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U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R L. B. Schwellenbach, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Comm issioner Extent o f Collective Bargaining and U nion Recognition 1946 Bulletin 7v£o. 909 F or sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 5 cents Letter o f Transmittal U nited States D epartment of L abor, B ureau of L abor Statistics, Washington, D. C., June 24, 1947. The Secretary of L abor : I have the honor to transmit herewith the report on the extent of collective bargaining and union recognition for 1946. The study is based on an analysis of approximately 16,000 collective-bargaining agreements, as well as other source materials on employment, union membership, and other data available to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The report was prepared by the staff of the Collective Bargaining Division, under the general supervision of Harold S. Roberts, in the Bureau’s Industrial Relations Branch, Boris Stern, Chief. Philomena Marquardt was in immediate charge of assembling the information. E wan C lague, Commissioner. Hon. L . B . SCHWELLENBACH, Secretary of Labor. (in) 743762°— 47 Contents Union agreement coverage______. . . ____________________________________ Types of union recognition: Extent of coverage________________________________________________ Definitions: Closed shop........... ............................... ........................— __________ Union shop____________________ Union shop with preferential hiring------------------------------------------------Modified union shop__________________________________________ Maintenance of membership___________________________________ Maintenance of union dues________________________________ Preferential hiring____________________________________________ Sole bargaining_______________________________________________ Members only___________________________________________________ Check-off arrangements: Extent of coverage___________________________________________________ Definitions: Automatic check-off-----------Voluntary check-off___________________________________________ Page 1 3 4 5 & 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 11 11 TABLES Table 1.— Proportion of wage earners under union agreements in 1946____ Table 2.— Changes in union recognition in the United States, 1941-46-----Table 3.— Industries with 50 percent or more of the workers under agree ment covered by specified types of clauses-------------------------------------------Table 4.— Proportion of workers under union agreement, by type of union security and by industry, 1946_______________________________________ Table 5.— Approximate number of workers covered in 1946, by the type of union security listed_________________________________________________ Table 6.— Changes in check-off arrangements in the United States, 1941-46. Table 7.— Industries with 50 percent or more of workers under agreement covered by specified type of check-off_________________________________ Table 8.— Proportion of workers under union agreement, by type of check off in selected industries, 1946__________________________________________ Table 9.— Approximate number of workers covered in 1946, by type of check-off specified_____________________________________________________ (IV) 2 3 4 7 8 9 9 10 10 B ulletin 7N 909 o f the £o. U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics Extent of Collective Bargaining and Union Recognition, 19461 Union-Agreem ent Coverage Approxim ately 14.8 m illion workers were employed under conditions determined b y written collective-bargaining agreements in 1946, an increase of a m illion workers compared with 1945. T he workers covered by agreement represent 48 percent of the 31 m illion 2 engaged in occupations in which the unions have been organizing and endeavor ing to obtain written agreements. The percentage covered was the same in the previous year, but fewer workers— approxim ately 29 m il lion— were eligible for agreement coverage in 1945. Nonm anufactur ing industries accounted for much of the increase in employees eligible for agreement coverage. A bout 7.9 m illion production workers in manufacturing were covered by union agreements in 1946 (69 percent of those employed) compared to 8 m illion (67 percent) a year earlier. In the nonmanu facturing industries 6.9 million workers, or 35 percent of the potentials were employed under union agreements. Part of the decrease in total coverage in the m anufacturing industries can be accounted for b y changes in em ploym ent in such industries as aircraft and ship building, in which a large proportion of the workers are covered by union agreement. In the nonmanufacturing industries the increase in the number of workers can be accounted for by higher employm ent in such industries as construction, in which the proportion of workers covered by collective bargaining is very high. T he extent of union agreement coverage in the various manufactur ing and nonmanufacturing industries is shown in table 1. Because each group covers a range of 20 percent, it is possible for the propor1 For similar data for previous years, see Monthly Labor Review, April 1946, April 1945, April 1944, Feb ruary 1943, May 1942, and March 1939. 3 This estimate of 31 million includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial, and some professional positions, but excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, agricultural wage workers on farms employing less than six persons, Federal and State Government employees, teachers, and elected or appointed officials in local governments. It should be noted that the number of workers covered by union agreements is not the same as union membership. Except under closed or union-shop conditions, agreements cover nonmembers as well as members employed within the given bargaining unit. On the other hand, some union members may be working in unorganized plants and many civil-service employees and teachers are members of unions but are not employed under the terms of bilateral written agreements. a) 2 tion of covered workers within an industry to increase several percent and still remain within the same group. D in in g 1946 the percentage of workers covered b y agreements in the dairy products industry increased enough to bring it from the 1 -1 9 percent into the 2 0 -3 9 percent category. Chem icals, excluding rayon yarn and the paper products industries m oved from the 2 0 -3 9 percent into the 4 0 -5 9 percent group. Canning and preserving foods, dyeing and finishing textiles, and leather gloves increased in the proportion covered so that they shifted from the 4 0 -5 9 percent to the 6 0 -7 9 percent column. M oving from the 6 0 -7 9 percent into the 8 0 -1 0 0 percent group were the electrical m achinery and the rayon y am industries. T a b l e 1.— Proportion o f wage earners under union agreements in 1946 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 80-100 percent 60-79 percent 40-59 percent 20-39 percent Agricultural equip ment. Aircraft and parts. Aluminum. A u tom ob iles and parts. Breweries. Carpets and rugs, wool. Cement. Clocks and watches. Clothing, men’s. Clothing, women’s. Electrical machinery. Furs, and fur gar ments. Glass and glassware. Leather tanning. Meat packing. Newspaper printing and publishing. Nonferrous metals and products, ex cept those listed. Rayon yarn. Rubber. Shipbuilding. Steel, basic. Sugar. Book and job print ing and publish ing. Coal products. Canning and pre serving foods. Dyeing and finish ing textiles. Gloves, leather. Machinery, except agricultural equip ment and elec trical machinery. Millinery and hats. Paper and pulp. Petroleum refining. R a ilr o a d e q u i p ment. Steel products. Tobacco. Woolen and worsted textiles. Baking. C hem icals, ex cluding rayon yarn. Flour and other grain products. Furniture. Hosiery. Jewelry and silver ware. Knit goods. Leather, luggage, handbags, nov elties. Lumber. Paper products. Pottery, includ ing chinaware. Shoes, cut stock and findings. Stone and clay products, except pottery. Beverages, non alcoholic. C o n fe c t io n e r y products. Cotton textiles. Dairy products. Silk and rayon textiles. 1-19 percent (None.) NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 80-100 percent 60-79 percent 40-59 percent 20-39 percent 1-19 percent Actors and musi cians. Airline pilots and mechanics. Bus and streetcar, local. Coal mining. Construction. Longshoring. Maritime. Metal mining. Motion-picture pro duction. Railroads. Telegraph. Trucking, local and intercity. Radio technicians. Theater -— s t a g e hands, motionpicture operators. Bus lines, inter city. Light and power. Newspaper offices. Telephone. Barber shops. Building servic ing and main tenance. Cleaning and dye ing. Crude petroleum and natural gas. Fishing. Hotels and restau rants. Laundries. Nonmetallic min ing and quarry ing. Taxicabs. Agriculture.1 Beauty shops. Clerical and pro fessional, exclud ing transporta tion, communi cation, theaters, and newspapers. Retail and whole sale trade. Less than 1 percent. 3 T ypes o f Union Recognition E X T E N T OF COVERAGE Approxim ately 4 .8 m illion workers were covered b y closed and union shop with preferential hiring provisions in 1946, compared to 4.25 m illions in 1945. Union shop clauses, w ithout preference in hiring, were specified for alm ost 2.6 m illion workers in 1946 and 2 m illion in 1945. The number of workers covered by maintenance of membership decreased from more than 3.9 m illion in 1945 to 3.6 million in 1946. Table 2 indicates the changes in the proportion of workers under each type of union recognition from 1941 through 1946. D uring the war there was a m ajor shift from sole bargaining and bargaining for members only to maintenance of membership. The 1946 figures indicate a trend away from the latter type, and to the union or closed shop. T able 2.— Changes in union recognition in the United States, 1941-46 Item Eligible for union-agreement coverage: Nnmhor (in millions') _ Pproonf.agA imriar agrpomont ... 1941 . _ _ 335 30 1942 31 40 1943 31 45 1944 1945 30.25 47 1946 29 48 31.2 48 Percentage distribution2 Workers under agreements providing for— Hlosod shop . _ Union shop. . . . . . . . Msintpnanop of ■mp.Tnhorship _ .. ... Profip.rpntia.1 hiring ,, . . . . . . _ ........ ..... . _ Of.hpr * Total________________________ ____ _____ ____ } J 40 («) (8 ) (3 ) f 45 \ 15 5 35 100 30 20 20 2 28 28 18 27 2 25 30 15 29 3 23 33 17 25 3 22 100 100 100 100 3This figure is not comparable with the number listed as eligible for other years since it includes all sal aried workers and all government employees. The figure which would be comparable is 31 million. 2 Percentages not strictly comparable, year by year, because of slight changes in volume of employment during the period. 2No data. 4 No membership or hiring requirements are mentioned in these agreements, which have clauses speci fying sole bargaining, maintenance of union dues, and bargaining for members only. T able 3 lists the industries in which at least half of the workers who are under agreement are covered by the type of union recognition specified. A few industries (such as shipbuilding and iron and steel products) which were listed in the 1945 report do not appear this year because 50 percent of the workers in those industries are no longer covered by any one type of recognition clause. Carpets and rugs and woolen and worsted were both listed under maintenance of membership in 1945 but in 1946 over half of the workers in those industries who were covered by union agreements were under union-shop provisions. 4 The m ost marked change has taken place in the autom obile industry. In 1945 over half of the covered workers had m aintenance-of-m em bership provisions, in 1946 a little over 10 percent had such provisions, while a third were covered b y union-shop requirem ents, a fourth by sole-bargaining arrangements, and another fourth b y m aintenance-ofunion-dues requirements. The proportion of workers under the different types of union security for a selected group of industries is shown in table 4 , while the approximate number of workers in each of the m ajor census groups for m anufacturing and the totals for nonmanufacturing are given in table 5. T able 3.— Industries with 50 p ercen t or m ore o f the workers under agreement covered by specified types o f clauses MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Closed or union shop with preferential hiring Union shop Maintenance of member ship Baking. Breweries. Canning and preserving foods. Clothing, men’s. Clothing, women’s. Dyeing and finishing textiles. Gloves, leather. Glass containers. Hosiery. Printing and publishing. Shoes, ent stock and findings. Carpets and rugs, wool. Flat glass. Knit goods. Paper and allied products. Sugar, beet. Woolen and wor sted textiles. Aircraft and parts. Cigarettes and tobacco. Chemicals. Cotton textiles. Electrical machinery. Machinery, except elec trical. Meat packing. Nonferrous metals. Petroleum refining. Rubber. Steel, basic. Prererential hiring Sole bar gaining Pottery. Cement. Sugar cane. Longshoring. Maritime. Railroads. Telephone. NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Construction. Trucking and warehous ing. Coal mining. Crude petroleum and nat ural gas. Metal mining. Public utilities, electric light and power, water and gas. Telegraph. DEFINITIONS Closed shop Under this type of union recognition all employees m ust be mem bers of the union at the tim e of hiring and they m ust remain members in good standing during their period o f em ploym ent. is the sim plest form of a closed-shop provision: The following The employer shall employ none but members in good standing in the union. All employees shall remain members in good standing as a condition of continued employment. H iring through the union, unless it is unable to supply the required number of workers within a given period, is required under m ost of 5 the closed-shop agreements and those employees who are hired through other procedures m ust join the union before they start to work. Union shop W orkers employed under a union-shop agreement need not be union members when hired, but they m ust join the union within a specified tim e, usually 30 to 60 days, and remain members during the period of em ploym ent. A characteristic clause setting up a union shop generally reads: AH present employees not on the excluded list (outside the bargaining unit) who are not now members of the union, must become members within 30 days after the signing of this agreement. All persons employed, after this date, must becom e‘members of the union within 30 days after date of their employment. All employees will remain members of the union in good standing as defined by the constitution and bylaws of the union as a condition of employment for the duration of this agreement. Union shop with preferential hiring W hen the union-shop agreement specifies that union members shall be given preference in hiring or that the hiring shall be done through the union, the effect is very much the same as the closed-shop agreement. When the company is in need of a new employee, the union shall have the first opportunity to supply such employee. If the union shall be unable to supply such employee within 1 week, or if the union waives the right to supply such employees, the company may hire any person it desires. Any new employees hired by the company who are not already members of the anion, shall become members of the union within 2 weeks of the date of their employment. Only members in good standing of the union shall continue in the employ of the company. M odified union shop In some cases the union shop is modified so that those who were em ployed before the union shop was established are not required to be come union members. This type of union security is sometimes referred to as a modified shop. (a) All employees hired after the date of execution of this agreement must, after a 6-week probationary period, become and remain members of the Union in good standing as a condition of continued employment. In individual cases the employer shall have the opportunity of negotiating with the union with respect to a longer probationary period. (b) It is agreed that present employees, who have not and do not desire to join the union, need not do so as a condition to their continued employment with the company. It is agreed that all employees who are members of the union, or who may become members of the union, shall remain members in good standing during the life of this agreement. 6 Maintenance of membership T his type of union security requires that all employees who are members of the union a specified tim e after the agreement is signed and all who later join the union, m ust remain members in good standing for the duration of the agreement. Following the pattern of the maintenance of membership clauses established by the N ational W ar Labor Board, m ost of the agreements with this type of unionsecurity clause provide for a 15-day period during which members m ay withdraw from the union if they do not wish to remain members during the life of the agreement. It is agreed that all employees who, 15 days after the signing of this agreement, namely, [date] are members of the union in good standing in accordance with the constitution and bylaws of the union, and all employees who thereafter, become members of the union, shall, as a condition of employment, continue to remain members in good standing as long as the union specified above remains the collec tive bargaining agent. Members of the union who are delinquent in dues payments shall pay all dues before they shall be permitted to avail themselves of the 15-day escape period provided for above. Members of the union in good standing for the purpose of this provision shall be all persons who are members in good standing as of [date] or who subsequently be come members and have not resigned or withdrawn and so notified the union in writing prior to [date]. Maintenance oj union dues D uring 1946 a few agreements covering workers employed by large companies which had specified maintenance of membership in 1945 were m odified, to provide sole bargaining with the check-off of union dues for all union members as a condition of em ploym ent. Clauses of this type (which specify this form of irrevocable check-off) are found in agreements negotiated with the Generai M otors C orp .; the Goodrich Tire and Rubber C o ., Akron, the International H arvester C o ., E ast M oline, 111., the W estern Electric C o ., and Y ale & Tow ne. A n example of this maintenance of union-dues clause is as follow s; All employees who, 15 days after the beginning of the first pay roll week following the date of this agreement [date], are members of the union in good standing in accordance with its constitution and bylaws, and all employees who become members after that date, shall, as a condition of employment authorize the company for the duration of this agreement to deduct from their pay and transmit to the union an amount equivalent to their union dues as currently established by the union in accordance with its constitution and bylaws. Preferential hiring N o union membership is required under this type of clause but union members m ust be hired if available. W hen the union cannot supply workers, the employer m ay hire nonmembers and they are not required to join the union as a condition of em ploym ent. 7 Members of the union shall have all of the work pertaining to the rigging up of ships and the coaling of same, and the discharging and loading of all cargoes including mail, ships’ stores and baggage. When the union cannot furnish a sufficient number of men to perform the work in a satisfactory manner, then the employer may employ such other men as are available. Sole bargaining Under some agreements no requirement for union membership or for hiring through the union is specified. The union is the sole bargaining agent for all employees and negotiates the agreement covering all workers in the bargaining unit whether they are members of the union or not. The company recognizes union N o .----------as the exclusive bargaining agency for all production and maintenance employees of the company, exclusive of executive, administrative, office, clerical employees * * * and all supervisory employees with the authority to hire, discharge, discipline, or effectively recom mend changes in the status of employees as to factory wage rates, hours, and working conditions. T able 4.— Proportion of workers under union agreement, by type of union security and by industry, 1946 Industry Total Union Mainte Closed or nance of Preferen union shop shop—no with prefer preferential member tial hiring ship ential hiring hiring Other Total, all industries........................... 100 33 17 25 25 Manufacturing__ ____ _______ - __ Agricultural machinery Aircraft and parts____________ Aluminum___________________ Automobiles and parts________ Canning and preserving foods _____________________ Chemicals, excluding rayon yarn _ _____ _ Cigarettes and tobacco________ Cigars _ ____________ Clnt.hing, men’s Clothing, women’s____________ Cotton textiles Dyeing and finishing tex tiles________________ _______ Electrical machinery__________ Furniture and finished lum ber products............................ Hosiery Leather tanning Meat packing Paper • _ _ _ ___________ Petroleum refinin g.._________ Rayon yam _ _________ __ Rubber Shipbuilding™ ______________ Shoes __ _______ Silk arwi rayon textiles Steel, basic Steel products............— ......... Woolen and worsted textiles....... 100 100 100 100 100 28 1 6 5 1 19 4 8 14 36 38 74 62 79 12 15 21 24 2 52 100 64 11 19 6 100 100 100 100 100 100 3 1 43 90 97 32 34 35 12 6 3 8 52 54 43 11 10 2 100 100 66 9 20 15 22 57 1 1 1 18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 69 18 11 7 1 1 2 32 50 37 29 12 23 12 53 7 3 15 11 5 26 3 33 66 37 25 36' 75 39 57 69 66 48 42 23 93 47 18 1 13 4 23 2 1 35 27 17 9 3 14 4 8 14 Nonmanufacturing_______________ Coal mining Construction Railroads Telephone ______________ 100 100 100 100 100 38 16 100 9 1 28 II 2 8 1 37 6 5i 3 4 52 100 68 8 Mem bers only A few agreements stipulate that the union shall act as bargaining agent for its members only, and the agreement does not cover other workers. The employer recognizes th e ----------union as the collective bargaining agency for its production and maintenance employees who are members of the union, at the employer’s ----------works and mine. T able 5.— A pproxim ate num ber o f workers covered in 1946, by the type o f union secu rity listed Closed shop Industry Union shop with preferen tial hiring Union shop Membership maintenance Manufacturing........................................ 1,275,000 950,000 1,506,000 3,031,000 Food.......................... ....................... Tobacco............................................ Textile.............................................. Apparel............... - ........................... Lumber............................................ Furniture.......................................... Paper _________________________ Printing and publishing __ __.. Chemicals......................................... ......... . PpfrnlAiim Pnhhpr .......... . Leather..... ......... ............................. Stone, clay, and glass....................... Iron and steel................................. . Nonferrous metals............................ Electrical machinery_______ _____ Machinery, excluding electrical___ Automobile______ ______________ Transportation equipment.............. Miscellaneous................................... 210,000 8,000 40,000 515,000 25,000 20,000 130,000 3,000 120,000 320,000 90,000 20,000 15,000 90,000 15,000 165,000 50,000 60,000 55,000 126,000 185,000 32,000 180,000 8,000 76,000 70,000 70,000 40,000 5,000 30,000 30,000 15,000 15,000 1,000 55,000 15,000 4,000 5,000 3,000 61,000 45,000 40,000 15,000 25,000 15,000 10,000 17,000 12,000 60,000 15,000 30,000 20,000 75,000 235,000 40,000 70,000 90,000 240,000 50,000 20,000 125,000 50,000 140,000 60,000 35,000 725,000 185,000 260,000 460,000 80,000 250,000 40,000 2,082,000 547,000 1,091,000 664,000 Nonmanufacturing: Total, all groups1............................ 250,000 1,000 i Included in this group are employees in construction, trucking, warehousing, services, clerical, sales and professional occupations, mining, transportation, communications, and public utilities. Check-Off Arrangements E X T E N T OF COVERAGE Approxim ately 6 m illion workers (41 percent of all under union agreements) were covered by some form of check-off provisions in 1946. This is an increase of close to three-quarters of a m illion from the 1945 total. Autom atic deduction of dues was specified for a little over half of these workers while the others specified check-off of union dues only for employees who give the employer an individual written authorization. Some of these m a y b e withdrawn at any tim e; others remain in effect for the life of the agreement. In the manufacturing industries 4.7 m illion workers (61 percent) had their dues checked off compared to the 4 m illion (about 50 per cent) in 1945 The number of nonmanufacturing workers covered by check-off arrangements remained at about 1.3 m illion for 1946, but this was not quite 20 percent of the workers under agreem ent; in 1945 with only 13.8 million under agreement the same number of workers covered brought the proportion to 24 percent. 9 Changes in check-off arrangements from 1942 through 1946 are given in table 6 and they show a gradual increase in the number of workers covered by such provisions. Table 7 lists the industries which have at least half of the workers under agreement covered by one type of check-off. A few industries listed for 1945, such as chem icals, steel products, and m en’s clothing, no longer have 50 percent of the covered workers under a single type of check-off. The proportion of workers under agreement by type of check-off for selected industries is given in table 8, while the approxim ate num ber of workers covered by check-off in 1946 for the m ajor manufacturing industries as for nonmanufacturing is shown in table 9. T able 8 also shows the proportion of workers under agreement by each type of check-off during 1946 for m anufacturing and nonm anufacturing industries. Below are definitions of the two types of check-off and examples of union agreement clauses providing for each. . T able 6 — Changes in ch eck-off arrangements in the United States, 1941-46 Item 1941 Number under agreement (in millions)........................ 10.3 1943 1942 12.5 13.8 1944 14.3 1945 13.8 1946 14.8 Percentage distribution 1 Workers under agreements providing for— Automatic check-off................................................ Voluntary check-off............................................... No check-off............................................................. Total_________ _______________ _____________ 12 8 80 18 14 68 21 20 59 23 16 61 24 17 59 100 (2 ) (2 ) (2) 100 100 100 100 1 Percentages not strictly comparable, year by year, because of slight changes in volume of employment during the period. 2 No data. T able 7.— Industries with 50 percent or m ore o f workers under agreement covered by specified type o f check-off M A N U F A C T U R IN G Voluntary Automatic Cement. Clocks and watches. Glass, flat. Petroleum and coal products. Sugar, cane. Textiles, except wool carpets and rugs, and hosiery. Aircraft engines. Aluminum. Automobiles. Carpets and rugs (wool). Cigarettes and tobacco. Electrical machinery. Hosiery. Leather, except gloves and shoes. Meat packing and slaughtering. Nonferrous smelting and refining. Rubber tires and tubes. Steel, basic. Sugar, beet. N O N M A N U F ACTUR IN C Crude petroleum and natural gas products. Telephone. Coalmining. Iron mining. Telegraph. 10 T able 8.— Proportion o f workers under union agreement, by typ e o f ch eck-off in selected industries, 1946 Percent of workers under agreement Industry Total Volun tary check off Auto matic check off No check off Total. ...........................................................................................- 100 17 24 59 Manufacturing............................................................................... Agricultural machinery.......................................................... Aircraft and parts................................................................. . Aluminum............................................................................... Automobiles and parts........................................................... Canning and preserving foods................................................ Chemicals, excluding rayon yarn........................................... Cigarettes and tobacco...............................................- ........... Cigars______ ____ - ....................................................... ......... Clothing, men’s ...................................................................... Clothing, women’s............................................................... . Cotton textiles...................................................................... . Dyeing and finishing textiles............... ............................ . Electrical machinery...................... ........................................ Furniture and finished lumber products............................ . H o sie ry .................................................................................. Leather tanning....................................................................... Meatpacking.......................................................................... Paper....................................................................................... Petroleum refining................................................................ . Rayon yarn..................................................................... ........ R u b b e r.................................................................................. Shipbuilding...................... ..................................................... Shoes _____________________________________________ Silk and rayon textiles............................................................ Steel, basic................................................................... : ......... Steel products.......................................................................... Woolen and worsted textiles. ............................................... N onmanufacturing................................................................... . Coal mining _______________________________________ Construction.. ________________________________________ Railroads . . ___________________________________ Telephone____________________________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 23 13 35 15 6 26 46 1 23 25 3 77 67 19 32 30 49 8 33 46 36 32 17 33 83 2 21 68 10 38 41 47 80 59 11 22 84 36 43 6 21 20 65 28 63 20 76 14 20 45 44 43 23 14 94 43 20 9 100 39 46 18 5 35 63 32 15 41 32 91 2 13 16 40 7 31 16 53 34 19 24 40 44 3 4 36 12 81 100 100 34 66 T able 9.— A pproxim ate number o f workers covered in 1946 , by typ e o f ch eck-off specified [In thousands) Industry Automatic Voluntary Total— . ........................................................................................................ 3,637 2,503 Manufacturing _ Food. _______________________________________________________ Tobacco______________ ____________________ .................................. Textiles......................... .................. ...................... ............................. Apparel_______________________________________________________ Lumber_______________________________________________________ Furniture....... ........................ .......................................... .................. Paper_________________________________________________________ Printing and publishing_______ ____ ____ _________ _____________ Chemicals_____________________________________________________ Petroleum_________ ______________________ _______ _____________ Rubber_______________________________________________________ Leather. _. _________________________________ _________________ Stone, clay, and glass.______ ___________________________________ Iron and steel_________________________________________________ Non ferrous metals_____________________________________________ Electrical machinery___________________________________________ Machinery, excluding electrical_________________________________ Automobiles___________________________________________________ Transportation equipment................ ........................... ........................ 3,032 160 43 158 240 5 53 33 1,777 84 6 349 133 49 60 63 61 19 92 60 43 702 142 297 251 415 219 39 97 53 66 59 88 147 91 87 177 41 103 24 605 726 Miscftllanftons ___ _ _ ........ Nonmanufacturing: Total, all groups1 ____________________________________________ 1Included in this group are employees in construction, trucking, warehousing, services, clerical, sales and professional occupations, mining, transportation, communications, and public utilities. 11 DEFINITIONS Autom atic check-off M an y agreements specify that the employer shall deduct the union dues from the pay of all union members. In addition they m ay specify that initiation fees and assessments shall be checked off. The company will deduct from the pay of each employee covered by this agree ment all union initiation fees, dues, and assessments. Voluntary check-off A number of agreements specify that the employer shall check off union dues or assessments only for those employees who sign individual authorization. In m ost cases the employee m ay withdraw his authorization whenever he wishes. The company agrees that any member of local----------may, upon written in structions to the company with a copy to local--------- , request the company to deduct his union dues from his pay check once each month and the company agrees that such collected dues will be turned over monthly to the financial secretary of local----------with full accounting thereof. It is understood that any union member may rescind such deduction instructions at any time, provided the company is given written 30 days’ notice with a copy to local--------- on a form provided for that purpose. Unless rescinded, authorization for deduction of all dues shall continue for the duration of this agreement. V. S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING O FFICE: 1947
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