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EMPLOYMENT
AND UNEMPLOYMENT
IN PHILADELPHIA
IN 1936 AND 1937
PART I: MAY 1936
PROPERTY OF LIBRARY
PLACEMEIIT AllD U:lhlPLOYi.1EHT INSURANCE
IEW YORK. STATE DEPARTl1EKT OP LAIOB
•••
WORK
PROC. RAM
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT AND
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
THE WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
ON REEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND RECENT CHANGES
IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES
Under the au tho rt ty granted by the Prest dent in the Executt ve Order which created the Works Progress idllin1stratlon,
Admln1atrator Jarry L. Bo~kins authorized the est&bl18hllent
or a research prograa tor the purpose or collecting and ana1yztn15 data Dearing on prooleaa or eaployaent, uneaployaent,
and relier. Accordingly, the National Research Prograa was
established 1n October 1g35 under the superVlSlon or Corr,nt io"
GiLL, Assistant Administrator or the WPA, who appointed the
directors or the individual atudles or proJects.
The ProJ ect on Reemp1O1111ent Opportunities and Recent Changes
in Industrial Techni~ues was organized in December 11136 to
lnqutre, with the cooperation or industry, labor, and governmental and pr1vate aaencies, into the extent or recent changes
ln industri&l techniques and to evaluate the errects or these
changes on the vollllQe or employment and unemployment. David
¥eintraub and Irving XapLan, members or the research atatr
or the DiVlslon or Research, Statistics, and Finance, wereappointed, respect1ve1y, Director and Associate Director or the
ProJect. The task. set ror them was to assemble andorgantze
the ext stlng data wh1 ch bear on the pro bl em and to augment
these data DY r1e1d surveys and analyses.
To this end, many governmental agencies whicharethe collectors and repositories or pertinent intormation were lnVi ted to cooperate. The cooperating aaencies or the United
States Government include the Department or Agriculture, the
Bureau or Mine, or the Department or the Interior, the Bureau
or Labor Statistics or the Department of Labor, the Rall road
Retirement Board, the Social Security Board, the Bureau or
Internal Revenue or the Department or the Treasury, the Department or Collll!lerce, che Federal Trade :ommission, and the
Tarirr Comm1s:11on.
The ro11ow1ng pr1vate agenc1es Jo1ned ,rttb the National
Research· ProJect 1n conducting special studies: the Industrial R~search Department ort11e,un1versitY or Pennsylvania,
the National Bureau ot Economic Researcn, Inc., the &nployment Stab1liZ&tlon Research Institute or the Un1vers1ty or
Minnesota, and tile Agricultural Econom1 cs Departments in the
Agr1 cultural Experiment Stations or Cal 1torn1 a, Ill1no 1 a,
Iowa, and New York.
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WORKS
PROGRESS
ADMINISTRATION
HARRY L. HOPKINS
Administrator
OORRINGTON GILL
Assistant Administrator
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
on
Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes
in Industrial Techniques
DJ.Vm
DINTR.lUB
IRVING KAPLAN
Associate Director
Director
In cooperation with
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
JOSEPH WILLITS
A!INE BEZA!ISON
Director
Director
DIV!:]10'.J OF
PLncrnrnr A::O Lillti.lPLOYf.mH lrlSURANCE
NEW YORK S'fATE DEPAR'fMEHT OF LABO&
Philadelphia Labor Market Studies
Gladys L. Palmer, Economist in Charge
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PHILADELPHIA LABOR MARKET STUDIES
Members of Staff Who Worked on This Study
GLADYS L. PALMER, Research Associate, IndustrialResearchDepartment, University of
Pennsylvania; Consultant, National Research Project, directing studies of this
section
JANETH. LEWIS, Statistician
MURRAY P. PFEFFERMAN, Associate Statistician
MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician
VIRGINIA F. SHRYOCK, Chief Statistical Clerk
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN PHILADELPHIA
IN 1936 AND 1937
PART I:
MAY 1936
by
Gladys L. Palmer
WOR.lS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
In cooperation with
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPAR'l'KENT, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Report No. P-3, Part I
Philadel~hia, Pennsylvania
Aueust 1938
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WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WALKER-JOHNSON BUILDINCI
1734 NEW YORK AVENUE NW.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
.;-ID
s1Z0
fs
HARRY L HOPKINS
f33
-INlfl'IIATOII
V,
I
August ii, i938
Hon. Harry L. Hopkins
Works Progress Administ'rator
Sir:
I am submitting herewith a detailed report on
la;loyaent and Une•;Zo:y••nt ln.Pl&iladeZpl&ia in 193~ and
1987.
From the viewpoint of the Works Progress Administration, the greatest interest attaches to the material
dealing with those of the unemployed who were eligible
for employment on Works Program projects.
About 40 percent of the households reporting unemployment in May i936 had some member who was "active"
on the relief rolls. The relief households were principally those in which there were fewer employable members
and a higher rate of unemployment per member. Two-thirds
of the households in which all employable members were
unemployed had some member on relief.
It is worth noting
the occupational characteristics of the heads of the
relief households:
they were persons of middle age,
they had been out of work longer than the heads of nonrelief households, a large proportion of them were
Negroes, and, as a corollary• a large proportion of, them
had previously worked in unskilled and domestic- and
personal-service jobs.
That a considerable part of the price of unemployment was paid by young persons can be seen from the
following figures:
In i933, after 3¼ years of rising
unemployment, those not previously employed constituted
3. 2 percent of the total employable workers; in i936,
after 3 years of recovery, the corresponding percentage
was 6.2; in i937, at the peak of recovery, this group
experienced its first decline in relation to the total
employable workers - the number who succeeded in getting
their first jobs since entering the labor market was
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great enough during the year i936-37 to result in a
decline to 5,3 percent.
However, as a percentage of
the unemployed, those seeking their first job have increased throughout depression as well as recovery.
In
i933 they constituted 6.9 percent of the unemployed;
by i936 they had grown to 20,0 percent; at the peak
of recovery in i937 relatively more of the previously
employed than of those not previously employed had found
jobs, and the latter had therefore risen slightly to
2i,2 percent of the unemployed.
Like the youth, the long-term unemployed have been
steadily increasing as a proportion of all unemployed.
In i937 one-fifth of the unemployed men had lost their
jobs 5 or more years before; the same was true of oneeighth of the unemployed women.
In the years i936 and i937 certain industries in
Philadelphia were responsible for much of the long-term
unemployment in the city. The average length of unemployment periods was 3years or more forworkers usually
engaged in the following industries:
Foundries, blast
furnaces and steel-rolling mills, railroad-equipment
and -repair shops, and shipbuilding.
This report was prepared by Dr. Gladys L. Palmer,
Part II being prepared with the assistance of Margaret
Bell.
The studies of the Philadelphia labor market
were carried out by the National Research Project on
Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques in cooperation with the Industrial
Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania.
Respectfully yours,
Corrington Gill
Assistant Administrator
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CONTENTS
Section
PREFACE.
xl
I. INTRODUCTION.
1
Objectives of the study.
Method of conducting the study.
Source of information • • • • • • •
Summary of findings. • • • • • • •
1
4
5
II. HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION AND THE INCIDENCE OF
UNEMPLOYMENT AND RELIEF.
9
1
Size of household. • • • •
• • • •
Incidence of unemployment in households. • •
Incidence of relief in households reporting
unemployment. • • •
• • • • • •
Economic heads of relief and nonrelief
households • • • • •
III. INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
9
11
11
12
15
Employment status in relation to age, sex, race,
and nativity. • • • • •
• • • • •
Other social characteristics in relation to
employment status • • •
• • • • •
Incidence of unemployment by usual occupation
and industry. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYED. •
15
18
20
23
Sex, race~ nativity, and age.
Usual occupation and usual industry.
Duration of unemployment • • • • • •
24
25
25
A. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SCHOOL DISTRICTS.
30
Size of household.
Employment status and relief status.
Race, nativity, and schooling ••
31
31
32
32
Appendix
Usual industry • • • • • • • • • • •
8. SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED.
34
Schedule.
Definitions of terms on schedule NRP Form ,1
34
35
C. RELIABILITY OF ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON EMERGENCYWORK EMPLOYMENT ••
40
D. COMPARISON OF RETURNS ON OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY
AS GIVEN TO ENUMERATOR BY ONE PERSON FOR THE
ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD AND AS GIVEN TO ENUMERATOR
BY WORKER CONCERNED • • • • • • • • • • • • •
41
vii
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viii
CONTENTS
Appendix
Page
E, TABLES
43
ILLUSTRATION
Figure
1,
Location of school blocks which comprise the
Philadelphia survey • • • , • • • • • •
,
,
,
,
2
TEXT TABLES
Table
1,
Distribution of households by number of persons and
number of employable persons per household, ,
10
2,
Employment status of households with employable
members.
10
3,
Relief status of households reporting unemployment,
by type of unemployment,
,
,
,
• ,
,
,
,
,
•• ,
,
12
Race and nativity of employable heads of households
with unemployed members, by relief status of household and sex and median age of head of household, ,
13
Employment status and median age of employable
?ersons . . . . . • . . • .
17
Race and nativity of employable persons, by employment status and sex, • , ,
18
7,
Marital status of employable persons,
status and sex.
19
e.
Occupational group of usual occupation of employable
persons, by employment status and sex. , • • • , ,
4,
5,
6,
by employment
21
APPENDIX TABLES
E-L
E-2,
E-3,
E-4,
Relationship of respondents to head of household in
three districts of Philadelph i a survey, Hay 1936
43
Employment status of households, by nwnber of employable persons per household • •
44
Distribution of employable persons in households
with unemployed members, by number of employable
persons per household, relief status of household,
and ratio of unemployed to employable persons
45
Race and nativity of employable heads of relief
households having unemployed members, by age and
sex •
E-5,
•
• • • •
•
•
•
• • •
•
46
Race and nativity of employable heads of nonrelief
households having unemployed members, by age and
sex •
•
• •
•
•
• •
•
47
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CONTENTS
ix
APPENDIX TABLES-Conttnued
Table
E-6.
E-7.
E-8.
E-9 ■
E-10 ■
Page
Usual occupational group of employable heads of
households having unemployed members, by relief
status of household and sex. • • • • • • •
Duration of unemployment since last nonrelief job
for unemployed heads of households, by relief
status of household and sex • • • • • • • • • ■
E-12 ■
E-13 ■
■
49
Relationship to household head of persons 16 years
of age and over not seeking work, by reason for
not seeking work and sex •
50
Age of employable persons, by employment status
sex
51
.. .... ....
and
................
....
Hedi an school grade completed by employable persons,
by usual occupational group, employment status,
and sex • •
E-11 ■
48
•
•
52
Employment status of employable persons, by school
grade completed and sex. • • • • • •
• • • •
53
Usual occupation of previously employed persons, by
employment status and sex. • • • • • • • • • • •
54
Industrial group of usual occupation of previously
employed persons, by employment status and sex, •
62
E-14, Age of previously employed persons, by employment
status and sex.
63
E-15. Median age of employed persons and of unemployed
persons previously employed, by sex and usual
occupational group • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
64
E-16. Usual occupational group of unemployed persons
previously employed, by sex • • • • • • • • •
65
E-17. Usual industrial group of unemployed persons
previously employed, by sex.
• •••
65
E-18, Median duration of unemployment since last job and
since last job at usual occupation, by sex and
usual occupation • • • • • • • • • •
66
E-19 ■
Median duration of unemployment since last nonrelief
job, by sex and usual industry. •
80
E-20, Duration of unemployment since last nonrelief job,
by age and sex.
• • • • •
• • • • • • • •
90
E-21 ■
Number of persons per household and number of
employable persons per household, by school
district. • • . • • . . . • . • • • • • . •
E-22. Percentage that employable persons and persons not
seeking work is of total persons, by school
district • • • • • • • • • • • •
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91
91
X
CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLES-Conttnued
Table
Page
E-23, Employment status of employable persons, by school
district and sex, , , , ,
, , , ,
92
E-24, Relief status of households reporting unemployment,
by school district. , • , • • ,
• , , ••• ,
• •
93
E-25, Race of employable persons and nativity of white
employable persons, by school district and sex, •
94
E-26, School grade completed by employable persons, by
school district and sex • • • • • , , , • ,
95
E-27, Usual industrial group of previously employed men,
by school district, , , , • , , , , , , , ,
96
E-28, Usual industrial group of previously employed women,
by school district. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
97
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PREFACE
For the pa.st 9 years the Industrial Research Department of the
University of Pennsylvania has conducted an annual survey of
employment and unemployment in Philadelphia. This uninterrupted
record provides a unique series of measures of changes in the
volume and incidence of unemployment with successive changes in
industrial conditions in a metropolitan labormarket. The eighth
and ninth surveys, taken in May 1936 and May 1937, were conducted
in cooperation with the National Research Project. A summary
of these, as well as of earlier surveys, was presented in Recent
Trends in Employment and Unemployment in Philadelphia. 1
Part I of the monograph presents detailed statistics covering
the 1936 survey. It contains a special analysis of the unemployed
according to whether or not they were receiving relief (direct
and work). In addition, it includesanappendix showing differences in the incidence of employment and unemployment according
to school districts in Philadelphia. Another appendix of special
interest to technicians contains a comparison of returns on occupation and industry as given to the enumerators by one person
for the entire household and as given to the enumerators by the
worker concerned.
The statistical material presented in Part II, covering May
1937, is, for the most part, comparable to that given in Part I.
Part II contains a technical appendix which shows the results
of a comparison of the original returns with those of a special
check by a second visit. This check showed that schedule returns
involving information on dates and periods of time were the least
reliable; the returns for usual occupation and for usual industry
differed more than those for race, nativity, family relationship,
and marital status which were almost always reported in the same
way on each visit. In general, while the information contained
on the individual schedules differs considerably, the summary
measures obtained from the two sets of data vary very little.
The detailed data contained
in Parts I and II of this report
are comparable not only to those of the previous Philadelphia
surveys in th is series but are, in general, comparable also to
1 sy Gladys L, Palmer (Worlts Progress Administration, National Research Project
1n cooperat1onw1th Industrial Research Department, Un1vers1tY or Pennsylvania,
Report No. P-1, Dec. 1937),
xi
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PREFACE
xii
the results of other national and local surveys conducted in like
manner, i. e., by trained enumerators using a schedule and instruct ions for interviewing households. The technical appendixes
bearing on the reliability of such data are presented here with
a view to providing material which should be useful in efforts
to improve the techniques in future surveys of simi hr character.
DAVlD WE:N',RA:JB
IRVING
PH
KAPLAN
r LA o EL PH a
July 18, 1938
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES DP THE STUDY
Part I of this report summarizes the findings of a survey of
employment and unemployment in sample areas in Philadelphia in
May 1936. It constitutes the eighth of a series of such surveys
initiated in 1929 by the Industrial Research Department of the
University of Pennsylvania. This survey was conducted by the
National Research Project of the Works Progress Administration
in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department. of the
University of Pennsylvania as one of a series of studies of the
Philadelphia labor market. 1
The spring of 1936 was a period of relative business recovery
in Philadelphia. Full-time employment had increased considerably
over the depression years and was approximately at 1931 levels.
Unemployment and part-time employment had decreased. The index
of manufacturing employment in the city at the time the survey
was made was approximately 90 percent of the average employment
in the years 1923-25. 2
METHOD DP CONDUCTING THE STUDY
The sample which constitutes the basis for this and previous
1
s 1rveys is composed of approximately 1+5, ooo households scattered
over the 10 school districts of Philadelphia. (See figure 1. J
The select ion of blocks for enumeration was made in 1929 when the
sample represented abo11 t 10 percent of the city's employable
population and was made in such a way as to include households of
varying income levels as well as wide geographic distribution. 3
Households in the same school blocks have been enumerated each
year since 1929. The sample in 1936 represents about 9 percent
of the city's employable popnlation as estimated for 1936.
1Toe general obJect1 ves or these studies and related background data have been
discussed by Gladys L. Pal111er 1n Recent '/'.-ends in K•f,loy,aent and Une•Ploy•ent
in Phil.adelf,hia (Works Progress Ad1111n1strat1on, National Research ProJect 1n
cooperation with Industrial Research Department, Un1vers1ty or Pennsylvania,
Report No. P-1, Dec. 1937).
2 Ibid., p, 4.
3 For !\trtner details concerning the orlglnal sa111pl1ngprocedure, see J. Frederic
Dewhurst and Ernest .A. Tupper, Socia! and Kconosic Cha.,-ac te.,. of Une•P loy•ent
in Phikldelf,lda, Af>dlJ929 (U, S. Dept. Labor, Bur. Labor Stat1st1cs, Bull,
No. 620, June 1930).
1
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SCHOOL BLOCK 5 WHICH
OPADELPHIA SURVEY
THE PHIL
LOCATION
I • - SE
Plgar1COMPRI
~!
•
•
~-
.:
•
•
.
;®
h,an1a and
• I Research
of Pennsy h Project
lndu~troalty
R••••rc
Uniwer, .
1
P-29
WPA - l ■ t ,ona
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INTRODUCTION
3
The field work for this survey was started on April 15 and
completedon May 15. 4 A copy of the schedule used and a detailed
statement concerning definitions of terms used on the schedule
will be found in appendix B. A few definitions are important
enough, however, to warrant mention at this point.
A household was defined as an economic unit of persons living
togetherand could therefore includeunrelated persons. Information summarizing the employment status of all members of the
household to which the indi victual belonged, as well as the employment status and major occupational characteristics of persons
16 years of age and over, was transferred to Hollerith cards and
tabulated. A count only was made of children under 16 years of
age in each household. Persons 16 years of age and over who were
working or seeking work were considered "employable", whether
they had been previously employed or not. Full-time employment
was defined as work of 30 hours or more per week and part-time
employment as work of less than 30 hours per week.
Persons temporarily outof the labor market because of illness
lasting over 1 week and less than 1 year were counted as not
seeking work in tabulations of household composition and employment status of household members. Such persons differ from others
not seeking work in that they are a part of the employable population and will shortly return to the labor market. There were
1,019 such persons in the sample in 1936, and they constitute
1.3 percent of all employable persons. For the tabulations concerning employable individuals,as distinct from the tabulations
of household data, therefore, they have been included with other
employable persons and counted as unemployed.
Although a separate count was made of persons employed on the
emergency Works Program, they were regarded as unemployed and were
so classified in the tabulations of the occupational characteristics of employable persons. The Works Program employees constitute 19.6 percent of the total unemployed. Persons on strike
were also counted as unemployed, but the number of such persons
in the sample is very small.
In order to secure a general picture of the employment status
of all employable persons in the sample, the initial tabulations
of employable individuals include persons seeking work who have
not been previously employed. These constitute 6.2 percent of
4 Toe rtel<J work was sup~rv1se<1 by Franklin W. HcCur<Jy III.
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4
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN
1936
the total employable population enumerated and20 percent of the
unemployed. For data specifically related to the experience of
previously employed persons, those not previously employed have
naturally been excluded.
One of the points of interest in any study of unemployment is
the relationship of relief to unemployment. In addition to the
data provided foron the schedule, therefore,certain information
regarding relief status was also obtained. This was secured by
a clearance to the files of the Philadelphia County Relief Board
for relief status of the names and addresses of persons in the
17,035 households in the sample reporting unemployed members in
May 1936. The files of Area Statistical Office Number 2 of the
Works Progress Administration were cleared iorthe names of persons
reporting employment on the emergency Works Program. 5 Although
there are inevitable discrepancies between the household unit of
the sample and the relief "case", a count was made of unemployed
households in the sample with some member on home or work relief
and the relationship of that member to the survey household
head. Special tabulations were then made of the employability
composition of relief and nonrelief households reporting unemployment and the major occupational characteristics of the heads of
comparable households. No attempt was made to check the relief
status of 2,329 households reporting no employable members nor
the 25,q53 households in which all employable members were employed at the time of the survey, although itis conceivable that
some persons in these households might have been on relief.
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Although not included on the schedule, a check was made on the
respondent's relationship tothehousehold head in each household
surveyed. The results of this check for 3 of the 10 school districts of the city are presented in table E-1. It shouldbe noted
that for almost half of the households enumerated, the wife of
the household head gave the information, since most of the enumeration took place during daytime hours. For slightly over
one-fourth of the households, the head of the household gave the
information. For the remainder, children or other relatives, or
boarders and lodgers answered the questions asked. Return visits
were made in case answers to specific questions couldnot be secured or when no information could be obtained on initial visits.
6 Fu11 er acknowl edgem en t or the cooperatl on or
has been made ln Report No. P-1.
these agencl es.)~ th! s study
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INTRODUCTION
This survey has become established as a source of employment
information in Philadelphia, and householders in the sample areas
expect to be visited each spring. The percentage of refusals
is therefore low. The data obtained appear to be as reliable as
those of any census in which enumerators receive special training
before taking schedules and in which schedules can be corrected
for obvious errors by return visits.
S""4ARY
or
PJNDINBS
The findings of this sample census may be summarized briefly.
Of the total number of q.q.,817 households enumerated in the spring
of 1936, q.O percent reported the unemployment of one or more
members of the economic unit regarded as a household. Sixty
percent of the households reported their members to be employed
on a part- or full-time basis. The proportion of households in
which all employable members were unemployed was 17 percent.
Stated in another way, one can say that of the households reporting unemployment, q.2 percent reported all members unemployed,
and 58 percent reported partial unemployment.
Over half of the ho1Jseholds reporting unemployment had been
known to the Philadelphia County Relief Board at some time. At
the time the survey was made, however, only q.o percent of the
households had some member who was "active" on public relief
rolls. When the figures for unemployed households are converted
to unemployed persons, it is found that about q.q. percent of all
unemployed persons in the sample lived in households in which
some member was on relief rolls. The importance of the incidence
of totally unemployed households to relief agencies is attested
by the fact that some member of over two-thirds of the total
number of households in which all members were unemployed was on
relief rolls.
Relief housenolds in the sample in 1936 therefore tended to be
those in which there were relatively few employable members and
which had a high rate of unemployment per member. The economic
neads of such households also had special occupational characteristics worth noting. They were persons of middle age, and they
had been out of work, on the average, for longer periods of time
than the heads of non re 1 i ef households reporting unemployment.
This study substantiates the findings of other studies of the
Philadelphia labor market with regard to the high proportion of
Negroes in the relief population of the city and perhaps as a
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6
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN
1936
corollary of this fact, the high proportion of heads of relief
households whose previous occupati'.>.tal experience has been in
unskilled and domestic- and personal-service jobs.
At the time of the survey, slightly over half of the total
number of 173,428 persons covered were not seeking work, while
46.6 percent, or a total of 80,841 persons 16 years of age and
over, were reported to be working or seeking work. Thirty percent
of the employable persons were seeking work in May 1936; 60 percent were working full time; 9 percent, part time; and 1 percent
were temporarily out of the labor market because of illness.
One-fifth of the unemployed, or 6 percent of all employable persons, were working on the emergency Works Program; 6 percent of
the total, or 5,025 persons, had not been previously employed.
The incidence of unemployment was f onnd to vary with sex, age,
and race and nativity, and also by occupation and industry. In
general, there was a higher rate of unemployment and part-time
employment for women thanformen, which may be partly accounted
for by a high proportion of new workers and reentry job seekers
among unemployed women. If emergency Works Program employment
is considered, it is found that a much higher proportion of men
than of women were employed on such projects.
Younger persons were out of work in higher proportions than
middle-aged or older workers. Persons of middle age had the
highest proportions reporting employment. Negroes were out of
work in greater proportions than white workers. Differences in
the incidence of unemployment in relation to schooling and marital
status were also examined in this survey, but these appeared to
be incidental to more fundamental differences in the incidence
of unemployment by occupation and industry.
The incidence of unemployment was relatively high for both men
and women who were usually employed in unskilled and in textile
and clothing occupations. It was especially high for men from
occupations in the building and construction industries and relatively high for women with experience in domestic and personal
service. The incidence of part-time employment was almost twice
as high for women as for men. This was also high for both men
and women in occupations in textile and clothing manufacture and
for women from domestic- and personal-service and executive and
professional occupations.
The unemployed among the previously employed population, as
reflected in this sample census, were found to be .r-sf ;:1._i rly l repDigitized by \JUOg e
I HTRO DUCT I ON
7
resentative cross sectionof the employable population, although
the characteristics of the long-time unemployed differed somewhat
frOfll that population with respect to age and experience. Twice
asmanymenaswomen made upthe unemployed population in May 1936,
as reflected in this sample. Over half of the men and almost
three-fifths of the women were native-born white workers. T~e
average unemployed man was about the same age l 38. q years) as the
average employed man I 38. 5), although the average unemployed woman
was more than a year olderthan the average employed woman. The
proportion of men and women in the higher age brackets, however,
was slightly greaterin the unemployed than in the employed sections of the sample population.
Almost half of the unemployed men and 38 percent of the unemployed women had formerly been in skilled and semiskilled occupations in the manufacturing and mechanical industries. An
equally high proportion of women had been employed in domestic
and personal service.
A significant proportion of the total persons seeking work had
been unemployed for relatively long periods of time. The average
unemployed man had lost his last nonrelief job I lasting 1 month
or longer) .23 months before May 1, 1936, while the average nnemployed woman had been out of a job for16 months. The unemployed
had lost their last jobs at the usual occupation even earlier,
men having been out of work from these jobs, on the average, for
.26 months and women for 17 months. The differences between the
two measures of duration of unemployment were greater for men
than for women when workers from all occupations are considered
together, and greater in some occupations than in others. These
differences give some indication of the difficulty or ease with
which jobs in other occupations were secured after the loss of
the last jobs at the usual occupation.
Duration of unemployment was found to increase with age. A high
duration of unemployment was also found to be characteristic of
certain occupations and industries. Workers from certain occupations in the building and construction industry, for example,
reported long periods of unemployment as well as a high rate of
unemployment in Philadelphia in 1936. Women customarily attached
to certain textile and domestic- and personal-service occupations
were also unemployed in high proportions and reported long periods
of unemployment from their last jobs at the usual occupation.
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8
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN
1936
The following sections and appended tables describe these findings in greater detail. The data concerning the incidence of
unemployment and relief in honseholds are de3cribed first. This
is followed by a summary of the data on the employment status of
persons 16years of age and over in May1936and the occupational
characteristics of the unemployed whohad been previously employed.
For those _persons or community agencies interested in regional
differences within the city, selected data on the occupational
characteristics of the employable population of each of the 10
school districts have been tabulated and briefly described in
appendix A. For comparison with the findings of earlier years,
the reader is referred to Report No. P-1, already mentioned, and
the publications cited therein. 6
6 Pa1111er,
ioc. cit.
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SECTION I I
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION AND THE INCIDENCE
OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND RELIEF
This section describes the data relating to the size of household, the number of employable persons per household, and the
incidence of unemployment in households included in the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment in May 1936. These
data are of special value to relief agencies because of the relationship of the incidence of relief to the size and employability
composition of households and to the incidence of unemployment
in households. Since the unemployment of the economic heads of
households may be an equally important factor in explaining the
presence of households on relief rolls, a comparison of the major
occupational characteristics of the heads of relief and nonrelief
households has also been made.
SIZE DP HOUSEHOLD
The 44,817 households in the survey averaged 3.9 persons and
.3 employable persons 1 per household. Because of the definition
of household used in the survey, the average is larger than an
average for families (households of only related membersl would
be. When the size of households is corrected for unrelated persons, the average number of persons per Jamil y becomes 3.8. For
the city as a whole, only a small percentage of single-person
households ( 7. 6) and of households with no employable member
Is .2) 2 was found ( table 1). The largest proportion of households
in the sample (46 percent) had one employable member. At the
other extreme, a very small proportion of the households had s
or more employable members, with1 household having 1oandanother
14 employable members. 3
1
1In this section the analysts or data ror households excludes 1,019 persons
not seeking work because or temporary illness.
2Th1s proportion is reduced to 4.7 when households in which the only employable member was temporarily disabled are excluded.
3rhe latter 2 were boarding houses.
9
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
Ta~I• 1.- DISTRIBUTION or HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER or PERSONS
AND NUMBER OP EMPLOYABLE PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD
Number of
persons per
household
Total
Households
Number
Percent
44,817
100.0
-
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 and over
Average
-
3,400
9,582
9,405
8,198
5,823
7.6
21.4
21.0
18.3
13.0
3,625
2,127
1,206
707
744
8.1
4.7
2. 7
1.6
1.6
3.9
NU111ber of
employable
persons per
household a
Total
0
1
2
3
4
5
Households
Number
Percent
44,817
100.0
2,329b
20,604
12,287
5,705
2,521
926
5.2
46.0
27.4
12.7
5.6
2.1
6
7
8
9
10 and overc
330
96
14
3
2
Average
0.8
0.2
*
*
*
1.8
•txcludes previously employed persons who were telll)orar1ly out or the labor
mrket because or Illness.
bl ncludes 229 households In which the only employable members were not seeltlng
work because or temporary illness.
clncludes 1 household wlth 10 and another with 14 employable members.
*Less than 0,05 percent.
Ta~l• 2.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS DP HOUSEHOLDS
WITH EMPLOYABLE MEMBERS
Employment status
of household
Total•
Reporting only employment
Complete full-time employment
Complete part-time and
full- and parttime employment
Reporting unemployment
Complete unemployment
Partial unemployment
Nwnber
Percent
42,488
100.0
25,453
59.9
21. 697
51.1
3,756
8.8
17,035
40.1
7,237
9,798
17.0
2 3.1
8 txcludes 2,329 households with no employable members.
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UNEMPLOYED HOUSEHOLDS ON RELIEF
INCIDENCE
or
11
UNEMPLOYMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS
Of the total number of households containing employable members,
17,035, or qo percent, reported some unemployed member, and 60
percent reported the full- or part-time employment of all employable members. The distribution of full- and part-time employment
and unemployment by the number of employable persons per household
is presented in tables 2 and E-2. Complete employment of all the
employable members of the household was reported by 60 percent
and complete unemployment by 17 percent of the households. Of
the households reporting unemployment, q2 percent reported all
members unemployed, and 58 percent reported partial unemployment.
INCIDENCE or RELIEF IN HOUSEHOLDS
IEPORTINB UNEMPLOYMENT
This information on the incidence of relief in the unemployed
population was secured by a clearance to the Philadelphia County
Relief Board files of the names of persons in households reporting unemployment. It should be noted again that such a check
omitted the households with no employable member and the households reporting the employment of all members. Some households
in both of these groups might have had members on home- or workrelief rolls, but the total number of these would be very small.
The following data therefore indicate the incidence of relief in
households with employable members relative to the incidence of
unemployment ..
Forty percent of the households with employable members reported
the unemployment of one or more members in May 1936. One-half
of these had been known to theCounty Relief Board at some time,
and qo percent (6,878) had some member who was an "active case"
on home- or work-relief rolls at the time the survey was made
( table 31. (These households constituted 15 percent of the total
number of households in the sample.) Stated in another way,
~ percent of all unemployed persons lived in households in which
some member was on public relief rolls.
The "household" of the sample was not always strictly identical
with the unit of the relief "case." In four-fifths of the households with "active" relief status, however, the name of the employable head of the sample household was identical with the
relief case name. In 12 percent of the households with active
relief status, some employable person other than the sample houseDigitized by
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
12
Ta~I• 1.- RELIEF STATUS
or
HOUSEHOLDS REPDRTINB UNEMPLDDENT
BY TYPE DP UNEMPLOYMENT
Relief status of
household
Complete
unemployment
Total
Partial
unemployment
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total a
Relief
Home reliefb
Work reliefc
Nonrelief
17,035
100. 0
7,237
100. 0
9,798
100.0
6,878
40.4
4,955
68.5
1,923
19.6
3,161
3,717
18.6
21.8
n.a.
n.a.
10,157
59.6
2,282
-
-
n.a.
-
n.a.
31.5
7,875
80.4
aExcludes households ln which the only employable members were not seeking
work because or temporary illness.
brncludes only •active cases• on the County Reller Board rolls ln May 1936.
cincludes only cases transferred by the County Reller Board to the emergency
Works Program prior to May 1936.
n.a.Data not tabulated for thla break-down.
hold head was on relief rolls.
In the remaining 8 percent of the
households, persons defined as unemployable in this study were
on relief rolls. Over a quarter of these were household heads
not seeking work in May 1936.
A special analysis of the number of persons and of employable
members in households reporting unemployment reveals some interesting differences between relief and non relief households.
Al-
though the average number of persons per household is only slightly
higher in nonrelief (4.6) than in relief (4.4) households, the
average number of employable persons is considerably higher in
the former (2.7) than in the latter (1.9). Even more important
is the fact that the rate of unemployment, as measured by the
average number of unemployed per employable persons, is consistently lower in nonrelief than in relief households (table E-3).
Sixty-nine percent of the totally unemployed households were on
relief ( table 3), while only 20 percent of the partially unemployed households were on relief rolls.
ECONOMIC HEADS OF RELIEF AND NONRELIEF HOUSEHOLDS
Al though the incidence of unemployment in relation to the number of employable persons in a household is probably the most
significant factor in the incidence of relief, the major occupaDigitized by
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UNEMPLOYED HOUSEHOLDS ON RELIEF
13
tional characteristics of the economic head of such a household
may also be important as a reason for its presence on relief
rolls. A special analysis comparing the major occupational characteristics of employable heads of relief and non relief households
reporting unemploym~nt was therefore made. 4 The findings of
this comparative analysis may be summarized briefly.
The ratio of female to male household heads is about the same
in the two groups, but this is influenced by the fact that only
employable household heads are considered in the analysis. The
proportion of Negroes is high among relief as compared with nonrelief household heads, and the proportion of white persons correspondingly low. For each race and nativity group, except for
native-born whi tewomen, the average age of the heads of non relief
households is higher than that of the heads of relief households
(tables q, E-q, and E-51. This probably reflects the burden of
4.- RACE AND NATIVITY DP BMPLDYAILE HEADS DP HDUSBHDLDS
WITH UNEMPLOYED M! .. ERS, IY RILIIP STATUS DP HOUSEHOLD
AND SEX AND MEDIAN ABB DP HEAD DP HDUSEHDLDa
Ta~l ■
Race and
nativity
Men,
total b
White
Na ti ve-born
Foreign-born
Negro
Other
'Women, total b
White
Native-born
Foreign-born
Negro
Other
Number
Relief
Percent
Median age
Non- Relief Non- Relief Nonrelief
relief
re lief
4. 717
8,377
100. 0
100.0
41.5
45. 9
1,903
1,281
1,522
40,3
27.2
32.3
0.2
50.9
38.0
11.0
0.1
38. 4
45.9
39.4
44.0
50.5
41.1
11
4,251
3,181
924
11
722
1,322
100.0
100. 0
39.0
40.4
229
72
421
0
851
247
224
0
31.7
10. 0
58.3
54.4
18. 7
15. 9
39.0
44.2
37.7
38.4
45. 4
39.0
-
-
•
-
•
-
•E.zcludes persons not seeking work because or temporary illness.
bt:zcludes 68 men and 33 women who did not report age or race and nativity.
1Median not calculated ror rewer than 25 cases.
4 F'or this comparison, data ror the employable heads or 5,458 relier householels
in which the relier case name and the name or the sample head were identical
have been tabulateel anel compared w! th the data ror 9,781 employable heads or
nonrelier households reporting unemployment.
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14
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
economic responsibility thrown upon middle-aged economic heads in
households where there are relatively few employable members to
share such responsibility. An analysis of the occupational group
of usual occupation (table E-61 shows that the proportion of unskilled men and of women from domestic- and personal-service jobs
is twice as high among the heads of relief as compared with nonrelief households reporting unemployment. There are more men
from the building and construct ion trades and considerably fewer
women from clerical jobs in the relief group than in the nonrelief
group. Heads of relief households have also been out of a job
for longer periods of time that the heads of nonrelief households
I table E-7). The difference is about 10 months in the case of
both men and women, although men tend to have been out of work
for slightly longer periods than women.
Relief households in the Philadelphia Survey in May 1936 may
therefore be described as households with a relatively small
number of employable members and a high rate of unemployment per
member. While the heads of these households tend to be persons
of middle age, they are relatively younger than other household
heads. There is a disproportionally large number of Negroes in
the relief population of the sample and, perhaps as a reflection
of this fact, a high proportion of household heads with past
experience in unskilled labor and domestic and personal service.
The economic heads of relief households have remained out of work,
on the average, for over 2 years, an average considerably higher
than the average duration of unemployment for the unemployed heads
of nonrelief households. The findings with regard to the racial
composition of relief households in the survey, as well as other
points in the occupational experience of relief household heads,
are substantiated by the findings of other studies in this series
of studies of the Philadelphia Labor Market.
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SECTION I I I
INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
The incidence of unemployment among individuals has been studied
in relation to such factors as the age, sex, and race of workers,
their schooling and marital status, and the occupations and industries in which they were normally employed.
It was found that, in general, a higher rate of unemployment
and part-time employment obtained for women than for men. Workers
in the middle-aged groups were employed in higher proportions
than older or younger workers. Negroes had a higher rate of
unemployment than white persons, and native-born than foreign-born
workers. These and other differences in the rate of unemployment
were partially conditioned by a more important consideration,
namely, the rate of unemployment in the occupations and industries
in which unemployed persons had usually been employed. The incidence of unemployment was highest for men from building and
construction industries and for women from miscellaneous industries which include domestic service for private familie~.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN RELATION TO ABE, SEX,
RACE, AND NATIVITY
Of the total number of 173,~28 persons in the ~~.817 households
of the sample, slightly over half were not working or seeking
workatthe timeofthe study. Therewere~s.68~ persons 16 years
of age and over not seeking work. Data concerning their relationship to the economic head of the household and the reasons
given for not seeking work are presented in table E-8. Seven
times as many women as men were found in this group. As might
be expected, the majority of the women were wives of household
heads and were not in the labor market because they were occupied
in household duties. Over a third of the men not seeking work
were sons of household heads and were at tending school. There
were 3,360 economic heads of households not seeking work, but
these constituted only a small proportion (7 percent) of the
total number of persons 16 years of age and over not seeking work
in May 1936.
15
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16
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
A total number of Bo ,81u employable persons was reported. The
employment status and average age of persons 16 years of age
and over who were working or seeking work in May 1936 are presented in table 5. Iu the following analysis, 1,019 persons not
seeking work because of temporary illness have been included
with the unemployed, and, unless otherwise noted, personsemployed
on eme.rgency Works Program projects have also been considered
unemployed.
When the data on employment status are analyzed by sex and
age, some interesting facts emerge. The rate of unemployment,
in general, is higher for women than for men. The rate of emergency Works Program employment, 1 on the other hand, is higher
for men than for women. This might be expected in view of the
types of projects which comprise the Works Program in most cities.
Part-time employment was defined as employment of less than
hours a week. The incidence of such employment is considerably
higher for women than for men in the sample, and the incidence o!
full-time employment is correspondingly higher for men. A question on the voluntary character of part-time employment was asked
on the schedule, but this did not yield satisfactory returns
because of misunderstanding on the part of both informants and
enumerators. The great majority of those reporting on the character of part-time employment stated that thiswasan involuntary
arrangement.
30
Persons not previously employed at gainful work constitute
6.2 percent of all employable persons 16 years of age and over
in the sample, 20.0 percent of the unemployed if workers on the
emergency Works Program are included with the unemployed, or
2~.9 percent of the unemployed if workers on the emergency Works
Program are excluded. A higher proportion of women than of men
working or seeking work had had no previous gainful employment
at the time of the survey. Although there were also a few older
women in the group, the majority of this group were young persons
seeking work for the first time. Thus the median age of those
unemployed who had never had a job in private industry was a
little under 19 years for both men and women, while the median
age of those who had worked before was 38. ~ years for men and
31. 1 for women as compared with 38. 5 for employed men and 29. 8
for employed women (table 5).
1workers employed on emergency works Program projects include a small proportion or nonrelier as well as relier personnel.
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Ta~l• 5.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND MEDIAN ABB DP EMPLOYABLE PERSONS
Total
Employment status
)otal
Hen
Women
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Median
a~
Number
Percent
Median
age
80,841
100.0
55,420
100.0
37.5
25,421
100.0
28.7
:z:
(")
Employed
55,755
69.0
39,074
70.5
38.5
16,681
65.6
29.8
Full time
Part time
48,669
7,086
60.2
a.a
35,074
4,000
63.3
7.2
38.5
38.5
13,595
3,086
53.5
12. 1
29.5
31.8
Unemployed a
25,086
31.0
16,346
29.5
34.2
8,740
34.4
25.5
20,061
5,025
24.8
6.2
13,761
2,585
24.8
4.7
38.4
18.9
6,300
2,440
24.8
9.6
31. 1
18.8
4,912
6.1
4,203
7.6
37.1
709
2.8
30.8
4,455
457
5.5
o.6
3,866
337
7.0
o.6
38.5
19.9
589
120
2.3
0.5
32.8
21.7
20,174
24.9
12,143
21.9
32.4
8,031
31.6
24.9
15,606
4,568
19.3
5.6
9,895
2,248
17.8
4. 1
38.3
18.8
5,711
2,320
22.5
9.1
30.8
18.8
Previously employed
Not previously employed
0
c6"
N.
""
Employed on emergency Works
Program projects
Previously employed
Not previously employed
,.,
0
:z:
,.,
(")
.,,
0
C:
,.,
:z:
,,JC
r-
([)
0
-<
,.,JC
:z:
~
a.
IT
'<
0
0
a.......
Not employed on emergency Works
Program projects
Previously employed
Not previously employed
(v aincludes l,019 persons not seeking work because or temporary illness.
....-1
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
18
Persons in the youngest age group I from 16 to 19 years) were
unemployed in the highest proportions (table E-9). These were
predominantly newworkers entering the labor market for the first
time. Persons from 20 to .24 years of age and workers in the
oldest age groups were unemployed in equally high proportions.
Since men between 30 and 44 and women between 25 and 29 were
unemployed in the lowest proportions, one may infer that employment opportunity was best for these age groups in the spring
of 1936.
The incidence of unemployment was much higher among Negroes
than among white workers and somewhat higher for native-born
than for foreign-born white workers (table 6). In other words,
foreign-born white workers had the highest proportions employed.
This undoubtedly reflects primarily the occupational distribution
of white and Negro groups in the labor supply and the incidence
of unemployment within occupational groups.
Ta~l• B.- RACE AND NATIVITY OF EMPLOYABLE PBRSDNS
BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX
Total a
Sex, race, and nativity
Num-
ber
Hen, total
Native-born white
Foreign-born white
Negro and all other
Women, total
Native-born white
Foreign-born white
Negro and all other
Percent
Unemployedb
Employed
NWII-
ber
Percent
Number
Percent
55,406 100.0 39,066 70.5
16,340 29.5
35,393 100.0 25,669 72.5
13,195 100.0 10,019 75.9
6,818 100.0 3,378 49,5
9,724 27.5
3,176 24.1
3,440 50,5
25,407 100.0 16,668 65.6
8,739 34,4
17,467 100.0 11,817 67.7
3,046 100.0 2,325 76,3
4,894 100.0 2,526 51,6
5,650 32.3
721 23.7
2,368 48.4
1 EJ:cludes 28 persons who d1d not report nat1v1ty.
blncludes persons not seek1ng work because or temporary 1llness and persons
employed on emergency Works Program proJects.
OTHER SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
IN RELATION TD EMPLOYMENT STATUS
The other social characteristics reported in the survey - schooling completed and marital status - have a less close relationship
to employment status than the major occupational characteristics
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INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
19
of age, sex, race, nativity, and the usual occupation to which
the workers belong. The ma,j ori ty of the men reported as working
or seeking work were married, and the ma.iorityof the women, single.
This is in keeping with the facts concerning the normally gainfully employed population in the city. Although a higher proportion of single men and the same proportion of single women were
unemployed in relation to the total numbers of men and women in
the saJ11ple, these differences were probably the result of accidental factors !table 71. Theonlyexception to thisisthe high
incidence of part-time employment among married women, which is
probably not accidental but due to voluntary part-time work.
Ta~l• 7.- MARITAL STATUS OF EMPLOYABLE PERSONS
BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX
Total a
Sex and marital
status
Number
Percent
Employed
full time
Number
Percent
Employed
part time
Number
Percent
Unemployedb
Number
Percent
total
55.402 100.0 35,063 63.3 3,999
7.2 16,340 29.5
Single
Married
Widowedc
17,556 100.0 8,882 50.6 1,329
33,928 100.0 24,094 71.0 2,323
347
3,918 100.0 2,087 53.3
7.6
6.9
8.8
7,345 41.8
7,511 22.1
1,484 37.9
25,407 100.0 13,582 53.5 3,086 12.1
8,739 34,4
7,928 56.0 1,358 9,6
3,344 51.6 1,117 17.3
611 12,8
2,310 48,3
4,8f4 34.4
2,016 31. l
l,859 38.9
Men,
Women,
total
Sin~le
Ma1·ried
Widowed c
14, 150 100.0
6,477 100.0
4,780 100.0
&Excludes 32 persods who did not report marital status.
0 1nc1uaes persons not seeking work because or temporary Illness and persons
employed on emergency Works Program projects.
cincludes persons separated and divorced.
There were differences, though not great, in the amount of
schooling reported by various groups oft he employable population
of the sample. Women, on the average, had had a better educational backgroundthanmen, and this was triieofall occupational
groups except domestic and personal service where the amount of
schooling reported was the same for both sexes (table E-101.
Variations in the average amount of schooling reported by workers from different occupational groups reflect primarily the
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20
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
educational qualifications in the various types of employment
represented. It should , perhaps, be noted that the high degree
of schooling reported for workers in the last occupational group,
listed as "All others", is due to the fact that these are almost
exclusively new workers just leaving school to seek employment.
The unemployed had had, on the average, less fomal schooling
than those employed full time and about the same amount of schooling as those employed part time in most occupational groups. The
only exceptiontothis was in the case of women intrar.sportation,
trade, and in executive and professional occupations where the
numbers are small (tabfes E-10 and E-11) •
. INCID&NCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
BY USUAL OCCUPAT~ON AND INDUSTRY 2
Persons interviewed in the sample were asked to give their usual
or customary occupation..
The customary industry of the usual
occupation was also recorded. Most of the following data presented in this report have been analyzed in relation to the usual
occupation reported.
The occupational groups in which the highest proportion of
employable persons reported full-time employment in May 1936 were
public-service, professional, and clerical occupations for both
men and women and printing occupations among mechanical pursuits
for men l\ables 8 and E-121. The incidence of unemployment was
high for both men and women in unskilled labor (1n.3 and 39.0 percent) and in textile and clothing occupations . Itwasvery high
for men in building and construction occupations (41.9 percent)
and relatively high ( 36.1 percent) for women in domestic and
personal service.
Important differences are found for men and women in the ratio
of unemployed to employable persons. A slightly higher proportion
of previously employed women than of men in the sample were unemployed in May 1936. In the manufacturing and mechanical occupations, this difference is more pronounced. Among unskilled and
clerical workers, however, fewer women than men, relative to their
numbers in the employable group, were unemployed. In executive,
professional, and semiprofessional occupations, and particularly
2 oata analyzed by the uiiual occupation and Industry are presented ror previously employed persons only, The codes used were Bulletin #3, Occupation
Code, and Bulletin 14, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National
Research ProJect In cooperation wl th the Industrial Research DepartJ'Qent or
the University or Pennsylvania (mlmeo., April 1936),
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T••I• 8.- OCCUPATIONAL BROUP OP USUAL OCCUPATION DP EMPLOYABLE PERSONS, BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SIX
Employed full time
Toi&l
Occupational Qroup
Men
Number
Percent
Men
Women
Men
Women
Employed part time
Hum-
Per-
Hum-
Per-
Nu■-
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber
Percent
Unemployed
Men
Women
Women
Nu11-
Per-
Num-
Per-
NUA-
Per-
Nu■-
Per-
ber
cent
ber
cent.
ber
cent
ber
cent
:z
(")
Total•
Skilled and semiskilled occupations
in manufacturing and mechanical
industries
BuildinQ and construction
55 , 367 100.0 25 , 400 100.0 35.045 63,3 13,584 53,5
)
00~
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transportation and trade pursuits
Domestic and personal service
7.2
3,082
12. l 16. 328
29,5
8,734
34,4
,.,
:z
,.,
ICII
(")
22. 294 100.0
5,189 100 . 0
Metal products, machinery, and
electrical-goo1s manufacturing
Printing establishments
Textlle and clothing manufacturing
Other skilled and semiskilled
occupations in manufacturing
and mechanical industries
3,994
7,672 100.0 13,633 61.2
0
-
2.477 47,7
4.029 52,5
0
-
2,259 10.1
1,259 16,4
540 10,4
0
-
6,402
28.7
2,384
31.1
2,172
41,9
0
-
4,966 100.0
876 100.0
4,040 100.0
267 100.0
134 100.0
4,890 100.0
3,395 68,4
679 77.5
2. 118 52,4
148 55.4
78 58,2
2.429 49.7
349 7.0
65
7.4
699 17.3
35 13 , l
17 12.7
895 18.3
1.222
132
1,223
24,6
15,1
30,3
84
39
1,566
31,5
29.1
32,0
7,223 100 . 0
2,381 100.0
4,964 68.7
1.374 57.7
606
8.4
312 13,l
1.C53
22.9
695
29,2
100.0
100 . 0
100.0
100.0
41 100.0
4,869 100.0
1,844 100.0
6,592 100.0
2,781
3,270
6,423
2,550
22
3,820
1,235
3. 131
53.7
78 . 5
67.0
47,5
530
152
509
223
9,1
3,6
5.6
5,8
7.3
3
3,7
182
198 10.7
1,083 16,4
2,534
791
2,164
1,106
43,3
16
18,8
867
23,8
411
28.5 2,378
39,0
17.8
22,3
38,1
6,225 100.0
1,230 100.0
2,5fl5 100.0
1,933 100.0
9 100.0
2,440 100.0
5,240 84.2
1,148 93,3
0
1,339 69.3
8 88.9
0
303
18
0
4.9
1.5
356 18.4
1 11.1
0
,,
0
C:
:z
,.,
,,Jc:
r0
5,845
4 . 213
9,096
3,879
47.6
77.6
70.6
65.7
-<
,.,z
:a
-t
Executtve, professional, and se111l-
professional occupations
Public-service occupations
Not previously employed
-
-
-
-
682 10.9
238
12,3
5,2
64
0
2,585 100.0 2.440 100.0
-
•rncludes persons not 1eekln1 work because or te ■ porar7 lllneea and persona 1aolo7ed on 1■1r11nc1 Works Pro1ra■ proJecta, but 1.1clud11 II Mil &Ad 11 woMD who dld DO\
report uaual occupatlonal 1roup.
...
IQ
22
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
in domestic and personal service, a higher proportion of women
than of men was reported as unemployed.
The incidence of part-time employment is almost twice as high
for women as for men. It is highest for men in occupations in
textile and clothing manufacture. It is equally high for women
in the same occupational group but is also high in executive and
professional occupations and domestic and personal service.
The findings with regard to the incidence of unemployment in
May 1936 by usual industry substantiate those with regard to
incidence by usual occupation (table E-13).
The incidence of
unemployment is highest for men in building and construction
and next highest in stone, clay, and glass products, and in miscellaneous industries. 3 The incidence of unemployment among women
is highest in the miscellaneous industries and next highest in
miscellaneous manufacturing industries and in the manufacture
of textile and food products. 4 Full-time employment int he manufacturing industries was highest for men usually employed in the
manufacture of chemical products and for women usually engaged
in the production of rubber goods.
3 rncluding private ramiltes, theaters and motion-picture houses, garages and
auto-repair shops, mines, quarries, agriculture and rishing, selr-emploYJ11ent,
cemeteries and undertaking establishments.
°'Excluding from consideration the manuracture or musical instruments, whlch
was re ported by on lY 2 women as the usual industry, and stone, clay, and
glass products, which was reported by only 37 women.
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SECTION IV
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREVIOUSLY
EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED
The unemployed in May 1936 who had been previously employed
appear to be a representative cross section of the usually gainfully employed population insofar as their sex and age are concerned. There were important differences in the race and nativity
and occupational experience of the unemployed as compared with
those of the employable population. The average unemployed man
bad been out of a job longer than the average unemployed woman.
Older workers had been unemployed longer than younger workers.
A considerable range was found in the average duration of unemployment reported in different occu11c1.tions whether this was measured from the last nonrelief job lasting over 1 month or from
the last job at the usual occupation.
Among the unemployed considered in this analysis are q.,q.55 1
persons employed on the emergency Works Program at the time of
the survey. They constitute 6 percent of all employable persons
and 22 percent oft he total unemployed previously employed. There
are also 1,019 persons who reported that they were out of the
labor market because of temporary illness. These constitute
1 percent of all employable persons and s percent of the unemployed who have already had some work experience.
No analysis is presented for the s ,025 persons seeking work
in May 1936 who had not been previously employed.
These were
predominantly a group of young persons. About half (51 .q. percent l
of the group were men, and over four-fifths were white. The
median age of men was 18.9 years and that of women 18.8 years.
Ninety-seven percent of the men in this group and 91 percent of
the women were under25 years of age. An insignificant proportion
of the women (1.q. percent! were over q.o years of age. As might
be expected, these young persons who were seeking work but who
had not been previously employed had a better educational background than the average worker in the study. This was true for
both men and women.
1Tn1s group exc1uaes 467 persons wllo haa not been
private 1naustry at the time or the survey.
previously employed 1n
23
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24
EMPLOYMENT ANO UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
IBX, RACB, NATIVITY, AND ABE
fhe majority of the persons who had been previously employed
and were found unemployed in Hay 1936 were men. Less than a third
were women. This is in keeping with the normal ratios of men
to women in the gainfully employed population of the city.
The majority of the previously employed unemployed population
in the sample (5~.~ percent of the men and 57.~ percent of the
women) were native-born white workers. Twenty-three percent of
the men and 33 percent of the women were Negro, and still smaller
proportions were white workers of foreign birth. There were fewer
native-born white workers and more Negroes in the unemployed than
in the total employable population, of which 63.9 percent of the
men and 68.7 percent of the women were native-born white workers,
and only 12.3 percent of the men and 19.3 percent of the women
were Negroes. When the persons who had not been previously employed are included with the unemployed, the difference in race
between the unemployed and the total employable group is reduced.
The ages of unemployed workers in the sample do not vary greatly
from those of the employed or the employable groups as a whole
( table E-1~). The average unemployed man who had been previously
employed was 38.~ years old; and the average employed or employable man, 38.5 years old. The average unemployed woman was 1 year
older ( 31 .1 years) than the average employable woman ( 30. 1 years)
and slightly more than 1 year older than the average employed
woman (29.8 years). fhe proportion of both men and women in the
higher age brackets, however, is slightly greater for the unemployed than.for the employed. Hen, in general, are approximately
8 years older than women in each employment-status group.
When the ages of workers in different occupational groups and
occupations are compared, differences are observed, but, for the
most part, these differences are in keeping with the age differences among employable persons usually attached to the occupational groups concerned (table E-15). It may be worth noting
that the median age of the unemployed, both men and women, is
higher than that of the employed in only one large occupational
group, that is, for skilled and semiskilled occupations in the
In one other major
manufacturing and mechanical industries.
group - executive, professional, and semiprofessional occupations - unemployed men are older than the employed men, but for
women in this group the reverse is true.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED
25
USUAL DCCUPATIDN AND USUAL INDUSTRY
Forty-seven percent of the unemployed men had usually been
engaged in skilled and semiskilled occupations in the manufacturing and mechanical industries and 18 percent in unskilled jobs
(table E-16). Thirty-eight percent of the women had been engaged
in skilled and semiskilled occupations in the manufacturing and
mechanical industries. An equally high proportion had been engaged in domestic- and personal-service pursuits.
rhe 10 largest single occupations in which unemployed workers
had been previously employed, in order of rank, are the following:
Laborers (building, construction, and other), domestic
servants, deliverymen and truck drivers, sales clerks, operatives
in clothing factories, carpenters, operatives in miscellaneous
manufacturing industries, power-machine operatives (textile and
clothing l, waiters and waitresses, and general-off ice clerks
This group of occupations accounted for approximately one-third
of the total number of unemployed persons who had been previously
employed.
The industry of customary employment, as well as the usual
occupation, was recorded on the schedule. When classified in
broad groups, the largest single industrial group reported by
unemployed workers, whether men or women, was found to be the
manufacturing industries (table E-1 7 l. Workers from textile and
clothing factories predominated in this group. One-fifth of all
of the unemployed men came from the building and construction
industries. Fifteen percent of the men and 12 percent of the
women had usually been employed in wholesale and retail trade.
The remainder of the unemployed men came from a variety of other
scattered industries, but over one-fourth of all unemployed women
had usually been employed by private families.
DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
The data presented on duration of unemployment measure the
lapse of time from the loss of the last nonrelief job lasting
1 month or more and from the loss of the last job at the usual
occupation to May 1, 1936. These have been examined in relation
to the usual occupation, the usual industry, and sex and age.
Time spent at work-relief or emergency-work jobs has been counted
as time unemployed. For the group who were temporarily out of
the labor market because of illness on the date 04 numeration
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26
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
and for an undefined group who may not have sought work throughout
the period reported, the data presented measure the lapse of time
from the date of loss of last job rather than a count of duration
of unemployment, as such.
The average unemployed worker, if a man, bad been unemployed
22.6 months from the last nonrelief job lasting 1 month or more.
The average unemployed woman had lost the last such job 16 months
before the date of enumeration (table E-181. 2 When persons unemployed 18o months and over are excluded from consideration,
the averages are affected by only 0.2 of a month for men and by
1.1 months for women.
When duration of unemployment is related to age, it is found
that the average age of the long-time un·empl'oyed is higher than
that of the short-time unemployed and that the average length of
unemployment reported rises fairly consistently as age increases
for both men and women (table E-20).
Men in skilled and semiskilled occupations in the manufacturing
and mechanical industries had been out of work slightly longer
than the average, while women from these occupations bad been
unemployed for shorter periods than the average unemployed WOlllall
ltable E-181. The highest average duration was reported by nen
usually employed in building and construction occupations and
by women in printing and publishing occupations. The lowest
average duration of unemployment was reported by men usually
employed in textile and clothing occupations and by women in
metal-manufacturing occupations. The range in average duration
of unemployment for different occupations is presented in detail
in table E-18.
When duration of unemployment was counted from the last job at
the usual occupation, it was found tobe longer than when counted
from the most recent job lasting 1 month or more I table E-18).
This was to be expected in view of the fact that many persons
bad secured jobs at occupation3 other than their customary ones
during the depression and early recovery years. ·The range between
the averages for the two measures of duration of unemployment
was greater for men than for women and greater in some occupations
2 1t persons "no "ere te111porar11y 111 are excluded rro111 cons1derat1on, tne
average ror men 1s raised to 22.8 months, but tne average ror women remalns
the same. Ir persons 11av1ng Jobs on tne e111ergency Worlts Progra111 are excluded,
the average ror men ls reduced to 18.8 months and !or women to 14.g months;
1 t thus appears tllat tne Worlts Program 1S proV1d1ng employment and 1ncome
chle!ly ror those "no nave been unemployed a relatively long t1me.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYEO
27
than in others. It was greater by 11 months or more in the case
of the following occupations:
Cabinet makers
Casters, molders, foundrymen
Teachers (school)
Structural-iron and -steel workers
Tool makers, millwrights, die setters
The extent of these differences reflects the degree of occupational
shifting after the loss of the last job at the usual occupation.
The findings with regard to duration of unemployment from the
last nonrelief lregularl job, when examined in relation to the
usual industry, give further details with regard to the incidence
of prolonged unemployment I table E-19). The highest average
duration of unemployment was reportedbymen usually employed in
the manufacture of stone, glass, and clay, tobacco, and metal
products. These averages were higher than those for workers from
building and construction, although workers from this industrial
group also reported a high average length of time out of any
job lasting 1 month or more. Workers usually employed in the
following industries reported the loss of their last nonrelief
job a year or more earlier than the average worker in the survey: Men usually employed in the manufacture of hats and caps; in
blast furnaces and steel mills, foundries and factories making
cutlery and firearms and miscellaneous metal products; in factories producing paper and wood pulp, paper boxes, tobacco products, stone, ~lass, and clay products, electrical machinery and
apparatus; in railroad-equipment and -repair shops, shipbuilding,
construction companies other than road, street, and building,
electric-light and -power plants; and in shoe-repair shops among
other types of industries; for women in the manufacture of carpets
and rugs, cotton goods, other miscellaneous or not otherwise
specified textile products; in telephone and telegraph companies;
and in insurance and business offices not otherwise specified. 3
3 The average length or t1me s1nce the loss or the last nonreller Job reporte<1
by women In most or these ln<1ustr1es ls so high that It may reflect the
presence or a large number or reentry Job seekers In the group.
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APPENDIXES
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APPENDIX A
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SCHOOL DISTRICTS
A detailed description of the characteristics of the 10 school
districts of Philadelphia is available for the year 1929. 1 (See
map on page 2. I The m~jor points of this description may be
summarized briefly. Districts 1, 8, and 9 include the suburban
residential areas of Darby, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Roxborough,
Olney, and Oak Lane; and households in these districts, on the
average, represent higher standards of living than those of the
other districts of the city. These districts have always had a
low rate of unemploymen~ compared to that of the other districts
in the survey. District 2, on the other hand, includes the western part of South Philadelphia where a large proportion of residents are Negroes or foreign-born white workers. District 3
includes the eastern part of South Philadelphia and is predominantly a working-class _neighborhood with a high proportion of
foreign-born residents. Many workers in this area are employed
in the man,~facture of clothing and miscellaneous products and
in casual work connected with the docks and other transportation
industries. District~ extends north from Market Street and west
from the Schuylkill River to the city limits. It includes the
northern part of_West Philadelphia and Overbrook and families of
both high and low standards of living. District s extends north
of Market Street to Allegheny Avenue and west of Broad Street
to the Schuylkill River. It includes some business districts
and residences of workers whose average income is lower than the
city average. District 6, in the central part of the city east
of Broad Street, contains a considerable part of the business
sect ion of the city and also residences cf clerical and commercial
as well as of factory employees. The rate of unemployment in
the various annual surveys taken in the sample has usually been
highest in Districts 3 and 6.
District 7 includes a large part of the Kensington mill section.
Most of the workers here are native-born and are employed by the
textile industries. Northeast of this district is District 10
1J. Fre<1er1 c Dewhurst and Ernest A. Tupper, Socia L and lcona.ic Cha.-ac te.of One•PLo:r-ent in Phi Lade !phia, AP.-i L 1929 (U. S. Dept. Labor, air. Labor
Stat!et!cs, Bull, Nv, 520, June 1930), pp. 41-51,
30
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APPENDIX A
31
which roughly includes the area from Frankford Creelc to the city
limits. It is the least densely populated area of the city and
includes a considerable number of farms and some vacant land.
Host of the homes in this area belong to wage earners in the
manufacturing and mechanical industries, with a standard of living
somewhat higher than that prevailing in the other working-class
neighborhoods.
Themajordifferences found in 1936between individual districts
and the city as a whole for selected data secured on this survey
may be briefly summarized.
SIZE OP HOUSEHOLD
The average number of persons per household in May 1936 ranged
about an average of 3. 9 for the city, from 3.2 to L1-,6 ! table E-21 l.
The highest average was reported in District 3 and the lowest
in District 6. The average number of employable persons per
household ranged about an average of 1.8 for the city, from 1.6
in Districts 1 and 6 to 2.0 in Districts 2 and 3 !table E-21).
The percentage of employable persons to total persons surveyed
was L1,6.6 for the city as a whole !table E-22). The district in
which this proportion was highest was District 6, which had a
correspondingly low proportion of persons not seeking work. Districts 3 and 11- had the highest proportion of persons reported
as not seeking work.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND RELIEF STATUS
The highest rate of fnll-time employment for individual workers
in 1936 was reported in District 1 and the lowest rate in District 6 (table E-23). Part-time employment was high for men in
District 3 where many workers live who are engaged in casual
types of employment. Part-time employment was low for women in
District 1, but in the other districts the proportion of part-time
employment for women ranged from 11. 1 to 13. s percent. The proportion of workers reporting employment on the emergency Works
Program was highest in District 6 for both men and women. District 6 also had the highest proportion of unemployed job seekers
who had been previously employed. The proportions of those who
reported that they were looking for work and had not been previously employed did not vary greatly by district except in the
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32
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN I 936
case of women living in Districts 2 and
proportion of new workers was found.
3.
Here a fairly high
Information on relief status is available only for households
in which some unemployed members resided ( table E-24). District 6
is again found to have the highest proportion of unemployed households with some members "active" on home- and work-relief rolls
at the time of the survey. District 1, on the other hand, has
the lowest proportion of unemployed households with some member
on home-relief and a relatively low proportion on work-relief
rolls.
RACE, NATIYln, AND SCHDDLINB
A high proportion of Negroes is found in District 6 where 38
percent of the employable men and 47 percent of the employable
women and in District 4 where 25 percent of the employable men
and 38 percent of the employable women are Negroes ( table E-25 l.
High proportions of foreign-born workers, both men and women,
are found in Districts 3 and 6.
Data on the school grades completed by employable persons reporting in the survey indicate that the average employable man
in the city had completed 8.6 grades and the average employable
woman 8.9 grades ( table E-26). The averages were highest for
workers residing in District 1 and lowest for workers residing
in District 6.
USUAL INDUSTRY
The percentage of men usually employed in manufacturing was
higher in District 3 and Districts 7 to 10 inclusive than the
average for the city (table E-271. The highest proportion was
in District 9 where over half the men were customarily employed
in manufacturing industries. Large numbers of men in Districts 9
and 10 came from textile and clothing factories. Somewhat larger
proportions of the men in Districts 7, 8, 9, and 10 than in the
total group were usually employed in plants manufacturing metal
products. Overhalf the women in Districts 3, 7, and 9andalmost
half those in District 10 were usually employed in manufacturing,
most of them in textile and clothing factories (table E-28).
In Districts 1, 4, and 8 I particularly District 1) more men were
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APPENDIX A
33
usually employed in business and professional offices than in
the other districts. The proportion of women customarily employed
in business and professional offices as well as in trade was
high in District 1. Higher percentages of men in Districts .a
and 3 and especially in Districts q and 6 than in the city as a
whole were employed in building and construction. Three-tenths
of the women in Districts q and 6, as compared with 18 percent
of all women, were usually employed by private families.
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APPENDIX 8
SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
SCHEDULE
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APPENDIX B
35
DEFINITIONS DP TERMS ON SCHEDULE NRP FORM #1
A household was defined as a group of related or
unrelated persons constituting an economic unit and living together in one housekeeping unit.
Housthold:
Sptcial Cases:
(al Servants were included as part of household where they
slept.
!bl Boarders were included as part of household where they
roomed or lodged.
I cl Persons periodically away at work were included as members
of the household which they considered their residence.
d l Students away at school and persons in jail or prison
or other institutions were not included as members of
the household.
le I Hotels were considered to have as many households as there
were permanent resident individuals or families; other
residents were not enumerated.
(fl Employees of hotels and institutions living with their
families in separate household units on the grounds were
considered as households; other employees of hotels and
institutions were not considered to constitute households.
Fa11iLy;
A household could consist of one or more families.
The only groups considered as families separate from that of the
head were the following: I 1 I husband and wife; Li I father and/ or
mother with children; and (31 children without resident parents.
The economic head of the household was
defined as the person, regardless of age or sex, who was normally
the chief wage earner, whether employed or unemployed at the
time of the interview. If there was more than one family in a
household, the head of the family longest resident was considered
the head of the household.
Head of Housthold;
When there was only one family or two or more
related families, the relationship of each member to the head
of the household was expressed. When there were unrelated families, a "secondary head" was selected for the unrelated family,
and the relationship of each memb~ this family to the secondary head was expressed.
Relationship:
Aee:
The person's age on his last birthday prior to the date
of the interview was recorded.
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36
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
School Grade Completed: The number of grades completed which
led directly to a grammar-school certificate or a high-school
or college diploma were counted as the school grade completed.
Vocational courses such as business-school or nurses' training
which did not lead directly to a grammar-school certificate or
high-school or college diploma were not counted.
Employment Status: Each person was classified as "employed",
"unemployed", or "not seeking work" as of the day of enumeration.
lal Employed Persons: Employed persons were defined as those
who had a job on other than emergency work 1 on the day of
enumeration. The following special cases were considered
as employed:
1. Domestic servants or other workers employed in other
than their own or relatives' homes who were receiving
room and board only.
2. Persons who were working on their own account.
3. Persons who were on sick leave or vacation with pay.
ij. Persons who had been sick for less than 1 week and
had a job to go back to even though they were not
receiving pay.
s. Casqal workers, such as longshoremen, truck drivers,
and day workers who had worked in the week preceding
the enumerator's visit.
6. Boarding-house keepers, if the number of boarders exceeded five.
(bl Unemployed Persons: Unemployed persons were defined as
those who did not have a job on the day of enumeration but
were able and willing to work. Persons on strike and persons employed on emergency work were included in this
group.
"Emergency work" was used as an all-inclusive term to
cover employment on work relief, public works, or Works
Program projects, whether financed by the city, the State,
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the National
Recovery Act of 1933, or the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.
le l Not Seekinr Work: Persons not seeking work were defined
as those who did not have a job on the day of enumeration
1Wh1 le the schedule provided ror class1 rytng persons who had Jobs on emergenc1
work as emplo1ed, in tabulation they were included wlth the unemployed.
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APPENDIX B
37
and either were not able or not willing to work. These
would include the following examples:
1. Persons who were occupied with household duties in
their own or relatives' homes.
2. Students 16 years of age or more who were in school.
3. Temporarily disabled persons 2 (persons sick for over
1 week but less than 1 year who were not receiving
payl.
4. Permanently disabled persons (persons sick for 1 year
or morel.
s. Retired persons living on income or pension.
6. Persons too old to work ( persons 65 years of age or
over who had not worked during the last s years and
those who considered themselves or were considered
by the respondent as too old to workl.
Hours Worked: For employed persons only, the number of hours
worked in the pay-roll week immediately preceding the enumerator's
visit were recorded. For casual workers, the hours worked at
the occupation rather than for one employer in the week preceding
the enumerator's visit were recorded.
Part-time Employment: Part-time employment was defined as employment of less than 30 hours per week.
Voluntary Part-time Employment: Voluntary part-time employment
was defined as employment of less than 30 hours per week of a
person who was not willing or able to accept employment of 30
hours or more per week.
Involuntary Part-time Employment: Involuntary part-time emf)loyment was defined as employment of less than 30 hours per week
of a person who was willing and ab.le to accept employment of 30
-hours or more per week.
Full-time employment was defined as employment of 30 hours or more per week.
Full-ti11e Employment:
Previously Employed Persons: Unemployed persons who had been
employed for wages at some time for 1 month or more on other than
emergency work were classified as previously employed.
2 Per11on11 te11porarlly out or the labor market because or Illness were counted
as not seelr.tng work In tabulations or household c0111poslt1on but as unemployed
1D tabulations concerning e111p1O1able Individuals.
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38
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
Ptrsons not Prtvioust.y E111>toytd: Unemployed persons who had
never been gainfully employed, those who had been .gainfully employed for less than 1 month, or those who had been gainfully
employed on emergency work only were classified as not previously
employed.
Occupation: In recording occupations, the kind of work done
was stated as exactly as possible. The occupations were coded
according to Bulletin #3, Occupation Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the
Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania
lmimeo., April 19361.
Persons who owned an establishment and also worked in it were
classified as owners. The term "factory laborer" was used only
for persons who fetch and carry materials to and from the product ion workers or clean up after them. The occupations of the
production workers or factory hands were classified in accordance
with the process or operation on which the workers were engaged.
Industry: In recording industries, the exact type of business
or product made was specified, with general terms being avoided as
much as possible. Industries were coded according to Bulletin #q,
Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research
Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department
of the University of Pennsylvania lmimeo., April 19361.
The usual occupation was defined as the
occupation which the person considered his usual or customary
occupation._ In cases of doubt, the occupation at which the person
had worked longest was considered his usual occupation. Of two
work experiences of equal length in these cases, the more recent
was considered the usual.
Usual Occupation:
The usual industry was defined as the industry
in which the person considered that he ordinarily worked when
employed at his usual occupation .
Usual Industry:
For employed persons, the occupation
of the present job was recorded.
. Occupation of Prtunt job:
For employed persons, the industry
of the present job was recorded.
Industry of Prtstnt Job:
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APPENDIX B
39
Date Leavine Last Job at Usual Occupation Lasting 1 l(onth or
}lo re:
For unemployed persons I including those employed on emergency workl, the month and year of leaving the last nonrelief
job at the usual occupation which lasted 1 month or more was
recorded. 3
For
unemployed persons I including those employed on emergency work l,
the year and month of leaving the last nonrelief job lasting
3
1 month or more was recorded.
Date Leaving Last Regular job
Last in;
1
Jfonth
or }fore:
The terms "regular" and "nonrelief" have been used to describe
jobs on other than emergency work.
3 1n computing duration er unemployment, It was necessary In a maJority or
cases to estimate date or less or Job, since the year but not the month nad
oeen reported. This was done by assuming that loss or Jobs occurred uniformly
over the niontns ot tne year. For persons wno lost their Jotis in 1936 tne
distribution was assunied to be unltorm over the 4 nionths perceding tne malting
or tne survey.
r'-
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APPENDIX C
RELIABILITY OF ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
ON EMERGENCY-WORK EMPLOYMENT
To determine whether or not emergency-work employment was accurately reported on the schedules, a clearance was made with
the files of the Philadelphia office of the Pennsylvania State
Employment Service and Area Statistical Office Number 2 of the
Works Progress Administration.
All schedules that included any person reported as employed
on e1nergency work (except Civilian Conservation Corps l, or any
person reported as employed in building and construction, all
Government employment, orchestras, playgrounds or other work that
might be emergency-work employment were separated for clearance.
The names of these persons were searched for in the Employment
Office files where identification numbers were obtained, and
these were sent to the Area Statistical Office where they were
checked with WPA and other emergency-work pay-roll lists.
As a result of the clearance, 4 ,774 1 of the persons whose names
were checked were counted as employed on emergency work. For
78 percent of them, official records of einployment on emergency
work were found in the files. While no work records were found
for the remainder, probably because of incorrect names or misspelling of names, they had reported emergency-work employment
on the schedules, and this was not changed. Only 2 percent of
the persons finally classified as employed on emergency work had
reported that they were employed in private industry or regular
Government employment. This check did not take into account the
official relief status of the family of the person concerned.
1A grand total or 4,912 persons were caunted as employed on emergency work.
but 238 er tnem were working In CCC camps, and tne!r names were not selected
ror clearance.
40
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APPENDIX D
COMPARISON OF RETURNS ON OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY
AS GIVEN TO ENUMERATOR BY ONE PERSON
FOR THE·ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD AND AS GIVEN
TO ENUMERATOR BY WORKER CONCERNED
To obtain information for other studies, 4,064 workers whose
names appeared on the 1-936 employment and unemployment survey
schedules were interviewed in the summer and fall of 1936. These
persons were selected for interview on the basis of the following
usual occupations and industries reported at the time of the
survey: ( 1 l Production or maintenance work in radio manufacturing; (2) machinists, tool makers, die setters, instrument
makers, millwrights, and apprentices to these occupations; blacksmiths, forgemen, hammermen, and tool dressers, boilermakers,
and molders; (3) weavers, winders, spoolers, spinners, and loom
fixers in the woolen- and worsted-goods industry, plush, tapestry,
velvet, mohair, and upholstery-goods industry, and the carpet
and rug industry; (4) knitters and knitters' helpers, knittingmachine operatives and helpers, loopers, toppers, seamers, and
boarders in the hosiery industry.
When these persons were interviewed, it was found that the
schedules for 551 of them (13.6 percent of the total) could not
be used since the occupations or industries did not fall within
the selected groups. In other words, for these persons incorrect
occupations and industries had been reported to the enumerator
at the time of the original survey. In the majority of these
cases some member of the household other than the individual
concerned had originally supplied the information. 1 There may
have been other discrepancies in the way in which the worker
concerned described his work 1n contrast to the way in which it
was described by a household member, but such discrepancies did
not necessitate the assignment of different classifications for
occupation and industry.
1ror 18.5 percent or the schedules on which the orlglnal occupation or Industry returns were incorrect, the same lndivldual had gtven the lnrormatlon
ln both lntervlews. These dlscrepancles, tbererore, may have been aue el ther
to inadequate quest toning on the part or the Clrst enumerator or to dlUerences
In the Individual's description or his work.
41
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42
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1936
Of the three groups of workers for whom this check was made,
those in the radio industry had the smallest proportion of incorrect returns. Only 6.9 percent of the persons interviewed in
this group were not maintenance or production workers in the
radio industry. The largest proportion of incorrect returns was
found !or workers in the metal trades. The usual occupation o!
23.3 percent of the persons interviewed in this group was found
to require a different classification from the one originally
given. In many cases a person reported as a machinist at the
time of the survey was found, when interviewed, to consider himself usually employed as a mllchine operator, on work which did
not require a machinist's apprenticeship.
For the third and
fourth groups studied, workers usually employed in selected textile occupations and industries, 9.6 percent o! the schedules
could not be used because the occupation or industry had been
incorrectly reported. For over half of these textile workers,
the usual occupation had been incorrectly reported; !or overonequarter, both usual occupation and usual industry; for 15 percent,
only the usual industry.
In general, it may be said that industry was more accurately
reported than occupation by the average household member. The
high percentage o! inaccuracy found for workers in the metal trades
might be expected in the light of popular misunderstanding of the
proper use of such words as "machinist" and "machine operator."
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Table E-1.- REIATIONSHIP OF RESPONDENTS TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD IN THREE DIS'l'RICTS
OF PHIIADELPHIA SURVEY, MAY 1936
Relationship to
head of household
Total
Head
Brother
Daughter
Father
~
c.;
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Mother
Sister
Son
Wife
Secondary head
Other relatives
All others
Unknown&
Total
District 1
o.os
District 10
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
13,150
100.0
5,069
100.0
5,363
100.0
2,718
100.0
3,459
59
536
49
26.:5
0.4
4.1
1,333
21
192
11
26.3
o.4
3.8
0.2
1,499
29
217
28
28.0
o.s
4.1
o.5
627
23.l
9
0.3
127
10
4.7
0.4
o.4
564
311
272
6,409
4.3
2.4
2.1
48.7
185
118
86
2,549
3.6
2.3
1.7
50.3
254
136
127
2,410
9
374
762
366
0.1
2.8
5.7
2.7
3
125
334
112
0.1
2.s
6.6
2.2
5
169
285
204
aNo respondent checked by enumerator.
•1..eas than
District 6
percent.
4.7
2.5
2.4
44.9
0.1
3.2
Humber
125
57
59
1,450
6.3
1
80
133
3.8
40
Percent
4.6
2.1
2.2
53.3
•
2.9
4.9
1.s
>
~
'"3
"'j
t;;
~
>
0:,
Cl:l
t:i:j
7.
i:::,
~
t:i:j
...
Table E-2.- EUPI.DYM'ENT STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF EMPLOYABLE PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD
Employment status
or households
~
Number of employable persons per householcl8-
Total
households
2
1
6 and over
4
3
IT1
:i::
Num-
ber
Per- Numcent ber
Percent
Percent
Nunber
Bumber
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
-0
r
0
-<
:i::
Total householdsb
42,488 100.0 20,604 100.0 12,287 100.0 5,705 100.0 2,521 100.0 1,371 100.0
IT1
:z
-I
Complete full-time employment
Complete part-time employment
Combined full-time and parttime employment
Complete unemployment 0
21,697
1,675
2,081
7,?.37
51.1 14,274
4.0 1,451
4.9
17.0
0
4,879
69.3
1.0
-
23.7
6,232
193
42.6 1,615
28
1.6
1,236 10.0
1,707 13.9
546
451
28.3
o.5
9.6
7.9
440
3
212
162
17.5
0.1
8.4
6.0
136
0
89
48
9.9
-
6.5
3.5
,..
:z
C
C:
:z
IT1
:i::
-0
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
Partial unemployment 0
Unemployment and full-time
employment
Unemployment and part-time
employment
Unemployment and full-ti.me
and part-time employment
r
0
7,408
17.4
0
1,202
2.8
0
-
703
1,188
2.8
0
-
0
IT
'<
-
-<
:i::
3,217
&Excludes persons not seeking work because of temporary illness.
0
bExcludes 2a329 households with no employable members.
(v
0 Inoludea
employment on amergenoy Works Program projeota.
40.5 1,205
47.8
676
49.3
IT1
:z
-I
C"')
a.......
26.2 2,310
5.7
313
5.5
114
4.5
72
5.3
-
443
7.8
395
16.7
360
25.6
:z
co
w
0,
Table E-S.- DISTRIBUTION OF mPLOYABLE PERSONS m HOUSEHOLDS WITH UHJ!IIPLOYED MlllBERS
BY BUKBER OP' DIPLOfABLE PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD, RELIEF STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD
.AJ1D
RATIO OF UNEKPLOYED TO EKPLOYABLE PERSONS
Reliet houeeholdab
lfumber of employable persons
per household•
Total
employable
persons
Total
unemployed
members
Ratio ot
unemployed
to employable
persona
Total
employable
. persons
Total
unemployed
members
Ratio of
'lmemployed
Ito employable
persons
Total
1S,S08
10,580
o.8
27,088
13,487
o.s
1
5,230
5,974
2,877
1,724
875
5,230
S,199
2,049
1,179
569
1.0
o.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
1,649
7,280
7,674
6,740
2,935
1,649
4,156
5,467
2,599
1,155
1.0
o.6
o.s
o.4
o.4
584
161
S2
27
254
89
lS
o.6
o.s
o.•
1,284
476
462
184
o.•
o.4
0.4
64
0
0
22
11
2
a
4
5
6
7
0
8
""
9
10 and over
c6"
N.
([)
a.
IT
'<
Bonreliet households
240
.,<t
o.s
0
0
,..
'"Cl
'"Cl
m
z
0
><
m
o.s
--
CJ aExoludes per1ons not seeking work because of temporary illness.
O binoludea home and work relief.
O 0 Inoludes 10 persons in 1 household with 10 employable persona and 14 persons in 1 household with 14
0Q employable per1ons.
rS"" dincludes 3 persons in 1 household with 10 employable persons and t persons in 1 household with 14 employable
persons.
~
01
Table B-4o• RACE AND HATIV'tTY OF EMPLOYABLE HEADS OF RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING UHE11PLOYED IIEl!BERS BY AGE AND SEX
Women
Men
White
Age in year•
White
Negro
Total
Native-born
NUil\•
ber
4,717 100.0 1,903 100.0
1,281
ber
Per- NUii!cent ber
other
Total
lllegro
Native-born
P'oreign•born
Per•
cent
Hum-
~
0)
Percent
NUl!lber
Percent
l'TI
Forei gn•born
Number
Percent
NUl!lber
Percent
Number
Percent
Nuz:i-
11
100.0
722
100.0
229
27.2
9ol
2
42
93
110
Oo3
5.8
12.9
15.2
l
15
23
18.2
9ol
9.l
1eo2
14-4
117
84
69
35
24
12
other
lfum-
ber
Percent
ber
Peroent
100.0
72
lOOoO
421
lOOoO
33
0.4
6.5
lOoO
14.4
l
l
2
2
1.4
1.4
2.8
208
0
26
68
75
20o0
?6.2
11.6
802
54
38
22
13
2306
1606
906
5.7
13
.:1
16
18o0
29.2
22.2
8.3
77
5B
4.8
3.3
1.1
10
13
7
4.4
5.7
3.1
8
r
-0
r-
0
-<
X
Totala
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
0.3
4o7
10.7
12.7
9
144
289
282
o.5
7.6
15.2
14.8
0
7
29
87
-0.5
35-39
40-44
45-49
S0-64
800
744
664
48-4
16.9
15.8
l4ol
l0o3
335
251;
11.6
55-59
60-64
65 and over
320
206
158
608
4.4
3o3
Under 20
20-24
25-29
30-34
15
223
505
598
Median age
41.5
2.3
608
6
71
184
228
0.4
4.7
12.1
15.0
147
13.5
10.8
7.7
156
261
269
198
12.2
20.4
21.0
15o4
307
226
188
137
20.2
14.8
12.3
9.0
1
l
2
109
72
54
5.7
308
208
129
85
60
10.1
6.6
4.7
B2
49
5.4
3.2
2.9
0
0
0
206
38.4
46.9
C')
a.......
(v
44
39o4
-9.1
0
l
3
1
2
--
*
39o0
59.0
6
l
1
44.2
~eludes persona not ■ eeklng work becauee of temporary illness and 17 men and 2 w0111en who did not report age.
'<
0
100.0 1'522 lOOoO
~edian not calculated for fffflr than 25 case••
11.1
1.4
1.4
46
40
6.2
16.2
1708
0
m
z:
--i
0
0
0
0
►
z.
0
c::
z:
1308
10o9
9.5
0
0
0
0
l'TI
4o0
2.4
Oo9
0
0
0
l'TI
18o3
17
10
4
370?
-
X
-0
r0
-<
X
z
--i
:z
<D
w
en
Table E-5.- RACE ARD NATIVITY OF DIPLOTABU: HEADS OF NOlfRELIEF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING UNEMPLOYED MEIIBERS BT AGE AND SEX
lllln
White
Age 1n
year■
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
8,577 100.0 4,261 100.0
5,181
100.0 924
'<
100.0
11
Per- Ihmoetrt ber
--
0.6
6,5
11.5
9.6
1
10
65
105
2
o.5 58
1.7 101
5.5 126
0.2
4.1
10.9
15.6
0
0
l
0
821
1,209
1,4515
1,294
9.8
14.4
17.5
15.4
479
691
608
645
11,2
13.9
14.15
12.7
176
465
703
650
6,5 162
14.6 151
22.1 140
20.4 99
17,6
16,4
16.2
10,7
4
2
2
2
56.S
18.2
18,2
18,2
880
627
474
10.5
7.6
6.7
542
295
221
8.0
6,9
5.2
492
501
225
15,5
9,6
7,1
6,0
15,4
5.0
0
0
0
-
Median age
per ■ on ■
46.9
not
■ eek1ng
0
•Less than 0,05 percent.
44,0
46
51
28
50,6
work because of temporal")'
41.1
illnea ■
Per- llua- Peroent ber
oent
100.0 1,522 100.0
27
267
481
407
•Excludes
nativity.
(v
•
Per- Numoent ber
0.4
5.8
7,6
7.6
C"')
a.......
Per- Numoeut ber
50
515
636
658
56-69
60-64
65 and over
IT
Total
llat1Te-born
NUDIber
Under 20
20-24
25-29
50-54
Per- lluaoent ber
Other
Foreign-born
Peroeut
ber
56-39
40-44
45-49
60-54
Negro
Native-born
NUlll-
Total•
White
Total
9.1
-
--
I
·-
Negro
Foreign-born
Other
Peroent
NU111-
ber
ber
Peroent
Ium-
851
100.0
247
100.0
224
100.0
0
27 ' 2.0
8,6
115
177 15,4
148 11.2
25
92
152
102
2.7
10.8
15.6
12.0
2
5
15
o.8
2.0
6.S
6.S
2
16
52
55
0.9
7.1
14.5
14.7
0
0
0
0
180
210
156
125
115,6
15.9
11.8
9.6
112
121
88
70
15.2
14.2
10.4
8.2
46
152
12.6
19.0
18.2
12.9
57
42
215
215
16.6
18.8
10.15
10.15
0
0
0
0
85
6.15
4,6
5,5
46
57
28
6.4
4.15
5.15
so
18
11
12.1
7.S
4,5
7
6
4
5.1
2.2
1.8
0
0
0
lS
►
-0
-0
,,,
z
0
60
45
40,4
58.4
S1
47
46.4
59.0
><
,,,
-
and 51 men and 51 women who did not report age or raoe and
#-Median not calculated for fn,er than 26 oases.
~
-.J
•
ar El,'.!'LOYABLE HF.ADS OF HOUSIBOLDS HAVING UNDIPLOYED IO!KBERS
BY RELIEF :;TATUS OF HOUSEHOLD .AJfD SEX
'!'able E-6 .- USUAL OCCUPATIONAL GRCllJP
CD
Relief etatu1 ot household
Total
0
<i5'
;::;(1)
a.
""
0-
'<
CJ
0
-
~
(v
Totalb
W0111en
Men
Numt,.,r
Peroent
Num•
ber
Percent
5,416
100.0
4,714
100.0
Num•
ber
702
Totalc
X
Women
llern
"Q
r
Peroent
Humber
Percent
NUIII•
ber
Percent
Number
Paroent
100.0
9,759
100.0
8,f20
100.0
1,539
100.0
0
-<
::r
,.,,
z
-4
>
Skilled end semiskilled occupation, 1n
maufactur i ng and m~chanical
industriee
Buildin& and construction
Metal products, machinery, and
electrical-goods manufacture
2,457
1,004
427
7.~
420
8,9
7
1.0
905
9,5
892
10.6
Printing establishments
Textile and clothing manufacture
other
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transportation and trade pursuits
25
424
579
1,065
163
725
o.4
7,8
10,7
19,7
:5,0
15,:5
19
275
515
1,062
1:54
897
0,4
5.8
10.9
22.5
2,8
1-l.ll
4
0,6
21.2
9,4
0.4
1.s
12,9
15.7
9.9
7,2
15.4
128
915
1,21:S
970
46:5
1,212
1.5
10,9
14.-l
776
14.:5
577
215
17
0
4.0
o.s
196
17
0
D0111estic and personal senice
Executive, professional, and ssniprofessional oooupations
Public-service occupations
All other
,.,,
NOlll"eliet
Relief'
Ueual occupational group ot
ernplnyable head of household&
:z
C,
45,4
l!J,6
-
2,231
1,004
47.5
21,5
226
0
52.2
-
4,609
975
47.2
10.0
29
26
4.1
5,7
135
1,257
1,541
971
701
1,502
e.o
599
56.9
986
10.1
-l.2
19
0
0
2.7
964
225
l
9,9
2.5
o.•
-
•Excludes persons not seeking work because of temporary illness.
bExcludes 5 persons who did not report usual occupation and 57 nft' workers,
0 Exoludea 6 persons who did not report usual occupation and 16 Dft' workers,
•teas than 0,05 percent,
149
66
s
--
•
4,121
975
48,9
11,5
488
56,4
-
C:
15
1.0
%
5
0
11,5
l
6.5
a.•
258
90
o.,
25.5
9,5
0.1
17,8
6.7
586
7.0
-lOO
29,9
842
225
l
10.0
2.7
122
0
0
9.1
•
l542
128
2
m
"Q
r
0
-<
::c
,.,,
z
-4
z
--
CD
(,)
en
Table E-7.- DURATION OF U'NDfPLOYMENI SINCE LA.ST NONRELIEF JOB FOR UNEMPLOYED HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS
BY RELIEF STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD .ABD SEX
Relief status of household
Bonrelief
Relief
Duration in months
Women
Men
Totala
~2
3-6
6-8
9-11
12-23
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
24-35
36-47
48-59
60 and over
Wmen
Men
Humber
Percent
Number
Percent
Humber
Percent
Number
Percent
4,335
100.0
639
100.0
3,007
100.0
626
100.0
282
380
305
219
726
6.5
s.8
1.0
6.1
16.7
64
50
39
32
10.0
1.e
6.1
5.0
17.8
604
20.1
10.5
7.1
4.6
12.6
97
72
38
32
65
18.5
13.7
7.3
6.1
10.s
570
545
12.e
67
9.9
9.9
10.7
19.5
47
7.4
51
39
28
132
20.1
9.7
7.4
5.3
21.5
13el
464
844
114
14.7
10.s
94
316
214
140
379
297
297
283
477
9.4
16.9
us
>
""
rr,
:z
0
X
,.,
'<
C"')
0
a.......
Median duration
29.4
26.7
19.3
17.2
&Excludes persons not seeking work because or temporary illness and 88 unemployed relief household heads and 99
unemployed nonrelief household heads who did not report duration of unemployment.
(v
~
C0
Table E-8.• RELATIONSHIP TO HOUSEHOLD HEAD OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER NOT SEEKING WORK
BY REASON FOR NOT SEEKING WORK AND SEX
Total
In school
Disabled
Retired
Occupied in
household
dutiea
Aged
Relationship to
household head
ber
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
other
reasona
Peroent
Num-
42.7
1,100
19.0
1,116
19.S
1,040
18.0
0
5.8
91.9
49.l
311
155
96
219
21.6
6.9
33.5
28.7
782
8
29
86
5f.2
o.,
10.1
11.s
247
1
16
17.1
0
0
0
0
ber
Men, total•
5,788
100.0
2,,1,
Head
Son
Brother
Father
1,442
2,261
287
762
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
BS
2,079
141
0
Percent
-
NUlll•
ber
Peroent
Rum•
ber
793
10
233
100.0
100.0
100.0
142
1
28
17.9
10.0
12.0
255
3
61
32.2
30.0
26.2
Women, total•
39,856
100.0
1,988
5.0
1,270
5.2
1,372
Head
Daughter
Wife
Mother
1,918
3,203
26,876
3,768
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10
1,710
7
2
o.5
53.4
182
174
313
206
9.5
5.4
1.2
5.f
1,252
2,617
12
310
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
117
127
0
15
9.S
5.1
146
192
3
56
11.6
7.6
25.0
18.1
•
0.1
Peroent
NI.Ill•
ber
448
Peroent
•
5.6
58.8
Percent
Num-
ber
265
1
62
33.f
10.0
26.6
0
0
0
3.f
1,696
4.5
33,411
942
12
22
66
49.l
0.1
1.8
191
2
92
57f
10.0
0.1
o.3
15.2
82
141
6.6
64
6.6
33.3
33.2
703
0
80
124 15.6
5 50.0
82 35.2
o.,
-
---
Num-
ber
Peroent
58
1.0
19
18
5
9
l.S
o.e
1.7
1.2
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Sister
Other female relatives
Secondary head
All others
.,,
'
7
0
0
o.9
85.8
119
o.3
553
1,256
26,f35
2,918
28.8
59.2
98.f
77.f
40
2.1
1.6
t.3
847
27.9
1,544
67.7
53.f
fl.7
17.1
-
-
4.8
4
103
25.8
6
53
0
-<
:c
fTI
"Z
--4
►
:z
IC'
C
:z
49
7
-•
s
0.1
7
10
0
o.a
o.,
IT
'-<
m
J:
Ntm1-
Other male relatives
Secondary head
All others
01
0
s
•Excludes 8 men and 32 women who did not report reason for not seeking work and 1,019 persons not seeking work because ot
temporary illness.
*Less than 0.05 percent.
-
1.0
m
.,,
~
'
-<
:c
,.,,
0
:a
--4
:z
ID
w
a,
Table E-9.- AGE OF EMPLOYABLE PERSONS BY F.JdPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX
Age in years
Men
Women
Employed
Employed
Total
Peroent
ot total
55,.044
38,.774
70.4
16,.270
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
3,.914
7,.080
7,.014
6.192
1,.512
4,.478
5,.114
4,. 74.2
38.6
63.2
72.9
76.6
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
6,.654
6,.371
5,.611
4,.591
5,.061
4,.859
4,.236
3,.435
55-59
m 60-64
3.180
2,.382
2,.055
2,.337
1,.617
1,.383
rotalb
~
,.
:;
""J
'-~
0
--I
"
_;
;J
"'=
rn
:0 C :::0
-l
=
<
~-; ;: ; -<
~~ 6 O
;; ti .,,
::.; .:g:
'--• ro· r
~;~ ~
::'. .CZ ;.1
65 and over
5:l-_'! c-'
~
O =<--includes
~
Unemployeda
Number
O
Total
Unemployed 8
Number
Peroent
25,.055
16,.378
65.4
34.6
2,.402
2,.602
1,.900
1,.450
3,.872
5,.763
3,.923
2,.728
1,.527
3,.877
2,.903
1,.965
39.4
67.3
1,.0
12.0
60.6
32.7
26.0
2e.o
76.l
76.3
75.5
74..8
1,.593
1,.512
1,.375
1,.156
2,.516
2,.088
1,.519
1,.114
1,.756
1,.466
1,.048
796
69.8
10.2
69.0
71.5
30.2
29.8
31.0
28.5
73.5
67.9
67.3
843
765
672
665
4.98
369
4.51
335
67.8
67.3
68.8
32.2
32.7
31.2
25-l
ot total
►
""'
,.,.,
""'
z
0
><
m
persona not seeking work because of temporary illness and persons employed on e.rgenoy Worlca
Program projects.
rrOO
rS""
~xcludes 742 persons who did not report age.
....01
gt
Tabla B-10.- IIIDIAII SCHOOL GRAill COIIPL!T!D BY '!IIPLOTABU: PERSONS, BY USUAL OCCUPATIONAL r.ROUP,
~
J:IIPLOYMEN'l' STATUS, Al'ID SIX
Totala
Uaaal oooupational group
K•n, total
Skilled and ..111u::1llad oooupaUou in -=taoturing
and •ohllllioal ln4unriea
Uukilled labor
Clerical work
TrlllsportaUon and tn4• puraultl
~11tic and pereonal HrTloe
BDouthe, protullional, and eemtproteaalonal
ocoupat ion,
Publio-11erT1oe ocoupatioDII
All other•
IJO•n, total
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Skilled and eemiakilled occupation■ in manutacturin,,:
and •chanical indu11trie11
Uukilled labor
Clerical work
'l"rtmsportation and trade purauit1
Doanio and pareonal ""ice
EDouti ft, prote1111ional, and ..m1prote1111ional
oooupatiou
Public-.. rTice occupation•
AlJ other'
-lo,-d full tS.
Median
lledian
Nlmlber 11ohoQl gralle Jllmber 110110ol gralle
omipleted
omiplahd
52.8'1S
8.6
SS.'49
8.'1
bplo,-d part time
Unemplo19db
lledian
Madian
lllaber 1chool grade Blllber
oo.pleted
S.'196
e.s
15 628
■cbool
grail•
0011plehd
e.s
,..,
z
""0
r0
-<
21,SM
11,4115
,,es
8,'16S
8.4
6.8
lJ,9118
11,S
e.e
S,199
6,18'1
2,068
8.5
'1.'1
11.6
8,9
2,1152
48'1
uo
490
a.a
6.7
10.4
l,S86
904
e.2
6,1
10,'1
8,5
2,086
8.4
6,2'4
:'!,6114
a.a
2,390
e.s
805
a.a
1,059
8,1
6,0'1S
1,179
2,162
12,0
e.e
5,046
12.1
e.e
891
18
:,
11,7
7!6
10,7
8.6
9,4
24,611'7
9,4
8.9
1,101
6
lS,088
I
9.S
7,51S
40
5,298
1,791
8.5
e.s
12,2
9.8
S,890
8.5
81
S,7'16
1,190
I
18.2
9,8
6,269
8.2
2,897
1,91111
9
1,762
12,8
1,897
8
s
II
9.5
2,967
I
I
2,1511
8,6
8,588
8,5
60
8,8
178
191
I
12,l
9,8
2,407
16
1,344
410
12,l
9,9
8,4
1,028
8,l
2,344
7.6
12,7
114'1
l
s
14,0
,
Sll
11.9
I
I
1,816
s
I
81:zolud•• 2,114'1 •n and 784 - n who did not report education or occupational Rroup,
blncludea pereons not seeking work becauee of temporary ill.Mae and parson• emplo19d on eaarR9nc1 Works Program projectll,
4!Includee new wornre who haft Deftr been employed,
._dian not oal.oulated tor t - r than 25 o... s.
0
1,756
8,4
I
9,5
z
,..,
z
~
>
:z:
IC'
c::
:z:
,..,
z
""0
r0
-<
JC
,..,
:z:
~
:z:
co
w
°'
Table E-11.- DPLOlJIElff STA1'US OF BIIPLOUBLE PERSONS BT SCHOOL GRADE COMPLETED AND SEX
Employed f'Ull tia
Total
Men
Sohool grade oompleted
Peroent
Num,-
ber
Totalb
No formal education
Grammar school
Nongraduate
Graduate
Percent
Num,-
ber
Percent
Num-
ber
Men
lfomen
Ken
lfo-n
Percent
"Hum-
ber
Unemployed&
Employed par t tim
Num,-
ber
lfo111tn
Per - "Hum,.
cent ber
Per cent
Jlen
1'01111111
Percent
Num-
ber
Per oent
lium-
ber
62,896 100.0 24,660 100.0 33 , 468 100 . 0 13 , 088 100.0 3, 797 100.0 2, 968 100. 0 16,640 100.0 8,694 100.0
2,019
3 .8
512
14 ,874
16,383
28.1
31 . 0
6,608
6,754
2.1
1, 066
3.1
260
22.7 7,899
27.4 10,704
23.6
32.0
2,425
3 , 576
6.6
86
2.9
764
18.5 1,310 34.6
27 . 3 1,217 32.0
837
879
28.2
29.6
5 , 666
4,462
1.9
209
4.8
2.0
176
36.2 2,346 27.3
28.5 2,300 26.8
►
~
,.,
~
:z
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
0
0
a.......
~
0
High school
1-3 years
Graduate
8,830
7,045
16.7
13.3
5 , 316
5,042
21.6
20.5
5,483
5,191
16.4
16.5
2,623
3 , 326
20.1
25.4
573
364
16 . l
9.3
339
College
1-3 years
Graduate
Postgraduate
1,337
1,816
591
2. 6
3.5
1. 1
800
510
108
3.2
2.1
o.4
1,067
1,542
626
3. 2
4. 6
1. 6
470
344
75
3.6
2.6
0.6
69
53
22
1.6
1.4
o. 6
134
90
19
Median number of
school year,
8.6
e. 9
8.7
9. 3
s. 3
584
8.6
19.7
11.4
2,774
1,500
4.5
3. 0
221
,221
43
0.1
8.3
17.8 2, 109
9.6 1,377
1 .4
1.4
o .3
24 . 6
16.0
196
76
14
><
,.,
2.3
0.9
0. 2
8. 8
ainoludes persona not seeking work beoauee of temporary illness and persons employed on emergency lforks Prograa projects.
bExcludes 3,296 peraou who did not report school grade 0011pleted.
01
~
Table E-12.- USUAL OCCUPATION OF PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED PERSONS BY El!PLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX
ell
~
Nwnber of employable persona and percent
Total
Usual ocoupatioD
lien
Totalb
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Women
or
total for reaFectin sex
Employed full time
Employed part time
Men
lien
Women
Unemployed•
lien
Wo?!lon
Nwn•
Per-
Num•
Per-
Num-
Per-
ber
cent
ber
aent
ber
oent
Num•
ber
Percent
llum•
Per-
Num•
Per-
ber
cent
ber
cent
52,782
22,960
35,045
66.-l
13,584
59.2
3,994
7,6
3,082
13,4
13,7ol3
Skilled and eemiskilled oooupationa in aanuraoturing
and mechanical industriee
22 294
Building and oonatruotion
5 1139
Brioklayere, briolcmaeona
264
Cabinetmaker,
102
Carpenters. joiner•
934
7.672
0
0
0
0
13.633
2,477
99
61
61,2
47,7
n,5
59.8
47.9
4 029
0
0
0
0
52,5
2 259
540
10,l
10,4
12,9
8.8
10.e
1.259
0
0
0
0
16.4
6,402
2,172
131
32
388
25,0
25.9
7.8
4.3
447
Cement finisher ■
Concrete mix~r• and workers
Crane, dredge, hoist, and ateui-ahoTel operators
Electrloiana
Foremen (building and oonstruotion)
Lathen
204
116
164
531
117
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
51
30
99
350
54
5
65.9
46.l
15.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ornamental-Iron workera
Painters (except eign and factory)
Paperhangers
Pipe ooverera, aabeatoa insulator ■
Plaaterer1
Plumber•, pipe, gaa, and steu, fitter•
16
699
247
20
176
679
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
349
125
7
58
359
50.0
49,9
50.6
35.0
32.9
52.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
91
0
40
44.0
0
23
6
0
0
Ii
2
21.7
40.0
0
0
236
60
0
0
56.4
201
58
0
0
Riggen
Road-machine and n.e.c. oonatruotion-plant
operator ■
Rodmen, ohainmen
Roofer■, ■ later ■,
tinner•
Stoneouttere
Stene- ■ ona,
w
so.,
22
as.1
0
0
75
17
87.3
29.3
0
0
atone and aarbl• aettera,
ourb ■ ettera
Struotural•iron and
- ■teel
workere
-
--------
----
M
9
99
16
5
7
37
3
,.2
1.0
6
18.Z
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
29
78
.
6,3
10,6
21.5
20,0
16.6
11,5
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ii
5.5
0
0
20.0
0
0
8
1, ...
10.0
0
0
12
2
6,0
3.4
0
0
74
53
l
M
2.e
---
----
---
-
----
Wornen
26,0
6,294
27.4
28.7
:n.1
n.s
2 384
0
0
0
0
22
6'1.2
69,8
36.4
27.1
51.3
66.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
276
69
9
89
U2
43.7
39,5
27.9
45,0
50.6
35,6
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
50.5
0
18
2
78.3
40,0
0
0
69
32
29.2
53,3
0
0
114
39
66,7
67.3
0
0
137
81
58
144
60
n.9
49.6
31.4
-----
----
--
---
m
X
-,;J
r0
-<
m
z
:z
-t
>
:z
0
C
:z
m
z
-0
r-
0
-<
z
m
z
-t
:z
U>
w
°'
TU-•one, terra-ootta aettera
Ttabermon, ahonra
Slcilled and aemialcilled worker• in bu1ldint;
and ooutruation n.•.o•
lletal products, -ahinery, and eleatriod-gooda
manul'aoturin,;
Blacksmith ■, torg-n, h&1111111rmen
Boilermaker ■, byers-out
Butters, tilers, grinders (metal)
68
8
0
0
22
2
32.4
25.0
0
0
187
0
57
41.6
0
4.966
155
267
0
0
3
3.395
75
4,5
98
68.4
,0.4
50,0
73.7
148
0
0
2
0
57.6
78.7
62.2
64.8
88,6
67,a
75.7
66,f.
79,1
59,6
90
133
Casters, noldera, roumrymen
Clookm&kera and -tohm&kera, jewlera
Coppersmiths, tinalLitha
Coremalcera (foundry)
Inatrument malcera
134,
108
4,6
31
36
0
2
0
77
85
28
17
31
ll&ohine fixer■ (other than loOlll)
ll&ahinista
lleohanio1, automobile and airoratt
lleohanio1, other
Operati~e• n.e.o., electrical goods
52
915
852
4,97
188
0
0
0
0
203
35
693
566
393
112
•
0
a
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
100
-55,4
-66.7
so.o
-75.0
-
49.3
10
0
14.7
-
0
0
15
10.9
0
349
15
6
10
7,0
9,7
6,7
7.6
36
0
0
l
19
8
14,2
4
1.,
8.9
6.s
a.a
0
0
0
0
0
9,8
4,9
11.0
3.e
10.1
0
0
0
0
28
2
a
5
46
51
19
111
-13,l
-33.3
---
----
13.8
16
6
112.9
75.o
0
0
--
115
47.5
0
-
l,'.22
65
39
25
24.6
41,9
'3.3
18.8
84
0
0
0
38
15
13
12
1
28.3
13.9
28.9
38.7
2.8
0
l
0
l
0
12
177
235
86
67
23.l
19,4,
27,11
17.l
30,3
0
0
0
0
76
31,6
--
-
25.0
-
so.o
---
36.9
,,,,>
...,
:a:
OperatiTea n,e.c., iron and ateel industriea
Operatina n,e.c., other metal induotriea
Patteranalcers (wood and metal)
Plater ■ , enameler ■
Re...,ra, drillers, bolter ■ (shipyard)
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
,21
95
46
22
8
62,6
59.8
11.6
66.7
63.3
18
17
0
7
0
40
0
0
0
0
1T
13
138
29
42.5
72.2
72.6
53.7
0
0
0
0
3
0
9.1
3
3
10
To5
18.7
5.3
9
--
4
4
25
1112
165
44.6
79,f.
71, 7
2
0
0
50.0
0
0
--
15
5
876
59
134
55
579
40
77.5
67.8
78
25
58-2
f.5,4
65
648
59
16
194
0
0
9
432
49
12
146
78.8
83,0
75,0
75,2
0
0
7
46
77,8
65,7
establishment ■
linotype and monotype
operatora
En,;ranro, lithographer•
Proofreadftr ■
OperatiTe ■
See
100.0
56
204,
230
Compositor ■, printer ■,
(v
80
15
Storage-battery workers (aoil winder ■ , solderers)
Tool malcara, millwright•, die aettera
Weldua
54,
footnote ■
n.-,.o., printing eetabli1haent1
at end or table,
70
8.9
11.,
11,9
8908
80.9
18
190
Bookbinder ■
a.......
23
21
0
7
0
Rintsrs
Rollers, roll hand• (steel)
Sheet--tal workers
SMltera, beaters, puddler ■
Printin,;
0
87'
159
68
33
16
--
--
16
8
40
6
0
11
-
4
l
0
0
0
17.4
••8
--
-
16,7
0
0
0
0
---
26,8
2.5
1.0
l
25.0
0
0
--
7.4
13,6
17
10
7,S
10.2
0
0
0
7
-
5,7
193
49
9
8
7
20
2
28.6
30.8
15.5
2,.2
46.7
so.o
3
s
0
0
0
13.0
14.3
----
11.1
22.1
29.6
0
0
0
0
l
0
0
2s.o
49
28.6
18.l
21.3
12.7
18.2
132
11
15,l
18.6
119
20
29,l
116,f.
--
76
10.0
37
13.9
6,8
25.0
19,l
0
0
2
17
22.2
2',11
-
42
16
16
117
4
•
0
><
...,
---
01
Cit
Table E-12.- USUAL OCCUPATION OF PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED PERSONS BY EIIPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX • Continued
01
lluaber ot employable poreons and peroent ot total tor roapeotin aez
Total
Employed tull t1-
Uaual oooupation
lien
lien
w.,..n
Bum-
ber
Skilled and aemiskillod oocupation, in -.iutaoturing
and mochanioal induatriea • Continued
Textile and clothing lll&Jluf&oturing
Beamers. twister ■
Burle rs• menders
Dresemakera, turriera (not 1n taotory)
Dyers (1nduatrial)
Finiahera (olothing)
Pitter ■
(clothing)
Hatters
Knitters, full-taehioned hoaiery
Knitting-ma.chine operat1ne
LoOlll f'izers
Looper,, boarders, toppers
Milliners (not dealers), m1ll1nery workers
Piece re• yarn 1pinnera
Power-machine (sewing) operatina
Prosser• (factory)
Shoe 1rorkera (factory)
Tailors
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
ll'arpere
Weavers
Winders, apoolera
Wool 1courere and aorter ■
OperatiTea n.e.o., clothing tactorie ■
OperatiTea n.e.o. • textile taatories
Other skilled and aemiekilled oooupationa in
anutacturing and mechanical induatriu
Apprentioea to skilled tradee
AHembl•r•
Baken ( induatrial)
Wamen
Iha.
ber
Unemployed a
l:.plOJOd part t1-
Peroent
Women
lien
Iha.
ber
P•r•
oent
Nwn-
bor
P•roent
w.,..n
!Ian
---
ber
Peroent
Ihm-
ber
P•r•
oent
ITI
z
-0
rt.OlO
t9
6
40
196
86
26
56
496
10
69
65
•
t.890
90
167
401
2
181
2.118
25
6
29
96
52
52.t
51.0
100.0
72.6
49.0
37.2
2.t29
13
0
0
78
0
lt
27
236
66.0
48.2
47.6
48.8
71.2
27.5
10
0
0
52
0
178
406
62
100
241
575
144
643
944
220
62
38
15
499
26
21
529
409
13
176
296
5
1,299
367
7 223
192
184
2.381
8
116
l599
0
72
34
42
16
5
69
121
188
61
389
0
c6"
Peroent
0)
8
251
11
76.0
69.0
60.2
60.4
42.,
11.a
55.a
46.5
260
221
44.0
62.4
49.l
64.0
4.964
136
113
296
111.,
74.2
11
68.7
10.a
u
95
173
0
91
t9.7
t5.6
55.7
'3ol
-
60.5
76.9
.
.
u.o
ts.a
M
5t.8
52
566
119
27
19
H.6
69.11
64.l
8
86
115
2
645
163
1.374
7
66
0
499
6
0
1
17.3
12.3
40
20 ••
25
29.l
•
2.5
16.0
so.,
22.0
10.0
17
109
7
2
5.t
16 29ol
l
1,
64
45.6
t9
M
60.0
~
61.5
48.9
a8.2
66.7
49.5
l
79
4
....
5
114
56
57.7
87.5
'8.7
606
26
2t
18
-
.
896
8
56
85
0
28
18.3
8.9
21.6
20.1
l
0
0
15
0
lll3
.7.7
26.0
lt.o
22.4
15.l
25.6
11.s
8
16
107
20
18
8.7
1s.e
16.0
14.3
21.s
13.7
0
18
7&
0
246
81
8.4
18.6
1112
0
20
0
u.o
406
4
.
15.5
-
19.2
.
32.8
12.9
20.l'
11,5
9.1
29.0
10.s
1.223
18
0
10
60
29
1
12
161
29
16
2t
0
27
66
136
S0.3 1.566
36.7
u
.
25.0
SO.II
53.7
28.0
21.•
so.5
u .•
26.t
ts.6
-
21.0
27.4
56.5
49
u.o
91
16.8
6
189
10
7
156
132
40.0
57.9
40.0
55.a
29.11
52.11
1a.1
1.665
so
l7o4
47
22.9
16.6
25.8
21.a
-
10.2
25.a
-
18.9
22.1
-
86
S8
lt5
2
62
2
0
0
51
0
95
20
25
272
81
17
16
6
72
108
l
tll
125
696
l
39
0
32.0
45.5
22.7
56.2
100.0
34.2
15.4
.
.
59.8
-
25.t
0
z-<
ITI
z
-➔
>
:z:
0
C:
z
z:
-0
r-
l'T1
52.a
M,7
28.8
56.8
21.,
59.f
0
ss.s
z
-<
z:
ITI
:z:
-➔
40.9
56.5
53.3
51.6
53.6
29.2
12.6
Ill.II
-
co
w
0,
Barrtol -....re, ooop•r•
Butohere
Cabinet {radio) and furniture worl:er•
Candy worker•
Cir;ar aanr• {band)
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
ll5
4o0
l5e
89
9
0
0
2
82
17
337
65.7
7llo3
?
0
80
ta. ♦
50
3
56.2
3:1.3
0
37
8
23
Cigarette and tobo.ooo W0rker•
(-chine and n,o.,.)
Cobbler•, 1h00 repairmen
Cutter•
Engineer ■ n.P,Oo, firemen (atationary)
46
204
366
670
t35
25
162
24i
f,63
lit. ♦
0
63
0
Fini1her1 n.e,c, (in -=tacturir.g)
Fiehermon. oyster-men
Foremen
Gardeners (greenhou1e1)
Gla11 blonr1
194
3
702
100
12
47
0
129
l
0
Glazier ■
lnapectore, examiners (raotory)
L&belers, po.ater ■, po.clcers (factory)
Leather worker• (other than ahoe)
16
254,
233
337
0
314,
f,27
86
Linemen
Maintenance men
Miners. mine operatina
Motion-picture operator•
Oiler, of -ohinery
90
1-13
18
f,2
63
Operat1Tea n.e.o., food product,
Piano and organ tuners and builder•
Quo.rrymen (except etoneouttera)
Radio repair Mn and inatallatlon men
Teater,
t:pholeterere
Varnieher1, painters in factory
Operatiff ■ n.e.c •• other manu.tacturing
1Ddustriea
othar n.e,c, •killed and eeaiekil l•d
oocupo.tion1 in -.wfaoturin& and ...,chanioal
induetriH
--
45.l
♦ 7.1
2
29
46
7
0
6.7
6.3
Zf.2
7.9
-
t,3
72,l
276
0
ll9
0
81,9
-
2
21
35
20
111
1
597
61
6
57,2
33,3
85.1
61.0
50,0
21
0
100
0
0
M,7
37
0
15
5
l
19.1
10
176
128
62.s
69,3
56.0
0
195
221
21♦
63.5
54
0
0
0
0
0
68
125
9
38
t6
75.6
0
0
0
0
0
36a
26
23
86
10~
146
l
0
0
10
253
13
10
47
86
69.ll
50.0
f,3,5
150
185
3
6
1,001
239
74.5
6&.11
a1.•
f>O,O
90,5
71. ♦
63.2
-
77.5
--
-
62.l
51,8
62.8
----
IT
C')
0
a.......
(v
See footnotH at end or table.
10
94
86.7
35.3
23,7
35.9
8
13,l
3&. ♦
17.f>
19
lll
86
167
41.3
lOll
l&,2
23.5
24,9
0
13
0
21.3
f,6
2
5,f,
100.0
90
2ll,7
66,7
12.e
5.0
8,3
10
0
7
l
0
16
0
22
0
0
l
21
18
49
6.3
8.3
7.7
14,5
0
30
56
9
2
2.2
6
♦ .2
l
l
7
5.6
2.4
11.1
0
0
0
0
0
29
6
5
8.o
23.l
21,7
16,3
7,ll
ltl
0
0
0
0
~.6
3.o
-2,1
-
-9,6
13,l
10.5
----
u.o
3f,
5
,1.1
5
57
87
74
37,3
22,0
31,2
22. ♦
0
89
150
23
20
12
8
ll
11
....
83
7
8
25
16
22.1
26.9
34,,8
29,l
1~.• 8
♦7
22.2
8, ♦
1.1
17.5
0
0
0
0
0
u.o
17,l
-28.:S
20.6
35,l
26,7
---
-
lf,
50,0
8
70
109
55,8
58.9
3
2
100.0
33,3
53
18
25, ♦
0
2
-
33,S
27
58
20,8
31,4
0
9,7
2
33, ♦
U7
668
66,7
2t7
55,2
81
8,1
66
lt,8
252
2s.a
13'
so.o
42
176
73,6
23
54.7
16
8,7
T
16.7
47
19,7
12
28,11
-- .
--
l
0
0
5
J>
-0
,..,
~
:z:
C
,..,""
32,2
100.0
78,9
--
12.3
--3S.0
0
0
0
32
6
28.6
20.,
70
ll2
57
0
11
0
10.3
a.
'<
--
100.0
15.9
17.6
81
0
0
0
5
54,EI
56.5
0
0
2
111
3
--
50,0
QI
-4
Table E-11.- USUAi. OCCUPATJO• OP PREVIOUSLY IW'LOTBD PBRSOII BT IWLOnllft STATUB AJII> In - Coats.-4
°'a,
llllnber of -.ployable persona aDd peroeat. of total for Nepeot1n . .,.
Ueual oooupatlon
lien
w..-n
b er
n
City etreet cleaner•
Dairymen, farm h&nda
Dock hand a• lon,;ahoremen
6.845
650
123
118
U3
Garage worker■ (unskilled)
Gas-station attenda.nt1
H&ndymen
Hod oa.rriera
Laborer ■, building &Dd comtruction
Um killed labor
Apprentices n.e.c., helpere
laborers, mamifaoturing and other
Porter ■
Watchmen, guard•
Other
laborer ■
n.e.c.
Clerical work
Accountants, auditor•
Booklceeper ■
0
<0'
N.
""
(I)
a.
cr
'<
CJ
0
-
~
(v
Caahiera (e,.cept banlc)
Clora, bank
Clorlca • filing, -11 • geoeral-oftioe
Bati.JMtor ■, apprai1er1
lleuenger1, office boy■ aDd girl ■
Operator,, office appliance•
Operator ■, telephone aDd tel•graph
Pay.aatere, t1-lceeper ■, pay-roll clerta
Produotion clerlca, time-1tudy clerlal
Secretar1ea
Shipping and reoeiT1n& olerlal
Statiatioal olerlca
w..-n
lien
Peroent
II,-
5ll,7
63.6
11
0
0
0
2.781
336
84
49
109
47.6
51.7
es.a
n.5
25,2
22
7
0
0
0
185
154
85
45
1,551
0
0
0
0
0
102
103
48
10
455
55.7
66.9
56.5
25.2
29.2
0
0
0
0
0
994
349
358
804
19
0
0
11
566
216
265
57.0
61.9
74,0
54,7
10
0
0
5
4.213
375
455
47
6l!
4 869
32
665
214
19
5,270
317
325
39
77.6
84.6
74. 7
85.0
96.2
S,820
27
612
145
18
1,059
37
l!lO
824
l
17
180
l!04
864
29
189
S8
48
83.l
78.4
60.9
80,9
eo.o
643
l
11
144
236
78.0
100.0
64.7
80.0
211
l
592
S9
14
98
12
51
562
56
T4,5
70.6
89.5
72,6
100.0
24
l
559
25
lll
47
60
ll52
17
57
T74
llS
MO
60
-
---
11..ber
6l!O
57
16
8
135
--
Women
lien
P•roent
ber
Unaployed6
Employed part U •
Employed full tiae
Total
P•r-
oent
9.1
8.8
15.0
6.8
30.7
ber
Peroent
a
1.s
l
0
0
0
------
9.1
......
lien
Illaber
2,5l!4
257
Per-
oent
-ber
16
a
0
0
0
Peroent
S9.0
21.11
61
191
43.3
39.t>
18.7
51.7
M.l
66
45
l!2
31
999
56.l
27.i
37,6
12.1
6ft,4
0
0
0
0
0
35.3
32.7
22.4
as.6
7
0
0
6
56.9
867
17.8
16,6
18.3
25.7
6,S
2a
--
-----
16
8
5
2
99
8.2
5.2
6.9
4.7
6.4
0
0
0
0
0
77
111
13
78
7,7
5,4
3.6
9.7
2
0
0
0
10,5
---
l!51
114
80
286
152
5
27
l
0
3.6
l.ll
6,2
2.1
182
0
s.1
16,8
l♦ ,l
6
-
14
0
79)
53
83
7
3
19,l
14.9
4.8
121
55
l
5.0
31
0
l
2
12
lM
7
109
8
8
15,9
18,P
35.2
17,0
15,3
160
0
6
18.2
34
11.a
Sl
l
12
l
4
18.9
18,8
82,8
100.0
111.6
64.l
92,9
2
0
2
26
0
1.11
a2
6
4
186
0
24.2
29.,
5
0
21
11
l
--
62,6
-
-
45.5
78.11
84. ♦
77.2
67.8
94,7
2.1
5.9
2.1
6,7
-
5.11
s.4
-
l!O
0
0
12
s
0
-
4.6
6,6
-
a.a
6.9
1.1
3.9
--
s.1
T.7
-
1.0
24,0
-
57
54.6
-
29. ♦
17.2
-
5.S
28.2
7,l
m
z
-0
r0
-<
z
m
:z
-4
>
:z
0
C
:z
m
z
-0
r0
-<
zm
:z
-4
:z
tO
w
a,
Stenographe ra
8tenographer-boolclceeper1
Stoot olerka
T7Pi■ t■
Other olerioal worlcar• n.e.o.
Transportation 1.11d trade pur1uit1
Adjuatere• claim agente
Agents• ad'Nrtisin,;
Agent•• freight and ticket
Agent ■• inaurance 1.11d real eatate
Agents , purchasing and
buyer■
Agents• aalea • aaleamen
Agents, 1hippin,; ILlld reoeirln,;
CanT&saera
Collectors. credit men
Conductors. motormen (street oar)
Deoorators, window drsasers
Deli'Nrymen, truck driver•
Demonatre.tora
Detocti'Ne (priT&te), inTestigators
Huckster,, peddler•• junlanen
Karine engineen
Paokere. wrapper• (atore)
Railroad switchmen, flagmen, yardmen
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Railroad trainmen, firemen, conductor■• 1n,;ineer1
Salos clerks, shoppers (1tore)
Tu:i 1.11d bus driver•
Tellers, cashier ■ (bank)
Other trade pursuits n.e.c.
other transportation pursuit• n.e.c.
Dome1tic and personal aern oe
Barber- and beauty-1hop worker ■
Bartenders
Butler ■, hou■ e.,.,n (d01118atic)
Chauffeur■ (do.,.,stio)
Cleaning- 1.11d dyeing- ■ hop workers
Cooka, ohefs (not domestic)
114
11
277
101
281
1.<138
lU
M
426
Bl
93
7
192
78
232
81.8
63,6
69.3
70,6
2.164
6
11
T
75
za.e
13,3
15,9
13.5
13,9
Ul
0
2
0
2
22.a
3
33
l
l
l
2.8
2,8
16,7
l,4
1.2
l
6
0
2
0
2,5
25.0
13,0
13,0
-
22.s
20.e
2<1,3
15.l
9
5
0
9
2
16
8
187
0
0
4,5
10,9
6.2
0
0
0
0
0
20
11
1.005
l
17
6.0
20.0
53,2
16.7
26.2
0
5
0
6
l
"
10.8
8,o
3.5
2,8
5
0
12
0
16,9
138
a
53,8
12,0
56.0
18,7
0
25
0
H,1
5,4
6,5
2.2
12,3
0
160
0
0
--
<1,6
0
17.1
23.B
19.0
10,9
18,3
25.1
0
31"
0
0
29
0
223
<17
5
6,8
8,2
11
7.9
l 083
33
0
0
28,5
12,8
2-1.2
29.5
2 378
42
0
0
19
9
10
5.-1
10,7
2.1
0
10
10
39,0
18,7
0
23
58
30
13
0
18
7
75,0
54,2
3M
55
3,029
6
299
38
1.e:s1
5
86
0
9
0
22
7
48
89,5
69,l
60,6
83.3
73.8
408
25
86
108
15
0
71
0
226
20
52
87
Sll
1,821
216
46
235
195
0
1.492
0
3,879
576
1<19
139
M.5
115
-
62.l
77,8
0'
17
77.S
0
M.4
8
85,7
55.4
80,0
60,5
80,5
7
0
M
0
'8,7
68.8
70.8
7",5
86.9
69,<I
70.3
0
1 0 01e
0
96
0
21"
1,290
161
40
163
137
6 592
349
0
0
2,550
455
108
87
65,7
79.0
72,5
62.6
3.131
27<1
0
0
47,5
78,5
l
195
61
305
55.6
72.6
83,7
l
36
91
100,0
52,2
57,2
69
10.7
25,0
e,.2
84,2
83,3
7<1,3
83.7
91
993
5
52
159
198
l
0
0
3
81,2
84,6
e-1.1
'°
24
8<1
5.6
2,2
2.9
1,9
2.0
1.235
3
5
l
9
455
351
17,2
15,S
25,9
2<1,6
13,6
12
14
479
248
ZS
H
106
11
509
l
2
l
11
108
1.179
6
70
86
4
12.a
27,3
24,9
18.B
1a.2
6T,O
75,0
71,4
100.0
64.3
17,2
82,5
s.423
SB
56
72
H
a
611
19
5T
7
l
18
1.e"
4
T
l
0
29
9
3.4
2,1
1.9
5,4
1,2
79.t
81.6
72.2
70,0
86.2
9 096
45
69
52
641
"
<1,3
49
3
l
25
l
39
298
69
1.u1
47.9
-
-
68.2
" 100.0
61,5
59
0
--
'
2
3
3
"
98
1<1
l
29
9
8.1
9,1
5.8
4.0
-
-
3,3
8
-21,<1
-8.9
----
53,3
-
H
153
0
17
13
:n
18
63
10,7
'33
e.a
<13
<19
16,<I
1.106
-
9.5
--
14,5
6,3
n
6
7"
l56
tl
ll57
14
16"
M.Z
s
1".3
28.8
-
31,0
22.2
22.7
55,6
H.3
20.0
35.2
-
>
"'O
"'O
,.,
z
0
><
,.,.
-30.2
-
21,l
36.l
12.0
--
33.5
36,5
C/1
(0
See footnotes at end or table.
Table S•lZ•• lJSU.lL OCCUPATIOI OF PRIVIOOSLT BIIPLOYBD PERSOD BT BIIPLODSft STATUS Allll RX • Collts-4
per■ona
lllaber ot -.,loyabl•
Total
U■-1
oooupation
lleD
Wca■ D
·...... ....
....
--
It.Doi. per■oDal Hrrioe • Coats-4
Ccnmt•r- It.Doi. oat•t•rla-■tation worar■
Dey 1KIJ'Dr■• laandr■ HH (4-■tlo)
Dey woran (not 4-■tio) • ottloe o l - n
Sle-..tor operator■
Gar4emn (Hnant■ )
1
OoftrMHH• ohi14 ■ -H■ • tutor■
BomnH • bea4 wlten • ~ •
8-ebepen
JIIDiton • oaretabr■
lltohemorbn( 41■ma11her■) plllltl')' worbn.
not 4-■tio
~D
1andl')' worbr• (not 4- ■tio)
ll&14a (4-■tlo)
lla14a (IIOt cl-■tlo). bowl■• luti~lou
llatrou. lloua• ..tb8r■ (1ut1~1on■)
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
"
5T
0
92
880
101
2'1
17
0
lM
ll'llploJed part ttaa
lien
lleD
Per-
12
0
18.1
51
l'IO
101
81.9
'IOol
• •2
-
128
18
288
60
0
'1
0
159
118
T8
8T
525
1110
181
11
n
OrclerliH, boapltal att■ndant•
Praotioal mar..•• OGlllpaBion■
89
0
111
S.r-..nt■• cl- ■tlo (11-...ln)
S.r-..nt■• 4- ■tlo (11-..-on)
0
0
z.1u
"
10
18
IO
Boda cll■ pena•n
Ullb8r• • clooraD• obeotr- att■ llldante
Waiten. waitre■ H■ (4-■tlo)
Walten. •ltre■H■ (not 4-■tio)
other cl-■tlo It.Doi. pen-1 ..rnoe a.••••
oeat
0
68
0
611
181
0
0
0
81
z
286
•
109
-
0
0
II
oent
'°
15T
1H
21
0
'I0.2
21.1
150.8
82.1
-
"lier
-a.e
1ll
1
18
15
10.2
,.2
9
11.8
19
58.O
11.8
16
.-.1
T
290
u.z
11.a
18.1
111
10l5
18
10
II
1.0M
I
T
9
11
59.5
l5eo8
Motl
.Sol
....
19.9
a.a
'IOoO
150.O
••o
u.o
0
-
--
1.1
.OT
1
1
-
15.8
l8oT
10.0
lloT
N
11• .z
0
0
1
I
0
21
oooapatl-
--
1.1
-
,.,
10.,
11
11.1
ao
u.,
1.111
1.,aa
5.hO
M.2
1.111
et.a
IOI
,.,
'5
aa
100
19
M
a
II
Tl
2T
0
IZ
11.z
0
Tl.Ii
T8o8
TI.O
65.0
1
8
S.Olltift• Jll'Ot'eHiOllal• u4 l■-i.pl"ot'e■ d-1
jpprelltloH u4 udnant■ lD pl'Ot'enlcm&l
u4 reoreatl-1 parnlt• n•••••
Aroh111eot•
Al-tl■ t• • teaober• ot art
'°
-
..,
0
'5
18
11
10
I
11
21
au
a.a
a.a
ao.o
1.1
n.
IToli
-
I
0
0
1
0
--
U-.ploJed&
lien
"lier
Peroeat
....
"lier
hroeDt
'"JC
,..
"Ill
-
'IOol
,
Peroellt
"lier
15.8
'1.8
25.l
1.,
0
0
IO
..-
....·-D ....
9
281
18
2
0
218
Tl.I
58
8
hroent
=
0
re■peotl-.. 1n
,.a
2
0
11 12.0
8
1.5
10 e.1
.a.a
150.O
a.a
-" •••
0
0
0
2'
0
"lier
0
1M
11'
680
tor
ll'llplo,.d hl.1 tiaa
"ber
Dcae■tio
It.Doi. peroent ot total
8.1
..,
a.o
,.o
a
o.
8.1
9.15
19.1
1.1
,.1
-
11
0
2'
85
IT.8
18 0T
8
hO
Tl
12
0
28.8
51
T
-
2801
n.o
" -
0
15
0
112
"
'9
0
0
0
1,
0
-
25.S
llO
•
1,.0
15.1
u.1
a2.,
-
M.I
'8.T
10.11
12.0
MoO
II
u.1
ao.o
1110
Ho2
11.0
ITol
15.5
---
1609
19
89
1ll
10
8Z
0
1.1M
0
0
I
1' Z9o8
11 11.0
I 100.0
T
IOZ
N
80
16oT
I
...,
•
"·'
"·'
-
Mol
10.0
aa.1
15.O
Nol
11.1
1
,.a
IN
18.,
181
10••
Ill
11.a
10.a
8
lT.S
8
0
10.1
' 0
8
10.0
•
10
18.l
zo.o
10
-
u.o
0
-<
JC
'"
~
>
0
C:
'JC.,,"
....
0
-<
JC
'"
~
u,
Co>
0,
Clb-1at•
N
l
Cl•ra-a
101
128
0
D■ ntlatl
D■ dpara
61
l>ietitlau
1
lU
21
author•, N).rt■ r■
Bnginaen (teobnioal , allJ'ftyor•
lntertaia.r■, aotora
Laboratory a11iatant1 aa4 teohaioi&111
~r•
tT
172
28
10
0
n
L1brari&111
Jlamger1, offloiall
lllaician1, teacher• ot ...10
grod•to
Pbanllachtl
Photograpbn1
1
U6
Draft-I&
!<Utor■,
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
other public aerrloe n.e.a.
•wlude1 per1on• not
•••Icing work
lU
n
1
lte
Ill
.,
120
87
ta
I
161
88
Public-aerTice oooupat1ona
Firomen
11&1lmen, -11 clerlce
Sailor■, aold1er ■, ~1114• (0, S 0 )
Watchmen, polic-n, guards (public)
86.t
181
..,
189
Teacher•, college
Teacher ■, 1chool (except oollege)
Protea1i0nal and aem.1prote ■ a1onal worltera n.e.o.
1.ueutina n.e.o.
Recreational worker■ n.e.o.
73
.,
II
Phylician•, aurgeo111
Proprietor,, owner,, oontractora, dealer ■
Re ■ earob workora
Social workor1, -ltaro worker•
Teacher ■, atbletio1, dancing, vooational 1ubjeota1
playground and recreational worker•
c6"
N.
•
180
Jfur••·.
0
l
H
. eo.,ae.,
81
101
262
10
2
1
Tli2
N
Ii
ltll
19
Holl
100.0
110.11
u.o
ae.o
211.11
111.a
118.T
100.0
110.0
as.a
u.a
87.8
89.T
1 100.0
0
,1 100.0
111 1111.,
111 1111.11
2 50.0
1
6
2
eo.o
-
II
-
a
1.2
,.11
1.11
a.11
l
II
-
a.a
l
l
I
2.1
o.s
1
0
0
0
lt
Mel
ao.1
t8
I 100.0
•1 a.,
2.1
ta
0
Ill
ao
lN
9
1
111.&
u.·a
211.1
TT.8
110.0
50.0
2
1.1
-
8
1.0
87 11.1
0
&
2.9
T.1
•
•
91
•
10
...•
82
197
2,MO
2
9
17
ti!
2t
M.9
29
ea.1
2
6.t
6
18
102
109
22'
62.1
M.6
2
UT
.o.o
ea.a
ll7
66.9
80.4
110.11
16
7
eo.o
7
t2
6
&a.6
a
24.l
26.6
a.8
1.6
21.t
8
0
88.9
18
0
1.6
11
a.e
2.6
202
2,672
29
168
131
248
u
1.230
172
306
80
610
162
10
687
t&
20
11
9
0
0
0
0
9
97.&
87.8
50.0
110.0
9
182
62
II
u.a
1.lta
91.3
98.3
92.8
76.2
96.l
112.0
169
284
61
'86
HII
•
0
0
0
8
110.0
8&.o
100.0
0
0
0
2.0
a.5
a
10
z
0
1
&
&I
1li
0
1
1
88.11
2
2
3
o.,
1.8
u.,
-
8
0
29
'
t9
1li
a.a
a
0
z.1
a.z
M.t
a.a
0
-
&0.0
1
11
11
1.11
16.7
Iii.II
Holl
11.2
liT.T
a.,
-
11.0
Iii.I
18.T
a.5
21.2
10
21.1
11
29.T
a
&0.0
S2.l
16,2
20.0
9.1
lt
17
20
2
0
•
.,
182
•1
l
0
0
0
0
1
10.0
11.1
76
119
11.1
-a.,
ea.11
-
10.0
a
11.,
ao.o
--
---
:us.o
26.0
10
10
1
2111
2
1
Ill
0
0
•
-,.z
11.1
--11.1
•
et
3
11
17
2a
10
o.a
11.11
10.0
0
0
0
11.1
•' 11.,
1
26.0
a
0
ao.o
17
9
0
a
Ii
lT
t1
1
0
0
28
0
8
.,
It.a
0
68
2
0
a
6-2
1.7
0
1a.8
8.11
1a.o
e.1
a.e
21.a
t.6
11.2
---
0
0
0
0
0
n.a
11.a
-a.,
a.z
111.a
11.a
10.0
-
-
•••
11.,
16.2
>
""Cl
""Cl
,.,,
0
><
,.,,
-
12.0
•••
-
27.1
----
becauoe ot temporary illneoo and per1on1 employed on emergency Work• Program project,,
bi!xcludeo 58 peraono who did not report occupation, 5,025 new worker,, and 16 who were uncla,aif1able.
0)
••••o•, not •l•ewh•re ola1aifiedJ n.o.a., Dot otherwise specified.
....
Table E-13.-
l!IDUSTRI.AL GROUP
OF
U!>UAL OCCUPATION OF
P~EVIOUSLY EMPLOYED PERSO'IS, BY D'PLOYMEHT
STATUS
AND
SEX
!lumber ot employable persona and percent ot total tor reapeoti•e aex
Total
Cl)
Wcaen
ber
Percent
M,958
66.4
1'um-
Totalb
52,629
11,,,mfllcturing
Food products
Textile and clothini; product.
lletd products
Lumber and timher pr<Jduct.s
19 523
2,350
4,865
2,148
569
766
124
2,111
1,340
178
Building and construction
Trade
llholeaale trade
Retail trade
Publio utilitie ■
([)
GOTert918nt agenci••
lllauranoe. tinanoe• buaine••• and
prot'eedonal ottio••
a.
IT
'<
C"')
tn■ titvtion•
0
a.......
(v
Serrioe
indu■ trie ■
Mi ■ooll.aneou•
a
b
lnduatrie•
Includoa pen- not
■ eelcing
work
8.326
542
4,775
174
35
12 863
l, TI3
2,718
1,578
321
65.9
72.~l
55,9
64, l
56.4
Per-
~
ber
oent
ber
U,491
59.2
S,9'12
4.750
301
2,466
128
21
57.l
55.5
51.7
75,'l
60,0
l 745
106
714
145
82
Percent
7.8
8.9
4.5
14,7
6,S
14.4
--
Women
ber
Percent
bcr
Per1:.ent
3,056
lS.4
13 0 699
26.0
4 915
531
1,433
625
166
25.2
22.6
29,4
29,l
29,2
l 178
70
e22
16
7
14.l
12,9
17,2
9,2
20.0
beoa.,10
232
26
728
239
556
481
92
1,577
1,050
119
62.6
74.2
74,7
78.3
66,9
140
22
499
193
363
60,4
84.6
68.6
80,8
83.5
108 14,l
4,8
6
156
7.4
5,4
45
3,9
7
57
2
53
8
71
15,9
7,7
7,3
S,5
12,8
llum-
·ber
Percent
6,252
27.4
2 398
28.8
5106
31,l
17,2
20.0
l TI
1,487
30
7
8
118
2,993
2.055
514
1,741
1.212
51.0
21.2
19,3
21,6
24,6
27.9
778
414
5.5
8-4
4,5
8.8
•• 2
17
15.4
8.4
2
507
16
291
24
7CO
98
21.2
21.2
21.2
17.0
95
s.o
229
21.2
Ml
10.a
128
11.9
75
2,9
a.o
48
8.0
6.7
9.7
815
114
266
863
529
157
8"5
87•
12,9
17.l
2,.1
ss.1
238
168
702
l,'155
17.2
17,7
29.2.
39,4
2
55
0
5
5.4
9.9
5.9
30
5,866
9.696
1,625
8.013
4,942
81
3.666
568
3,298
577
2.218
7.128
1,235
6,895
3,516
s8.8
73.5
76,l
73.0
67,1
42
2.661
274
2.1101
•55
68.B
70.4
74,15
70,0
78.8
1597
615
74
10.2
5.5
723
66,9
1.061
623
1,437
1,819
76,8
69,6
59,'7
n.5
2.712
1,382
89fi
2,406
4,407
2,158
617
2,418
1.470
84.2
76,9
69,2
56,8
ot t.iporary illneu and
peraon■
459
234
2&3
•• 6
-
9.1
t.:i
ITI
JC:
-0
r0
-<
JC:
ud 2.-MO -
78
z
-t
>
z
:::,
C:
z
ITI
z
-0
r0
--<
z
ITI
z
-t
z
t.O
12,7
11,l
19.5
aaployed on •ergenoy Work• Progru, projeota,
Enludea 206 aen and 182 - • 'llllo did not report uaual 1-.etry and 2,686 -
S2.4
· e.1
53
191
6
104
42
8.4
8.1
19.4
6.,;
715
62.2
61,0
50.0
76.4
60.2
1.oeo
23,7
7,7
24,2
H,,9
23.7
29.l
50.0
14.5
31. 7
25
337
l
42
224
2,1562
802
5•49&
2,597
55
2
l 76
38
132
12
161
l
56,9
70.7
54.8
64.5
69.2
s.146
211,3
21.0
l ~.9
18,3
29,2
34.7
21 .2
25.8
29,l
24,9
223
1,664
17
1,015
495
88.2
179
26
578
2.. 5
52
136
498
8
460
178
57
553
2
55
372
392
2,353
31
1,579
~ton~, clny, and gla11 product,
llachlnery
Musical 1nstr-uments
TransportRtion equipment
Other manuracturlng industries
""
22,799
._
lien
ITI
Leather product•
Rubber produets
Paper and printing
Chemicals
Tobacco products
c6"
N.
Un-ployed•
w-
lien
Women
lien
lien
0
!mployed part ti.-
F.mployed full tu.
Industrial group ot
usual oocupation
ol.J,uitied •• • - worker■."
w
CJ)
Table E-H•• AGE OF PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED PERSONS BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX
Total
Ken
Age in years
Totalb
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
Ken
Women
NUii•
Per-
Num-
Per-
Num-
Per-
Hum-
Per-
Num-
Per-
cent
Number
Per-
ber
oent
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber
cent
52.46S
100.0
22.627
100.0
38.774
100.0
16.378
100.0
13.689
100.0
6.249
100.0
2.111
6.385
6.941
6.186
4.0
12.2
13.2
11.8
2.161
5.264
3.85:S
2.102
9.5
23.3
11.0
11.9
1.512
4.478
5.114
4.742
3.9
11.5
13.2
12.2
1.527
3.877
2.903
1.965
9.S
23.7
17.7
12.0
599
1.907
1.827
4.4
13.9
13.4
10.s
634
1.387
10.2
22.2
15.2
11.8
1.444
950
737
12.7
12.1
10.7
8.8
2.491
2.055
1.493
1.105
11.0
9.1
6.6
4.9
5.061
4.869
4.236
3.435
13.l
12.6
10.9
8.9
1.756
1.466
1.048
796
10.7
8.9
6.4
4.9
1.592
1.s10
1.375
1.155
11.6
11.0
10.0
8.4
735
689
445
309
11.8
9.4
7.1
6.0
3.180
2.382
2.066
6.1
4.6
3.9
663
487
363
2.9
2.2
1.6
2.337
1.617
1.383
s.o
4.2
3.6
451
335
254
2.8
2.0
1.6
843
766
672
6.2
5.6
4.9
202
152
109
3.2
2.4
1.7
65-59
60-64
a.
65 and over
IT
Women
6.653
s.369
5.611
4.690
0
([)
Ken
lfoaen
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
""
c6"
N.
Unemployed&
Employed
>
-,;,
-,;,
m
z
C
><
m
'<
C"')
lledian age
38.5
30.l
38.6
29.8
38.4
3lel
0
O aincludee persons not seeking work because of temporary illnese and persons employed on emergency Worlca
0Q
....... Progrua projecta.
(v
~elude• 725 penone who did not report age.
Ol
"'
Table E-15.- IIEDUJI AGE OF IIIPLDY!D PERSONS AJID OF UIIBIIPLDYED PDSOIS PREVIOUSLY IIIPLDDD
BY SEX AJID USUAL OCCUPATIOJW. GROUP
Men
lllployeda
U1ual oooupatioml group
f
Waen
Unemployed
previou1ll
eaployed
bployeda
,..,
Unaployed
previoulll
eaployed
:z:
.,,
r0
:Nuaber
Median
age
s8.7t6
S8.5
Jum>er
Median
age
lS .678
S8.t
llaber
Median
age
1s.sss
29.8
-<
lhlllber
lledian
age
:z:
,..,
a.HS
Sl.l
-4
z:
Total
)I,,
Skilled and •-1•k1lled oooupationa in the MDU•
facturing and meohanical indu1trie1
Building and oonatruction
Metal product ■• machinery. and electrioal-gooda
lll&llUfacture
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
z:
15.818
a.008
S9.2
'1.6
6.S81
2.167
,o.6
,:s.s
5.252
2.an
0
29.7
0
-
0
a.1:s6
l59.6
1.211
to.l
182
H.l5
8'
27.0
z:
,..,
.,,:z:
S9.2
17.8
to.a
ao.8
111
1.220
1.M&
2,511
788
29.6
16.o
19.l
to.2
9l5
a,aoo
1.677
Z&
19
1.ss1
891
l51.0
12.0
28.l
28.8
1,1119
ao.9
29.6
26.8
21.a
26.9
lG
865
28.9
:s..,
28.0
-
Printing eatabli1hment1
Textile and clothing mnufacturing
Other
Umkilled labor
Clerical work
7'1
2.eo5
5.5'8
s.288
a.ass
Tranaportation and trade pur1uita
DoNatic and peraoml 1ervioe
Executive. proteaaioml 0 and ...1prote1aioml
occupation•
Publio-aervice oocupatione
s.878
2.1,6
l5&.9
l58.8
2,161
1.099
aa.a
l55.7
1,'18
,.11,
ao.,
as.&
tol
2.182
as.o
s.,ss
1.155
'2.1
,2.8
678
.a.o
1.e2,
l58.8
216
as.a
l59.t
8
...
6S
&!xclud•• l519 •n and l512 - n who did not report age or oocupation and 9 •n and ti
-D
I
I
27.l
0
who•• oooupationa -..ro 11DOlaeeitiable.
bznoludea 1>9r10111 not •••king work becau1• ot temporary illneaa and per1ona niployed on -rgenoy Worlca Program project• but
exolude1 88 •n and 57 - n who did not report age or oooupation.
IK.dian not calculated tor
r... r than 25
oa••••
-
C:
r0
-<
,..,:z:
-4
z:
co
w
0)
APPENDIX E
Table S-11.- USUAL OCCUPilIOIIAL CIROUP at UlllllPLOTSI> PERSONS PUVIOUSLT mlPLOYED, BT SU
11..
u .....1 oooupe.tional group
lwaber
Total"'
Skilled IIDd Hlli ■ killed oocupationa
in anuraoturing 1111d -o'ianioal
induetriH
Building IIDd oonetruotion
I.al produot ■, •chin•"1'• and
eleotrioal-good ■ anutaoturing
PriDting e ■t&bli ■"-1:e
Te:ictile and clothing -.nutaoturing
Other
Peroent
·-
.....,_r
Paroast
15,7'3
100.0 ·
6,294
100.0
8 402
2,172
"6,6
2,384
37.9
15.8
0
l,ZZZ
8.9
152
1,22s
1,653
1.0
8.9
12.0
18.4
a.a
"
S9
1,586
695
18
867
24.9
11.1
0.2
1s.1
6.5
ST.I
Unu:1lled labor
Clerio-.1 worlc
1,5M
Traneportation am trade pureuite
DomHtio and pereozal 1ert1.oe
lbcecutiw, prote11ional, and ■-Ddprote11iozal oooupe.tion■
Pllblio- ■ -rnoe oocupationa
2,1M
1,106
15.T
e.o
,11
2,378
682
a.o
o.s
2S8
0
791
"
-
1.1
o.a
s.e
-
"'rncludH pereona not Helcing Wllrlc beoeuH or tn,pon.ry illneH IIDd pereon■ -■ployed on
-rgmcy Worlc• Program projeote, but n:cludH 18 an4 6 'llbo did not report u-1
occupation.
Table S-1 T.- IJBU.IL IJIDIISTRIAL GROUP
0, 'O'IIIIIPLO?SD
PSIISOHS PIBVIOUSLT !lll'LOYSD, BY RX
11. .
u-1 1:aduetrial group
Total"'
llanutaoturing
Pood produote
Tn:tile IIDd olothin.g aanutaoturing
lletal produote
Lw■ber an4 tillber product•
Lather product•
lubber produote
,.per and printing
Chellioale
Tob&ooo produote
Stone, olaJ', aal glaH product ■
lachiJlery
Tran ■portation equip,mt
Other ....raoturing l.ndu ■trin
·-
.......
llallber
Paroomt
18 699
100.0
6,252
<l 915
531
1,'31
626
168
35.9
S.9
10.5
,.8
1.2
2 S98
171
1,467
7
23.8
0,15
0,1
179
26
378
246
152
1.s
0,2
2,7
1.8
o.,
55
2
178
•2,8
1:18
498
1.0
s.6
S,S
1.,
12
161
21,8
15.0
2.s
12.T
17
778
a.a
TOO
98
o.s
12.,
1.2
11.2
1.1
460
186
llO
S8
132
8
119
Parcent
100.0
sa.,
2.1
0.9
0.11
2.1
0.2
2.6
0.1
1.9
Building IIDd conatruotion
Trade
llhole•le trade
R.tail trade
Pllblio atilitlH
2,99!
2,065
Oon.1.-t ,&g9110iH
laaa.n.Doe. tinano• • bua
proteeeional offio••
I net 1tutione
Serrloe lllduetriee
Ml
2.11
128
2.0
1129
1ST
8'3
2.,
1,0
e.2
238
158
102
s.8
2,6
11,2
87"
a.,
l,TS5
27.8
178
284
249
166
1.s
2.1
1.ll
1.2
iD•••• an4
llleoellaneou• induetrie ■
That re, and aot ion-picture bou ■ H
am other NOrNtional plaoH
Clangu am auto-Nnice •hop•
Pr1.ftte ra.111 ..
other aiecellaneou• induetrie■
:11"
l,TU
1,212
18
25
s
1,867
'°
o.,
0.1
28.7
o.s
Table E-18.• llEDUH DURATION OF UNWPLOYMENT SINCE LAST JOB AND SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION
BY SEX AND USUAL OCCUPATIOB
0)
Cl
,
Duration of unemploymont
ainoe last nonreliet job
Usual occupation
Number of
persona&
Men
~omen
Median
duration
in months
Men Women
Duration of unemployment
sinoe last nonrelief job
at usual oocupation
Jfumber
persona
gt
Median
duration
in months
IWcmen Men Women
:U:en
f'TI
z-,:,
r0
-<
%
f'TI
z
-4
Total persona 0
Skilled and semiskilled oooupation.s in manufacturing
and meohanical industries
Building and construction
Bricklayers, brickmasons
Cabinetmakers
0
<g;
;:;·
(l)
Q.
~
C')
0
a.......
(v
Carpenters. joiners
Cmnent finishers
Concrete mixe~s and workers
Crane, dredge. hoist, and steam-shovel operator,
Electricians
Forem.en (building and construotion)
Lather,
Ornamental-iron workers
Painters (except sign and factory)
PaperhangeN
13.411 6.159
22.6
16.0 11.,117 5.502
25 . 6
16 .7
►
C
6,258 2,325
2 .,107
126
31
376
133
78
67
141
55
21
7
272
67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23.0 15 . 2
----$ --
31.0
34.2
35. 9
36.1
32.7
35. :S
38.2
28.0
30.0
25.4
18.7
5,152 2.,095
1 ., 732
101
26
323
108
61
37
112
42
15
26.6
0
36.6
0
42 . 9
0
54.0
0 41.2
0 38.5
0 46 . 0
0 43. 2
0 32.3
0
0
6
0
236
62
0
0
13.2
---
---
-
$ --
36.8
20.1
20.3
C:
f'TI
.,,
%
r0
-<
:z:
f'TI
:z
-4
:z
<O
w
m
9
86
236
4"
0
0
0
0
18
0
Rodmen, chaimnen
Roofers. slaters. tilmera
Stonecutters
Stonemasons. stone and marble setters.
curb setter ■
2
69
0
0
31
0
27.2
32.0
110
0
46.4
36
22.3
37.2
6
0
0
0
61
0
36.9
Structural-iron and -steel worker•
Tilemasons. terra-cotta setters
Timbennen. shorers
Skilled and semiskilled workers in building
and con3truction. n.e.c.
0
c6"
""
;::j"
I
Pipe coverer•• asbestos insulator•
Plasterers
Plumbers. pipe. gas. and steam fitters
Riggers
Road41achine and n.e.c. construction
plant-operators
Metal products, machl.llery. and electrioal-goods
manufacturing
Blacksmiths, forgemen, har..mennen
Boilennakers. layers-out
Buffers. filers. grinders (metal)
36
1.197
64
38
24
81
0
44.7
26.4
30.0
fl=
#
I
0
25.7
42.o
35.0
0
I
0
1
0
1
0
34.5
CD
a.
CT
'<
C')
0
a
....(i)
Casters• molders, foundrymen
Clockmakera and watchmakers. jewelers
Coppersmiths, tinsmiths
Corem.alcer ■ (foumry)
Instrument makers
See footnotes at end of table.
38
15
12
11
1
#
#
#
I
-----1.0
---
I
-
#
8
0
0
7-&
184
36
0
12
0
0
#
62.2
30.0
38.0
-I
#
* #
-
2
0
63
24
0
96
0
60.1
26
27
4
0
0
0
34.0
42.0
48
0
39.3
0
935
68
44
0
26
22
0
0
30
10
0
1
11
7
0
1
0
1
--
28.6
30.2
45.o
42.0
>
""'0
""'0
m
z
C
X
m
7.3
--*
49.5
#
I
I
I
$ -
C)
--1
Table F.-lS.- KEDIAB DURATION OF U?mlPLonlENT SillCE LAST JOB ARD SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPilIOI
BY SEX A1ID USUAL OCCUPATION - Continued
Cl
0D
Duration or ,me:mployment
Duratian ot anemploymct 11inoe last ncmreliet job
last DOnNliet job
at usual oooupation
•ino•
l'T1
UIIU&l oooupatian
!lumber ot
pereoua
Ken
W011181l
Skilled and e-.1.llkilled oooupaticm11 in IIUIDl1f'aoturlng
and :meohanioal iDdustriea • Continued
Kedia
duration
ill mcmtha
·-
lwcaea
Humber ot
pereonab
!Women
)(en
X
-a
Media
duration
r-
ill montha
s:
·-
0
-<
l'T1
IWCDIIIL
z
-4
►
:z
ic,
C
z
Jletal produota, maohinery, and eleotrioal-good•
manutaotu~ - Continued
JlaohiD.e tixer• other t ~ loma)
Jlaohiniste
0
<g
;::;·
<D
0.
CT
Keobanioa,
Keohanios,
OperatiTes
OperatiTea
OperatiTH
autamobile and aircraft
other
n.e.o., eleotrioal good•
n.e.o., iron and ateel imuatrlee
n.e.o., other aetal induatriee
l'T1
12
0
1'12
0
232
0
8S
0
58
'12
191
46
s
s
8
0
8
7
0
0
0
0
'<
C')
0
~.......
(v
Pattornmakers (wood and :metal)
Platen, einmaolera
Reamers, drillers, bolters (shipyard)
Riveter•
Boller,, roll hands {steel)
19
2
I
2s.1
18.6
s&.9
is.a
s1.s
16.5
--
-**
6.s
*I --
*$ ---
10
0
lM
0
18'
'13
,1
146
Sl
1
8
"
1,
1
I
2e.1
22.1
S9eS
60 14.0
s 40.6
2 1a.o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
--
--
X
-a
r0
-<
s:
l'T1
:z
-4
6.8
z
$
co
----
w
0,
Sheet-motal worlcers
Smelters, heaters, puddlers
Storage-battery workers (coil winders, solderer■)
Tool makers. millwrights, die setter■
Welder•
Printing establishments
Bookbinders
Compositors, printers, linotype and monotype
operators
Engravers, lithographers
Proofreaders
Operatives n.e.c., printing establishments
Textile and clothing manufacturing
Beamers, twisters
Burlers, menders
Dressmakers, furriers (not in factory)
Dyers (industrial)
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
Finisher ■ (clothing)
Fitters (clothing)
Hatter•
Knitters, full-fashioned hosiery
Knitting-machine operatives
40
16
16
37
49
130
11
75
4
4
36
C"')
a.......
Loom fixers
Loopers, boarders, toppers
Milliners (not dealers), millinery workers
Piecers, yarn spim1ers
(v
See footnotes at end of table.
1
0
0
38
19
26.6
#
#
20.s
20.0
-#
-
-
26.3
30.0
#
#
0 30e9
0
#
2
#
17 18.0
1,193 rt,524
18
41
0
35
10
143
57
2
--
#
#
1.0 13.8
1F
s.s
#
11.9
25.2
-
20.0
#
32
0
0
14
29
1
0
32.0
40
0
23.1
112
9
33
18
31.13
28.0
I
I
70
0
0
1
14
36.4
3
4
26
1,030 l.,388
13
35
0
33
10 128
46
2
60
4.8
15.0
24
56
7
11
2
#
#
--
9.8
7
9
135
26
2
0
0
28
s.2
-
12
22
11
0
0
82
17
22
143
28
15
24
0
26
0
#
0
2.0
30 15.0
0
88
20
24
#
#=
-
4.8
#=
-#
--
11
29
'<
0
0
0
22
30.0
#
#
#
#
22.5
s.2
#
-
#
-$13.8
8.9
11.3
28.2
25.0
#
#
#
#
17.4
2.1
18.0
#=
#
-
#
>
-0
-0
l'T1
:z:
0
><
l'T1
#
-s.s-
4.7
$
0)
(0
Table F.-18.- MEDIAN DURATION OF UlfDIPLontENT SINCE LAST JOB .Alm SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION
BY SEX AND USUAL OCCUPATION - Continued
-J
0
Duration of unemployment
since last nonrelief job
Usual occupation
Number of
peraonaa
Men
lledian
duration
in montha
Women Men Women
Duration or unemployment
since last nonrelief job
at usual occupation
Ken
rr,
Median
duration
in months
,...
~omen Ken Women
:z
Number of
person•b
z:
"'O
0
-<
z:
rr,
--4
Skilled and semiskilled oocupations in manufacturing
and mechanical industries - Continued
Textile and clothing manufacturing - Continued
Power-machine (sewing) operatives
Pressers (factory)
►
:z
.::,
c::
:z
66
134
266
79
3.8 13.7
1.0 18.9
62
122
237
69
3.5 13.6
6.9 20.0
ITI
z:
"'O
r
0
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Shoe workers (factory)
Tallon
Warpers
Weavers
49
88
6
183
Winders. spoolers
Wool scourers and sorters
Operatives n.e.c •• clothing factories
Operatives n.e~c •• textile factoriea
9
7
164
129
Other alcilled and seislcilled occupations in :manutacturing and mechanical industries
Apprentices to alcilled trades
1.631
30
17 14.7
16 8.1
6
I
70 17.7
106
1
399
121
I
I
#
u.o
I
27.3
a.o
9.3
10.s
-fl:
7.4
#
,.
682 22.6 12.7
1 16.8
46
71
6
1'8
17 11.9
I
a., /J:
16
6
I
62 17.3 42.0
*
9
6
128
109
1
371
107
1.323
28
608
1
99
I
s.s
30.7
1.2
9.15
*
I
9.3
24.7 12.1
1s.s
I
-<
z:
rr,
:z
--4
:z
co
w
0)
47
Bakers (industrial)
Barrel makers, ooopers
Butchers
Cabinet (radio) and tumiture workers
86
10
93
66
Candy workers
Cigar makers (hand)
Cigarette and tobacco workers (machine and n.o.s.)
Cobblers, shoe repairmen
Cutters
32
6
19
30
85
30
6
101
0
13
166
45
2
89
34
0
16
1
21
0
4
5
57
86
0
0
88
147
23
Engineers n.e.o., firemen (stationary)
Finishers n.e.c •, ( in manufe.cturin&)
Fishermen, oystermen
Foremen
Gardeners (greenhouses)
Glass blmvers
Glaziers
0
<g
;::;-
38
0
0
0
AHemblera
Inspectors, examiners (factory)
labelers, pasters, packers (factory)
Leather workers (other then shoe)
72
0
21.0
22.9
O"
'<
CJ
0
-
~
Linemen
Maintenance men
Miners, mine operatives
Motion-picture operators
Oilers of machinery
Operatives n.e.c., on food
(v
20
12
8
3
11
83
0
0
0
0
0
45
6.6
5.9
32
--
8
79
48
36
0
0
0
0
6.3
5.1
#
#
29
4
15
26
71
25
5
86
0
12
128
35
2
70
27
0
14
1
20
0
37.2
35.9
4
5
45
73
60
0
0
81
129
22
#
#
13
0
0
0
#=
15.5
14.6
#
--
21.9
-
46.5
11.9
#
32.7
41.1
#
#
23.9
15.6
#
#
21.6
19.l
29.3
(1)
a.
#
s.,
---
30.0
23.9
6.6
#=
#
#
#
#
27.4
-
#
#
-
-1.1
11.3
#
---
13.3
n
9
6
3
9
61
0
0
39
16.0
19.6
#
#
46.0
13.3
#
29.0
20.0
26.4
20.0
30.0
#
#
#
#
#
23.9
#
24.6
-
#
-
#
#
#
--
>
.,,,.,.,.,,
z
Q
><
,.,.,
7.3
11.9
#
----
11.9
...
..,J
See footnotes at end of table.
Table E-18.• MEDIAN DURATION OF UBEMPLOYME'NT SINCE LAST JOB AND SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPArIOB
BY SEX AHD USUAL OCCUPATIOII - Continued
--1
~
Duration of unmployaent
sinoe last nonrelief job
Usual oooupation
Median
duraticm
Humber ot
persona&
in mcmtha
Duration or unemployment
sinoe last nonreliet job
at usual oooupe.tion
Median
duration
in months
Bamber ot
personab
l'TI
z.,,
r-
0
~
z
IW01118A llen WOIIU!ll
II•
Wcm=
lie
Men
Women
l'TI
z
-f
Skilled and semiskilled oooupations in manuf'acturing
and mechanical industries - Continued
z►
C
C:
other llkilled and aaniekilled oocupatione in manut'aoturillg and mechanical industries - Continued
Piano and organ tuners and builders
0
<g
Quarrymen (except stonecutters)
Radio repe.i:rmen and installation m•
Teeters
Upholsterers
Varniahera, painters in raotol'J'
.,
8
26
16
26
57
z
l'TI
1
#
I
-* ##
0
#
0 11.9
6
0 39.6
2 22.s
N.
CD
a.
rr
'<
CJ
0
~.......
(v
Operatives n.e.c., other manufacturing industries
Other n.e.o. llkilled and semiskilled oocupe.tions
in manufacturing and meohanioal industries
Unskilled labor
Apprentices n.e.o., helpers
City street cleaners
246
1S2
47
12
2.-143
261
22
24.7 16.8
6
0
#
#
26
0
11.9
14
23
6
11=
0
48
1 28.5
195
117
#
so.a
I
.,,z:
r-
-#-
0
#
::a:
-
14.S
~
z:
l'TI
z
-f
co
Co)
0,
26.7
16 28.l
3 21.3
0
6
1
*
I
* *-
40
2.079
218
18
30.0
#
11 31.7
2 22.9
:fl,
0
11'
12
II=
-
Dairymen, 1'ann hand•
hand•• lo,shoremen
Garage woric•r• unskilled)
Gaa-etation attendants
Handymen
67
183
0
0
63
30
0
0
0
Hod carrier■
Laborers, building end construction.
Laborers, manufacturing and other
Portera
Watchmen, guards
other laborers n.e.c.
31
957
0
0
Dook
Clerical worlc
Accountants, auditors
Bookkeepers
Cashiers (except bank)
Clerlcs, bank
0
c6"
N.
""
Clerics, filing, mail, general-office
Estimators, appraisers
Messengers, office boys e.nd girls
Operators, office appliances
Operators, telephone and telegraph
41
344
112
19
273
19.6
30.0
18.0
14.0
20.,
62.0
33.9
1 28.6
0 21.9
0 37.1
6 21.s
---
-I
-#
u
14T
58
36
25
23
831
296
85
71
229
0
0
0
0
0
32.B
19.7
19.0
32.0
0
0
#
37.0
6 33.l
0 28.4
0 39.6
23.l
774
53
79
7
3
850 19-8 22.e
5 21.0
#
119 21.0 25.7
64
26.0
1
#
630
"
727
62
7
2
101
-&5
0
141
1"5 20.9 29.-l
0
I
5 15.7
#
116
s
108
8
8
([)
$
-
33
66
$
8.4
47.3
u
"8
94
6
26.3
4,
22.5
25.5
28e3
#
I
12-& 23.7
0
#
4 17.2
28
46
I
#
----I
-:/I=
26.6
#
36.9
22.s
#
,..
,,,,
ITI
z
.::,
><
m
31.9
10.5
50.0
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Paymasters, timekeepers, pay-roll cleric•
Production clerics, time-study clerics
Secretaries
Shipping and receiving clerics
Statistical clerics
See footnotes at end of table.
32
6
4
183
0
5 38e0
0
20
10 19.0
l
I
$ I- $
27
4
2
145
0
-&7.9
I
"
0
17
#
:/I=
9 20.0
1
-
$#
--1
~
Table E-18.- IIIDIAN DURATION OF UlfDlPLanlERT SIWCE LAST JOB .ABD SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPilIOJI
BT SEX ABO USUAL OCCUPilIOI • Continued
Duration of unemployment
since last nonrelief job
Usual occupation
Nmnber of
personae.
!Women Men Women
Ken
Clerical work - Continued
Stenographers
Stenographer-bookkeepers
Stock clerks
Typists
other clerical workers n.e.c.
Median
duration
in months
~
Dun.tion of unE111ployment
sinoe last nonrelief job
at usual occupation
Number of
peraonsb
Men
Medi an
duration
in months
!Women Man Women
...,
:a:
"'Ill
r0
-<
:a:
...,
z
-4
•z
13
2
68
18
36
245
16.7
://=
23
://=
I
14 15.8
://=
105
# 20.4
9 23.1
://=
9
2
57
12
31
213
://=
22
#
14 11.9
87
://=
8 23.9
18.8
1.765
5
10
5
66
379 20.2
0
2
0
2 32.7
12.3
12
126
0
13
12
16
8
#
5 23.l
0
C
c::
$
...,z
#
r-
24.9
JC
"'Ill
0
-<
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
Tranap8rte.tion and tre.de pursuits
Adjusters, claim agents
Agents, advertising
Agents, freight and ticket
Agents, insuranoe and ree.l estate
2.115
6
11
6
71
0
2
0
2
Agents, purchasing and buyers
Agents, sales, salesmen
Agents, shipping and receiving
Canvassers
Collectors, credit men
Conductors, motormen (street oar)
14
9
153
0
16
13
20
5
405
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
0
8
2
0
18.2
ff
11.2
#
$ #:-
30.0
#
20.0
#
#
- -
i
://=
://=
i
7
2
0
-
#
#
#
://=
-
#
41=
://=
://=
#
-
:a:
...,
z
-4
z
co
w
a,
Deoorators • window dre ■■ en
Deliverymen. truck drinn
Demonstrator•
Detectives (private), investigator•
Huok ■tera, peddlers, jWllcmezl
Marine engineera
Packers, wrappen, (store)
Railroad switchmen, 1'1.agmen, yardmen
Railroad trainmen, firemen, conductors, engineers
Sales olerk:a, shoppen, (store)
Taxi and bus drivers
Tellers, cashieN {bank)
other trade pursuits n.e.c.
other transportation pursuits n.e.c.
0
(6'
""
;::;-
<D
Domestic and personal service
Barber- and beauty-shop worlcers
Bartenders
Butlers. housemen (domestic)
Chauffeurs (domestic)
Cleaning- and dyeing-shop workers
11
982
1
17
135
3
31
18
53
418
41
6
43
47
5
0
4
1
3
*/I=
#
---
10
809
0
14
122
5
0
4
1
0
0
293
28.S
32
5
39
37
0
0
26
0
0
0
28
0
71
41
0
0
0
23
It
14.4
16.5
9.8
19.9 16.4
18.8 11.9
16.0
18.0
21.6
#
-#
I
0
I
-# $-
21.3
s 13.0
2
28
15
37
350
35
14
:
11.9
I
0
#:
24 11.0
:/J:
0
#
0 21.3
312 14.2 11.1
1.087 2.330
41
136
I
18.8
I
I
-
#
*-
32.3
--
21 11.3
-
21.s
15.4 10.9
:/J=
16.8
16.8
13.5
-
913 2.09' 22.0 17.2
36 18.5 15.6
56
0 11.5
32
0 22.a
32
0 27.5
114
12
20
I
#
--
,,,,>
,,.,
z
0
><
,,.,
a.
CT
'<
CJ
0
-
~
(v
Cooks. chefs (not domestic)
Counter- end cafeteria-station workers
Day workers, laundresses (domestic)
Day workers (not domestic), office cleaners
Elevator operators
Gardeners (servants)
See footnotes at end of table.
162
12
0
24
63
46
56
19.1
35.S
8
236
#
#
12
25.5
12.7
n
0
-
#
16.5
29.l
#
-
128
12
0
19
56
38
21.6 46.0
5
#
#
17.3
212
65
# 27.4
10 28.3
If
0 15.8
42
-
-
~
QI
..,
Table B-18.- ICEDUN DURATION OF mmlPLOYNmT SINCE LAST JOB A1'D SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION
BY SEX AND USUAL OCCUPATIOI' - Continued
CD
Duration ot W1eaaployment
Duration ot W11!Jmployment sinoe last nonreliet job
sinoe last nonreliet job
at usual oooupation
Usual oooupation
Humber ot
persona•
Median
duration
in months
Womm Mm
Men
~OIMD
Humber ot
penon.sb
..,,
lC
-v
r
0
Median
duration
in montha
-<
,,,
X
....z
IWammi Km ~amen
Mm
z►
0
Dcneatio and personal servioe • Continued
Governesses, ohild's nurses, tuton
Host•••••• head waiters, steward•
Housekeepers
Janitors, oaretalcera
0
<i5'
;::;(1)
a.
""
Kitohemroricera, dishwashers, pam;l"J' woricers,
housemen (not domestio)
Laundr,y woricera (not dameatio)
llaid• (dc:anestio)
llaida (not dClllleatio), hotels, institutiom
0
15
0
132
68
-
48
0
0
SI 21.e 2s.9
189 23.5 18.7
21.0
66
68
24.6
0
14
0
- $
#
7.5
TS
--
0-
CJ
0
-
~
(v
15.6
1
I
27
28.8
6 21.1
I
'<
Matrons, houae mothers (imtitutiou)
Orderlies, hospital attendants
Practioal nurses, oompaniona
Servants, domeatio !live-in)
Senants, domestio live-out)
Soda dispensers
I
12
10
61
0 1,142
0
0
13
2
-- 16.2
- ##
0
13
0
109
65
-15
0
0
c::
-
16.4
M
7
#
I
26.4
· 27
6 s2.o
I
-
27 22.5 11.9
166 2s.9 22.0
20.,
50
26.7
5S
0
9
10
8
0
57
0 l,05S
0
0
12
2
-- s
#
-- s.o
- II
11.0
.
,,,zX
-v
r
-<
0
,,,X
....z
z
co
w
0,
Ushers, doormen. oheokroom attendants
Waiters, waitresses (domestio)
Waiters. waitresses (not domestio)
Other domestio and personal serrioe n.e.o.
Executive. professional• and semiprofessional
occupations
Apprentices and assistants in professional and
recreational pursuits n.e.o.
Architects
Artists. teachers ot art
Chemists
Clergymen
Dentists
Designer•
0
c6"
N.
Dietitians
Dra.f't; smen
F.d.itors. authors. re).rters
Engineers (technical• surveyors
Entertainers. actor•
([)
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
Laboratory assistants and technicians
Lawyers
Librarians
Managers. officials
Musicians, teachers of music
Nurses, graduate
(v
See footnotes at end of table.
#
13
2
76
69
16-4
549
196
27.5
$ ##
#
#
#
--
8
5
8
0
:
I
#
I
79
18.9
16.0
670
233
23-3
8
8
0
94
5
#
20
10
10
2
10
8
7
#
#
4
1
25.2
-
3
#
0
28
7
48
14
0
0
0
$
10.a
-
:/J=
#
#
6
5
6
0
0
0
7
0
3
1
#
40
0
#
13
15
I
-- #=#
#
-
-
l
41.3
3
9
6
0
#
3
0
0
74
97
0
0
0
19.3
14.4
0
62
82
0
2
5
16
3
5
17
37
7.5
#
21.3
19
5
#
#
11.3
16
9
2
5
$
5
170 23.5
5 16.4
0
17
""
a.
#
6
7
197
6
13
2
36
#
-
-$# I- ##
#
#
#
#
ff
#
►
"'O
"'O
:z
""
0
><
m
45.4
I
I
-- #-
23.5
19.7
-
://=
#
7.1
-.I
-.I
~
Table E-18.- 11EDIAN DURATIOB OF tnmlPI.Dnmrr SINCE LA~T JOB AND SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION
a,
BY SEX AND USUAL OCCUPATIOll - Contimlod
Duration or unemployment
since la.at nonreliet job
ot unemployment
IDuration
since laet nonreliet job
at
occupation
usual
,.,
z:
"'O
~
Usual occupation
Median
Number ot
person.Men
lwcnen
I Men
lwcnmi
Media
duration
in month•
Number ot
duration
in month•
peraonab
I
Men
!Wcmen I Men !Women
0
-<
,.,
:I:
z
-I
►
z
0
~
0
<g
;;;·
<D
0.
~
C')
0
a
...(v
Exeoutin. proteHional. a.nd semiproteuional
oocupations - Continued
Pharmaoist•
Photographer•
Physicians. surgeons
16
1
13
0
0
Proprietors. owners. contractors. dealer•
Reeearch worlcera
2S6
Social 1ron:era • welfare 110rkers
Teachers. athletics. dancing. vocational nbject••
plqground and recreational workers
Teacher•• college
Teachers. eohool (exoept college)
Proteesional and semiprotessional won:ere n.~.o.
Executives n.e.c.
Recreational won:en n.e.c.
C
z
z:
l'TI
l
2
1
11
16
12
1
191
*
1
#
10
6
s
0
9
62
14
2
0
6
#
7 I
#
0
#
#
67
2
2
0
3
fl:
2s.9
#
$ If-
2
14
1
I
$ -
2i I32jl #II=
26128.9 26.0
0
#--
•
14
17
19
i
I
0
0
0
s
*
I
I
37.5
fl:
"'O
~
0
-<
z:
,.,
z
--4
z
CD
w
°'
$I ##-
Publio-service occupations
Firemen
Mailmen, mail olel'ks
Sailors, soldiers, marines (U. s.)
Watchmen, policemen, guards (public)
Other public service n.e.c.
64
0
3
0
0
0
11
17
23
10
0
0
30 8
i
i~
,~
#
#
--
---
49
3
8
13
17
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
-,~
--$ -
34 0
',i
8 Excludes 490 persons who did not report date of loss of last job or occupation and 1 person whose occupation
was unclassifiable.
bExcludes 333 persons who did not report oooupation or date of loss ot last job at usual occupation, 1 person
whose occupation was unolassifiable, and 3,108 persons (2,410 men and 698 women) who had other jobs since the
last job at the usual occupation.
0 Includes
persons not seeking ,ronc because of temporary illness and persona employed on emergenoyWo:rks
Program projects tut excludes persons who have never held a job•
fMedian not oaloulated for fewer than 25 oases.
,..
""0
""0
,..,
:z
g
><
,..,
N.e.c., not elsewhere olassifiedJ n.o.s.,not otherwise speoif'iecle
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
-.I
=
Table E-19.- MEDIAN DURATION OF UNEMPLO?MENT SINCE LAST NONRELIEF JOB BY SEX AND USUAL INDUSTRY
Women
llen
Usual industry
Humber
Percent
0D
0
lledian
iD
Number
Percent
.ontha
Median
in
.ontha
l'T1
lC
'"U
I"'"
0
-<
Total•
13.377
100.0
22.6
6.122
100.0
16.0
lC
l'T1
:a:
MeJiuf'aoturing
Food products
Beverages
Bread and bakery products
Canning and preae"ing
4.825
527
M
164
37
36.l
3.9
o.•
1.3
o.3
20.7
17.3
10.e
21.1
33.6
2.337
167
8
45
13
3a.2
2.1
0.1
14.2
11.9
0.1
22.3
0.2
I
I
-t
,..
:a:
C
C:
:a:
l'T1
lC
Cott••• spices. and peanuts
Confectionery
Dairy products and ioe oream
nour, grain, and cereal products
Ice
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
lleat products
Malt
Sugar refining
other rood products
Food products n.o.s.
Textile and clothing mnutaoturing
Carpets and rugs
Cotton and cotton goods
•
o.,
I
11.3
l
11
6
0
0
0.5
22.0
8
30
13
5
0.2
0.1
25.5
0
4
1.398
102
21
10.4
l
55
70
5
30
63
0
o.s
•
0.2
-
•
o.e
0.2
11.0
15.8
#
-
#
#
a.1
26.3
I
•
l
1.446
&9
24
•1.3
0.1
-
0.1
-0.1
I
'"U
I"'"
I
lC
11.9
--
I
-
0.1
$I
23.6
1.0
12.e
28.8
46.0
•
o.,
0
-<
l'T1
:a:
-t
:a:
co
w
a,
Hats and capa (other than •traw)
Bo•iery
Knit goods
Linens
Ken's clothing
Men's furnishings (shirts. collars. etc.)
Millinery goods (ribbons)
Silk. rayon goods
Upholstery naterials
Women's and children's clothing
Woolen and worsted goods
Woolen and carpet yarns
Lace curtains and lace
Dye houses and finishing
other textile products and textiles n.e.c.
Textiles n.o.s.
other clothing and clothing n.o.s.
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Metal products
Blast furnaces, steel works. and rolling mills
.
(tin plate and terneplate)
Foundries~ forgings, and castings
Sheet-metal products
Bolts, washers, rivets, nuts. locks, nail••
and spikes
Cutlery. files, firearms, saws, tools
Iron and steel products. barrels, drums and
tanks, safes and vaults, stoves and furnaces
See footnotes at end of table.
72
o.s
36.0
23
273
2.1
o.•
4.5
245
50
1
209
68
48
2
238
19
3
32
62
57
•
1.8
0.1
•0.2
o.5
86
0.4
0.6
33
0.2
14
68
163
o.s
0.1
10.1
Ii
5.3
#
#
8.3
5
63
14
30.0
7.9
334
16.5
5.6
72
50
#
26
2
0.4
4.0
0.0
•3. ♦
1.1
*
a.a
10.5
#
5.2
13.3
#
0.1
1.0
0.2
5.5
1.2
o.e
17.7
20.3
17.0
o.4
1.2
•
1.3
5.3
#
I
23.0
20.1
10.6
32
6.9
88
o.5
1.s
31.0
31.5
10.9
16.8
51
1.2
0.4
0.4
614
4.6
33.4
29
o.s
149
158
30
1.1
1.2
0.2
39.0
3
0.1
39.0
2
1
•
#
8
26
0.1
0.2
39.6
0
0
--
--
88
0.1
30.9
3
0.1
#
M
22.0
#
82
•
>
-u
-u
,.,
:a:
0
>C
ITI
#
#
,..
Q)
Table B-l9e• IIEDUB DURA!IOR OF UJliJIPLO'DIEll'r SIWCE LAS'l' BORRELIEF JOB BY SEX ilD USUAL IHDUS'l'RY • Continue4
0D
Usual 1mutJT
Jledian
llumber
Percent
~
ll'oan
Jin
in
llumber
Percent
a,!rl;ha
Jledian
in
a,ut;ha
,..,
3:
.,,
,0
6
•
I
0
'
ao
0.2
22.6
26
0.2
16.0
26
0.2
0.1
M.O
11
#
6
0
2
-
-
0.1
#
0.1
#
-<
3:
,..,
:a:
-t
►
:a:
0
-•
I
C:
,..,
3:
.,,
:a:
,0
-<
:c
,..,
2f
aa
0
c6"
N.
162
""
([)
96
a.
IT
21
'<
u
C"')
22
0
a.......
(v
177
)
7'
0.2
o.z
#
as.9
s
5
1.2
0.1
0.1
o.z
0.2
25-5
25.7
$
a
1.a
0.5
18.9
15.9
65
25
I
7
s
0
1
•0.1
I
I
0.1
0.1
:/1:
-•
•
0.9
o.,
#
-
#
#
14.f
11.9
z
-4
z
I.O
w
en
Leatlwr tanneries
Tnmk•• luggage, and pooketbooke
Other leather products. belting, saddles, eto.
Rubber produot1
Belting and hose (rubber)
Boots and shoes (rubber)
Tires and ianer tubes
Other rubber goods
0
<g;
;::;·
<D
Q.
-5!
0
0
26
7
6
10
4
Paper and printing
Paper and wood pulp
Paper boxes
Printing and publishing
Other paper products
368
Chemicals
Medicines ari.d drugs
Paints and varnishes
Petroleum refining
Toilet preparations. oosmetios
Other ohemioals
238
7
18
114
Tobaooo produots
Ch911'ing and smoking tobaooo. snurr. cigars.
and cigarettes
Stone. clay, and glass products
~ See footnotes at end of table.
~
61
29
23
4-3
37
266
32
o.•
0.2
11.9
0.2
#
9
0.2
0.1
19.7
2
0
0
•0.1
•
2.8
0.3
0.3
1.9
28.8
$I
#
25.2
40.0
39.9
25.l
o.3
9.8
1.8
0.1
0.1
o.9
21.4
:
22.1
12
9
0
2
173
8
43
100
22
37
13
2
9
3
0.2
0.2
0.1
$#
•
i
--•
-.
#
2.9
0.1
0.1
1.7
19.5
25.3
0.4
#
0.6
0.2
30.0
•0.2
22.4
I
:
96
17.6
10
•
0.2
51
0.4
35.9
130
2.1
21.4
51
o.4
35.9
130
2.1
21.4
134
1.0
36.9
12
0.2
#
#
"'O
...,
:z
0
><
...,
#
#
•
0.1
3
>
"'O
#
a,
c.,
Table E-19.- llEDIAH DURATION OF UNEIIPLOYMENT SINCE LAST HOHRELIEF JOB BY SEX AND USUAL llfDUSTRY - Continued
i
Woan
Ken
Usual 1Dduat17
Humber
Percent
Jledian
in
months
Median
Humber Percent
in
months
m
3:
"'O
r-
Jlanutacturing - Continued
Vachinery
Electric aohinery and apparatus, not ineluding radio• and refrigerator ■
lfachine shops n.o•••
• Refrigerators and equipant and electrical
household appliances
~her •chinery and parts, agrioultural implements, engines, •chine tools, office
appliances, pumps, scales, sewing•chines, washing achinee, steam shovels,
elevators
0
c6"
N.
lluaioal wtruments
0
-<
491
67
3.7
20.5
154
2.5
6.8
o.5
o.3
38.4
11.5
15
l
o.z
#
I
([)
IT
'-<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Transportation equipant
Motor vehicles and parts
Airoraf't and parts
Railroad-equipment and -repair shops
Ships
Street railway equipaant
other tramportation equipant
z
-t
34
•
z►
0
C:
259
1.9
16.0
123
z
2.0
5.9
m
3:
"'O
r0
-<
3:
m
I
-t
1
•
#
z
8
5
0
0
2
0
1
0-2
0.1
#
w
1.0
23.9
15
8
0.1
*
456
3.4
1.s
32.3
18.7
1.2
0.6
0.1
50.0
50.6
202
4
156
79
10
6
•
•
*
I
I
z
o.s
131
""
a.
3:
m
-0.1
-•
#
-I
-
I
U>
en
Other a.nufaoturiJJg indu•tri••
Liental gooda
Proteaaiom.l and aoientitio 1ut"88nta.
opti•l good•• au:rgioal appliances. and
other proteesicmal and acientitio
inat:naenta
All other manufaoturizlg industri•• and
n.o.a • -.nutaoturing
Buildi11g and oonatruotion
Building
Roe.d and etreet oonstruotion
Houaewreold.ng
Contractor ahopa a.nd contractor• Deo•••
Other oomtrootion
Trade
llboleaale trade
lllporter• a.nd exporters. other wholesale
establiahment•
Warehouses n.o•••• grain elevators. 1tookyarrla
176
1.s
26.8
lS
0.1
T
1.9
0.1
11.e
1t
11
0.1
I
8
0.1
#
161
1.1
25.5
101
1.7
15.4
2.884
21.a
u.s
17
1.0
2.a
0.2
11.2
M.5
4
o.s
0.1
,f/
936
S2.9
32.0
29.2
41.l
0
Sl6
25
1.497
110
o.e
116
0
12
l
--
0.2
•
;;;-
(1)
a.
cr
'<
CJ
0
-
~
(v
Retail trade
a.nd a.ooea11orl•11
Bakeries
Butcher 1hop11
Candy. confectionery. a.nd cigar•
Auto ■
Clothing 11tore11
Coe.l. ooke• wood• and ice
Dairy-products atorea
Depar-taent ■ tore,
See footnotes at end of table.
f
-#
#
2.015
115.l
15.8
787
12.6
12.a
309
2.s
18.9
75
1.2
15.6
271
38
2.0
o.s
20.0
21.4
69
6
1.1
0.1
15.6
1.706
35
14
109
33
12.a
o.s
0.1
14.9
21.6 ·
692
11.s
I
14.7
23.9
19
8
18
o.s
0.1
o.s
60
o.4
1.7
0.2
1.8
14.3
14.8
71
15
1.2
0.1
0
<g
f
228
21
209
o.a
0.2
I
14.7
3
2
335
•
•5.6
,..
"1:1
"1:1
fTI
a:
0
><
fTI
I
12.s
*#
I
I
10.0
I
I
15.4
Cl)
C/1
Table E-19.- KEDI.AH DURATION OF UNEIIPLOYIIENT SINCE LAST NOIRELIEF JOB BY SEX AND USUAL INDUSTRY - Continued
a,
Cl
Women
Ken
U1ual industry
BUll'ber
Peroent
Kedian
in
Median
Number Peroent
in
montha
montha
rr,
JC:
"'O
,-
Trade - Continued
0
-<
JC:
Retail trade• Continued
Drug 1toree
Dry-goods et.ores
Food et.or••• other
Hucksten, peddlers, and junk dealers
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
rr,
46
15
111
161
6S
o.s
0.1
o.s
. 16.8
11
1.2
14.0
u.1
15
10
2
0.4
11.9
I
2
14
12
. 15
2
29
Filling etationa
Furniture et.ores
Groceri••• chain
Groceries. independent
Hardware stores
llail-order house•
45
102
141
10
21
o.s
o.e
Shoe ■ tores
Tailors
Five• and ten-cent ■ tores
Other et.ores
Retail stores unspecified
29
112
2
129
21
0.2
0.2
I
6
1.184
s.9
o.s
o.a
21.0
28.9
28.0
96
a .
2
Publio utilitie■
Electric and ■ treet railway■
Ta:dcabe and bus ocapanie•
74
4S
1.1
0.1
0.2
o.e
•
1.0
18.0
15.4
14.9
I
*
21.9
9.4
I
20.0
4
46
26
4S
0.2
0.2
0.2
•
•0.2
0.2
0.2
•
0.5
0.1
o.s
o.,
o.7
0.1
1.6
0.1
•
#
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
#
8.9
#
9.8
5.9
16.0
I
62.8
$
z
-I
>
z
0
C:
z
rr,
JC:
"'O
,0
-<
z:
rr,
z
-I
z
co
w
0,
Bleotrlc-light and -power pl.ante
Truclcing, storage, and pacldllg
Ge.a companies
Central-heating plants
Radio broadcasting station.a
Steam railn.ya
Telephone and telegraph companies
Water transportation
Water supply
Express companies
Other public utilities n.o•••
GOTerrDD.ent agencies
City
• County and State
u. s. Navy
War Depar1D.ent
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
Post Office
Federal and Govermnent agencies n.o.s.
Philadelphia Navy Yard
County Relief Board, Federal Emergency Relief
Administration
.,.
264
40
1
1
324
158
o.s
2.0
o.a
•
•
ss.&
22.0
32.4
*I
s2.1
2s.s
26.1
10
2.4
0.4
2.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
331
194
10
18
27
2.6
1.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
23.7
29.B
17
16
0.1
0.1
0.4
271
9
13
47
2
•
I
*I
I
I
10.6
2
2
2
0
1
•
#
-•
-*
•
•
21
0.4
64
0.9
6
0
3
0
-0.1
-
127
77
10
0
31
2.1
1.3
0.2
0.1
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Insurance, finance, business, and professional
offices
Banks, trust companies, etc.
Euilding and loan, real estate
Insurance
Other finance
See f'ootnotes at end of table.
322
33
66
69
19
2.4
0.3
o.4
o.s
0.1
2
•
f
2
•
I
41
11.
-
11.7
23.9
#
I
I
31.5
234
24
29
-
#
•
4
23.9
21.0
29.3
23.4
I
6.4
0.1
IT
'<
I
&a.,
-o.s
I
#
1
I
I
3.8
0.4
o.s
0.6
0.2
,..
'"U
'"U
...,
::z
0
><
...,
*
*
30.6
Jf
8.9
44.0
I
0D
--1
Table E-19.- JIEDIAH DURATIOB OF UIIEIIPLOlllEB'l' SINCE LAST BOWRELIBF JOB BY SEX AHD USUAL IBDUS'l'RY - Continued
Cl)
Cl)
Woaen
Ken
Usual indUll't17
Buaber
Peroent
Jled1aD
in
Median
Iuaber
Peroent
a>ntha
in
montha
l"T1
:I:
"'O
r0
Insurance.., t1nanoe.., busin•H• and profe1111ional
-<
offices - Continued
lC
m
:z:
Professional offioes
lAbo:ratories
Studios
Office buildings or business offices n.~.,.
Sl
9
19
86
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
15.4
I
I
26.l
48
0
13
68
-0.2
24.9
1.1
36.9
o.a
-
#
....
>
:z:
C
C:
:z:
Institutions
Hospitals
Clubhou•••• camp•• museUlllll
Schools and oollegee
Other institutions and institutions
n.o. ■•
137
48
28
29
32
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
22.9
so.o
23.0
21.0
22.0
156
19.9
18.6
20.3
23.4
26.7
688
43
194
82
17
11.2
11.0
25.7
42.0
14el
246
M
0
... o
o.s
80
11
29
36
2.s
1.s
0.2
o.4
o.s
15.6
H.7
#
14.0
16.6
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Senioe induetrle•
Barber and beauty shops.., bathhouses
lAundrles (steam a.m hand)
Hotel•
Apartment houses. boarding houses
821
45
6.1
o.6
o.e
1.1
0.3
t•ro01118
294
27
38
101
2.2
0.2
o.s
o.8
Reataul'IUlt ■•
Dyeing and cleaning
•hop•
Shoe-repair
01:ber senice
eetabli■ bment■
indu ■ tries
86
86
H4
72
0.1
3.2
1.s
o.s
-1.2
17.2
15.4
18.7
26.6
#
12.9
11.1
-
26.s
f"T1
:I:
"'O
r0
-<
lC
f"T1
:z:
....
:z:
co
w
0,
868
e.•
19 ...
1.101
27.8
16.7
11,
278
1.s
2.1
14.8
18.7
25
o.4
11.9
3
0.1
#
Undertaking eata.blishlllents
Cemeteries
Hcae work for outside •nufa.ctures
Self-employed
llinea
12
6
1
10
16
0.1
!
0
0
8
--0.1
-##
-
Quarries
Agrloul ture, fishing. and forestry
All other industries
Printe tudliH
16
18.scellaneou•
Theatre and
alleys
placee
Ge.rage• and
industries
motion-picture houses, bowling
and other recreational and amuaeiment
auto-aenioe shops
96
3
H6
•
•
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
•
1.9
#
24
#
0
#
0
8
0
1,633
20.e
#
19.7
o.•
-
-0.1
-
26.'1
15.6
#
aboludea 384 men and 178 women llho did not report duration of 11Dn1ploymnt or usual indwitry and persona who
have never held a job but includes persons not seeking work beoauae of temporaey illness and persona employed
on emergency Works Program projects.
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
.,,.,,►
l'TI
:a:
C
><
l'TI
-#vedian not oaloulated tor fenr than 25 oases.
*Less than 0.05 percent.
IT
'<
C"')
N.e.c •• not elsewhere claasifiedJ n.o•••• not otherwise specified.
0
a.......
(v
Cl)
C,
cc
T&ble E-20.- DURATION OF UNDIPID'OIEIIT SINCE LAST NONRELIEF JOB, BT AGE AND SEX
Ag•
in,......
0-Z
lien, total
15,554
16-19
Z0-24
25-29
50-34
55-39
687
1,861
1,783
1,599
1,551
1,469
3-5
NWD- Per- 1'1111- Per-
lfua-
oent
ber
Percent
100.0 1,794 100.0 1,439 100.0
998
100.0
679
75
195
145
101
114
100
7.5
19.4
14.6
10.1
11.4
10.0
123
95
87
78
70
4.4
13.9
13.4
10.s
11.6
11.0
175
342
286
195
165
185
oent bor
9.8
19.l
15.9
10.7
9.2
10.5
141
297
252
145
146
137
9.8
20.8
16.l
9.9
10.2
9.5
12-25
11-11
6-8
ber
Peroent
ber
40-44
Daration of un-i,loyaent in 110ntha
Tot&l
penon•"
llua-
0
Peroent
Illa-
ber
Na-
ber
Percent
36-47
24-35
Illa-
bar
Percent
NWD-
Per-
ber
cent
eo
48-59
Wumbor
Per- Illacent ber
100.0 2,012 100.0 1,548 100.0 1,437 100.0 1,240 100.0 2,207
7.1
18.l
13.9
12.8
11.s
10.5
48
88
338
294
235
260
204
39
221
215
172
206
174
4.4
16.8
14.8
11.6
12.4
10.1
2.5
14.S
13.9
11.1
l3o3
11.s
16
162
181
149
195
184
1.1
11.s
12.6
10.4
13.4
12.8
4
86
139
124
152
148
•
6.9
11.2
10.0
12.3
12.0
lledi&D
duration
Peroont
&Dd OTer
l
99
196
197
247
267
100.0
22.,;
•
5.5
11.4
17.5
21.1
25.3
26.7
4.5
8.9
8,9
11.2
12.1
,,.,
.,,X:
r
0
-<
,,.,:J:
:z
-i
►
z:
0
45-49
50-54
55-59
S0-64
65 &nd OTer
lledi&n o.ge
total
Women,
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
16-19
20-2"
25-29
30-34
35-39
1,540
1,123
828
761
662
10.0
8.4
6.2
6.6
s.o
38.4
6,115
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65 &Dd onr
7.5
8.9
4.3
3.4
2.9
434
302
197
149
106
10.1
22..2
15.2
12.0
11.8
11.4
1.1
4.9
3.2
2.4
1.1
211 18.6
330 29.0
162 14.2
113
9.9
104
9.1
86
7.6
60
29
17
19
8
&ge
31.1
7.8
6.s
4.0
3.3
2.s
87
75
46
32
30
31.7
s.s
2.8
1.s
1.1
o.s
~-
lledl•n
112
90
58
47
56
32.-1
100.0 1,13_7 100.0
817
1,555
929
731
718
577
40-44
134
125
78
61
62
25,9
8.7
7.6
4.8
3.2
3.0
8.o
6.5
5.0
2.e
4.0
54
44
M
19
27
34.3
34.3
834 100.0
-
-160
100.0
337
100.0
150 18.0
233 26.0
120 1-1.4
8.5
71
79
9.5
55
6.6
75
124
60
43
16.3
26.9
13.0
u
12.5
22.8
50
10.11
7.6
I---
51
31
22
18
6
--
6.1
ll.T
2.6
1.9
0.1
lloll
35
26
22
15
6
6
--- -~
26.4
5.7
408
3.3
1.1
1.1
27.8
77
59
48
34
27
11.s
14.2
10.1
8.o
16
14
8
T
6
4.7
4.2
2.4
2.1
1.s
176
152
105
92
80
8.7
1.5
5.2
4.6
4.0
64
67
10.4
8.9
5.9
4.1
4.3
172
125
95
94
68
12.0
8.6
6.6
6.5
4.7
36.l
38.1
40.5
873 100.0
602 100.0
462 100.0
26
131
109
4.3
21.8
18.l
12.0
12.11
12
100
78
66
68
11.6
40
94
224
142
92
IIS
79
10.8
25.7
16.S
10.5
lOoT
11.0
72
75
58
48
606
44
1.a
43
4.11
s.2
1.8
1 .8
31
20
19
17
s.1
a.s
3.2
2.8
28
14
16
-
29.2
161
138
91
29.2
ll2
30
111
14
13.4
111!
s.,;
95
118
1.1
90
9.6
7.3
278
260
226
224
212
43.9
2.6
21.6
16.9
14.3
12.6
8.7
s.9
s.s
t.l
s.o
13
32.5
166
ss.1
2.e
12.6
11.s
10.3
10.1
9.6
46.7
52.0
so.a
56.3
43.8
43.0
-
than 0.05 percent.
r
0
-<
:J:
,..,
3-17 100.0 1,063
100.0
ltioO
3
69
H3
182
173
o.s
6.5
13.5
&.0
-i
17.4
23.9
zs.9
25.4
:z
4
67
56
44
52
S2
27
26
16
13
10
1.2
19.s
18.l
12.T
15.0
11.2
7.8
7.5
166
130
76
4.6
62
3.7
2.9
42
28
35.3
17.l
16.S
1s.s
12.2
1.1
4.9
4.0
2.e
s8.9
:z
a.a
28.S
28.8
29.4
s2.a
34.9
-
"Include• per ■ one not eeekin,: work bee&u■ e or tempo,,,...,. 1llnee ■, pereon ■ &111ployed on emergenoy ~ork• Prograa projeote, &nd &11 persons who have never
held & job, but exoludee 592 p<1r1on1 who did not roport •~e or duration or un•ployment.
•Le••
C:
:z
,,.,
:J:
.,,
ID
w
Q)
APPENDIX E
91
Table E-21.- NUMBER OF PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD AND NUMBER
OF EMPLOYABLE PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD
BY SCHOOL DIS'DUCT
Persons
Employable persona
Averagd
per
Number
household
Average
per
Numbera
household
Humber
School
district
All districts
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ot
households
44 ,Bl 7
173,428
3.9
79,822
1.8
5,069
3,817
3,098
6,329
5,363
17,901
16,642
14,146
25,465
20,596
3.5
4.4
4.6
4.1
3.8
8,212
7,510
6,268
11,304
9,764
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
3,220
4. 731
5.209
5,263
2,718
10,142
17,537
20,862
19,322
10,635
3.2
3.7
4.0
3.7
3.9
5,198
8.192
9,583
8,973
4,818
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
azxcludes 1.019 per ■ons not seeking work because of temporary
illnese.
Table E-22.- PERCENTAGE THAT EMPLOYABLE PERSOHS AND PERSONS
lfOT SEEIIWG WORK IS OF TOTAL PERSONS, BY SCHOOL DISTRICT
School
district
Total persons
llumber
All districts
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
Employable
persona
Percent Number Percent
Persons not
seeking work'l
Number Percent
173,428
100.0 80,841
46.6
92,587
53.4
17,901
16,642
14,146
25,645
20,596
100.0
8,284
100.0
7,621
100.0 6,343
100.0 ll,458
100.0
9,941
46.3
45.8
44.8
44.7
48.3
9,617
9,021
7,803
14,187
10,656
53.7
54.2
55.2
65.3
51.7
10,142
17,537
20,862
19,322
10,635
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
62.8
47.4
46.2
46.8
46.5
4,782
9,222
ll,220
10,286
5,794
47.2
62.6
53.8
63.2
54.5
6,360
8,316
9,642
9,036
4,841
&Includes persons under 16 years but excludes persons 16 year ■
of age and over not seeking work beoause of temporary illness.
Digitized by
Google
s-za ••
Table
IIIPIDYDIIT STATIJB OP mrPLOTABLB PIRSOIII II? SCll)OL DISTRICT .dD Hl
..,loyed
..,lOJN,
Sohool
dietricrt
Jlen, all
diltriota
Total
2
s
---
oent
ber
---
oent
ber
---
oent
65,420
100.0
119,074
10.&
:56,074
sa.a
6.u&
,.510
,.,12
8,'411
'
6
8,eu
6,'708
8
'7
8
9
10
Pull tae
ber
s.SM
l
Total
8,5118
6•SM
S,486
Per-
Per-
111.a
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4,'84
s.ta6
2.a24
6,49S
4,284
66.9
112.e
10.1
66.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,871
11,694
6,184
6,144
2,680
51.5
64.'7
78oll
'78.7
78.0
Per-
hrt tae
----
---
,.ooo
,.z
,.zos
7408
59.2
62.2
66.f
159.1
t'IO
1,62'7
,2.0
58.o
844
600
'72.l
411
,.,ss
4,5611
2,'84-
111.e
12.3
262
1195
412
4S6
686
1118
Per-
,.,
10.,
,.5
OD
••rg•D07 work&
oent.
ber
4,2112
a.on
2.1164
5.oa1
11,849
8,194
I
~lo:pdb
ber
Per•
oent
1.1
ber
oent
....
ber
oent
....
12,1,a
21.9
9, 8115
17.8
2,248
6.e
s.1
1.,
6.11
10.8
9.o
1.n8
1.na
1,'81
1.577
11.5
6119
s.2
s.9
60'7
561
2'71
226
160
u.5
11.1
4.1
a.5
1.1u
l,'80
1,181
1,164
e.,
Not prenouei,. .
aplOJN
•--
187
1181
Slll
842
682
5.s
Pnnoael,-
Total
,.,
888
806
aplOJN
Per-
Per-
ber
1s.s
708
so.&
18.5
2,.,
1.oaa
1.ou
1,161
1.so1
12.1
20.1
211.2
1,.8
20.2
171
286
S29
286
276
1.oos
1,206
942
997
27o'7
21.1
u.s
15.2
14.7
166
266
2111
167
100
211., .
az.o
11.e
17.8
17.8
17.6
506
Per--
oent
,.1
3.1
5.8
,.s
lloT
,.a
,.a
,.5
a.a
2.s
2.11
m
z:
.0
"'Cl
~
z:
m
-4
,..
0
C:
m
,z:
.-
0
~
z:
w.:.en,
all
dietrict•
26,'21
100.0
16,881
66.6
lS,6116
511.5
11,088
12.1
709
2.8
e,0111
111.6
6,711
22.5
2,1120
11.1
1,9811
1.u2
1,08'7
2,411
2,1815
76.f
57.2
69.S
85.,
82.4
1.151
1,147
858
1,91T
l,'770
51.2
218
2'711
2114
8.2
11.1
12.8
1a.,
n.e
49
89
49
1114
121
1.11
a.s
2.1
11.6
a.s
698
14.4
28.s
21.4
8.8
Mel
1178
866
SIIS
8110
920
220
697
1,141
1,192
22.1
1111.2
as.o
111.0
26.S
Sll
272
856
1.ss1
2,2a
1.844
91ll
,11.e
844
12.11
82.1
?toll
'7llo7
1.2e8
1,861
1,584
911
85
SlO
lllo5
12.,
,2
aa
189
12.0
1'
. &.,
a.a
1.,
1.a
1.0
777
881
741
826
1198
46.o
114.0
Holl
26.0
ze.8
SS2
8'71
6211
'82
288
36.6
25.7
17.2
11.a
111.11
145
216
218
11111
182
0
c6"
N.
-4
IT
2
a
2,6ao
2,488
1.a11a
4
11,888
C"')
6
a,,98
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
8
1.121
2,909
11,046
2,602
1,405
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
""
([)
a.
'<
a.......
(v
m
l
'7
8
•10
10.,
82'
48.l
1606
&2.0
6008
494
s,.a
49.a
212
1149
412
so.a
61.11
68.1
415
u.,
aJblol'll4H '67 pe"ODII (11117 and 120 ....,n) whoa• 011ly job lutl..llg l aCDth or longer • • been on
blDChld•• 1,011 penona not •Mkl..llg wcrlc becauae or taporary illnHOo
975
-rs•noy
22.li
Wortc• Prog:ru, project••
SOIi
SM
12.,
18.11
8.15
1.e
8.,
a.3
,.1
,.1
11.,
co
w
0,
Table E-24.- RELIEF STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING UNEMPLOYMENT, BY SCHOOL DISTRICT
Reliet household•
All houaeholdaa
Total
Sohool district
All districts
1
2
3
4
6
Home relietb
Emergenoy work
0
Honreliet
household•
N\Ullber
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Peroent
Number
Percent
Number
Peroent
17,035
100.0
6,878
40.4
S,161
18.6
3,717
21.B
10,157
59.6
1,304
1,784
1,537
2,305
2,279
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
392
632
605
1,152
998
30.l
36.4
39.4
50.0
43.8
147
288
306
44-4
483
11.3
HS.l
19.9
19.3
21.2
' 245
18.B
19.3
19.5
30.7
22.6
912
1,162
9:52
1,15:5
1,281
69.9
64.6
60.6
344
299
708
515
so.a
56.2
►
-u
-u
rr,
:z
C
6
7
B
9
10
1,772
2,078
1,616
1,517
843
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,028
987
427
430
227
58.o
47.5
26.4
28.3
26.9
494
468
211
220
100
27.9
22.s
13.0
14.5
11.9
534
519
216
210
127
30.l
25.0
13.4
1:5.8
15.0
744
1,091
1,189
1,087
616
42.0
52.5
73.6
71.7
73.l
><
rr,
0
%.
[
~xcludes 229 households in which the only employable members were not seeking work because of temporary
illness.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
b
0
Includes only "active oases" on the County Relief Board rolls in May 1936.
Includes only oases transferred by the County Relief Board to the emergency Works Program prior to May 1936.
C0
Co:I
Table E-26.- RACE OF EMPLOYABLE PERSOJIS AND 'NAUVITY OF WHITE EIIPLOYABlE PERSOJIS BY SCHOOL DISTRICT .dD SEX
I
Nati -n ty ot white persona
Race
Totala.
School
distr i ct
White
Negro
other
NatiTe-born
Foreign-born
Number
Percent
liwnber
Percent
Number
Percent
Nwnber
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
65,406
100.0
48 , 588
87.7
6,721
12.1
97
0.2
35,593
72.8
13,195
27.2
l
2
3
4
5
5,651
5,132
4,508
7,771
6,442
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5, 380
4,222
4,369
5,810
5,190
95.2
82.5
96.9
74 .8
80.6
265
895
134
1,958
1,244
4.7
17.4
3.0
25.2
19.5
8
15
5
5
8
0.1
0. 3
0.1
4,568
5,041
2,591
4,408
3 ,531
81.2
12.0
54.7
75.9
68.0
1,012
1,181
1,978
1,402
1,659
18.8
28.0
45.5
24.1
32 . 0
6
3,633
5,706
6,595
6,553
3,435
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
2, 256
5, 241
6 , 222
6,526
3, 372
62.1
91 . P
94.4
99 . 9
98.2
1,364
430
571
0
62
57.5
7.5
5.6
o.4
0.6
1.8
13
35
2
7
1
•
0.1
•
1,275
4,010
4,815
4,920
2,638
56.4
76.S
77.4
75.4
78.2
983
1,231
1,409
1,606
734
4306
23.S
22.6
24.6
21.8
25,407
100.0
20, 51:1
80.7
4,881
19.2
15
0.1
17,467
85. 2
:1,046
14.8
l
2
3
4
5
2,624
2,485
1,832
5, 686
3,496
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2 ,454
1,764
1, 758
2,281
2,446
93.S
71.0
96,0
61.9
10.0
169
718
73
1,405
1,050
6.5
28.9
4.0
38.1
:10.0
1
•
2,230
1,515
1,:18:1
2,005
1,996
90.9
85.9
78.7
87.9
81.6
224
249
575
276
450
21.3
12.1
18.4
6
7
8
9
10
1,726
2,609
5,046
2,501
1,402
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
922
2,279
2,744
2,497
1,568
53.4
87.4
90.1
99.8
97.6
804
324
302
2
46.6
12.4
9.9
0.1
2.4
0
6
0
2
0
648
1,971
2,361
2,114
1,244
70.5
86.5
86.0
84.7
90.9
274
308
385
383
124 .
29.7
l:1.6
14.0
15.3
9.1
7
8
9
10
-
•
0 .1
districts
0
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
r-
0
-<
-.
,.,z:
-I
0
C:
,.,
z:
-a
r-
-<
o.os
34
:I
0.1
1
0
0
-
•
0.2
0.1
-
not aeelcing -rk beoause ot temporaJ7 1llneu but e::a:olude• 28 persons who did not report raoe and nat1T1t,,.
peroent.
•Iuoludea persona
*Le•• than
-a
0
lfomen, all
c6"
N.
,.,
z:
lien, all
diatricts
9.1
14.l
,..,z:
-I
co
w
en
Table B-28.- SCHOOL GRADI CCIIPLETBD BY IIIPLOTABLI PBRS(ll(S BT SCHOOL DISTRICT AIID SEX
Sohool gra4a OOlllll•te4
Totala
Sohool
diltricst
·ber
Ila., all
diltriote
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
52,895
Peroent
Orumar-aohool
nongraduate
Gr-,.-,ohool
bar
Peroent
ber
Peroent
3.8
14,874
28.1
16,383
Ho tor.al
eduoatioa
.....
ber
100.0 2,019
Peroent
._
graduate
.._
1-3 year,
high aohool
.,_
High-sohool
graduate
ber
Peroent
llu»ber
Peroent
31.0
8,830
16.7
7,045
1,019 18.6 1,192
874 18,S
488
3:59
6011 13.4
1,:n1 17.0 1,293
765
985 16.4
1-3 years
oollege
College
graduate
College
poetgraduate
lledian
aohool
·ber
Peroent
ber
Peroent
2.11
1,816
3.5
691
1.1
8.8
236
66
73
257
158
4.3
1.4
1.s
5.3
2.a
451
8.3
1.2
87 1.9
369 4.8
149 2.6
166
29
2,9
o.6
o.9
1.0
1.:s
9.11
8.4
8.l
8.7
8.6
32
81
568
150
lOS
1.0
1.6
606
2.1
3.2
ll2
0,7
o.5
l.ll
o.8
1.0
8,3
8.8
8.e
8.7
11....
ber
Percent
13o3
1,337
21,8
10.2
7,6
111,7
12.e
gradeb
Hua-
6,465
4,768
4,487
7,72:S
6,000
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99
111
475
166
226
1.8
2.5
10.6
2 .1
5.8
813
. 1,642
·l,672
2,177
1,701
14,9
34.5
37.ll
28,2
28.3
1,600
1,503
1,20:s
2,073
1,939
27.4
31.5
26,8
26.9
32,3
5,284
5,414
6,340
6,184
3,230
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
557
193
159
1,508
1,927
1,324
1,466
644
45,9
35.6
20.9
2:5,7
19.9
701
1,878
2,001
2,390
1,196
367
21.5
799
M.7
:Sl.6 1,124
:58,7 1,150
57.0
608
252
10.9
462
14.8
17.7 1,082
756
18.6
18,8
426
7.7
8.3
17.l
12.2
13.2
52
56
212
139
132
10.9
3.6
2.5
1.7
4.1
90
1,6
1.0
ll.3
2.2
2.8
24,660
100.0
612
2.1
5,608
22.7
8,754
27,4
5,516
21,6
5,042
20.5
BOO
ll,2
510
2.1
108
0.4
8.9
2,572
2,385
1,827
5,659
S,340
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22
32
0.9
1.4
4,7
1.1
2.6
198
7.7
26.9
27.2
655
670
525
828
918
21,6
28,l
28,6
22.6
27,6
556
611
383
785
662
21,6
25.6
21.0
21.4
19.8
926
548
303
805
679
56.0
14.6
16.6
22.0
20.:s
141
55
21
162
111
6.6
2.2
1,1
4.4
5.3
140
25
5.4
1.1
o.a
5,1
1.1
ll4
1,3
0.1
0.2
11,8
8,8
8,6
9.2
8.8
1,648 100.0
2,528 100.0
2,941 100.0
2,404 1.00.0
1,348 100.0
1~
370
871
781
793
445
22,6
34.5
26.5
33,0
33.0
205
511
641
613
351
12.4
20.2
21,8
25,5
26.0
171
297
785
10.4
11.7
26,7
20
14
19.4
260
19.5
o.8
o.e
3.2
1.0
2.6
3
7
10
468
1.2
1.6
4.6
2.8
3,7
lOll
66
l57
77
77
25
28
80
50
7.0
,,>,,
,,,
z
0
><
,,,
ll'omen, all
dill'triota
l
2
3
4
0
c6"
N.
""
6
([)
a.
IT
6
7
8
9
10
'<
C"')
0
a.......
8
86
40
85
46
49
16
4
s.o
1.8
1.7
0,7
0,3
641
496
910
839
24-.9
26.l
733
44,5
736
29,1
1s.2
17,3
446
415
194
14.4
41
134
61
60
11
115
36
19
96
24
33
ll
4
18
10
B
11
o.s
o.s
0.2
0,3
0,3
0,3
o.8
Inol~dea persona not seeking work beoauae of temporary illnea1 but exolude1 2,525 men and 771 W0111en who did not report 1ohool grade oompleted.
(v
b».diane wre obtained froa • more detailed breakdown,
1.1
8.6
9,9
8.9
9.3
=
QI
Table Z-27.• 1JSUAL IlllUSTJ!IAL GROUP OF PIIEVlOUSLT aG'LOTED . . IT SCHCQ. DISTRICT
C,
m
OS.etrict mmber
Total
Uwal lnduetrlt.1 group
·ber
Total•
52.629
19 523
2,350
)"anufacturing
Food products
'fextile and clothinc m&m1faotu.rlng
Metal products
Lu&b•r and t1-ber product•
4,865
2,ue
569
Leather products
Rubber product&
Paper and pr1nt1nc
Chstkah
Tol-iacco prod.uctl
Sten•, clay• and gl•H product•
Machi.nary
iutruaenta
Tran.aport•t.lon equlpient
Other aanufaotu.rlng indu1trlH
llu ■ ic:al
Building and oonetnaction
Trade
llholesale trade
R•t.ail trade
Public util1t1H
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
GO"Yern:11119rrt ag•n~ t ••
lnlura.nce, tina.nc•• buelne••• and prof••llonal
offi~e
lnati tut1 on•
SerTice lnd.\.letrl ..
llhoel lan•ou• \ndu ■ tr1 ..
ThMtr• and aotton-pit"tur• houn1 end oth•r
ret"reatlonal phcH
Ge.rap ■ and auto-••"1.oe •hopa
S.U-lo7od
Prtn:te !•111••
Other aieeellane<N• in1:h11tri••
Poroent
Por•
ber
cent
cent
;51,1 la 746
4.6
HI
9.2
191
lH
t.l
39
1.1
32.2 l 583
2,6
198
3,5
304
z. 7
148
0.1
f8
thu 0.01 .......
,at.
Percent
ber
1,6
0.2
t.o
2.5
o.s
29
5
211
2n
19
0,6
0.1
5,0
4.8
0.4
81
3
191
392
2,3~3
31
1,579
715
0,7
4.5
O,l
s.o
1 ••
37
266
6
292
0.1
5,866
11.2
473
.
33.0 l 673
229
t.1
1.3
Ill
3.1
H
81
1.0
1.7
0.1
f,O
1.2
o.4
83
0
115
128
o.e
2.6
30
f,9
0.1
5.4
o.8
39
118
0
87
fl
1.8
1.0
74
55
5M
MS
11!
TZ8
f86
12,4
17.5
u.1
9.5
llfl
842
121
721
281
300
18
-
1.0
•• o
3,l
0.1
23
96
bor
bar
•
0.7
2,3
0,1
1.8
1.s
:14
7
!96
128
.
11
155
•
us
60
t.Hz
9.4
8,0
319
a.a
flO
e.1
230
5,8
499
2,562
602
t.9
1.5
e.6
490
114
M2
,.o
z.1
1.9
136
23
289
s.s
0,5
1.s
170
66
128
s.e
1,4
,.495
1.0
464
163
602
2,697
t.9
221
t.l
ZfI
e.1
120 ~ 9
622
510
918
16
189
1.0
1.7
0.1
1.,
o.e
12
90
63
1.s
1.8
O,l
1.5
o.•
UT
14
30
26
1.1
1.e
o.s .
0.1
0.1
I&
7
TS
11
42
46
10
e
18
per■ ON
o.t
0.1
•• o
1,7
0.1
88
8
2H
0.1
2.1
O,l
2,1
0,8
'2
lf,9
99
12
290
3
210
76
667
L!.,_277
~:; 1,::; ~~:i 1.oee
fag
13.1 1,10:s
3,141
Z,4
11,7 2-022
334
3.8
a.t
356
225
1.9
51
o.8
40.f l 608
5.6
280
u.e ZN
1.s
141
1.9
f3
-
6
17,6 1.216
968
6.8
1.0
1.1
o.a
0.1
o.•
.....
oent
•
bar
.....
oont
.
... ..... •.....
- .... ··-- - - --,.z
1
bor
8
oont
bar
1.,1, 100.0 e,oae 100.0 3,4.13 100.0 &,389 100,0
1.7
22,4
a.o
17.4
157
1.4
•aaellldN 1041 aen 'llho 414 not nport u•u•l 1ndueff7 ud z.585 n.. worken but lnolud••
Progru proJeoto •
"IM,
•
3
,.....
100.0 5,425 100.0 4.802 100.0 4,1:14 100.0
r-+.ffi. ~!~s.1 ~268
e.o73 16.5 N5
.
ber
768
l2t
2,111
l,MO
178
0
c6"
N.
- - - - ·--- - 2
l
I----
71
181
10
181
72
33.2
6.5
5,9
3,1
p.9
874
154
178
92
1.1
0.1
•• o
1.6
0.2
63
.
f7
•
87
to
28
0.1
27
t.e
6t
3,6
1.z
.•
68
10.9
577
21.0 L--703
3,1
132
17,9
671
468
8.5
2&,e 2 405
t.6
304
6.2
805
2.1
llOil
1.4
103
5.8
11,2
6.7
1.9
2 746
269
896
'66
32
189
H
196
s.1
0,3
s.a
33
20
323
86
1.1
0.1
14
o.e
1,6
0.1
1,7
1.s
37
HS
3
199
9f
0.1
16.9
582
10.,
.!9•! ~&16_
bar
OODt
bar
H
51
•• 9 · 403
6
0.1
3,7
221
1,7
130
505
15,7 l 031
z.t in
1a.s 8115
10.t
622
41,f. 3.284
61,9 l 680
317
u.o 1.12&
7,2
307
89
o.5
5.0
17.a
lH
NI
t.9
zae
1.4
31
47-1
a.7
18.1
7.1
o.,
1.1
o.e
0,3
5.1
1.s
0.1
169
10
242
90
20
2.1
0.2
3,8
1.4
o.s
19
61
97
117
6
o.8
0,7
1.7
e
a.•
1.e
f2
158
2
ea
1.1
1.1
0.1
s.5
z.1
43
650
l
117
111
e.o
16.f
2.7
13.7
8.s
535
e.4
~5.4
,.o
u.4
7~6
309
,.1
lt.l
186
758
478
•••
912
.
479
ts
1.s
1.,
s.s
0.1
0.1
z.1
1.t
1-•
u.1
"'z:
.,,
,...
0
-<
z:
"':a:-t
.
:a:
0
C
:a:
"'.,,z:
,...
0
-<
z:
16.t
13.l
ne
u ••
128
717
562
HS
1.a
6,7
322
6,3
130
a.,
288
5,f
350
6.5
Slf
e.o
ZH
8.1
294
119
476
1.e
80
45
371
2.t
1,3
10.9
131
68
a37
l.f
a.a
1.7
3,9
69
261
J.7
0,9
1.0
•••
151
•••
:a:
e.a
401
110
H8
236
2.0
7.8
1.0 .__393
..._____
6.6
175
5,1
ZOl
a.1
Ill
1.5
195
s.1
113
l.t
co
87
150
l
1,1
2,5
e
1.,
1.0
30
11
1
17
51
o.v
12
o.e
17
1.1
0,7
Z6
1,1
'711
0
fZ
1.,
u
-
M
0
111
o.,
1.1
e
38
o.7
•••
2.2
e.1
1.0
z.4
0.1
z.s
1.0
not aMlclDC wort
UT
58
beeau ■•
or ~rary
3.9
16.7
oent
100,0 8,327 100.0 3,107 1 00.0
1,8
o.z
2,6
1.2
0,8
Z8
10
e
o.e
1.1
ill.DH■
_.
1,1
0.1
per■ ona
"
1,3
.
-
2.1
ao
1.1
17
1
1.,
•
o.s
0.4
f56
.
.
182
l
15
!11
aployed Clll _ . , . _ , Ilona
1.1
0.1
0.1
"'-t:a:
w
0,
hill• 11-11.- US1l&L DIDUll!IIUL OIIOUP
or
PIIBVIOUSLt alPLC!rED _ . ff ICIIOOL DI8TRICT
Dtrtriot ...,...
!na1
- ·- - 0- - 0- - ·- - ·- - ·- - - - - - ·- - ·- - ....·.
1
11-1 -ltrial ' " " '
Per-
l>or
--rue
!nal"-
22,Ttt
8.sze
Food produetl
Tut1le and olotbiJI&
Kotal
product ■
~ r 11.Dd. tial>•r
produot ■
Leather product■
Rabbtlr proda.cta
Paper and prlatiJI&
Cbeicah
Tobaooo produota
Stone,, olq,, and 1lu• prochaota
llacbinery
llua1cal lutru:aent1
Tn.n1portation equipment
Other aanul' ■ otu.r1ng 1.ndu.stri.e■
Build.inc Ulld ooutruoti•
Tnclo
Whol•Hl.• tn.d.e
Retail trade
l'Dblio
c6"
N.
a.
lllscellaneou ■
2SZ
21
728
za9
551
1.0
0.1
s.z
1.0
2.,
11
o.,
S7
554
2
65
172
.
11
577
1,080
prote1 ■ icmal
Inotlt..tiom
S.rrlc1 indu ■tri••
21.a
2.2
1,8
1.0
0.1
S68
ottice ■
""
51Z
IS
1IO
ZS
I
3,298
atllitie ■
OonJ"11118ut &geno1••
Innra.nce,, tinanc ■,, bu11n•••• and
0
sa.1
2.,
21.0
0.1
o.z
!.666
1,382
B95
2,405
♦ ,407
([)
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
i.ndustrl••
Th•tre and l!'otion-picture
recrM.tional ph.0 ■ 1
Garages and auto-se"ic•
hou ■••
and other
1hop■
17
8T
t,115
Self-employed
Pri Tate ram.111 ..
Other ai1cellaneou1 iDdu1tr1••
-ixeludea 162 •caen -,..o did not report
PT'ogr .. project ■,
•i..11 titan
o.o&
percent.
na
55
u■ual indu1try
• ,_
I
Por-
l>or
Por-
l>or
l>or
•
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WPA NATIONAL RESBAR.CH PROJECT
Reports issued to date
General
'nle lleaearcll Progru or the National Research ProJect
ODt■PlDJHDt
IDd Increaaln& ProductlVl-tY ,~t of 1Wl.nt)
&uaarJ or Flndln,:s to Date, Karch 1938
Studies in Changing Technology and Labor Productivity
Mining
No, 1-1 Tec11J1olo11 and tbe Klneral Induatrle• (~t of ,r,nt)
lo, E•2
Sllall-8Cale Placer Klnes as a source or Gol<t, tmplo)'llent, and Llvellbood
ln 1936 (~t of ,r,nt)
110. 1-a
t'lecbanlsatlon Trenda ln Metal and Nolllletal Klnlng aa Indicated by Salee or
Underground Loading EQUll)llent
lo, E•4
No. E-6
No,
z-e
hplo111ent and Reldted Statlstlcs or Klnes and QUarrles, 1936:
Coal
Fuel Efflclency 1n cement Kanuracture, 1909-1936
Klneral Technology and output per Kan Studies:
Grade or o~e (l.n 1Wess)
Agriculture
lo. A-1
Cbangea ln Technology and Labor Requlreaents ln Crop Product ton:
lo. A-2 Changes 1n Farm Power and Equll)Jllent:
SUgar Beets
Kecllanlcal Cotton Picker
lo, A-3 Selected References on Practices and Use or Labor on rarma (l.n t1110 ,arts)
110. •-•
Changes in Technology and Labor Requirements in Crop Production:
No. A-6
Changes in Technology and Labor Requirements in Crop Production:
llo.
A-e
Potatoes
corn
Trends in Bise and PrOduction or the Aggregate rarm Enterprise, 1909-38
Manufacture
Ro, N-1 Pr0duct1vlt7 and Eap101111ent in Selected Industries: Beet Sugar
Ro, B-1 Labor Productivity ln the Leather Industry (Sv•ury)
<•n
,ress)
No, B-2 lfechanical Changes in the Cotton-Teztlle Industry, 1910 to 193CI (Sua•ary)
Ro, B-3 Kecbanical Changes in the woolen and worsted Industries, 1910 to 1938
(Sv.•ary)
No.
B-4
Effects or Kecbanizatlon in Clgar Kanuracture (S-•ary)
Ro, B-6 81stems or Shop Management ln the Cotton-Oaraent Industry (S-ry)
8t udies of the Effects of Industrial Change on Labor Markets
No, P-t Recent Trends 1n Employment and Unemployment in Philadelphia
No, P-2
The Labor Force or the Ph1ladelph1a Radio Industry in 1938
110.
lo •
...
Ten Years or work Uperlence or Philadelphia weavers and Loom Fizers
L•t
Ten Years or Work Ezperience or Pblladelphla Kacbinlsts (in press)
Ct gar Kakers - After the Lay-OU
P-a Employment and Unemployment 1n Ph1ladelph1a 1n 1D3e and
lo, P-15
llo,
1937 ( Part II in ,ress)
~•queata for copl•• of th••• reports should be addr••••d to1
Pu,llcatlona Section, Olvlalon of lnfor ■ atlon
Worka Progr1a1 Ad ■ lnlotratlon
Washington, 0, c.
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