Full text of The Employment Situation : October 2024

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 1, 2024

USDL-24-2233

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — OCTOBER 2024
Total nonfarm payroll employment was essentially unchanged in October (+12,000), and the
unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
Employment continued to trend up in health care and government. Temporary help services lost jobs.
Employment declined in manufacturing due to strike activity.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
October 2022 – October 2024

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
seasonally adjusted, October 2022 – October 2024

Percent

Thousands

5.5

600

5.0

500
400

4.5

300

4.0

200

3.5

100

3.0
2.5

Oct-22

0
Jan-23

Apr-23

Jul-23

Oct-23

Jan-24

Apr-24

Jul-24

Oct-24

-100

Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23

Jul-23

Oct-23 Jan-24 Apr-24

Jul-24

Oct-24

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Hurricanes Helene and Milton
October data from the household and establishment surveys are the first collected since Hurricanes
Helene and Milton struck the United States. These hurricanes caused severe damage in the southeast
portion of the country. See the notes on page 4 for more information.

Household Survey Data
The unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.1 percent in October, and the number of unemployed
people was little changed at 7.0 million. These measures are higher than a year earlier, when the jobless
rate was 3.8 percent, and the number of unemployed people was 6.4 million. (See table A-1.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.9 percent), adult women
(3.6 percent), teenagers (13.8 percent), Whites (3.8 percent), Blacks (5.7 percent), Asians (3.9 percent),
and Hispanics (5.1 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers edged up to 1.8 million in October. The
number of people on temporary layoff changed little at 846,000. (See table A-11.)
The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 1.6
million in October. This measure is up from 1.3 million a year earlier. In October, the long-term
unemployed accounted for 22.9 percent of all unemployed people. (See table A-12.)
Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.0
percent, changed little in October. These measures have shown little change over the year. (See table A1.)
The number of people employed part time for economic reasons was little changed at 4.6 million in
October. These individuals would have preferred full-time employment but were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
The number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.7 million, was essentially
unchanged in October. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not
actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job.
(See table A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the
labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in October. These individuals wanted and were available
for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4
weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached
who believed that no jobs were available for them, changed little at 379,000 in October. (See Summary
table A.)
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment was essentially unchanged in October (+12,000), following an
average monthly gain of 194,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, employment continued to trend
up in health care and government. Temporary help services lost jobs. Employment declined in
manufacturing due to strike activity. (See table B-1.)
Health care added 52,000 jobs in October, in line with the average monthly gain of 58,000 over the
prior 12 months. Over the month, employment rose in ambulatory health care services (+36,000) and
nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000).

-2-

Employment in government continued its upward trend in October (+40,000), similar to the average
monthly gain of 43,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in
state government (+18,000).
Within professional and business services, employment in temporary help services declined by 49,000
in October. Temporary help services employment has decreased by 577,000 since reaching a peak in
March 2022.
Manufacturing employment decreased by 46,000 in October, reflecting a decline of 44,000 in
transportation equipment manufacturing that was largely due to strike activity.
Employment in construction changed little in October (+8,000). The industry had added an average of
20,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. Over the month, nonresidential specialty trade
contractors added 14,000 jobs.
Employment showed little or no change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and
warehousing; information; financial activities; leisure and hospitality; and other services.
In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 13 cents,
or 0.4 percent, to $35.46. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.0
percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory
employees rose by 12 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $30.48. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 34.3 hours in
October. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 39.9 hours, and overtime edged
down by 0.1 hour to 2.8 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees
on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised down by 81,000, from
+159,000 to +78,000, and the change for September was revised down by 31,000, from +254,000 to
+223,000. With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 112,000 lower than
previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and
government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 6,
2024, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

-3-

Hurricanes Helene and Milton
Hurricane Helene made landfall on Florida’s Gulf Coast on September 26, 2024, and then tracked north
into several other states. This was before the October reference periods for both the household and
establishment surveys.
Hurricane Milton struck Florida on October 9, 2024, during the reference periods for both surveys. Prior
to the storm’s landfall, there were large-scale evacuations of Florida residents.
In October, the household survey was conducted largely according to standard procedures, and response
rates were within normal ranges.
The initial establishment survey collection rate for October was well below average. However,
collection rates were similar in storm-affected areas and unaffected areas. A larger influence on the
October collection rate for establishment data was the timing and length of the collection period. This
period, which can range from 10 to 16 days, lasted 10 days in October and was completed several days
before the end of the month.
No changes were made to either the establishment or household survey estimation procedures for the
October data. It is likely that payroll employment estimates in some industries were affected by the
hurricanes; however, it is not possible to quantify the net effect on the over-the-month change in
national employment, hours, or earnings estimates because the establishment survey is not designed to
isolate effects from extreme weather events. There was no discernible effect on the national
unemployment rate from the household survey.
For information on how unusually severe weather can affect employment and hours estimates, see the
Frequently Asked Questions section of this news release.
BLS will release the state estimates of employment and unemployment for October on November 19,
2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Notice Regarding Funding of the Household Survey
BLS has paused plans to reduce the household survey (Current Population Survey or CPS) sample at this
time. For further information, please see www.bls.gov/cps/notices/2024/cps-funding.htm.

-4-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Change from:
Sept. 2024Oct. 2024

Oct.
2024

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

267,642
167,723
62.7
161,280
60.3
6,443
3.8
99,919

268,856
168,549
62.7
161,434
60.0
7,115
4.2
100,306

269,080
168,699
62.7
161,864
60.2
6,834
4.1
100,381

269,289
168,479
62.6
161,496
60.0
6,984
4.1
100,809

209
-220
-0.1
-368
-0.2
150
0.0
428

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

3.8
3.7
3.2
13.1
3.5
5.8
3.1
4.8

4.2
4.0
3.7
14.1
3.8
6.1
4.1
5.5

4.1
3.7
3.6
14.3
3.6
5.7
4.1
5.1

4.1
3.9
3.6
13.8
3.8
5.7
3.9
5.1

0.0
0.2
0.0
-0.5
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

3.1
5.8
4.0
3.1
2.1

3.4
7.1
4.0
3.4
2.5

3.3
6.8
4.0
3.4
2.3

3.4
6.6
4.0
3.4
2.5

0.1
-0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

3,120
801
1,869
603

3,328
845
2,132
718

3,233
818
2,046
662

3,400
801
2,154
602

167
-17
108
-60

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

2,269
1,836
1,079
1,291

2,468
2,019
1,167
1,533

2,146
1,982
1,119
1,630

2,112
2,080
1,234
1,608

-34
98
115
-22

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

4,284
2,985
1,000
21,576

4,830
3,303
1,144
22,561

4,624
2,999
1,274
22,566

4,557
3,023
1,184
22,352

-67
24
-90
-214

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,416
419

1,401
367

1,605
445

1,572
379

-33
-66

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

165
98
-10
-1
22
-31
-33
-27.5
2
108
11.9
1.3
-8.5
1.5
-26
0
-5
-22.6
77
72.0
57
-1
67

78
37
2
0
28
-26
-30
-15.5
4
35
6.9
-14.5
10.7
-0.1
-8
7
-47
-23.3
67
55.3
9
4
41

223
192
23
2
27
-6
-3
-4.2
-3
169
6.1
15.4
2.7
2.9
3
4
-9
-20.2
95
80.4
40
9
31

12
-28
-37
1
8
-46
-47
-6.0
1
9
10.4
-6.4
-3.7
-1.7
3
0
-47
-48.5
57
51.3
-4
1
40

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

207
148

113
78

148
109

104
67

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Oct.
2023

49.8
48.4
81.3

34.3
$34.10
$1,169.63
115.3
-0.2
187.9
0.1

56.6
43.1

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.3
$35.22
$1,208.05
116.6
0.3
196.3
0.8

50.8
37.5

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.3
$35.33
$1,211.82
116.7
0.1
197.2
0.5

59.8
43.1

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.3
$35.46
$1,216.28
116.7
0.0
197.9
0.4

55.6
45.1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than
sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses
into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance
on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
It is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll employment
estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, employees
have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive pay for any
part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures. For more
information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a
measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad
weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 629,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and
unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or
unemployed are not in the labor force. The

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People
are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data
are produced for the private sector for all employees and for
production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and
nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and
related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging,
construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory
employees in private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:
•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes
in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the
past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

267,642
167,774
62.7
161,676
60.4
6,098
3.6
99,868
5,037

269,080
168,569
62.6
162,046
60.2
6,524
3.9
100,511
5,591

269,289
168,569
62.6
161,938
60.1
6,631
3.9
100,720
5,330

267,642
167,723
62.7
161,280
60.3
6,443
3.8
99,919
5,376

268,438
168,009
62.6
161,199
60.1
6,811
4.1
100,429
5,234

268,644
168,429
62.7
161,266
60.0
7,163
4.3
100,215
5,600

268,856
168,549
62.7
161,434
60.0
7,115
4.2
100,306
5,637

269,080
168,699
62.7
161,864
60.2
6,834
4.1
100,381
5,697

269,289
168,479
62.6
161,496
60.0
6,984
4.1
100,809
5,666

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130,816
88,730
67.8
85,384
65.3
3,345
3.8
42,087

131,186
89,209
68.0
85,754
65.4
3,455
3.9
41,978

131,287
89,279
68.0
85,770
65.3
3,509
3.9
42,008

130,816
88,968
68.0
85,327
65.2
3,641
4.1
41,848

130,875
89,171
68.1
85,514
65.3
3,657
4.1
41,704

130,975
89,293
68.2
85,390
65.2
3,903
4.4
41,682

131,077
88,950
67.9
85,075
64.9
3,875
4.4
42,127

131,186
89,308
68.1
85,596
65.2
3,712
4.2
41,878

131,287
89,439
68.1
85,631
65.2
3,808
4.3
41,848

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122,029
85,542
70.1
82,663
67.7
2,879
3.4
36,487

122,221
86,045
70.4
83,091
68.0
2,955
3.4
36,175

122,316
86,204
70.5
83,121
68.0
3,083
3.6
36,112

122,029
85,687
70.2
82,526
67.6
3,161
3.7
36,343

121,929
85,846
70.4
82,618
67.8
3,227
3.8
36,083

122,021
86,054
70.5
82,576
67.7
3,477
4.0
35,968

122,118
85,857
70.3
82,452
67.5
3,405
4.0
36,261

122,221
86,006
70.4
82,815
67.8
3,192
3.7
36,215

122,316
86,257
70.5
82,896
67.8
3,361
3.9
36,059

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136,826
79,045
57.8
76,292
55.8
2,753
3.5
57,781

137,894
79,361
57.6
76,292
55.3
3,069
3.9
58,533

138,002
79,290
57.5
76,169
55.2
3,121
3.9
58,712

136,826
78,755
57.6
75,953
55.5
2,801
3.6
58,071

137,564
78,838
57.3
75,684
55.0
3,154
4.0
58,725

137,669
79,136
57.5
75,876
55.1
3,260
4.1
58,533

137,779
79,599
57.8
76,359
55.4
3,240
4.1
58,179

137,894
79,391
57.6
76,268
55.3
3,123
3.9
58,503

138,002
79,040
57.3
75,865
55.0
3,176
4.0
58,961

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128,342
75,888
59.1
73,499
57.3
2,390
3.1
52,454

129,236
76,264
59.0
73,598
56.9
2,667
3.5
52,972

129,340
76,282
59.0
73,566
56.9
2,716
3.6
53,057

128,342
75,487
58.8
73,066
56.9
2,421
3.2
52,856

128,922
75,587
58.6
72,798
56.5
2,788
3.7
53,335

129,021
75,968
58.9
73,078
56.6
2,890
3.8
53,052

129,125
76,411
59.2
73,589
57.0
2,822
3.7
52,714

129,236
76,134
58.9
73,426
56.8
2,708
3.6
53,102

129,340
75,911
58.7
73,159
56.6
2,752
3.6
53,428

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,270
6,344
36.7
5,514
31.9
830
13.1
10,927

17,623
6,260
35.5
5,357
30.4
902
14.4
11,364

17,633
6,083
34.5
5,252
29.8
832
13.7
11,550

17,270
6,549
37.9
5,688
32.9
861
13.1
10,721

17,588
6,577
37.4
5,782
32.9
795
12.1
11,011

17,602
6,407
36.4
5,612
31.9
795
12.4
11,195

17,612
6,281
35.7
5,393
30.6
888
14.1
11,332

17,623
6,559
37.2
5,624
31.9
935
14.3
11,064

17,633
6,311
35.8
5,441
30.9
870
13.8
11,322

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

204,867
127,686
62.3
123,623
60.3
4,063
3.2
77,181

205,338
128,149
62.4
123,659
60.2
4,490
3.5
77,189

205,444
127,820
62.2
123,318
60.0
4,503
3.5
77,624

204,867
127,612
62.3
123,198
60.1
4,414
3.5
77,255

205,010
127,552
62.2
123,095
60.0
4,457
3.5
77,457

205,114
127,887
62.3
123,032
60.0
4,854
3.8
77,228

205,222
127,939
62.3
123,049
60.0
4,890
3.8
77,282

205,338
128,168
62.4
123,490
60.1
4,677
3.6
77,171

205,444
127,750
62.2
122,905
59.8
4,845
3.8
77,695

66,334
70.0
64,359
67.9
1,975
3.0

66,445
70.2
64,353
67.9
2,091
3.1

66,460
70.1
64,334
67.9
2,126
3.2

66,363
70.0
64,148
67.6
2,215
3.3

66,154
70.0
64,011
67.7
2,143
3.2

66,313
70.1
64,005
67.6
2,308
3.5

66,282
70.0
63,910
67.5
2,372
3.6

66,385
70.1
64,114
67.7
2,271
3.4

66,439
70.1
64,085
67.6
2,354
3.5

56,501
57.9
55,002
56.4
1,498
2.7

56,837
58.1
55,096
56.3
1,741
3.1

56,687
57.9
54,936
56.1
1,751
3.1

56,209
57.6
54,621
56.0
1,588
2.8

56,268
57.6
54,505
55.8
1,763
3.1

56,529
57.8
54,583
55.8
1,946
3.4

56,777
58.0
54,866
56.1
1,911
3.4

56,693
57.9
54,947
56.1
1,747
3.1

56,426
57.6
54,583
55.7
1,843
3.3

4,851
38.7
4,262
34.0
589
12.1

4,867
38.3
4,209
33.1
657
13.5

4,674
36.7
4,049
31.8
625
13.4

5,040
40.2
4,430
35.4
611
12.1

5,131
40.4
4,580
36.0
551
10.7

5,044
39.7
4,444
34.9
600
11.9

4,880
38.4
4,273
33.6
607
12.4

5,089
40.0
4,429
34.8
660
13.0

4,885
38.4
4,238
33.3
647
13.3

34,788
21,996
63.2
20,716
59.5
1,281
5.8
12,792

35,092
21,974
62.6
20,780
59.2
1,194
5.4
13,118

35,128
22,178
63.1
20,920
59.6
1,258
5.7
12,950

34,788
21,902
63.0
20,636
59.3
1,266
5.8
12,886

34,982
21,942
62.7
20,570
58.8
1,372
6.3
13,040

35,017
22,124
63.2
20,739
59.2
1,385
6.3
12,893

35,053
21,984
62.7
20,639
58.9
1,344
6.1
13,070

35,092
22,062
62.9
20,801
59.3
1,262
5.7
13,030

35,128
22,092
62.9
20,832
59.3
1,259
5.7
13,037

10,063
67.8
9,547
64.3
516
5.1

10,355
69.4
9,849
66.0
506
4.9

10,360
69.4
9,790
65.6
569
5.5

10,048
67.7
9,520
64.1
528
5.3

10,269
69.1
9,643
64.9
626
6.1

10,370
69.7
9,681
65.1
689
6.6

10,153
68.2
9,551
64.1
602
5.9

10,349
69.4
9,817
65.8
532
5.1

10,339
69.3
9,754
65.3
585
5.7

11,148
64.1
10,517
60.5
630
5.7

10,906
62.1
10,346
59.0
560
5.1

11,060
63.0
10,491
59.7
569
5.1

11,065
63.6
10,475
60.3
590
5.3

10,906
62.3
10,289
58.8
617
5.7

11,029
63.0
10,428
59.5
601
5.5

11,084
63.2
10,474
59.7
610
5.5

10,944
62.4
10,358
59.0
585
5.3

10,990
62.6
10,447
59.5
543
4.9

786
30.8
651
25.5
135
17.2

713
27.1
585
22.2
128
18.0

759
28.8
639
24.3
119
15.8

789
30.9
642
25.1
147
18.7

767
29.3
637
24.3
130
16.9

725
27.6
630
24.0
95
13.1

747
28.4
614
23.4
133
17.7

770
29.3
625
23.8
145
18.8

763
29.0
632
24.0
131
17.2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oct.
2023
17,593
11,443
65.0
11,094
63.1
349
3.1
6,150

Sept.
2024
17,902
11,682
65.3
11,206
62.6
476
4.1
6,220

Oct.
2024
18,107
11,808
65.2
11,344
62.6
464
3.9
6,299

Oct.
2023
17,593
11,490
65.3
11,134
63.3
356
3.1
6,103

June
2024
18,052
11,888
65.9
11,400
63.2
488
4.1
6,163

July
2024
17,971
11,814
65.7
11,383
63.3
431
3.7
6,158

Aug.
2024
17,973
11,755
65.4
11,269
62.7
486
4.1
6,218

Sept.
2024
17,902
11,683
65.3
11,202
62.6
481
4.1
6,219

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Oct.
2024
18,107
11,862
65.5
11,393
62.9
468
3.9
6,245

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

47,877
32,071
67.0
30,641
64.0
1,429
4.5
15,807

49,180
33,083
67.3
31,481
64.0
1,602
4.8
16,097

49,286
32,988
66.9
31,404
63.7
1,584
4.8
16,298

47,877
32,056
67.0
30,525
63.8
1,531
4.8
15,822

48,864
33,002
67.5
31,388
64.2
1,614
4.9
15,862

48,966
32,946
67.3
31,191
63.7
1,755
5.3
16,020

49,071
33,264
67.8
31,443
64.1
1,822
5.5
15,807

49,180
33,172
67.4
31,484
64.0
1,687
5.1
16,008

49,286
32,988
66.9
31,303
63.5
1,684
5.1
16,298

17,124
78.7
16,464
75.7
660
3.9

17,677
79.5
17,039
76.7
638
3.6

17,738
79.6
17,098
76.7
640
3.6

17,128
78.7
16,409
75.4
719
4.2

17,769
80.5
17,023
77.1
746
4.2

17,710
80.0
16,923
76.5
786
4.4

17,834
80.4
16,980
76.6
854
4.8

17,697
79.6
16,978
76.4
720
4.1

17,756
79.7
17,052
76.5
704
4.0

13,285
61.2
12,794
59.0
491
3.7

13,912
62.3
13,250
59.3
662
4.8

13,773
61.5
13,104
58.5
670
4.9

13,265
61.1
12,727
58.6
537
4.1

13,555
61.1
12,951
58.4
604
4.5

13,690
61.6
12,949
58.2
741
5.4

13,921
62.5
13,223
59.3
698
5.0

13,924
62.3
13,262
59.4
663
4.8

13,744
61.4
13,032
58.2
712
5.2

1,661
37.5
1,382
31.2
279
16.8

1,495
32.4
1,192
25.8
302
20.2

1,477
31.9
1,202
26.0
274
18.6

1,664
37.6
1,389
31.4
275
16.5

1,678
36.5
1,414
30.8
264
15.7

1,546
33.6
1,319
28.7
227
14.7

1,509
32.7
1,239
26.9
269
17.8

1,550
33.6
1,245
27.0
305
19.7

1,488
32.2
1,219
26.4
268
18.0

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,176
47.3
8,725
45.0
451
4.9

9,355
48.1
8,802
45.3
553
5.9

8,920
47.7
8,408
44.9
512
5.7

9,312
48.0
8,771
45.2
542
5.8

9,145
47.0
8,604
44.2
541
5.9

9,199
49.0
8,583
45.7
616
6.7

9,452
48.1
8,785
44.7
667
7.1

9,262
47.6
8,630
44.4
632
6.8

9,055
48.4
8,456
45.2
599
6.6

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,758
57.1
34,377
54.9
1,381
3.9

36,408
57.0
35,031
54.8
1,377
3.8

35,908
56.8
34,546
54.6
1,362
3.8

35,637
56.9
34,195
54.6
1,442
4.0

36,235
57.0
34,709
54.6
1,526
4.2

36,721
57.0
35,015
54.3
1,707
4.6

36,840
56.9
35,357
54.6
1,482
4.0

36,214
56.7
34,770
54.4
1,444
4.0

35,866
56.7
34,441
54.5
1,425
4.0

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,188
62.9
35,098
61.0
1,090
3.0

35,990
63.3
34,808
61.2
1,182
3.3

36,050
62.8
34,876
60.8
1,174
3.3

35,814
62.2
34,691
60.3
1,123
3.1

35,569
62.7
34,353
60.5
1,216
3.4

35,688
63.0
34,425
60.8
1,263
3.5

35,578
63.5
34,352
61.3
1,226
3.4

35,899
63.1
34,680
61.0
1,219
3.4

35,718
62.2
34,506
60.1
1,212
3.4

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64,670
72.9
63,362
71.5
1,308
2.0

65,527
72.9
64,073
71.3
1,454
2.2

66,206
72.8
64,597
71.1
1,609
2.4

64,504
72.8
63,133
71.2
1,371
2.1

65,352
72.8
63,800
71.1
1,552
2.4

65,256
72.7
63,724
71.0
1,532
2.3

65,291
73.0
63,653
71.2
1,639
2.5

65,465
72.9
63,962
71.2
1,503
2.3

65,972
72.6
64,314
70.8
1,659
2.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Oct.
2023

Men
Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Women
Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,836
8,485
47.6
8,256
46.3
229
2.7
9,351

17,484
8,334
47.7
8,096
46.3
237
2.8
9,150

15,790
7,295
46.2
7,095
44.9
200
2.7
8,495

15,429
7,201
46.7
7,006
45.4
195
2.7
8,228

2,046
1,189
58.1
1,160
56.7
29
2.4
857

2,055
1,133
55.1
1,091
53.1
42
3.7
922

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,167
3,987
77.2
3,826
74.1
161
4.0
1,180

5,317
4,129
77.6
3,995
75.1
133
3.2
1,189

4,218
3,286
77.9
3,149
74.7
137
4.2
932

4,319
3,454
80.0
3,344
77.4
110
3.2
865

949
701
73.9
678
71.4
24
3.4
248

999
674
67.5
652
65.3
23
3.4
324

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,877
2,063
71.7
2,026
70.4
37
1.8
814

2,870
1,908
66.5
1,880
65.5
29
1.5
961

2,448
1,766
72.1
1,729
70.6
37
2.1
682

2,459
1,653
67.2
1,639
66.7
14
0.8
806

429
297
69.3
297
69.3
0
0.0
132

410
255
62.2
240
58.5
15
5.8
155

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,895
804
13.6
795
13.5
9
1.1
5,091

5,551
724
13.1
716
12.9
9
1.2
4,827

5,645
781
13.8
773
13.7
8
1.0
4,864

5,315
692
13.0
684
12.9
9
1.3
4,623

250
23
9.2
22
8.7
1
–
227

236
32
13.6
32
13.6
0
–
204

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,897
1,630
41.8
1,608
41.3
22
1.4
2,267

3,746
1,572
42.0
1,506
40.2
67
4.2
2,174

3,479
1,463
42.0
1,444
41.5
18
1.2
2,016

3,336
1,401
42.0
1,339
40.1
62
4.4
1,935

418
168
40.2
164
39.2
4
2.4
250

410
171
41.8
167
40.7
5
2.6
239

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

240,471
156,796
65.2
151,258
62.9
5,537
3.5
83,675

242,469
158,004
65.2
151,850
62.6
6,154
3.9
84,465

110,232
80,195
72.8
77,235
70.1
2,960
3.7
30,037

111,115
80,995
72.9
77,798
70.0
3,197
3.9
30,120

130,239
76,601
58.8
74,024
56.8
2,577
3.4
53,638

131,354
77,009
58.6
74,052
56.4
2,957
3.8
54,345

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

Persons with no disability
Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

33,623
8,197
24.4
7,590
22.6
607
7.4
25,425

34,057
8,354
24.5
7,718
22.7
636
7.6
25,703

234,019
159,577
68.2
154,086
65.8
5,491
3.4
74,442

235,232
160,215
68.1
154,220
65.6
5,995
3.7
75,017

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,562
42.0
3,255
38.4
306
8.6
4,925

3,571
41.4
3,267
37.9
304
8.5
5,053

78,993
82.6
76,096
79.6
2,897
3.7
16,654

78,954
83.0
75,935
79.8
3,019
3.8
16,198

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,265
38.7
3,035
36.0
229
7.0
5,164

3,342
39.4
3,061
36.0
281
8.4
5,151

70,621
73.4
68,245
70.9
2,376
3.4
25,654

70,555
72.9
67,871
70.2
2,684
3.8
26,195

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,371
8.2
1,299
7.8
72
5.2
15,337

1,441
8.5
1,391
8.2
51
3.5
15,499

9,963
23.7
9,746
23.1
217
2.2
32,135

10,705
24.7
10,414
24.0
291
2.7
32,624

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Oct.
2023

Men
Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Women
Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

46,936
31,237
66.6
30,056
64.0
1,182
3.8
15,698

48,547
32,435
66.8
31,090
64.0
1,344
4.1
16,113

22,873
17,628
77.1
16,953
74.1
675
3.8
5,245

23,904
18,540
77.6
17,915
74.9
624
3.4
5,364

24,063
13,610
56.6
13,103
54.5
507
3.7
10,453

24,644
13,895
56.4
13,175
53.5
720
5.2
10,749

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

220,706
136,537
61.9
131,621
59.6
4,916
3.6
84,169

220,741
136,135
61.7
130,848
59.3
5,287
3.9
84,607

107,943
71,102
65.9
68,431
63.4
2,671
3.8
36,841

107,383
70,740
65.9
67,854
63.2
2,885
4.1
36,644

112,763
65,435
58.0
63,190
56.0
2,245
3.4
47,328

113,358
65,395
57.7
62,994
55.6
2,401
3.7
47,963

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

2,283
1,519
719
45
159,393
150,305
21,741
128,564
768
127,796
9,054
34

2,273
1,648
617
8
159,772
150,426
22,176
128,251
654
127,597
9,300
46

2,330
1,626
681
22
159,609
150,304
22,256
128,048
631
127,417
9,264
41

2,201
1,468
707
–
159,166
150,170
21,664
128,454
–
127,800
8,957
–

2,379
1,666
655
–
158,984
149,846
21,560
128,300
–
127,646
9,025
–

2,273
1,595
641
–
159,100
149,789
21,607
128,166
–
127,515
9,191
–

2,327
1,659
630
–
159,108
149,476
21,431
127,962
–
127,371
9,475
–

2,267
1,641
614
–
159,635
150,298
22,216
128,095
–
127,450
9,235
–

2,248
1,577
667
–
159,353
150,171
22,113
127,993
–
127,438
9,171
–

3,973
2,790
964
22,008

4,297
2,807
1,298
22,704

4,246
2,827
1,130
22,743

4,284
2,985
1,000
21,576

4,220
2,832
1,144
22,341

4,566
2,985
1,195
22,036

4,830
3,303
1,144
22,561

4,624
2,999
1,274
22,566

4,557
3,023
1,184
22,352

3,923
2,754
958
21,649

4,227
2,751
1,298
22,374

4,122
2,766
1,113
22,343

4,205
2,941
992
21,214

4,138
2,778
1,134
21,947

4,491
2,937
1,188
21,681

4,737
3,261
1,124
22,170

4,518
2,928
1,271
22,232

4,404
2,953
1,166
21,961

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

161,676
5,514
2,162
3,352
156,162
14,600
141,562
103,741
35,939
35,625
32,177
37,821

162,046
5,357
2,217
3,141
156,688
13,975
142,713
104,493
35,634
36,567
32,293
38,220

161,938
5,252
1,992
3,260
156,687
14,260
142,427
104,184
35,672
36,382
32,131
38,243

161,280
5,688
2,161
3,518
155,592
14,565
140,887
103,311
35,799
35,486
32,026
37,576

161,199
5,782
2,207
3,556
155,417
14,050
141,364
103,874
35,645
36,147
32,081
37,491

161,266
5,612
2,139
3,418
155,654
14,081
141,594
104,120
35,569
36,270
32,281
37,475

161,434
5,393
2,034
3,327
156,041
13,917
141,988
104,144
35,495
36,332
32,317
37,844

161,864
5,624
2,193
3,398
156,240
14,075
142,147
104,192
35,572
36,456
32,164
37,955

161,496
5,441
1,998
3,428
156,054
14,204
141,787
103,791
35,525
36,283
31,984
37,995

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85,384
2,721
1,054
1,667
82,663
7,238
75,426
55,191
19,037
19,099
17,055
20,235

85,754
2,663
1,052
1,611
83,091
7,164
75,927
55,471
18,918
19,525
17,028
20,456

85,770
2,649
966
1,683
83,121
7,166
75,955
55,357
18,959
19,450
16,947
20,598

85,327
2,801
1,067
1,730
82,526
7,262
75,118
55,012
18,975
19,043
16,994
20,106

85,514
2,896
1,061
1,818
82,618
7,218
75,358
55,294
18,992
19,304
16,998
20,063

85,390
2,814
1,045
1,720
82,576
7,160
75,412
55,378
19,033
19,371
16,973
20,035

85,075
2,623
967
1,616
82,452
7,071
75,279
55,162
18,831
19,322
17,010
20,117

85,596
2,781
1,041
1,719
82,815
7,219
75,555
55,262
18,864
19,450
16,948
20,293

85,631
2,735
981
1,748
82,896
7,182
75,638
55,191
18,892
19,409
16,890
20,448

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76,292
2,793
1,108
1,685
73,499
7,363
66,136
48,550
16,902
16,526
15,122
17,586

76,292
2,694
1,164
1,530
73,598
6,811
66,786
49,022
16,716
17,042
15,264
17,764

76,169
2,603
1,026
1,577
73,566
7,094
66,472
48,827
16,712
16,931
15,184
17,645

75,953
2,887
1,094
1,788
73,066
7,303
65,769
48,298
16,823
16,443
15,032
17,471

75,684
2,886
1,145
1,739
72,798
6,833
66,007
48,579
16,653
16,843
15,083
17,427

75,876
2,798
1,095
1,698
73,078
6,921
66,182
48,742
16,536
16,899
15,308
17,440

76,359
2,770
1,067
1,712
73,589
6,846
66,709
48,982
16,665
17,010
15,307
17,727

76,268
2,842
1,152
1,680
73,426
6,856
66,591
48,930
16,708
17,005
15,216
17,661

75,865
2,706
1,017
1,680
73,159
7,022
66,149
48,601
16,633
16,874
15,094
17,548

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,960
37,130
9,963

46,371
37,600
9,852

46,125
37,325
9,843

46,059
37,018
–

45,902
36,964
–

46,060
36,981
–

45,952
37,341
–

46,053
37,469
–

46,108
37,215
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134,824
26,853

134,145
27,901

133,887
28,051

134,502
26,702

133,236
28,054

133,684
27,729

133,246
28,256

133,660
28,161

133,496
27,934

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,542
5.3

8,648
5.3

8,481
5.2

8,360
5.2

8,340
5.2

8,473
5.3

8,538
5.3

8,659
5.3

8,305
5.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,626
9,773

7,174
9,917

6,873
9,946

–
9,664

–
9,681

–
9,831

–
10,105

–
9,849

–
9,838

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,443
861
373
504
5,582
1,094
4,491
3,443
1,572
1,078
793
1,062

6,834
935
369
559
5,899
1,054
4,795
3,702
1,531
1,276
895
1,107

6,984
870
274
589
6,114
1,193
4,926
3,798
1,527
1,340
931
1,153

3.8
13.1
14.7
12.5
3.5
7.0
3.1
3.2
4.2
2.9
2.4
2.7

4.1
12.1
12.6
11.8
3.7
7.5
3.3
3.5
4.4
3.3
2.7
2.8

4.3
12.4
11.3
13.5
3.9
7.7
3.5
3.6
4.8
3.2
2.9
3.1

4.2
14.1
15.1
13.8
3.8
7.8
3.4
3.6
4.5
3.4
2.7
3.0

4.1
14.3
14.4
14.1
3.6
7.0
3.3
3.4
4.1
3.4
2.7
2.8

4.1
13.8
12.1
14.7
3.8
7.7
3.4
3.5
4.1
3.6
2.8
2.9

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,641
480
209
287
3,161
612
2,525
1,963
923
586
453
562

3,712
520
209
315
3,192
573
2,604
1,989
826
677
485
615

3,808
447
135
314
3,361
717
2,626
1,941
827
634
480
685

4.1
14.6
16.3
14.2
3.7
7.8
3.3
3.4
4.6
3.0
2.6
2.7

4.1
12.9
12.3
13.3
3.8
8.0
3.3
3.5
4.3
3.3
2.8
2.8

4.4
13.1
10.5
15.2
4.0
7.9
3.6
3.7
4.7
3.4
2.9
3.3

4.4
15.2
17.5
14.3
4.0
8.3
3.5
3.6
4.5
3.3
2.8
3.3

4.2
15.8
16.7
15.5
3.7
7.3
3.3
3.5
4.2
3.4
2.8
2.9

4.3
14.1
12.1
15.2
3.9
9.1
3.4
3.4
4.2
3.2
2.8
3.2

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,801
381
164
217
2,421
482
1,966
1,480
648
492
340
499

3,123
415
160
243
2,708
482
2,191
1,713
705
599
410
479

3,176
423
139
275
2,752
476
2,300
1,857
700
706
451
469

3.6
11.7
13.1
10.8
3.2
6.2
2.9
3.0
3.7
2.9
2.2
2.8

4.0
11.2
12.8
10.1
3.7
7.0
3.4
3.6
4.6
3.4
2.6
2.9

4.1
11.7
12.1
11.7
3.8
7.4
3.4
3.6
4.9
2.9
2.9
2.9

4.1
13.1
12.9
13.3
3.7
7.3
3.3
3.6
4.5
3.6
2.5
2.6

3.9
12.7
12.2
12.7
3.6
6.6
3.2
3.4
4.0
3.4
2.6
2.6

4.0
13.5
12.1
14.1
3.6
6.3
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.0
2.9
2.6

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

942
791
485

1,006
930
482

1,089
982
517

2.0
2.1
4.6

1.9
2.3
6.2

2.1
2.4
5.6

2.1
2.4
5.6

2.1
2.4
4.7

2.3
2.6
5.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,207
1,278

5,533
1,246

5,758
1,257

3.7
4.6

4.0
4.2

4.1
4.7

4.1
4.6

4.0
4.2

4.1
4.3

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

2,744
572
2,172
1,617
555
823
1,895
636

2,879
557
2,322
1,667
655
884
2,131
630

3,022
510
2,512
1,818
693
825
2,186
598

3,120
904
2,217
1,636
581
801
1,869
603

3,176
813
2,362
1,643
719
752
2,094
708

3,490
1,062
2,427
1,682
746
855
2,160
650

3,328
872
2,456
1,688
768
845
2,132
718

3,233
894
2,340
1,682
658
818
2,046
662

3,400
846
2,554
1,835
719
801
2,154
602

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

45.0
9.4
35.6
13.5
31.1
10.4

44.1
8.5
35.6
13.6
32.7
9.7

45.6
7.7
37.9
12.4
33.0
9.0

48.8
14.1
34.7
12.5
29.2
9.4

47.2
12.1
35.1
11.2
31.1
10.5

48.8
14.8
33.9
11.9
30.2
9.1

47.4
12.4
35.0
12.0
30.4
10.2

47.8
13.2
34.6
12.1
30.3
9.8

48.9
12.2
36.7
11.5
31.0
8.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.4

1.7
0.5
1.3
0.4

1.8
0.5
1.3
0.4

1.9
0.5
1.1
0.4

1.9
0.4
1.2
0.4

2.1
0.5
1.3
0.4

2.0
0.5
1.3
0.4

1.9
0.5
1.2
0.4

2.0
0.5
1.3
0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,104
1,726
2,268
975
1,292

2,095
1,803
2,626
1,021
1,605

1,927
1,959
2,745
1,176
1,569

2,269
1,836
2,370
1,079
1,291

2,128
2,102
2,603
1,087
1,516

2,351
2,141
2,622
1,087
1,535

2,468
2,019
2,700
1,167
1,533

2,146
1,982
2,749
1,119
1,630

2,112
2,080
2,843
1,234
1,608

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2
9.1

23.1
10.7

23.7
10.7

21.6
8.6

20.7
9.8

20.6
9.4

21.0
9.4

22.6
9.9

22.9
10.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34.5
28.3
37.2
16.0
21.2

32.1
27.6
40.2
15.7
24.6

29.1
29.5
41.4
17.7
23.7

35.0
28.4
36.6
16.7
19.9

31.1
30.8
38.1
15.9
22.2

33.0
30.1
36.9
15.3
21.6

34.3
28.1
37.6
16.2
21.3

31.2
28.8
40.0
16.3
23.7

30.0
29.6
40.4
17.5
22.9

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

161,676
71,387

161,938
71,553

6,098
1,415

6,631
1,689

3.6
1.9

3.9
2.3

30,812
40,575
26,349
29,893
14,228
15,665

30,769
40,784
26,581
29,771
13,857
15,914

550
865
1,224
1,152
577
575

709
979
1,502
1,132
559
573

1.8
2.1
4.4
3.7
3.9
3.5

2.3
2.3
5.3
3.7
3.9
3.5

14,308
975
8,361
4,972

14,545
996
8,767
4,782

678
123
458
97

641
41
492
108

4.5
11.2
5.2
1.9

4.2
4.0
5.3
2.2

19,739
8,072
11,668

19,488
7,375
12,113

971
313
657

1,069
364
705

4.7
3.7
5.3

5.2
4.7
5.5

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

6,098
4,636
39
414
478
318
160
789
361
106
222
611
593
757
264
106
354
367

6,631
5,207
14
456
537
390
146
906
342
71
191
835
820
818
217
73
399
354

3.6
3.5
6.1
4.0
3.1
3.3
2.8
4.0
4.5
3.7
2.2
3.2
2.3
5.5
3.8
6.7
1.6
3.6

3.9
3.9
2.5
4.2
3.6
4.1
2.8
4.7
4.2
2.7
1.9
4.2
3.1
6.0
3.1
4.5
1.8
3.4

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2023

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

June
2024

July
2024

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024

Oct.
2024

1.4

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.9

2.1

2.0

1.9

2.0

3.6

3.9

3.9

3.8

4.1

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.1

3.9

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.3

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.4

4.4

4.8

4.8

4.6

4.9

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

6.8

7.3

7.3

7.2

7.4

7.8

7.9

7.7

7.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Oct.
2023

Men
Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Women
Oct.
2024

Oct.
2023

Oct.
2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

99,868
5,037
1,391
428
963

100,720
5,330
1,547
386
1,162

42,087
2,449
724
238
486

42,008
2,508
829
252
577

57,781
2,588
667
190
477

58,712
2,823
719
134
585

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,542
5.3
4,978
1,978
394
1,137

8,481
5.2
4,719
2,110
337
1,262

4,043
4.7
2,510
699
203
614

3,934
4.6
2,428
751
169
558

4,499
5.9
2,468
1,280
191
523

4,547
6.0
2,291
1,359
168
704

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

157,878
134,550
21,819

158,731
136,184
22,120

159,181
135,739
22,015

160,007
136,203
21,987

156,832
133,862
21,654

158,770
135,384
21,835

158,993
135,576
21,858

159,005
135,548
21,821

Change
from:
Sept.2024
Oct.2024p
12
-28
-37

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

648
46.1
601.9
118.4
188.0
42.3
43.6

644
39.6
604.1
120.7
191.8
43.2
44.0

643
39.5
603.2
119.7
191.5
43.1
43.7

643
39.1
603.5
120.1
190.7
42.6
43.6

644
45.4
598.9
117.8
186.5
42.2
43.7

635
38.0
596.7
119.0
188.6
43.2
43.6

637
38.0
598.9
119.7
189.1
43.1
43.6

638
38.0
599.7
119.6
189.3
42.7
43.6

1
0.0
0.8
-0.1
0.2
-0.4
0.0

102.1
295.5

104.6
291.6

104.7
292.0

104.5
292.7

100.6
294.6

101.8
289.1

102.4
290.1

103.0
290.8

0.6
0.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

8,249
1,851.1
944.8
906.3
1,181.3
5,217.0
2,430.1
2,786.9

8,494
1,917.5
968.3
949.2
1,204.9
5,371.7
2,475.6
2,896.1

8,445
1,896.8
961.7
935.1
1,207.2
5,340.8
2,454.2
2,886.6

8,470
1,908.4
970.1
938.3
1,210.0
5,352.0
2,448.1
2,903.9

8,087
1,828.0
932.0
896.0
1,129.7
5,129.4
2,394.1
2,735.3

8,275
1,882.7
951.6
931.1
1,152.5
5,239.3
2,414.3
2,825.0

8,302
1,885.2
955.7
929.5
1,159.7
5,256.9
2,420.2
2,836.7

8,310
1,886.8
957.0
929.8
1,158.6
5,264.6
2,413.6
2,851.0

8
1.6
1.3
0.3
-1.1
7.7
-6.6
14.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . .
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

12,922

12,982

12,927

12,874

12,923

12,925

12,919

12,873

-46

8,087
415.4

8,126
416.6

8,091
414.0

8,041
411.8

8,092
415.9

8,100
414.6

8,097
413.3

8,050
412.4

-47
-0.9

426.3
374.1
1,455.6
1,132.6

427.8
373.7
1,461.3
1,131.8

428.8
371.4
1,456.1
1,126.6

434.0
370.6
1,450.5
1,126.7

421.8
374.7
1,457.0
1,138.3

423.0
372.3
1,458.5
1,129.4

425.0
371.4
1,458.4
1,131.2

428.2
370.9
1,453.5
1,131.4

3.2
-0.5
-4.9
0.2

1,102.8

1,101.8

1,096.4

1,093.2

1,104.5

1,097.2

1,097.5

1,095.8

-1.7

161.9

160.5

159.9

160.3

161.5

159.7

160.1

160.1

0.0

87.3

84.9

84.3

84.8

87.3

84.8

84.5

84.7

0.2

389.1

393.3

390.0

385.6

390.5

391.0

390.3

388.2

-2.1

433.6

431.7

431.1

431.5

434.4

430.7

431.7

432.0

0.3

30.9

31.4

31.1

31.0

30.9

30.9

30.9

30.9

0.0

416.5
1,788.0
1,027.3

404.1
1,847.0
1,071.0

402.8
1,840.7
1,066.0

404.6
1,793.0
1,055.4

417.6
1,784.0
1,025.3

403.5
1,842.6
1,067.0

403.2
1,839.2
1,062.8

404.9
1,794.8
1,056.8

1.7
-44.4
-6.0

350.8
625.2

341.9
619.9

338.0
616.5

337.6
618.7

352.8
625.2

340.5
618.4

339.6
618.6

338.9
619.1

-0.7
0.5

4,835
1,734.3
89.8
96.3
88.3
352.5
367.4

4,856
1,757.0
89.6
93.9
84.0
348.7
361.7

4,836
1,756.6
89.6
94.0
83.4
348.4
360.1

4,833
1,757.3
89.0
95.1
83.2
349.9
361.4

4,831
1,728.9
89.7
96.8
88.6
353.6
366.5

4,825
1,745.3
89.0
93.5
84.1
349.7
360.6

4,822
1,747.4
89.3
94.6
83.6
349.2
360.4

4,823
1,749.5
89.0
95.5
83.3
350.0
360.4

1
2.1
-0.3
0.9
-0.3
0.8
0.0

109.3
896.3

110.7
905.2

109.3
900.0

108.3
898.7

107.5
900.6

107.8
902.8

107.6
902.3

107.3
902.1

-0.3
-0.2

731.3

723.6

718.6

716.2

734.6

722.4

721.2

718.9

-2.3

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Change
from:
Sept.2024
Oct.2024p

Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

369.6

381.5

376.1

373.5

363.7

369.3

366.8

366.9

0.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,731

114,064

113,724

114,216

112,208

113,549

113,718

113,727

9

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,973

28,918

28,945

29,157

28,888

29,039

29,066

29,065

-1

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . .
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . .

6,154.6
3,415.3
2,219.8
519.5

6,201.7
3,459.4
2,227.9
514.4

6,184.0
3,446.6
2,222.0
515.4

6,209.9
3,463.7
2,228.7
517.5

6,145.2
3,416.0
2,212.4
516.8

6,182.1
3,449.7
2,219.1
513.3

6,188.2
3,452.9
2,221.1
514.2

6,198.6
3,462.3
2,222.3
514.0

10.4
9.4
1.2
-0.2

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. .
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . .
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . .
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . .
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . .

15,629.8
2,066.7
1,286.7
176.5

15,610.1
2,081.1
1,303.6
172.1

15,544.8
2,078.9
1,305.1
168.3

15,669.5
2,081.7
1,308.0
165.5

15,613.3
2,063.2
1,286.2
176.2

15,646.8
2,073.4
1,302.7
166.1

15,662.2
2,075.6
1,304.6
166.1

15,655.8
2,078.6
1,307.8
165.3

-6.4
3.0
3.2
-0.8

603.5

605.4

605.5

608.2

600.7

604.5

604.9

605.5

0.6

1,374.7
3,241.4

1,378.0
3,261.0

1,355.9
3,242.5

1,351.9
3,264.2

1,396.7
3,244.4

1,374.9
3,260.0

1,373.6
3,263.4

1,372.1
3,268.6

-1.5
5.2

839.2
431.6
407.6
3,253.6
969.5

806.7
413.4
393.3
3,253.2
948.8

813.8
417.4
396.4
3,260.1
954.0

821.1
423.8
397.3
3,307.3
983.2

835.7
431.4
404.2
3,238.7
966.0

817.5
420.6
396.9
3,286.6
968.6

819.0
421.9
397.1
3,290.0
971.2

815.8
420.4
395.4
3,288.0
972.4

-3.2
-1.5
-1.7
-2.0
1.2

2,284.1
1,101.0
1,067.4

2,304.4
1,071.9
1,090.8

2,306.1
1,081.0
1,080.9

2,324.1
1,094.3
1,075.4

2,272.7
1,098.0
1,065.8

2,318.0
1,086.8
1,079.6

2,318.9
1,090.4
1,078.9

2,315.6
1,090.3
1,075.2

-3.3
-0.1
-3.7

1,144.5

1,125.3

1,101.3

1,125.3

1,140.6

1,128.7

1,130.6

1,124.8

-5.8

1,541.3

1,542.1

1,530.4

1,548.3

1,530.2

1,539.3

1,540.7

1,542.4

1.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,607.8
563.7
152.7
72.6
1,565.0

6,514.1
579.4
150.2
77.8
1,566.3

6,624.1
575.5
149.9
75.9
1,561.3

6,685.4
574.5
149.9
75.5
1,562.1

6,549.4
562.8
152.8
71.8
1,548.2

6,620.0
576.9
150.5
74.5
1,546.4

6,622.7
575.2
150.1
74.5
1,546.3

6,619.0
574.3
150.5
74.8
1,546.2

-3.7
-0.9
0.4
0.3
-0.1

447.0
51.8
31.6
828.9
1,085.0
1,809.5

380.4
54.2
44.0
854.8
1,045.0
1,762.0

464.4
54.5
39.4
854.1
1,079.3
1,769.8

469.8
54.2
35.1
857.6
1,112.9
1,793.8

429.0
51.8
28.7
826.7
1,102.0
1,775.6

440.0
54.3
35.4
855.9
1,104.2
1,781.9

449.2
54.5
34.3
855.9
1,111.6
1,771.1

450.9
54.2
34.2
856.5
1,113.3
1,764.1

1.7
-0.3
-0.1
0.6
1.7
-7.0

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

580.5

591.6

592.2

591.7

579.8

590.4

593.3

591.6

-1.7

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,989

177.1

176.9

175.1

176.5

177.1

175.2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . .

9,244
6,743.2
22.5

9,309
6,770.8
23.3

9,259
6,743.9
23.2

9,275
6,753.2
23.1

9,223
6,738.8
22.5

9,251
6,747.9
23.0

See footnotes at end of table.

3,022

2,991

2,999

2,982

2,991

2,994

2,997

3

405.2
933.7
344.8
637.7

463.5
928.1
336.7
619.9

438.8
929.0
337.1
617.7

452.1
925.3
332.2
617.7

396.5
937.2
344.2
638.1

447.5
918.4
336.6
619.7

445.4
922.8
336.3
620.2

448.0
926.7
333.0
618.3

2.6
3.9
-3.3
-1.9

490.9

496.5

493.7

495.4

489.1

493.9

494.0

494.7

0.7

175.6

176.3

0.7

9,255
6,750.0
23.2

9,255
6,749.0
23.2

0
-1.0
0.0

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Change
from:
Sept.2024
Oct.2024p

2,609.9
1,785.1
1,377.6
533.1
291.7

2,581.2
1,774.7
1,362.5
526.6
279.9

2,570.3
1,766.4
1,355.5
525.6
278.3

2,571.5
1,768.4
1,355.5
523.9
279.2

2,614.6
1,790.4
1,382.6
533.2
291.0

2,577.5
1,770.9
1,359.5
525.6
281.1

2,576.5
1,773.0
1,360.6
524.6
278.9

2,577.1
1,773.9
1,360.5
524.2
279.0

0.6
0.9
-0.1
-0.4
0.1

1,114.8
2,996.0
2,500.3
1,878.5
598.5

1,130.3
3,036.0
2,538.2
1,906.6
607.7

1,122.2
3,028.2
2,514.8
1,891.9
599.1

1,126.1
3,032.5
2,521.3
1,906.6
590.6

1,112.4
2,989.3
2,484.5
1,863.4
597.9

1,119.8
3,027.6
2,502.7
1,890.2
588.8

1,123.0
3,027.3
2,504.6
1,892.3
588.4

1,122.8
3,025.9
2,505.9
1,892.9
589.0

-0.2
-1.4
1.3
0.6
0.6

Finance and insurance - Continued
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

23.3

23.9

23.8

24.1

23.2

23.7

23.9

24.0

0.1

23,116

23,050

23,009

23,084

22,859

22,929

22,920

22,873

-47

10,908.2
1,190.6

11,024.6
1,176.1

10,942.0
1,172.2

11,040.9
1,188.4

10,888.0
1,185.0

11,022.4
1,180.8

11,032.2
1,181.8

11,030.7
1,183.6

-1.5
1.8

1,112.2

1,127.8

1,120.0

1,130.6

1,151.3

1,173.5

1,174.9

1,174.5

-0.4

1,680.9
156.2

1,733.8
153.1

1,711.2
152.6

1,720.1
154.9

1,670.6
155.3

1,706.9
152.9

1,707.1
152.6

1,710.6
153.5

3.5
0.9

2,522.6

2,557.2

2,529.1

2,553.9

2,510.0

2,546.7

2,548.1

2,543.5

-4.6

1,902.1

1,901.7

1,895.7

1,924.9

1,882.6

1,902.6

1,904.5

1,906.7

2.2

943.5

963.7

954.8

956.7

943.8

955.2

957.0

957.4

0.4

517.1

521.7

521.5

525.9

514.2

521.0

522.8

523.3

0.5

883.0
2,562.8

889.5
2,569.1

884.9
2,561.3

885.5
2,569.1

875.2
2,563.8

882.8
2,559.5

883.4
2,564.4

877.5
2,567.8

-5.9
3.4

9,644.9
9,138.8
635.2
172.7
3,716.3
2,935.4
737.5

9,456.7
8,929.5
633.6
187.0
3,435.5
2,651.5
689.3

9,506.1
8,980.3
632.1
185.6
3,517.3
2,729.7
690.8

9,474.2
8,950.1
636.7
184.4
3,500.0
2,712.4
691.1

9,407.5
8,906.0
630.2
170.9
3,567.6
2,799.4
731.0

9,346.8
8,826.7
630.5
183.4
3,454.5
2,673.2
694.7

9,322.9
8,802.1
631.2
184.5
3,433.5
2,653.0
689.8

9,274.5
8,753.0
632.0
184.2
3,382.0
2,604.5
684.9

-48.4
-49.1
0.8
-0.3
-51.5
-48.5
-4.9

196.0
1,011.6
2,321.8
347.7

197.5
1,026.5
2,413.2
346.9

196.1
1,029.3
2,380.2
348.9

196.3
1,034.7
2,359.2
347.7

194.6
1,006.8
2,263.7
341.2

194.9
1,024.2
2,300.5
344.0

194.8
1,023.2
2,301.0
344.2

194.9
1,030.1
2,302.3
342.6

0.1
6.9
1.3
-1.6

506.1

527.2

525.8

524.1

501.5

520.1

520.8

521.5

0.7

25,848
3,976.5
21,871.0
17,207.5
8,592.9
2,970.6
1,027.1
1,179.1
1,070.3
321.4
1,670.1

26,210
3,616.2
22,594.1
17,760.5
8,863.2
3,039.3
1,048.1
1,220.7
1,092.7
317.1
1,785.6

26,535
3,884.0
22,651.2
17,791.0
8,875.1
3,036.7
1,042.5
1,220.5
1,095.1
315.8
1,803.7

26,830
4,049.0
22,781.3
17,896.4
8,956.4
3,061.2
1,057.0
1,231.3
1,097.5
319.3
1,824.4

25,637
3,830.9
21,805.8
17,158.1
8,560.5
2,958.7
1,027.1
1,171.3
1,069.8
321.4
1,657.6

26,470
3,880.8
22,589.5
17,741.0
8,861.6
3,041.3
1,043.8
1,218.3
1,093.6
318.0
1,786.1

26,565
3,894.8
22,669.9
17,796.7
8,888.6
3,045.8
1,045.9
1,221.0
1,098.3
316.6
1,800.0

26,622
3,901.0
22,721.2
17,849.0
8,924.2
3,050.9
1,055.8
1,225.2
1,097.0
318.9
1,812.3

57
6.2
51.3
52.3
35.6
5.1
9.9
4.2
-1.3
2.3
12.3

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted
Change
from:
Sept.2024
Oct.2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

354.3
5,413.1
3,201.5
1,440.9

359.7
5,588.0
3,309.3
1,480.1

360.8
5,607.7
3,308.2
1,480.1

365.7
5,621.9
3,318.1
1,481.1

354.6
5,399.1
3,198.5
1,437.3

360.6
5,585.8
3,293.6
1,471.1

361.1
5,601.9
3,306.2
1,475.5

364.1
5,609.8
3,315.0
1,477.2

3.0
7.9
8.8
1.7

646.7

673.7

676.5

679.2

646.0

671.9

676.4

678.7

2.3

955.9
158.0
4,663.5
3,101.7

988.9
166.6
4,833.6
3,278.1

984.6
167.0
4,860.2
3,280.4

990.6
167.2
4,884.9
3,294.3

957.6
157.7
4,647.7
3,093.5

985.0
165.6
4,848.5
3,269.1

987.8
166.6
4,873.2
3,290.3

992.1
167.0
4,872.2
3,286.8

4.3
0.4
-1.0
-3.5

223.1
285.0
1,053.7

230.7
290.2
1,034.6

230.4
288.6
1,060.8

232.5
289.0
1,069.1

223.8
283.6
1,046.7

231.8
289.0
1,058.6

232.2
289.6
1,061.1

233.0
288.6
1,063.7

0.8
-1.0
2.6

16,704
2,546.7

17,591
2,931.3

17,072
2,692.4

16,945
2,614.0

16,765
2,568.4

16,953
2,665.2

16,993
2,656.3

16,989
2,646.3

-4
-10.0

624.2

672.2

663.7

657.0

605.1

645.9

641.3

638.0

-3.3

176.6

188.9

179.5

179.3

176.3

177.9

177.5

178.2

0.7

1,745.9
14,157.0
1,899.7
12,257.3

2,070.2
14,659.7
2,045.6
12,614.1

1,849.2
14,379.2
1,960.3
12,418.9

1,777.7
14,330.9
1,926.2
12,404.7

1,787.0
14,197.0
1,911.1
12,285.9

1,841.4
14,287.6
1,922.0
12,365.6

1,837.5
14,336.6
1,931.7
12,404.9

1,830.1
14,343.0
1,934.4
12,408.6

-7.4
6.4
2.7
3.7

5,857
1,473.6
1,552.7

5,964
1,478.8
1,570.7

5,913
1,475.4
1,567.4

5,926
1,483.2
1,570.7

5,854
1,467.6
1,549.2

5,916
1,474.4
1,563.8

5,925
1,476.4
1,567.7

5,926
1,478.3
1,566.2

1
1.9
-1.5

Ambulatory health care services Continued
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,830.5

2,914.5

2,870.6

2,872.2

2,837.0

2,877.8

2,880.8

2,881.0

0.2

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

23,328
2,956
2,351.5
604.4
5,542
2,785.9
2,755.9
14,830
8,234.6
6,595.8

22,547
3,004
2,403.3
601.1
5,213
2,365.1
2,847.5
14,330
7,364.8
6,965.3

23,442
3,004
2,402.1
601.6
5,562
2,719.3
2,842.8
14,876
8,086.7
6,789.6

23,804
3,007
2,403.7
603.0
5,671
2,827.9
2,843.2
15,126
8,351.0
6,775.3

22,970
2,953
2,346.3
606.9
5,375
2,617.4
2,757.2
14,642
8,017.3
6,624.8

23,386
2,997
2,391.7
605.6
5,473
2,644.7
2,828.7
14,916
8,124.6
6,791.7

23,417
3,001
2,393.8
607.0
5,486
2,650.8
2,835.5
14,930
8,126.7
6,802.9

23,457
3,002
2,395.9
605.6
5,504
2,662.2
2,842.2
14,951
8,133.7
6,816.8

40
1
2.1
-1.4
18
11.4
6.7
21
7.0
13.9

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.3
39.9
44.8
39.2
40.0
40.5
39.3
33.3
33.8
38.6
29.8
38.3
42.0
36.3
37.3
36.4
33.3
25.6
32.2

34.3
39.8
44.6
39.0
40.1
40.5
39.3
33.2
33.9
39.3
29.7
38.0
42.5
36.5
37.5
36.4
33.1
25.3
32.2

34.3
39.8
44.6
39.2
40.0
40.5
39.2
33.2
33.9
39.2
29.7
38.0
42.6
36.5
37.6
36.3
33.0
25.4
32.3

34.3
39.7
44.9
39.0
39.9
40.3
39.2
33.2
34.0
39.2
29.9
37.9
42.8
36.6
37.5
36.3
33.1
25.5
32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

2.9
3.0
2.7

3.0
3.0
2.9

2.9
2.9
2.8

2.8
2.8
2.9

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$34.10
34.57
38.64
37.01
32.85
34.47
30.06
33.98
29.35
37.07
24.08
29.81
50.24
48.71
44.14
40.93
33.56
21.46
30.79

$35.22
35.97
39.70
38.39
34.25
36.23
30.83
35.05
30.09
37.75
24.56
30.75
51.58
50.38
45.83
42.49
34.38
22.17
31.69

$35.33
36.11
39.88
38.60
34.33
36.30
30.92
35.15
30.12
37.82
24.60
30.75
51.58
50.47
45.87
42.77
34.52
22.19
31.76

$35.46
36.21
39.98
38.72
34.42
36.43
30.97
35.29
30.26
37.94
24.76
30.90
51.96
51.19
46.10
43.01
34.55
22.23
31.90

$1,169.63
1,379.34
1,731.07
1,450.79
1,314.00
1,396.04
1,181.36
1,131.53
992.03
1,430.90
717.58
1,141.72
2,110.08
1,768.17
1,646.42
1,489.85
1,117.55
549.38
991.44

$1,208.05
1,431.61
1,770.62
1,497.21
1,373.43
1,467.32
1,211.62
1,163.66
1,020.05
1,483.58
729.43
1,168.50
2,192.15
1,838.87
1,718.63
1,546.64
1,137.98
560.90
1,020.42

$1,211.82
1,437.18
1,778.65
1,513.12
1,373.20
1,470.15
1,212.06
1,166.98
1,021.07
1,482.54
730.62
1,168.50
2,197.31
1,842.16
1,724.71
1,552.55
1,139.16
563.63
1,025.85

$1,216.28
1,437.54
1,795.10
1,510.08
1,373.36
1,468.13
1,214.02
1,171.63
1,028.84
1,487.25
740.32
1,171.11
2,223.89
1,873.55
1,728.75
1,561.26
1,143.61
566.87
1,030.37

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2024 Oct.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

115.3
98.4
90.7
109.3
93.0
92.3
94.8
120.3
106.7
104.6
94.7
144.1
105.4
98.9
112.7
130.2
139.4
122.5
108.7

116.6
99.0
89.0
111.2
93.2
92.4
94.6
121.4
107.6
107.2
94.6
144.5
108.6
99.7
113.6
130.6
143.1
122.4
109.8

116.7
99.1
89.3
112.2
93.0
92.3
94.3
121.5
107.7
107.0
94.7
144.6
109.4
99.8
114.0
130.2
143.1
123.2
110.3

116.7
98.7
90.0
111.7
92.4
91.3
94.4
121.6
108.0
107.2
95.3
144.1
109.5
100.2
113.7
129.9
143.9
123.6
110.4

0.0
-0.4
0.8
-0.4
-0.6
-1.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
-0.3
0.1
0.4
-0.3
-0.2
0.6
0.3
0.1

1

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2024 Oct.
2024p

187.9
153.8
140.6
175.7
142.1
141.2
144.5
198.7
168.9
162.2
150.8
218.6
174.9
171.5
194.0
215.8
225.1
212.0
183.4

196.3
161.0
141.8
185.6
148.5
148.6
148.1
206.8
174.5
169.2
153.6
226.1
185.0
178.9
203.1
224.7
236.6
218.9
190.8

197.2
161.8
142.9
188.1
148.4
148.8
148.0
207.7
174.9
169.3
154.0
226.2
186.4
179.4
203.9
225.5
237.7
220.5
192.1

197.9
161.5
144.5
188.0
147.9
147.8
148.3
208.5
176.2
170.1
156.0
226.6
188.1
182.6
204.4
226.3
239.2
221.7
193.0

0.4
-0.2
1.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.7
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.5
1.3
0.2
0.9
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.5

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

78,135
64,758
4,990
84
1,151
3,755
2,017
1,738
59,768
11,295
1,880.2
7,521.9
1,740.3
152.9
1,207
5,128
10,514
19,735
8,761
3,128
13,377

79,134
65,467
5,009
86
1,181
3,742
1,999
1,743
60,458
11,294
1,880.7
7,518.4
1,740.8
154.4
1,194
5,136
10,503
20,328
8,839
3,164
13,667

79,240
65,552
5,004
87
1,182
3,735
1,994
1,741
60,548
11,312
1,888.6
7,529.8
1,738.5
154.9
1,197
5,131
10,507
20,389
8,844
3,168
13,688

79,276
65,556
4,999
86
1,185
3,728
1,985
1,743
60,557
11,311
1,897.7
7,517.2
1,741.7
154.6
1,203
5,112
10,444
20,436
8,880
3,171
13,720

49.8
48.4
23.0
13.0
14.2
29.1
24.9
36.0
53.3
39.1
30.6
48.2
26.6
26.4
40.5
55.6
46.0
77.0
52.3
53.4
58.2

49.8
48.4
22.9
13.5
14.3
29.0
24.7
36.1
53.2
38.9
30.4
48.1
26.3
26.2
39.9
55.5
45.8
76.8
52.1
53.5
58.4

49.8
48.4
22.9
13.7
14.2
28.9
24.6
36.1
53.2
38.9
30.5
48.1
26.3
26.1
40.0
55.4
45.8
76.8
52.0
53.5
58.5

49.9
48.4
22.9
13.5
14.3
29.0
24.7
36.1
53.2
38.9
30.6
48.0
26.3
26.1
40.1
55.2
45.7
76.8
52.3
53.5
58.5

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

108,843
15,456
496
5,922
9,038
5,555
3,483
93,387
24,366
4,850.4
13,337.5
5,715.8
462.1
2,385
6,923
18,059
22,286
14,601
4,767

110,237
15,542
489
6,029
9,024
5,515
3,509
94,695
24,575
4,895.2
13,425.7
5,785.3
469.1
2,400
6,978
18,059
23,113
14,767
4,803

110,389
15,555
489
6,046
9,020
5,511
3,509
94,834
24,612
4,899.8
13,452.0
5,788.2
471.6
2,402
6,990
18,053
23,204
14,765
4,808

110,352
15,502
487
6,048
8,967
5,455
3,512
94,850
24,604
4,912.9
13,434.1
5,786.9
470.5
2,407
6,984
17,984
23,262
14,790
4,819

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

33.8
40.6
47.9
39.8
40.7
40.9
40.4
32.6
33.9
38.6
30.3
37.7
42.2
36.1
36.6
36.2
32.5
24.2
31.2

33.7
40.6
46.9
39.8
40.7
41.0
40.3
32.6
34.0
39.1
30.3
37.6
42.6
35.5
37.1
36.4
32.2
24.0
31.3

33.8
40.7
46.9
40.1
40.8
41.0
40.3
32.6
34.1
39.1
30.4
37.8
42.8
35.4
37.2
36.3
32.2
24.1
31.4

33.7
40.6
47.5
39.9
40.6
40.9
40.2
32.6
34.2
39.3
30.5
37.6
43.6
35.4
37.1
36.3
32.2
24.0
31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.5
3.6
3.3

3.6
3.6
3.7

3.6
3.5
3.7

3.6
3.5
3.7

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$29.29
29.97
34.86
34.67
26.65
27.84
24.73
29.15
25.49
30.60
20.63
28.41
44.80
40.08
34.45
34.55
30.71
19.14
26.63

$30.26
31.26
36.36
35.81
27.97
29.50
25.53
30.05
26.08
31.33
20.96
29.26
45.37
40.85
35.99
35.87
31.57
19.66
27.37

$30.36
31.45
36.46
36.02
28.12
29.64
25.68
30.13
26.05
31.33
20.93
29.21
45.22
40.89
36.17
36.09
31.67
19.70
27.52

$30.48
31.58
36.45
36.23
28.19
29.71
25.79
30.25
26.15
31.46
20.96
29.34
46.04
41.52
36.30
36.29
31.71
19.76
27.67

$990.00
1,216.78
1,669.79
1,379.87
1,084.66
1,138.66
999.09
950.29
864.11
1,181.16
625.09
1,071.06
1,890.56
1,446.89
1,260.87
1,250.71
998.08
463.19
830.86

$1,019.76
1,269.16
1,705.28
1,425.24
1,138.38
1,209.50
1,028.86
979.63
886.72
1,225.00
635.09
1,100.18
1,932.76
1,450.18
1,335.23
1,305.67
1,016.55
471.84
856.68

$1,026.17
1,280.02
1,709.97
1,444.40
1,147.30
1,215.24
1,034.90
982.24
888.31
1,225.00
636.27
1,104.14
1,935.42
1,447.51
1,345.52
1,310.07
1,019.77
474.77
864.13

$1,027.18
1,282.15
1,731.38
1,445.58
1,144.51
1,215.14
1,036.76
986.15
894.33
1,236.38
639.28
1,103.18
2,007.34
1,469.81
1,346.73
1,317.33
1,021.06
474.24
866.07

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2024 Oct.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122.6
95.9
126.3
118.0
84.4
85.4
82.9
129.7
115.6
111.1
102.5
163.1
99.7
98.3
119.3
145.9
154.4
129.4
104.3

123.8
96.4
121.9
120.1
84.3
84.9
83.3
131.5
117.0
113.6
103.1
164.6
102.2
97.2
121.8
146.7
158.7
129.8
105.4

124.3
96.7
121.9
121.4
84.5
84.9
83.3
131.7
117.5
113.7
103.7
165.6
103.2
97.1
122.4
146.3
159.3
130.3
105.9

123.9
96.2
122.9
120.8
83.6
83.8
83.2
131.7
117.8
114.6
103.9
164.7
104.9
97.3
121.9
145.7
159.7
130.0
105.8

-0.3
-0.5
0.8
-0.5
-1.1
-1.3
-0.1
0.0
0.3
0.8
0.2
-0.5
1.6
0.2
-0.4
-0.4
0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1

Oct.
2023

Aug.
2024

Sept.
2024p

Oct.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2024 Oct.
2024p

240.0
176.0
256.0
220.9
147.2
148.3
144.9
259.4
210.6
200.7
181.3
294.9
186.5
195.0
252.8
299.9
313.0
281.3
202.4

250.4
184.6
257.7
232.3
154.2
156.4
150.3
271.1
218.0
210.0
185.4
306.6
193.5
196.7
269.8
313.1
330.6
289.8
210.3

252.3
186.3
258.4
236.1
155.4
157.1
151.2
272.2
218.7
210.2
186.1
307.9
194.8
196.5
272.3
314.0
333.0
291.6
212.3

252.5
186.0
260.6
236.4
154.1
155.5
151.6
273.4
220.1
212.8
186.7
307.5
201.6
199.9
272.3
314.6
334.3
291.8
213.3

0.1
-0.2
0.9
0.1
-0.8
-1.0
0.3
0.4
0.6
1.2
0.3
-0.1
3.5
1.7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.5

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.