Full text of The Employment Situation : October 2021

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Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 5, 2021

USDL-21-1930

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — OCTOBER 2021
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 531,000 in October, and the unemployment rate edged
down by 0.2 percentage point to 4.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job
growth was widespread, with notable job gains in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business
services, in manufacturing, and in transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education
declined over the month.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
October 2019 – October 2021

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted,
October 2019 – October 2021

Percent

Thousands

16.0

160,000

14.0

155,000

12.0

150,000

10.0

145,000

8.0

140,000

6.0

135,000

4.0

130,000

2.0

Oct-19

Jan-20

Apr-20

Jul-20

Oct-20

Jan-21 Apr-21

Jul-21

Oct-21

125,000

Oct-19

Jan-20

Apr-20

Jul-20

Oct-20

Jan-21

Apr-21

Jul-21

Oct-21

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
The unemployment rate edged down to 4.6 percent in October. The number of unemployed persons,
at 7.4 million, continued to trend down. Both measures are down considerably from their highs at the
end of the February-April 2020 recession. However, they remain above their levels prior to the
coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020). (See

table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the household survey and its
measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (4.3 percent) declined in
October. The jobless rates for adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (11.9 percent), Whites (4.0 percent),
Blacks (7.9 percent), Asians (4.2 percent), and Hispanics (5.9 percent) showed little or no change over
the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers, at 2.1 million, changed little in October
but is 828,000 higher than in February 2020. The number of persons on temporary layoff, at 1.1
million, was little changed over the month. This measure is down considerably from the high of 18.0
million in April 2020 but is 306,000 above the February 2020 level. (See table A-11.)
In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) decreased by
357,000 to 2.3 million but is 1.2 million higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed
accounted for 31.6 percent of the total unemployed in October. (See table A-12.)
The labor force participation rate was unchanged at 61.6 percent in October and has remained within
a narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The participation rate is 1.7 percentage
points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 58.8 percent, was little
changed over the month. This measure is up from its low of 51.3 percent in April 2020 but remains
below the figure of 61.1 percent in February 2020. (See table A-1.)
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 million, was little changed in
October. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. This measure has
essentially returned to its February 2020 level. (See table A-8.)
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.0 million in October,
essentially unchanged over the month but up by 968,000 since February 2020. These individuals were
not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks
preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force was little changed at 1.7 million in October. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was essentially unchanged over
the month at 455,000. (See Summary table A.)
Household Survey Supplemental Data
In October, 11.6 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic,
down from 13.2 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or
worked at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey specifically because of the
pandemic.
In October, 3.8 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer
closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at
-2-

some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 5.0
million in September. Among those who reported in October that they were unable to work because of
pandemic-related closures or lost business, 13.3 percent received at least some pay from their
employer for the hours not worked, little changed from the prior month.
Among those not in the labor force in October, 1.3 million persons were prevented from looking for
work due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 1.6 million in September. (To be counted as
unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to
help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables
with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 531,000 in October. Thus far this year, monthly job
growth has averaged 582,000. Nonfarm employment has increased by 18.2 million since a recent trough
in April 2020 but is down by 4.2 million, or 2.8 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020.
Job growth was widespread in October, with notable job gains occurring in leisure and hospitality, in
professional and business services, in manufacturing, and in transportation and warehousing.
Employment in public education declined over the month. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for
more information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus
pandemic.)
Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 164,000 in October and has risen by 2.4 million
thus far in 2021. Over the month, employment rose by 119,000 in food services and drinking places and
by 23,000 in accommodation. Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 1.4 million, or 8.2
percent, since February 2020.
Professional and business services added 100,000 jobs in October, including a gain of 41,000 in
temporary help services. Employment continued to rise in management and technical consulting services
(+14,000), other professional and technical services (+9,000), scientific research and development
services (+6,000), and legal services (+5,000). Employment in professional and business services is
215,000 below its level in February 2020.
Employment in manufacturing increased by 60,000 in October, led by a gain in motor vehicles and
parts (+28,000). Employment also rose in fabricated metal products (+6,000), chemicals (+6,000), and
printing and related support activities (+4,000). Manufacturing employment is down by 270,000 since
February 2020.
Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 54,000 in October and is 149,000 above
its February 2020 level. In October, job gains occurred in warehousing and storage (+20,000), transit
and ground passenger transportation (+16,000), air transportation (+9,000), and truck transportation
(+8,000). Employment in couriers and messengers decreased by 5,000 in October, after increasing in the
prior 3 months.
Construction employment rose by 44,000 in October, following an increase of 30,000 in September. In
October, employment increased in nonresidential specialty trade contractors (+19,000) and in heavy and
-3-

civil engineering construction (+12,000). Construction employment is 150,000 below its February 2020
level.
Health care added 37,000 jobs in October, with most of the gain occurring in home health care services
(+16,000) and nursing care facilities (+12,000). Employment in health care is down by 460,000 since
February 2020.
In October, employment in retail trade rose by 35,000. Employment gains occurred in food and
beverage stores (+16,000), general merchandise stores (+15,000), health and personal care stores
(+8,000), and electronics and appliance stores (+6,000). These gains were partially offset by a job loss in
building material and garden supply stores (-10,000). Retail trade employment is 140,000 lower than its
level in February 2020.
Employment in the other services industry increased by 33,000 in October, as personal and laundry
services added 28,000 jobs. Employment in other services is 169,000 below its February 2020 level.
Employment in financial activities rose by 21,000 in October and has returned to its February 2020
level. Over the month, job growth occurred in real estate and rental and leasing (+12,000) and in
securities, commodity contracts, and investments (+11,000).
Employment in wholesale trade increased by 14,000 in October, reflecting a gain in the durable goods
component. Employment in wholesale trade is 158,000 lower than in February 2020.
Mining employment continued to trend up in October (+5,000) but is down by 87,000 from a peak in
January 2019.
In October, employment decreased in local government education and state government education
(-43,000 and -22,000, respectively). Employment changed little in private education (+17,000). Recent
employment changes in public and private education are challenging to interpret, as pandemic-related
staffing fluctuations have distorted the normal seasonal hiring and layoff patterns. Since February 2020,
employment is down by 370,000 in local government education, by 205,000 in state government
education, and by 148,000 in private education.
Employment in information changed little in October (+10,000) but is 122,000 lower than in February
2020.
In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 11
cents to $30.96, following large increases in the prior 6 months. Over the past 12 months, average
hourly earnings have increased by 4.9 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector
production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 10 cents to $26.26. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 34.7
hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.3 hours, and overtime
edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory
employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised up by 117,000, from +366,000
to +483,000, and the change for September was revised up by 118,000, from +194,000 to +312,000.
With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 235,000 higher than previously
-4-

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 3,
2021, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on October 2021 Household
and Establishment Survey Data
Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data
continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the
safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone
interviews could not be done.
To reflect the net effect of the contribution of business births (openings) and deaths (closings) to the
establishment survey estimates, BLS uses a model to account for the relatively stable net employment
change generated by business births and deaths. Beginning with data for March 2020, BLS introduced
special adjustments to its birth-death model to better reflect the net contribution of births and deaths
during the pandemic. BLS has determined that these adjustments are no longer necessary. Therefore,
beginning with data for October 2021, BLS reverted back to the methodology used prior to the onset of
the pandemic. More information about changes to the establishment survey’s birth-death model is
available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbdqa.htm#qa9.
As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified in the
household survey as unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at
work. However, the share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months
of the pandemic and has been considerably lower in recent months.
Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of what the unemployment rate might have been had
misclassified workers been included among the unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the
seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in October 2021 would have been 0.1 percentage point higher
than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of our estimate of misclassification and
probably overstates the size of the misclassification error.
More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at
www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-october-2021.htm.

-5-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Change from:
Sept. 2021Oct. 2021

Oct.
2021

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

260,925
160,718
61.6
149,669
57.4
11,049
6.9
100,207

261,611
161,537
61.7
153,154
58.5
8,384
5.2
100,074

261,766
161,354
61.6
153,680
58.7
7,674
4.8
100,412

261,908
161,458
61.6
154,039
58.8
7,419
4.6
100,450

142
104
0.0
359
0.1
-255
-0.2
38

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

6.9
6.7
6.5
14.0
6.0
10.8
7.6
8.8

5.2
5.1
4.8
11.2
4.5
8.8
4.6
6.4

4.8
4.7
4.2
11.5
4.2
7.9
4.2
6.3

4.6
4.3
4.4
11.9
4.0
7.9
4.2
5.9

-0.2
-0.4
0.2
0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.0
-0.4

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

6.2
9.9
8.1
6.6
4.2

4.5
7.8
6.0
5.1
2.8

4.2
7.9
5.8
4.5
2.5

4.0
7.4
5.4
4.4
2.4

-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-0.1
-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

7,685
763
2,017
526

4,468
822
2,487
512

4,065
788
2,289
490

3,719
840
2,210
537

-346
52
-79
47

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

2,494
2,341
2,651
3,534

2,083
2,066
1,164
3,179

2,237
1,872
990
2,683

2,085
1,966
994
2,326

-152
94
4
-357

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

6,668
5,298
1,135
19,465

4,469
3,183
1,032
20,359

4,468
3,180
975
20,389

4,423
3,178
947
20,605

-45
-2
-28
216

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,958
590

1,577
392

1,744
450

1,681
455

-63
5

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

680
954
107
2
73
32
12
-6.5
20
847
9.2
106.5
71.3
-1.5
-9
34
241
121.2
83
93.0
265
48
-274

483
504
54
6
-1
49
34
14.6
15
450
-5.2
22.2
67.3
-2.2
33
17
139
27.4
72
13.7
71
36
-21

312
365
65
4
30
31
20
-5.6
11
300
7.3
57.3
57.4
-0.2
4
7
76
6.1
13
34.0
88
-10
-53

531
604
108
4
44
60
41
27.7
19
496
13.5
35.3
54.4
0.2
10
21
100
41.1
64
46.9
164
33
-73

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

993
984

845
709

629
562

442
491

Category

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

49.8
48.4
81.5

34.8
$29.52
$1,027.30
105.7
0.9
149.1
0.8

70.4
60.0

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.6
$30.67
$1,061.18
108.9
0.1
159.7
0.5

71.2
64.7

Sept.
2021p

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.8
$30.85
$1,073.58
109.9
0.9
162.1
1.5

63.6
57.3

Oct.
2021p

49.8
48.4
81.5

34.7
$30.96
$1,074.31
110.1
0.2
163.0
0.6

71.8
70.0

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 697,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
employees and for production and nonsupervisory
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
defined as production and related employees in
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2017 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series, and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000
(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from
-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

260,925
161,053
61.7
150,433
57.7
10,620
6.6
99,872
6,317

261,766
161,392
61.7
154,026
58.8
7,366
4.6
100,373
5,710

261,908
161,863
61.8
154,966
59.2
6,896
4.3
100,045
5,567

260,925
160,718
61.6
149,669
57.4
11,049
6.9
100,207
6,682

261,338
161,086
61.6
151,602
58.0
9,484
5.9
100,253
6,428

261,469
161,347
61.7
152,645
58.4
8,702
5.4
100,123
6,517

261,611
161,537
61.7
153,154
58.5
8,384
5.2
100,074
5,682

261,766
161,354
61.6
153,680
58.7
7,674
4.8
100,412
5,969

261,908
161,458
61.6
154,039
58.8
7,419
4.6
100,450
5,978

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126,218
85,464
67.7
79,794
63.2
5,670
6.6
40,754

126,648
85,715
67.7
81,731
64.5
3,984
4.6
40,933

126,719
85,725
67.6
82,163
64.8
3,562
4.2
40,994

126,218
85,495
67.7
79,537
63.0
5,958
7.0
40,722

126,434
85,320
67.5
80,176
63.4
5,144
6.0
41,114

126,499
85,507
67.6
80,712
63.8
4,795
5.6
40,992

126,570
85,684
67.7
81,100
64.1
4,584
5.4
40,886

126,648
85,797
67.7
81,501
64.4
4,296
5.0
40,850

126,719
85,720
67.6
81,825
64.6
3,896
4.5
40,998

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117,854
82,575
70.1
77,330
65.6
5,245
6.4
35,279

118,337
82,865
70.0
79,230
67.0
3,635
4.4
35,472

118,406
82,786
69.9
79,556
67.2
3,230
3.9
35,620

117,854
82,505
70.0
77,013
65.3
5,492
6.7
35,349

118,125
82,414
69.8
77,545
65.6
4,869
5.9
35,711

118,192
82,526
69.8
78,041
66.0
4,484
5.4
35,667

118,261
82,665
69.9
78,440
66.3
4,225
5.1
35,597

118,337
82,847
70.0
78,927
66.7
3,919
4.7
35,490

118,406
82,689
69.8
79,163
66.9
3,526
4.3
35,717

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134,707
75,589
56.1
70,639
52.4
4,950
6.5
59,118

135,118
75,677
56.0
72,295
53.5
3,382
4.5
59,441

135,189
76,138
56.3
72,803
53.9
3,335
4.4
59,052

134,707
75,222
55.8
70,131
52.1
5,091
6.8
59,485

134,905
75,766
56.2
71,426
52.9
4,340
5.7
59,139

134,970
75,840
56.2
71,934
53.3
3,906
5.2
59,130

135,041
75,853
56.2
72,054
53.4
3,799
5.0
59,188

135,118
75,557
55.9
72,179
53.4
3,378
4.5
59,561

135,189
75,737
56.0
72,214
53.4
3,523
4.7
59,452

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126,520
72,728
57.5
68,109
53.8
4,619
6.4
53,792

126,982
72,784
57.3
69,699
54.9
3,085
4.2
54,198

127,051
73,296
57.7
70,274
55.3
3,022
4.1
53,755

126,520
72,255
57.1
67,534
53.4
4,721
6.5
54,265

126,770
72,855
57.5
68,817
54.3
4,038
5.5
53,915

126,837
72,883
57.5
69,235
54.6
3,648
5.0
53,954

126,906
72,842
57.4
69,357
54.7
3,485
4.8
54,065

126,982
72,533
57.1
69,466
54.7
3,067
4.2
54,449

127,051
72,784
57.3
69,604
54.8
3,179
4.4
54,267

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,551
5,750
34.7
4,994
30.2
756
13.1
10,801

16,447
5,743
34.9
5,097
31.0
647
11.3
10,704

16,451
5,780
35.1
5,137
31.2
644
11.1
10,670

16,551
5,958
36.0
5,122
30.9
836
14.0
10,593

16,443
5,817
35.4
5,240
31.9
577
9.9
10,626

16,440
5,938
36.1
5,369
32.7
569
9.6
10,502

16,443
6,031
36.7
5,357
32.6
674
11.2
10,412

16,447
5,975
36.3
5,287
32.1
687
11.5
10,473

16,451
5,984
36.4
5,271
32.0
714
11.9
10,466

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

201,610
124,735
61.9
117,599
58.3
7,135
5.7
76,876

202,057
124,134
61.4
119,154
59.0
4,980
4.0
77,923

202,138
124,407
61.5
119,891
59.3
4,517
3.6
77,731

201,610
124,672
61.8
117,146
58.1
7,525
6.0
76,939

201,814
123,800
61.3
117,320
58.1
6,480
5.2
78,013

201,888
124,413
61.6
118,428
58.7
5,985
4.8
77,475

201,968
124,332
61.6
118,697
58.8
5,635
4.5
77,635

202,057
124,222
61.5
119,023
58.9
5,199
4.2
77,835

202,138
124,333
61.5
119,338
59.0
4,995
4.0
77,805

65,076
70.4
61,491
66.5
3,585
5.5

64,939
70.0
62,471
67.4
2,467
3.8

64,725
69.8
62,644
67.5
2,081
3.2

65,123
70.4
61,314
66.3
3,808
5.8

64,478
69.6
61,122
66.0
3,357
5.2

64,858
70.0
61,701
66.6
3,157
4.9

64,856
70.0
61,980
66.9
2,875
4.4

64,996
70.1
62,295
67.2
2,700
4.2

64,784
69.9
62,424
67.3
2,360
3.6

55,151
56.8
52,153
53.7
2,998
5.4

54,690
56.2
52,666
54.1
2,024
3.7

55,170
56.7
53,184
54.6
1,986
3.6

54,866
56.5
51,761
53.3
3,105
5.7

54,800
56.4
52,084
53.6
2,716
5.0

54,993
56.6
52,538
54.0
2,455
4.5

54,816
56.4
52,496
54.0
2,319
4.2

54,578
56.1
52,571
54.0
2,007
3.7

54,870
56.4
52,736
54.2
2,134
3.9

4,507
37.1
3,955
32.6
552
12.3

4,505
37.4
4,016
33.3
489
10.9

4,512
37.4
4,062
33.7
450
10.0

4,683
38.6
4,071
33.5
612
13.1

4,522
37.5
4,114
34.1
408
9.0

4,562
37.8
4,189
34.7
373
8.2

4,661
38.7
4,220
35.0
441
9.5

4,648
38.5
4,157
34.5
492
10.6

4,679
38.8
4,177
34.6
501
10.7

33,453
20,249
60.5
18,109
54.1
2,140
10.6
13,204

33,673
20,588
61.1
19,063
56.6
1,524
7.4
13,086

33,699
20,689
61.4
19,120
56.7
1,568
7.6
13,011

33,453
20,123
60.2
17,955
53.7
2,169
10.8
13,330

33,595
20,679
61.6
18,769
55.9
1,910
9.2
12,916

33,619
20,430
60.8
18,757
55.8
1,673
8.2
13,189

33,645
20,717
61.6
18,892
56.2
1,825
8.8
12,928

33,673
20,634
61.3
18,996
56.4
1,638
7.9
13,039

33,699
20,590
61.1
18,959
56.3
1,631
7.9
13,109

9,285
65.8
8,249
58.5
1,036
11.2

9,394
66.0
8,696
61.1
698
7.4

9,540
66.9
8,779
61.6
761
8.0

9,224
65.4
8,166
57.9
1,058
11.5

9,607
67.7
8,648
60.9
958
10.0

9,402
66.2
8,609
60.6
793
8.4

9,491
66.7
8,628
60.7
864
9.1

9,399
66.0
8,644
60.7
755
8.0

9,484
66.5
8,693
61.0
791
8.3

10,245
60.5
9,296
54.9
949
9.3

10,451
61.3
9,725
57.0
726
6.9

10,447
61.2
9,742
57.1
705
6.7

10,169
60.1
9,230
54.5
939
9.2

10,358
60.9
9,473
55.7
886
8.5

10,293
60.5
9,511
55.9
782
7.6

10,480
61.5
9,652
56.7
828
7.9

10,442
61.2
9,683
56.8
759
7.3

10,390
60.9
9,665
56.6
725
7.0

718
29.8
563
23.4
155
21.6

743
31.1
642
26.9
101
13.5

702
29.4
599
25.1
102
14.6

731
30.3
559
23.2
172
23.5

714
29.9
648
27.1
67
9.3

735
30.8
637
26.7
98
13.3

746
31.2
612
25.6
134
17.9

794
33.3
669
28.0
125
15.7

716
30.0
601
25.2
115
16.1

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oct.
2020
16,542
10,365
62.7
9,588
58.0
777
7.5
6,177

Sept.
2021
16,540
10,683
64.6
10,245
61.9
438
4.1
5,857

Oct.
2021
16,485
10,756
65.2
10,312
62.5
445
4.1
5,729

Oct.
2020
16,542
10,382
62.8
9,598
58.0
784
7.6
6,160

June
2021
16,428
10,387
63.2
9,789
59.6
598
5.8
6,042

July
2021
16,514
10,654
64.5
10,094
61.1
559
5.3
5,861

Aug.
2021
16,555
10,610
64.1
10,122
61.1
488
4.6
5,945

Sept.
2021
16,540
10,635
64.3
10,190
61.6
446
4.2
5,905

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Oct.
2021
16,485
10,742
65.2
10,288
62.4
454
4.2
5,744

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

44,475
29,235
65.7
26,754
60.2
2,481
8.5
15,240

45,083
29,577
65.6
27,813
61.7
1,764
6.0
15,506

45,159
29,736
65.8
28,154
62.3
1,582
5.3
15,423

44,475
29,156
65.6
26,582
59.8
2,575
8.8
15,318

44,857
29,367
65.5
27,183
60.6
2,184
7.4
15,490

44,927
29,529
65.7
27,576
61.4
1,953
6.6
15,398

45,004
29,534
65.6
27,652
61.4
1,882
6.4
15,470

45,083
29,617
65.7
27,738
61.5
1,880
6.3
15,466

45,159
29,681
65.7
27,934
61.9
1,748
5.9
15,478

16,103
80.2
14,845
73.9
1,258
7.8

16,369
80.3
15,488
76.0
881
5.4

16,220
79.5
15,495
75.9
724
4.5

16,080
80.1
14,767
73.5
1,313
8.2

16,068
79.3
15,005
74.0
1,063
6.6

16,228
79.9
15,225
75.0
1,003
6.2

16,285
80.1
15,318
75.3
967
5.9

16,403
80.5
15,411
75.6
992
6.0

16,256
79.7
15,409
75.5
848
5.2

11,816
58.0
10,793
53.0
1,023
8.7

11,938
57.8
11,277
54.6
661
5.5

12,127
58.6
11,485
55.5
642
5.3

11,746
57.7
10,688
52.5
1,058
9.0

12,071
58.8
11,111
54.1
959
7.9

12,020
58.4
11,209
54.5
811
6.7

11,977
58.1
11,253
54.6
725
6.0

11,915
57.7
11,253
54.5
662
5.6

12,029
58.2
11,347
54.9
681
5.7

1,316
32.6
1,117
27.7
199
15.1

1,270
31.3
1,048
25.8
222
17.5

1,389
34.1
1,173
28.8
216
15.5

1,331
33.0
1,127
27.9
203
15.3

1,228
30.4
1,066
26.4
162
13.2

1,280
31.6
1,142
28.2
138
10.8

1,271
31.3
1,081
26.7
190
15.0

1,300
32.0
1,074
26.4
226
17.4

1,396
34.3
1,177
28.9
219
15.7

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,052
45.4
8,243
41.4
809
8.9

9,263
45.9
8,644
42.9
619
6.7

8,921
45.9
8,365
43.1
555
6.2

9,169
46.0
8,258
41.5
911
9.9

9,142
44.1
8,210
39.6
932
10.2

9,254
46.7
8,377
42.3
877
9.5

9,158
45.8
8,448
42.2
710
7.8

9,127
45.3
8,406
41.7
721
7.9

9,033
46.5
8,367
43.1
666
7.4

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,692
56.1
32,910
51.7
2,782
7.8

35,261
55.7
33,351
52.7
1,910
5.4

35,575
55.5
33,774
52.7
1,801
5.1

35,479
55.8
32,607
51.3
2,873
8.1

34,972
55.9
32,517
52.0
2,455
7.0

34,947
55.3
32,735
51.8
2,211
6.3

35,347
55.3
33,232
52.0
2,115
6.0

34,858
55.1
32,838
51.9
2,020
5.8

35,276
55.0
33,365
52.0
1,911
5.4

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,145
63.1
33,863
59.1
2,282
6.3

35,840
63.1
34,273
60.3
1,567
4.4

35,710
63.4
34,236
60.8
1,474
4.1

35,762
62.4
33,409
58.3
2,354
6.6

36,079
63.1
33,970
59.4
2,109
5.8

35,896
63.0
34,111
59.9
1,785
5.0

35,845
63.6
34,019
60.4
1,826
5.1

35,826
63.0
34,200
60.2
1,626
4.5

35,354
62.7
33,783
60.0
1,571
4.4

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59,639
72.1
57,199
69.2
2,440
4.1

60,710
72.0
59,213
70.3
1,497
2.5

61,068
72.0
59,654
70.3
1,414
2.3

59,530
72.0
57,041
69.0
2,488
4.2

60,483
72.3
58,392
69.8
2,091
3.5

60,927
72.4
59,027
70.1
1,900
3.1

60,794
72.3
59,077
70.2
1,717
2.8

60,785
72.1
59,246
70.3
1,539
2.5

60,973
71.9
59,493
70.2
1,480
2.4

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Oct.
2020

Men
Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Women
Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18,359
8,706
47.4
8,224
44.8
483
5.5
9,653

17,981
8,417
46.8
8,090
45.0
327
3.9
9,564

16,449
7,607
46.2
7,180
43.6
428
5.6
8,842

16,059
7,267
45.3
6,999
43.6
268
3.7
8,792

1,910
1,099
57.5
1,044
54.7
55
5.0
811

1,922
1,150
59.8
1,091
56.8
59
5.1
772

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,503
3,497
77.7
3,281
72.9
216
6.2
1,006

4,607
3,637
79.0
3,500
76.0
137
3.8
969

3,727
2,963
79.5
2,765
74.2
198
6.7
764

3,834
3,081
80.4
2,974
77.6
107
3.5
753

776
534
68.8
516
66.5
18
3.4
242

773
557
72.0
526
68.1
30
5.5
216

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,101
2,256
72.8
2,136
68.9
121
5.3
844

3,131
2,236
71.4
2,144
68.5
92
4.1
895

2,604
1,934
74.3
1,832
70.4
101
5.2
670

2,599
1,879
72.3
1,804
69.4
74
4.0
720

497
323
65.0
303
61.1
19
6.0
174

532
357
67.2
340
63.9
18
4.9
175

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,711
1,155
17.2
1,116
16.6
39
3.4
5,556

6,328
1,002
15.8
961
15.2
40
4.0
5,326

6,475
1,117
17.2
1,081
16.7
35
3.2
5,358

6,105
952
15.6
917
15.0
35
3.7
5,153

236
38
16.3
35
14.8
4
–
198

223
50
22.2
45
20.0
5
–
173

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,044
1,797
44.4
1,691
41.8
107
5.9
2,247

3,915
1,542
39.4
1,485
37.9
57
3.7
2,373

3,643
1,593
43.7
1,501
41.2
93
5.8
2,050

3,521
1,355
38.5
1,304
37.0
51
3.8
2,166

401
204
50.8
190
47.3
14
6.9
197

394
186
47.3
180
45.8
6
3.2
208

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

233,874
150,260
64.2
140,364
60.0
9,895
6.6
83,614

235,095
151,257
64.3
144,876
61.6
6,381
4.2
83,837

105,419
76,842
72.9
71,745
68.1
5,097
6.6
28,577

106,291
77,395
72.8
74,192
69.8
3,203
4.1
28,896

128,455
73,417
57.2
68,619
53.4
4,798
6.5
55,038

128,804
73,862
57.3
70,684
54.9
3,178
4.3
54,941

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

Persons with no disability
Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

29,583
6,093
20.6
5,417
18.3
676
11.1
23,489

31,195
6,987
22.4
6,352
20.4
635
9.1
24,208

231,342
154,960
67.0
145,016
62.7
9,944
6.4
76,382

230,713
154,876
67.1
148,615
64.4
6,261
4.0
75,837

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

2,611
35.3
2,340
31.6
270
10.4
4,792

2,900
37.5
2,636
34.1
264
9.1
4,828

76,968
81.9
71,822
76.4
5,145
6.7
17,013

76,743
82.1
73,652
78.8
3,091
4.0
16,695

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

2,335
31.3
2,004
26.9
331
14.2
5,119

2,855
36.1
2,550
32.3
305
10.7
5,050

68,494
70.7
64,174
66.2
4,320
6.3
28,375

68,510
71.3
65,667
68.3
2,844
4.2
27,572

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,147
7.8
1,073
7.3
74
6.5
13,578

1,232
7.9
1,166
7.5
66
5.3
14,330

9,498
23.5
9,020
22.3
478
5.0
30,995

9,622
23.4
9,296
22.6
326
3.4
31,571

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Oct.
2020

Men
Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Women
Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

41,891
26,919
64.3
24,865
59.4
2,055
7.6
14,971

43,449
28,564
65.7
27,341
62.9
1,224
4.3
14,885

20,120
15,452
76.8
14,442
71.8
1,010
6.5
4,669

21,226
16,570
78.1
15,932
75.1
639
3.9
4,656

21,770
11,468
52.7
10,423
47.9
1,045
9.1
10,303

22,223
11,994
54.0
11,409
51.3
585
4.9
10,229

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

219,034
134,134
61.2
125,569
57.3
8,565
6.4
84,901

218,458
133,298
61.0
127,626
58.4
5,673
4.3
85,160

106,098
70,013
66.0
65,352
61.6
4,660
6.7
36,085

105,492
69,155
65.6
66,232
62.8
2,923
4.2
36,338

112,937
64,121
56.8
60,216
53.3
3,905
6.1
48,816

112,966
64,144
56.8
61,394
54.3
2,750
4.3
48,822

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

2,620
1,670
892
58
147,813
138,954
20,799
118,155
636
117,520
8,789
70

2,272
1,504
743
26
151,754
142,210
20,343
121,866
768
121,099
9,491
53

2,418
1,596
785
37
152,548
142,933
20,586
122,347
766
121,581
9,548
68

2,515
1,570
881
–
147,255
138,539
20,678
117,939
–
117,304
8,690
–

2,318
1,604
692
–
149,329
139,873
20,578
119,460
–
118,948
9,146
–

2,305
1,584
708
–
150,481
140,487
20,761
119,955
–
119,334
9,571
–

2,329
1,606
712
–
151,115
141,168
20,793
120,345
–
119,608
9,541
–

2,249
1,519
724
–
151,693
141,768
20,487
121,741
–
120,981
9,418
–

2,306
1,511
759
–
151,676
142,280
20,453
121,872
–
120,954
9,442
–

6,338
5,065
1,115
19,921

4,130
2,960
982
20,432

4,094
2,913
928
21,128

6,668
5,298
1,135
19,465

4,627
3,430
1,007
20,337

4,483
2,965
1,116
20,087

4,469
3,183
1,032
20,359

4,468
3,180
975
20,389

4,423
3,178
947
20,605

6,237
5,002
1,092
19,465

4,077
2,924
967
20,037

3,998
2,838
927
20,773

6,552
5,227
1,113
19,029

4,544
3,381
996
19,982

4,351
2,908
1,099
19,736

4,414
3,126
1,019
20,027

4,406
3,130
960
20,003

4,328
3,059
946
20,268

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

150,433
4,994
1,845
3,148
145,440
13,225
132,215
96,365
34,018
32,100
30,247
35,850

154,026
5,097
2,071
3,026
148,929
13,448
135,481
98,702
34,780
33,085
30,837
36,778

154,966
5,137
1,999
3,137
149,830
13,800
136,030
99,355
35,257
33,237
30,862
36,674

149,669
5,122
1,824
3,295
144,547
13,212
131,566
95,875
33,836
31,903
30,136
35,692

151,602
5,240
1,952
3,287
146,362
13,399
133,068
97,331
34,284
32,612
30,436
35,737

152,645
5,369
1,971
3,378
147,277
13,342
134,135
98,131
34,589
32,923
30,620
36,003

153,154
5,357
2,025
3,293
147,797
13,238
134,652
98,289
34,742
32,914
30,633
36,363

153,680
5,287
2,013
3,256
148,393
13,498
134,958
98,346
34,664
32,915
30,767
36,611

154,039
5,271
1,981
3,284
148,768
13,709
135,223
98,746
35,010
33,020
30,716
36,477

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79,794
2,464
869
1,594
77,330
6,720
70,610
51,369
18,150
17,292
15,927
19,241

81,731
2,501
997
1,503
79,230
6,846
72,384
52,634
18,598
17,891
16,145
19,751

82,163
2,608
972
1,636
79,556
6,969
72,587
53,007
18,855
17,866
16,286
19,580

79,537
2,524
878
1,647
77,013
6,749
70,291
51,140
18,056
17,209
15,876
19,151

80,176
2,631
942
1,679
77,545
6,737
70,955
51,804
18,167
17,616
16,021
19,150

80,712
2,670
944
1,720
78,041
6,713
71,479
52,220
18,472
17,707
16,041
19,259

81,100
2,660
949
1,691
78,440
6,769
71,690
52,348
18,535
17,699
16,115
19,342

81,501
2,574
974
1,584
78,927
6,868
72,046
52,398
18,516
17,793
16,090
19,647

81,825
2,661
979
1,685
79,163
6,969
72,168
52,700
18,714
17,784
16,202
19,467

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70,639
2,530
976
1,554
68,109
6,505
61,605
44,995
15,867
14,808
14,321
16,609

72,295
2,596
1,073
1,523
69,699
6,602
63,097
46,069
16,182
15,194
14,692
17,028

72,803
2,529
1,027
1,501
70,274
6,831
63,443
46,348
16,401
15,371
14,576
17,095

70,131
2,598
946
1,648
67,534
6,463
61,275
44,735
15,781
14,694
14,260
16,540

71,426
2,609
1,010
1,608
68,817
6,662
62,113
45,527
16,117
14,995
14,415
16,587

71,934
2,698
1,027
1,658
69,235
6,629
62,655
45,911
16,116
15,216
14,579
16,744

72,054
2,697
1,076
1,602
69,357
6,469
62,962
45,941
16,207
15,215
14,519
17,021

72,179
2,713
1,040
1,672
69,466
6,630
62,912
45,948
16,149
15,122
14,677
16,964

72,214
2,610
1,002
1,600
69,604
6,740
63,055
46,045
16,296
15,236
14,514
17,010

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43,951
35,001
9,275

43,821
35,044
9,618

43,910
35,209
9,696

43,761
34,685
–

43,533
34,891
–

43,823
35,208
–

43,641
35,043
–

43,593
35,013
–

43,706
34,907
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

124,165
26,269

128,484
25,542

128,848
26,119

123,646
26,139

126,201
25,610

127,466
25,360

127,436
25,783

128,027
25,747

128,306
25,906

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,866
4.6

7,032
4.6

7,166
4.6

6,669
4.5

7,109
4.7

7,026
4.6

7,041
4.6

7,045
4.6

6,978
4.5

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,315
9,681

6,146
10,234

6,334
10,332

–
9,571

–
9,837

–
10,279

–
10,253

–
10,142

–
10,201

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,049
836
299
541
10,213
1,619
8,626
6,570
2,679
1,979
1,912
2,066

7,674
687
258
429
6,987
1,166
5,902
4,566
1,958
1,374
1,235
1,349

7,419
714
247
473
6,705
1,104
5,624
4,303
1,764
1,331
1,208
1,372

6.9
14.0
14.1
14.1
6.6
10.9
6.2
6.4
7.3
5.8
6.0
5.5

5.9
9.9
9.6
10.1
5.7
9.1
5.4
5.5
6.5
5.3
4.6
4.9

5.4
9.6
9.7
9.4
5.2
9.1
4.8
4.9
6.1
4.7
3.8
4.4

5.2
11.2
11.6
11.0
5.0
9.3
4.5
4.7
5.6
4.4
4.0
3.9

4.8
11.5
11.4
11.6
4.5
8.0
4.2
4.4
5.3
4.0
3.9
3.6

4.6
11.9
11.1
12.6
4.3
7.5
4.0
4.2
4.8
3.9
3.8
3.6

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,958
466
169
300
5,492
903
4,617
3,574
1,517
1,045
1,012
1,043

4,296
377
136
243
3,919
706
3,238
2,502
1,120
767
614
737

3,896
370
117
257
3,526
633
2,938
2,227
987
689
551
711

7.0
15.6
16.1
15.4
6.7
11.8
6.2
6.5
7.8
5.7
6.0
5.2

6.0
9.5
10.5
8.8
5.9
10.2
5.4
5.6
7.0
5.0
4.7
4.8

5.6
10.4
10.1
10.5
5.4
10.4
4.9
5.1
6.2
4.7
4.1
4.4

5.4
11.9
11.2
12.6
5.1
9.7
4.7
4.9
5.9
4.5
4.2
4.0

5.0
12.8
12.3
13.3
4.7
9.3
4.3
4.6
5.7
4.1
3.7
3.6

4.5
12.2
10.7
13.2
4.3
8.3
3.9
4.1
5.0
3.7
3.3
3.5

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,091
370
130
241
4,721
716
4,008
2,996
1,161
935
900
1,021

3,378
310
122
186
3,067
460
2,664
2,064
837
607
621
604

3,523
344
130
217
3,179
471
2,686
2,076
776
643
657
649

6.8
12.5
12.1
12.8
6.5
10.0
6.1
6.3
6.9
6.0
5.9
5.8

5.7
10.4
8.8
11.3
5.5
7.9
5.3
5.3
5.8
5.5
4.6
5.0

5.2
8.7
9.3
8.3
5.0
7.7
4.7
4.8
6.0
4.7
3.5
4.3

5.0
10.4
11.9
9.3
4.8
9.0
4.3
4.5
5.3
4.2
3.9
3.8

4.5
10.3
10.5
10.0
4.2
6.5
4.1
4.3
4.9
3.9
4.1
3.4

4.7
11.6
11.5
11.9
4.4
6.5
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.0
4.3
3.7

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,885
1,748
871

1,279
1,040
698

1,139
1,090
610

4.1
4.8
8.6

3.8
3.7
8.1

3.4
3.3
8.5

3.2
2.9
7.9

2.9
2.9
6.8

2.5
3.0
5.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,228
1,891

6,589
1,135

6,184
1,286

6.9
6.7

6.0
5.4

5.5
5.0

5.2
5.2

4.9
4.2

4.6
4.7

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

7,313
2,870
4,443
3,608
835
787
2,009
511

3,728
786
2,943
2,270
672
852
2,301
486

3,306
693
2,613
2,082
530
869
2,186
536

7,685
3,231
4,454
3,620
834
763
2,017
526

5,787
1,811
3,976
3,187
789
942
2,298
494

4,960
1,239
3,721
2,930
791
930
2,287
463

4,468
1,252
3,217
2,487
730
822
2,487
512

4,065
1,124
2,941
2,251
689
788
2,289
490

3,719
1,056
2,663
2,126
537
840
2,210
537

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

68.9
27.0
41.8
7.4
18.9
4.8

50.6
10.7
39.9
11.6
31.2
6.6

47.9
10.1
37.9
12.6
31.7
7.8

69.9
29.4
40.5
6.9
18.3
4.8

60.8
19.0
41.8
9.9
24.1
5.2

57.4
14.3
43.1
10.8
26.5
5.4

53.9
15.1
38.8
9.9
30.0
6.2

53.3
14.7
38.5
10.3
30.0
6.4

50.9
14.5
36.4
11.5
30.2
7.4

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

4.5
0.5
1.2
0.3

2.3
0.5
1.4
0.3

2.0
0.5
1.4
0.3

4.8
0.5
1.3
0.3

3.6
0.6
1.4
0.3

3.1
0.6
1.4
0.3

2.8
0.5
1.5
0.3

2.5
0.5
1.4
0.3

2.3
0.5
1.4
0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,300
2,198
6,122
2,570
3,552

2,209
1,565
3,593
889
2,704

1,884
1,762
3,251
919
2,332

2,494
2,341
6,185
2,651
3,534

1,981
2,166
5,314
1,329
3,985

2,257
1,861
4,599
1,174
3,425

2,083
2,066
4,343
1,164
3,179

2,237
1,872
3,674
990
2,683

2,085
1,966
3,320
994
2,326

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.7
19.9

29.2
13.9

27.7
13.1

21.4
19.0

31.6
19.8

29.5
15.2

29.6
14.7

28.4
13.3

26.7
12.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.7
20.7
57.6
24.2
33.4

30.0
21.2
48.8
12.1
36.7

27.3
25.5
47.1
13.3
33.8

22.6
21.2
56.1
24.1
32.1

20.9
22.9
56.2
14.0
42.1

25.9
21.3
52.8
13.5
39.3

24.5
24.3
51.1
13.7
37.4

28.7
24.1
47.2
12.7
34.5

28.3
26.7
45.0
13.5
31.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

150,433
63,277

154,966
65,335

10,620
2,448

6,896
1,453

6.6
3.7

4.3
2.2

27,004
36,274
24,137
30,501
14,531
15,970

27,665
37,669
25,458
29,914
14,155
15,759

1,212
1,237
2,796
2,132
1,087
1,045

656
796
1,709
1,400
672
728

4.3
3.3
10.4
6.5
7.0
6.1

2.3
2.1
6.3
4.5
4.5
4.4

13,956
1,117
8,240
4,599

14,258
1,076
8,356
4,826

993
73
691
229

616
65
446
104

6.6
6.1
7.7
4.7

4.1
5.7
5.1
2.1

18,562
7,753
10,809

20,001
8,268
11,733

1,730
525
1,205

1,169
388
782

8.5
6.3
10.0

5.5
4.5
6.2

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

10,620
8,681
89
674
787
436
351
1,333
588
137
383
1,066
1,007
2,102
514
110
685
632

6,896
5,301
63
398
499
279
220
1,019
381
83
192
791
677
960
239
83
467
510

6.6
6.8
13.8
6.8
5.2
4.6
6.3
6.5
7.9
5.8
3.8
6.1
4.2
16.3
8.3
6.3
3.2
6.1

4.3
4.2
10.0
4.0
3.3
2.9
4.0
5.2
4.7
3.5
1.9
4.4
2.8
7.5
3.5
5.1
2.2
4.7

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2020

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

June
2021

July
2021

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021

Oct.
2021

3.8

2.2

2.0

3.8

3.3

2.9

2.7

2.3

2.1

4.5

2.3

2.0

4.8

3.6

3.1

2.8

2.5

2.3

6.6

4.6

4.3

6.9

5.9

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.6

6.9

4.8

4.5

7.2

6.2

5.7

5.4

5.0

4.9

7.7

5.6

5.2

8.0

6.9

6.5

6.1

5.8

5.6

11.6

8.1

7.7

12.1

9.8

9.2

8.8

8.5

8.3

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Oct.
2020

Men
Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Women
Oct.
2021

Oct.
2020

Oct.
2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

99,872
6,317
1,923
594
1,328

100,045
5,567
1,638
460
1,178

40,754
2,996
1,049
367
682

40,994
2,478
842
315
527

59,118
3,321
874
228
646

59,052
3,089
796
145
651

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,866
4.6
3,813
1,716
248
1,046

7,166
4.6
4,193
1,598
361
953

3,363
4.2
2,101
565
145
541

3,467
4.2
2,194
540
215
499

3,503
5.0
1,711
1,150
103
505

3,699
5.1
1,999
1,059
146
454

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

143,568
121,581
20,261

147,012
125,943
20,782

147,659
125,709
20,746

149,217
127,001
20,861

142,545
120,962
20,078

147,476
125,424
20,505

147,788
125,789
20,570

148,319
126,393
20,678

Change
from:
Sept.2021
Oct.2021p
531
604
108

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

597
46.3
550.9
138.7
178.3
39.8
41.7

646
45.7
600.2
140.9
186.2
42.4
42.6

649
43.9
605.3
142.2
185.0
42.2
42.2

656
43.4
612.3
144.0
184.5
42.6
42.8

594
44.6
549.4
137.7
175.9
39.5
41.9

643
44.5
598.8
139.8
182.6
42.2
42.5

647
43.3
603.7
140.9
182.4
42.3
42.4

651
42.7
608.6
142.1
182.9
42.5
43.0

4
-0.6
4.9
1.2
0.5
0.2
0.6

96.8
233.9

101.2
273.1

100.6
278.1

99.1
283.8

94.5
235.8

97.9
276.4

97.7
280.4

97.4
283.6

-0.3
3.2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

7,506
1,671.9
849.6
822.3
1,090.9
4,743.2
2,153.8
2,589.4

7,644
1,725.0
894.9
830.1
1,097.2
4,822.1
2,215.6
2,606.5

7,627
1,721.2
888.1
833.1
1,104.1
4,801.9
2,203.0
2,598.9

7,669
1,727.7
897.2
830.5
1,111.0
4,830.4
2,222.0
2,608.4

7,329
1,645.5
832.7
812.8
1,029.8
4,653.4
2,114.5
2,538.9

7,424
1,691.9
880.9
811.0
1,033.4
4,698.7
2,173.9
2,524.8

7,454
1,699.1
883.2
815.9
1,041.5
4,713.5
2,175.9
2,537.6

7,498
1,702.5
885.0
817.5
1,053.6
4,741.9
2,185.0
2,556.9

44
3.4
1.8
1.6
12.1
28.4
9.1
19.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . .
Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductors and electronic
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous computer and electronic
products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous durable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous nondurable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,158

12,492

12,470

12,536

12,155

12,438

12,469

12,529

60

7,538
396.8
399.1
346.1
1,376.3
1,049.0
1,069.2
162.9
84.2

7,754
411.4
403.8
355.5
1,417.2
1,081.9
1,091.7
166.6
85.3

7,743
410.7
402.7
353.8
1,419.8
1,080.6
1,088.1
166.8
85.0

7,788
413.8
402.5
355.4
1,425.8
1,080.0
1,092.6
168.3
84.8

7,550
397.2
394.6
348.7
1,380.2
1,054.2
1,071.6
162.6
84.7

7,738
408.4
397.4
355.8
1,417.3
1,080.4
1,088.5
166.0
85.1

7,758
410.7
398.3
356.6
1,425.2
1,086.9
1,090.8
167.2
85.4

7,799
412.1
397.9
358.6
1,431.0
1,087.1
1,094.3
168.2
85.4

41
1.4
-0.4
2.0
5.8
0.2
3.5
1.0
0.0

368.5
419.9

374.8
430.1

373.7
428.3

374.4
430.3

369.2
421.5

373.2
429.8

374.3
429.8

375.5
430.8

1.2
1.0

33.7
372.2
1,577.7
888.2
350.8

34.9
381.9
1,620.4
919.8
359.9

34.3
380.5
1,617.8
918.1
361.4

34.8
381.8
1,640.4
943.1
362.2

33.5
372.4
1,580.5
889.2
352.0

34.4
380.3
1,620.9
917.4
361.3

34.1
380.8
1,618.3
911.8
362.1

34.4
382.0
1,642.0
939.5
361.5

0.3
1.2
23.7
27.7
-0.6

600.3

630.3

627.3

633.7

598.8

627.6

627.8

632.2

4.4

4,620
1,633.1
95.3
104.6
91.7
353.0
371.2
106.2
838.0
713.4

4,738
1,660.1
98.9
107.9
93.2
352.7
375.3
103.3
859.6
741.1

4,727
1,655.5
98.5
107.9
93.5
352.9
377.1
103.1
854.3
737.3

4,748
1,663.0
99.2
108.6
94.3
355.2
380.9
103.7
860.2
739.0

4,605
1,623.0
95.8
103.9
91.3
354.6
370.2
105.0
840.0
714.7

4,700
1,643.6
98.4
107.6
92.8
352.8
372.7
101.0
859.8
736.4

4,711
1,647.0
98.4
107.7
92.9
353.9
375.9
101.2
859.5
737.8

4,730
1,650.0
98.9
108.4
93.5
356.1
380.1
101.4
865.1
741.0

19
3.0
0.5
0.7
0.6
2.2
4.2
0.2
5.6
3.2

313.8

345.5

346.7

343.4

306.5

334.7

337.0

335.9

-1.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

101,320

105,161

104,963

106,140

100,884

104,919

105,219

105,715

496

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26,889

27,329

27,419

27,761

26,847

27,491

27,613

27,717

104

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

5,596.4
3,054.2
2,063.3

5,735.7
3,146.2
2,109.4

5,723.1
3,141.6
2,104.3

5,748.1
3,155.9
2,111.9

5,587.6
3,050.2
2,060.1

5,716.9
3,133.0
2,105.4

5,724.2
3,140.8
2,105.5

5,737.7
3,154.9
2,104.4

13.5
14.1
-1.1

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Change
from:
Sept.2021
Oct.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued
Electronic markets and agents and
brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

478.9

480.1

477.2

480.3

477.3

478.5

477.9

478.4

0.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . .
Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . .
Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden supply
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General merchandise stores, including
warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . .
Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15,131.1
1,936.2
1,227.9
152.2
556.1
432.2
448.5

15,309.1
1,992.0
1,255.7
171.7
564.6
440.1
414.5

15,281.5
1,987.3
1,254.4
166.4
566.5
440.3
418.6

15,500.0
1,989.1
1,251.4
167.3
570.4
447.2
444.2

15,131.8
1,935.1
1,225.5
154.2
555.4
432.3
444.4

15,377.5
1,983.9
1,254.8
165.1
564.0
446.8
427.3

15,434.8
1,986.7
1,255.7
165.1
565.9
446.7
429.2

15,470.1
1,989.1
1,253.0
167.6
568.5
446.0
435.3

35.3
2.4
-2.7
2.5
2.6
-0.7
6.1

1,371.8
3,133.5
959.0
935.8
962.8

1,374.5
3,107.3
997.3
971.4
1,046.2

1,365.2
3,070.8
1,006.5
958.1
1,036.0

1,343.3
3,098.0
1,031.4
956.8
1,055.3

1,391.5
3,127.2
958.9
935.9
977.9

1,357.7
3,094.6
1,009.0
955.4
1,057.3

1,374.8
3,084.7
1,016.2
953.0
1,071.3

1,364.4
3,100.3
1,024.4
954.7
1,064.3

-10.4
15.6
8.2
1.7
-7.0

464.6
3,094.0
983.1

494.7
3,010.3
967.4

489.2
3,047.2
971.7

501.8
3,149.8
1,012.2

469.4
3,082.9
975.4

502.7
3,086.2
1,001.1

501.6
3,104.6
1,006.6

504.1
3,119.9
1,005.0

2.5
15.3
-1.6

2,110.9
780.4
612.3

2,042.9
837.1
623.7

2,075.5
827.9
634.4

2,137.6
838.6
644.5

2,107.5
770.1
606.2

2,085.1
828.2
628.4

2,098.0
831.9
634.1

2,114.9
832.5
635.1

16.9
0.6
1.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,622.5
391.1
144.6
59.3
1,474.4

5,746.8
449.9
142.5
61.3
1,520.5

5,879.9
457.6
142.3
60.3
1,520.6

5,977.2
465.2
142.3
58.8
1,531.6

5,587.7
390.6
144.4
59.2
1,460.4

5,860.2
446.1
142.3
59.1
1,503.1

5,917.6
457.4
141.8
59.2
1,507.6

5,972.0
466.6
141.9
58.6
1,515.5

54.4
9.2
0.1
-0.6
7.9

390.2
50.1
23.7
689.7
980.0
1,419.4

334.4
49.6
41.4
725.4
984.4
1,437.4

413.7
49.5
38.3
727.7
1,004.4
1,465.5

433.4
49.7
35.7
735.2
1,009.0
1,516.3

372.4
50.2
23.1
688.1
992.3
1,407.0

401.0
49.4
31.8
725.2
1,038.2
1,464.0

401.8
49.5
32.7
728.3
1,060.1
1,479.2

417.6
49.5
34.8
732.9
1,055.2
1,499.4

15.8
0.0
2.1
4.6
-4.9
20.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

539.1

537.6

534.5

536.1

540.1

536.7

536.5

536.7

0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data processing, hosting and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,654
755.7

2,784
778.2

2,772
770.6

2,787
772.2

2,650
754.8

2,778
775.2

2,782
770.6

2,792
773.1

10
2.5

261.9
246.8
682.4

332.3
238.2
672.6

332.2
239.5
668.7

347.7
238.7
666.5

258.1
246.7
681.2

326.9
239.6
674.8

338.4
238.9
669.9

349.7
237.3
668.8

11.3
-1.6
-1.1

352.4
354.3

377.2
385.2

380.3
380.2

382.2
380.1

352.5
356.2

379.9
381.6

383.8
380.6

382.0
381.3

-1.8
0.7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts,
investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,751
6,523.5
20.3

8,901
6,562.5
20.3

8,857
6,533.8
20.2

8,898
6,556.6
20.1

8,746
6,526.4
20.3

8,854
6,550.3
20.2

8,861
6,544.8
20.2

8,882
6,553.6
20.1

21
8.8
-0.1

2,655.9
1,749.5
1,366.0
594.4
312.0

2,670.9
1,731.2
1,341.4
615.2
324.5

2,658.3
1,717.2
1,327.1
618.7
322.4

2,658.7
1,714.3
1,322.6
620.7
323.7

2,662.8
1,759.9
1,375.3
591.9
311.0

2,667.5
1,725.4
1,336.2
616.1
326.0

2,666.2
1,723.8
1,332.7
619.4
323.0

2,664.8
1,721.0
1,328.8
621.2
322.6

-1.4
-2.8
-3.9
1.8
-0.4

974.8
2,872.5
2,227.0
1,714.2

1,007.2
2,864.1
2,338.0
1,782.8

996.0
2,859.3
2,323.3
1,771.9

1,011.8
2,866.0
2,341.0
1,790.4

971.6
2,871.7
2,219.6
1,707.5

998.6
2,864.0
2,303.7
1,765.2

996.9
2,861.5
2,316.3
1,772.9

1,008.1
2,860.6
2,328.7
1,778.1

11.2
-0.9
12.4
5.2

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Change
from:
Sept.2021
Oct.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing Continued
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . .

490.3
22.5

532.7
22.5

529.3
22.1

528.0
22.6

489.7
22.4

516.3
22.2

521.1
22.3

528.0
22.6

6.9
0.3

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . .
Architectural and engineering services. . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management and technical consulting
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional and technical services. . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20,505
9,449.5
1,121.4
948.9
1,524.3
135.6

21,182
9,911.0
1,141.7
1,013.9
1,597.4
143.4

21,205
9,885.0
1,142.6
1,005.3
1,593.6
142.5

21,566
10,013.4
1,156.4
1,019.3
1,605.2
144.7

20,296
9,454.4
1,119.6
993.5
1,516.3
135.3

21,078
9,906.3
1,142.6
1,066.5
1,579.4
142.6

21,154
9,961.8
1,147.9
1,068.4
1,592.1
143.2

21,254
10,006.9
1,152.6
1,072.5
1,593.9
143.3

100
45.1
4.7
4.1
1.8
0.1

2,201.7

2,292.8

2,280.7

2,306.6

2,188.6

2,272.1

2,283.0

2,290.0

7.0

1,548.8

1,643.4

1,649.3

1,684.0

1,533.9

1,635.1

1,647.0

1,660.6

13.6

777.1
439.9
751.8
2,332.3
8,723.4
8,274.7
527.2
154.5
3,260.4
2,654.2
806.4

836.0
449.7
792.7
2,347.3
8,923.8
8,467.7
566.6
152.8
3,348.4
2,699.1
772.8

828.0
450.9
792.1
2,337.6
8,982.7
8,526.0
566.4
151.1
3,436.7
2,776.4
778.5

837.5
453.1
806.6
2,344.3
9,207.9
8,744.3
569.8
153.0
3,636.6
2,954.0
786.3

780.0
437.8
749.4
2,336.0
8,505.6
8,057.8
524.6
152.1
3,131.3
2,519.5
796.1

830.8
447.6
789.6
2,336.9
8,835.1
8,383.9
563.1
153.0
3,373.9
2,724.3
780.3

835.8
452.7
791.7
2,339.2
8,852.5
8,397.9
565.0
151.8
3,383.1
2,730.4
782.5

841.5
451.6
800.9
2,345.9
8,901.1
8,441.4
567.5
151.9
3,423.9
2,771.5
777.4

5.7
-1.1
9.2
6.7
48.6
43.5
2.5
0.1
40.8
41.1
-5.1

151.2
904.8
2,175.1
295.1

163.2
902.0
2,244.0
317.9

166.0
899.3
2,204.3
323.7

165.1
899.6
2,209.2
324.7

151.0
901.0
2,112.1
289.7

161.7
900.1
2,133.1
318.7

167.2
895.6
2,133.6
319.1

166.4
896.0
2,139.5
318.8

-0.8
0.4
5.9
-0.3

448.7

456.1

456.7

463.6

447.8

451.2

454.6

459.7

5.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential mental health facilities. . . . . .
Community care facilities for the
elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency and other relief services. . . . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23,427
3,540.3
19,886.6
15,934.6
7,664.4
2,662.4
976.2
939.4
991.2
284.4
1,505.3

23,356
3,325.8
20,029.8
16,004.1
7,844.0
2,707.3
1,023.8
995.9
1,008.5
297.0
1,496.5

23,583
3,562.2
20,020.5
15,971.1
7,860.3
2,706.8
1,022.4
999.4
1,010.7
297.5
1,505.5

23,929
3,783.5
20,145.6
16,039.6
7,920.6
2,724.2
1,028.9
1,009.9
1,014.2
299.4
1,526.8

23,235
3,393.8
19,841.0
15,905.9
7,647.5
2,658.3
976.0
937.2
992.0
285.2
1,496.7

23,693
3,634.2
20,058.5
15,996.4
7,843.4
2,711.0
1,019.8
993.8
1,009.2
297.1
1,496.9

23,706
3,613.4
20,092.5
15,995.4
7,876.7
2,712.0
1,024.5
1,004.8
1,011.9
298.5
1,507.7

23,770
3,630.4
20,139.4
16,032.6
7,909.0
2,720.6
1,026.8
1,009.2
1,013.3
299.1
1,523.5

64
17.0
46.9
37.2
32.3
8.6
2.3
4.4
1.4
0.6
15.8

305.5
5,136.3
3,133.9
1,453.0
614.9

315.0
5,153.7
3,006.4
1,367.7
597.2

318.0
5,150.0
2,960.8
1,347.2
592.8

317.2
5,153.1
2,965.9
1,356.5
589.5

302.1
5,128.0
3,130.4
1,451.5
615.0

315.6
5,153.4
2,999.6
1,365.3
594.9

317.3
5,149.3
2,969.4
1,349.4
592.8

316.5
5,150.4
2,973.2
1,361.2
590.0

-0.8
1.1
3.8
11.8
-2.8

910.0
156.0
3,952.0
2,602.6
182.1
281.6
885.7

891.1
150.4
4,025.7
2,673.4
182.8
284.7
884.8

870.7
150.1
4,049.4
2,656.7
184.0
282.2
926.5

870.2
149.7
4,106.0
2,689.8
185.3
286.4
944.5

908.1
155.9
3,935.1
2,599.7
182.7
281.8
871.0

889.8
149.6
4,062.1
2,674.3
184.7
283.1
920.0

876.3
150.9
4,097.1
2,686.2
185.4
285.1
940.4

872.1
149.9
4,106.8
2,692.3
185.9
287.5
941.1

-4.2
-1.0
9.7
6.1
0.5
2.4
0.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . .

13,607
1,754.6
319.9

15,826
2,384.8
459.5

15,405
2,214.6
484.3

15,433
2,170.1
494.7

13,622
1,779.5
312.3

15,280
2,156.8
441.7

15,368
2,196.3
471.4

15,532
2,217.2
483.0

164
20.9
11.6

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Change
from:
Sept.2021
Oct.2021p

Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

133.1
1,301.6
11,852.3
1,445.8
10,406.5

152.9
1,772.4
13,441.1
1,875.4
11,565.7

145.5
1,584.8
13,189.9
1,793.4
11,396.5

146.4
1,529.0
13,262.6
1,776.7
11,485.9

132.6
1,334.6
11,842.3
1,455.5
10,386.8

143.3
1,571.8
13,122.8
1,758.3
11,364.5

146.5
1,578.4
13,172.1
1,767.7
11,404.4

147.1
1,587.1
13,314.7
1,790.9
11,523.8

0.6
8.7
142.6
23.2
119.4

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Membership associations and organizations. . .

5,487
1,309.9
1,315.0
2,862.2

5,783
1,378.4
1,429.3
2,975.2

5,722
1,372.5
1,422.8
2,926.5

5,766
1,389.4
1,445.4
2,931.0

5,488
1,307.0
1,313.5
2,867.4

5,745
1,371.5
1,427.7
2,945.3

5,735
1,372.6
1,421.5
2,940.6

5,768
1,381.0
1,449.6
2,937.6

33
8.4
28.1
-3.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

21,987
2,978
2,376.0
602.0
5,118
2,427.3
2,690.5
13,891
7,610.6
6,280.2

21,069
2,887
2,288.2
599.2
4,793
2,135.2
2,658.0
13,389
6,922.8
6,466.0

21,950
2,893
2,289.2
603.3
5,092
2,448.2
2,643.6
13,965
7,636.0
6,328.8

22,216
2,879
2,281.6
597.6
5,177
2,544.5
2,632.7
14,160
7,870.1
6,290.3

21,583
2,975
2,372.1
602.8
4,945
2,253.8
2,691.0
13,663
7,341.4
6,321.9

22,052
2,884
2,278.4
605.3
5,077
2,428.6
2,648.0
14,091
7,789.0
6,302.4

21,999
2,885
2,278.9
605.9
5,056
2,413.0
2,643.1
14,058
7,703.5
6,354.5

21,926
2,882
2,278.1
603.5
5,031
2,391.5
2,639.5
14,013
7,660.1
6,352.8

-73
-3
-0.8
-2.4
-25
-21.5
-3.6
-45
-43.4
-1.7

Industry

Arts, entertainment, and recreation Continued

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.8
40.0
44.7
38.9
40.4
40.6
40.2
33.8
34.5
38.7
31.0
39.0
42.8
36.7
37.7
36.6
33.5
26.0
32.4

34.6
40.0
45.0
38.8
40.4
40.5
40.3
33.6
34.4
39.1
30.8
38.7
42.9
37.0
37.5
36.5
33.3
26.2
32.0

34.8
40.5
45.3
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
33.6
34.4
39.3
30.7
38.5
42.2
36.8
37.5
36.7
33.4
26.2
32.2

34.7
39.9
44.8
38.7
40.3
40.4
40.1
33.7
34.5
39.3
30.8
38.6
42.0
36.8
37.5
36.7
33.4
26.2
32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.2
3.1
3.3

3.2
3.1
3.4

3.3
3.2
3.5

3.2
3.0
3.4

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services.................... .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$29.52
30.13
34.89
31.87
28.86
30.37
26.35
29.37
25.41
32.66
21.11
25.46
44.33
44.77
38.66
35.38
28.72
17.12
26.51

$30.67
31.21
35.54
33.09
29.88
31.44
27.30
30.55
26.50
33.80
22.05
26.71
45.16
44.27
40.09
36.99
30.02
18.79
27.44

$30.85
31.38
35.57
33.26
30.02
31.57
27.45
30.72
26.65
33.93
22.23
26.79
45.25
44.31
40.29
37.14
30.34
18.86
27.50

$30.96
31.48
35.56
33.38
30.15
31.67
27.61
30.84
26.65
34.11
22.05
27.05
45.20
44.55
40.57
37.40
30.41
19.04
27.58

$1,027.30
1,205.20
1,559.58
1,239.74
1,165.94
1,233.02
1,059.27
992.71
876.65
1,263.94
654.41
992.94
1,897.32
1,643.06
1,457.48
1,294.91
962.12
445.12
858.92

$1,061.18
1,248.40
1,599.30
1,283.89
1,207.15
1,273.32
1,100.19
1,026.48
911.60
1,321.58
679.14
1,033.68
1,937.36
1,637.99
1,503.38
1,350.14
999.67
492.30
878.08

$1,073.58
1,270.89
1,611.32
1,333.73
1,212.81
1,278.59
1,103.49
1,032.19
916.76
1,333.45
682.46
1,031.42
1,909.55
1,630.61
1,510.88
1,363.04
1,013.36
494.13
885.50

$1,074.31
1,256.05
1,593.09
1,291.81
1,215.05
1,279.47
1,107.16
1,039.31
919.43
1,340.52
679.14
1,044.13
1,898.40
1,639.44
1,521.38
1,372.58
1,015.69
498.85
888.08

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2021 Oct.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

105.7
91.5
83.4
98.3
88.3
86.3
92.4
109.8
101.1
95.4
95.3
125.2
100.0
88.8
108.0
116.5
127.1
101.1
102.5

108.9
93.4
90.9
99.3
90.4
88.2
94.5
113.5
103.2
98.6
96.2
130.3
99.6
93.9
108.8
120.6
128.8
114.2
106.0

109.9
94.9
92.1
103.0
90.6
88.5
94.5
113.8
103.6
99.2
96.2
130.9
98.0
93.5
108.9
121.7
129.3
114.9
106.5

110.1
94.0
91.6
100.0
90.8
88.7
94.7
114.7
104.3
99.5
96.8
132.5
97.5
93.8
109.1
122.3
129.6
116.1
107.1

0.2
-0.9
-0.5
-2.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.6
1.2
-0.5
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.2
1.0
0.6

1

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2021 Oct.
2021p

149.1
124.6
116.9
136.1
118.6
116.4
123.5
156.7
138.5
130.3
132.9
162.2
146.5
141.6
162.9
166.9
175.6
139.6
149.0

159.7
131.8
129.7
142.8
125.6
123.2
131.0
168.5
147.5
139.4
140.1
177.1
148.6
148.0
170.1
180.7
186.1
173.2
159.4

162.1
134.6
131.5
148.9
126.5
124.0
131.7
170.0
149.0
140.8
141.4
178.4
146.4
147.5
171.1
183.1
188.7
174.8
160.5

163.0
133.7
130.8
145.1
127.4
124.8
132.6
171.9
150.0
141.9
141.0
182.3
145.6
148.8
172.7
185.2
189.7
178.4
161.9

0.6
-0.7
-0.5
-2.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
1.1
0.7
0.8
-0.3
2.2
-0.5
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.5
2.1
0.9

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

70,923
58,515
4,541
86
973
3,482
1,845
1,637
53,974
10,526
1,674.4
7,334.8
1,383.0
134.0
1,060
4,951
9,323
17,934
7,258
2,922
12,408

73,543
60,703
4,671
83
1,029
3,559
1,887
1,672
56,032
10,798
1,725.4
7,439.6
1,499.1
133.9
1,100
4,966
9,738
18,250
8,114
3,066
12,840

73,598
60,842
4,691
83
1,036
3,572
1,896
1,676
56,151
10,882
1,724.1
7,489.4
1,533.7
135.0
1,094
4,970
9,781
18,243
8,123
3,058
12,756

73,902
61,218
4,716
83
1,041
3,592
1,908
1,684
56,502
10,955
1,724.0
7,529.0
1,566.7
134.9
1,098
4,970
9,878
18,301
8,219
3,081
12,684

49.8
48.4
22.6
14.5
13.3
28.6
24.4
35.5
53.5
39.2
30.0
48.5
24.8
24.8
40.0
56.6
45.9
77.2
53.3
53.2
57.5

49.9
48.4
22.8
12.9
13.9
28.6
24.4
35.6
53.4
39.3
30.2
48.4
25.6
24.9
39.6
56.1
46.2
77.0
53.1
53.4
58.2

49.8
48.4
22.8
12.8
13.9
28.6
24.4
35.6
53.4
39.4
30.1
48.5
25.9
25.2
39.3
56.1
46.2
77.0
52.9
53.3
58.0

49.8
48.4
22.8
12.7
13.9
28.7
24.5
35.6
53.4
39.5
30.0
48.7
26.2
25.1
39.3
56.0
46.5
77.0
52.9
53.4
57.8

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

98,541
14,242
421
5,415
8,406
5,105
3,301
84,299
22,684
4,443.9
12,922.6
4,889.4
428.1
2,088
6,648
16,322
20,333
11,755
4,469

102,100
14,633
480
5,504
8,649
5,302
3,347
87,467
23,155
4,549.2
13,089.0
5,089.7
426.9
2,207
6,669
16,823
20,719
13,218
4,676

102,367
14,665
483
5,522
8,660
5,304
3,356
87,702
23,247
4,558.1
13,142.6
5,119.7
426.8
2,216
6,685
16,919
20,666
13,297
4,672

103,036
14,724
486
5,522
8,716
5,349
3,367
88,312
23,338
4,569.1
13,189.2
5,152.4
427.4
2,219
6,686
17,104
20,756
13,509
4,700

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.2
40.6
45.2
39.1
41.3
41.4
41.0
33.1
34.5
38.5
31.0
39.2
42.6
36.5
37.3
36.1
32.8
24.6
31.4

34.1
40.8
46.5
39.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
33.0
34.2
38.9
30.7
38.5
42.7
37.3
37.3
36.2
32.6
25.0
31.0

34.2
41.4
47.3
41.0
41.4
41.4
41.4
33.0
34.2
39.0
30.7
38.3
42.2
36.3
37.4
36.5
32.7
24.9
31.2

34.1
40.7
46.9
39.3
41.3
41.2
41.3
33.0
34.4
39.2
30.9
38.5
41.7
36.1
37.4
36.3
32.7
25.0
31.1

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.9
3.9
4.0

4.1
4.1
4.1

4.1
4.1
4.2

4.1
4.0
4.2

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services.................... .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$24.83
25.58
30.27
29.40
22.99
24.04
21.34
24.68
21.57
26.98
17.87
22.79
39.07
36.50
29.62
29.39
25.67
14.84
22.65

$26.01
26.73
31.64
30.70
24.02
25.06
22.38
25.86
22.61
27.89
18.68
24.25
40.17
36.58
30.53
30.93
27.18
16.50
23.40

$26.16
26.90
31.47
30.81
24.14
25.18
22.50
26.00
22.72
28.07
18.72
24.51
40.16
36.46
30.58
31.11
27.45
16.51
23.41

$26.26
26.93
31.43
30.94
24.22
25.28
22.53
26.12
22.82
28.22
18.80
24.65
40.29
36.87
30.76
31.34
27.53
16.68
23.58

$849.19
1,038.55
1,368.20
1,149.54
949.49
995.26
874.94
816.91
744.17
1,038.73
553.97
893.37
1,664.38
1,332.25
1,104.83
1,060.98
841.98
365.06
711.21

$886.94
1,090.58
1,471.26
1,209.58
994.43
1,037.48
926.53
853.38
773.26
1,084.92
573.48
933.63
1,715.26
1,364.43
1,138.77
1,119.67
886.07
412.50
725.40

$894.67
1,113.66
1,488.53
1,263.21
999.40
1,042.45
931.50
858.00
777.02
1,094.73
574.70
938.73
1,694.75
1,323.50
1,143.69
1,135.52
897.62
411.10
730.39

$895.47
1,096.05
1,474.07
1,215.94
1,000.29
1,041.54
930.49
861.96
785.01
1,106.22
580.92
949.03
1,680.09
1,331.01
1,150.42
1,137.64
900.23
417.00
733.34

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2021 Oct.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112.3
88.4
101.1
106.0
79.7
79.4
79.7
118.9
109.4
101.5
101.4
145.1
93.3
87.0
116.7
131.7
142.2
105.9
98.4

116.0
91.2
118.6
108.6
82.2
82.5
81.6
123.0
110.7
105.0
101.7
148.3
93.2
94.0
117.1
136.2
144.0
121.0
101.7

116.7
92.8
121.4
113.4
82.3
82.5
81.9
123.3
111.2
105.5
102.1
148.4
92.1
91.8
117.7
138.1
144.1
121.3
102.2

117.1
91.6
121.1
108.7
82.6
82.8
81.9
124.2
112.3
106.3
103.1
150.1
91.1
91.4
117.7
138.8
144.7
123.7
102.5

0.3
-1.3
-0.2
-4.1
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.1
-1.1
-0.4
0.0
0.5
0.4
2.0
0.3

1

Oct.
2020

Aug.
2021

Sept.
2021p

Oct.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Sept.
2021 Oct.
2021p

186.4
138.4
178.0
168.3
119.8
119.2
120.2
201.3
168.7
161.7
155.2
210.4
152.1
157.2
212.7
230.3
240.9
178.5
162.4

201.7
149.3
218.3
180.0
129.1
129.0
129.1
218.1
178.9
172.9
162.8
228.9
156.3
170.1
219.9
250.4
258.4
226.8
173.3

204.0
152.8
222.2
188.6
129.9
129.7
130.2
219.9
180.5
174.8
163.8
231.5
154.4
165.7
221.4
255.4
261.1
227.4
174.4

205.5
151.0
221.4
181.5
130.9
130.7
130.4
222.5
183.1
177.1
166.1
235.5
153.3
166.9
222.7
258.7
263.0
234.3
176.1

0.7
-1.2
-0.4
-3.8
0.8
0.8
0.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
-0.7
0.7
0.6
1.3
0.7
3.0
1.0

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.