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B u lletin No. 1171 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BU REA U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S A r y n e s s Jo y W ic k e n s , Acting C o m m is s io n e r Fact Book on MANPOWER Bulletin No. 1171. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BU REAU OF LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S A r y n e s s J o y W ic k e n s , Acting C o m m i s s i o n e r For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 50 cents FOREWORD The Fact Book on Manpower was prepared to provide basic back ground information on the size and characteristics of the Nation* s work force needed in appraising manpower supply in relation to re quirements. This publication presents significant facts relating to current and prospective manpower resources, both civilian and mili tary, The data were selected from a wide variety of sources, high lights of the data are summarized in brief textual sections. The data were obtained entirely from Federal Government sources, including the Bureau of the Census, the National Office of Vital Statistics, the Office of Education, the Veterans Administration, the Department of Defense and the various Bureaus of the Department of Labor. Much of the information in this report was originally compiled at the request of the Office of Defense Mobilization, for the use of its Committee on Manpower Resources for National Security. The Com mittee was established to advise the Director of the OEM in the pre paration of a report for the President on national policy with re spect to military service and training. Some of the data furnished by the Bureau were used in the Committee^ report. Manpower Resources for National Security, issued in January 1954. The information originally supplied to the OEM was brought up to date and supplemented with additional material for this Fact Book. The present report also supersedes a compilation under the same title published in 1951* The report was prepared in the Bureau*s and Employment Statistics. Sophia Cooper and pervised its preparation tinder the direction of Margaret Thompson compiled many of the tables ii Division of Manpower Stuart Garfinkle su Caiman R. Winegarden. and charts. CONTENTS Page Population ................................................. 1 Labor force ................................................ 9 W o m e n ..................................... 19 Nonwhites ................................ 29 Employment ...................................... 34- Employment trends in selected defense-related industries ......................... 43 Occupations ................ 52 Education and training ............... 56 Labor mobility-............................................. 65 Military m a n p o w e r .......................................... 75 iii TABLES Population Number 1. 2. 3. Page Population of the United States, by age, April 1940 and 1950, July 1953 > and July I960 p r o j e c t e d .......................... Marriage and birth statistics for the .................. United States, 1930-53 ......... ' Estimated male population 18 years of age, July 1 of selected years, 1 9 4 0 - 7 0 .... ............ 3 5 6 Labor Force 4« 5. 6. 7o Total labor force, by employment status, selected periods, 1 9 2 9 - 5 4 ......................... Population and labor force, by age and sex, December 1953 • • •................................... Excess of wartime labor force over "normal," by age and sex, April 1 9 4 5 ....................... . Percent of population in the labor force, by age and sex, annual averages 1953 and 1944 .... H 13 15 16 Women 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 15* Labor force status of women by marital status, April 1953 and 1944, and March 1940 ............... Number of married women, 15 to 49 years old, with and without children under 5, April 1952 and 1940 ................................ Labor force status of married women, with and without children under 5, April 1952 ............. . Work experience of persons in the labor reserve in March 1951, by age and s e x ............. Enployed women classified by major occupation group, April 1954, 1950, 1945, and March 1940 ......... ............................... Employment of women in manufacturing industries, December and June 1953 and June 1950 .............. 21 23 25 26 27 28 Number Page Nonwhites lk. Percent distribution of employed men and women by major industry group, by color, April 1950 and March 1 9 k 0 ..... .............................. . Percent distribution of employed men and women by major occupation group, b y color, April 1950 and March 19k0 ............................ ......... 15• 31 32 Employment 16. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division, selected periods 1 9 k l - 5 k ...... Labor turnover rates per 1000 employees in manufacturing, March 1 9 k O - 5 k ...................... Average weekly hours of production workers in manufacturing industries, 1939-5k .............. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by geographic region, annual averages 1952 and 1939 ...................................... Classification of major labor market areas, according to relative adequacy of labor supply, selected months 1 9 5 3 - 5 k ................... Agricultural employment, selected periods, 1 9 2 9 - 5 k .......... Indexes of production, employment, and output per worker in agriculture, selected years, 1909-50 ............................................ 17* 18. 19• 20. 21. 22. 37 39 40 42 43 45 46 Employment Trends in Selected Defense-Related Industries 23. Number of employees in selected key industries, July 1950-February 195k ............................ 30 Occupations 2k» 25. 26. Employed persons classified by major occupation group, April 195k» 1950, 19k5*and March 19k0 ...... Major occupation group of employed persons, by age, April 1 9 5 k .................................... List of Critical Occupations, as of August 26, 1952 .................. ................ . v 54 55 57 Number Page Education and Training 2?• 28. 29. 30. Median years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, b y age, 1950 and 191+0 ...... College enrollments and graduations, selected fields, academic years, 1929-30 to 1953-51+ ...... . Number of students registered for first time in any college, academic years 1931-32 to 1953-51+............................................ Number of registered apprentices in training, 191+1-53 .................................. 60 61 6? 64 Labor Mobility 31. Wartime and postwar shifts in industry and occupation of employed workers ............. . 32. Civilian migration between regions, December 191+1 to March 191+5 ..................... » 33• Civilian migration, by type of migration, 1952 to 1953 and 191+1 to 191+5..................... 3U* Workers covered by pension plans under collective barganing agreements, b y major industry group, mid-1950 ........................... 35• Distribution of tool and die makers by number of job changes, 191+0-51 ........................ . 36. Distribution of molders and coremakers by number of job changes, 191+0-52..... .............. 37. Job changes made between January 191+0 and 1952 by men who were electronic technicians in May 1952 ............................ 67 68 70 71 72 73 74. Military Manpower 38. 39 • 1+0. 1+1. 1+2. 1+3* Net strength of the Armed Forces, selected months, 1939-5k ........ R0TC enrollment by branch of service and by class, October 1953 ......................... Estimated yields to the Selective Service manpower pool, by Selective Service . classification, as of July 1, 1953 ................ Projections of the Selective Service manpower pool, fiscal years 1951+-60 ............... Estimated age of World War II and Korean veterans in civilian life, December 31* 1953 •••••• Military reserve forces not on active duty, November 30, 1953 • • • •...... ........... *...... .... vi ^ ^ 60 81 62 63 CHARTS Population Number 1. 2. 3. Page Population changes, by age group, 191+0-1960 ........ Male population 18 years of age, selected years, 191+0-1970 ................ .................. Male population of military age, 191+0-1970 ....... .• 4 7 8 Labor Force i+. 5« Labor force, selected years, 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 5 2 .............. Population and labor force, by age and sex, December 1953 .......................... Unemployment rate, 1929-1953 ...... . .............. • • Insured unemployment, State programs ............... 6. 7. 12 1 17 18 Women 8. Female population and labor force, li+ years and over, by marital status, 19i+0 and 1953 ....... Percent of married women 15 to 1+9 years old with children under 5> 191+0 and 1952 ............. . 9. 22 24 Nonwhites 10. Percent distribution of employed men and women by major occupation group, by color, 1950 ......... 33 Employment 11. 12. 13. ll+. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry, June 191+1, 191+3, 1950,and 1953 ...... Average weekly hours ................................. Classification of ll+9 labor market areas according to relative adequacy of labor supply, March 1951+.... ............... ...... . Indexes of production, employment and output per worker in agriculture .......................... 38 41 44 47 Employment Trends in Selected Defense-Related Industries 15. Employment in selected key industries c/uly 1950 - February 1951+ .......................... VX1 51 Number Page Occupations 16. Occupations of men of military ages total employed and number of employed men aged 18-31+, by major occupation group, April 1 9 5 h ................... ............ ......... 56 Education and Training 17. Number of college graduates: bachelor's and first professional degrees granted, 1930-1955 ........................................... 62 Labor Mobility 18. Civilian migration during thewar .................... 69 Military Manpower 19* Armed Forces,selectedmonths,1 9 3 9 - 1 9 5 U ............... viii 78 POPULATION Changes in the size and composition of the United States p o p ulation have far-reaching implications for this Nation*s potential defensive power* These changes greatly affect the number of young men available for military service, the labor supply for munitions production and essential civilian activities, and the size of the dependent population that must be supplied with necessary goods and services* Between 1940 and 1950, the total United States population in creased by about 20 million, to 151 million* However, as shown in table 1 and chart 1, the greatest relative increases were among the very young (under 10 years) and the very old (65 years and over). The adult population, 20 to 64 years of age, increased by about 10 million, but in 1950 this age group constituted a slightly smaller proportion of the total population than in 1940* The age group 10-19 years, source of new entrants into the population of military and working age in the current decade, actually declined over 2 million during the 1940*s* The drop in the teen-age population and the sharp increase in numbers of younger children resulted from the sharp fluctuations in births over the past two decades* Marriages and births, which had slumped during the depression of the 1930* s, rose sharply after the outbreak of World War II (table 2). After a brief drop toward the end of the war, when millions of servicemen were overseas, births rose to and remained at record and near-record annual totals. The movements in the birth rate are clearly reflected in the changing size of the 18-yeaivold male population— one of the pri mary factors affecting our ability to maintain a large peacetime military establishment* The estimated number of 18-year-old youths in 1952 totaled about 1,040,000— 200,000 loiter than in 1940 (table 3 and chart 2). The number of boys attaining age 18 each year is expected to increase gradually from the 1952 low point, and will exceed the 1940 level only after 1959, when those born during and after World War II will begin to move into this age class. In the decade of the 1960*s, the 18-year-old male population will rise to nearly 2 million* The changing military potential of the population under full mobilization conditions is broadly illustrated in chart 3. I n 1940, shortly before our entry into World War H , there were almost 22 million men in the 18-37 age group— representing the draft ages in effect throughout most of the war* In 1950, this group was over a million larger, but the increase occurred entirely in the 26-37 •2- age span* Sizable gains in the "military age" male population will not be forthcoming until the decade of the 1960’s* By I960, some of the population trends of the past decaae will have been modified or even reversed, according to the latest avail able Census Bureau projections. The wartime and postwar upsurge in the birth rate will be reflected in a sharply increased population in the 10-19 age bracket. Even if births are maintained at current high rates for the rest of this decade, the relative increase in the population under age 10 will be smaller than the 1940-50 rela tive gain. Similarly, the aged population— 65 and over— will grow somewhat more slowly, although still at a rate greater than that of the entire population. On the other hand, the population in the 20-64 age span, from which nearly all of the labor force is drawn, will show an even smaller relative increase than in the preceding decade. In summary, the increase in recent years in the age groups which are the primary source of manpower for military service and civilian work has been relatively small compared with the phenome nal growth in the population as a whole. The increase in births over the past decade will greatly enhance our military and produc tive potential during the 1960’s. But meanwhile we have many more youngsters who must be fed, clothed, sheltered, and trained, and relatively fewer young women who would be available for defense jobs, if needed. Table 1,— Population of the United States by age, April 19A0 and 1950, July 1953, and July I960 projected Age 1940 1950 Percent change I960,, projected 1/ 1953 I II III (Thousands) Total, all ages.... 131,669 151,132 159,629 177,426 176,126 Under 10........... 21,226 29,364 32,991 ^36,690 35,390 173,847 33,111 j 1940-50 1950-60 (I) 14.8 17.4 38.3 24.9 - 9.4 40.1 10-19.............. 24,079 21,819 23,251 -r 30,566 2CV-64........... . 77,400 87,755 90,064 94,469 13.4 7.7 32,927 18,333 15,512 10,628 35,544 21,491 17,349 13,371 35,371 22,360 18,238 14,095 33,932 23,948 20,908 15,681 7.9 17.2 11.8 25.8 - 4.5 11.4 20.5 17.3 8,964 12,194 13,324 15,701 36.0 28.8 20-34............ 35-44............ 45-54............ 55-64............ 65 and over........ 1/ I960 population projections are based on the following assumptions as to fertility: (i) 1950-53 age specific birth rates will continue through 1960 j (II) 1950-53 age specific rates will decline linearly after 1953 to the 19A0 levels by 1975; (III) 1950-53 age specific rates will decline linearly after 1953 to the 1940 levels by I960. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census -4Chart I. P O P U L A T IO N C H A N G E S By Age Group TOTAL POPULATION (In millions) 65 Years and over 5 5 -6 4 Years 45- 54 Years 35-44 Years 20- 34 Years 10- 19 Years Under 10 April I, 1940 UNTIED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LAB http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ O R STATISTICS Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis April I, 1950 July I, I960 Projected* ^Assumes continuation of 1950-53 birth rates SOURCE* U. S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS - 5- Table 2.— -Marriage and birth statistics for the United States* 1930-53 Births y Marriages Year Number (thousands) 1930....... 1931....... 1932........ 1933........ 1934-........ 1935........ 1936........ 1937........ 1938........ 1939........ 19-40........ 1941........ 1942........ 1943........ 1944........ 1945........ 1946........ 1947........ 1948........ 1949........ 1950........ 1951........ 1952........ 1953........ y 1,127 1,061 982 1,098 1,302 1,327 1,369 1,451 1,331 1,404 1,596 1,696 1,772 1,577 1,452 1,613 2,291 1,992 1,811 1,580 1,667 1,595 7j 1,528 y 1,533 Rate (per 1,000 population) Number (thousands) 9,2 8.6 7,9 8.7 10.3 10.4 10.7 11.3 10.3 10.7 12.1 12.7 13.2 11.8 11.0 12.2 16.4 13.9 12.4 10.6 11.1 10.4 2 / 9.8 y 9.7 y 2,618 2,506 2,440 2,307 2,396 2,377 2,355 2,413 2,496 2,466 2,559 2,703 2,989 3,104 2,939 2,858 3,411 3,817 3,637 3,649 3,632 3,833 3,889 3,971 Rate (per 1,000 population) y 21.3 20.2 19.5 18,4 19.0 18.7 18.4 18.7 19.2 18.8 19.4 20.3 22.2 22.7 21.2 20.4 24.1 26.6 24.9 24.5 24.1 25.0 25.0 25.1 Corrected for underregistration, 2/ Estimated by theu. S, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics from data on marriage licenses, Provisional. 2/ Source: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Office of Vital Statistics, Table 3 •■Estimated male population 18 years of age, July 1 of selected years, 19-40-70 (Thousands) Tear Number 194-0............. 19A5. 1950.^........... 1951.......... 1952............ 1953............. 1954............. 1955............. 1956............. 1957............. 1,24-0 1,170 1,090 1,050 1,04.0 1,090 1,100 1,100 Source: 1,150 Tear 1958............. 1959.... . I960............ . 1961............. 1962............ 1963........... 1964............. 1965.0.......... 1970............ Number 1,160 1,220 1,300 1,4.80 1,400 1,390 1,410 1,950 1,910 1,170 U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Chert 2. MALE POPULATION 18 YEARS OF AGE MILLIONS Selected Years, 1940-1970 MILLIONS 2.0 m \'/A 1.8 V'\ f \'/A 1.6 lx/ / ; i 1.4 i /A H 1.2 Y: -/A t: // t I '/ / i r \//J ' \" // 1.0 ) i v r .8 i iy V/ y', ,/ p i \ .6 .4 I i . \ZA .2 YZZ\ Jul 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LA B O R STATISTICS 0 SOURCE ! U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Chart 3. MALE POPULATION OF MILITARY AG E* 1 9 4 0 -1 9 7 0 In Millions UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR bureau of labor statistics ^ > 8 through 3 7 — draff age» in affect throughout most of World War I I 28.4 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics - 9— LABOR FORCE From the standpoint of current manpower resources, the most important overall measure is the size of the labor force* The Bureau of the Census officially defines the labor force as including those persons aged 14 years and over who have a job or who are looking for work at the time Census surveys are made. In 1953* the labor force (including the Armed Forces) totaled 67 million, of whom about 63-1/2 million were in the civilian labor force. Of the latter group, almost 62 million were employed and 1-1/2 million were un employed (table A and chart A)* There are wide differences in the extent to which men and women of different age groups x/ere in the labor force in December 1953, and the principal activity of those who were not (table 5 and chart 5). Characteristically, nearly all the men between ages 25 and 6A were in the labor force, except for a small proportion who were disabled or in institutions. Most of the males under age 25 not in the labor force were in school, whereas in the older age groups the nonworkers were mainly retired or disabled. Among the women, only a minority in each age group was in the labor force. Labor force participation among women reaches its initial peak in their late teens and early 20* s and then drops off sharply as marriage and the rearing of children bring withdrawals from employ ment. Above age 35, the proportion of women employed outside the home rises again, as children reach school age and home responsi bilities are diminished. After 55, however, labor force partici pation by women tends to drop off sharply. Under the pressure of World War II mobilization, large numbers of ’extra” workers were recruited into the labor force. In ’ April 19A5 the labor force— at 66.2 million— included about 8 million more workers than would have been expected on the basis of growth in the population of working age and prewar trends in labor force participation (table 6). Women accounted for A million, or about half of the ”extra” workers. About 2 million were teen-age boys, reflecting the movement of youth into the Armed Forces or into civilian jobs. The remainder, about 1.8 million, consisted of adult men who, under prewar conditions, would have been regarded generally as ’unable to work" or "too old to work." ’ Rates of labor force participation, by age and sex, for 19AA, the peak year of the World War II mobilization, are compared with 1953 rates. (See table 7.) The far lower level of Armed Forces strength maintained today is reflected in t h e .sharply reduced pro portion of young men in the labor force. _A less intense demand for labor and other factors such as increased Social Security benefits - 10- are evidenced by the lower rates of labor force participation among older men# The high marriage and birth rates of recent years have contributed to the reductions in labor force participation among women under age 35# On the other hand, the proportion of women aged 35 and over in the labor force has tended to rise throughout most of the postwar period. This is particularly true among women 45-64, for whom the rates in 1953 were well above wartime levels (seep# 19). The proportion of the civilian labor force that is unemployed serves as an overall measure of the extent to which available man power is being utilized. This proportion has fluctuated widely during the past two decades, it dropped to a low point of 1.2 per cent in 1944, at the peak of the World War II movilization effort (chart 6). In the years between the end of World War II and the onset of the Korean emergency, the unemployment rate ranged between 3-1/2 and 5-1/2 percent of the labor force. An almost uninterrupted downtrend in unemployment was maintained until late 1953, reflecting not only the buildup of the Armed Forces and the expansion of defense production, but also continued growth of the civilian economy. As a result, unemployment 'for the year 1953 averaged lower than in any year since the end of World War II. In the latter part of 1953 and early 1954 unemployment began to rise appreciably. Statistics reported by State unemployment insurance programs gage , the extent of new and insured unemployment among workers cov ered by unemployment insurance— roughly 60 percent of the working population. The weekly volume of insured unemployment represents the number of persons reporting a week of unemployment under the insurance system. The figures include some persons who are only partially unemployed, and exclude persons such as those who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance and persons losing jobs not covered by the insurance systems (agriculture, government, domestic service, self-employment, unpaid family work, nonprofit organizations, firms below a minimum size). State insured unemployment data also ex clude unemployed veterans claiming Servicemen’s Readjustment Allow ances and unemployed railroad workers who are covered by the Rail road Unemployment Insurance Act, The sensitivity of the series to change in industrial activity is illustrated by the sharp decline in insured unemployment in 1950 and by the uptrend beginning in late 1953 (chart 7). Table 4..— Total labor force, by employment status, selected periods, 1929-54 l Civilian ! abor force Period Total labor force Unemployed Total Employed Number (Thousands) Annual average: 1929............. 1933............. 1939............. Percent of civilian labor force 1947............. 1948............. 1949............. 1950............. 1951............. 1952............. 1953 1 / .......... 1953 2/.......... 49,44-0 51,840 55,600 66,040 61,758 62,898 62,721 64,749 65,982 66,560 66,590 66,965 49,180 51,590 55,230 54,630 60,168 61,442 62,105 63,099 62,884 62,966 63,042 63,417 47,630 38,760 45,750 53,960 58,027 59,378 58,710 59,957 61,005 61,293 61,519 61,894 1,550 12,830 9,480 670 2,142 2,064 3,395 3,142 1,879 1,673 1,523 1,523 3.2 24.9 17.2 1.2 3.6 3.4 5.5 5.0 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 1954: 2 / January.......... February.•••••••• March,........... April............ 66,292 67,139 67,218 67,438 62,840 63,725 63,825 64,063 59,753 60,055 60,100 60,598 3,087 3,671 3,725 3,465 4.9 5.8 5.8 5.4 1/ Adjusted for comparability with earlier data according to footnote 2/. 2/ As published b y the Bureau of the Census. Labor force and employment figures for 1953 are not comparable with those for previous years as a result of the introduction of material from the 1950 Census into the estimating procedure. Unemployment figures were unaffected by these changes. y Beginning with January 1954, data are based upon a new 230area Census sample and are therefore not comparable with earlier data which were based upon a 68-area sample. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. LA BO R FORCE Selected Years, 1929-1952 MILLIONS OF WORKERS MILLIONS OF WORKERS 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 - 10 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LABO R STATISTICS SOURCE : BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS AND BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Table 5.— Population and labor force, by age and sex, December 1953 (Thousands) Age and sex Population In labor force 1/ Not in labor force Keeping house In school Other 3/ Total, 14 and over,,. 117,100 66,110 34.620 7.970 8,380 Mala, 14 and over.,,. 14-24.............. 14-15............ 16-17............ 18-19............ 20-24............ 25-34.............. 35-44.............. 45-54.............. 55-64.............. 65 and over........ 57,660 12,240 2,320 2,220 2,150 5,550 11,920 11,050 9,110 6,970 6,370 47,010 7,910 340 970 1,600 5,000 11,510 10,670 8,650 5,910 2,360 140 (1/) (2/) 2/ 2/ 2/) (2/) (2/) (2/) (2/) (2/) 4,010 3,930 1,930 1,160 480 350 6,500 Female, 14 and over,. 14-24.............. 14-15............ 16-17............ 18-19............ 20-24............ 25-34.............. 35-44.............. 45-54.............. 55-64.............. 65 and over. 59,430 11,960 2,240 2,150 2,110 5,470 12,320 11,430 9,270 7,180 7,270 19,090 4,010 160 560 1,000 2,290 4,020 4,760 3,680 2,020 580 34,490 3,840 (2/) 250 630 2,920 8,240 6,500 5,430 4,950 5,640 (2/) 2/) (2/0 (2/) (2/) 3,960 3,920 2,000 1,300 440 180 (2/) (2/ 2/ (2/) (2/) 400 (2/) (2/) ( /) 2 200 320 350 460 1,030 3,940 1,880 190 WX (So 2/ (y ) 130 150 150 210 1,050 Includes Armed Forces, g/ Includes persons in institutions, disabled and retired persons, etc, 2/ Numbers under 100,000 are not shown because they are subject to relatively large sampling variation. Note: Source: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding. U, S, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census -1 4 - Chart 5. POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE BY AGE AND SEX December 1953 Females 14 MILLIONS 12 Males 10 Other I In School BUREAU“ OF LABOR STATISTICS! 14 In Housework I I In the Labor Force UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR 12 N u m b er* u n d e r .1 m illio n no t sh o w n S o u rce : UNITED STATES BUREAU OF THE CENSUS - 15- Table 6*-—Excess of wartime labor force over "normal," by age and sex, April 1945 (Thousands) Labor force 1/ Age and sex Actual "Normal" 2/ Excess of actual over normal Total, 14 and over. 66,250 58,120 8,130 Male, 14 and over...•••••••.••• 14-19........................ 20-34................... . 35-54........................ 55 and over 46,410 4,740 16,400 17,470 7,800 42,510 2,620 15,950 16,880 7,060 3,900 2,120 450 590 740 Female, 14 and over.. 14-19........................ 20-34........................ 35-54........................ 55 and over.................. 19,840 2,720 7,960 7,050 2,110 15,600 1,270 7,460 5,440 1,430 4,240 1,450 500 1,610 680 1/ Labor force estimates include Armed Forces* 2/ "Normal" labor force assumes a continuation of prewar trends in age-sex labor force participation rates. Note: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: U, S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. -16- Table 7,— Percent of population in the labor force, by age and sex, annual averages 1953 and 1944 Age and sex 1953 1944 Total, 14 and over****** 57.4 62*3 Male, 14 and over...*..* 14-19................. 20-24................. 25-34................. 35-44................. 45-54................. 55-64................. 65 and over.•...•••••• 82.8 40.0 88.3 69.1 97.1 96.2 99.1 97.7 87.7 50.9 32.8 29.8 44.1 33.5 40.2 39.6 28.8 9.2 36.5 41.7 54.7 37.6 41.7 35.6 25.0 9.6 Female, 14 and over.**.* 14-19................. 20-24................. 25-34................. 35-44................. 45-54................. 55-64.............. . 65 and over..••••*..•• Source: 50.1 91.3 96.3 96.3 94.7 86.1 U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census* -17Chort 6 . UNEM PLOYM ENT 1929 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR LABOR STATISTICS BUREAU OF - RATE 1953 SOURCE: BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS AND U. S. 8UREAU O F THE CENSUS -18 Chart 7. INSURED UNEMPLOYMENT, STATE PROGRAMS Thousands UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ OF LABOR STATISTICS Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Thousands 2 ,5 0 0 - 2,000 - 1,500 1,000 500 Source: Bureau of Employment Security - 19- WQMEN World War II experience showed that women are the Nation* s greatest single labor reserve under conditions of national emer gency. Although the increases in marriages and births during the past decade have tended to restrict the availability of women for work outside the home, this tendency has been more than offset by the sharp uptrend in the number and proportion of working wives. Between 194-0 and 1953, the number of married women in the pop ulation rose by nearly 8-1/2 million; the number who were widowed, divorced, or separated increased by 3 million; while the number of single women declined by 3 million (table 8 and chart 8). More over, among the married women aged 15 to 4-9, the proportion with young children (under 5) increased from one-third in 194-0 to twofifths in 1952 (table 9 and chart 9)* The relationship between marital status and availability for work is illustrated by these facts: in 1953, only one-fourth of the married women were in the labor force as contrasted with nearly half of the single women aged 14 years and over. Among the married women aged 15 to 49 years, in 1952, only one-eighth of those with very young children were in the labor force, compared with almost two-fifths of those without young children (table 10). Despite the increase in marriages and births during the past decade, the overall proportion of women in the labor force actually increased from 27-1/2 percent in 194-0 to 32 percent in April 1953* This was due largely to the sharp increase in the proportion of married women in the labor force-— from about 15 percent in 1940 to 26 percent in 1953. The long-run tendency for a higher proportion of married women in the population to engage in gainful employment was greatly accelerated in this period by such factors as the mil lions of additional women who gained work experience during World War II and the very high levels of labor demand in the postwar years. Most of the relative increase in the number of married women workers has occurred in the age group 35 years and over, when most women no longer have responsibility for care of very young children. Furthermore, this group comprises the largest potential la bor reserve. In March 1951, there were 32-1/2 million women, 20 years and over, outside the labor force, excluding those permanent ly unable to work (table 11). Women in this age group comprised about 90 percent of the total labor reserve. Over 17-1/2 m i l l i o n ■20- were in the age group 20 to 64 and did not have young children. Of this number 5-1/4 million had some work experience since the begin ning of World War II. A large proportion of these experienced women workers are over age 35j the traditional preference of en>ployers for women under 35 continues to limit the employment oppor tunities for women above that age. The changes in occupational distribution of employed women re sulting from wartime mobilization and the shift to postwar civilian production are shown in table 12. Between 1940 and 1945, the pro portion of women employed as operatives, farm workers, and clerical workers rose sharply, while declines occurred in the professional group and among domestic-service and other service occupations. These shifts were partially reversed in the postwar period. Wa r time mobilization might again require sharp increases in the number of women in factory j obs and on the farm, as men are drawn into the armed services. In manufacturing industries, the greatest number and propor tion of women are employed in "light” manufacturing activities— including such fields as apparel, textiles, and electrical equip ment (table 13). During the period of industrial expansion a c c o m panying the Korean conflict the employment of women in manufactur ing increased from 3.8 million to 4.6 million (June 1950 to June 1953). Although the proportion of women employed in most manufac turing industries increased in this period, the relatively greater expansion in heavy industries, where few women are employed, re sulted in virtually no change in the overall proportion of women manufacturing employees. Table 8.— Labor force status of women by marital status, April 1953 and 1944, and March 1940 Year and marital status In labor force Civilian population Number Percent of population (Thousands) 1953: Total, 14 and over.........a Single•••••••••••••••••••• Married, husband present.# Other marital status l/... 58,940 10,774 37,106 11,060 18,920 .5,140 9,588 4,192 32.1 47.7 25.8 37.9 52,759 12,875 28,667 11,217 18,449 7,542 4,681 35.0 58.6 21.7 41.7 50,549 13,936 28,517 8,096 13,840 6,710 4,200 2,930 27.4 48.1 14.7 36.2 1944: Total, 14 and over.......... Single. ..••••.... . Married, husband present.. Other marital status l/.«. 6,226 1940: Total, 14 and over.......... Single. Married, husband present.* Other marital status %/••• Includes widowed, separated ^and divorced# Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table 9*— Number of married women, 15 to 4.9 years old, with and without children under 5, April 1952 and 1940 Married women, husband present Year and age Total Without children under 5 With children Tinder 5 Number (Thousands) Percent of total 1952: Total, 15-49....... 15-19............. 20-24............. 25-29............. 30-39............. 40-49............. 26,660 700 3,540 4,900 9,660 7,850 15,970 370 1,210 1,680 5,670 7,040 10,690 330 2,330 3,230 3,990 810 40.1 47.1 65.8 65.9 41.3 10.3 21,300 14,220 380 1,290 1,880 5,010 5,650 7,080 270 1,550 2,070 2,600 600 33.2 41.3 54.5 52.3 34.2 9.6 1940: Total, 15-49,........ 15-19............ . 20-24............. 25-29............. 30-39............. 40-49............. Note: Source: 650 2,840 3,950 7,610 6,250 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding* U* S, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census* Chart 9. PERCENT OF MARRIED WOMEN 15 TO 49 YEARS OLD WITH CHILDREN UNDER 5 1940 and 1952 AGE- 15 to 49 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O f LA B O R STATISTICS 15-19 20-24 25 -2 9 30-39 4 0 -4 9 Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census - 25- Table 10,— Labor force status of married women, with and without children under 5, April 1952 Married women, husband present Presence of children under 5 In labor force Population Number (Thousands) Percent of population Total, 15 to 49 years..... 26,658 7,522 28.2 Without children under 5* 15,958 6,158 38.6 With children under 5**«* 10,700 1,364 12.7 Source: U* S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census* —2 (> - Table 11.— Work experience of persons in the labor reserve 1/ in March 1951, by age and sex Age and sex Total persons in labor reserve With work experience since beginning of World War II Number Percent of total in With no work experience since beginning of World War II labor reserve (Thousands) Total, 20 and over. Male, 20 and over. Female, 20 and over....... Married, with children.; under 6 years old.... Other...... . 20 to 4 4 .............. 45 to 64.............. 65 and over........... (Thousands) 36,394 13,284 36.5 23,110 3,866 2,328 60.2 1,538 32,528 10,956 33.7 21,572 9,822 22,706 7,752 10,038 4,916 5,120 5,836 3,278 2,012 546 52.1 25.7 42.3 20.0 11.1 4,702 16,870 4,474 8,026 4,370 l/ Consists of the noninstitutional population outside the labor force, excluding those permanently unable to work. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table 12.— Employed women classified by major occupation group, April 1954, 1950, 1945, and March 1940 Major occupation group 1954 1950 1945 1940 Number (thousands) Total employed Professional, technical, and kindred workers.. Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm..•••••.<>••••...••••••••••••••• Farmers, farm managers, foremen, and l a b o r e r s . . Clerical and kindred workers.,.,•••.••...... Sales workers. Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers..... Operatives and kindred workers•••••. Service workers, except private household... Private household workers.......••••••••••.» Laborers, except farm and mine.... 18.600 17.180 19,310 11.920 2,230 1,860 1,510 1,570 960 940 800 450 720 5,120 1,480 270 3,460 2,490 1,770 920 4,540 1,520 180 3,210 2,170 1,770 70 1,930 4,900 1,440 300 4,610 1,980 1,670 170 690 2,530 830 no no 2,190 1,350 2,100 100 Percent distribution Total employed Professional, technical, and kindred w o r k e r s . • Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm..... . Farmers, farm managers, foremen, and laborers. ......... ................. . Clerical and kindred workers.......••••••,•• Sales workers.«••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers..*.. Operatives and kindred workers.............. Service workers, except private household... Private household workers.,..•••••••••...... Laborers, except farm and mine., Note: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.0 10.8 7.8 13.3 5.2 5.5 4.1 3.8 3.9 27.5 8.0 1.5 18.6 13.4 9.5 .6 5.4 26.4 8.8 10.0 25.4 7.5 1.5 23.9 10.3 8.6 .9 5.7 21.2 7.0 .9 18.4 1.0 18.7 12.6 10.3 •4 n .3 17.6 .8 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and tfre U. FRASER S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Digitized for Table 13•-— Employment of women in manufacturing industries, December and June 1953 and June 1950 December 1953 Industry- Number (thou sands) June 1953 Percent of women employees Number (thou sands) Percent of all employees June 1950 Number (thou sands) Percent of a n employees Manufacturing ........................ Ij+X +II 100.0 4,587 27 3,762 26 Durable goods........... .......... ............ . Ordnance and accessories..... . Lumber and wood products (except furniture).. Furniture and fixtures...... ....... ••••••.•• Stone, clay, and glass products.......... . Primary metal products...................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment).... Machinery (except electrical) Electrical machinery......................... Transportation equipment..• Instruments and related products••••••••••••• Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....... 1,798 50 50 66 88 75 40.8 1.1 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.7 1,922 56 53 70 93 84 19 27 7 19 17 6 1,309 5 51 57 84 62 16 18 6 16 16 5 213 234 45 8 248 122 195 4.8 5.3 10.4 5.6 2.8 4*4 237 244 495 262 125 204 20 14 41 14 37 41 180 177 323 124 81 167 19 13 38 10 34 39 Nondurable goods..... . Food and kindred products............. . Tobacco manufactures....... . Textile-mill products................ ........ Apparel and other finished textile products.. Paper and allied products........ ........... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. Chemicals and allied p r o d u c t s ...... Products of petroleum and coal.... ••••• ••••<> Rubber products............ .......... ........ Leather and leather products......... ....... 2,613 364 68 494 924 127 224 141 16 69 187 59.2 8.3 1.5 11.2 20.9 2.9 5.1 3.2 .4 1.6 4.2 2,666 370 54 540 925 127 215 148 16 75 196 38 24 58 44 77 24 28 20 6 27 50 2,453 363 51 534 840 n6 n 37 24 56 42 75 23 26 18 5 62 173 46 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding no 192 26 - 29- NCKWHITES y The problem of increased manpower utilization among nonwhites is primarily one of occupational upgrading and expanding employment opportunities in certain industries, rather than increased partici pation in the labor force. The proportion of all nonwhite men in the labor force has been for some years the same as that for whites, except during periods of severe unemployment. The proportion of nonwhite women in the labor force has been consistently higher than that for white women,' In 1953, more than 50 percent of nonwhite women aged 25 to 54 years were in the labor force, compared with less than 40 percent of white women in the same age group. In the period between the decennial censuses of 1940 and 1950 important shifts occurred in the industrial and occupational dis tribution of Negro workers. During the same decade the movement of Negroes from farms to urban areas was greatly accelerated. The 1950 census, for the first time, recorded a larger proportion of Negroes in urban areas than in rural areas, whereas the white population had become predominantly urban by 1920, Many Negroes migrated from the more agricultural South to urban areas, particularly to cities in the Northern, Central, and Western States, Changes in the distribution-of employed Negro and white workers among the major industries in 1940 and 1950 are shown in table 14, Comparison with the changes among white workers shows some signifi cant differences. During this wartime decade employment of Negro men in the con struction and manufacturing industries as a proportion of all employ ed Negro men increased appreciably. In 1950,8 percent of the total 3*7 million employed Negro men were working in the construction in dustry, almost equal to the proportion of all white workers so em ployed. The 23 percent of all employed Negro men in manufacturing* in 1950 compared with 27 percent of all employed white men. Over the decade there was a greater decline among Negroes, in comparison with whites, in the proportion employed in agriculture. Among almost 2 million Negro women working in 1950, employment continued to be largely concentrated in the service industries, in cluding private households, although the percentage decreased from 74 percent in 1940 to 65 percent in 1950, The proportion of all Negro women employed in manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade y Data for nonwhite persons as a whole reflect predominantly the employment characteristics of Negroes, who comprise more than 95 percent of the nonwhite group. ■30- more than doubled* However, in 1950, only about a tenth of employed Negro women, compared with a fourth of employed white women, were working in each of these sectors. The occupational distribution of employed Negro and xAiite men and women for the two decennial censuses of 1940 and 1950 are shown in table 15 and chart 10* Comparison of changes among Negroes and whites reveals significant shifts which occurred during this period* Among employed Negro men, the most appreciable increases were in 3 occupation groups— clerical workers, craftsmen, and operatives. In 1950, 20 percent of employed Negro and white men were working as operatives, with a significantly greater increase since 1940 in the proportion of Negroes so employed. Although the proportion of Negroes employed as craftsmen almost doubled from 1940 to 1950, less than 8 percent were employed in this skilled occupation group in 1950, sub stantially below the 20 percent of employed white men who were crafts men. The 3 percent of Negro men in clerical work in 1950 was less than half the proportion of white men in this occupation group. The proportion of Negro men in professional occupations in 1950 was low— about 2 percent compared with 8 percent for whites. Although appre ciable advances have been made during the last decade, Negroes still are predominantly employed in the lover paying and less-skilled op erative, laborer, and service worker categories. The majority of employed Negro women worked in private house holds in 1950— although the proportion had declined to 41 percent from the 59 percent in this occupation group in 1940. The propor tion of Negro women employed as clerical workers and semiskilled operatives increased between 1940 and 1950. However, in 1950:only 4 percent were in clerical occupations compared with 30 percent of all employed white women. About 15 percent of Negro women workers were semiskilled operatives in 1950— more than double the proportion in 1940, but the proportion was below the 20 percent of white women in this occupation. In 1950, the 6 percent of Negro women in pro fessional occupations was less than half the proportion of white women in this occupation group. 2/ More complete information on the status of Negroes in the labor force is given in Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1119, Negroes in the United States: Their Employment and Economic Status. (1952). - 31- Table 14.— -Percent distribution of employed men and women by major industry group, by color, April 1950 and March 1940 Nonwhite White Sex and major industry group 1950 Total employed men. Agriculture......................... Mining.............................. Construction......................••• Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Wholesale and retail trade...*.....* Service industries.......... . A H other industries....•••••.•••••• Industry not reported........ •••••• Total employed women.. Mining................ Construction*....................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.••••••• Wholesale and retail trade...••••••• All other industries....•••••••..«•• Industry not reported.•••••••...... l/ 1940 1950 1940 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.8 1.2 8.0 22.9 41.7 1.7 4.7 15.4 14.6 2.3 8.3 27.4 21.5 2.8 6.1 25.4 8.7 12.6 15.9 4.4 1.6 6.5 10.4 15.9 2.2 1.5 9.1 17.7 14.4 4.9 1.2 8.3 16.9 13.9 3.8 1.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.4 .1 .3 9.5 16.1 .1 3.5 2.9 .2 .7 25.1 2.4 .1 .3 23.7 .9 10.5 65.2 2.4 1.8 .2 4.2 74.3 .6 .9 4.8 24.3 35.5 4.4 2.1 3.5 20.5 43# 8 3 *2 2.3 (A/) Less than 0.05> percent,. Note: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding* Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census* - 32. Table 15•— Percent distribution of employed men and women by major occupation group, by color, April 1950 and March 1940 Nonwhite White Sex and major occupation group 1950 Total employed men................... . 1940 1950 1940 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.3 13.3 1.9 21.1 7.8 10.0 6.6 14.2 2.3 3.0 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.0 11.6 6.8 6.9 10.6 6.5 6.8 Professional, technical, and kindred workers.•.•••«••..•••«••••*• Farmers and fairo managers............. Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm*...,.,..,,. Clerical and kindred workers*.•••.•••• Sales workers••••................ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers••••••«• Private household workers...•••....... Service workers, except private household... Farm laborers and foremen...•••••••••• Laborers, except farm and mine.*...... Occupation not reported.....••.••••••« 7.6 20.6 1.1 4.4 12.4 2.3 19.7 20.0 .1 15.9 18.7 .1 13.3 10.7 23.0 1.4 12.3 20.0 21.3 •6 5.1 4.2 6.6 1.1 5.2 7.0 7.6 .7 Total employed women....•••••••••.•••• 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.7 1.7 4.3 3.0 13.3 .6 14.8 1.1 1.4 4.3 1.5 .8 1.0 .6 4.7 30.5 9.4 4.3 24.5 8.1 40.6 •2 6.6 58.6 1.6 19.8 4.0 20.3 18.6 7.6 1.5 1.7 10.4 12.9 .8 .7 11.3 2.2 .7 1.8 Professional, technical, and kindred workers.••••••••••••••••••*• Farmers and farm managers.. Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm..••.*•••••• Clerical and kindred workers••*.•••••• Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers••••••••••••••••..*.. Operatives and kindred workers*.•••••* •6 14.8 1.1 10.9 Service workers, except private Farm laborers and foremen......••••••• Laborers, except farm and mine•••«•••• Occupation not reported. Note: Source: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding* U* S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census* 11.5 1.2 .9 C hart 10- PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MEN AND WOMEN BY MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP, BY COLOR April 1950 MEN OCCUPATION GROUP 30 i Professional, Technical ___________________ and Managerial Workers WOMEN PERCENT 10 0 r~ 20 PERCENT 30 40 I7777//////M 1 Farmers and Farm Laborers Clerical and Sales Workers 777777777777777/7/7777///T\ E Craftsmen and Foremen I7ZZZZZZZZZZZX O peratives Private Houshold Workers l _ l ................... E Other Service Workers, Except Private Household Laborers, Except Farm and Mine BUREAU O F LA B O R STATISTICS 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 X 7ZZZ i UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 50 ------------------- j Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census EMPLOYMENT Sharp increases in labor requirements, together with some major shifts in the industry distribution of employment, are likely in the event of full mobilization. Some idea of the nature of the change that might occur is provided by the experience in World War II (table 16 and chart 11). Between June 1941 and June 1943, about 6 million workers were added to payrolls of all types of employers other than farmers. Fully two-thirds of the increase occurred in metals and metal-products manufacturing industries. Sizable gains were recorded also in the war-related petroleum, chemicals, and rubber products industries, as well as in transportation and pub lic utilities. The Department of Defense also hired relatively large numbers of additional civilian workers. On the other hand, employment actually declined in mining, contract construction, trade, finance, and State and local governments, reflecting re strictions on nonessential activities as well as manpower shortages induced by the shift of workers to higher paying war?industries. The pattern of employment changes associated with partial mobi lization is illustrated by the experience during the Korean emer gency period (table 16 and chart 11). Industry, business, and gov ernment employed 49*4 million workers in June 1953, almost 5 mil lion more than at the time of the Korean outbreak in June 1950. This increase reflected the expanded demand for civilian goods and services, as well as the requirements of the national defense pro gram. Comparison of the industry distribution of employment in mid-1953 with that of mid-1950 shows an increase in the relative importance of durable goods manufacturing* These industries added more than 2 million workers, and the proportion of all nonfarm employees in these industries rose from IB percent to 21 percent. Gains in non durable goods manufacturing were much more modest— totaling about 300,000 workers. The increase occurred principally in industries affected by expanding business and government demand, particularly chemicals, petroleum, and rubber. Among nonmanufacturing industries, the largest employment gains during the Korean period occurred in wholesale and retail trade, reflecting a greatly increased volume of consumer buying. Employment in contract construction in June 1953, a t 2.6 million, was above the pre-Korean level. However, construction industry employment was somewhat below the record for the month reached in 1951. -35- The only major nonmanufacturing industry reporting a reduction in its work force during the period of the Korean conflict was bi tuminous-coal mining, which has experienced a long-continuing down trend in employment. At 300,000 in June 1953, employment in this industry was one— fourth below the June 1950 level. Practically all of the increases in employment during the Korean emergency occurred in the first 2 years after the start of the conflict. During the first half of 1953, employment leveled off, and then began to decline. The drop occurred primarily in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and in the Federal Govern ment, By April 195A, nonfarm employment was significantly below that of a year earlier. This decline was reflected in labor turnover rates, which not only measure the ebb and flow of factory hiring, but also gage the tightness of the labor market. Thus, the recent drop in factory employment is evidenced by the low hiring rate in March 195A (table 17); the March 195 A quit rate, which was far below World War II levels, also reflected the eased labor market situation. The labor supply available for production can be expanded sharply, when necessary, by increasing the length of the workweek. Widespread overtime work wias characteristic of many manufac tu r ing industries during the Korean emergency. However, the average work week of about A1 hours that was maintained during most of this par tial mobilization period is far below that which could be attained in the event of full mobilization (table 18 and chart 12)• In 19AA, the factory workweek averaged over A5 hours and in the durable goods industries the average was about A6-1/2 hours, A significant change in the geographic distribution of nonfarm employment has occurred since 1939, reflecting both the developments of World War II and long-term locational trends. Relative gains were the sharpest in the South and West, with the Pacific States leading the Nation in the rate of employment growth (table 19)* One of the problems to be considered in the efficient utili zation of available manpower is the presence of areas of substan tial labor surplus. Despite a generally favorable employment sit uation in March 1953, 17 major labor market areas were classed as having substantial manpower surpluses, A year later, twice as many areas were included in this category (table 20 and chart 13), The agricultural work force has experienced a long-term de cline, In 1953, according to Census Bureau estimates, agricultural employment averaged 6,5 million, or about 11 percent of total civ -36- ilian employment (table 21). This was 3«4 million less than the level in prewar 1939 when the Nation’s farms accounted for onefifth of total employment. Despite this reduction in the farm work force, total farm output has increased because of gains in agri cultural productivity (table 22 and chart Li)• Table 16.— •Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division, selected periods 1941-54 (Thousands) April Industry 1954 y June 1953 June 1950 June 1943 June 1941 44,510 42,365 36,283 960 1,803 12,967 5,525 Total*......... ••••••••••....... 47,925 49,904 Mining............................ Contract construction.. Manufacturing. .............. •••.. Metals and metal products.... . Petroleum, chemicals and rubber........................ All other manufacturing..,,..,. Transportation and public utilities....... . Trade....... .............. . Finance.......................... Service.............. .•••••••••• Government.... . Department of Defense.....,.,., Other Federal Government,•••••• State and local....•••••••••••• 747 2,512 15,965 7,676 2,711 17,416 8,568 929 2,430 14,733 6,342 915 1,669 17,431 9,717 1,289 7,000 1,352 7,496 1,142 7,249 1,051 873 6,663 6,569 4,006 10,422 2,073 5,501 6,699 1,036 1,132 4,531 4,260 10,473 2,037 5,576 6,585 1,138 1,165 4,282 3,984 9,534 1,807 5,185 5,908 666 1,164 4,078 3,656 7,157 1,436 3,980 6,121 1/ 1,983 954 3,184 3,287 7,402 1,482 3,760 4,622 2/ 502 783 3,337 1/ 2/ 846 Preliminary. Represents employment in War and Navy Departments. Chart I. I EMPLOYEES IN NONAGRICULTURAL ESTABLISHMENTS, BY INDUSTRY June 1941, 1943, 1950 and 1953 MILLIONS 25 Selected Years m EZ3 1 (22 20 1941 1943 1950 1953 15 - 10 - 0 L_ . E M Manufacturing Trade UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LA B O R STATISTICS Government Service Transportation and Public Utilities Contract Construction Finance M Mining . Table 17#— Labor turnover rates per 1,000 employees in manufacturing, March 194-0-54 Separations Year Hires Total 1940..... 1941...... 1942..... 1943..... 1944..... 1945...... 1946..... 1947.... . 1948..... 1949..... 1950..... 1951..... 1952..... 1953..... 1954..... 29 56 70 83 58 49 71 51 40 30 36 46 39 44 28 35 34 53 77 74 68 66 49 45 48 29 41 37 41 37 Layoffs 25 11 12 5 9 7 18 9 12 28 14 8 11 8 23 Quits 7 17 30 54 50 50 42 35 28 16 12 25 20 25 10 Other 1/ 3 6 11 18 15 11 6 5 5 4 3 8 6 7 4 1 / Includes military separations, discharges, and miscellaneous separations. Table 18.— Average weekly hours of production workers in manufacturing industries, 1939-54- Period All manu facturing Durable Nondurable Annual average: 1939................ 1940................ 1941................ 1942................ 1943................ 1944................ 1945.... ........... 1946................ 1947................ 1948................ 1949................ 1950................ 1951................ 1952................ 1953............... . 37.7 38.1 40.6 38.0 39.3 42.1 45.1 42.9 44.9 45.2 43.4 40.4 40.4 40.1 39.2 40.5 40.7 40.7 40.5 44.1 40.2 40.6 40.5 39.5 41.2 41.6 41.5 41.3 40.8 41.7 46.6 46.6 37.4 37.0 38.9 40.3 42.5 43.1 42.3 40.5 40.1 39.6 38.8 39.7 39.5 39.6 39.5 1953: September...•••«•••• November.••••••••••• December.••••••••••• 40.7 40.7 40.3 40.5 39.9 40.3 40.0 40.2 41.5 41.4 40.8 41.1 40.6 41.0 40.6 40.8 39.5 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.6 39.0 39.3 39.1 39.3 1954: January.••.••••••••• February l/........o April 1/............ 1/ Preliminary. 39.4 39.6 39.5 39.0 40.1 40.2 40.0 39.7 38.5 38.8 38.8 38.1 -4 1 Chart 12. AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS HOURS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR O f LABO R STATISTICS BUREAU HOURS PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Table 19.— Employees in nonagricultural establishments, b y geographic region, annual averages 1952 and 1939 Change, 1939-52 Geographic region 1952 1939 Number Percent (Thousands) 4-7,990 30,290 17,700 58 3,480 2,580 900 35 Middle Atlantic...... 11,320 8,090 3,230 40 East North Central.... 10,900 6,870 4,030 59 West North Central.,.. 3,840 2,460 1,380 56 South Atlantic.•.••••• 5,990 3,600 2,390 66 East South Central.... 2,400 1,440 960 67 West South Central.... 3,720 1,980 1,740 88 Mountain. 1,430 790 640 81 Pacific,• 4,850 2,490 2,360 95 United States l/...... New England. 1/ There is a small discrepancy between the regional and U. S. totals resulting from the use of different benchmark adjustments in some States. Table 20*— Classification of major labor market areas, according to relative adequacy of labor supply, selected months, 1953-54. Classification Total, all groups..... Group Group Group Group I***.***...*.* II.*..**..*.*. III........... I V ............ Mar. 1954 Jan. 1954 Nov. 1953 Sept. 1953 149 0 20 95 34 149 149 149 149 1 49 79 20 2 63 66 18 3 64 64 18 5 67 60 17 Mar. 1953 Explanation of Classification Codes Group I— Areas of labor shortage* Areas in which labor shortages exist or are expected to occur in the near future which will impede "essential activities." Group TT— Areas of balanced labor supply. Areas in which current and prospective labor demand and supply are approximately in balance* Group III— Areas of moderate labor surplus. Areas in which current and prospective labor supply moderately exceeds labor requirements * Group IV— Areas of substantial labor surplus. Areas in which current and prospective labor supply substantially exceeds labor requirements. Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security -45- Table 21. — Agricultural employment, selected periods, 1929-54 Period Annual average: 1929.................. 1933.................. 1939.................. 1944.................. 1947.................. 1948.................. 1949.................. 1950.................. 1951.................. 1952.................. 1953 y ............... 1953 2/............... 1954: y January........ •••••• February.............. March•••••.••••••••••• April................. Number (thousands) 10,450 10,090 9,610 8,950 8,266 7,973 Percent of total employment 7,507 7,054 6,805 6,228 6,528 21.9 26.0 21.0 16.6 14.2 13.4 13.7 12.5 11.6 11.1 10.1 10.5 5,284 5,704 5,875 6,076 8.8 9.5 9.8 10.0 8,026 1 / Adjusted for comparability with earlier data, accord ing to footnote 2/, 2/ As published by the Bureau of the Census. The 1953 data are not comparable with those for previous periods as a result of the introduction of material from the 1950 Census into the estimating procedure. 2 / Beginning with January 1954# data are based upon a new 230-urea Census sample and are therefore not comparable with earlier data which were based on a 68-area sample. Note: These estimates are not comparable with the indexes of employment shown in the following tables and chart on agri cultural activity. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. “4.6“ Table 22.—-Indexes of production, employment, and output per worker in agriculture, selected years, 1909-50 (1939 = 100) Year 1909.......... 1 9 U .......... 1919.......... 1924.......... 1929.......... 1934.......... 1939.......... 1940.......... 1941.......... 1942.......... 1943.......... 1944.......... 1945.......... 1946.......... 1947.......... 1948.......... 1949.......... 1950.......... Production 75.5 88.7 84.0 88.7 96.3 77.4 100.0 102.1 103.7 115.1 111.6 115.6 110.7 113.7 110.3 122.9 122.9 115.7 Employment 113.7 111.7 103.4 105.8 105.1 101.0 100.0 99.6 97.4 97.7 96.6 94.3 92.2 94.6 95.2 94.5 91.8 88.3 Output per worker 66.4 79.4 81.2 83.8 91.6 76.6 100.0 102.5 106.5 117.8 115.5 122.6 120.1 120.2 115.9 130.1 133.9 131.0 Chart 14. INDEXES OF PRODUCTION. EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT PER WORKER IN AGRICULTURE IN D IX UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LABOR STA TISTICS (1939-100) INDKX -48- EMPLOYMENT TRENDS IN SELECTED DEFENSE-RELATED INDUSTRIES The sharp expansion in defense production after the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June 1950 had a varied impact upon em ployment in different segments of the economy. Some industries, especially those connected directly with the defense program, ex perienced a sharp rise in employment, whereas others lagged (table 23 and chart 15), The greatest relative rise between July 1950 and July 1953 occurred in ordnance plants (these data reflect employment in pri vately operated plants and do not include Federal arsenals). By July 1953, ordnance employment was more than seven times its rela tively small peacetime base of about 28,000 workers in July 1950, Employment in the aircraft and parts industry increased steadily during the 3-year period, reflecting its key importance in the de fense production program. By mid-1953> employment in the industry totaled almost three quarters of a million, nearly three times the pre-Korean level. The leveling off of employment in the first half of 1953 indicated that activity in the industry was approach ing established production goals which had been revised downward as a result of stretchouts of previous delivery schedules. Employ ment in private shipyards rose during the second half of 1950 and through 1951, but leveled off in the second half of 1952 and de clined somewhat in the first half of 1953* Employment in the basic steel industry (blast furnaces,steel works, and rolling mills) increased by only about 7 percent in the period under review despite the substantial expansion in capacity which had been initiated to provide additional steel for defense purposes. Most of the employment increase in metalworking machinery after July 1950 occurred by July 1951, because the defense program quickly affected machine tool production. Since then, employment in the industry has stabilized at a level 40 or 50 percent higher than that of July 1950, The automobile industry also experienced an early, but slight rise in employment, largely as a result of stepped-up production of passenger cars in anticipation of possible future curtailment. The imposition of materials controls in 1951 and 1952 brought employment in this industry below the July 1950 level. By the latter part of 1952 an improvement in the available supplies of metals for civilian use, coupled with the industry’s increased participation in direct defense production, brought the employment level in this industry to an alltime high in April 1953, Despite this rise, employment was only about 14 percent above the July 1950 figure. Employment in the communication equipment industry climbed rapidly in the first 6 months after hostilities began in Korea#(The bulk of employment in this industry is in the production of tele vision sets, radios, and other electronics equipment including ra dar and fire control devices#) After a dip in the summer of 1951, reflecting mainly a drop in the output of television sets, the ris ing production of military and electronics equipment pushed employ ment upward to an all time employment peak for this industry in March 1953, but a decline in civilian output reduced employment slightly by July 1953. After July 1953, cutbacks in many items of military procure ment and a general easing off from the high levels of economic, ac tivity caused employment in most of these industries to drop. Only in the aircraft and parts industry was the February 1954 figure higher than in July 1953# The automobile industry and the basic steel industry suffered substantial declines in employment during this period, from 966,000 to 821,000 and 665,000 to 603,000, re spectively# Sharp percentage declines also occurred in the ord nance and accessories industry, the communication equipment indus try, and the shipbuilding industry# Only a slight decrease oc curred in the metalworking machinery industry# Table 23.— dumber of employees in selected key industries, July 1950 - February 1954 (Thousands) Year and month Aircraft and parts Private shipbuilding and repairing Private ordnance and accessories Automobiles Metal working machinery Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills Communication equipment 618 629 338 403 409 409 375 414 1950: July. ........ October...... 265 311 68 76 28 34 869 908 191 219 1951: January.... . April........ July...•••••. October...... 361 422 479 504 84 96 103 108 40 54 77 no 890 896 814 797 243 259 267 266 634 638 651 648 1952: January...... April........ July......... October...... 576 610 652 684 119 129 134 134 141 162 170 176 767 799 1/662 850 280 283 276 278 648 637 1/207 643 1953: January..... April....... July.... . October.....• 721 727 741 756 134 130 126 121 181 196 205 925 993 966 897 284 285 282 283 653 657 665 650 1954* January.....• February 2/.. 771 763 117 116 189 175 851 821 279 275 614 603 l/ 7j 211 Data reflect the effect of work stoppages in the steel industry, Preliminary. 436 439 439 501 535 543 519 541 488 479 - s i - EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED KEY INDUSTRIES July 1950-February 1954 July 1950 * 100 INDEX 1950 1951 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LAB O R STATISTICS 1952 1953 * Data reflect work stoppages 1954 52- OCCUPATIONS Our Nation’s strength rests on our expanding industrial tech nology and on the skills of our people* In a technical age and in an era of international tension, mere numbers of workers are an in adequate measure of manpower resources; our Armed Forces must be highly skilled in the use of complex equipment, the civilian work force must be able to meet industry’s varied needs, and new and better equipment must be invented and manufactured constantly. Over 2 million more professionalaand semiprofessional workers and over 3 million more craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers are employed now than immediately before the outbreak of World War II. Together, the professions and crafts include close to one-fourth of all employed workers in the United States, compared with about one-fifth in 194-0. Our stock of skills has been greatly increased by the training of vast numbers of workers to meet the expanded employment requirements in major industries during and since World War II, and also by the recent boom in college enrollments and ex pansion in apprenticeship programs. (See data in section on Edu cation and Training.) The distribution and trend of employment among major occupation groups are shown in table 24.. Since 1940, the number of people employed has expanded by 14-1/2 million. Greatest concern in manpower planning for full mobilization centers on the extent to which young men, in the age groups most liable for military service, are employed in important occupations requiring long training periods0 As shown in table 25 and chart 16 one-third of all craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers are men aged 18 to 34. Among professional and kindred workers as a group, about one out of every four is a man in this age range. The professions which would be of most immediate importance in a defense emergency— — engineering, the sciences, and the major health professions— are (with the single exception of nursing) staffed predominantly by men, and to a great extent by young men. In physics and chemistry, for example, men under 35 years of age make up -well over one-third of our total resources of trained per sonnel. Clearly, the indiscriminate withdrawal of skilled and pro fessional workers into the Armed Forces could create serious prob lems affecting defense production and related research programs. As a step toward more effective utilization of manpower re sources during the Korean partial mobilization period, a List of Critical Occupations was published by the Department of Labor on August 3, 1950, and amended through August 26, 1952 (table 26). -53- This List is used by the Defense Department in considering requests made by members of the Armed Forces Reserves or their employers far delays in reporting for duty; it is used also by local Selective Service boards in considering occupational deferments. To be con sidered for a delay in Reserve callup or for occupational deferment by Selective Service,a person employed in a listed, critical occu pation must be engaged in an essential activity. Detailed defini tions of the critical occupations, a statement of the Defense De partment’s deferment policies for Reservists, and the Commerce De partment’s List of Essential Activities are available on request from the U. S. Department of Labor, Washington 25# D. C. The List is now being extensively revised. The manpower situ ation in the professional and skilled occupations has eased consid erably since the termination of hostilities. Currently at least as many men are being released from the Armed Forces as are enter ing. Moreover, in certain occupations such as airplane pilot and electrician, which were affected more by Reserve than Selective Service callups, the numbers coming out of the Service are much greater than the numbers going in. These and other factors are be ing considered in the revision of the List. Table 24.— -Employed persons classified by major occupation group, April 1954, 1950, 1945 and March 1940 Major occupation group 1950 1954 1945 1940 Number (thousands) Total employed.... ........ .••••••••• Professional, technical, and kindred workers**••••••••••••••••••••••••.• Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm***•*..••••••••••••••••• Farmers, farm managers, foremen, and laborers Clerical and kindred workers**...***. Sales workers*.....***........ •••••• Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers•••••••••••••.•••••••••••*•• Operatives and kindred workers*...*.* Service workers, except private household.......... Private household workers.••••••••••• Laborers, except farm and mine*•*.••• 60,600 58,670 53,650 46,100 5,690 4,460 3,250 3,460 6,050 6,380 4,590 3,840 5,920 7,890 3,960 7,020 7,660 3,890 8,620 6,970 2,660 8,610 4,810 2,980 8,250 12,360 7,500 11,930 6,820 12,050 5,150 8,520 5,230 1,830 3,430 4,770 1,920 3,140 4,140 1,780 2,770 3,370 2,240 3,120 Percent distribution Total employed*.••••••••••••••••••••• Professional, technical, and kindred workers*.•••.*••••••••••••*•••••••• Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm*.«••••*•••*•••••••••••• Farmers, farm managers, foremen, and laborers...•••••••••••••••••••••••* Clerical and kindred workers*•••.*••• Sales workers*..... •..*••••••••••••• Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers***••••••••••••••••••••••••• Operatives- and kindred workers****.** Service workers, except private household*.•••••••*•••••••••••••••• Private household workers•••.*••••••• Laborers, except farm and mine**...** Note: Source: 100.0 100.0 100*0 100.0 9.4 7.6 6.1 7.5 10.0 10.9 8.6 8.3 9.8 13.0 6.5 12.0 13.1 6.6 16.0 13.0 5.0 18.6 10.4 6.5 13.6 20.4 12.8 20.3 12.7 22.4 11.2 18.5 8.6 3.0 5.7 8.1 3.3 5.4 7.7 3.3 5.2 7.3 4.9 6.8 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding* U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 25.— Major occupation group of employed persons, b y age, April 1954- Total.................................................. 60,600 Professional, technical, and kindred workers..,....,. Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.... Farmers, farm managers, foremen, and laborers....... Clerical and kindred w o r k e r s . .......... Sales workers.... Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. Operatives and kindred workers .................. . Service workers, except private household....•••••••• Private household workers............••••............ Laborers, except farm and m i n e . . . •...•••••••• 5,690 6,050 5,920 7,890 3,960 8,250 12,360 5,230 1,830 3,430 41,990 Professional, technical, and kindred workers......... Manager's, officials, and proprietors, except farm.... Farmers, farm managers, foremen, and laborers........ Clerical and kindred workers........ •••••••••••••••• Sales workers..... . Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers..•••••••••••» Operatives and kindred workers...••••••••••••••••••.. Service workers, except private household Private household workers....••••••.... Laborers, except farm and mine....................... 2/ 3,460 5,080 5,200 2,770 2,480 7,980 8,900 2,740 60 3,320 55 years and over 14-17 years 18-24 years 25-34 years 35-54 years 1,980 6,880 14,420 26,340 10,980 10 450 200 370 30 230 300 180 200 520 130 570 1,790 450 540 1,620 520 200 530 1,690 1,000 1,010 2,160 890 2,200 3,580 960 240 700 2,640 3,460 2,250 2,880 1,590 4,000 5,360 2,170 690 1,310 830 1,450 1,640 870 660 1,470 1,580 1,290 510 690 1,290 3,810 10,270 18,370 8,250 200 100 520 330 240 530 1,170 200 10 510 1,150 830 890 840 650 2,130 2,660 450 1,610 2,930 1,910 1,090 910 3,870 3,700 1,080 20 1,260 500 1,220 1,490 450 440 1,420 1,190 840 10 670 W ) OQ Q) / 380 70 240 30 180 180 10 200 (n i &$0 Less than 10,000. Note: Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller estimates should be used with caution. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. -S£- Major occupation group imoi isanas) Total, 14- years and over Cha r t 16* OCCUPATIONS OF MEN OF MILITARY AGE Total Employed and Number of Employed Men Aged 18-34 By Major Occupation Group, April 1954 0 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LA B O R STATISTICS 2 4 6 8 10 MILLIONS OF WORKERS 1 4 1 2 source : u .s . bureau of the census Table 26,— -List of Critical Occupations, as of August 26, 1952 Agronomist Aircraft and engine mechanics (Air trans* & mfg.) Airplane navigator, commercial Airplane pilot Airways operations specialist Apprentice (Critical occupations only) Blacksmiths and hammersmiths Boilermaker Cable splicer, power Chemist Clinical psychologist Dentist Die setter Driller, petroleum Electrician, airplane Electronic technician Engineer draftsman, design Engineers, marine, chiefs and assistants Engineer, professional (All branches) Entomologist Farm operators and assistants Foreman (Critical occupations only) Fourdrinier wire weaver Geologist Geophysicist Glass blower, laboratory apparatus Heat treater, all around Instrument repairman Licensed mates Lineman, power Source: Loftsman Machinist Maintenance mechanic, industrial Masters and pilots Mathematician Metal miner, underground, all around Metal spinner Microbiologist (Includes bacteriologist) Millwright Model maker Molder and coremaker Nurse, professional Oil well servicing technician Orthopedic appliance and limb technician Osteopath Parasitologist (Plant or animal) Patternmaker Pharmacologist Physician and surgeon Physicist Physiologist (Plant or animal) Plant pathologist Precision lens grinders and polishers Roller, iron and steel Sawsmith Shipfitter Stillman Teacher, college and vocational (Critical occupations only) Tool and die designer Tool and die maker Veterinarian U. S. Department of Labor. -58- education AND TRAINING The increased demand for many types of highly trained profess sional aid skilled workers which resulted from the full mobilization program during World War II focused attention on the importance to the national security of maintaining an adequate flow of trainees in educational institutions and apprenticeship training programs* The level of education of the Nation*s working force is one of the best measures of its capabilities. The trend toward more school ing, which had been evident for many years, continued during the 1940-50 decade (table 27), The median number of years of school completed rose in nearly everyage group, with the greatest increases occurring in the ages under 35 years. This is especially notable because the education of so many men had been interrupted by military service. College enrollments and graduations also expanded greatly during the late 1940's. The peak in college graduations was reached in the academic year 1949-50, when about 434,000 bachelor's and first professional degrees (such as M.D., D.D.S., LL.B., and B.D.) were conferred— half again as many as in 1947-48 and nearly 2-1/2 times the prewar peak figure of 187,000 graduations (table 28 and chart 17). The record graduating classes of the late 1940*s, which were due mainly to the great numbers of veterans enrolled under the GI Bill of Rights, more than offset the drop in graduations during World War II, The increase in enrollments was sharpest in technical fields such as engineering, in which practically all students are men and in which interest was stimulated by the war and postwar em phasis on scientific and technological developments. Thus, the en gineering schools* 1949-50 graduating class of 52,000 was more than three times greater than the largest prewar graduating class. Since the 1950 peak, college graduations have declined^ owing to decreasing veteran enrollments and a temporary drop in population of college age, as well as withdrawals for military service. The number of students entering college dropped steadily from 1946-47 (when the number of veterans registering for the first time was at the peak) through 1951-52 (table 29). In the fall of 1952 and again in the fall of 1953, the number of new students increased, rising by nearly 15 percent the first year and more than 10 percent in the second year. Total college enrollments also continued to rise until 1949-50, then declined in the next 2 years. With the sharp increases in first year students in 1952-53 and 1953-54, total college enroll ments also increased by 2. 5 and 1 percent, respectively. Enrollments -59- in and graduations from higher educational institutions are expected to continue to increase during the last half of the present decade and into the 1960,s. Workers qualify for most skilled occupations principally through apprenticeship training* The number of registered apprentices has increased sharply since 1941 (table 30) .3/ Wartime needs for skilled labor caused a sharp upturn in the number of registered apprentices. Apprenticeship training increased even more rapidly in the immediate post-World War II years when many returning veterans availed them selves of the benefits provided by the Servicemen's Readjustment Act by registering in apprenticeship programs. The peak number of apprentices was reached in mid-1949 when about 235,000 persons were receiving training under registered programs. This was more than 10 times as high as the 1941 total. Although the number of apprentices in training declined during 1950, 1951, and 1952, it remained at a level considerably higher than in the prewar years. The number of registered apprentices turned upward during the first half of 1953. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has made intensive studies of several skilled occupations which throw some light on the way workers in these occupations were t r a i n e d . ^ Amongtool and die makers, 2 out of 3 entered the trade via apprenticeship} among molders, 57 percent entered in this way. The others had "picked up" their trades while working} only a few of them had any kind of formal training. In 1952 there were about 9 apprentices, both registered and unregis tered, for every 100 journeymen tool and die makers employed in the metalworking industries, and about 7 for &very 100 journeymen mold ers and coremakers. On the other hand, in some skilled occupations that have a relatively short history, apprenticeship has not been very important as a method of training. Only 5 percent of electronic technicians had received apprenticeship training. The most common type of training for electronic technicians was technical school study in civilian or Armed Forces schools. Many of these workers also acquired some of their skill through home study or hobby work. Since registration of apprenticeship programs is entirely voluntary there are a considerable number of apprentices who receive training under unregistered programs and are not included in the figures in table 30. 4 / Mobility of Tool and Die Makers. 194.0-1951. Bulletin No. 1120 (1952T» Mobility of Electronic Technicians. 1940-52« Bulletin No. 1150 (1954). Mobility of Molders and Coremakers. 19A&-52. Bul letin H 6 2 (1954). U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 27.— M e d i a n years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, by age, 1950 and 1940 Age 1950 1940 Increase, 1940-50 Total, 25 and over... 9.3 8.6 0.7 25-29.............. 30-34.............. 35-39.............. 40-44.............. 45-49.............. 50-54.............. 55-59.............. 60-64.............. 65-69.............. 70-74............. . 75 and over........ 12.1 11.6 10.7 9.8 8.9 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 10.3 9.5 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.2 *4 V3 .2 .1 .1 .1 Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Table 28.--College enrollments and graduations, selected fields, academic years, 1929-30 to 1953-54 College enrollments (regular session) Academic year 1929-30........... 1931-32........... 1933-34-........... 1935-36........... 1937-38........... 1939-40........... 1941-42........... 1943-44........... 1945-46........... 1947-48........... 1949-50........... 1950-51........... 1951-52.......... * 1952-53........... 1953-54........... JZ 2/ 2/ y Male Both sexes y y y V 1,101,000 1,154,000 1,055,000 1,208,000 1,351,000 1,494,000 1,404,000 1,155,000 1,677,000 2,616,000 2,659,000 2,560,000 2,340,000 2,400,000 2,420,000 College graduations (bachelor*s degrees 2/) Total (all fields) Male Both sexes 620,000 667,000 616,000 710,000 804,000 893,000 819,000 3/ 579,000 928,000 1,836,000 1,853,000 u 1,750,000 1,550,000 1,550,000 1,560,000 y y y y 122,000 138,000 136,000 143,000 165,000 187,000 185,000 126,000 136,000 272,000 434,000 384,000 332,000 305,000 {£/) 74,000 83,000 82,000 86,000 98,000 110,000 104,000 56,000 59,000 176,000 330,000 279,000 227,000 4/ 201,000 (I/) Natural sciences ■ Engineering 7,700 10,700 12,000 11,200 11,600 15,100 16,000 13,500 8,500 32,000 52,000 42,000 31,000 4 / 24,000 (2/) CaO (/ 2) () y WX () y WX WX (2/) (2/) y 34,000 57,000 48,000 39,000 30,000 (2/) Includes first professional degrees such as M.D., D.D.S., and B.D. Not available, Includes 270,000 full-time military students. Estimated by Bureau of Labor Statistics on basis of enrollments of third week of fall term. Source: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. U. S. - 6 2 - Table 29.— Number of students registered for first time in any college, academic years 1931-32 to 1953-54 Number of students Academic year Both sexes 1931-32............... 1933-34............... 1935-36............... 1937-38............... 1939-40............... 1941-42............... 1943-44............... 1945-46............... 1946-47............... 1947-48.............. . 1948-49............... 1949-50............... 1950-51............... 1951-52............... 1952-53............... 1953-54............... 336,997 307,690 366,734 367,983 417,539 379,070 2/ 314,311 474,894 1/ 717,000 620,000 y y y y y 595,000 594,000 535,000 492,000 560,000 620,000 Male 1/ 195,000 y y 180,000 y 220,000 y 220,000 y 250,000 y 210,000 y 180,000 270,000 y y y y y y y y 515,000 420,000 385,000 380,000 330,000 290,000 338,000 372,000 Tj Estimated by BLS on basis of sex distribution of total enrollment, 2/ y Includes 63,240 regular-session military students, Estimated by BLS on basis of enrollment of third week of fall term. Source: U, S, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and the U, S, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Table 3 0 o— Number of registered apprentices in training, 1941-53 Year January 1 July 1 1941............ 1942............ 1943............ 1944............ 1945............ 1946............ 1947............ 1948............ 1949............ 1950............ 1951............ 1952............ 1953............ 18,300 26,137 40,144 43,115 40,571 56,965 131,217 192,954 230,380 230,823 202,729 171,011 158,532 21,301 35,552 44,052 38,880 39,979 92,352 166,793 213,016 234,669 214,213 181,706 155,782 161,820 Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship, -65- LABOR MOBILITY In the event of all-out mobilization, it would be necessary for large numbers of workers to change their occupation, industry, or place of residence. Experience shows that American workers as a group are very mobile. The labor force, both in World War II and in the postwar per iod, showed great flexibility in adapting itself to the changing pattern of labor demand. About 1 out of every6 workers (7 million ) who had civilian jobs both in December 1941 and March 1944 was em ployed in a different industry group in the latter period from the one in which he had been employed in the week preceding the attack on Pearl Harbor (table 31) • An equal proportion made similar changes in their major occupation group over this period. The return to a peacetime economy caused a new wave of industry and occupational shifts, 5/ Widespread geographic shifts accompanied the war and postwar changes in the economy. During the war, vast numbers of workers and their families moved into the shipbuilding and aircraft centers of the West Coast and into the production areas of the Northern industrial states. The predominantly agricultural South, and the Great Plains States, provided the bulk of the migrants into other areas (table 32 and chart 18), In March 1945, over 15 million persons in the civilian popula tion were living in a different county from the one in which they had lived in December 1941 (table 33)• Of these, 7.7 million were living in a different State. In the postwar period, large popula tion movements across State and county lines continued. There are a number of influences, however, which hamper move ments of workers. Home ownership and family ties, as well as lack of adequate housing and community facilities, tend to restrict the geographic mobility of labor. The great extension of pension and seniority provisions in labor-management agreements in recentyears also raises special problems affecting the transfer of workers from nondefense to defense jobs. Over 5 million workers were covered by pension plans under collective bargaining agreements in mid-1950, a threefold increase over 1948 (table 34)• An additional 2-1/ 2 million workers were covered bynegotiated health and welfare plans• 'These data refer only to shifts between broad industry or occupational groups, e.g., between agriculture and manufacturing or between sales work and the skilled trades. If transfers among individual industries and occupations within the major groups were counted, the total number of employment changes shown would be far greater. ■66- Since mid-1950, there has been a further substantial increase in the number of workers covered by pension and welfare programs. Recent studies of the mobility of workers in three skilled oc cupations— tool and die makers, molders and coremakers, and elec tronic technicians— provide data on the kinds of job changes these workers made and the factors affecting these movements. 6/ Tool and die makers and molders were found to be relatively stable occu pation groups. More than half of them did not change employers during a work history period of more than a decade, which included World War II (tables 35 and 36). A sizable minority, however, changed jobs several times during this period. One out of 5 mold ers and tool and die makers made three or more job shifts. Analy sis of the work histories of those workers who had changed employ ers showed they had no strong industry attachments and that they were able to cross industry lines freely. Another finding which is important for mobilization manpower planning is that only a lim ited number of these workers had moved from one geographic area to another. Electronic technicians, a rapidly growing occupation made up of relatively young workers, showed a much higher rate of job changes than was found for tool makers or molders. Two out of five of the respondents had held three or more jobs as an electronic technician during the 12-year work history period (194-0-1952) cov ered by the survey. Over one-fourth of them held two such jobs, and only one-third held only one job. In the great majority of cases in which workers left electronic technician jobs, they moved to other electronic technician jobsj however, there was much move ment among different industries utilizing different types of elec tronic technician jobs (table 37). ’& / See footnote £ / on p. 59. Table 31•-— Wartime and postwar shifts in industry and occupation of employed workers Persons employed .on both dates, whose major industry or occupation group changed Period and type of shifts Number (thousands) Percent of total employed on both dates Between December 194-1 1/ and March 1944-**•••••• ••••••• 7,050 17.4 Between August 1945 'and August 1946,,.••••••••••• 5,540 12.5 Between December 1941 i/ and March 1944.... ........ . 7,310 1S.0 Between August 1945 and August 1946,,.«•••••••*•» 5,020 11.3 Industry shift Occupation shift 1/ Week before the attack on Pearl Harbor* Source: U« S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, - 68- Table 32.-— Civilian migration between regions, December 1941 to March 1945 (Thousands) Total migrants between regions The North The North.............. 1,550 - 640 910 The South........... 1,630 980 - 650 400 260 140 mm Residence in 1941 The West....... . Source: Residence in 1945 The South The West U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LA B O R STATISTICS MILLION PERSONS Source/ U. S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Table 33.-— Civilian migration, by type of migration, 1952 to 1953 and 1941 to 1945 April 1952 to April 1953 Migration status December 1941 to March 1945 Number (thousands) Percent Number (thousands) Percent Total civilian population 1/.. 153,038 100.0 116,860 100.0 Nonmigrants........ 142,150 92.9 101,530 86.9 10,148 6.6 15,210 13.0 Within a State..... ....•••• 4,626 3.0 7,540 6.4 Between States.... 5,522 3.6 7,670 6.6 740 .5 120 .1 Migrants 2/.... Persons abroad 2/-•••••••••••• 2/ Born on or before beginning of period. 2/ A migrant is defined as a person who, at the end of the period, was living in a different county from the one in which he had lived at the beginning of the period. 2/ Persons whose place of residence at beginning of period was outside continental United States. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table 34**— • Workers covered by pension plans under collective bargaining agreements, by major industry groups1/ mid-1950 Industry group Number of workers Total..................... ............... . 5,123,000 Food and tobacco........ Textile , apparel* and leather. Lumber and furniture........................... Paper and allied products...................... Printing and publishing........................ Petroleum, chemicals,and rubber................ Metal products................................. Stone, clay,and glass.......................... Mining and quarrying........................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities 2/*^ ^ Trade, finance, insurance,and services••••••••• Unclassified................................... 87,000 654*000 14,000 140,000 17,000 361,000 2,011,000 66,000 466,000 1,024,000 71,000 212,000 1/ Based on data for unions having an estimated total membership of slightly more than 13 million, exclusive of railroad and government unions, 2/ Excludes railroads. Source: U, S, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No, 1017, Employee-Benefit Plans Under Collective Bargaining Mid-1950, (1951), p. 5. Table 3 5•—-Distribution of tool and die makers by number of job changes, 19-40-51 Number of changes Total tool and die makers making specified number of job changes Changes made Number All tool and die makers in survey.... No change........ One change................. Two changes.............. . Three changes... Four changes........ Five changes....••••••••••• Six or more changes........ Percent Number Percent 1,712 100.0 2,127 100.0 979 216 193 95 83 57.2 12.6 11.3 5.5 4.8 3.6 5.0 62 8-4 ,, 216 386 285 332 310 598 mm 10.2 18.1 13.4 15.6 14.6 28.1 Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 1120, The Mobility of Tool and Die Makers, 194-0-1951. (1952), p. 32. Table 36#-— Distribution of molders and coremakers by number of job changes, 194-0-52 Number of changes Total molders and coremakers making specified number of job changes Number All molders and coremakers in survey...•.••••••«••••••••• No changes.....................* One change........•••••••••••••« Two changes..................... Three changes..,..•••••••••••••• Four changes,•••••••........... . Five changes.. Six changes... Seven changes...•••«.•.......... Eight changes••.•••••••••••.«•«• Nine or more changes. Changes made Percent Number Percent 1,800 100.0 2,128 100.0 973 266 54.0 14.8 14.3 7.1 3.4 2.7 1.8 .7 .4 .8 266 514 381 244 240 198 84 64 137 12.5 24.2 17.9 11.5 11.3 9.3 3.9 3.0 6.4 257 127 61 48 33 12 8 15 Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 1162, Mobility of Molders and Coremakers, (1954), P. 95. Table 37.— Job changes made between January 1940 and May 1952 by men who were electronic technicians in May 1952 Job or other status moved into Job or other status moved out of Total Armed Armed Other changes Electronic Forces, Forces,, Unemploy Technical technician civilian electronic ment other school technician job job assignment job College Total...................... 7,261 4,049 1,200 472 393 398 668 81 Electronic technician job# Other civilian job........ Armed Forces, electronic technician••••••••••••.» Armed Forces, other assignment Unemployment..... •••••••.. Civilian technical school# College. 2,790 1,985 2,253 597 122 561 192 232 72 294 66 67 79 220 6 14 635 303 115 wm 92 103 22 563 114 165 576 41 205 109 60 28 123 39 11 106 106 41 13 15 14 410 765 113 - - 7 33 8 9 12 6 U 6 Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 1150, The Mobility of Electronic Technicians, 194-0-52, (1954), p. 25 • ■75- MI LITARY MANPOWER The Armed Forces become a major claimant for manpower during periods of national emergency, with high priority for the men in the age groups and with the skills needed for military service* During World War II, the Armed Forces expanded from a net strength of only 3AO,000 in August 1939, and of 2.1 million in December 1941, to a peak level of 12*3 million in June 1945* By December 1946, rapid demobilization reduced the size of the Armed Forces to the pre-Pearl Harbor level, and by June 1948, when the Selective Service Act of 1948 was enacted, they had been further reduced to 1.4 million. There was a moderate increase of about 200,000 in the second half of 1948} by mid-1950, however, the Armed Forces* net strength was again about 1,5 million (table 38 and chart 19), In the first year of the Korean emergency net strength rose by almost 2 million, followed h y a smaller increase of about 400,000 in the following year to reach a total of over 3,6 million men by July 1, 1952. On July 1,1953, shortly before the cessation of the Korean hostilities, net strength was still about 3*6 million, but by the end of the year, the level had declined to about 3*4 million. The President’s budget message for fiscal 1955 indicated that the Armed Forces would be further reduced to about 3,3 million by July 1, 1954, and to slightly over 3.0 million men hy mid-1955. The sources of manpower available to the Armed Forces under current legislation consist essentially of (l) nonveterans aged 18-1/2 to 25 subject to induction under the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951, (2) other physically qualified men who may enlist, and (3) members of National Guard units and Reserve components not on active duty. In addition, about 300,000 college students enrolled in ROTC programs will provide a source of trained military specialists for future needs (table 39). The Bureau of Labor Statistics recently prepared estimates of the Selective Service Pool 7/ for 1953 to I960. Table 40 shows the derivation of the base period pool— — that is, the expected yields to the pool from the Selective Service classifications as of July 1953. The Department of Defense has prepared estimates of military manpower requirements under certain assumptions of Armed Forces net strength. Their estimates include figures on future enlistments and reenlistments as well as other sources of military supply outside the UMTS Act. 7 / The Selective Service Pool is the number of men who are liable for the draft and who will not be exempt or deferred when reached for induction. -76- The size of this pool op July 1 of each year from 1953 to I960, as shown in table 41, has been estimated by adding inflows each year to the base period pool and deducting the Armed Forces requirements* The estimates are based on the assumption that Armed Forces strength will decline from 3*4 million in January 1954 to about 3 million by July 1, 1955> and will continue at that level to July 1, I960. Under these conditions the pool is expected to increase steadily from about 1/2 million on July 1, 1953, to al most 1.7 million men by July 1, I960. There were 17 million veterans of World War II and the Korean conflict not on active duty as of December 31, 1953 (table 42). Of these, 1.6 million were veterans of the Korean War who had had no World War II service. Over 40 percent of the World War II vet erans were 35 years of age or older— beyond the primary military ages. Most of the Korean veterans were concentrated in the age group 20-24. Because of the operation of the Aimed Forces Reserve Act, most of the Korean veterans are members of the military re serve forces. These reservists constitute a primary source of military manpower in the event of full mobilization. Of the 2.2 million reservists not on active duty on November 30, 1953, over 40 percent were in the Army Reserve (table 43). This is at least partially due to the short terms of service of inductees who entered in recent years, primarily into the Army. Moreover, at least 85 percent of all reserves are in the group "ready reserves,"most of whom have recently finished their active military duty and are more likely to be called than other classes of reserves under mot>ilization conditions. -77< Table 38.--Net strength of the Armed Farces, selected months, 1939-54 Year and month l/ 1939: 194-0: 194-1: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1948: 1950: 1951: 1952: 1953: 1954: August (beginning of World War II)................ September (Selective Service Act of World War II enacted)..... December............. .............. .. December.......... ......... . December. ........................ .•••• June (World War II peak)............. December.......... . June (Selective Service Act of 1948 enacted)........ ••••«• December June*. July.............. ............... «... July................ ................. July......... . January. Number (thousands) 342 553 2,073 6,442 10,265 12,297 2,204 1,440 1,629 1,480 3,250 3,636 3,555 3,403 X/ Data are as of the first of the month. Source: U. S. Department of Defense and the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. -78- Table 39*— RCTC enrollment by branch of service and by class, October 1953 Total all branches Class Army Air Force Navy Total............... 287,548 147,388 125,317 14,843 Basic course*.••*••• 1st year..... . 2nd year...••*..•• 213,854 123,572 90,282 111,316 65,921 45,395 93,607 52,498 a , 109 8,931 5,153 3,778 Advanced course**.*. 3rd year•*....•••• 4th year*......*•• 73,694 35,006 38,688 36,072 17,947 18,125 31,710 13,769 17,941 5,912 3,290 2,622 Source: U. S. Department of Defense* Table 4.0.— Estimated yields to the Selective Service manpower pool, by Selective Service classification, as of July 1, 1953 i / (Thousands) Classification Number in classification 2/ 600 Total.................................... I-A Examined and Acceptable.... . Less: Down-classified and rejected at induction....... ...... . 270 20 250 Yield............... .................. I-A Not Examined.....••................ . Less: Students, n.e.c..... . Other deferments.............. . Unfit for service............. 580 200 20 100 Yield.................................. Not Classified................ ....... . Less: High school students.......... College students. Other deferments............... Unfit for service....... ...... Yield.................................. Estimated yield to pool 260 180 30 30 10 30 90 1/ As of July 1, 1953, 14^ million men were registered under the UMTS Act. However, except for registrants in the classes shown, no significant numbers are expected to become available for military service from the other Selective Service categories. 2/ Adapted from Selective Service data. Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1161, Military Manpower Requirements and Supply. Fiscal Years 195Z.-60f (1954). Table 41» — Projections of Selective Service manpower pool, fiscal years 1954-60 (Thousands) Fiscal year Pool 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 550 740 890 970 1,090 1,300 1,440 Plus men becoming available for service, total. 18-J- years old........... . Deferments expiring (largely students)....... 660 420 240 670 430 240 690 440 250 710 460 250 720 460 260 740 480 260 770 510 260 Less men leaving to enter the armed services... -470 -520 -610 -590 -510 -600 -540 740 890 970 1,090 1,300 1,440 1,670 Pool, start of year......... ...... ............. . Pool, end of y e a r ............. Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1161, Military Manpower Requirements and Supply. Fiscal Years 1954-60. (1954)• Table 42 .— Estimated age of World War II and Korean veterans li.. civilian life, December 31, 1953 World War II Korean service only Age Number (thousands) Percent Total, all ages.#### 1/ 15,432 100.0 Under 20##«###.##« 20-24............. 25-29............. 30-34............. 35-39............. 40-44*•••••••••••• 45-64#•••••••••••• 65 and over#.##### 274 3,876 4,987 3,231 1,685 1,369 10 1.8 25.1 32.3 20.9 10.9 8.9 .1 Average age#...#.. 34*7 yrs. Number (thousands) Percent .1,603 100.0 35 1,088 455 21 3 1 2.2 67.9 28.4 1.3 .2 .1 - (2/0 24.2 yrs. \/ Includes 795,000 veterans who had served both in World War II and the Korean Conflict# 7j Less than 500# Source: Veterans Administration Table A3,— Military reserve forces not on active duty, November 30, 1953 (Thousands) Reserve categories Components Total All reserves.............. National Guard of the United States......•«•• Army. ................... Navy......... . Marine Corps.. «•••....•• Air National Guard of the United States...... Air Force.... ..••••••••• 1/ 2,218 (1/) 29A 919 643 86 294852 4-60 (1/) 4-0 237 4-0 214 Not available. Source: Ready U. S. Department of Defense. Standby (1/) Retired (1/) — 37 8 29 175 (£/) (1/) — — 20 3 - 84- OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ON MANPOWER AND OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK publications Studies of employment trends and opportunities in the various occupations and professions are made available by the Occupational Outlook Service of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, These reports are for use in the vocational guidance of vet erans, in counseling young people in schools, and in guiding others considering the choice of an occupation. Schools concerned with vocational training and employers and trade unions interested in on-the-job training have also found the reports helpful in planning programs in line with prospective employment opportunities. Unless otherwise designated, bulletins are for sale by the Superintendent of Documents at price indicated. Address your order to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D, C., with remittance by check or money order. Currency is sent at sender’s risk. Postage stamps are not accepted. Those reports which are listed as free may be obtained directly from the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington 25, D. C., as long as the supply lasts. Occupational Outlook Bulletins Occupational Outlook Handbook— Employment Information on Ma jor Occupations for Use in Guidance, Bulletin No, 998 (1951 Rev, Ed.), Illus. $3* Includes brief reports on more than 400 occupa tions of interest in vocational guidance, including professions; skilled trades; clerical, sales, and service occupations; and the major types of farming. Each report describes the employment trends and out look, the training qualifications required, earnings, and working conditions. Introductory sections sum marize the major trends in population and employment and in the broad industrial and occupational groups, as a background for an understanding of the individ ual occupations. -85- The Handbook is designed for use in counseling, in classes or units on occupations, in the training of counselors, and as a gen eral reference. Its 575 pages are illustrated with 103 photo graphs and 85 charts. Electric Light and Power Occupations, Employment Outlook in. Bulletin 944 (1948). Illus. •••••••••••••• 30 cents Railroad Occupations, Employment Outlook in Bulletin 961 (1949). Illus. . . • • » • • » • • • • • • . . . . o . . • • • • • • 30 cents Engineers, Employment Outlook for Bulletin 968 (1949)* Illus. 55 cents Elementary and Secondary School Teachers, Employment Outlook for Bulletin 972 (1949). 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