g and athletic goods A v era ge hourly e a rn in gs1 ( in c e n t s ) U nit ed States M etro po lit an U n d e r 100 South N onm etro po lit an M etro p o lit an U ni te d St at es U ni t e d St at e s N onm etro p o l it a n M etro p o l it a n N onm etro po l it a n M etro po l it a n Costum e jew elry , costum e n o v e lt ie s , buttons, and m isce lla n e o u s notions, except p reciou s m etal U ni te d St at es N onm etro p o l it a n M etro p o l it a n N onm etro p o l it a n 0.2 0.3 0.8 ( 3) 0. 1 t :5) - 1Q0 105 110 115 120 and and and and and un d er un d er un d er un d er u nd e r 105 1 1 0 115 120 125 _ . _ ................................ _____________ ___ __ ______ _____ -_____ _____ 3.3 1.5 3.4 2.9 2,9 10.0 6.3 10.8 8.1 7.1 9 .9 4 .3 8.7 8.8 7.5 12.6 9.4 17.1 11.8 8.8 11.0 7.9 10.6 9.0 6.3 6 .8 8 .2 8 .2 9,. 5 8,. 3 8.9 3.9 7.5 6. 1 4.9 13.8 5.0 5.8 7.4 4.6 15,. 5 7,. 7 8,. 4 8,.7 6,. 7 7.9 1.8 3.0 6 .0 4.1 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and un d er un d er un d e r un d er un d er 130 135 140 145 150 ______________ _________________ __ _ _ _ _____ _________________ . . „ 4.5 3.9 3.7 3.5 4.3 6.7 5.6 5.1 4 .3 3.6 8.9 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.9 7.8 5.6 4.8 3.9 3.5 7.7 4 .6 3.6 3.7 2.9 9,.8 4,.8 3, .9 5,.6 3,.0 5.8 4. 1 3.6 3.3 2.8 5. 1 4. 1 5.8 3.5 4 .9 10,.2 3..9 4.,7 3.,7 1..8 3. 1 3.2 3.5 2.1 7.3 150 a n d un d er 160 160 a n d un d e r 170 170 a n d un d er 180 _________________ _ _ ________ __ ____ _____ 7.9 6.3 7.1 7. 1 5.7 6.9 5.5 5.2 3.2 5.3 5.7 7,.0 6..0 9. 1 7 .4 9 .7 9.5 6..5 4.,9 6. 1 7.0 4.1 3.3 1.6 _ _________________ 5.7 5.4 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.2 l.Q .9 3.9 3. 1 1.2 5.,3 180 a n d un d er 190 190 a n d u nd er 200 4.,2 1..3 5.7 5. 1 4.8 7.3 3.8 2 .0 4. ,8 2., 1 1.,4 7.0 6.6 7.3 2.6 1.6 1.3 1.2 .8 .6 .4 .4 .4 .2 2.4 1.3 2.8 1.2 1.,5 8 5 9 .7 7 4.2 2 .7 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.2 .6 .5 .6 .5 1. 5 1. 3 8 1. 2 6 5. 1 3.2 2.1 1.8 1.6 .7 1.7 .7 .2 ( 3) 1. 3 2 1 2 1.2 .9 .3 .2 .2 .2 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) .4 .2 .2 . 1 .3 1. 3 4 4 3 1 1.7 2.5 1.9 2.8 .3 200 210 220 23 0 240 and and and and and un d er un de r un d er und er un d er 2 1 0 220 230 240 250 _____ ___ __ _____ ~ ' ___ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _________________ 5.9 5.0 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.1 2.0 1.5 1.1 .6 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and un d er und er under un d er un d er 260 270 280 290 300 _________________ ________ _____ _____ _ _ _________________ _________________ 3. 1 2.6 1.7 1.2 .5 .4 .2 .2 . 1 300 a n d o v e r Total .7 .6 .7 .7 ( 3) .7 .5 .3 0. 1 2.3 .2 1.3 .1 1.7 1. 5 1.2 2.0 1. 0 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100 .0 100 .0 1 00 .0 100 . 0 100 .0 100 .0 100. 0 100 .0 Number of w ork ers ( in t h o u s a n d s ) __________________ 135 103 34 55 19 5 58 14 42 6 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 _______ $1.79 $1.41 $1.44 $1.26 $ 1.45 $1.42 $1.56 $1.45 $1.38 $1.69 * Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. a See footnote 4, table 1 for definition of metropolitan area. 3 Less than 0. 05 percent. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. T a b l e 6. A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 a nd p e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n -w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than s p e c i f i e d a m o u n t s o f p a y in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , U ni te d S t a t e s , A p r i l 1 95 4, A p r i l 195 6, M a y 195 8, and June 1959 U nit ed St at es I n d u s t r y g r o u p and date Number of W orkers ( 0 0 0 's ) Average earnings 1 P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than— $1.00 $1.05 $ 1 . 10 $ 1 . 15 $ 1.20 $1.25 $1.35 $ 1.50 C on fection ery A p r i l 195 4 A p r i l 195 6 M a y 1958 June 1959 and r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.......................................................... 62 61 57 56 $1.26 1.46 1.55 1.57 22.2 . 5 1.4 .2 28.2 14.9 11.0 6.6 33.3 20. 1 15.0 9 .0 41.2 26.1 2 1 .4 12.2 49.4 28.9 25.6 16.9 57. 0 32 . 0 30.8 20.9 69. 45. 37. 33. V e g e t a b l e and A p r i l 1954 M a y 1958 June 1959 a n i m a l o i l s and fa t s : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 23 25 1.40 1.59 1. 72 26.9 1.0 .6 2 9.5 16.1 24 . 0 29. 7 24. 1 27. 6 29.9 29 . 3 30. 8 36. 3 32 . 6 32. 5 37. 6 33.4 33.9 40 . 5 38.9 35. 8 54.1 45.7 39.1 K nit ti ng m i l l s : A p r i l 1954 ----- ------------------------------------------A p r i l 195 6 ---------------------------------------- -------M a y 195 8 --------------- --------------------------------June 1959 ------------------------------------------------- 192 20 0 183 20 5 1.26 1.32 1.39 1.43 30.4 1.5 .8 .8 37. 7 23.8 17. 8 15.4 4 3 .4 33.3 25.3 21.7 49 . 3 42.9 33.2 29.2 54. 6 49 . 8 40.4 36.4 59. 7 56.6 46.9 42. 1 67. 7 67. 0 59.4 53.9 76. 1 76.9 71.4 67.3 M e n ' s , y o u t h s ' , and b o y s ' f u r n i s h i n g s , w o r k c l o t h i n g , and a l l i e d g a r m e n t s : A p r i l 195 4 ---------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ------------------------------------------------M a y 1958 — - ——------------------------------------June 1959 ------------------------------------------------- 26 8 291 277 310 1. 11 1.25 1.27 1.27 49.2 2.9 1.5 2 .9 56.3 39. 4 2 9. 6 33.0 61.2 47. 0 37.2 39.6 66.3 54. 8 48 . 0 49.2 70.4 60. 8 54. 5 55.8 74. 3 66. 7 61.1 61.6 81.4 75.4 71.6 72.3 87.4 82.6 81.3 81.8 W o m e n ' s , m i s s e s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , and infants' under ga rm en ts: A p r i l 19 54 ------------------------------------------------A p r i l 195 6 ----- ------------------------------------------June 1959 -------------------------------------------- — 101 113 105 1.22 1.30 1.35 33. 6 1.5 1. 1 42 . 7 31.0 16.5 48.5 41. 5 2 3 .7 54. 6 50.4 34.4 59.4 55.0 43.3 64. 4 60.4 51.5 72. 1 68.8 63.9 80.2 77.4 76.0 G i r l s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , and i n f a n t s ' outerwear: A p r i l 195 4 ------------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ------------------------------------------------M a y 1958 ------------------------------------------------June 1959 ------------------------------------------------- 63 62 62 69 1 .3 1 1.35 1.40 1.45 32.0 .6 .6 1.3 42.2 32. 5 17.2 17.9 4 7.4 40.2 2 5.8 23. 1 53.8 49 . 7 38. 3 34. 1 58.2 52.4 44 . 5 40.4 61.7 55.8 50. 8 47.4 67.4 63.5 64.9 58.1 73.9 70.7 74.1 67.6 M iscella n eou s accessories: A p r i l 195 4 A p r i l 1956 M a y 1958 June 1959 57 55 48 54 1.28 1.33 1.45 1.51 33. 6 1.0 .4 .8 41.6 33.8 17.2 14. 7 45. 7 42.9 22*2 19.9 52.0 49.9 32.4 27.3 55. 7 53.9 40 . 1 34.4 59.2 58. 0 44.9 41 . 7 67.0 66.1 55.2 53. 0 74.1 75.8 66.2 63. 7 79. 7 60. 1 51.2 52.4 a p p a r e l and ------------------------------------------- — ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S e e f o o t n o t e s at end o f t a b l e . 0 3 8 7 T a b l e 6. A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 and p e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than s p e c i f i e d a m o u n t s o f p a y in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , U ni t e d S t a t e s , A p r i l 19 5 4, A p r i l 19 5 6, M a y 19 5 8, and June 1959— C o n t i n u e d U ni te d St at e s — C o n ti n u e d dum ber of workers (000's) I n d u s t r y g r o u p and date Average hourly earnings 1 P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than— $1.00 $1.05 $ 1 . 10 $ 1 . 15 $1.20 $1.25 $1.35 $ 1 .5 0 M iscella n eou s products: A p r i l 1954 A p r i l 1956 M a y 1958 June 1959 f a b r ic a t e d textile -----------------------------------------------.................................................. ...... ........................................... - ........... ----------------------------------------------- 96 105 97 111 $1.29 1.39 1.45 1.45 28. 5 .5 .5 (2 ) 36.5 25.0 16. 2 14.7 41.9 30.9 21.3 21.3 47. 5 37.9 30. 6 31.1 52. 6 41.2 35.4 37. 1 55.9 46.2 41.0 43. 1 65.7 55.4 51.2 54. 8 74. 8 67.2 62.9 65.4 M iscella neous A p r i l 1954 M a y 1958 June 1959 wood products: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ............ 48 45 50 1.30 1.40 1.43 21.2 . 8 .5 29.5 17.2 20 . 7 35.5 26.3 26. 7 43.9 35.9 32. 5 47. 8 41.2 37.4 53 i. 1 45 . 8 43.4 62.9 55.4 54. 1 74.2 67.4 65.0 H ousehold furniture: A p r i l 195 4 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ......................................................... M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------- ----------------------- 20 4 225 208 23 8 1.45 1. 5 1 1.64 1.63 17.9 .1 .2 .2 23.2 13. 7 7.9 6. 4 27.0 19,5 12.9 10. 0 31.4 25 . 5 18.9 16. 6 35.2 30. 1 23.3 2 1.7 39. 34 . 27. 26 . 6 7 7 5 4 8.4 45.4 36.9 36.6 58.8 56.6 4 7. 7 48. 7 H an d b a gs and o t h e r p e r s o n a l leather goods: A p r i l 1954 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 - ------------------------------------------M a y 195 8 ................................. ....................... June 1959 ----------------------------------------------- 27 25 21 25 1.20 1.34 1.38 1.44 44.2 .7 (2 ) .1 56.2 40. 3 14. 6 10. 1 59.9 46. 7 24. 5 18. 1 62. 7 53.3 39. 8 28.2 66.0 56.9 49 . 6 3 7.3 69. 8 61.3 56.1 44.1 75.9 68. 8 67. 1 56.9 81.0 74.3 75.4 67.6 T o y s , a m u s e m e n t , s p o r t i n g and athletic go o d s : A p r i l 1954 ................................. ....................... M a y 195 8 -----------------------------------------------June 1959 ------------------------------------------------ 67 67 73 1.37 1.50 1.54 19.7 (2 ) (a ) 24.9 10. 0 9.9 29.0 16.5 14.0 33. 5 24 . 6 21.2 37.8 30.2 27.5 42.2 35.3 32. 4 53.3 47 . 1 42.2 66.4 57. 6 52.8 Costum e je w e lry , costum e novelties, b u t t o n s , and m i s c e l l a n e o u s n o t i o n s , e x cep t p r e c io u s m etal: A p r i l 1954 - ...................................................... M a y 195 8 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ........................................ ................. 51 42 48 1.22 1 .4 1 1.42 37.3 .4 (2 ) 4 6. 3 19. 7 14. 5 51.7 2 8.0 21.5 56.3 37.4 29.2 60.6 43.2 37.5 62.9 48.1 43.9 71.0 59. 8 56.9 78. 5 68.4 67. 6 Excludes prem iu m pay fo r L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h olid ays, and la te shifts. T a b l e 7. A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 an d p e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than s p e c i f i e d a m o u n t s o f p a y in s e l e c t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , Sou th, A p r i l 1 95 4, A p r i l 1 95 6, M a y 1 95 8, and June 1959 Sout h I n d u s t r y g r o u p and date C o n f e c t i o n e r y and r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s : A p r i l 19 54 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ,----------------------------------------------M a y 195 8 -----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------V e g e t a b l e a nd a n i m a l o i l s and f a t s : A p r i l 195 4 -----------------------------:-----------------M a y 195 8 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------Knit ti ng m i l l s : A p r i l 195 4 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ---------------------------------------- -----M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------Jun e 1959 ----------------------------------------------M e n ' s , y o u t h s ' , and b o y s ' f u r n i s h i n g s , w o r k c l o t h i n g , and a l l i e d g a r m e n t s : A p r i l 1954 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ----------------------------------------------M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------W o m e n ' s , m i s s e s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , and infants' under g arm en ts: A p r i l 195 4 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ----------------------------------------------Jun e 1959 ----------------------------------------------G i r l s ' , c h i l d r e n ' s , and i n f a n t s ' outerwear: A p r i l 195 4 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 195 6 ----------------------------------------------M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l and a c c e s s o r i e s : A p r i l 1954 -------- -----------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ----------------------------------------------M a y 1958 ----------------------*--------- --------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------M is c e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d textile products: A p r i l 1954 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ------------------------------ -----------------M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------M iscella n eou s w ood p rodu cts: A p r i l 195 4 - ............................ .................... M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------H ousehold furniture: A p r i l 195 4 ----------------------------------------------A p r i l 1956 ......................................................... M a y 1958 ----------------------------------------------June 1959 ----------------------------------------------- Number of w orkers (000's) Average earnings 1 $1. 00 $1.05 $ 1 . 10 $ 1 . 15 $1.20 $1.25 $1.35 $ 1.50 7 8 8 8 $0.97 1. 19 1. 14 1 .2 1 72.2 8.0 1.4 79.3 44.2 38. 1 28. 0 82.2 4 5. 7 47.9 37.4 85. 3 52.4 64. 5 44.9 88.4 53.2 72.1 59.9 90 . 6 53. 7 75.4 68. 5 94.2 80.8 81.8 75. 7 97. 1 89.0 89.0 86.4 12 10 11 1.01 1.28 1.25 61.7 2.2 1.2 67. 7 34. 7 52. 6 67. 8 52.0 60.1 68. 1 57.9 65. 7 82. 6 63.3 69.6 84.0 65.2 71.7 87. 8 69. 7 75.3 92.5 76.4 79.6 95 106 98 110 1. 2 1 1.26 1.32 1.33 38.9 1.7 1.2 1.3 46.2 27.2 21.9 19.9 52.2 38.2 29.9 28.2 58.0 46.9 38. 5 36.9 62. 54. 46 . 44 . 67. 62. 53 . 50. 1 1 1 5 74.2 73. 1 65.3 62.9 80.9 81.9 77. 1 76.5 118 140 132 148 .94 1. 1 1 1. 14 1. 14 71.4 3. 6 2.3 4. 8 78. 50. 44 . 47 . 8 2 .3 60.4 54. 8 56.1 ^5. 8 70.3 67.2 65. 5 88.9 77. 8 74.3 71.9 91.2 83.4 80. 1 77. 6 94. 7 90 . 5 87.9 86. 8 97.2 95.1 93.7 93.0 18 25 21 1. 14 1 .2 1 1.22 37. 7 .8 2.1 51.9 38. 7 30.6 58 . 6 50.5 40.0 64.9 57.4 50. 5 68.6 62 . 8 59.0 72. 7 68.4 65.6 79. 6 76.6 77.3 85.8 86. 8 86. 7 8 9 9 10 .86 1.09 1.14 1. 16 83. 7 1.7 . 8 1 .1 87.8 62. 0 43.6 42.0 88.9 73.3 58.4 55. 5 91.1 85. 6 66.5 62. 0 93.0 86.9 75.2 68. 7 94.1 88.1 79.8 77. 1 95.5 91.8 88.6 86.2 9 6 .7 9 4 .4 9 3.4 92.0 6 7 7 8 .92 1.07 1.12 1.15 63.9 4. 8 1.4 1.6 77.9 59.9 4 8. 8 41.0 81.3 70.3 59.2 52.3 84.2 80. 8 70.9 64.2 88. 5 86.6 78.7 70.9 89.0 89.8 84. 0 75.3 96.0 96.0 9 0.6 88.2 97.2 98.5 96.0 93.1 18 19 20 23 1.08 1. 19 1.22 1. 2 1 52.4 57.3 35. 0 38. 5 30. 1 60.4 45.9 46.5 40 . 7 65. 5 55.4 54.8 54. 7 71.1 63.3 61.3 60.3 73. 7 68. 8 66.9 67.9 80.4 81.1 76.9 77.4 88. 8 89 o 1 86.9 85.9 14 15 16 1.14 1. 19 1.20 29. 7 2. 3 41.7 37. 7 40. 1 50.4 50.0 50.8 57.8 62.3 58.0 62.0 68.0 62.1 68. 7 71.6 67.0 76. 7 81.2 75.4 87.2 87. 1 84.1 71 83 78 89 1.12 1.25 1. 3 1 1.33 42.2 .2 .5 .3 52.2 28.3 17.5 11.9 59.2 37.9 2 8.4 19.3 66.0 48.3 39.5 33.2 71.3 55.1 48. 1 43.9 76. 0 61.5 55.9 52.2 84.0 73.4 68.0 65.9 89.4 83.9 79.9 79.0 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , a D e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than— - 1.0 (* ) - h olid ays, 1 1 7 6 and la t e shifts. D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o data r e p o r t e d o r data that do no t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a . 8 7 0 1 43 Appendix A : $cop« ond Method of Survey S co p e o f S u rvey The June 1959 su r v e y o f e m p lo y e e ea rn in g s in s e le c te d m an u factu rin g in d u s tr ie s r e p r e s e n te d a ll e sta b lish m en ts having one o r m o r e paid e m p lo y e e s . The study w as lim ite d to esta b lish m e n ts in 17 m an u factu rin g in d u stry g r o u p s , as d e fin ed in the 1957 ed ition o f the Standard In d u strial C la s s ific a tio n (SIC) M anual, p r e p a r e d b y the B u reau o f the B udget. The SIC co d e s and in d u stries studied a re show n in table 1. In clu ded in the su rv e y w e re ce n tra l a d m in istra tiv e o ffic e s and oth er a u x ilia r y u n its, su ch as la b o r a t o r ie s , w a r e h o u s e s , and p ow erp la n ts a ff i l iated with and s e r v ic in g the p r o c e s s in g e sta b lish m e n ts . A p p a re l jo b b e r s w ho, p r io r to the 1957 r e v is io n in the SIC m anual w e r e c la s s ifie d in tra d e , a re in clu d ed w ith the m a n u fa ctu re rs in this s u rv e y . T h ese jo b b e r s p e r fo r m the e n tr e p r e n e u r ia l fu n ction s o f a m a n u fa ctu rin g com p an y su ch as buying raw m a t e r ia ls , desig n in g and p r e p a r in g s a m p le s , a rra n g in g fo r the m an u fa ctu re o f the g arm en ts fr o m th e ir m a t e r ia ls , and s e llin g the fin ish ed p ro d u ct. The ea rn in gs data on w h ich this r e p o r t is b a s e d re la te to a ll n o n s u p e rv is o r y w o r k e r s , of w hom p r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s fo r m e d the la r g e s t g rou p . P r o d u c tion and oth er n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e grou ps a re defin ed in the q u estion n a ire fo r m (item IV ) A pp en dix B , and a re rep ea ted u n der "D e fin itio n o f T e r m s . " S u rv ey c o v e r a g e exten ded to (A la sk a and H aw aii w e r e e x clu d e d ) fo r The w ood en co n ta in e r, and s a w m ill and in the Southern S ta tes. (See fo o tn o te in the South. ) June 15, W age data 1959. re la te to 48 States and the D is tr ic t of C olu m b ia a ll but tw o o f the in d u stry g rou ps stu d ied . planing m ill in d u stries w e re s u rv e y e d on ly 2 to table 1 f o r a lis t of States in clu d ed & re p re s e n ta tiv e p a y r o ll p e r io d ending n earest C o lle c tio n of Data P r im a r y data u sed in p r e p a rin g the e stim a te s f o r this study w e r e o b tained b y m a il q u e stio n n a ire s in m o s t c a s e s . P e r s o n a l v is its w e re g e n e ra lly co n fin e d to la r g e r e sta b lish m e n ts , and to a sa m p le o f a ll n on resp on d en ts to the tw o m a il r e q u e s ts . Sam plin g P r o c e d u r e The study w as con d u cted on the b a s is of a stra tifie d p r o b a b ility s a m p le .. The lis t s o f e sta b lish m e n ts fr o m w hich the sa m p le w as s e le c te d w e r e obtained fr o m State a g e h e ie s w h ich a d m in iste r the u n em p loy m en t in su ra n ce la w s. T h ese lis ts show the e m p lo y m e n t, in d u stry c la s s ific a t io n , and lo c a tio n o f a ll m a n u fa c tu rin g esta b lish m e n ts c o v e r e d b y th ose law s in ea ch State. S in ce a n u m ber of States do not in clu d e un der su ch law s esta b lish m e n ts w ith fe w e r than fo u r e m p lo y e e s , the sa m p le did not in clu d e any su ch u n its. (See "M eth od o f E s tim a tio n " f o r trea tm en t o f e m p lo y m e n t in su ch e s ta b lis h m e n ts .) W ithin e a ch in d u s tr y -r e g io n a l g rou p in g, the sa m p le w as s o s e le c te d as to y ie ld the m o s t a c c u r a te e stim a te s p o s s ib le w ith the r e s o u r c e s a v a ila b le . T his was done b y in clu d in g in the sa m p le a g r e a te r p r o p o r tio n o f la r g e than o f sm a ll e s ta b lish m en ts— in g e n e r a l, an e s ta b lis h m e n t's ch an ce o f in clu s io n depended on its e m p lo y m e n t s iz e . 44 The in itia l s o lic it a t io n in clu d ed 5 ,1 0 1 e sta b lish m e n ts . R e p lie s w e re r e c e iv e d fr o m 2 ,8 9 0 o f w h ich 448 w e re ex clu d ed fr o m the tabu lation s. T h ese la tter w e r e e ith e r in in d u strie s oth er than th ose s e le c te d f o r study and h en ce out o f the s c o p e of the su r v e y , out o f b u s in e s s , o r u n u sable. Of the 2 ,2 1 1 n on resp on d en ts, 305 w e r e co n ta cted in p e r s o n b y B ureau fie ld e c o n o m is ts . T hus, the tabulations a r e b a s e d on data fr o m about 2 ,7 4 7 e sta b lish m e n ts . M ethod of E stim a tio n Data c o lle c t e d f o r e a ch e sta b lish m en t w e re w eighted in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the p r o b a b ility o f s e le c t io n o f that e sta b lish m en t. F o r e x a m p le, w h e r e 1 out o f 10 e sta b lish m e n ts w as s e le c te d in a r e g io n a l-s iz e -in d u s t r y c la s s , it w as c o n s id e r e d as r e p re se n tin g it s e lf and the 9 oth er e sta b lish m e n ts , i . e . , w as g iv en a w eigh t o f 10. T hus, if the e sta b lish m en t had 1 w o r k e r at $ 1 .8 9 an h o u r, the fin a l e stim a te fo r that e sta b lish m en t w ould in clu d e 10 w o r k e r s at $ 1 .8 9 an h ou r. A ll estim a te d totals d e r iv e d fr o m su ch w eighting p r o c e s s e s w e re fu rth e r a d ju sted to the in d u stry e m p lo y m e n t le v e ls fo r June 1959, as r e p o rte d in the B u rea u of L a b or S t a t is t ic s 1 m on th ly s e r ie s f o r m an u factu rin g. A s no totals of n on s u p e r v is o r y em p loy m en t a r e a v a ila b le , the r a tio o f n o n s u p e rv is o r y to total e m p lo y m en t d e v e lo p e d in the sa m p le w as app lied to the totals o f a ll e m p lo y e e s shown f o r June 1959 in the BLS m on th ly s e r i e s . M a te ria ls fr o m the 1954 C ensus of M anu fa c t u r e r s w e r e u sed to is o la te totals fo r the South fr o m the United States totals f o r an in d u stry as show n in this b u lletin . Data fo r e sta b lish m e n ts with fr o m 1 to 3 e m p lo y e e s , clu ded in the sa m p le , w e r e im puted to the e sta b lish m en ts w ith p lo y e e s in the sa m e in d u stry r e g io n s c la s s . The fo r m e r 3 .5 p e r c e n t o f em p loy m en t in the s e le c te d m a n u factu rin g w hich w e re not in fr o m 4 to 19 e m data in clu d e about in d u stries stu d ied . No a ssu m p tion has b e e n m ade that the n on resp on d en ts w e re s im ila r to the resp on d en ts in th eir w age s tr u c tu r e . In o r d e r to m in im iz e the b ia s o f n o n re sp o n s e , the sa m p le retu rn s obtained b y p e r s o n a l v is it fr o m the n on resp on d en ts to the m a il q u e ry w e r e w eigh ted to r e p r e s e n t a il other n on resp on d en ts in the sam e in d u s try r e g io n a l- s iz e c la s s e s . C r it e r ia f o r P u b lica tio n o f E stim a te S in ce the data w e r e c o lle c te d on a sa m p le b a s is , the re s u lts m a y d iffe r fr o m the findings that w ould have b e e n obtained fr o m a co m p le te ce n su s. A s a r u le , the p u blish ed e stim a te s a re b a s e d on a sam p le of at le a s t 50 e sta b lish m e n ts , to m in im iz e the p o s s ib ilit y o f e x c e s s iv e sam p lin g e r r o r . W here ce rta in im p ortan t se g m e n ts of the in d u stry w e r e not r e p re s e n te d in the s a m p le , estim a te s w e re not show n s e p a r a te ly , even though the sam p le a p p ea red to^be n u m e r ica lly la r g e enough. D e fin itio n o f T e r m s E sta b lish m e n t.— Data w e r e re p o rte d f o r individual e sta b lish m en ts ra th er than c o m p a n ie s . An e sta b lish m e n t is g e n e r a lly defin ed as a sin g le p h y sica l l o c a tion w h e re b u sin e ss is con d u cted . W h ere two o r m o r e a c tiv itie s w e r e c a r r ie d on at a sin g le e sta b lish m e n t, the e n tire e sta b lish m en t w as c la s s ifie d on the b a s is of its m a jo r a c tiv ity in te rm s o f s a le s . A ll data f o r su ch an esta b lish m en t w e r e in clu ded in that c la s s ific a t io n . Data f o r a u x ilia r y units o f m an u factu rin g e s ta b lish m e n ts , such as sep a ra te o f f i c e s , and la b o r a t o r ie s , w e r e in clu d ed in this r e p o r t and c la s s ifie d on the b a s is o f the m a jo r a c tiv ity o f the m a n u factu rin g s e r v ic e d . 45 N o n s u p e r v is o r y W o r k e r s . — In clu ded in this group a re p ro d u ctio n w o r k e rs en ga ged in fa b r ic a tin g , p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , in sp e ctin g , r e c e iv in g , s to r in g , h andling, p a ck in g, w a re h o u sin g , shipping, tru ck in g, hauling, m ain ten an ce, r e p a ir , ja n it o r ia l, w atch m en s e r v i c e s , p rod u ct d ev elop m en t, a u x ilia ry p ro d u ction fo r plan t1s own use (e . g. , p ow erp la n t), and re c o r d k e e p in g and oth er s e r v ic e s c l o s e l y a s s o c ia t e d w ith the a bove p ro d u ctio n op e ra tio n , in clu d in g w ork in g fo r e m e n , le a d m en , and tr a in e e s . A ls o in clu d ed in this group a re oth er n o n s u p e rv is o r y w o r k e r s , su ch as o ffic e and c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s , c a fe te r ia e m p lo y e e s , rou tem en , w o r k e rs e n gaged in the in sta lla tio n and s e r v ic in g o f p rod u cts m ade in the esta b lish m e n t, and fo r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e e s engaged in c o n s tru ctio n o f m a jo r additions o r a lte ra tio n s w ho a r e u tilize d as a sep a ra te w o rk f o r c e . E a rn in gs D a ta . — F o r p u rp o se s o f this study, earn in gs data re la te to s tr a ig h t-tim e e a r n in g s , ex clu d in g p re m iu m pay f o r o v e r tim e w o rk , and f o r w o rk on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s , and late s h ifts . C o s t - o f - l i v i n g bon u ses and p rod u ction b on u ses a r e c o n s id e r e d part o f e a rn in g s , but n on p rod u ction b on u ses a re n ot. Individual a v e r a g e h o u rly earn in gs fo r e m p lo y e e s not paid b y the hour w e r e obtain ed b y divid in g total s tr a ig h t-tim e earn in gs r e p o r te d b y the n u m ber o f hours paid f o r in the c o r r e s p o n d in g p e r io d . G roup a v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in gs pu blish ed in this r e p o r t w e re obtained b y divid in g the sum o f the h o u rly ea rn in gs b y the n u m ber of in dividu als r e p re s e n te d in the grou p tota l. M e tro p o lita n A r e a s .— The te rm "m e tro p o lita n a r e a " u sed in this r e p o r t r e f e r s to the standard m e tr o p o lita n a re a s esta b lish e d u n der the s p o n s o rs h ip of the B u reau o f the B udget. A s o f the p e rio d c o v e r e d , 188 su ch a re a s in the cou n try m e t c e r ta in c r it e r ia as to pop u lation s iz e , d e g re e o f u rb a n iza tion , con tigu ity , and pop u la tion d en sity . T h ese a r e a s in clu d e a ll m a jo r c itie s and th eir contiguous suburban a r e a s . T h ey in clu d e a ll a re a s containing at le a s t one ce n tra l city of 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e , and in clu d e c e r ta in a re a s around such c itie s if they m e e t ce rta in c r it e r ia o f b e in g m e tr o p o lita n in c h a r a c te r and e c o n o m ic a lly in tegra ted with the c e n tra l c ity . In d u stry G rou ps and In d u stries The d efin ition s o f the m an u factu rin g in d u strie s and in d u stry grou ps u se d in this r e p o r t a re c o m p le te ly defin ed in the 1957 ed ition of the Standard In d u strial C la s s ific a t io n M anual, p r e p a r e d b y the B u reau of the B udget. 46 Appendix B: Questionnaire Budget B oren No. 44-R1006.4 Approval expires Jane 80,1900 B L S 2385 'R « t . »s «) U . S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Washington 25, D. C. Your report will be held in confidence DISTRIBUTION OF STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES L COMPANY IDENTIFICATION: Location of establishment for which data are desired if different from mailing address II. MAJOR PRODUCTS OR SERVICES: ( L i s t s ep a ra tely all products or s e r v i c e s fo r this e sta b lish m en t. 8 0 p ercen t or m ore o f la st annual s a l e s . The p roducts l is t e d sh ou ld a cc o u n t for a total o f Include in s a l e s all r e c e ip ts from nonmanufacturing a c t i v i t i e s , i f a n y .) Approximate percent of sales Product or service Approximate percent of sales Product or service III. PAYROLL PERIOD: The data reported should be for payroll period ending nearest Payroll period covered: From 19 June 15, 1959 to (date) 19 (dete)_______________________________________________ IV. EMPLOYMENT: Total _____________ I _______________________________________________________________________________ ] E n ter total num ber o f e m p lo y e e s (fu ll-tim e and pa rt-tim e) w ho r e c e iv e d p a y fo r p a yroll p eriod co v er ed . Nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors ____ ______ ________________ I 1 E n ter number o f n o n su p erviso ry w o rk ers, fu ll-tim e and part-tim e (including w orking s u p e r v iso r s )w h o w ork ed or r e c e i v e d p a y for any part o f the p ayroll p eriod reported . Include p ers o n s on paid s ic k l e a v e , paid h o lid a ys , paid v a ca tio n s , and oth er paid l e a v e . E x clu d e e x e c u t i v e , p r o fe s sio n a l, and s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s a b o v e the w orking forem an l e v e l . (a) Production and related workers (plant workers) -------------------------------------------------- 1 -- ■ ■1 E n ter tota l number o f n o n su p er viso ry w orkers (fu ll-tim e and p a rt-tim e) en g a ged in fabrica tin g, p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m bling, in s p e ctin g , r e c e iv in g , storin g, hand lin g , p a ck in g, w areh ou sin g, sn ip p in g , trucking, hauling, m ainten ance, repair, jan itorial, watchm en s e r v i c e s , product d ev elo p m en t, auxiliary produ ction fo r plant*s ow n u s e ( e . g . , p o w erplant), and record k eep in g and oth er s e r v i c e s c l o s e l y a s s o c ia te d w ith th e a b o v e production opera tion . In clu d e w orking forem en , leadm en, and tra in ee s. (b) Other nonsupervisory workers i _____________ ______________ ____ —- —. . . . . . . . ■ . —J E n ter number o f oth er n o n su p er viso ry e m p lo y e e s , fu ll-tim e and part-tim e, s u ch a s o f f i c e and clerica l w ork ers, c a feteria e m p l o y e e s , routem en, w orkers en g a ged in th e insta lla tion and s e r v i c i n g o f products made in the e s ta b lish m en t, and fo rc e -a c c o u n t con stru ction e m p lo y e e s en g a ged in con stru ction o f major a dditions or a ltera tion s who are u tiliz e d a s a sep a ra te work fo r c e . V. Do you have a piecework, bonus, or other type of incentive plan? Yes CD No 1 1 If yes, how many of the production (plant) workers are included in such plans? VI. VII. - .......... How many production workers were paid a shift differential during the payroll period covered? Do you want a copy of the Bureau’s report on this survey? Yes 1=1 No I I Name and title of person furnishing data FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Schedule number Area Reg. State City size SIC code Est. size Weight Special charac. 47 VIII. WAGE RATES OF NONSUPERVEORY WORKERS: Use columns 1 and 2. Enter each straight-time hourly rate in the establishment in column 2, and the number of workers at each rate in column 1. (See example A.) Hourly rate Use columns 1, 3, and 4. Enter each straight-time salary rate in the establishment in column 4, number of hours in column 3 for which-straight-time salary rate is paid, and number of workers in column 1 for each salary rate and hours entry. (See examples B and D.) Salary rate Use columns 1, 3, and 4. Enter earnings in column 4 for each worker paid on an incentive basis during payroll period. A.U in c e n tiv e p a ym en ts e x c e p t premium Incentive earnings — p a y for overtim e and s h ift work sh ou ld b e r e fl e c t e d in the earnings reported. I f a vera g e hourly earnings exclu d in g overtim e and s h ift prem ium p a y for individual w ork ers are rea d ily a va ila b le , enter such averages for each incentive worker in column 2 In column 3 enter number of hours worked during payroll period. and leave columns 3 and 4 blank. Do not aggregate hours and earnings for 2 or more workers. However, if the number of hours worked and the earnings corres ponding to those hours are identical for 2 or more workers, a single entry may be made and the number of workers entered in column 1. (See examples C and D.) NOTE: EXCLUDE PREMIUM PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR WORK ON WEEKENDS, HOLIDAYS, AND LATE SHIFTS FROM ALL WAGE DATA REPORTED. OTHER NONSUPERVISORY WORKERS PRODUCTION (PLANT) WORKERS ( U s e this s e c t i o n to report data for rela ted w orkers including w orking total number o f w orkers reported number sh ow n in this ca te g o ry page L ) Number of workers (1) Hourly rate (2 ) all production and s u p e r v is o r s . The sh ou ld equal the in S ec tio n I V ( a ) , Salary rate or incentive earnings Hours for " ^ (3) ( U s e this s e c t i o n to report data for all oth er nonsuper v is o r y e m p lo y e e s not in cluded in the o p p o s ite s e c tio n . T he total number o f w orkers reported sh ou ld equal the number sh ow n in th is c a te g o ry in S ec tion IV (b ), page 1 .) Number of workers Hourly (1) (2) rate Earnings _ (4) Salary rate or incentive earnings Hours for ^ (3) Earnings (4) Examples: A. 2 R- 1 $1,275 80.0 $148.75 C. 3 37.5 $48.00 D. 1 37.5 52.50 ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I960 O -551484