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F a cto ry W o rk e rs' E a r n in g s : Distributions b y straight-time h o u r l y T e a r n i n g s A P R IL 1954 V IDUB Bulletin No. 1179 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell , Secretary BUREAU Aryness OF LABOR STATISTICS Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner F a c to ry W o rk e rs’ E A R N IN G S : Distributions by straight-time hourly earnings, by the Superintendent DigitizedFor forsale FRASER April 1954 United St at es Regions Durable Goods Nondurable Goods Men W o m e n B L S Bulletin No. Issued March UNITED STATES D E P A R T M E N T James OF 1179 1955 LABOR P. Mitchell, S e c r e t a r y BUREAU OF LABOR ST AT IST IC S A ry n o ss Joy W ickens, Acting C om m ission er of Documents, U. $. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents CONTENTS Page S u m m a r y _____________________________ A l l m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s ___________________________________________________________________ D u r a b l e a n d n o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ___________ ______________________________________________________ E a r n i n g s o f m e n a n d w o m e n ____________________________________________________________________ E a r n i n g s i n s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s _______________________________________________________ C h a n g e s i n w a g e l e v e l s s i n c e 1 9 4 7 ____________________________________________________________ 1 1 3 5 7 7 TABLES: D istrib u tio n o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y h o u r ly e a rn in g s U n ite d S ta te s a n d r e g i o n s , A p r il 1954 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. A l l m a n u f a c t u r i n g - N u m b e r a n d c u m u l a t i v e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ______ A l l m a n u f a c t u r i n g - P e r c e n t a n d c u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s ______ D u r a b l e - a n d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s - N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ________ D u r a b l e - a n d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s - P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s ________ A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g (m en ) - P e r c e n t an d cu m u la tiv e p e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s _____________________________________________________________________________________ A ll m a n u fa ctu rin g (w om en ) - P e r c e n t an d c u m u la tiv e p e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s _____________________________________________________________________________________ A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g (m e n ) - N u m b e r an d c u m u la tiv e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s __________________________________________________ A ll m a n u fa ctu rin g (w om en ) - N u m b e r a n d cu m u la tiv e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ____________________________________________________________________________________ D u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s - N u m b e r o f m e n a n d w o m e n _________ -_________ D u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s - P e r c e n t o f m e n a n d w o m e n ____________________ N o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s - N u m b e r o f m e n a n d w o m e n _______________ N o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s - P e r c e n t o f m e n a n d w o m e n _______________ S e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s - P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------ 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s U n ited S ta te s a n d r e g io n s , A p r i l 19 54 14. A ll m a n u fa ctu rin g b y s e x , a n d b y s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s --------------------- 31 CHARTS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. P e r c e n t a g e s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g e a r n in g l e s s t h a n s p e c i f i e d a m o u n t s p e r h o u r , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 --------------------------------------------------D i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g b y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 -----------------------------------------------------------C u m u la tiv e d is t r ib u t io n s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c t u r in g b y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C u m u la t iv e p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g b y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 ---------------------------------------------E a r n i n g s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 -------------C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in d u ra b le -g o o d s and n o n d u r a b le -g o o d sm a n u fa ctu rin g b y h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C u m u la tiv e p e r c e n ta g e d is tr ib u tio n s o f m e n an d w o m e n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g b y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , A p r i l 1 9 5 4 --------------------- 2 4 9 10 11 ^ 13 A P P E N D IX Scope and method of study 32 F acto ry W o r k e r s 'E a r n in g s: D istrib u tio n s b y S t r a ig h t - T im e A p r il 1954 H o u r ly E a rn in g s , JJ Sum m ary T h e U n ite d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ’ s B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s p r o v i d e s in th is r e p o r t the r e s u l t s o f a b r o a d s u r v e y 2 1 o f the s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ( e x c l u s i v e o f p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and la t e s h if t s ) o f f a c t o r y w o r k e r s in the U n ite d S t a t e s . T h e s u r v e y p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n the n u m b e r o f f a c t o r y w o r k e r s in v a r i o u s w a g e i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n 75 c e n t s and $3 an h o u r . N a t i o n w i d e , an e s t i m a t e d 3 8 0 , 0 0 0 f a c t o r y w o r k e r s , o r 3 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l , e a r n e d l e s s than 80 c e n t s an h o u r ; 8 1 7 , 0 0 0 , o r 6 . 5 p e r c e n t , u n d e r 90 c e n t s ; 1 , 2 8 2 , 0 0 0 , o r 1 0 . 2 p e r c e n t , u n d e r $ 1 ; an d 2 , 8 2 3 , 0 0 0 , o r 2 2 . 4 p e r c e n t , under $ 1 .2 5 . T h e u p p e r 2 5 p e r c e n t o f the f a c t o r y l a b o r f o r c e e a r n e d $2 o r m o r e an h o u r . E a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n s d i f f e r e d a m o n g the 4 b r o a d r e g i o n s a d o p t e d f o r th is s t u d y . T h u s , the p r o p o r t i o n o f f a c t o r y w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r w a s 1 . 1 p e r c e n t in the F a r W e s t , 2 . 3 p e r c e n t in the M i d d l e W e s t , 4 . 1 p e r c e n t in the N o r t h e a s t , a n d 2 0 e2 p e r c e n t in the S ou th ( c h a r t 1). A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , e x c l u s i v e o f p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and la t e s h i f t s , w e r e r e c o r d e d a s f o l l o w s : N a tion w id e, $ 1 . 6 8 ; F a r W e s t , $ 1 . 9 4 ; M i d d l e W e s t , $ 1 . 8 0 ; N o r t h e a s t , $ 1 . 6 7 ; and S ou th , $ 1 . 3 6 . P a y l e v e l s w e r e h i g h e r in d u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s a s a g r o u p than in n o n d u r a b l e g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s ; w ith in e a c h o f t h e s e g r o u p s the l e v e l o f e a r n i n g s f o r m e n e x c e e d e d the lev el fo r w om en . P r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r w e r e : D u r a b l e g o o d s , all w o r k e r s 4 . 2 p e r c e n t , m e n — 3 . 9 p e r c e n t , w o m e n — 6 . 0 p e r c e n t ; an d n o n d u r a b l e g o o d s, all w o r k e r s — 9 .7 p e r c e n t, m en— 4 .2 p e rce n t, w om en — 1 8 .4 p e r ce n t. H o u r l y a v e r a g e s and the p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s a t l o w e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s v a r i e d g r e a t l y a m o n g 12 i n d u s t r y g r o u p s e x a m i n e d s e p a r a t e l y . In h a lf o f t h e s e g r o u p s , f e w e r than 5 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s e a r n e d l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r in A p r i l 19 54; the l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n (2 5 p e r c e n t ) w a s f o u n d in the l u m b e r a n d f u r n i t u r e p r o d u c t s g r o u p . A l l m a nu factu ring in d u s tr ie s T h e m o r e than I 2 V2 m i l l i o n p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in A p r i l 1954 w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g m o r e than 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in 46 9 s e p a r a t e i n d u s t r i e s . 3 S u b s ta n t ia l d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t a m o n g t h e s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d i n d u s t r i e s in the t y p e s o f l a b o r s k i l l s u t i l i z e d , p r o p o r t i o n s o f m e n a n d w o m e n e m p l o y e d , a n d the e x tent to w h i c h w a g e i n c e n t i v e p la n s a r e in e f f e c t . N u m erou s su rv ey s of occu p ation al e a r n in g s c o n d u c t e d b y the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s h a v e r e v e a l e d i n t r a i n d u s t r y a s w e l l a s i n t e r i n d u s t r y d i f f e r e n c e s in w a g e l e v e l s w ith in l a b o r m a r k e t s . S im ila rly, i n t e r r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s in p a y f o r w o r k in c o m p a r a b l e j o b s an d i n d u s t r i e s a l s o e x i s t . T hese a r e a m o n g the f a c t o r s r e f l e c t e d in the s p r e a d in e a r n i n g s a s s h o w n in the d i s t r i b u t i o n s an d a v e r a g e s p r e s e n t e d in the a c c o m p a n y i n g t a b l e s an d c h a r t s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - f o u r t h o f the 1 2 , 5 9 0 , 0 0 0 p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s e a r n e d l e s s than $ 1 . 3 0 an h o u r , h a l f e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 3 0 a n d $ 2 , an d the u p p e r f o u r t h e a r n e d $ 2 o r m o r e . A b o u t 2 3 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , o r 0 . 2 p e r c e n t o f the to t a l w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d , e a r n e d l e s s than the 7 5 - c e n t F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . 4 C u m u l a t i v e l y , 3 8 0 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , o r 3 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l , 1 P r e p a r e d in the B u r e a u ’ s D i v i s i o n o f W a g e s and I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s . The sta tis t i c a l an d s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d b y S a m u e l E . C o h e n a n d T h e o d o r e G o l o n k a ; the a n a l y t i c a l w o r k w a s u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n o f T o i v o P . K a n n i n e n , a s s i s t e d b y L . E a r l L e w is. 2 S ee d e s c r i p t i o n o f S c o p e an d M e t h o d o f Stud y, p . 32 . 3 T h e S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l ( N o v e m b e r 19 45 e d i t i o n ) , p r e p a r e d b y the B u r e a u o f the B u d g e t , l i s t s 4 6 9 i n d u s t r i e s u n d e r 21 m a j o r g r o u p s . 4 S om e m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , such as sm a ll lo g g in g c a m p s , a r e not c o v e r e d b y the F a i r L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t . P r o v i s i o n i s a l s o m a d e in the A c t f o r e x e m p t i n g , u n d e r c e r t a in c o n d itio n s, l e a r n e r s , a p p r e n t i c e s , and h an dicapped w o r k e r s . 1 C h a rt 1. P E R C E N T A G E S E A R N IN G L E S S T H A N O F P R O D U C T IO N S P E C IF IE D W O R K E R S A M O U N T S P E R IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G H O U R ,* A P R IL 1 9 5 4 United States 0 10 PERCENT 20 30 40 Under 80 Cents Under 90 Cents Under $1 Under $1.25 Under $1.50 MIDDLE WEST NORTHEAST PERCENT PERCENT Under 80 Cents Under 80 Cents Under 90 Cents Under 90 Cents Under $1 Under $1 Under $1.25 Under $1.25 Under $1.50 Under $1.50 FAR WEST SOUTH 10 20 30 PERCENT 40 50 60 PERCENT 70 Under 80 Cents Under 80 Cents Under 90 Cents Under 90 Cents Under $1 Under $1 Under $1.25 Under $1.25 Under $1.50 Under $1.50 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS * H o u r ly e a r n in g s e x c l u d i n g and fo r w o rk on p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t im e w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e sh ifts. 3 e a r n e d l e s s than 80 c e n t s ; 8 1 7 , 0 0 0 , o r 6. 5 p e r c e n t , u n d e r 90 c e n t s ; an d 1 , 2 8 2 , 0 0 0 , o r 1 0 . 2 p e r c e n t , u n d e r $1 ( t a b l e s 1 and 2 ) . P a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t a t t a c h e s to the 9 0 - c e n t f i g u r e in v i e w o f the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r in h is State o f the U n ion m e s s a g e o f J a n u a r y 6, 19 55 , f o r a n i n c r e a s e in the s t a t u t o r y m i n i m u m w a g e o f 75 c e n t s to 90 c e n t s an hour. F o r p u r p o s e s o f th is s t u d y , the 48 S t a t e s an d the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a w e r e g r o u p e d in to f o u r b r o a d r e g i o n s . 5 T h e 9 N o r t h e a s t e r n S t a t e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 4 , 4 9 8 , 0 0 0 p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s , o r 3 6 p e r c e n t o f the n a t i o n w i d e t o t a l . E m p l o y m e n t in the South— 16 S t a t e s an d the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a — a g g r e g a t e d 2 , 5 6 4 , 0 0 0 , o r 20 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l . T w elv e M id w estern S t a t e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 4 , 3 7 8 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , o r 35 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l , a n d 11 S t a t e s in the F a r W est accounted fo r 1 ,1 5 0 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s , o r 9 p ercen t. T h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f f a c t o r y w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than a n y g i v e n a m o u n t v a r i e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a m o n g the r e g i o n s p a r t i c u l a r l y at the l o w e r l e v e l s o f e a r n i n g s . T h u s , the p r o p o r t i o n o f f a c t o r y w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r w a s 1 . 1 p e r c e n t in the F a r W e s t , 2 . 3 p e r c e n t in the M i d d l e W e s t , 4 . 1 p e r c e n t in the N o r t h e a s t , a n d 2 0 . 2 p e r c e n t in the Sou th . O f the 8 1 7 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s e a r n i n g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r in A p r i l 19 54 , 1 2 , 0 0 0 w e r e e m p l o y e d in the F a r W e s t , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 in the M i d d l e W e s t , 1 8 6 , 0 0 0 in the N o r t h e a s t , an d 5 1 9 , 0 0 0 in the South. A l t h o u g h the Sou th a c c o u n t e d f o r o n l y 20 p e r c e n t o f the to t a l p r o d u c t i o n - w o r k e r e m p l o y m e n t in f a c t o r i e s , it a c c o u n t e d f o r 64 p e r c e n t o f a l l f a c t o r y w o r k e r s in the N a tio n e a r n i n g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r . A m o n g t h o s e e a r n i n g l e s s than $ 1 an h o u r a b o u t 60 p e r c e n t w e r e f o u n d in the South ( c h a r t 2 ) . T h e s e v a r i a t i o n s in the r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w o r k e r s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s a r e r e f l e c t e d in r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s in the g e n e r a l l e v e l o f e a r n i n g s . A s a lre a d y in d icated , in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a s a w h o l e , p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 6 8 an h o u r , e x c l u s i v e o f p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , an d la te s h i f t s . The c o r r e s p o n d in g r e g i o n a l a v e r a g e s w e r e $ 1 . 9 4 in the F a r W e s t , $ 1 . 8 0 in the M i d d l e W e s t , $ 1 . 6 7 in the N o r t h e a s t , an d $ 1 . 3 6 in the S ou th . E x c e p t in the South an d N o r t h e a s t , m e d i a n e a r n i n g s (the a m o u n t b e l o w an d a b o v e w h i c h 50 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s w e r e fou n d ) d id n ot d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m the w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e s ( m e a n s ) c i t e d a b o v e ( c h a r t 5). T h u s , f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g a s a w h o l e , the m e d i a n w a s $ 1 . 6 7 , o n l y 1 c e n t b e l o w the m e a n ; in the F a r W e s t , the m e d i a n ( $ 1 . 9 2 ) w a s 2 c e n t s b e l o w the m e a n ; in the M i d w e s t a r e a the tw o f i g u r e s w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e . In the N o r t h e a s t , h o w e v e r , the m e d i a n ( $ 1 . 6 2 ) w a s 5 c e n t s b e l o w the m e a n an d in the S o u th , the m e d i a n ( $ 1 . 2 5 ) w a s 11 c e n t s b e l o w . T h e d i v e r g e n c e s b e t w e e n m e a n an d m e d i a n in the S ou th , an d to a l e s s e r e x t e n t in the N o r t h e a s t , a r e due p r i n c i p a l l y to the i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f th e s e a r e a s , c o u p l e d w ith the 7 5 - c e n t l e g a l l i m i t b e l o w w h i c h w a g e s g e n e r a l l y a r e not p e r m i t t e d to f a l l . F o r exam ple, in the r e l a t i v e l y l o w - w a g e i n d u s t r i e s in the S ou th , s u c h a s l u m b e r , l a r g e g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d a t o r n e a r the l e g a l m i n i m u m , w h e r e a s in h i g h e r w a g e s o u t h e r n i n d u s t r i e s the p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s a r e m o r e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r a c o m p a r a t i v e l y w id e r a n g e . B y c o n t r a s t , the d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f e a r n i n g s in the M i d d l e W e s t and F a r W e s t a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y the l a c k o f a n y c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t o r n e a r the l e g a l m i n i m u m , a n d in g e n e r a l b y g r e a t e r sym m etry. D u ra b le and n on du rable g ood s D u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s a s a g r o u p h ad a h i g h e r w a g e l e v e l than n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s in d u stries. N a t i o n w i d e , the 7 , 3 0 9 , 0 0 0 d u r a b l e - g o o d s w o r k e r s a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 7 8 an h o u r c o m p a r e d w ith $ 1 . 5 4 f o r the 5 , 2 8 1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s in n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s p l a n t s . 6 A m o n g d u r a b l e g o o d s w o r k e r s , a f o u r t h e a r n e d l e s s than $ 1 . 5 0 , h a lf e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 5 0 an d $ 2 . 0 5 , and the r e m a i n d e r , $ 2 . 0 5 o r m o r e an h o u r . S l i g h t l y l e s s than a f o u r t h o f the n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s w o r k e r s e a r n e d l e s s than $ 1 . 1 0 , h a l f e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 1 0 an d $ 1 . 8 5 , an d the r e m a i n d e r e a r n e d $ 1 . 8 5 o r m o r e ( t a b le s 3 a n d 4 ) . 5 F o r l i s t i n g o f s t a t e s in e a c h r e g i o n , s e e S c o p e and M e t h o d o f S t u d y , p . 33. 6 S e e f o o t n o t e 1 to ta b le 3 f o r l i s t i n g o f d u r a b l e - an d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g in d u stries. 4 C h a r i 2 . D IS T R IB U T IO N By O F P R O D U C T IO N H o u r ly E a r n in g s ,* W O RKERS A P R IL IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G 1954 NUMBER OF WORKERS HOURLY EARNINGS UNDER $1 $1 and under $1.25 $1.25 and under $1.50 $1.50 and under $1.75 $1.75 and under $2 $2 and under $2.50 $2.50 and OVER E M UNITEDSTATES DEPARTMENTOF L/sBOR reauof laborstatistics Digitized forbuFRASER FAR WEST * Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holiday*, and late shifts. 5 E m p lo y m e n t in d u r a b l e - g o o d s p la n ts e x c e e d e d that in n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s p la n ts in e a c h o f the r e g io n s e x c e p t the S o u th , D u r a b l e - g o o d s in d u s t r ie s a c c o u n t e d f o r 71 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in the M id d le W e s t , 67 p e r c e n t in the F a r W e s t , 53 p e r c e n t in the N o r t h e a s t , a n d 41 p e r c e n t in the S ou th . R e g io n a ll y , a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s in the d u r a b le - g o o d s g r o u p r a n g e d f r o m $2 in th e F a r W e s t to $ 1 . 4 1 in the S ou th ; the h ig h e s t r e g io n a l a v e r a g e f o r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s w a s $ 1 . 8 3 in the F a r W e s t a n d the lo w e s t w a s $ 1 . 3 2 in the S ou th . A s sh o w n b e l o w , the p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s a t the lo w e r e n d o f the e a r n in g s d i s t r i b u tio n s w e r e s m a l l e r in d u r a b l e - g o o d s than in the n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s in d u s t r ie s in a l l r e g io n s e x c e p t the S ou th . N u m b e r (in th o u sa n d s ) an d p e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r R e g io n U n ite d S ta te s ----------N o r t h e a s t ____________ S o u t h — _____ _______ M id d le Wpsst F a r W e s t ____________ NOTE: D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s N um ber P ercen t N um ber P ercen t 30 4 34 246 22 1 4 .2 1 .4 23. 6 . 7 . 1 513 151 273 76 12 9 .7 7 .2 1 7 .9 5. 9 3 .2 B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f r e g io n a l e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a t e s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e q u a l the n a tio n w id e t o t a l. In the S ou th , a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s f o r d u r a b le - g o o d s w o r k e r s e x c e e d e d e a r n in g s in n o n d u r a b le g o o d s , the d i f f e r e n c e b e in g 9 c e n t s an h o u r . N e v e r t h e l e s s , the p r o p o r t i o n o f S o u th e r n w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r w a s g r e a t e r in d u r a b le than in n o n d u r a b le g o o d s . T h is r e s u lt s l a r g e l y f r o m the h e a v y c o n c e n t r a t io n o f w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s in the im p o r t a n t lu m b e r an d fu r n it u r e i n d u s t r ie s , w h ich a r e c l a s s i f i e d in the d u r a b le good s c a te g o r ie s . A b o u t s e v e n -e ig h t h s o f the 2 4 6 ,0 0 0 d u r a b l e - g o o d s w o r k e r s in the S ou th e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s w e r e e m p lo y e d in th e s e tw o in d u s t r ie s . E a r n in g s o f m e n a n d w o m e n M en o u tn u m b e r e d w o m e n in d u r a b le - g o o d s a n d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s , b o th n a t io n a lly a n d w ith in e a c h r e g i o n . N a tio n w id e , m e n a c c o u n t e d f o r 61 p e r c e n t o f the p la n t e m p lo y m e n t in n o n d u r a b le g o o d s , 84 p e r c e n t in d u r a b le g o o d s , a n d 75 p e r c e n t in a l l m a n u fa c t u r in g c o m b i n e d . R e g io n a ll y , the p r o p o r t io n o f m e n w o r k e r s r a n g e d f r o m 55 p e r c e n t in n o n d u r a b le g o o d s m a n u fa c tu r in g in the N o r t h e a s t to 89 p e r c e n t in the d u r a b l e - g o o d s g r o u p in the S ou th . T h e s e r e g io n a l v a r ia t io n s a r e du e l a r g e l y to d i f f e r e n c e s in the ty p e s o f m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s fo u n d in the v a r io u s r e g io n s an d the d iffe r in g p r o p o r t io n s o f w o m e n fo u n d in th e s e in d u s t r ie s . N o n d u r a b le -g o o d s in d u s t r ie s p r o v i d e e m p lo y m e n t to t w ic e a s m a n y w o m e n w o r k e r s a s do the d u r a b le - g o o d s i n d u s t r ie s . A s u b s ta n t ia l p r o p o r t i o n o f th e s e w o m e n w o r k e r s a r e e m p lo y e d in t e x t ile m i l l s , a p p a r e l s h o p s , an d in f o o d - p r o c e s s i n g p la n t s . G e o g r a p h ic a ll y , t h r e e - fo u r t h s o f the w o m e n e m p lo y e d in the n o n d u r a b l e -g o o d s in d u s t r ie s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d in the N o r t h e a s t a n d S ou th . S t r a ig h t -t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s f o r m e n w e r e $ 1 . 8 0 . in a l l m a n u fa c t u r in g , $ 1 . 8 4 in the d u r a b le - g o o d s g r o u p , a n d $ 1 . 7 4 in the n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s g r o u p . T he o v e r a ll a v e r a g e f o r w o m e n w a s $ 1 . 2 8 , w ith a v e r a g e s o f $ 1 . 4 0 a n d $ 1 . 2 2 r e c o r d e d in d u r a b le g o o d s a n d n o n d u r a b le g o o d s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o r a l l in d u s t r ie s c o m b i n e d , m e n 's e a r n in g s e x c e e d e d th o s e o f w o m e n b y 58 c e n t s in the F a r W e s t, 54 c e n t s in the M id d le W e s t , 52 c e n t s in the N o r t h e a s t , a n d 3 7 c e n t s in the S o u th . D u r a b le - g o o d s an d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s a v e r a g e s f o r m e n in e a c h r e g io n v a r i e d b y 5 c e n t s o r l e s s f r o m the r e g io n a l a v e r a g e s f o r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . O n ly in the S ou th d id m e n a v e r a g e h ig h e r p a y in the n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s than in a l l-m a n u fa c t u r i n g in d u s t r ie s . F o r w om en, 6 on the o t h e r h a n d , a v e r a g e e a r n in g s in d u r a b le g o o d s w e r e f r o m 2 to 13 c e n t s a b o v e the a l l m a n u fa c tu r in g a v e r a g e ; in n o n d u r a b le s th e y w e r e f r o m 1 to 11 c e n t s b e l o w . C o m p a r in g w om en * s e a r n in g s in d u r a b l e - g o o d s p la n ts w ith th o s e in n o n d u r a b le s , the l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e fo u n d in the F a r W e s t (22 c e n t s ) and the M id d le W e s t (21 c e n t s ) . In the l o w e r - e a r n i n g s i n t e r v a l s , the p r o p o r t io n o f w o m e n e x c e e d e d that f o r m e n in b o th d u r a b le - an d n o n d u r a b l e -g o o d s in d u s t r y g r o u p in g s . T h u s , 4 p e r c e n t o f the m e n an d 1 4 .2 p e r c e n t o f the w o m e n w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c tu r in g w e r e e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r in A p r i l 1954 a s sh o w n in the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n : P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r S e x an d r e g io n , A ll m an u fa c t u r in g D u r a b le goods N o n d u r a b le goods M en: U n ite d S t a t e s _____________ N o r t h e a s t ______________ S o u t h .. — — — M id d le W e s t _________ F a r W e s t ___ _____ _____ 4 .0 1 .0 1 7 .2 .7 .2 3 .9 . 5 2 3 .9 .4 (M 4 .2 1 .9 1 0 .5 1. 7 .5 W om en: U n ite d S t a t e s -------------------N o r t h e a s t ______________ S o u t h ____________________ M id d le W e s t F a r W e s t ______________ 1 4 .2 1 1 .4 2 9 .3 8. 8 5 .3 6 .0 6 .0 2 4 .9 2 .9 .4 1 8 .4 13. 8 3 0 .0 1 5 .4 8 .9 1 L ess than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . O f th e 3 8 0 ,0 0 0 m e n e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s , 3 2 2 ,0 0 0 o r 85 p e r c e n t w e r e in the S ou th (t a b le s 5 a n d 7 ). B y c o n t r a s t , o f the 4 3 7 ,0 0 0 w o m e n w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s , 45 p e r c e n t w e r e in the S ou th an d 3 5 p e r c e n t w e r e in the N o r t h e a s t (t a b le s 6 an d 8 ). A b o u t 2 4 3 ,0 0 0 m e n in d u r a b l e - g o o d s p la n ts e a r n e d l e s s than 90 c e n t s . O f th is t o t a l, 2 2 3 ,0 0 0 w e r e in the S ou th an d 2 0 ,0 0 0 w e r e d iv id e d e q u a lly b e t w e e n the N o r t h e a s t an d M id d le W est r e g io n s . O f the 13 7 ,0 0 0 m e n in n o n d u r a b l e -g o o d s p la n t s w h o e a r n e d l e s s than 90 c e n t s , a b o u t 9 9 ,0 0 0 w e r e in the S o u th , 2 2 ,0 0 0 in the N o r t h e a s t , 1 5 ,0 0 0 in the M id d le W e s t , and a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 ,0 0 0 in the F a r W e s t . A lth o u g h the p e r c e n t a g e o f w o m e n w o r k e r s in d u r a b l e - g o o d s p la n ts w ho e a r n e d l e s s than 90 c e n t s w a s 4 t im e s g r e a t e r in the S ou th than in the N o r th e a s t^ th e n u m b e r o f w o m e n in th is e a r n in g s g r o u p w a s s lig h t ly g r e a t e r in the N o r t h e a s t . O f the 6 1 ,0 0 0 w o m e n e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s in d u r a b le - g o o d s p la n t s , 2 4 ,0 0 0 w e r e in the N o r t h e a s t , 2 3 ,0 0 0 w e r e in the S ou th , an d n e a r ly a l l o f the r e m a i n d e r w e r e in the M id d le W e s t . O f the 3 7 6 ,0 0 0 w o m e n e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s in n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s p la n t s , 1 7 4 ,0 0 0 w e r e in the S ou th , 1 3 0 ,0 0 0 w e r e in the N o r t h e a s t , an d m o s t o f the r e m a in d e r w e r e in th e M id d le W e s t . A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m the d is t r ib u t io n s o f w o r k e r s in 42 e a r n in g s c l a s s e s (t a b le s 5 - 12 ), h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f in d iv id u a l m e n an d w o m e n w o r k e r s r a n g e d f r o m 75 c e n t s ( o r l e s s in s o m e c a s e s ) to a b o v e $3 in e a c h in d u s t r y g r o u p in g an d r e g i o n . The d e g re e o f h e te r o g e n e it y o f e a r n in g s in o u r m a n u fa c tu r in g e c o n o m y is s u g g e s t e d b y the n e a r ly c o m p le t e la c k o f a n y c o n c e n t r a t io n s o f w o r k e r s a t a n y p o in t a lo n g the e a r n in g s s c a l e . O n ly in the S ou th w e r e a s m a n y a s 10 p e r c e n t o f e it h e r m e n o r w o m e n w o r k e r s c o n c e n t r a t e d w ith in a 5 - c e n t r a n g e — the e a r n in g s in t e r v a l b e g in n in g w ith the 7 5 - c e n t F e d e r a l m in im u m w a g e . The degree o f d i s p e r s i o n sh ow n in th e s e t a b le s is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s o m e b u t n ot a ll o f the n a r r o w e r in d u s t r y g r o u p in g s (s e e fo llo w in g p a g e ) . 7 E a r n in g s in s e l e c t e d in d u s t r y g r o u p s D is t r ib u t io n s o f w o r k e r s b y h o u r ly e a r n in g s f o r 12 m a jo r in d u s t r y g r o u p s w ith o v e r 11 m i llio n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s a r e p r e s e n t e d in ta b le 1 3 . 7 C o m p a r e d w ith the d is t r ib u t io n s f o r the b r o a d d u r a b le - an d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , sh ow n e a r l i e r , th e s e in d u s t r y g r o u p data r e f l e c t in s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r d e t a il v a r ia t io n s in e a r n in g s r e la t e d to d i f f e r e n c e s in p a y l e v e l s a m o n g in d u s t r i e s , to r e g io n a l v a r ia t io n s in le v e l s o f e a r n in g s b y in d u s t r y , an d to the g e o g r a p h ic d is t r ib u t io n o f f a c t o r y e m p lo y m e n t b y in d u s t r y . D ata f o r s o m e in d u s t r y g r o u p s r e v e a le d c o m p a r a t iv e ly lit t le v a r ia t io n in a v e r a g e p a y le v e ls am ong r e g io n s . F o r the c h e m i c a l s a n d p e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s g r o u p , f o r e x a m p l e , the a v e r a g e f o r the S ou th ( $ 1 . 7 8 ) w a s o n ly a fe w c e n t s b e lo w th o s e f o r the N o r t h e a s t an d M id d le W e s t , a lth o u g h 2 8 c e n t s b e lo w th at f o r the F a r W e s t . B y c o n t r a s t , lu m b e r an d fu r n it u r e w o r k e r s a s a g r o u p a v e r a g e d 97 c e n t s an h o u r in the S ou th , w h e r e a s a v e r a g e s f o r th e s e w o r k e r s in the M id d le W e s t a n d F a r W e s t w e r e $ 1 . 5 0 an d $ 2 . 1 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e in d u s t r y g r o u p s s e l e c t e d f o r s e p a r a t e e x a m in a tio n a r e l i s t e d b e lo w in d e s c e n d in g o r d e r o f the p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r . In d u s tr y g r o u p L u m b e r an d f u r n i t u r e ____________ L e a t h e r an d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___ T e x t i l e s an d a p p a r e l _____________ T o b b a c o m a n u f a c t u r e r s __________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______ M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g 1 __ P a p e r an d p r i n t i n g ________________ C h e m ic a ls an d p e t r o l e u m _______ I n s t r u m e n ts an d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s P r i m a r y m e t a ls and f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _________________ M a c h in e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ___ T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ----------- N u m b e r (in th o u sa n d s ) a n d p e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s p e r h o u r N um ber P ercen t 232 52 278 11 114 34 33 22 4 10 10 4 (2 ) 2 5 .0 1 5 .9 13. 9 1 2 .9 1 1 .3 8 .9 3 .4 3. 1 1 .9 . 6 .3 (3) 1 M a jo r g r o u p 39 a s d e fin e d in the S ta n d a r d In d u s t r ia l C l a s s i fic a t io n M a n u a l (N o v e m b e r 1945 e d it io n ), p r e p a r e d b y the B u r e a u o f the B u d g e t. 2 L e s s than 500 w o r k e r s . 3 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . A m o n g 2 9 r e g i o n a l - i n d u s t r y g r o u p d is t r ib u t io n s p r o v i d e d in ta b le 13, 7 in s t a n c e s w e r e n o te d in w h ich m o r e than 10 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s e a r n e d l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r . F o u r o f th e s e w e r e in th e S ou th : L u m b e r a n d f u r n it u r e , 5 6 .1 p e r c e n t ; f o o d p r o d u c t s , 3 4 . 4 p e r c e n t ; le a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s , 2 3 . 9 p e r c e n t ; a n d t e x t ile s an d a p p a r e l, 1 9 .1 p e r c e n t . T h e o t h e r in s t a n c e s w e r e the t e x t i le s an d a p p a r e l g r o u p in the M id w e s t ( 1 7 .3 p e r c e n t ) an d the le a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s g r o u p in the N o r t h e a s t ( 1 5 .8 p e r c e n t ) an d in the M id w e s t ( 1 4 .2 p e r c e n t ) . A lth o u g h r e g io n a l e s t im a t e s f o r t o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s c o u ld n ot b e p r e p a r e d , n a tio n w id e , 1 2 .9 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s e a r n e d l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r in A p r i l 19 5 4 . C h a n g e s in w a g e l e v e l s s in c e 1947 C o m p a r is o n o f the e a r n in g s d is t r ib u t io n f o r A p r i l 1954 w ith an e a r n in g s d is t r ib u t io n p r e p a r e d f o r J u ly 1947 r e v e a ls a s h a r p s h r in k a g e o f e m p lo y m e n t a t p a y l e v e l s b e lo w $ 1 an 7 S e p a r a te d is t r ib u t io n s b y in d u s t r y g r o u p c o u ld IV 2 m i llio n f a c t o r y w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in A p r i l 19 5 4 . not b e p r e s e n te d fo r the r e m a in in g 8 h o u r . 8 A s sh o w n b e l o w , the p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s th ir d to a ten th d u rin g the 7 - y e a r p e r i o d . e a r n in g l e s s than $ 1 d e c lin e d f r o m a P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s e a r n in g l e s s than s p e c i f i e d a m o u n ts p e r h o u r S t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s U nder U nder U n d er U n d er 75 c e n t s _________________ 80 c e n t s __________________ 90 c e n t s __________________ $ 1 ________________________ J u ly 1947 A p r il 1954 1 0 .4 13. 6 2 3 .0 32. 7 0 .2 3 .0 6. 5 1 0 .2 T h e 1949 A m e n d m e n t s to the F a i r L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t i n c r e a s e d the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e to 75 c e n t s an h o u r , e f f e c t i v e J a n u a r y 2 5, 1 9 5 0 . T h u s , 2 V2 y e a r s b e f o r e the n e w m in im u m w en t in to e f f e c t , it w a s e s t im a t e d th at 1 0 .4 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s w e r e p a id l e s s than 75 c e n t s an h o u r . B y N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 8 , e s t im a t e s p r e p a r e d b y the B u r e a u in d ic a t e th at the p r o p o r t io n p a id l e s s than 75 c e n t s h a d d r o p p e d to 6. 6 p e r c e n t . In A p r i l 1 9 5 4 , o n ly a fr a c t io n o f 1 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c tu r in g w e r e e a r n in g l e s s th an 75 c e n t s an d 6. 5 p e r c e n t w e r e e a r n in g l e s s than 90 c e n t s an h o u r . G e n e r a l w a g e c h a n g e s , in c lu d in g th o s e r e s u lt in g f r o m the a d o p tio n o f the 7 5 - c e n t m in im u m , l a r g e l y a c c o u n t e d f o r the 4 4 -p e r c e n t r i s e in a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s b e t w e e n J u ly 1947 and A p r i l 1 9 5 4 .9 S h ifts in’ e m p lo y m e n t r a t i o s a m o n g in d u s t r y g r o u p s a l s o c o n t r ib u t e d to the r i s e in the e a r n in g s l e v e l a s w e ll a s to c h a n g e s in t h e ir o v e r a l l d is t r ib u t i o n . The l a r g e s t g a in s in p r o d u c t i o n - w o r k e r e m p lo y m e n t b e t w e e n 1947 an d 1954 o c c u r r e d in e l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y ( 2 5 4 ,0 0 0 ) , t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ( 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 ) , an d p r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g ( 9 4 ,0 0 0 ) . P r o d u c t i o n - w o r k e r e m p lo y m e n t in the f o o d , t e x t i l e s , an d fu r n it u r e g r o u p s , h o w e v e r , w a s s u b s t a n t ia lly lo w e r in A p r il 1954 than in J u ly 1 9 4 7 .10 A m o n g the in d u s t r y g r o u p s n a m e d , a v e r a g e p a y l e v e l s w e r e s u b s t a n t ia lly h ig h e r in th o s e in w h ic h e m p lo y m e n t i n c r e a s e d . 8 T h is e a r l i e r r e l e a s e o f the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s (d a te d D e c e m b e r 15, 1947) p r o v i d e d d is t r ib u t io n s o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c t u r in g , a n d b y in d u s t r y g r o u p , b y s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s . 9 P e r c e n t i n c r e a s e c o m p u t e d f r o m a v e r a g e s f o r a l l-m a n u fa c t u r i n g a d ju s t e d to e x c lu d e p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e . 10 P a r t o f th e d e c lin e in e m p lo y m e n t in the f o o d g r o u p is a t tr ib u ta b le to s e a s o n a l it in the ca n n in g a n d p r e s e r v i n g and the b e v e r a g e i n d u s t r ie s ; e m p lo y m e n t l e v e l s in th e s e i n d u s t r ie s a r e h ig h e r in J u ly than in A p r i l . C h a rt 3 . C U M U L A T IV E D IS T R IB U T IO N S O F P R O D U C T IO N By UNITEDSTATES DEPARTMENTOF LABOR BUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICS H o u r ly E a r n in g s * W O RKERS IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G A p r il 1 9 5 4 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifrs Chart 4. CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING By Hourly Earnings,' April 1954 HOURLY UNITEDSTATES DEPARTMENTOF LABOR BUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICS FRASER Digitized for EARNI NGS ^ Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts C h art 5 . E A R N IN G S *O F P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G A p ril 1 9 5 4 M E D I A N H O U R L Y E A R N I N G S A N D MI DDLE R A N G E S W I T H I N W H I C H O N E - H A L F OF THE W O R K E R S FELL Region Median United State s $1.67 Northeast 1.62 South 1.25 Middle West 1.80 Far West 1.92 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICS Chart 6. CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PRODUCTION WORKERS IN D U RABLE-G O O D S AND NONDURABLE-GOODS MANUFACTURING By Hourly Earnings,* April 1954 PERCENT HOURLY E A R N I N G S UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR statistics * pr.m ium on weekends, pay fa, h o lid a y s, and o ..r lim . late aarf s h if t s fa, w .rk Chart 7. CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING By Hourly Earnings,* April 1954 HOU RL Y EARNINGS ^E xclu des on UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICS prem ium weekends, ^ In clu d e s was not some pay holidays, w orkers obtained. for and overtime la t e for w hom and for work s h if ts . sex designation 14 TABLE 1. - - E s t i m a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n it e d S t a te s a n d R e g i o n s , 2 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 (in t h o u s a n d s ) A v e ra g e hourly e arn in g s1 ( in c e n t s ) U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 and and and and and M id d le W est F a r W est N u m b e r C u m u lative N u m b e r C u m u lative N u m b e r C u m u lative N u m b e r C u m u lative N u m b e r C u m u la tiv e num ber of num ber of of num ber of n um ber of of ' of num ber of of of w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers ------------------------------- under under under under under South N ortheast U n ited States 80 ____________ 85 ____________ 9 0 ------------------9 5 ____________ 100 __________ 23 23 3 3 18 18 2 2 (3 ) (3 ) 3 57 195 242 252 213 38 0 57 5 81 7 1,069 1,282 55 53 75 94 80 58 111 186 28 0 36 0 265 115 121 116 89 283 398 51 9 634 723 33 25 41 39 40 34 59 100 138 179 4 2 6 4 4 5 6 12 16 20 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 374 26 9 318 275 30 5 1,656 1,925 2 , 243 2 ,5 1 8 2,823 131 102 130 113 126 49 1 594 724 838 964 159 109 112 91 88 882 991 1, 103 1, 194 1 ,283 71 52 66 61 75 25 0 30 1 368 429 504 13 6 9 9 16 33 39 48 57 72 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 37 0 354 364 379 382 3 , 194 3,548 3,912 4,291 4 ,6 7 2 165 163 154 175 173 1,129 1,292 1,446 1,621 1 ,794 93 81 77 78 64 1,375 1 ,456 1 ,533 1,611 1,676 94 91 115 107 124 598 68 9 804 9 11 1,035 20 19 17 19 20 92 11 2 128 147 167 150 155 160 165 170 and and and and and under under under under under 155 160 165 170 175 ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 498 447 52 3 478 482 5 , 170 5 ,6 1 7 6 , 140 6,618 7 , 100 205 186 197 178 176 1,999 2,185 2, 382 2 , 561 2 , 73 7 83 68 68 56 54 1,759 1 ,827 1,895 1,951 2,005 179 16 4 21 7 19 8 204 1,214 1,378 1,595 1,793 1,996 31 28 42 46 48 19 8 226 313 36 1 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under under under under 180 185 190 195 20 0 ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 477 427 5 15 457 49 1 7 ,5 7 7 8, 00 3 8,518 8,975 9,467 176 142 165 133 124 2,913 3,055 3,220 3 ,353 3 ,4 7 7 52 44 53 45 42 2,057 2 , 101 2 , 154 2, 199 2 , 24 1 198 179 218 214 26 3 2 , 195 2 , 373 2,592 2 , 80 6 3,070 51 61 78 65 62 413 474 552 618 679 200 20 5 21 0 215 22 0 and and and and and under under under under under 20 5 21 0 21 5 220 22 5 ________ ------------________ ________ ________ 422 3 57 304 26 9 22 7 9,889 10,245 10,549 10,819 11,045 119 107 95 86 66 3,596 3,703 3,798 3,883 3,949 41 46 32 23 25 2,282 2 ,3 2 8 2 , 36 0 2,383 2 ,4 0 8 204 149 134 109 97 3,274 3 ,4 2 3 3 ,5 5 7 3,666 3,764 58 54 43 51 38 737 792 834 886 924 22 5 23 0 23 5 2 40 24 5 and and and and and under under under under under 230 23 5 240 24 5 25 0 ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 224 176 134 121 115 11,269 11,445 11,579 1 1 , TOO 11,815 74 55 50 43 35 4 , 0 23 4 ,0 7 8 4 , 128 4 , 171 4 , 20 6 25 24 16 14 10 2 ,4 3 3 2,457 2,473 2 ,4 8 7 2,497 88 73 46 47 49 3,852 3 ,925 3 ,9 7 1 4 ,0 1 8 4,067 37 24 22 16 21 961 985 1,007 1,024 1,045 25 0 260 270 28 0 29 0 and and and and and under under under under under 26 0 27 0 28 0 29 0 30 0 -________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 21 0 130 99 79 50 1 2,025 12,154 12,254 12,332 12,382 70 49 32 31 19 4 ,2 7 5 4,324 4 , 3 56 4 , 38 7 4,406 24 10 10 7 3 2, 521 2, 532 2,542 2 ,5 4 9 2,552 89 55 42 30 21 4 , 156 4,211 4 , 2 53 4,283 4 ,3 0 4 27 16 15 11 6 1 ,0 7 2 1,087 1, 10 2 1, 113 1, 119 208 30 0 a n d o v e r N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s _______ A v e ra g e h ou rly earnings 1 74 12 92 268 31 12,590 4 ,4 9 8 2, 5 6 4 4 , 3 78 1, 150 $ 1.68 $ 1.67 $ 1. 36 $ 1. 80 $ 1.94 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and la te s h ift s . 2 T h e r e g i o n s u s e d in th is study i n c lu d e : N o r t h e a s t ______________ C o n n e c t i c u t , M a i n e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , N e w H a m p s h i r e , N e w J e r s e y , N e w Y o r k , P e n n s y l v a n i a , R h o d e I s l a n d , and V e r m o n t ; S o u t h ____________________ A l a b a m a , A r k a n s a s , D e l a w a r e , D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , F l o r i d a , G e o r g i a , K e n t u c k y , L o u i s i a n a , M a r y l a n d , M i s s i s s i p p i , N o rt h C a r o l i n a , O k la h o m a , South C a r o l i n a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V i r g i n ia , and W e s t V i r g i n ia ; M i d d l e W e s t __________ I l l i n o i s , I n d i a n a , I o w a , K a n s a s , M i c h i g a n , M i n n e s o t a , M i s s o u r i , N e b r a s k a , N o r t h D a k o t a , O h i o , S o u t h D a k o t a , and vV isconsin; F a r v V e s t ______________ A r i z o n a , C a l i f o r n i a , C o l o r a d o , I d a h o , M o n t a n a , N e v a d a , N e w M e x i c o , O r e g o n , U t a h , W a s h i n g t o n , a n d W y o m i n g . 3 L e s s than 500 w o r k e r s . NOTE: B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y eq u a l to ta ls . 15 TABLE 2 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s . U n it e d S t a te s a n d R e g i o n s , 2 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 South M id d le W est Far W est N ortheast U n ited States A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 12 P e r c e n t C u m u lative P e r c e n t C u m u lative P e r c e n t C u m u lative P e r c e n t C u m u lative: P e r c e n t C u m u lative (in c e n t s ) of of percent of percent of percent of of percent of of p ercen t of of w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers I T n r W 75 0. 2 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 75 a n d u n d e r 8 0 ___________ 3. 0 4. 6 90 a n d u n d e r 9 5 _______ _— 95 a n d u n d e r 100 --------------- 2. 8 1. 5 1.9 2. 0 1.7 8. 5 10. 2 1. 2 1. 2 1. 7 2. 1 1.8 1. 2. 4. 6. 8. 3 5 1 2 0 10. 4. 4. 4. 3. 3 5 7 5 5 100 105 110 115 120 0. 7 0. 7 (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) 11.0 15. 5 20. 2 24. 7 28. 2 0. 7 . 6 .9 .9 .9 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 8 3 3 2 1 0. . . . . 4 1 5 4 3 0. 4 . 5 1. 1 1 .4 1. 8 1 5 8 8 4 2 .9 3.4 4. 2 4.9 6. 3 105 110 115 120 125 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 3. 0 2. 1 2.5 2. 2 2 .4 13. 15. 17. 20. 22. 2 3 8 0 4 2.9 2. 3 2.9 2. 5 2. 8 10. 9 13. 2 16. 1 18. 6 21.4 6. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2 2 4 6 4 34 .4 38. 6 43. 0 46.6 50. 0 1.6 1. 2 1. 5 1. 4 1. 7 5. 7 6. 9 8. 4 9. 8 11.5 1. . . . 1. 125 a n d u n d e r 130 _______ 135 a n d u n d e r 140 140 a n d u n d e r 145 _______ _______ 2. 9 2. 8 2.9 3. 0 3.0 25 . 28. 31. 34. 37. 4 2 1 1 1 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 25. 28 . 32. 36. 39. 1 7 1 0 9 3. 3. 3. 3. 2. 6 1 0 0 5 53. 56. 59. 62. 65. 6 8 8 8 3 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1 1 6 4 8 13. 15. 18. 20. 23 . 6 7 4 8 6 1. 7 1. 7 1.5 1. 7 1.7 8. 9. 11. 12. 14. 0 5 2 8 8 41. 44. 48. 52. 56. 1 6 8 5 4 4 .6 4. 1 4. 4 4. 0 3.9 44. 4 48. 6 52.9 56. 9 60. 8 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 7 6 2 1 68. 71. 73. 76. 78. 6 2 9 1 2 4. 1 3. 8 4. 9 4. 5 4 .6 27. 31 . 36. 40. 45. 7 5 4 9 6 2. 2. 3. 4. 4. 7 4 6 0 2 17. 2 19. 6 2 3. 3 27. 2 31 .4 2 5 6 3 2 3.9 3. 2 3. 7 3. 0 2. 8 64. 7 6 7.9 7 1.6 74. 5 77. 3 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 0 7 1 7 6 80. 81 . 84 . 85. 8 7. 2 9 0 7 4 4. 5 4. 1 5. 0 4. 9 6 .0 50. 54. 59. 64. 70. 1 2 2 1 1 4. 5. 6. 5. 5. 5 3 8 7 3 35 . 41. 48. 53. 59. 9 2 0 7 0 1.6 1. 8 1. 3 .9 1. 0 8 9. 0 90. 7 92. 0 92. 9 93.9 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 7 4 1 5 2 74. 78. 81 . 83. 86. 8 2 2 7 0 5. 4. 3. 4. 3. 1 7 7 5 3 64. 68. 72. 77. 8 0. 1 8 5 0 3 1. . . . . 94. 95. 96. 97. 97. 8 8 4 0 4 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0 7 0 1 1 88. 0 89. 6 90. 7 9 1 .8 92.9 3. 2 2. 1 1. 9 1.4 1. 8 83 . 5 85 . 6 87. 5 8 9.0 90. 8 98. 3 98. 7 99. 1 99.4 99. 5 2. 1. 1. . . 0 2 0 7 9 4.9 96. 2 97. 1 97. 8 98. 3 2. 4 1. 3 1. 3 .9 . 5 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. and and and and and under under under under under 7 6 4 9 9 150 155 160 165 170 a n d u n d e r 155 a n d u n d e r 160 a n d u n d e r 165 a n d u n d e r 170 a n d u n d e r 175 _______ _______ _______ ----------- 4. 3. 4. 3. 3. 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 3. 8 3. 4 4. 1 3.6 3.9 60. 63. 67. 71. 75. 3. 2. 2. 2. 1. 4 8 4 1 8 78. 5 81. 4 83. 8 8 5 .9 87. 7 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 6 4 1 9 5 79. 82. 84. 86. 87. 89. 5 90. 9 9 1.9 92.9 93. 8 1. 1. 1. 1. . 6 2 1 0 8 89 .4 90. 6 91.7 92. 7 93. 5 95. 5 96. 5 97. 3 97.9 98. 3 1. 1. . . . 5 1 7 7 4 95. 96. 96. 97. 97. under under under under under 180 185 190 195 200 200 and under 205 205 under 210 and ____ 210 a n d u n d e r 215 215 and u n der _______ 220 2 2 0 a n d u n d e r 2 25 _______ 2 25 a n d u n d e r 2 3 0 _______ 23 5 a n d u n d e r 2 4 0 2 4 0 a n d u n d e r 24 5 24 5 a n d u n d e r 2 5 0 _______ ----------_______ 1. 8 1 .4 1. 1 1. 0 . 9 250 260 270 280 29 0 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 1. 7 1. 0 . 8 .6 . 4 3 0 0 a n d o v e r _______________ 1. 7 230 and and and and and and under under under under under under 235 260 270 280 290 300 T o t a l _________________ N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ______ A v e ra g e h ou rly earnings 1 9 3 4 3 8 0 1 8 5 9 2. 1 10 0 . 0 B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , 6 6 4 .9 .4 .4 . 3 . 1 100. 0 12, 5 9 0 , 0 0 0 4 ,4 9 8 ,0 0 0 $ 1 . 68 $1 .6 7 10 0 . 0 4 ,3 7 8 ,0 0 0 $ 1.36 h olid ays, equal 2. 7 100. 0 2 ,5 6 4 ,0 0 0 s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i ly 5 1. 7 •5 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , 2 S ee table 1 f o r lis tin g o f States in c lu d e d in r e g i o n s . 3 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: 0 9 $ 3. . 8 0 and late sh ifts. 100. 10 0 . 0 1, 150 , 0 00 $ 1 .94 0 7 2 8 5 2 5 8 7 3 16 TABLE 3 . - - E s t i m a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in D u r a b l e - a n d N o n d u r a b l e - G o o d s 1 M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s ,2 U n ite d S ta te s a n d R e g i o n s ,3 A p r i l 1 95 4 ( in t h o u s a n d s ) U nited States A v e ra g e hourly e a rn in g s2 (in c e n t s ) D urable goods U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 and and and and and ___________________ under under under under under 8 0 ___________ 8 5 ___________ 9 0 ___________ 9 5 _______ ____ 100 _________ N ortheast N on durable D u rable goods goods 3 20 149 77 75 88 58 208 118 167 165 155 South N on durable D urable goods goods F ar W est M id d le W est N on durable D u rable goods goods N ondurable D urable goods goods 3 3 15 (4 ) 1 (4 ) (4 ) 8 11 15 30 27 46 42 60 63 53 137 58 48 42 19 128 57 73 73 69 3 7 12 14 10 29 18 28 25 30 (4 ) 4 2 6 3 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 1 1 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 125 75 107 100 116 24 9 19 4 21 0 175 189 '43 32 49 43 46 88 70 82 71 80 52 20 26 23 25 107 89 85 68 63 26 21 29 31 39 45 31 37 30 36 4 1 3 3 5 125 130 13 5 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 163 161 181 187 199 20 7 193 183 192 183 70 76 70 83 87 94 87 84 92 86 31 24 30 24 21 62 56 48 54 43 54 55 74 70 82 40 36 41 37 43 6 7 10 9 150 155 160 165 170 and and and and and under under under under under 155 160 165 170 175 _______ _______ _______ _______ ------------ 27 8 259 331 318 331 22 0 187 192 159 151 112 104 115 112 112 94 82 82 66 65 34 32 32 30 31 49 36 35 26 23 115 107 15 2 144 154 63 58 64 54 49 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under under under under 180 185 190 195 200 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 338 2 95 392 348 402 139 132 122 110 89 115 89 115 93 94 60 54 50 40 30 32 25 33 28 27 20 20 20 17 16 152 138 183 176 23 1 20 0 20 5 2 10 21 5 22 0 and and and and and under under under under under 20 5 21 0 21 5 22 0 225 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 3 23 284 2 27 211 166 99 73 77 58 61 82 81 67 64 48 37 27 27 21 18 26 32 14 14 12 14 14 18 9 13 22 5 a n d u n d e r 2 3 0 2 3 0 a n d u n d e r 23 5 23 5 a n d u n d e r 24 0 _______ _______ _______ 67 57 44 53 36 35 27 25 21 1<? 14 16 10 11 9 7 5 5 39 24 16 14 7 30 25 16 16 12 5 3 3 1 1 24 5 a n d u n d e r 2 5 0 _______ 157 119 90 78 84 250 26 0 270 280 29 0 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 130 75 54 38 24 240 a n d u n d p.r and and and and and under under under under under 245 260 270 280 290 300 42 31 80 55 46 40 26 N ondurable goods 8 17 17 32 3 9 4 7 6 10 11 13 10 9 11 34 14 11 10 13 14 46 40 35 38 32 39 43 60 51 50 12 18 18 15 12 170 126 113 90 78 35 23 45 45 33 43 13 9 9 9 10 13 15 9 9 5 66 59 34 37 37 23 14 12 11 12 27 16 13 10 17 10 19 8 7 5 2 68 38 26 18 12 22 17 16 12 9 18 10 8 5 4 10 6 6 6 3 22 19 19 32 28 8 9 6 4 3 0 0 a n d o v e r _______________ 93 115 28 64 19 12 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ______ 7, 309 5, 28 1 2,399 2, 099 1, 043 1, 52 1 3, 0 9 4 1, 2 8 4 773 3 77 A v e ra g e hourly e a r n in g s 2 $ 1.78 $ 1. 54 $ 1.76 $ 1.57 $ 1.41 $ 1. 32 $ 1. 86 $ 1.66 $ 2 . 00 . 6 6 41 33 $ 1. 83 1 D u ra b le g o o d s in clu d e: O rd n a n ce and a c c e s s o r i e s ; lu m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x ce p t f u r n itu r e ); fu rn itu re and f ix t u r e s ; stone, cla y , and g la s s p r o d u c ts ; p r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ; fa b r ic a te d m eta l p r o d u c ts (ex cep t o r d n a n ce , m a c h in e r y , and t r a n s porta tion equ ipm en t); m a c h in e r y (excep t e le c t r ic a l) ; e l e c t r ic a l m a ch in e ry ; tr a n sp o rta tio n equipm ent; in stru m en ts and rela ted p r o d u c ts ; and m is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s trie s as defin ed . N o n d u rable g o o d s in clu d e: F o o d and k in d re d p r o d u c t s ; t o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ; t e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ; a p p a r e l and oth e r fin is h e d te x tile p r o d u c t s ; p a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s ; printing, p u b lish in g, and a l l i e d i n d u s t r i e s ; c h e m i c a l s and a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ; p r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l ; r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ; an d le a t h e r an d l e a t h e r products. 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m pay f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and late sh ifts. 3 S e e t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S t a t e s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 4 L e s s than 500 w o r k e r s . NOTE: B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n ot n e c e s s a r i l y eq u al to ta ls . 17 TABLE 4 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in D u r a b l e -a n d N o n d u r a b l e - G o o d s 1 M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ,2 U n it e d S t a te s a n d R e g i o n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 U n ited States F a r W est N ortheast South M id d le W est A v e ra g e hourly e a rn in g s2 13 (in c e n t s ) D u rable N ondurable D u rable N ondurablei D u rable N ondurable D u rable N on durable D urable N ondurable goods goods goods goods goods goods goods goods goods goods U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 and and and and and ___________________ under under under under under 8 0 ___________ 8 5 ___________ 9 0 ___________ 9 5 ___________ 100 _________ <4 ) 0. 4 (4 ) 0. 2 2. 0 1. 1 1.0 1. 2 . 8 3.9 2. 2 3. 2 3. 1 2.9 0. 3 . 5 .6 1. 3 1. 1 2. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2 0 8 0 5 13. 1 5. 6 4.6 4. 0 1.9 0. 3 1. 0 (4 ) 0. 1 (4 ) 0. 1 8. 3. 4. 4. 4. 0. . . . . 1 2 4 5 3 2. 3 1. 4 2. 2 1.9 2. 3 (4 ) (4 ) 0. 1 . 1 . 1 1. 1 .4 1. 5 .9 . 8 . . . . . 4 7 8 8 5 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 _______ _______ _______ -----------_______ 1. 7 1. 0 1. 5 1 .4 1. 6 4. 3. 4. 3. •3. 7 7 0 3 6 1. 8 1. 3 2. 0 1. 8 1.9 4. 2 3. 3 3.9 3 .4 3. 8 5. 0 1.9 2. 5 2. 2 2. 4 7. 0 5. 8 5.6 4. 5 4. 2 . 8 . 7 .9 1. 0 1. 3 3. 5 2. 4 2.9 2. 4 2. 8 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 _______ _______ ----------_______ __ _ 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 2 5 6 7 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 9 7 5 6 5 2.9 3. 2 2. 9 3. 5 3. 6 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 4. 3. 3. 3. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 7 8 4 3 6 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 1 8 2 9 3 1. 1 . 8 .9 1. 3 1. 1 3. 0 3. 5 2. 7 2. 5 2 .9 150 155 160 165 170 and and and and and under under under under under 155 160 165 170 175 _______ _______ _______ _______ 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 8 5 5 4 5 4. 2 3. 5 3.6 3. 0 2.9 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 6 3 8 7 7 4. 5 3.9 3.9 3. 2 3. 1 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under upder under under 18 0 185 190 195 200 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 4. 4. 5. 4. 5. 6 0 4 8 5 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 6 5 3 1 7 4. 3. 4. 3. 3. 8 7 8 9 9 200 205 210 215 220 and and and and and under under under under under 20 5 210 21 5 220 225 ______ _ _______ _______ _______ 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 4 9 1 9 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 9 4 5 1 2 225 230 2 35 24 0 24 5 and and and and and under under under under under 230 235 240 245 25 0 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 6 2 1 1 1. 1. . . . 250 2 60 270 280 290 and and and and and under under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 1. 1. . . . 8 0 7 5 3 1. 1. . . . 3 0 0 a n d o v e r ______ ______ T o t a l _________________ 5 1 0 4 1 0 3 8 3 0 1 7 1 6 9 5 2 4 3 7 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 3 2 7 6 7 3. 3 3. 1 3. 1 2.9 3.0 3. 2 2.4 2. 3 1. 7 1. 5 3. 7 3. 4 4 .9 4. 6 5. 0 4. 4. 5. 4. 3. 9 5 0 2 8 2. 2. 4. 4. 4. 1 1 1 2 4 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 8 0 7 6 7 2. 9 2. 6 2. 4 1.9 1. 4 3. 0 2.4 3. 2 2. 7 2. 5 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 3 3 3 1 0 4 .9 4. 5 5.9 5. 7 7. 5 3.6 3. 1 2. 7 3. 0 2. 5 5. 5. 7. 6. 6. 0 6 8 6 5 3. 4. 4. 3. 3. 3 7 8 9 1 3 .4 3. 4 2. 8 2. 7 2. 0 1. 1. 1. 1. . 7 3 3 0 9 2. 3. 1. 1. 1. 5 1 4 3 1 .9 .9 1. 2 .6 . 8 5. 5 4. 1 3 .6 2.9 2. 5 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 7 8 7 5 5 5. 5. 4. 5. 3. 8 8 3 5 6 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 5 4 5 3 8 3 1 8 8 6 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2 5 5 1 0 1. . . . . 0 9 7 8 5 1. . . . . 1 8 7 5 5 .9 1. 0 .6 .6 . 3 2. 1 1.9 1. 1 1. 2 1. 2 1. 8 1. 1 .9 . 8 . 9 3. 2. 1. 1. 2. 5 1 7 3 2 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 6 1 4 7 1 5 0 9 8 5 1. 6 1.0 . 7 . 6 . 3 1. 1. . . . 4 2 8 8 6 . . . . . 5 2 3 1 1 1. 2 . 5 . 5 . 2 2. 1. . . . 1. 1. 1. 1. . 2. 1. 1. . . 3 2 1 6 5 2. 1. 1. 1. . 5 6 7 7 7 1. 3 2. 2 1. 2 3. 1 . 5 . 5 1 .4 2. 5 2. 5 3. 2 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 100 . 0 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0 . . 3 2 2 8 6 4 7 3 2 C 7 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ( in t h o u s a n d s ) _______________ 7 ,3 0 9 5 ,2 8 1 2 ,3 9 9 2 ,0 9 9 1,043 1,521 3,094 1,284 773 377 A v e ra g e h ou rly e a rn in g s2 $ 1 . 78 $ 1. 5 4 $ 1. 76 $ 1.57 $ 1 . 41 $ 1 .3 2 $ 1. 86 $ 1 .6 6 $ 2 . 00 $ 1 . 83 1 See table 3 f o r listin g o f d u ra b le -a n d n o n d u r a b le -g o o d s m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s . 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and late s h ifts. 3 See ta b le 1 f o r lis tin g of States in c lu d e d in r e g i o n s . 4 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i ly equal 100. 18 TABLE 5 . - -E s t im a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d is t r ib u t io n o f m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s b y a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n ite d S t a t e s a n d R e g i o n s , 2 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 s tr a ig h t-tim e F ar W est N ortheast Sotith M iddle W est U ni t e d S ta t e s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 12 P e r c e n t C um ulative P e r c e n t Cumulative P e r c e n t C um ulative P e r c e n t C um ulative P e r c e n t C um ulative (in c e n t s ) of p ercen t of of of percent of percent of percent of percen t of of of workers workers w orkers workers w orkers w orkers w orkers w orkers workers workers 75 _________________ u n d e r 8 0 --------------u n d e r 8 5 _________ u n d e r 9 0 _______ _ u n d e r 9 5 _________ u n d e r 1 0 0 ________ 0 .1 2 .0 .9 1.1 1.2 .8 0 .1 2 .1 3 .0 4 .0 5.2 6. 0 ( 3) 0 .3 .3 .5 .9 .5 ( 3) 0 .3 .6 1 .0 1.9 2 .4 0 .4 9.0 3 .9 3 .9 3. 7 2 .6 0 .4 9.4 13.3 17.2 20. 9 23. 5 (3) 0 .2 .2 .3 .3 .2 (3 ) 0 .2 o4 .7 1.0 1 .3 (3) 0. 1 (3) . 1 .1 . 1 (3) 0 .1 . 1 .2 .3 .4 100 and u n d e r 105 ______ 110 a nd u n d e r 115 ______ 115 a nd u n d e r 120 ______ 120 a nd u n d e r 125 ______ 1.9 1.2 1 .5 1.2 1 .5 7 .9 9.1 10. 6 11.8 13.4 1.5 1 .0 1. 6 1.4 1 .8 3 .9 5.0 6.6 8.0 9.8 5. 6 3. 1 3 .5 2 .6 2 .9 29.1 32.2 3 5. 7 38.3 41.2 .8 .5 .7 . 6 .9 2. 1 2 .6 3.3 3 .9 4 .8 .4 . 1 .2 .2 .3 .9 1.0 1 .2 1.4 1.7 Under 75 a n d 80 a n d 85 a n d 90 a n d 95 a n d 125 130 135 140 145 a nd and and a nd and under under under under under 130 ______ 1 3 5 ______ 140 ______ 1 4 5 ______ 150 ______ 2. 1 2 .0 2 .3 2. 6 2 .7 15. 5 17. 5 19. 8 22. 5 2 5.2 2. 5 2 .6 2 .9 3. 5 3 .6 12.3 14. 9 17. 8 21.4 25.0 3 .4 3. 1 3.0 3.3 2 .7 44. 6 47. 7 50.8 54. 1 56. 8 1 .4 1.3 1 .8 1.9 2 .4 6. 1 7. 5 9.3 11.2 13. 6 .8 .6 .9 1.1 1.2 2 .5 3. 1 4.0 5 .2 6 .3 150 155 160 165 170 a nd and and a nd and under under under under under 155 160 165 170 175 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 4 .0 3 .7 4 .4 4. 1 4 .4 2 9.2 3 2. 9 37.3 41.4 45. 8 4. 8 4. 7 5 .0 4. 8 4. 8 2 9.7 34.4 39.5 44.3 49.0 3 .7 3. 1 3. 1 2 .7 2 .6 60.4 63. 5 66.6 69.2 71.9 3 .9 3. 7 4 .8 4. 6 5. 1 17. 6 21.2 26. 1 3 0. 6 35. 7 2. 1 2 .0 3 .4 3 .4 4. 1 8 .4 10.4 13.8 17.2 2 1.4 175 180 185 190 195 and and and a nd and under under under under under 180 185 190 195 200 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 4 .5 4 .0 4 .9 4. 5 4 .9 50.3 54. 3 59.2 63. 7 68. 6 5 .0 4 .0 4. 7 3. 9 3. 6 54.0 58.0 62.7 66. 5 70.1 2 .6 2.1 2 .4 2 .2 2. 1 74 . 5 7 6. 6 79.0 81.2 83.3 5.0 4 .6 5. 7 5. 7 7.2 40.7 45. 3 51.1 56. 7 63.9 4. 6 5. 6 7. 5 6. 5 6.3 26.0 31.5 39.0 45. 5 51.8 200 205 210 215 22 0 a nd and and and and under under under under under 20 5 210 215 220 2 25 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 4.2 3. 6 3. 1 2 07 2 .3 72.8 76. 3 7 9.4 82. 1 84.4 3 .4 3 .2 2 .8 2 .5 1 .9 73. 6 76. 7 79. 5 82.0 84.0 2 .1 2 .3 1 .7 1.2 1.3 85.4 87. 7 89.4 90.5 91.8 5. 5 4 .0 3 .7 3 .0 2. 7 69 . 5 73.5 77.2 80.2 82.9 5. 9 5 .4 4 .4 5 .2 4.0 57. 7 63. 1 67. 5 72.7 76. 7 22 5 230 235 240 245 and a nd and and and under under under under under 230 23 5 240 24 5 2 50 ______ ______ ______ ______ 2 .2 1.8 1 .4 1.2 1.2 86. 6 88.4 89. 8 91.0 92. 1 2 .1 1. 6 1.5 1.3 1 .0 86.1 87. 7 89. 1 90.4 91.4 1.3 1.3 .8 .7 .5 93. 1 94.4 95.2 96.0 96. 5 2 .4 2 .0 1.3 1 .3 1.3 85.3 87.4 88. 6 89.9 91.3 3. 7 2 .5 2 .3 1.7 2 .2 80.4 82.8 8 5. 1 86. 8 89.0 2 50 2 60 2 70 2 80 2 90 and and and and a nd tind er under under under under 2 60 2 70 280 2 90 300 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 2. 1 1 .3 1.0 . 8 .5 94. 3 95. 6 96. 6 97.4 97.9 2 .0 1.5 .9 .9 . 6 93.4 94.9 95. 8 96.7 97.3 1.3 .5 . 6 .3 .2 97. 7 98.3 98. 8 99.2 99.4 2 .5 1. 5 1.2 .8 .6 93. 8 95.3 96. 5 97.3 97.9 2 .8 1 .6 1. 5 1. 1 .6 91.8 93.4 95.0 96 . 1 96. 7 300 and o v e r ____________ 2. 1 T o t a l ______________ N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ____ A vera g e hourly e a rn in g s 1 2 .7 100. 0 9 ,3 8 9 ,0 0 0 $ 1. 80 .6 100. 0 3, 0 5 9 , 0 0 0 $ 1. 83 2. 1 100. 0 1, 871 , 000 $ 1.45 3.3 100. 0 3 ,5 1 4,00 0 $ 1.90 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a te s h i f t s . 2 S e e t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S tat es i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 3 L e s s than 0. 05 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e q u a l 1 0 0 . 100. 0 945,000 $ 2 . 04 19 TABLE 6 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w o m e n p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s b y a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , 1 U n it e a S t a te s a n d R e g i o n s , 2 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 s tr a ig h t-tim e F a r W est U n i t ed S ta t e s Northeast So ut h M iddle W est A v e ra g e hou rly earnings 1 P e r c e n t C u m u l a t i v e P e r c e n t C u m u l a t i v e P e r c e n t Cumulative; P e r c e n t C u m u l a t i v e P e r c e n t C u m u l a t i v e (in c e n t s ) of p e r c e n t of of percent of percent of of p ercen t of p e r c e n t of of of w orkers workers w orkers workers w orkers workers w orkers w orkers w o r k e r s wo rlcer s 0 .5 0 .2 0 .2 1.6 1 .6 0. 1 6 5 7 6 5 6 .1 9 .6 14.2 18. 9 23.4 3 .4 3 .3 4 .4 4 .9 4 08 3 .7 7 .0 11.4 16.4 21.2 14.4 6.3 7 .0 6. 8 6 .0 16.0 22.3 29.3 36. 1 42. 1 2 .9 2 .2 3. 6 3 .3 3. 7 U n d e r 75 ___ ------------------- 0 .5 75 80 85 90 95 8 0 _________ 8 5 _________ 9 0 _________ 9 5 --------------1 0 0 ________ 5. 3. 4. 4. 4. a nd and an d and a nd unde r under under under under 0 .1 0. 1 3.0 5 .2 8 .8 12.1 15.8 1.8 . 7 2. 6 1.5 1 .3 2 .0 2 .7 5 .3 6 .8 8. 1 0. 1 100 10 5 110 115 120 and and a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 105 110 115 120 12 5 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 6.2 5 .2 5. 7 5 .3 5.2 29. 7 3 4. 9 40.6 45. 8 51.0 6. 3 5 .2 6 .0 5 .2 5 .2 27. 5 3 2.7 38.7 4 3.9 49. 1 8 .2 7. 7 6. 8 6. 4 5 .0 50.2 57. 9 64. 7 71.0 76.0 5 .0 4 .0 4 .9 4. 8 5 .0 2 0.9 24. 9 29. 7 34. 6 39. 6 4 .4 2 .2 3. 6 3. 5 6 .6 12.5 14.7 18.3 21.8 28.3 125 130 13 5 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 5. 6 5. 3 4. 7 4. 1 3 .9 56.6 61.9 66.6 70.8 74.7 6 .3 6 .2 4. 8 4. 7 4 .3 55. 5 61.6 66.4 71.2 75. 5 4 .3 3 .3 3 .0 2 .4 2 .0 80.3 83.6 86. 7 89. 1 91.9 5 .4 5. 1 6. 1 4 .6 4. 7 44. 9 50.1 56. 1 60.7 65.4 6. 1 6 .8 3 .9 4. 1 4 .2 34. 5 41.3 45.2 49.4 53.5 150 155 160 165 170 and and and an d and under under under under under 155 160 165 170 175 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 3. 9 3. 1 3 .4 2 .8 2 .0 78.6 81.7 8 5. 1 87.8 89.8 4. 1 2 .9 2 .8 2. 1 1o9 79.6 82.5 85.3 87.4 89.3 2 .2 1 .6 1 .4 .9 . 5 93.3 94.9 96.3 97.2 97. 7 4. 8 4. 1 5 .4 4 .4 2. 8 70.2 74.3 79. 7 84.0 86.9 5. 5 4. 5 4 .9 6 .7 4 .3 59.1 63.5 68.4 75. 1 79.4 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under under under under 180 185 190 195 200 _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ 1.6 1 .4 1.4 1 .0 .7 91.5 92.9 94.2 95.2 95.9 1 .5 1.2 1.3 .9 . 6 90.8 92.0 93.2 94.1 94. 7 .4 .4 .3 .2 . 1 98.1 98. 5 98.9 99.1 99.2 2 .3 2 .0 1 .8 1.5 1. 1 89.2 91.1 92.9 94.5 9 5. 6 3 .7 4. 1 3 .8 1.9 1 .0 8 3. 1 87.2 91.0 92.9 93.9 2 00 20 5 2 10 215 220 a nd and and and and under under under under under 205 210 215 220 22 5 ______ ____ ______ ______ ______ . . . . . 8 5 4 3 3 96. 7 97.2 97. 6 97.9 98.2 .8 .5 .5 .3 .4 95.5 96.0 96 . 5 96.8 97.2 .3 . 1 .1 (3) .1 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.7 99.8 1 .0 .8 .6 .4 .3 96.6 97.4 98.0 98.4 98.6 1.2 1.1 .7 .7 .3 95.2 96.3 97.0 97. 7 98.0 22 5 230 235 240 245 and and and and and under under under under under 230 235 240 245 2 50 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ .3 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 98. 5 98. 7 98. 8 98.9 99.0 .4 .3 .2 . .2 . 1 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 98.4 (3 ) (3) (3) (3) (3 ) 99.8 99,8 99o 9 99.9 99.9 .3 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 98.9 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 .4 .3 .2 . 1 . 1 98.4 9 8. 6 98.8 99.0 99.1 2 50 2 60 2 70 2 80 2 90 and and and and and under under under under under 2 60 ______ 2 70 ______ 2 80 2 90 _____ 300 ______ .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 99.2 99.4 99.5 99. 6 99.7 .3 .2 . 1 98. 7 98.9 99.0 99.2 99.4 (3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .2 . 1 .1 . 1 (3) 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 99.9 .3 . 1 . 1 . 1 (3 ) 99.3 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.7 300 and o v e r _____________ T o t a l _______________ N u m b e r o f w o rk e r s _ . A v e ra g e hou rly earnings 1 .3 .2 . 1 .6 100. 0 3 ,065,000 1, 345, 000 $ 1.28 . 1 (3) 100. 0 $ 1. 31 100. 0 673,000 $ 1. 08 .3 100. 0 100. 0 848,000 199,000 $ 1. 36 $ 1.46 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a te s h i f t s . 2 S ee t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S ta te s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 3 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y equal 100. 20 TABLE 7 . - - E s t i m a t e d d is t r ib u t io n o f m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 1 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 2 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 (in t h o u s a n d s ) U n i t e d S ta t e s A v e ra g e hou rly earnings (ill Ce nts) a nd and and and a nd under under under under under South M iddle W est F a r W est N u m b er Cum ulative N u m b er C um ulative N um b er Cum ulative N um b er Cum ulative N u m b er C um ulative of of number of number of of of number of number of number of of workers w orkers workers workers workers workers w orkers workers w orkers w orkers 8 8 7 7 8 0 ____________ 85 _ 9 0 ____________ 95 1 0 0 __________ 185 87 99 109 73 193 281 380 489 563 8 8 15 27 15 9 17 32 59 74 168 73 73 70 48 175 248 322 392 440 8 6 10 11 9 9 14 25 36 44 U n d e r 7 5 ___________________ 75 80 85 90 95 Northeast (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3) 1 (3) 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 100 105 110 115 120 a nd an d and and a nd under under under under under 105 1 1 0 _________ 1 1 5 _________ 1 2 0 _________ 1 2 5 _________ 183 109 143 113 144 745 854 997 1, 110 1,254 46 32 50 43 55 120 152 20 2 245 300 104 57 66 49 55 544 602 668 716 771 28 18 25 20 33 72 90 115 135 168 4 1 2 2 2 8 9 12 13 16 125 130 135 140 145 and a nd a nd and an d under under under under under 130 .. . 1 3 5 _________ 1 4 0 _________ 1 4 5 _________ 1 5 0 _________ 197 190 218 249 257 1 ,4 5 1 1, 641 1, 860 2, 108 2, 365 78 79 89 108 111 378 456 545 653 764 64 58 57 61 51 835 893 95 0 1, 012 1, 062 48 47 64 68 84 216 263 327 395 479 7 6 9 11 11 23 29 38 49 60 150 155 160 165 170 and a nd a nd a nd and unde r under under under under 1 5 5 _______ 160 165 1 7 0 _________ 1 7 5 __________ 372 348 415 389 414 2, 737 3,0 8 5 3, 499 3, 888 4 , 302 146 143 154 147 146 1, 1, 1, 1, 910 053 207 354 500 68 58 58 50 50 1, 131 1, 188 1,246 1,296 1, 345 138 129 170 160 179 617 745 916 1, 076 1 ,255 20 19 32 32 39 80 98 130 163 202 175 180 185 190 195 a nd and a nd a nd an d under under under under under 1 8 0 _________ 185 1 9 0 _________ 195 200 421 375 461 420 461 4 ,7 2 3 5, 098 5, 559 5 ,979 6,440 152 122 143 118 110 1, 652 1, 774 1,918 2, 036 2, 146 48 40 46 41 39 1, 393 1,433 1 ,4 7 9 1, 520 1, 559 177 160 20 2 200 253 1 ,4 3 2 1,592 1,794 1 ,9 9 3 2 ,246 44 52 71 61 59 24 6 29 8 369 43 0 489 20 0 205 210 215 220 and and and a nd a nd under under under under under 2 0 5 _________ 2 1 0 _________ 2 1 5 __________ 2 2 0 __________ 2 2 5 _________ 393 334 287 255 215 6, 834 7, 167 7,4 5 4 7, 709 7 ,9 2 4 104 97 85 78 58 2, 250 2, 347 2,432 2, 510 2, 568 38 44 31 22 24 1, 597 1, 641 1, 672 1,694 1, 718 195 142 129 105 95 2 ,441 2, 583 2,7 1 2 2, 818 2, 912 56 51 41 49 37 545 596 63 8 687 725 225 230 235 2 40 245 a nd a nd a nd and a nd under under under under under 2 3 0 __________ 235 240 245 250 2 10 167 127 114 110 8, 133 8, 301 8,4 2 7 8, 542 8, 651 65 49 45 38 32 2, 634 2, 683 2, 727 2, 766 2 ,797 24 24 16 14 10 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 742 766 782 795 805 86 72 45 46 47 2 ,9 9 8 3, 070 3, 114 3, 160 3, 208 35 23 22 16 21 759 782 804 820 841 2 50 260 270 280 29 0 and and an d and an d under under under under under 260 270 _ 2 8 0 _________ 2 9 0 _________ 3 0 0 __________ 199 124 94 74 47 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 62 45 29 27 17 2 ,859 2,9 0 3 2, 932 2,9 5 9 2,9 7 6 24 10 10 7 3 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 829 839 850 856 860 88 54 41 30 21 3,295 3, 349 3, 390 3 ,420 3,4 4 0 26 15 15 11 6 867 883 897 90 8 91 4 30 0 a nd o v e r 851 974 069 143 190 83 198 73 12 31 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ________ 9, 389 3, 059 1, 871 3, 514 945 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 12 3 $1 .8 0 $ 1.83 $ 1.45 $ 1 . 90 $ 2 . 04 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a nd f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . 2 S ee t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f Sta te s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 3 L e s s th a n 500 w o r k e r s . NOTE: B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y eq u a l to ta ls . 21 TABLE 8 . - - E s t i m a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w o m e n p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 1 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 2 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 (in t h o u s a n d s ) U n i t e d S ta te s Northeast South M iddle West F a r W est N u m b e r C u m u l a t i v e N u m b e r C u m u l a t i v e s N u m b e r C u m u l a t i v e N u m b e r C u m u l a t i v e N u m b e r C um ul at iv i of number of of of of number of number of of n u m b e r of nu m ber of workers workers workers w orkers w o rk e r s w o r k e r s w orkers workers workers workers U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 a nd and and and and _ _____________ under under under under under 15 15 3 3 11 11 1 1 80 85 9 0 ____________ 9 5 ____________ 1 0 0 ___________ 171 108 143 142 139 186 294 437 579 718 46 45 60 66 65 49 94 154 22 0 285 97 43 47 45 41 108 150 197 243 283 25 19 31 28 32 26 44 75 103 134 4 1 5 3 3 4 5 11 13 16 (3 ) (3 ) 100 105 110 115 120 and a nd and a nd and under under under under under 105 110 1 1 5 _________ 120 125 191 160 174 161 160 909 1, 069 1,244 1 ,4 0 5 1, 565 85 70 81 70 71 369 440 520 590 661 55 51 46 43 34 338 390 435 478 512 43 34 41 41 42 177 211 252 2 93 336 9 4 7 7 13 25 29 36 43 57 125 130 135 140 145 and a nd a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 130 1 3 5 ________ 140 _ 145 1 5 0 _________ 171 163 144 127 120 1, 736 1, 898 2, 042 2, 170 2,2 9 0 85 83 64 64 58 746 829 893 957 1, 015 29 22 20 16 14 540 563 583 600 613 45 44 51 39 40 381 42 5 47 6 515 555 12 14 8 8 8 69 82 90 98 107 150 155 160 165 170 a nd an d a nd and a nd under under under under under 155 160 165 170 1 7 5 __________ 121 94 103 85 61 2 ,411 2, 504 2, 607 2 ,692 2,7 5 3 55 39 38 29 25 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 070 109 147 176 201 15 11 9 6 3 62 8 639 648 654 658 40 35 45 37 24 595 630 676 713 737 11 9 10 13 9 118 127 136 150 158 17 5 180 185 190 195 a nd and and a nd and under under under under under 180 185 _ 1 9 0 __________ 1 9 5 __________ 2 0 0 __________ 50 43 42 30 20 2, 803 2, 846 2, 888 2, 918 2 ,9 3 8 20 16 17 11 8 1, 221 1, 236 1, 253 1 ,2 6 5 1, 273 3 3 2 1 1 661 663 665 667 667 20 17 15 13 9 756 773 788 801 810 7 8 8 4 2 166 174 181 185 187 200 205 21 0 215 220 a nd a nd and a nd and under under under under under 205 210 215 2 2 0 __________ 225 24 16 13 9 8 2,9 6 2 2,9 7 9 2 ,9 9 2 3, 002 3, 010 11 7 6 4 5 1, 284 1 ,2 9 1 1 ,2 9 7 1, 302 1, 306 2 1 1 ( 3) (3) 669 670 671 671 671 9 7 5 3 2 819 826 831 834 836 2 2 1 1 1 190 192 193 195 195 225 2 30 23 5 240 245 a nd a nd a nd and a nd under under under under under 230 2 3 5 __________ 2 4 0 __________ 245 250 9 6 4 4 3 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 018 024 029 032 036 5 4 3 3 1 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 312 316 318 321 322 ( 3) (3 ) (3 ) (3) (3) 672 672 672 672 672 2 1 1 1 1 839 840 841 842 843 1 1 (3) (3 ) (3) 196 197 197 197 198 250 260 270 280 290 and a nd an d an d a nd under under under under under 2 60 27 0 2 80 290 300 6 4 3 4 2 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 042 046 049 053 055 4 3 2 3 2 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 327 329 331 334 336 (3) (3) (3 ) (3) (3) 673 673 673 673 673 1 1 1 1 1 845 845 846 847 847 1 (3 ) (3 ) (3) (3) 198 196 199 199 199 300 a n d o v e r _ ... .... .. 10 9 1 ( 3) ( 3) N um ber of w orkers 3, 065 1, 345 673 848 199 A v e ra g e hou rly earnings 1 $1 . 2 8 $ 1 . 31 $ 1 .08 $1 . 36 $ 1.46 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a nd l a te s h i f t s . 2 S ee t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S tat es i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 3 L e s s than 500 w o r k e r s . NOTE: B ecause o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e q u a l t o t a l s . 22 TABLE 9 . - - E s t i m a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m e n a n d w o m e n p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in D u r a b l e - G o o d s 1 M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 2 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 3 A p r i l 1 954 (in t h o u s a n d s ) A vera g e hou rly earnings2 (in c e n t s ) U n d e r 7 5 _____________________________________ 75 80 85 90 95 and and and and and under under under under under 8 0 _____ _____________________ 85 __ _________________________ 9 0 _______ ___________________ 9 5 -------------------------------------------1 0 0 _____________________ ___ U n i t e d S ta t e s Men W omen N ortheast Men Sou th W omen M iddle W est F a r W est Men W omen Men W omen Men W omen n (4 ) - 3 (4) (4 ) (4 ) (4) (4) 130 58 51 58 28 18 19 24 29 29 2 4 4 15 7 6 8 11 15 20 126 51 42 36 17 11 7 5 6 3 2 3 5 7 4 2 4 8 7 7 (4 ) (4) (4 ) (4 ) ( 4) (4) (4 ) (4 ) 1 1 3 100 10 5 110 115 120 and and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 12 5 _______ ________________ _________________________ ____________ _________ _________________________ _________________________ 82 39 61 49 68 43 36 46 50 47 22 14 26 21 26 21 18 23 21 19 47 17 22 15 21 5 3 5 8 4 10 7 12 12 20 16 14 17 19 19 2 (4) 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 12 5 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 __ __ ________________ ___ __ __________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 103 95 116 129 142 59 65 64 55 52 43 42 47 58 60 26 33 23 24 23 27 21 25 20 18 4 4 4 3 3 29 29 40 45 57 24 25 35 25 24 4 3 4 6 6 5 3 2 4 3 150 155 160 165 170 and and and and and under under under under under 155 1 60 165 170 175 _________________________ _________________________ -------------------------------------___ ___________________ _________________________ 214 20 7 269 2 68 2 94 59 47 57 47 30 84 83 95 97 99 24 16 16 12 8 30 29 29 28 29 5 3 3 2 1 89 83 121 119 137 26 23 31 25 17 12 12 25 24 30 5 4 7 8 4 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under under under under 180 185 190 195 200 _________________________ ____________ __________ _________________________ -------------------------------------__________________________ 305 2 63 357 323 3 82 27 24 24 18 11 104 79 105 86 87 8 6 6 4 3 31 23 28 26 24 1 1 1 (4 ) (4) 137 126 170 164 223 14 11 11 11 7 34 36 54 48 49 5 7 6 3 1 20 0 20 5 210 215 220 and and and and and under under under under under 205 210 21 5 220 22 5 -------------------------------------__ _____________________ __________ ____________ _____ __ ------------------------------- __ ____________ 307 2 69 21 8 202 159 12 9 6 5 3 76 75 62 60 44 3 2 2 2 1 26 31 14 13 11 1 (4 ) ( 4) (4 ) (4) 162 121 109 87 77 7 4 3 2 2 44 43 32 42 27 1 2 1 1 (4 ) 22 5 230 23 5 240 245 and and and and and under under under under under 230 23 5 240 2 45 2 50 --------------------------------------_________________________ __________________ _____ ____ __ ___________ _ _ ____________________ 149 115 86 75 SO 3 2 1 1 1 48 33 33 25 23 1 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 11 9 7 5 5 (4) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 64 58 33 36 35 2 1 1 (4 ) 1 25 16 13 10 17 (4 ) (4 ) (4) (4) (4 ) 2 50 2 60 2 70 2 80 2 90 and and and and and under under under under under 2 60 2 70 2 80 2 90 300 _ .... ___ ... . _________________________ _________________________ _____ __________________ _________________________ 124 72 52 37 23 1 1 1 (4 ) (4 ) 35 22 15 14 6 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 5 3 3 1 1 (4 ) (4) (4) (4) (4 ) 67 38 26 18 12 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) ( 4) 17 9 8 5 4 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4) (4 ) 92 1 27 (4 ) 5 (4 ) 41 (4) 19 (4 ) 683 84 300 and o v e r __________ ____________________ N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ________________________ 6, 157 1,02 5 1 ,908 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 ------------------------ $ 1 .8 4 $1.40 $1.8 5 404 933 92 2,633 445 $1.33 $1.42 $ 1 . 18 $1.92 $ 1.4 6 1 S e e ta b le 3 f o r l i s t i n g o f d u r a b l e - g o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a nd l a te s h i f t s . 3 S e e ta b le 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S ta te s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 4 L e s s than 500 w o r k e r s . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y eq u a l to ta ls . $2.0 5 $ 1 .5 9 23 TABLE 1 0 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m e n a n d w o m e n p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in D u r a b l e - G o o d s 1 M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 2 U n ite d S ta te s a n d R e g io n s , 3 A p r i l 1 95 4 A vera g e hou rly earnings1 23 (in c e n t s ) U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 and and a nd a nd a nd - under under under under under _____ ___ - U ni t e d S ta t e s M en Women N ortheast Men South Women Men F a r W est M iddle W est W omen M en _________ (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) - 0 .3 (4 ) (4 ) 80 ____________________________ 85 ____________________________ 90 ____________________________ 95 -------------------------- ------------100 ___________________________ 2 .1 .9 .8 .9 .5 1 .8 1 .8 2 .3 2 .8 2 .9 0. 1 .2 .2 . 8 .4 1. 5 1 .9 2. 7 3 .7 4 .9 13. 5 5. 5 4. 6 3. 9 1 .8 11.5 7. 8 5. 7 6. 3 2 .8 0 .1 . 1 .2 .3 . 1 Women Men (4) Women (4) (4) 0 .4 .9 1.7 1 .7 1 .5 (4) (4 ) (4 ) 0. 1 (4 ) 0. 1 (4 ) .3 .6 .7 100 105 110 115 120 and a nd a nd and and under under under under under 1 0 5 __________________________ 110 _________________________ 1 1 5 __________________________ 1 2 0 __________________________ 1 2 5 __________________________ 1 .3 .6 1 .0 .8 1. 1 4.2 3. 5 4. 5 4 .9 4. 6 1.2 .7 1 .4 1.1 1.4 5. 1 4 .4 5. 6 5.2 4. 8 5. 1 1 .9 2 .3 1.6 2 .2 5.0 3. 1 5. 1 9.0 4. 8 .4 .3 .5 . 5 .8 3. 6 3. 1 3 .8 4.3 4 .2 .3 (4 ) . 1 . 1 . 1 2 .6 1 .4 2 .4 2 .2 5 .0 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 1 3 0 ______________________ __ 1 3 5 ---------------------------------------1 4 0 ----------------------------- -------1 4 5 ---------------------------------------1 5 0 __________________________ 1.7 1.5 1.9 2 .1 2 .3 5. 7 6 .3 6 .2 5. 4 5. 1 2 .2 2 .2 2 .4 3 .0 3. 1 6„ 4 8. 1 5. 6 5 .8 5. 7 2 .9 2 .2 2 .7 2 .2 1 .9 4 .3 4 .0 4 .6 3 .6 3 .0 1.1 1.1 1 .5 1.7 2 .2 5 .4 5. 7 7 .8 5 .6 5 .4 . 6 . 5 .6 .9 .9 5. 4 3.2 2 .6 4 .5 3 .2 150 155 160 165 170 a nd a nd and and and under under under under under 1 5 5 ---------------------------------------1 6 0 __________________________ 1 6 5 __________________________ 1 7 0 ---------------------------------------1 7 5 __________________________ 3. 5 3 .4 4. 4 4 .3 4. 8 5. 8 4. 6 5. 5 4. 6 3.0 4. 4 4. 4 5.0 5. 1 5.2 5 .9 4 .0 3 .8 3. 1 2. 1 3 .2 3. 1 3. 1 3 .0 3. 1 5. 1 3. 5 3. 1 2 .3 1.1 3 .4 3. 1 4. 6 4. 5 5.2 5 .8 5.2 7 .0 5. 5 3. 8 1.7 1.8 3. 6 3. 5 4 .3 5. 7 5 .3 8. 5 9 .4 4 .9 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under under under under 1 8 0 ___________ ____________ 1 8 5 __________________________ 1 9 0 __________________________ 1 9 5 __________________________ 200 _______________ _________ 5.0 4. 3 5. 8 5.2 6.2 2 .6 2 .3 2 .4 1.8 1. 1 5 .4 4. 1 5. 5 4. 5 4. 5 2 .0 1 .4 1. 5 1. 1 .7 3.3 2 .4 3 .0 2 .8 2. 5 .8 .6 1.0 .4 .2 5 .2 4. 8 6. 5 6 .2 8 .5 3 .1 2 .5 2 .6 2 .4 1. 6 5.0 5 .3 8.0 7 .0 7. 1 5. 5 8 .0 6 .9 3.2 1.4 200 20 5 210 215 22 0 a nd and and and and under under under under under 2 0 5 __________________________ 2 1 0 __________ ________________ 2 1 5 __________________________ 2 2 0 __________________________ 2 2 5 __________________________ 5 .0 4. 4 3 .5 3 .3 2 .6 1.1 .9 .6 . 5 .3 4.0 3 .9 3 .3 3. 1 2 .3 . 6 . 6 .4 .4 .2 2 .7 3 .3 1 .5 1.4 1 .2 . 6 .2 . 1 . 1 .2 6 .2 4 .6 4. 1 3 .3 2 .9 1. 6 1.0 .7 .5 .4 6. 4 6 .3 4. 8 6 .1 4 .0 1 .6 2. 1 .8 .9 .3 225 2 30 23 5 240 245 and and and and and under under under under under 230 __________________________ 235 ---------------------------------------240 ... .. _ _ . .... 2 4 5 __________________________ 2 5 0 ____ _____ ____________ 2 .4 1 .9 1.4 1 .2 1 .3 .3 .2 . 1 .1 . 1 2. 5 1.7 1. 7 1.3 1 .2 .3 . 1 .1 . 1 (4 ) 1.2 .9 .7 .5 .5 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) . 1 (4 ) 2 .4 2 .2 1 .3 1 .4 1 .3 .3 .2 . 1 . 1 .2 3 .7 2 .3 1 .9 1.5 2 .4 .4 .1 .1 .2 .1 2 50 2 60 2 70 2 80 2 90 and and a nd and and under under under under under 2 6 0 ________________________ 2 7 0 __________________________ 2 80 _____________ ;__________ 2 9 0 -------------------- __ __ ___ 300 ---------------------------------------- 2 .0 1.2 .8 .6 .4 . 1 . 1 . 1 (4 ) (4) 1.8 1.2 .8 .7 .3 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) .6 .3 .3 . 1 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 2 .5 1 .4 1.0 . 7 .5 . 1 . 1 . 1 (4) (4 ) 2 .5 1 .4 1 .2 .7 .5 .2 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 300 and o v e r ________________________________ 1.5 2 .8 . 1 .1 1 .4 ' . 1 . 1 ' . 5 (4 ) 1. 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 T o t a l _________________________________ 100.0 100.0 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s (in t h o u s a n d s ) --------- 6, 157 1,02 5 1 ,908 404 933 92 2 , 633 44 5 683 84 $1.40 $1.85 $1.33 $1.42 $ 1 . 18 $1.9 2 $ 1.4 6 $2.0 5 $1.5 9 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 ------------------------- $ 1 . 84 1 S e e t abl e 3 f o r l i s t i n g o f d u r a b l e - g o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . 2 E x c l u d e p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . 3 S e e ta b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S ta t e s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 4 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y equal 100. 24 TABLE 11„ - - E s t i m a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m e n a n d w o m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in N o n d u r a b l e - G o o d s 1 M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 2 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 (in th ou s a n d s) U ni te d S ta t e s A v era g e hourly earnings 2 (in ce n t s ) and and and and and un d er un d er un d er un d er un d er W omen ________________ 5 15 8 0 _____________________________ 8 5 _____________________________ 9 0 ____ ___ ___________________ 95 __ __________________________ 100 ___ ________________________ 55 29 48 51 45 153 89 119 113 110 U nd er 7 5 __ 75 80 85 90 95 Men __ _ _____ Me n M iddle W e st S o ut h Northeast W omen Me n W omen Men Men W om en 1 (4) (4) 7 3 5 5 5 23 15 23 20 25 1 (4 ) 1 1 1 4 1 5 2 2 3 5 11 (4) 6 5 11 12 8 40 37 49 51 45 42 21 31 34 31 86 35 42 40 38 (45 W omen F a r W est 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and under under unde r under under 1 0 5 __________ ______________ 1 1 0 _____________ ___________ 115 _ _______________________ ___ ______ _______ ____ 120 1 2 5 ___ ______________ _______ 101 70 82 64 76 148 124 128 111 113 24 18 24 22 29 64 52 58 49 51 57 40 44 34 34 50 49 41 35 29 18 11 13 8 12 27 20 24 22 24 2 1 1 1 1 7 3 5 5 9 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under un d er under under u n d er 1 3 0 _______ ______________ __ 135 __ _ _ ________ _ 1 4 0 ____' _ _________________ 1 4 5 _____________ _ ________ 150 ___ __ ______ _ _________ 94 95 102 120 115 113 98 80 72 68 35 37 42 5.1 51 59 50 42 40 35 37 38 32 41 33 25 19 13 11 18 18 24 23 27 21 18 17 14 16 4 3 4 5 5 8 11 6 4 6 150 155 160 165 170 and and and and and under under under un d er under 1 5 5 ________________________ _ 1 6 0 _________ __ _ ________ ________________ 165 _ _ ___ 1 7 0 __________ __________ ___ 175 ________ _ ________ _ _ 158 141 145 121 119 62 46 46 38 31 62 60 59 50 47 31 23 23 16 17 39 29 29 22 20 10 8 7 4 2 49 46 50 41 42 15 12 14 12 7 8 7 7 8 9 6 4 3 5 4 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and u n d er under under under under 1 8 0 __________ _____ ______ 1 8 5 _________ _____________ 1 9 0 ___________ _____ _ ___ 1 9 5 ____ ________ ________ 200 _ _ ____ _______ ________ 116 112 104 97 79 23 19 18 12 9 48 43 38 33 23 12 10 11 7 2 2 1 1 1 40 35 31 36 30 6 6 4 6 17 18 18 15 15 2 2 10 16 16 14 11 3 1 2 1 1 200 205 210 215 220 and and and and and under under under under under 205 _______ __________________ 2 1 0 -------------------------- -----------2 1 5 _______ . _ _ _________ 220 ____________ ____________ ___ 225 _____________ _____ 86 65 69 53 55 13 8 7 5 5 28 22 23 18 14 8 4 5 3 4 13 13 18 9 13 2 (4) 1 (4) (4 ) 33 21 20 18 18 2 2 2 1 1 12 8 9 8 10 1 (4 ) 1 1 (4 ) 225 230 235 240 245 and and and and and under under under un d er un d er 230 _ _________________ ___ _______ ____ _ ___ 235 240 _ _ _ ________ ________ _______________ 245 _______ 250 __________________ ______ 61 5 5 3 3 17 4 16 3 2 11 1 9 7 9 14 2 (4) (4) (4) l4 ) (4 ) 22 14 12 13 15 9 9 5 1 52 41 39 30 10 12 (4 ) (4 ) 6 (4) (4) (4 ) (4) (4) 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and under un d er un d er un d er un d er 260 ______ ______________ ___ _______ _______________ 270 280 _ _ _ ___ ______ 290 __ _________________ 300__ _ _ _ _ ___ 75 52 42 37 24 19 8 7 5 2 (4) (4) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 21 1 16 (4 ) 1 ( 4) (4) 9 6 (4) 32 (4 ) 262 115 $ 2 . 03 $ 1 . 37 300 and o v e r __ ________ N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s _____ ____ __ _____ ___________ A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 _____ 1 2 3 4 NOTE: ___ _ _______ 106 2 5 3 3 4 2 9 9 1 26 22 14 13 11 4 56 3,232 2, 040 1, 151 $ 1 . 74 $ 1 . 22 $1.80 3 2 3 2 16 15 12 9 8 6 941 93 8 581 881 403 $1.29 $1.4 8 $1.07 $ 1 . 85 $ 1 . 25 S e e ta b l e 3 f o r l i s t i n g o f n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a te s h i f t s . S ee t ab le 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f Sta te s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . L e s s than 500 w o r k e r s . B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , sum s 1 o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y eq u a l to ta ls . 4 2 (4) (4 ) (4) (4 ) (4 ) 12 (4 ) 6 6 25 TABLE 1 2 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m e n a n d w o m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in N o n d u r a b l e - G o o d s 1 M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 2 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g i o n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 United S ta t e s A verage hourly earn in gs2 (i n c e n t s ) Northeast W om en Men Men So ut h W omen Men W om en U n d e r 75 _____________________________________ 0. 2 0. 7 (4 ) 0. 3 0. 5 75 80 85 90 95 1. 7 .9 1. 5 1. 6 1.4 7. 5 4 .4 5. 8 5. 6 5.4 0. 5 .4 .9 1. 0 . 7 4. 3 4. 0 5. 2 5. 5 4 .8 4. 2. 3. 3. 3. 5 3 3 6 3 and and and and and under under under under un d e r 8 0 _____________________________ 8 5 _____________________________ 9 0 _____________________________ 9 5 _____________________________ 100 ___________________________ M iddle W est Men W omen W omen (4 ) 0. 3 (4 ) 0. 2 9 1 2 8 5 0. 7 . 3 .6 . 5 . 5 5. 3. 5. 5. 6. 7 7 7 0 2 0. 2 (4 ) . 3 . 3 .4 3. 1. 4. 2. 1. . 8 .4 . 5 .4 . 5 5. 7 2 .9 4. 4 4. 5 7. 7 2 5 2 5 0 1.4 1. 0 1. 7 1. 8 2. 0 6. 7 9. 5 4 .9 3.9 4 .9 1. 8 14. 6. 7. 6. 6. F ar W est Men 1 3 3 1 8 100 10 5 110 115 120 and and and and and under unde r unde r unde r under 1 0 5 __________________________ 110 __________________________ 1 1 5 __________________________ ________________________ 120 1 2 5 __________________________ 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1 2 5 0 4 7. 3 6. 1 6. 3 5 .4 5. 5 2. 1 1. 6 2. 1 1.9 2. 5 6. 8 5. 6 6 .2 5. 2 5. 4 6. 4. 4. 3. 3. 1 3 7 6 6 8. 6 8 .4 7. 1 6. 0 5. 0 2. 0 1. 2 1. 4 .9 1. 4 6. 7 5.0 6 .0 5. 4 5.9 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 1 3 0 ___ ____________________ 1 3 5 __________________________ 1 4 0 _________ ______________ 1 4 5 __________________________ 1 5 0 __________________________ 2.9 2.9 3. 2 3. 7 3. 6 5. 5 4. 8 3.9 3. 5 3. 3 3. 0 3 .2 3. 7 4 .4 4 .4 6. 5. 4. 4. 3. 4. 0 4. 0 3.4 4. 4 3. 5 4. 3 3. 2 2. 8 2. 3 1.9 2. 2o 2. 2. 3. 5. 4. 4. 3. 4. 150 155 160 165 170 and and and and and under under under under unde r 1 5 5 __________________________ 160 __________________________ 1 6 5 __________ _______ __ ___ 170 ____________________ ___ 1 7 5 __________________________ 4 .9 4. 4 4. 5 3. 7 3. 7 3. 0 2. 3 2. 3 1.9 1. 5 5.4 5. 2 5. 1 4. 3 4. 1 3.» 3 2. 4 2 .4 1. 7 1. 8 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1 1 1 3 2 1. 7 1. 3 1. 1 .7 .4 5 .5 5. 2 5. 6 4. 7 4. 8 3. 6 2 .9 3. 6 3. 1 1. 8 3. 1 2. 6 2 .9 3. 1 3. 6 5„ 3. 2. 4. 3. 175 180 185 190 195 and and and and and under under under under under 180 ___________________ _____ 1 8 5 __________________________ 1 9 0 __________________________ 1 9 5 __________________________ 200 __________________________ 3. 3. 3. 3. 2. 1. 1 .9 .9 . 6 . 5 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. . . 2 1 2 8 6 1 .9 1. 9 1. 9 1. 6 1. 6 .4 .4 . 2 . 2 . 1 4. 5 4. 0 3. 6 4. 1 3 .4 1. 5 1.4 1.0 . 6 .6 3. 6. 6. 5. 4. 7 2 2 2 1 2 .4 1. 2 1. 5 1. 0 .7 200 20 5 210 215 220 a nd and and and and under un d er under under under 205 __________________________ 2 1 0 __________________________ 2 1 5 __________________________ 220 __________________________ 225 __________________________ 2. 7 2. 0 2. 1 1.6 1. 7 . . . . . 6 4 4 2 3 2. 5 1 .9 2. 0 1. 6 1. 2 .9 . 5 . 5 . 3 .4 1. 4 1 .4 1. 9 .9 1. 3 . 3 . 1 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) 3. 7 2 .4 2. 3 2. 0 2. 1 . . . . . 4 5 4 2 2 4 .6 3. 2 3. 3 3. 0 3 .9 .9 .4 .6 . 5 .4 225 230 235 240 245 and and and and and under under under under under 230 235 240 245 250 __________________________ ______________________ __ _______________________ _ __________________________ _________ _____________ 1 .9 1. 6 1. 3 1. 2 .9 . . . . . 3 2 2 1 1 1. 1. 1. 1. . . . . . . 4 3 3 3 1 1.4 1. 6 1. 0 1. 0 . 5 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 2. 5 1. 5 1. 3 1. 2 1 .4 . . . . . 2 2 1 1 1 3 .6 2. 8 3 .3 2. 3 1. 6 .4 .4 .3 . 1 . 1 250 260 270 280 290 and and and and and un d er under under under under 260 270 280 290 300 __________________________ ___________________ _____ ________ _______________ ______ ______ ________ ______ 2. 3 1 .6 1. 3 1. 1 . 7 . . . . . 2 2 1 2 1 2. 3 1 .9 1. 2 1. 2 .9 .4 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 2.0 . 8 .8 . 5 . 2 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 > (n 2 .4 1. 8 1. 7 1 .4 1. 0 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 3. 5 2. 2 2 .4 2. 3 1. 0 . . . . . 6 5 2 0 4 2 8 3 8 0 5 4 0 2 8 3 3 4 3 7 1 1 7 6 0 4 8 3 7 8 3 2 2 2 1 300 and o v e r ________________________________ 3. 3 . 5 4. 8 .9 .6 (4 ) 3. 7 . 1 4. 5 .4 T o t a l __________________________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 ______ 3, 232 2, 040 1, 151 941 938 581 881 403 262 115 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 ________________ $ 1 . 74 $ 1 . 22 $ 1 . 80 $ 1 . 29 $ 1.4 8 1 $1.0 7 $ 1 . 85 $1.25 $ 2 . 03 $ 1 . 37 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s (in thousands) 1 2 3 4 NOTE: See table 3 f o r listing o f non d ura b le go o d s -m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s t r ie s . E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a nd f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , S e e t ab le 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S tat es i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . L e s s than 0. 05 p e r c e n t B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a nd l a t e s h i f t s . eq u al 100. 26 TABLE 1 3 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r y G r o u p s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d R e g i o n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 Tobacco m anufacture s F o o d and k in d re d p ro d u c ts A v e ra g e hourly earnings 2 (in c e n t s ) United S ta t e s U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 and a nd a nd a nd and _____ under under under under under N ortheast Sou th M iddle W est Far W est United S ta t e s _____________________________ 1.2 0. 1 4 .5 0. 1 0 .2 0 .4 80 _ _ . __ __ ... 85 ... 9 0 ______________________________ 95 . . . . . 100 . . . .. _ 4. 8 2 .0 3. 3 2 .7 2 .7 1.2 .7 1.2 3. 0 1 .9 15. 6 6 .2 8. 1 5 .6 4 .2 1.6 .9 1.8 1.3 2. 7 1.2 .4 2. 6 .8 1. 3 5 .5 3.5 3. 5 5 .2 3 .4 4. 3 2 .9 3. 3 2. 5 3. 5 3 .4 3.7 3. 8 3.7 4. 7 7. 1 4. 3 3.7 2. 8 3.9 3 .9 2. 1 3 .2 2 .0 2. 5 1. 8 1.3 2 .2 1.4 3 .7 3. 5. 4. 2. 11. 3. 6 3.8 3. 3 3. 3 3.9 4. 0 4. 3 4 .4 4. 7 5 .6 4. 3 3. 6 2. 3 3. 1 2.2 3. 1 2 .7 3.6 2. 8 3.9 3. 0 6. 5 2. 1 2 .3 3 .6 10.0 4. 8 6. 0 3 .2 3 .9 100 105 110 115 120 and and a nd a nd and under under under under under 105 110 115' 120 _ 125 ..... .. ______ . . . . _ ...... _ _ _ ...... _ ....................... 125 130 135 140 145 and a nd and a nd a nd under under under under under 130 135 140 145 150 150 160 170 180 190 and a nd and and a nd under under under under under 1 6 0 ___________________________ 170 1 8 0 ___________________________ 190 ... _. . 2 0 0 ___________________________ 10. 5 9 .3 6 .9 5 .6 4. 0 9 .0 9 .3 7.7 5. 7 4 .4 5 .5 3. 3 2. 5 2 .9 1. 3 14.7 13. 1 8. 5 5. 5 4 .4 9 .6 9 .0 8. 3 10.2 6 .9 8 .9 6. 5 3. 6 1 .3 . 8 200 2 10 220 23 0 240 and and and a nd and under under under under under 2 1 0 ___________________________ 220 __ _ __ 230 _ ..... 2 4 0 ___________________________ 2 5 0 ___________________________ 3 .5 2. 1 2. 0 1.6 .9 3. 3 1 .7 1.4 1. 1 .6 1 .2 .5 .4 .2 .2 4 .6 2 .9 2 .7 2. 0 .9 4 .7 3 .5 3 .6 3 .8 2. 6 1 .4 .6 .2 .2 . 1 250 260 270 28 0 290 and and and an d a nd under under under under under 260 ... .... 270 . . . . 2 8 0 _____________ ______ _______ 2 9 0 ___________________________ 3 0 0 ___________________________ .6 1. 0 .4 .2 . 1 .6 3. 4 .6 .2 . 1 . 1 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) .7 .3 .4 .3 . 1 1.3 .5 .5 . 3 . 1 . (4 . (4 (4 .5 .7 .2 .5 .5 (4 ) T o t a l ___________________________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s (in t h o u s a n d s ) _______ 1, O i l 242 241 393 137 82 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 _________________ $ 1.48 $ 1. 55 $ 1. 13 $ 1. 58 $ 1.67 $ 1. 27 _ . . . ___ . .. _ . . ... .... 300 a nd o v e r . _____________________ S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 1 7 3 5 1 1 ) 1 ) ) 27 TABLE 1 3. - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r y G r o u p s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d R e g i o n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 - C o n t in u e d T e x t i l e m i l l p r o d u c t s ; a p p a r e l and o t h e r fin ish e d textile p ro d u c ts A v e r a g e hourly earnings 2 (in c e n t s ) United S ta t e s 5 U n d e r 75 . 75 80 85 90 95 80 . ... . ........ . ..... _ 85 . .... . 90 _ ..... ___ 9 5 _______________________ 1 0 0 _____________________ a nd a nd a nd a nd a nd under under under under under .. . _________ ... , Northeast South M iddle West L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c ts ; f u r n i t u r e a nd f i x t u r e s United States 5 South M iddle West Far West 0 .4 0. 3 0. 5 0. 3 0. 3 0 .6 (4 ) (4 ) 5. 6 3. 3 4 .6 4 .5 4 .6 2 .9 2. 6 3.8 3.6 3.2 9 .3 4 .0 5. 3 5. 6 6.6 5 .6 4 .4 7. 0 5. 3 5. 3 14.2 5. 8 4. 7 4. 5 2. 1 33. 1 12. 8 9 .6 6. 5 3.4 0. 6 1 .4 2 .4 2.7 1.5 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 100 105 110 115 120 a nd and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115 120 125 _ ... _ . ....... _ __ ... 7. 5 6. 1 6 .3 5. 1 4 .9 5. 5 4. 3 5 .0 4 .2 4 .7 10. 3 8 .9 8 .2 6 .4 5 .2 7. 1 5 .4 6 .2 5 .6 4. 8 5. 8 2. 1 3. 1 2. 0 2.9 8 .9 2. 8 3 .4 1 .9 2. 3 3. 1 2. 1 3.2 3 .0 6. 0 0 .7 . 1 .2 .2 .4 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under 1 3 0 _____________________ 135 .. . _ . _ 1 4 0 ____________________, 1 4 5 ____________________ 1 5 0 _____________________ 5. 1 4. 3 4. 0 3 .9 3. 1 5 .4 4. 5 4 .4 4 .6 3 .4 4 .5 4 .4 3.4 3.2 2 .7 5. 3 3.9 3.9 3. 0 2. 5 3.9 2. 6 2. 5 2. 5 1.9 3.3 1.3 1. 3 1 .2 .9 6. 1 5. 8 6. 0 5 .8 4 .5 .3 .4 .3 .5 .5 150 160 170 180 190 and and and and a nd under under under under under 160 ... ... _ __ _ . 170 _ ___ 180 190 2 0 0 _____________________ 6 .2 4 .4 3. 3 2 .6 1. 8 7.5 6 .0 4. 6 3. 7 2. 5 4. 5 2. 3 1.4 1.0 .6 5 .4 4. 3 3 .4 2 .4 1.7 4. 5 3 .9 4 .4 5 .4 5. 0 2 .4 1 .2 .8 .7 .2 10. 3 9 .6 6. 5 5. 5 3. 8 2. 3 3 .0 8.7 15.7 17. 0 2 00 21 0 22 0 23 0 240 and and an d and and under under under under under 2 1 0 ____________________ 2 2 0 ____________________ 2 3 0 _____________________ 2 4 0 _____________________ 2 5 0 ____________________ 1.6 1. 1 1.0 .7 .6 2.3 1.5 1.6 1. 1 .8 .4 .4 .2 .2 .2 2. 0 1.3 .9 .7 .5 4 .2 2 .7 2. 1 1.3 1.2 .4 .2 .2 .4 (4 ) 2 .4 2 .0 1 .3 .8 2 .2 14.2 8 .8 6. 7 3. 1 2. 3 250 26 0 270 280 290 a nd and a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 2 6 0 ____________________ 2 7 0 ____________________ 2 8 0 ____________________ 2 9 0 ____________________ 3 0 0 ____________________ .7 .3 . 3 .3 .2 1. 1 .5 .6 .6 .3 .2 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) .4 .3 .2 . 1 . 1 1. 2 .5 .6 .2 .2 . 1 .5 .4 .2 . 1 . 1 3 .4 1. 3 2. 1 .6 .8 _________________________ 1 .6 2.9 (4 ) .6 1.6 . i .4 6. 1 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 300 a nd o v e r _ (4 ) V n (4 ) T o t a l _____________________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Number of w orkers (in t h o u s a n d s ) _______________________ 2, 009 1, 000 754 190 931 389 186 209 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 ---------------- $ 1. 33 $ 1 .4 7 $ 1. 15 $ 1.27 $ 1.41 $ 0 . 97 $ 1 .5 0 $ 2 . 13 S ee fo o tn o te s at en d o f ta b le . 28 TABLE 1 3 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r y G r o u p s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 2 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 3 A p r i l 1 95 4 - C o n t in u e d A v e ra g e hou rly earnings 2 (in c e n t s ) U n i t ed State s U n d e r 75 75 80 85 90 95 a nd and and and a nd _ ... under under unde, r under under 80 85 9 0 ___ _ 95 _ 100 .. _ __ C h e m i c a l s a nd a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ; p r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a nd c o a l P a p e r a nd a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ; p r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a nd a l l i e d i n d u s t r i e s N ortheast So ut h Middle W est Far W est United S ta t e s North east Sou th M iddle West (4 ) (4 ) 0. 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 1. 5 .8 1. 1 1.4 1. 3 1. 2 1. 0 1. 3 1. 5 1 .5 2. 7 1. 3 1 .6 2. 2 1 .8 1.6 .4 1.0 1. 1 1. 2 0 .4 (4 ) . 1 . 1 1.4 .7 1.0 1.3 .7 0. 2 . 3 .2 .2 •6 3 .2 1.6 2. 6 3.2 1.2 0. 8 . 1 (4 ) (4 ) .5 .6 Far West _ _ _ _ 100 105 110 115 120 an d and and and and under under under under under 105 110 115. . 120. 125 2 .4 1.9 2 .4 2. 2 2. 5 2.7 2. 1 2. 7 2. 6 2. 9 2 .5 2. 2 3. 6 2 .4 2. 5 2 .3 2. 0 2. 0 1.9 2. 3 1.4 .5 .7 .9 1.2 1 .2 .6 1. 1 1. 3 1. 1 .6 .9 1 .0 1 .0 .7 2 .2 .6 1 .7 2 .4 1. 0 1.0 .5 .8 .7 1. 8 0. 1 .2 125 130 135 140 145 a nd and and a nd and under under under under under 130.. ___ _ 135 140 145 ... 150 3 .4 3 .4 3. 7 4. 5 4 .4 3.2 3. 8 4. 0 4. 5 5. 5 5 .4 3. 7 3. 9 7 .6 4. 3 2. 9 3. 3 3. 5 3. 7 3 .9 2. 3 1. 8 2 .8 1.4 1.9 1.6 2. 0 2. 2 2. 1 3. 1 2. 1 3. 5 2 .7 2. 7 4. 2 1 .3 1. 5 2. 1 2. 3 2. 8 1 .8 1. 5 1 .8 1.5 2. 8 .8 .2 1.9 1 .7 1.3 150 160 170 180 190 and and and a nd and under under under under under 1 6 0 ............ 170 1 8 0 _________ 190... _ 200 8. 8 7 .0 6 .0 5. 1 3.5 9. 5 7. 0 5.7 3.9 2. 5 8. 2 6 .6 4 .2 4 .4 3 .0 9. 5 8. 0 7.5 5. 0 4. 0 4. 1 3. 4 4 .9 12. 2 6. 6 7. 1 9. 0 8 .8 9 .2 8 .4 10. 3 10. 6 10. 6 11.2 6. 8 6. 0 6.9 6 .0 6. 2 6. 1 6. 6 11.9 10.9 11. 0 12. 6 2. 9 3. 7 7.6 9 .6 10.4 20 0 21 0 22 0 23 0 2 40 and and and and a nd under under under under under 210 220 23 0 _ 240 250 3. 3 2. 7 3. 1 2 .4 1. 8 2 .4 2. 7 2. 0 3.3 2. 2 2 .7 3. 1 4. 6 1 .9 1.3 4. 1 2. 5 2. 6 1.5 1 .5 5. 0 3 .0 6. 7 2. 6 2 .2 6. 7 6 .9 5. 5 5 .4 3. 7 7 .4 6. 1 4. 0 2. 3 2 .4 5. 1 6.9 6. 0 7.5 4. 2 6. 1 5. 9 4. 7 3 .8 3. 5 12.4 12. 0 10.7 11.8 6. 0 2 50 2.60 270 280 290 and and a nd and and under under under under under 2.60 27 0 ... 2.80 ... . _ 290 300 . 2 .2 2. 0 2. 7 2 .9 1.9 2 .5 1, 7 1 .6 2. 0 2. 0 1.5 1. 0 2. 8 2. 8 .8 1 .6 2 .4 2. 8 2 .9 2. 2 4. 1 3 .9 6. 1 6. 7 2 .5 4. 3 1. 6 .9 .3 .3 3. 0 1.8 .7 .7 .3 5. 2. . . . 8 1 8 1 3 3 .8 .8 1.5 .3 .2 4. 1 1. 8 .2 . 1 (4 ) 7.7 8. 3 3 .2 8. 8 10. 6 .4 .7 .3 .2 .4 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 __ _ 300 and o v e r T o t a l _________________ Number of w ork ers (in t h o u s a n d s ) A v e ra g e hou rly earnings 2 949 370 168 328 83 710 211 251 180 67 $ 1. 84 $ 1.82 $ 1 .6 7 $ 1 .8 7 $ 2 . 16 $ 1. 83 $ 1.81 $ 1.78 $ 1. 84 $ 2 . 06 S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . (4 ) _ _ 29 TABLE 1 3 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r y G r o u p s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 2 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 - C o n t in u e d P r im a r y m etal in du stries; fa br ic ated m etal p ro d u c ts (except o rd n a n ce , m a c h in e ry , and tra n s porta tion equipment) L e a t h e r and l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s A v e ra g e hou rly e a r n in g s 2 (in c e n t s ) Under 7 5 75 80 85 90 95 and a nd and and and United S ta t e s 5 North east 0.2 0. 1 8 0 __________ _____________ 8 5 _______ _________________ 9 0 ________________________ 95 _ .. . 100 _ _ ....... 5 .8 4 .5 5 .4 6. 0 4 .2 . under under under under under M iddle W est United S ta t e s (4 ) 0. 3 (4 ) - - (4 ) 4 .7 4. 8 6 .2 6 .4 4. 3 12. 8 5.9 5 .2 7 .8 5 .5 5 .9 3. 7 4. 3 4 .9 4. 0 0 .2 .2 .2 .4 .4 0. 1 . 1 .2 .3 .5 0.9 .4 .6 1.2 .7 (4 ) 0. 1 . 1 .2 .2 (4 ) 0. 3 . 3 South N orth east So uth Middle W est Far West _ - ICO 105 110 115 120 and a nd and and a nd under under under under under 105 . . __ 1 1 0 _____________________ 115 1 2 0 _____________________ 1 2 5 _____________________ 6. 1 4 .2 4. 5 4. 1 3. 6 6 .0 3. 7 4. 1 3 .7 3. 2 5.5 6. 5 6.0 5 .9 5.2 6. 8 4 .9 4. 8 4 .4 3 .9 .8 .6 .9 .9 1. 1 .8 .9 1. 3 1.2 1 .2 2 .0 .8 1 .2 1.4 2. 3 .5 . 3 .5 .6 .7 .4 .3 (4 ) .4 .7 125 130 135 140 145 and a nd and and and under under under under under 130 ___ _ ........ 1 3 5 _____________________ 140 1 4 5 _____________________ 1 5 0 _____________________ 4 .2 3. 8 3. 5 3.4 3. 0 4. 1 3.7 3 .4 3. 3 3. 0 5 .7 4. 7 3. 7 2.9 2. 6 4. 0 3 .7 3 .4 3. 5 3 .2 1.6 1.9 1.8 2 .2 2 .7 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 2. 1 3 .8 3.5 2 .9 3. 3 1. 1 1 .4 1.4 1.9 2 .6 1. 1 .9 1.0 .9 .9 150 160 170 180 190 and a nd a nd a nd and under under under under under 160 _ _ ..... . 1 7 0 ______ _______________ 1 8 0 _____________________ 190 _ _ 2 0 0 _____________________ 6 .4 5. 3 4. 5 4 .0 2. 8 6. 3 5. 1 4 .5 4. 2 2 .8 4 .3 3.2 1.6 1 .3 1.0 7. 1 6 .0 4 .9 4 .4 3. 3 8.7 12. 3 12.7 9 .9 9 .9 9 .0 12.4 13.4 9 .0 9 .4 10. 5 11. 1 12.4 8 .4 9 .0 8 .6 11.9 12. 1 10.6 10. 0 5. 1 15. 1 12. 3 12. 1 13.6 2 00 210 220 230 24 0 and and a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 2 1 0 _____________________ 2 2 0 _____________________ 2 3 0 ______________________ 2 4 0 _____________________ 250 .......... . 2. 5 1 .8 1.5 1. 1 .8 2 .6 2. 0 1 .8 1. 3 1. 0 .6 .3 .4 .3 . 1 2. 6 1 .8 1.4 1 .0 .7 7. 6 6. 3 4. 8 2 .9 2. 3 7 .2 5 .9 4 .4 2 .4 2. 1 5 .8 4. 0 4 .2 2. 1 1. 3 8 .4 6.9 5. 1 3 .4 2. 8 8.5 8 .0 5 .8 3.4 1.6 250 260 27 0 280 2 90 a nd a nd and a nd a nd under under under under under 260 _ _ 2 7 0 _____________________ 2 8 0 _____________________ 2 9 0 _____________________ 3 0 0 _____________________ .7 .4 .5 .3 . 1 .9 .5 .8 .4 .2 . 1 .2 .4 . 1 (4 ) .4 .3 .2 . 1 (4 ) 1.6 1 .0 .9 .8 .5 1.5 1 .0 .7 .8 .4 .8 .5 .9 .3 .3 2 .0 1.3 1. 0 .8 .6 1.5 .9 .8 1. 1 .6 .7 1. 0 (4 ) . 1 2 .2 1.9 1. 1 2 .8 2 .2 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1, 831 665 222 807 137 $ 1. 86 $ 1. 82 $ 1.72 $1.9 1 $ 1.9 3 300 and o v e r _ . _ T o t a l ______________________________ 100. 0 100. 0 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s (in t h o u s a n d s ) __ 325 192 31 94 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 ___________ $ 1. 36 $ 1.40 $ 1. 16 $ 1. 35 S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 1 2 0 5 1 100. 0 30 TABLE 1 3 . - - E s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r y G r o u p s b y s t r a i g h t - t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 2 U n ite d S t a te s a n d R e g io n s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 - C o n t in u e d T ransportation equipment M ach in ery (except e le c tr ic a l) A v e r a g e hou rly earnings 2 (in c e n t s ) U n i t ed S ta t e s N ortheast South U n d e r 7 5 ______________________________ (4 ) - 0. 3 75 80 85 90 95 0. 1 . 1 . 1 .2 .2 0. 1 . 1 .2 .3 1 .4 1 .0 .7 .7 .7 and and a nd an d an d under under under under under 80 8 5 _____________________ 9 0 _____________________ 9 5 _____________________ 1 0 0 ___________________ M iddle West Far We st United S ta t e s M iscel Instrum ents laneous a nd m anufac related turing products industries United S ta t e s United S ta t e s (4 ) - - (4 ) (4 ) (4 (4 0. . . _ _ - 0.2 .8 .9 1. 2 1. 1 2. 3 2 .6 4. 0 5 .9 3.3 ) ) 1 1 1 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 100 105 110 115 120 a nd a nd and and a nd under under under under under 1 0 5 ___________________ 1 1 0 ___________________ 1 1 5 ___________________ 1 2 0 _________________ 1 2 5 ___________________ .6 .5 .7 .7 1. 0 .7 .7 .8 1. 1 1.2 2. 5 1. 6 2 .6 1.9 1 .6 .3 .3 .4 .3 .9 0. 2 (4 ) .2 .4 .4 0. 1 (4 ) . 1 .2 .2 2 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1.8 2. 1 5 .9 4. 0 6. 0 4. 1 4 .9 125 130 135 140 145 a nd a nd a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 1 3 0 ___________________ 1 3 5 ___________________ 1 4 0 ___________________ 1 4 5 ___________________ 150 1. 3 1.4 2. 0 2. 6 2.9 1. 6 1.9 2 .4 4. 0 3.9 4 .9 2. 3 2 .4 3 .4 2 .9 .8 1 .0 1. 8 1. 8 2 .4 . 3 .4 1 .0 1 .4 1. 8 .3 .4 .5 1. 1 .6 2 .6 3 .4 3. 1 3.7 4 .6 6. 4. 3. 4. 3. 150 160 170 180 190 and a nd a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 1 6 0 ___________________ 1 7 0 ___________________ 1 8 0 ___________________ 1 9 0 ___________________ 2 0 0 ___________________ 8. 0 9.7 10. 7 10. 1 10. 1 10. 3 10. 5 10. 5 9.7 7 .9 9 .2 8. 0 11.7 7 .7 6. 3 6. 8 9 .6 10. 9 10. 6 11.7 5. 3 7 .7 9 .5 11. 1 11.9 3. 0 6. 0 8. 0 13. 8 2 0.4 8. 8. 8. 9. 7. 8 7 3 1 1 6.7 5.2 4 .9 3. 6 3. 1 2 00 210 220 230 2 40 a nd and a nd a nd a nd under under under under under 2 1 0 ___________________ 220 2 3 0 ___________________ 2 4 0 ___________________ 2 5 0 ___________________ 9. 3 7. 1 6 .2 4. 3 2. 8 8. 3 5. 6 5.6 4. 1 2 .6 12.9 3. 0 3. 1 2 .2 1. 5 9 .6 7. 8 6. 3 4 .6 3. 1 8. 8 13.9 12.2 4. 8 1 .8 16.4 9 .6 6. 2 3. 8 3 .2 6 .2 5. 5 4. 0 2 .4 2. 3 2. 6 1 .7 1.4 .8 .6 250 2 60 270 280 290 and and a nd and a nd under under under under under 260 2 7 0 ___________________ 2 8 0 ___________________ 290 300 ... __ _ 2 .4 1.4 1. 1 .8 .5 2 .2 1. 1 .9 .6 .3 1.5 .5 .3 . 1 . 1 2. 5 1 .7 1.2 1.0 .7 3.2 .9 1 .4 .6 . 1 2. 3 1.6 .7 .4 .3 2 .4 1.4 .9 .5 . 1 .5 .7 .3 1.2 .9 .7 1. 5 . 8 .6 .8 1 .5 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 300 a nd o v e r T o t a l __________________________ Num ber of w ork ers (in t h o u s a n d s ) A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 _________ (*) (4 ) - 1 8 8 1 1 .9 .4 100. 0 1, 187 393 79 649 66 1, 380 224 380 $ 1.89 $ 1. 83 $ 1. 68 $1.9 4 $ 1.98 $ 2 . 03 $ 1.73 $ 1 .4 1 1 T h e f o l l o w i n g i n d u s t r y g r o u p s w e r e e x c l u d e d : O r d n a n c e ; r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ; s t o n e , c l a y , a nd g l a s s p r o d u c t s ; a nd e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y . T h e s e g r o u p s a r e not i n c l u d e d in the " m i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s " g r o u p . 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . 3 S e e t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f S ta te s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . 4 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t . 5 I n c l u d e s data f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f rounding, s u m s o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s d o not n e c e s s a r i l y eq u a l 100. 31 T A B L E 14. - - N u m b e r and s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s b y s e x a nd s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , U ni te d S ta te s and R e g i o n s , 2 A p r i l 1954 ( N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) U n i t e d S tat es Item Northeast South M iddle W est F a r W est Num ber A verage Number A verage Number A verage Num ber A verage Number A vera ge of hourly hou rly hou rly hou rly of of hou rly of of w o r k e r s earnings w o r k e r s earnings w o r k e r s ea rn in g s w o r k e r s earnings w o r k e r s earnings M anufacturing: P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s 3 _________________ M e n --------------------------------------------------W o m e n ----------------------------------------------- 12,590 9 ,3 8 9 3 ,065 $ 1 . 68 1. 80 1. 28 4 ,4 9 8 3 ,059 1,345 $ 1 . 67 1. 83 1. 31 2,564 1,871 673 $ 1 . 36 1. 45 1. 08 4 ,3 7 8 3 ,5 1 4 848 $ 1 . 80 1.90 1. 36 1, 150 945 199 $1.9 4 2. 04 1 .46 7 ,309 6 , 157 1,025 1. 78 1. 84 1.40 2,3 9 9 1,9 0 8 4 04 1. 76 1. 85 1. 33 1,043 933 92 1.41 1.42 1. 18 3,0 9 4 2, 633 445 1. 86 1 .92 1.46 773 683 84 2. 00 2. 05 1. 59 5 ,281 3,2 3 2 2,0 4 0 1. 54 1.74 1. 22 2 ,099 1, 151 941 1. 57 1. 80 1.29 1 ,5 2 1 93 8 581 1. 32 1. 48 1. 07 1 ,284 881 403 1.66 1.85 1. 25 377 262 115 1. 83 2. 03 1. 37 1 ,0 1 1 82 2,0 0 9 931 949 710 325 1.48 1. 27 1. 33 1. 41 1. 84 1. 83 1. 36 242 A 1,000 A 370 211 192 1. 55 A 1.47 A 1. 82 1. 81 1. 40 241 A 754 389 168 251 31 1. 13 A 1. 15 .97 1. 67 1. 78 1. 16 393 A 190 186 328 180 94 1. 58 A 1. 27 1. 50 1. 87 1. 84 1. 35 137 A A 209 83 67 A 1. 67 A A 2. 13 2. 1 6 2. 06 A 1 ,8 3 1 1, 187 1 ,380 224 1. 1. 2. 1. 86 89 03 73 665 393 A A 1. 82 1. 83 A A 222 79 A A 1. 72 1. 68 A A 807 649 A A 1 .9 1 1 .94 A A 137 66 A A 1.93 1. 98 A A 1 .4 1 A Durable G oods: 4 P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s 3 ________________ M e n ----------------------------------------------------W o m e n -------- — ----------------------------Nondurable G oods: 4 P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s 3 ------------------------M e n _______________________________ _ W o m e n ______________________________ S e le cte d Industry Groups: F o o d an d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s _________ T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s _______________ T e x t i l e s and a p p a r e l ---------------------------L u m b e r and f u r n i t u r e ------------------------P a p e r a nd p r i n t i n g -----------------------------C h e m i c a l s and p e t r o l e u m ___________ L e a t h e r an d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s _______ P r i m a r y m e ta ls and fa b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ______________________ M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) _______ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ___________ I n s t r u m e n t s a nd r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ___ M is ce lla n e o u s m anufacturing i n d u s t r i e s _____________________________ 1 2 3 4 A 380 A A A E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a nd f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a te s h i f t s . Se e t a b l e 1 f o r l i s t i n g o f s t a t e s i n c l u d e d in r e g i o n s . I n c l u d e s s o m e w o r k e r s f o r w h o m s e x d e s i g n a t i o n w a s not o b t a i n e d . S ee t a b l e 3 f o r l i s t i n g o f d u r a b l e - a n d n o n d u r a b l e - g o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . Not a v a ila b le . A A A A 32 A P P E N D IX S c o p e an d M e th o d o f S tu d y T h e s u r v e y r e la t e s to a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r i m a r i l y e n g a g e d in m a n u f a c t u r in g .1 T h e e a r n in g s data on w h ich th is r e p o r t is b a s e d r e la t e o n ly to p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s . It is f o r th is c a t e g o r y o f w o r k e r s f o r w h ic h e a r n in g s data a l s o a r e sh ow n in the m o n th ly H o u r s an d E a r n in g s S e r i e s p r e p a r e d b y the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s . O f f i c e w o r k e r s an d e x e c u t iv e , p r o f e s s io n a l, an d t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l a r e n ot in c lu d e d (s e e d e fin it io n o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s , p . 3 3 ). C o l le c t io n o f d a ta . — T w o s o u r c e s o f p r i m a r y data w e r e u s e d in p r e p a r in g th e s e e s t im a te s . W h e re r e c e n t in d u s t r y w a g e s u r v e y s o f the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s w e r e a v a i la b le , data f r o m s u c h s u r v e y s — a d ju s t e d f o r s u b s e q u e n t g e n e r a l w a g e an d e m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e s — w e r e in c o r p o r a t e d in to th e s e o v e r a l l e s t im a t e s . T h e l a r g e s t in d u s t r ie s , in t e r m s o f e m p lo y m e n t , f o r w h ic h s u c h s u r v e y s w e r e a v a i la b le , in c lu d e d the b a s i c ir o n a n d s t e e l an d m o t o r v e h i c l e i n d u s t r ie s . T h e m o s t im p o r t a n t o f the r e l a t i v e l y lo w - w a g e in d u s t r ie s w a s s o u th e r n lu m b e r , s u r v e y e d in 19 53 . I n d u s t r ie s in c lu d e d on th is b a s i s a c c o u n t f o r a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t o f the to ta l m a n u fa c tu r in g e m p l o y m e n t .2 F o r in d u s t r ie s n ot c o v e r e d b y s u c h s u r v e y s , q u e s t io n n a ir e s w e r e s e n t, o r v i s i t s b y B u r e a u r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s w e r e m a d e , to a b o u t 5 ,1 0 0 e s t a b lis h m e n t s . P e r s o n a l v is it s w e re g e n e r a ll y c o n fin e d to l a r g e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s a n d to th o s e n o t r e p ly in g to the m a il q u e s t io n n a ir e . F r o m th e s e 5 ,1 0 0 e s t a b lis h m e n t s the B u r e a u o b t a in e d u s a b le s c h e d u le s f o r 4 ,1 0 0 e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g 1 , 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s . S a m p lin g an d e s t i m a t i o n . — T h e 4 , 100 e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h f u r n is h e d p a y r o l l i n f o r m a tio n a s o f A p r i l 1954 f o r th is c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y r e p r e s e n t a c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d s a m p l e . S e p a r a te s a m p l e s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r e a c h r e g i o n . R e l a t i v e l y m o r e in t e n s iv e s a m p lin g w a s d on e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s in the lo w e r w a g e in d u s t r ie s a n d r e g io n s in v ie w o f the im p o r t a n c e f o r p u b lic p o l i c y o f a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m in in g the n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s a t the lo w e r e a r n in g s le v e ls . In the e s t im a t in g p r o c e d u r e e a c h e s t a b lis h m e n t w a s g iv e n it s a p p r o p r ia t e w e ig h t r e l a tiv e to the in d u s t r y g r o u p and r e g io n f r o m w h ich it w a s s e l e c t e d . T h e p r o p o r t io n s o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in e a c h e a r n in g s c l a s s in e a c h in d u s t r y in e a c h r e g io n w e r e a p p lie d to to t a l p r o d u ctio n w o r k e r e m p lo y m e n t in the in d u s t r y a s r e g u la r ly c o m p i l e d b y th e B u r e a u an d r e p o r t e d in its m o n th ly e m p lo y m e n t s e r i e s . T h e b r e a k d o w n o f the la t t e r to t a ls in to r e g io n a l c o m p o n e n ts w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d b y p r o r a t in g on the b a s i s o f in d u s t r y -S t a t e to t a ls a v a ila b le f r o m u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n s o u r c e s , s u p p le m e n te d b y data p u b lis h e d b y the S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A d m in is t r a t io n u n d e r the O ld A g e a n d S u r v iv o r s I n s u r a n c e P r o g r a m (C o u n ty B u s in e s s P a t t e r n s ) . D e fin it io n s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s . — F o r p u r p o s e s o f th is s tu d y , e a r n in g s data r e la t e to s t r a ig h t - t im e e a r n in g s , e x c lu d in g p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and la te s h if t s . I n c e n tiv e p a y m e n t s , s u c h a s th o s e r e s u lt in g f r o m p i e c e w o r k o r p r o d u c tio n b o n u s s y s t e m s , and c o s t - o f - l i v i n g b o n u s e s w e r e in c lu d e d a s p a r t o f the w o r k e r s * r e g u la r p a y ; bu t n o n p r o d u c t io n b o n u s p a y m e n t s , s u c h a s C h r is t m a s o r y e a r - e n d b o n u s e s , w e r e e x c lu d e d . T h e a v e r a g e s p u b lis h e d in th is stu d y a r e the a v e r a g e s o f in d iv id u a l w o r k e r * s e a r n in g s o b t a in e d b y d iv id in g to ta l in d iv id u a l h o u r ly e a r n in g s b y the n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d in that t o t a l. 1 * 1 A s d e fin e d in V o lu m e I , P a r t 1, o f the S ta n d a r d I n d u s t r ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l (N v e m b e r 1945 e d it io n ) p r e p a r e d b y the B u r e a u o f the B u d g e t, m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s in c lu d e " t h o s e e s t a b lis h m e n t s e n g a g e d in the m e c h a n ic a l o r c h e m i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t io n o f in o r g a n ic o r o r g a n ic s u b s t a n c e s in to n ew p r o d u c t s an d u s u a lly d e s c r i b e d a s p la n t s , f a c t o r i e s , o r m i l l s , w h ich c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y u se p o w e r - d r i v e n m a c h in e s and m a t e r ia l s - h a n d lin g e q u i p m e n t ." A n u m b e r o f in d u s t r y s u r v e y s r e la t e d to d a te s a p p r o x im a t in g the A p r i l 19 54 p e r i o d s o that it w a s p o s s i b l e to in c o r p o r a t e t h e ir data in to .he b r o a d e r stu d y w ith ou t a n y a d ju s t m e n t. A m o n g th e s e w e r e the s t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , d r e s s s h i r t s , h o u s e h o ld fu r n it u r e , a n d le a t h e r tan n in g a n d fin is h in g s u r v e y s . 33 D u r a b le - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s . — T h is g r o u p in c lu d e s : O r d n a n c e an d a c c e s s o r i e s ; lu m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r n it u r e ); fu r n it u r e an d f ix t u r e s ; s t o n e , c l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ; p r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s t r ie s ; f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , an d t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ); m a c h in e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ; e l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y ; t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t; in s t r u m e n t s and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ; an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s a s d e fin e d . N o n d u r a b le - g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s . — T h is g r o u p in c lu d e s : F o o d an d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ; t o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s ; t e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ; a p p a r e l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ; p a p e r a n d a l lie d p r o d u c t s ; p r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , an d a l lie d in d u s t r ie s ; c h e m i c a l s an d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ; p r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m a n d c o a l ; r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ; an d le a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s . P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s . — T h e t e r m , " p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r " , a s u s e d in th is s tu d y , in c lu d e s w o r k in g f o r e m e n a n d a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s (in c lu d in g le a d m e n an d t r a i n e e s ) e n g a g e d in f a b r i c a t in g , p r o c e s s i n g , a s s e m b l i n g , in s p e c t i o n , r e c e i v i n g , s t o r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g , w a r e h o u s in g , s h ip p in g , m a in t e n a n c e , r e p a i r , ja n i t o r i a l , w a tc h m e n s e r v i c e s , p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t , a u x ilia r y p r o d u c t io n f o r p l a n t 's o w n u s e ( e . g . , p o w e r p la n t ), an d r e c o r d k e e p in g an d o t h e r s e r v i c e s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith the a b o v e p r o d u c t io n o p e r a t io n s . R e g i o n s . — T h e r e g io n s u s e d in th is stu d y in c lu d e : N o r t h e a s t — C o n n e c t ic u t , M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , N ew H a m p s h ir e , N ew J e r s e y , N ew Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia , R h o d e I s la n d , an d V e r m o n t ; S ou th — A la b a m a , A r k a n s a s , D e la w a r e , D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia , F l o r i d a , G e o r g i a , K e n t u c k y , L o u is ia n a , M a r y la n d , M i s s i s s i p p i , N o r th C a r o l in a , O k la h o m a , S ou th C a r o l in a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V i r g in ia , a n d W e s t V ir g in ia ; M id d le W e s t— I l l i n o i s , In d ia n a , Io w a , K a n s a s , M ic h ig a n , M in n e s o ta , M i s s o u r i , N e b r a s k a , N o r th D a k o ta , O h io , S ou th D a k o ta , a n d W is c o n s in ; F a r W e s t — A r i z o n a , C a lif o r n i a , C o l o r a d o , Id a h o , M o n ta n a , N e v a d a , N e w M e x i c o , O r e g o n , U tah , W a s h in g to n , an d W y o m in g . ☆ U. S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E : 1955 O — 335678 Wage Surveys in Manufacturing Industries Wage Structure R eports provide distributions of earnings fo r production w orkers in p articu lar industries. The m ore recen t studies are listed b elow . Single cop ies are furnished without co st as long as a supply is available. W rite to Bureau of Labor S ta tistics, U. S. Departm ent of L a b or, Washington 25, D. C. o r any of its regional o ffic e s . Candy and Other C on fection ery, 1953 Converted P aper P ro d u cts, 1953 Cotton Garm ents (W ork Clothing only), 1953 - BLS R eport N o. 51 D istilled L iq u ors, 1952 - S eries 2, No. 88 D ress Shirts and Nightwear, M en ’ s and B o y s ' , 1954 - BLS R eport No. 74 F ootw ear, 1953 - BLS R eport No. 46 F urniture, H ousehold, 1954 - BLS R eport No. 76 H osiery , 1952 - BLS R eport No. 34 Leather Tanning and F inishing, 1954 - BLS R eport N o. 80 L um ber, Southern, 1953 - BLS R eport No. 45 L um ber, West C oast, 1952 - BLS R eport No. 7 Pulp, P a p er, and P aperboa rd , 1952 - S eries 2, N o. 91 R ailroad C ars, 1952 - S eries 2, N o. 86 Structural Clay P rod u cts, 1954 - BLS R eport No. 77 ^ T extiles, Cotton and Synthetic, 1952 - S eries 2, N o. 89 T e x tile s, M iscella n eou s, 1953 - BLS R eport No. 56 T ex tile s, Woolen and W orsted, 1952 - S eries 2, N o. 90 * S im ilar studies in these in d u stries, relating to late 1954, w ill be a v a il able in the spring of 1955.
@FedFRASER