Full text of The Employment Situation : March 2024

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 5, 2024

USDL-24-0629

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MARCH 2024
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 303,000 in March, and the unemployment rate changed
little at 3.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in health care,
government, and construction.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
Both the unemployment rate, at 3.8 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.4 million,
changed little in March. The unemployment rate has been in a narrow range of 3.7 percent to 3.9 percent
since August 2023. (See table A-1.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Blacks (6.4 percent) increased in March,
while the rates for Asians (2.5 percent) and Hispanics (4.5 percent) decreased. The jobless rates for adult

men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.6 percent), teenagers (12.6 percent), and Whites (3.4 percent)
showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was little
changed in March. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.5 percent of all unemployed people.
(See table A-12.)
Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at
60.3 percent, were little changed in March. These measures showed little change over the year. (See
table A-1.)
The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.3 million, changed little in
March. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
In March, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.4 million, was
little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively
looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table
A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the
labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in March. These individuals wanted and were available
for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4
weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached
who believed that no jobs were available for them, was little changed at 337,000 in March. (See
Summary table A.)
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 303,000 in March, higher than the average monthly gain of
231,000 over the prior 12 months. In March, job gains occurred in health care, government, and
construction. (See table B-1.)
Health care added 72,000 jobs in March, above the average monthly gain of 60,000 over the prior 12
months. In March, job growth continued in ambulatory health care services (+28,000), hospitals
(+27,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+18,000).
In March, employment in government increased by 71,000, higher than the average monthly gain of
54,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in local government (+49,000)
and federal government (+9,000).
Construction added 39,000 jobs in March, about double the average monthly gain of 19,000 over the
prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in nonresidential specialty trade contractors
(+16,000).
Employment in leisure and hospitality trended up in March (+49,000) and has returned to its prepandemic February 2020 level. Over the prior 12 months, job growth in the industry had averaged
37,000 per month.
-2-

Employment in the other services industry continued its upward trend in March (+16,000). The industry
had added an average of 8,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. Employment in other services
remains below its February 2020 level by 40,000, or 0.7 percent.
Employment in social assistance continued to trend up in March (+9,000), below the average monthly
gain of 22,000 over the prior 12 months.
In March, employment was little changed in retail trade (+18,000). A job gain in general merchandise
retailers (+20,000) was partially offset by job losses in building material and garden equipment and
supplies dealers (-10,000) and in automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers (-3,000).
Employment showed little or no change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; transportation and
warehousing; information; financial activities; and professional and business services.
In March, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 12
cents, or 0.3 percent, to $34.69. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.1
percent. In March, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory
employees edged up by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.79. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
In March, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour
to 34.4 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and overtime
edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours in March. The average workweek for production and
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 33.9 hours. (See tables
B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised up by 27,000, from +229,000
to +256,000, and the change for February was revised down by 5,000, from +275,000 to +270,000. With
these revisions, employment in January and February combined is 22,000 higher than previously
reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
____________
The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 3, 2024, at 8:30
a.m. (ET).

-3-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Change from:
Feb. 2024Mar. 2024

Mar.
2024

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

266,272
166,690
62.6
160,824
60.4
5,866
3.5
99,582

267,540
167,276
62.5
161,152
60.2
6,124
3.7
100,265

267,711
167,426
62.5
160,968
60.1
6,458
3.9
100,285

267,884
167,895
62.7
161,466
60.3
6,429
3.8
99,989

173
469
0.2
498
0.2
-29
-0.1
-296

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

3.5
3.4
3.2
9.9
3.2
5.1
2.8
4.6

3.7
3.6
3.2
10.6
3.4
5.3
2.9
5.0

3.9
3.5
3.5
12.5
3.4
5.6
3.4
5.0

3.8
3.3
3.6
12.6
3.4
6.4
2.5
4.5

-0.1
-0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.8
-0.9
-0.5

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

2.9
4.8
4.0
3.0
2.0

3.2
6.0
4.3
3.3
2.1

3.2
6.1
4.2
3.1
2.2

3.1
4.9
4.1
3.4
2.1

-0.1
-1.2
-0.1
0.3
-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

2,884
841
1,683
506

3,028
794
1,834
550

3,216
711
1,946
611

3,042
823
1,920
678

-174
112
-26
67

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

2,279
1,765
797
1,050

2,140
1,848
867
1,277

2,326
1,933
974
1,203

2,189
1,979
982
1,246

-137
46
8
43

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

4,091
2,853
892
21,416

4,422
2,994
1,026
22,156

4,376
2,863
1,104
22,309

4,308
2,972
999
22,902

-68
109
-105
593

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,326
347

1,654
452

1,558
425

1,595
337

37
-88

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

146
91
-12
2
-6
-8
-1
-1.1
-7
103
9.2
-27.2
-16.1
2.5
5
4
18
-14.6
62
63.0
35
11
55

256
196
30
-2
26
6
-4
2.2
10
166
-6.7
16.6
-3.8
1.5
8
-4
48
7.5
100
73.0
-3
10
60

270
207
17
1
26
-10
-3
-1.9
-7
190
-2.9
23.0
22.5
3.1
-3
-6
17
-11.9
82
85.4
43
11
63

303
232
42
3
39
0
4
6.5
-4
190
8.5
17.6
1.2
-0.4
0
3
7
-1.3
88
81.3
49
16
71

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

305
225

243
187

272
206

276
212

Category

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

49.8
48.3
81.4

34.4
$33.31
$1,145.86
114.5
-0.3
182.4
0.3

60.2
45.1

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.2
$34.51
$1,180.24
115.4
-0.4
190.4
0.1

62.2
53.5

Feb.
2024p

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.3
$34.57
$1,185.75
115.9
0.4
191.6
0.6

58.6
48.6

Mar.
2024p

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.4
$34.69
$1,193.34
116.5
0.5
193.2
0.8

59.4
43.1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than
sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses
into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance
on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive
pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures.
For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a
measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad
weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 629,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and
unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or
unemployed are not in the labor force. The

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People
are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data
are produced for the private sector for all employees and for
production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and
nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and
related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging,
construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory
employees in private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:
•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes
in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the
past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

266,272
166,783
62.6
160,741
60.4
6,043
3.6
99,489
4,646

267,711
167,285
62.5
160,315
59.9
6,970
4.2
100,426
5,546

267,884
167,960
62.7
161,356
60.2
6,604
3.9
99,924
5,110

266,272
166,690
62.6
160,824
60.4
5,866
3.5
99,582
4,959

267,822
168,127
62.8
161,866
60.4
6,262
3.7
99,695
5,343

267,991
167,451
62.5
161,183
60.1
6,268
3.7
100,540
5,671

267,540
167,276
62.5
161,152
60.2
6,124
3.7
100,265
5,793

267,711
167,426
62.5
160,968
60.1
6,458
3.9
100,285
5,672

267,884
167,895
62.7
161,466
60.3
6,429
3.8
99,989
5,443

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130,150
88,958
68.4
85,420
65.6
3,538
4.0
41,192

130,520
88,299
67.7
84,391
64.7
3,908
4.4
42,221

130,605
88,892
68.1
85,253
65.3
3,639
4.1
41,713

130,150
88,841
68.3
85,623
65.8
3,219
3.6
41,309

130,903
89,555
68.4
85,981
65.7
3,574
4.0
41,348

130,985
89,250
68.1
85,794
65.5
3,456
3.9
41,735

130,436
88,507
67.9
85,034
65.2
3,473
3.9
41,929

130,520
88,391
67.7
84,993
65.1
3,398
3.8
42,129

130,605
88,812
68.0
85,490
65.5
3,323
3.7
41,793

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

121,415
85,876
70.7
82,654
68.1
3,222
3.8
35,539

121,611
85,313
70.2
81,802
67.3
3,511
4.1
36,299

121,685
85,656
70.4
82,457
67.8
3,199
3.7
36,029

121,415
85,565
70.5
82,688
68.1
2,877
3.4
35,850

122,111
86,256
70.6
83,084
68.0
3,172
3.7
35,854

122,187
86,007
70.4
82,958
67.9
3,050
3.5
36,180

121,539
85,364
70.2
82,304
67.7
3,060
3.6
36,175

121,611
85,180
70.0
82,178
67.6
3,002
3.5
36,431

121,685
85,398
70.2
82,543
67.8
2,855
3.3
36,287

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136,122
77,825
57.2
75,320
55.3
2,505
3.2
58,297

137,191
78,986
57.6
75,924
55.3
3,062
3.9
58,205

137,279
79,068
57.6
76,103
55.4
2,965
3.7
58,211

136,122
77,849
57.2
75,201
55.2
2,648
3.4
58,273

136,919
78,572
57.4
75,885
55.4
2,688
3.4
58,346

137,006
78,201
57.1
75,389
55.0
2,811
3.6
58,805

137,104
78,768
57.5
76,118
55.5
2,650
3.4
58,336

137,191
79,035
57.6
75,975
55.4
3,060
3.9
58,156

137,279
79,083
57.6
75,976
55.3
3,106
3.9
58,197

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127,684
74,860
58.6
72,606
56.9
2,253
3.0
52,825

128,581
75,995
59.1
73,299
57.0
2,696
3.5
52,586

128,659
75,945
59.0
73,304
57.0
2,642
3.5
52,714

127,684
74,723
58.5
72,368
56.7
2,355
3.2
52,961

128,430
75,399
58.7
73,049
56.9
2,350
3.1
53,031

128,513
75,047
58.4
72,587
56.5
2,460
3.3
53,466

128,503
75,529
58.8
73,144
56.9
2,385
3.2
52,974

128,581
75,835
59.0
73,182
56.9
2,653
3.5
52,746

128,659
75,792
58.9
73,061
56.8
2,731
3.6
52,867

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,173
6,048
35.2
5,480
31.9
568
9.4
11,125

17,519
5,978
34.1
5,214
29.8
763
12.8
11,541

17,540
6,359
36.3
5,595
31.9
764
12.0
11,181

17,173
6,402
37.3
5,767
33.6
635
9.9
10,771

17,281
6,472
37.5
5,733
33.2
739
11.4
10,809

17,291
6,396
37.0
5,638
32.6
758
11.9
10,895

17,498
6,383
36.5
5,704
32.6
679
10.6
11,115

17,519
6,411
36.6
5,608
32.0
803
12.5
11,108

17,540
6,704
38.2
5,862
33.4
842
12.6
10,835

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

204,186
126,976
62.2
122,698
60.1
4,278
3.4
77,210

204,677
126,960
62.0
122,180
59.7
4,779
3.8
77,717

204,752
127,640
62.3
123,175
60.2
4,465
3.5
77,112

204,186
126,956
62.2
122,846
60.2
4,110
3.2
77,230

204,949
127,773
62.3
123,550
60.3
4,223
3.3
77,177

205,022
127,226
62.1
122,802
59.9
4,424
3.5
77,796

204,608
126,962
62.1
122,663
60.0
4,299
3.4
77,646

204,677
127,040
62.1
122,685
59.9
4,356
3.4
77,637

204,752
127,596
62.3
123,286
60.2
4,310
3.4
77,156

66,467
70.3
64,180
67.9
2,288
3.4

65,748
69.6
63,315
67.1
2,433
3.7

66,098
70.0
63,906
67.7
2,193
3.3

66,309
70.2
64,287
68.0
2,022
3.0

66,695
70.3
64,559
68.1
2,136
3.2

66,405
70.0
64,208
67.7
2,197
3.3

65,869
69.8
63,674
67.5
2,195
3.3

65,685
69.6
63,658
67.4
2,027
3.1

65,963
69.8
64,029
67.8
1,933
2.9

55,812
57.4
54,203
55.8
1,609
2.9

56,629
58.0
54,791
56.2
1,838
3.2

56,614
58.0
54,849
56.2
1,765
3.1

55,706
57.3
54,046
55.6
1,660
3.0

56,130
57.5
54,609
56.0
1,521
2.7

55,844
57.2
54,175
55.5
1,669
3.0

56,219
57.6
54,615
56.0
1,604
2.9

56,454
57.9
54,646
56.0
1,808
3.2

56,489
57.9
54,677
56.0
1,811
3.2

4,696
37.6
4,316
34.5
381
8.1

4,583
36.1
4,075
32.1
508
11.1

4,928
38.8
4,420
34.8
508
10.3

4,940
39.5
4,513
36.1
427
8.7

4,947
39.5
4,382
35.0
565
11.4

4,976
39.7
4,418
35.3
558
11.2

4,874
38.4
4,374
34.5
500
10.3

4,902
38.6
4,381
34.5
520
10.6

5,145
40.5
4,580
36.1
565
11.0

34,550
22,062
63.9
20,938
60.6
1,124
5.1
12,488

34,849
22,084
63.4
20,810
59.7
1,274
5.8
12,765

34,883
22,124
63.4
20,689
59.3
1,435
6.5
12,759

34,550
22,111
64.0
20,974
60.7
1,138
5.1
12,439

34,821
22,171
63.7
20,886
60.0
1,285
5.8
12,650

34,853
22,094
63.4
20,952
60.1
1,143
5.2
12,759

34,813
22,051
63.3
20,887
60.0
1,164
5.3
12,762

34,849
22,190
63.7
20,950
60.1
1,240
5.6
12,659

34,883
22,170
63.6
20,746
59.5
1,424
6.4
12,713

10,353
70.2
9,776
66.3
577
5.6

10,300
69.5
9,615
64.9
685
6.6

10,303
69.5
9,624
64.9
679
6.6

10,358
70.2
9,811
66.5
547
5.3

10,299
69.3
9,648
64.9
651
6.3

10,294
69.2
9,821
66.0
473
4.6

10,266
69.4
9,717
65.7
548
5.3

10,344
69.8
9,709
65.5
636
6.1

10,317
69.6
9,677
65.3
640
6.2

10,991
63.6
10,541
61.0
450
4.1

11,048
63.3
10,563
60.6
485
4.4

11,014
63.1
10,416
59.7
598
5.4

10,982
63.6
10,506
60.8
477
4.3

11,067
63.6
10,533
60.5
534
4.8

11,014
63.2
10,486
60.2
528
4.8

10,967
62.9
10,445
59.9
521
4.8

11,050
63.4
10,568
60.6
482
4.4

10,999
63.0
10,387
59.5
612
5.6

718
28.5
621
24.6
97
13.5

737
28.4
632
24.3
105
14.2

807
31.0
649
24.9
159
19.6

771
30.6
657
26.1
114
14.8

805
31.5
705
27.6
100
12.4

786
30.7
644
25.2
142
18.0

819
31.6
724
27.9
95
11.6

796
30.7
673
25.9
122
15.4

854
32.8
682
26.2
171
20.1

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mar.
2023
17,545
11,421
65.1
11,104
63.3
317
2.8
6,123

Feb.
2024
17,784
11,479
64.5
11,084
62.3
395
3.4
6,305

Mar.
2024
17,781
11,442
64.3
11,157
62.7
285
2.5
6,339

Mar.
2023
17,545
11,374
64.8
11,056
63.0
318
2.8
6,170

Nov.
2023
17,769
11,548
65.0
11,144
62.7
404
3.5
6,221

Dec.
2023
17,896
11,436
63.9
11,084
61.9
353
3.1
6,459

Jan.
2024
17,930
11,559
64.5
11,223
62.6
336
2.9
6,372

Feb.
2024
17,784
11,472
64.5
11,081
62.3
390
3.4
6,312

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Mar.
2024
17,781
11,403
64.1
11,113
62.5
290
2.5
6,379

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

47,194
31,551
66.9
30,017
63.6
1,534
4.9
15,643

48,467
32,513
67.1
30,732
63.4
1,781
5.5
15,953

48,565
32,459
66.8
30,948
63.7
1,510
4.7
16,106

47,194
31,524
66.8
30,065
63.7
1,459
4.6
15,670

47,974
32,101
66.9
30,636
63.9
1,465
4.6
15,873

48,068
32,081
66.7
30,480
63.4
1,602
5.0
15,986

48,364
32,318
66.8
30,700
63.5
1,618
5.0
16,046

48,467
32,499
67.1
30,883
63.7
1,616
5.0
15,967

48,565
32,442
66.8
30,994
63.8
1,448
4.5
16,123

17,035
79.4
16,260
75.8
775
4.6

17,434
79.6
16,601
75.8
832
4.8

17,512
79.8
16,781
76.4
732
4.2

16,985
79.2
16,298
76.0
688
4.0

17,267
79.2
16,537
75.9
729
4.2

17,261
79.1
16,438
75.3
824
4.8

17,372
79.5
16,519
75.6
852
4.9

17,415
79.5
16,720
76.3
695
4.0

17,455
79.5
16,800
76.5
654
3.7

13,064
61.1
12,462
58.3
602
4.6

13,575
61.7
12,862
58.4
713
5.3

13,473
61.1
12,847
58.3
627
4.7

13,061
61.1
12,473
58.3
588
4.5

13,260
61.0
12,737
58.6
523
3.9

13,346
61.3
12,746
58.5
601
4.5

13,336
60.7
12,759
58.1
577
4.3

13,535
61.5
12,860
58.4
675
5.0

13,483
61.1
12,870
58.4
612
4.5

1,452
33.4
1,296
29.8
157
10.8

1,504
33.1
1,269
27.9
235
15.6

1,473
32.3
1,321
29.0
152
10.3

1,477
33.9
1,294
29.7
184
12.4

1,574
35.5
1,361
30.7
213
13.5

1,474
33.2
1,296
29.2
177
12.0

1,610
35.5
1,422
31.3
188
11.7

1,549
34.0
1,304
28.6
246
15.9

1,504
33.0
1,323
29.0
181
12.0

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,138
46.2
8,605
43.5
532
5.8

8,887
46.7
8,204
43.1
683
7.7

8,864
46.0
8,349
43.4
514
5.8

9,173
46.4
8,732
44.2
441
4.8

9,492
48.3
8,891
45.2
601
6.3

9,384
47.5
8,819
44.6
564
6.0

9,271
47.1
8,715
44.3
556
6.0

9,192
48.3
8,626
45.4
565
6.1

8,916
46.3
8,483
44.1
433
4.9

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,827
56.3
34,275
53.8
1,553
4.3

36,541
57.1
34,866
54.5
1,675
4.6

36,504
57.5
34,889
54.9
1,615
4.4

35,728
56.1
34,289
53.9
1,439
4.0

35,790
57.3
34,327
55.0
1,463
4.1

35,748
57.1
34,247
54.7
1,501
4.2

35,927
57.0
34,385
54.6
1,543
4.3

36,474
57.0
34,948
54.7
1,526
4.2

36,364
57.3
34,866
54.9
1,498
4.1

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,943
63.6
34,852
61.7
1,091
3.0

36,297
63.4
35,049
61.2
1,248
3.4

36,198
63.3
34,934
61.1
1,264
3.5

35,923
63.6
34,853
61.7
1,069
3.0

35,874
62.1
34,866
60.4
1,009
2.8

35,737
62.4
34,623
60.4
1,114
3.1

36,205
62.6
35,020
60.6
1,184
3.3

36,322
63.5
35,178
61.5
1,144
3.1

36,147
63.2
34,918
61.1
1,229
3.4

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64,036
73.5
62,786
72.1
1,250
2.0

64,479
72.7
63,013
71.1
1,466
2.3

64,820
72.8
63,469
71.2
1,351
2.1

63,692
73.1
62,411
71.7
1,281
2.0

64,452
72.7
63,091
71.2
1,360
2.1

64,297
72.3
62,933
70.8
1,364
2.1

64,195
72.7
62,836
71.2
1,359
2.1

63,965
72.1
62,527
70.5
1,438
2.2

64,478
72.4
63,095
70.8
1,383
2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Mar.
2023

Men
Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Women
Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,983
8,718
48.5
8,507
47.3
211
2.4
9,265

17,654
8,556
48.5
8,300
47.0
257
3.0
9,098

15,947
7,573
47.5
7,388
46.3
185
2.4
8,374

15,609
7,382
47.3
7,154
45.8
228
3.1
8,227

2,036
1,145
56.2
1,119
55.0
26
2.2
891

2,045
1,174
57.4
1,146
56.0
28
2.4
871

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,970
4,057
81.6
3,944
79.4
113
2.8
912

5,336
4,264
79.9
4,143
77.6
121
2.8
1,072

4,065
3,395
83.5
3,299
81.1
96
2.8
670

4,388
3,585
81.7
3,488
79.5
97
2.7
803

905
662
73.2
645
71.3
17
2.6
242

948
679
71.6
655
69.1
24
3.6
269

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,980
2,131
71.5
2,085
70.0
46
2.2
849

2,761
1,945
70.5
1,880
68.1
65
3.4
816

2,527
1,826
72.3
1,780
70.4
46
2.5
701

2,320
1,654
71.3
1,589
68.5
65
4.0
665

453
305
67.3
305
67.3
0
0.0
148

441
291
65.9
291
65.9
0
0.0
150

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,055
806
13.3
781
12.9
25
3.1
5,249

5,730
706
12.3
667
11.6
39
5.6
5,024

5,798
781
13.5
761
13.1
20
2.6
5,017

5,488
677
12.3
642
11.7
35
5.2
4,811

257
25
9.7
20
7.9
4
–
232

242
29
11.9
25
10.1
4
–
213

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,978
1,723
43.3
1,697
42.6
27
1.5
2,255

3,827
1,640
42.9
1,610
42.1
30
1.9
2,187

3,557
1,571
44.2
1,548
43.5
23
1.5
1,986

3,413
1,465
42.9
1,435
42.0
30
2.1
1,948

421
152
36.1
148
35.2
4
2.5
269

414
175
42.4
175
42.4
0
0.0
239

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

239,167
155,858
65.2
150,224
62.8
5,634
3.6
83,309

241,051
157,149
65.2
151,111
62.7
6,038
3.8
83,902

109,561
80,266
73.3
77,021
70.3
3,246
4.0
29,295

110,429
80,439
72.8
77,177
69.9
3,262
4.1
29,990

129,606
75,592
58.3
73,203
56.5
2,389
3.2
54,014

130,621
76,710
58.7
73,934
56.6
2,776
3.6
53,912

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

Persons with no disability
Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

33,062
7,904
23.9
7,256
21.9
648
8.2
25,158

33,955
8,315
24.5
7,599
22.4
716
8.6
25,639

233,210
158,879
68.1
153,484
65.8
5,395
3.4
74,331

233,929
159,645
68.2
153,757
65.7
5,888
3.7
74,285

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,272
41.6
2,986
38.0
286
8.7
4,588

3,351
39.9
3,010
35.8
341
10.2
5,054

79,656
82.8
76,591
79.6
3,065
3.8
16,531

79,198
83.1
76,106
79.9
3,093
3.9
16,051

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,315
38.9
3,011
35.3
304
9.2
5,217

3,453
40.6
3,163
37.2
289
8.4
5,046

69,455
72.3
67,364
70.2
2,091
3.0
26,549

70,457
73.0
67,913
70.4
2,544
3.6
26,036

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,318
7.9
1,260
7.6
58
4.4
15,353

1,512
8.9
1,426
8.4
86
5.7
15,540

9,767
23.8
9,529
23.2
238
2.4
31,251

9,989
23.7
9,738
23.1
251
2.5
32,198

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Mar.
2023

Men
Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Women
Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

46,445
30,845
66.4
29,848
64.3
997
3.2
15,600

49,034
32,292
65.9
31,114
63.5
1,178
3.6
16,742

22,786
17,678
77.6
17,089
75.0
589
3.3
5,108

24,262
18,542
76.4
17,943
74.0
599
3.2
5,720

23,659
13,167
55.7
12,759
53.9
408
3.1
10,492

24,771
13,750
55.5
13,171
53.2
579
4.2
11,022

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

219,827
135,938
61.8
130,893
59.5
5,045
3.7
83,888

218,850
135,668
62.0
130,242
59.5
5,426
4.0
83,182

107,364
71,280
66.4
68,331
63.6
2,949
4.1
36,084

106,342
70,350
66.2
67,310
63.3
3,040
4.3
35,992

112,463
64,658
57.5
62,562
55.6
2,096
3.2
47,805

112,508
65,318
58.1
62,932
55.9
2,386
3.7
47,190

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

2,106
1,439
639
28
158,634
149,499
21,919
127,580
561
127,019
9,087
48

2,111
1,454
621
35
158,205
148,897
21,517
127,380
746
126,634
9,261
47

2,099
1,427
627
44
159,258
149,720
21,866
127,854
679
127,175
9,487
51

2,223
1,515
663
–
158,332
149,272
21,475
127,806
–
127,149
9,151
–

2,262
1,549
701
–
159,578
150,505
21,878
128,612
–
127,889
9,014
–

2,205
1,520
680
–
158,993
149,702
21,700
128,086
–
127,414
9,335
–

2,184
1,489
687
–
158,735
149,741
21,490
128,407
–
127,521
9,087
–

2,201
1,524
649
–
158,601
149,321
21,142
128,256
–
127,392
9,377
–

2,217
1,507
654
–
158,970
149,513
21,436
128,092
–
127,331
9,522
–

4,205
2,929
942
21,822

4,592
3,098
1,139
23,043

4,422
3,051
1,053
23,416

4,091
2,853
892
21,416

3,994
2,790
934
21,879

4,211
2,960
964
22,458

4,422
2,994
1,026
22,156

4,376
2,863
1,104
22,309

4,308
2,972
999
22,902

4,115
2,873
935
21,472

4,479
3,013
1,130
22,677

4,343
3,010
1,033
23,054

4,027
2,813
883
21,052

3,931
2,735
923
21,444

4,138
2,913
953
22,060

4,371
2,959
1,018
21,793

4,300
2,803
1,098
21,951

4,255
2,949
980
22,523

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

160,741
5,480
2,010
3,470
155,260
14,742
140,518
103,200
35,798
35,519
31,883
37,318

160,315
5,214
1,833
3,381
155,101
13,969
141,131
103,564
35,631
36,077
31,856
37,567

161,356
5,595
1,946
3,650
155,761
14,121
141,641
103,766
35,696
36,185
31,885
37,875

160,824
5,767
2,215
3,584
155,056
14,876
140,398
103,120
35,756
35,494
31,871
37,277

161,866
5,733
2,235
3,514
156,133
14,787
141,194
103,451
35,779
35,680
31,992
37,742

161,183
5,638
2,194
3,446
155,545
14,756
140,617
103,161
35,859
35,546
31,757
37,455

161,152
5,704
2,292
3,428
155,448
14,562
140,972
103,489
35,700
35,818
31,970
37,484

160,968
5,608
2,035
3,595
155,360
14,192
141,300
103,717
35,672
36,117
31,928
37,582

161,466
5,862
2,146
3,756
155,604
14,287
141,485
103,669
35,667
36,123
31,879
37,816

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85,420
2,766
1,012
1,754
82,654
7,585
75,069
55,095
19,110
19,056
16,930
19,974

84,391
2,589
828
1,761
81,802
6,951
74,851
54,836
18,868
19,162
16,806
20,016

85,253
2,796
922
1,874
82,457
7,116
75,341
55,060
18,945
19,288
16,827
20,282

85,623
2,935
1,120
1,843
82,688
7,672
75,228
55,214
19,110
19,116
16,989
20,014

85,981
2,897
1,071
1,846
83,084
7,446
75,514
55,262
19,088
19,107
17,067
20,252

85,794
2,836
1,033
1,807
82,958
7,432
75,397
55,178
19,104
19,108
16,966
20,219

85,034
2,730
1,063
1,679
82,304
7,320
75,093
55,008
18,948
19,109
16,951
20,085

84,993
2,815
939
1,900
82,178
7,107
75,239
55,126
18,945
19,266
16,916
20,112

85,490
2,947
1,022
1,964
82,543
7,222
75,496
55,179
18,957
19,332
16,890
20,316

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75,320
2,714
998
1,716
72,606
7,158
65,448
48,105
16,688
16,463
14,953
17,344

75,924
2,625
1,005
1,620
73,299
7,019
66,280
48,728
16,763
16,916
15,050
17,552

76,103
2,799
1,023
1,776
73,304
7,005
66,299
48,706
16,751
16,896
15,059
17,593

75,201
2,832
1,095
1,741
72,368
7,204
65,169
47,906
16,646
16,378
14,882
17,263

75,885
2,836
1,164
1,668
73,049
7,342
65,679
48,189
16,691
16,573
14,926
17,490

75,389
2,802
1,162
1,639
72,587
7,324
65,220
47,983
16,755
16,438
14,791
17,237

76,118
2,974
1,229
1,749
73,144
7,241
65,879
48,480
16,752
16,709
15,019
17,399

75,975
2,793
1,096
1,694
73,182
7,085
66,061
48,591
16,727
16,851
15,013
17,470

75,976
2,915
1,124
1,793
73,061
7,065
65,989
48,490
16,710
16,791
14,989
17,500

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46,462
37,081
9,748

45,452
37,035
9,955

46,100
37,358
9,785

46,267
36,807
–

46,344
36,887
–

46,392
36,790
–

45,672
37,033
–

45,387
36,822
–

45,962
37,069
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

133,453
27,288

131,815
28,501

132,070
29,287

134,287
26,744

134,727
27,032

133,196
27,794

133,133
27,890

132,946
27,941

132,940
28,632

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,137
5.1

8,411
5.2

8,637
5.4

7,984
5.0

8,343
5.2

8,565
5.3

8,272
5.1

8,259
5.1

8,476
5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,285
9,726

6,565
9,883

6,637
10,114

–
9,815

–
9,715

–
10,014

–
9,774

–
10,026

–
10,176

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,866
635
227
410
5,232
1,042
4,169
3,141
1,419
930
792
1,013

6,458
803
290
499
5,655
1,097
4,655
3,544
1,607
1,078
859
1,081

6,429
842
353
490
5,587
1,091
4,499
3,466
1,518
982
967
1,016

3.5
9.9
9.3
10.3
3.3
6.5
2.9
3.0
3.8
2.6
2.4
2.6

3.7
11.4
11.4
11.5
3.4
6.6
3.1
3.1
3.9
2.9
2.6
2.9

3.7
11.9
13.1
11.2
3.4
6.4
3.2
3.3
4.2
2.9
2.6
2.8

3.7
10.6
10.0
10.8
3.4
5.9
3.2
3.3
3.9
3.0
2.7
2.9

3.9
12.5
12.5
12.2
3.5
7.2
3.2
3.3
4.3
2.9
2.6
2.8

3.8
12.6
14.1
11.5
3.5
7.1
3.1
3.2
4.1
2.6
2.9
2.6

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,219
342
120
220
2,877
576
2,306
1,728
819
542
366
579

3,398
396
124
272
3,002
610
2,474
1,896
840
597
459
577

3,323
467
167
298
2,855
549
2,329
1,779
813
436
529
550

3.6
10.4
9.7
10.7
3.4
7.0
3.0
3.0
4.1
2.8
2.1
2.8

4.0
12.2
13.3
11.7
3.7
7.1
3.4
3.4
4.2
3.2
2.7
3.3

3.9
12.5
15.2
11.3
3.5
6.4
3.3
3.5
4.4
3.2
2.7
2.9

3.9
13.2
15.1
12.1
3.6
7.0
3.3
3.4
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.2

3.8
12.3
11.6
12.5
3.5
7.9
3.2
3.3
4.2
3.0
2.6
2.8

3.7
13.7
14.1
13.2
3.3
7.1
3.0
3.1
4.1
2.2
3.0
2.6

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,648
293
106
190
2,355
466
1,863
1,413
600
388
425
434

3,060
408
166
227
2,653
487
2,182
1,648
767
481
401
520

3,106
375
186
193
2,731
542
2,170
1,687
704
546
437
463

3.4
9.4
8.9
9.8
3.2
6.1
2.8
2.9
3.5
2.3
2.8
2.5

3.4
10.6
9.5
11.2
3.1
6.1
2.8
2.9
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.6

3.6
11.1
11.2
11.1
3.3
6.4
3.0
3.0
3.9
2.7
2.5
2.7

3.4
8.2
5.0
9.6
3.2
4.9
3.0
3.1
3.9
2.7
2.8
2.5

3.9
12.7
13.1
11.8
3.5
6.4
3.2
3.3
4.4
2.8
2.6
2.9

3.9
11.4
14.2
9.7
3.6
7.1
3.2
3.4
4.0
3.1
2.8
2.6

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

890
753
471

879
766
583

831
860
550

1.9
2.0
4.6

2.0
2.0
4.8

2.1
2.2
4.7

2.1
2.0
5.4

1.9
2.0
5.5

1.8
2.3
5.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,780
1,091

5,356
1,131

5,090
1,329

3.4
3.9

3.7
3.9

3.8
3.8

3.6
4.2

3.9
3.9

3.7
4.4

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

3,159
961
2,198
1,602
596
828
1,670
385

3,691
1,123
2,568
1,812
756
712
1,991
576

3,295
938
2,357
1,719
639
811
1,916
582

2,884
781
2,104
1,539
565
841
1,683
506

3,058
889
2,169
1,589
580
821
1,771
582

3,058
917
2,140
1,543
597
833
1,741
609

3,028
876
2,151
1,556
595
794
1,834
550

3,216
827
2,389
1,730
659
711
1,946
611

3,042
779
2,263
1,655
607
823
1,920
678

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

52.3
15.9
36.4
13.7
27.6
6.4

53.0
16.1
36.8
10.2
28.6
8.3

49.9
14.2
35.7
12.3
29.0
8.8

48.8
13.2
35.6
14.2
28.5
8.6

49.1
14.3
34.8
13.2
28.4
9.3

49.0
14.7
34.3
13.4
27.9
9.8

48.8
14.1
34.7
12.8
29.5
8.9

49.6
12.8
36.8
11.0
30.0
9.4

47.1
12.1
35.0
12.7
29.7
10.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

1.9
0.5
1.0
0.2

2.2
0.4
1.2
0.3

2.0
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.7
0.5
1.0
0.3

1.8
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.8
0.5
1.0
0.4

1.8
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.9
0.4
1.2
0.4

1.8
0.5
1.1
0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,978
1,891
2,173
1,007
1,167

2,198
2,370
2,402
1,113
1,288

1,909
2,141
2,554
1,195
1,359

2,279
1,765
1,847
797
1,050

2,069
2,060
2,150
931
1,220

2,191
1,791
2,350
1,104
1,245

2,140
1,848
2,144
867
1,277

2,326
1,933
2,176
974
1,203

2,189
1,979
2,228
982
1,246

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.1
9.6

20.6
9.2

22.3
10.7

19.5
8.4

19.5
9.0

22.3
9.7

20.8
9.6

20.9
9.3

21.6
9.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.7
31.3
36.0
16.7
19.3

31.5
34.0
34.5
16.0
18.5

28.9
32.4
38.7
18.1
20.6

38.7
30.0
31.4
13.5
17.8

33.0
32.8
34.2
14.8
19.4

34.6
28.3
37.1
17.4
19.7

34.9
30.1
35.0
14.1
20.8

36.1
30.0
33.8
15.1
18.7

34.2
30.9
34.8
15.3
19.5

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

160,741
70,651

161,356
70,786

6,043
1,368

6,604
1,580

3.6
1.9

3.9
2.2

30,285
40,366
25,600
30,361
14,447
15,913

30,519
40,267
26,127
29,800
14,142
15,658

647
721
1,242
1,138
552
586

717
863
1,241
1,288
700
588

2.1
1.8
4.6
3.6
3.7
3.6

2.3
2.1
4.5
4.1
4.7
3.6

14,003
797
8,415
4,792

14,347
868
8,540
4,939

808
70
601
137

794
100
579
116

5.5
8.1
6.7
2.8

5.2
10.3
6.3
2.3

20,125
8,405
11,721

20,297
8,330
11,967

1,101
384
718

1,112
389
724

5.2
4.4
5.8

5.2
4.5
5.7

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

6,043
4,842
36
598
459
257
202
846
390
84
189
744
604
684
208
108
372
334

6,604
5,201
17
570
469
311
158
939
401
96
225
826
611
746
300
105
372
343

3.6
3.7
6.5
5.6
2.9
2.5
3.6
4.4
4.6
3.1
1.8
3.9
2.4
5.0
3.3
7.4
1.7
3.3

3.9
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.0
3.1
2.9
4.8
4.9
3.6
2.2
4.4
2.3
5.5
4.4
7.1
1.7
3.3

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Nov.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.1

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.9

2.2

2.0

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.8

3.6

4.2

3.9

3.5

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.9

3.8

3.8

4.4

4.1

3.7

4.0

3.9

3.9

4.1

4.0

4.3

5.1

4.7

4.3

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

6.8

7.8

7.4

6.7

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.3

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Mar.
2023

Men
Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Women
Mar.
2024

Mar.
2023

Mar.
2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

99,489
4,646
1,190
303
887

99,924
5,110
1,439
286
1,152

41,192
2,314
638
202
436

41,713
2,552
835
195
640

58,297
2,332
552
100
452

58,211
2,557
604
91
512

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,137
5.1
4,649
1,976
395
1,034

8,637
5.4
5,055
2,080
380
1,051

4,031
4.7
2,511
717
230
527

4,203
4.9
2,662
703
257
531

4,106
5.5
2,138
1,259
166
507

4,435
5.8
2,394
1,377
122
520

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

154,253
131,367
21,218

155,432
132,430
21,313

156,559
133,112
21,401

157,218
133,647
21,527

155,206
132,600
21,508

157,560
134,424
21,753

157,830
134,631
21,770

158,133
134,863
21,812

Change
from:
Feb.2024 Mar.2024p
303
232
42

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

628
43.9
584.1
115.5
183.3
42.7
43.3

628
41.8
586.6
118.8
183.7
42.7
43.3

632
41.8
590.0
118.2
184.4
42.9
43.4

639
41.6
597.8
118.7
186.0
42.9
42.8

635
44.8
589.9
116.2
187.1
42.7
43.4

641
41.9
598.8
119.6
189.1
42.8
43.5

642
41.9
600.3
119.2
189.2
42.9
43.4

645
42.4
602.9
119.5
189.5
42.8
43.0

3
0.5
2.6
0.3
0.3
-0.1
-0.4

97.3
285.3

97.7
284.1

98.1
287.4

100.3
293.1

101.0
286.6

102.8
290.1

103.0
291.9

103.7
293.9

0.7
2.0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

7,701
1,762.1
907.5
854.6
1,043.8
4,894.6
2,277.9
2,616.7

7,804
1,800.4
911.6
888.8
1,032.4
4,971.4
2,305.2
2,666.2

7,860
1,808.9
914.9
894.0
1,056.3
4,995.0
2,316.1
2,678.9

7,976
1,823.3
923.8
899.5
1,088.0
5,064.4
2,339.1
2,725.3

7,941
1,796.2
925.5
870.7
1,108.8
5,035.8
2,344.4
2,691.4

8,146
1,843.1
935.1
908.0
1,135.1
5,167.9
2,398.3
2,769.6

8,172
1,848.2
935.6
912.6
1,144.7
5,179.4
2,398.7
2,780.7

8,211
1,856.0
941.1
914.9
1,150.7
5,204.6
2,407.6
2,797.0

39
7.8
5.5
2.3
6.0
25.2
8.9
16.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . .
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

12,889

12,881

12,909

12,912

12,932

12,966

12,956

12,956

0

8,054
419.6

8,104
411.5

8,120
413.0

8,124
414.4

8,074
420.6

8,144
414.2

8,141
415.2

8,145
415.6

4
0.4

414.5
373.7
1,444.4
1,129.3

412.0
370.1
1,462.7
1,136.3

411.3
370.1
1,470.4
1,135.4

414.1
369.2
1,468.9
1,131.4

420.9
373.5
1,445.9
1,131.9

421.5
371.6
1,467.9
1,138.3

420.1
370.5
1,472.0
1,136.4

420.8
369.3
1,471.3
1,133.9

0.7
-1.2
-0.7
-2.5

1,102.4

1,104.3

1,103.4

1,101.2

1,106.2

1,108.8

1,106.5

1,104.8

-1.7

162.7

162.9

161.2

159.7

163.8

162.7

161.6

160.8

-0.8

85.1

86.1

86.2

85.7

85.0

86.5

86.4

85.7

-0.7

395.6

391.9

391.5

391.4

396.5

393.9

392.8

392.1

-0.7

428.4

433.1

434.1

433.9

429.9

434.9

434.8

435.3

0.5

30.6

30.3

30.4

30.5

31.1

30.8

30.8

30.9

0.1

414.6
1,764.5
1,025.4

410.2
1,829.7
1,060.6

412.5
1,831.8
1,062.0

410.9
1,841.4
1,070.5

415.1
1,766.2
1,025.0

411.4
1,836.1
1,065.3

413.8
1,832.0
1,063.4

411.7
1,843.4
1,069.9

-2.1
11.4
6.5

363.5
627.5

345.3
622.2

346.7
625.4

345.6
626.6

363.6
629.6

347.2
626.8

347.1
627.6

345.8
628.7

-1.3
1.1

4,835
1,718.7
91.9
101.6
90.7
362.4
374.6

4,777
1,719.2
88.3
95.8
86.2
350.4
364.0

4,789
1,725.4
89.1
95.5
85.7
350.6
363.3

4,788
1,721.1
89.1
94.5
83.2
351.8
364.7

4,858
1,728.2
92.3
101.1
91.0
361.5
376.0

4,822
1,731.5
89.3
95.6
86.9
351.0
367.2

4,815
1,730.9
89.9
95.4
86.0
350.3
365.7

4,811
1,730.7
89.3
94.2
83.9
350.7
365.8

-4
-0.2
-0.6
-1.2
-2.1
0.4
0.1

105.0
898.5

105.7
892.7

107.1
895.6

108.1
900.2

108.1
898.5

110.4
896.6

110.8
895.1

110.8
899.5

0.0
4.4

741.6

725.6

725.6

725.9

741.8

729.5

727.9

726.8

-1.1

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Change
from:
Feb.2024 Mar.2024p

Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

350.4

349.5

350.9

349.7

359.5

363.6

362.9

359.4

-3.5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

110,149

111,117

111,711

112,120

111,092

112,671

112,861

113,051

190

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,553

28,795

28,687

28,703

28,819

28,874

28,920

28,947

27

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . .
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . .

6,072.1
3,374.0
2,189.1
509.0

6,109.3
3,406.1
2,195.8
507.4

6,114.5
3,408.1
2,198.4
508.0

6,135.2
3,411.7
2,212.1
511.4

6,096.2
3,381.3
2,203.0
511.9

6,152.8
3,421.3
2,220.7
510.8

6,149.9
3,417.8
2,221.2
510.9

6,158.4
3,418.6
2,225.5
514.3

8.5
0.8
4.3
3.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. .
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . .
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . .
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . .
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . .

15,390.8
2,018.4
1,264.4
175.1

15,573.0
2,049.3
1,286.4
163.9

15,482.9
2,056.5
1,287.9
165.5

15,491.4
2,064.8
1,294.1
168.5

15,579.6
2,026.0
1,265.7
179.0

15,619.3
2,071.3
1,294.1
174.0

15,642.3
2,072.6
1,291.7
173.2

15,659.9
2,073.5
1,295.7
172.9

17.6
0.9
4.0
-0.3

578.9

599.0

603.1

602.2

581.3

603.2

607.6

604.9

-2.7

1,409.5
3,210.9

1,339.0
3,239.7

1,339.7
3,254.9

1,358.8
3,243.1

1,411.6
3,231.0

1,381.4
3,251.6

1,374.2
3,257.7

1,364.7
3,260.7

-9.5
3.0

857.5
437.3
420.2
3,154.9
935.1

836.2
431.7
404.5
3,248.0
964.8

825.8
425.4
400.4
3,213.0
940.0

821.6
423.5
398.1
3,222.9
940.3

860.9
437.0
423.9
3,222.3
973.3

830.3
426.3
404.1
3,230.8
950.3

826.0
423.8
402.2
3,252.5
961.1

824.6
423.0
401.6
3,272.6
968.8

-1.4
-0.8
-0.6
20.1
7.7

2,219.8
1,093.7
1,034.9

2,283.2
1,104.8
1,062.2

2,273.0
1,098.9
1,063.3

2,282.6
1,087.5
1,066.7

2,248.9
1,095.3
1,045.8

2,280.5
1,091.5
1,071.8

2,291.4
1,093.9
1,074.5

2,303.8
1,090.2
1,076.8

12.4
-3.7
2.3

1,122.0

1,167.4

1,116.1

1,110.8

1,156.6

1,146.2

1,144.0

1,143.9

-0.1

1,489.0

1,526.4

1,514.7

1,515.2

1,530.1

1,544.4

1,546.9

1,552.9

6.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,519.4
542.1
152.3
65.8
1,551.6

6,528.6
564.4
153.0
69.6
1,528.9

6,504.1
568.1
153.6
69.5
1,526.1

6,489.4
571.4
153.6
72.3
1,532.2

6,571.9
542.5
152.1
67.9
1,577.5

6,516.8
569.0
153.0
72.5
1,552.6

6,539.3
572.1
153.3
72.8
1,553.8

6,540.5
572.5
153.4
74.3
1,558.9

1.2
0.4
0.1
1.5
5.1

442.3
52.1
24.6
819.6
1,047.3
1,821.7

438.8
52.8
25.8
833.6
1,085.2
1,776.5

445.6
53.1
26.7
837.0
1,053.0
1,771.4

445.7
53.2
26.8
839.2
1,031.2
1,763.8

428.7
52.0
29.4
820.2
1,082.1
1,819.5

430.1
53.1
31.2
835.1
1,052.9
1,767.3

431.9
53.0
31.7
838.3
1,069.7
1,762.7

432.0
53.1
31.0
839.8
1,068.3
1,757.2

0.1
0.1
-0.7
1.5
-1.4
-5.5

588.0

-0.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

570.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,036

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

583.6
2,976

585.4
2,997

587.1
2,997

571.6
3,054

585.3
3,020

588.4
3,017

3,017

0

410.3
949.0
352.0
656.3

411.6
921.2
340.8
631.3

428.7
919.0
345.2
631.9

427.4
923.4
341.7
631.0

422.9
954.5
351.4
655.0

441.7
927.9
343.4
633.7

441.0
927.0
343.8
631.2

438.4
931.5
341.5
629.8

-2.6
4.5
-2.3
-1.4

482.7

494.2

494.3

495.4

484.1

494.9

495.0

497.4

2.4

186.1

177.2

177.4

177.6

186.3

178.5

178.5

178.0

-0.5

9,094
6,690.6
22.5

9,177
6,716.6
22.5

9,169
6,709.9
22.5

9,166
6,707.0
22.5

9,150
6,704.7
22.6

9,229
6,731.9
22.6

9,223
6,723.5
22.6

9,226
6,723.7
22.6

3
0.2
0.0

2,636.7

2,598.4

2,592.3

2,588.9

2,639.2

2,600.0

2,591.9

2,590.9

-1.0

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Change
from:
Feb.2024 Mar.2024p

1,804.5
1,400.8
537.5
294.7

1,782.8
1,373.8
530.2
285.4

1,782.3
1,374.3
525.0
285.0

1,781.6
1,372.4
522.3
285.0

1,803.7
1,399.6
540.1
295.5

1,783.3
1,374.7
530.9
285.8

1,780.9
1,372.1
526.7
284.4

1,780.7
1,371.0
524.7
285.5

-0.2
-1.1
-2.0
1.1

1,084.1
2,947.3
2,403.7
1,824.1
557.1

1,105.0
2,990.7
2,460.4
1,857.1
580.4

1,103.0
2,992.1
2,458.6
1,858.0
577.5

1,103.3
2,992.3
2,458.7
1,858.3
577.3

1,091.1
2,951.8
2,445.3
1,849.1
573.3

1,111.8
2,997.5
2,497.3
1,876.4
597.5

1,110.6
2,998.4
2,499.2
1,878.7
597.1

1,112.1
2,998.1
2,502.2
1,883.4
595.3

1.5
-0.3
3.0
4.7
-1.8

23.5

0.1

Credit intermediation and related Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

22.5

22.9

23.1

23.1

22.9

23.4

23.4

22,552

22,549

22,693

22,718

22,797

22,930

22,947

22,954

7

10,727.0
1,171.0

10,917.6
1,181.4

10,986.5
1,185.6

10,961.8
1,177.1

10,732.8
1,179.1

10,956.4
1,187.7

10,970.5
1,190.0

10,979.0
1,187.0

8.5
-3.0

1,219.6

1,195.3

1,236.1

1,240.6

1,139.0

1,162.4

1,162.5

1,162.7

0.2

1,625.7
150.9

1,660.5
154.2

1,667.5
153.4

1,665.5
151.0

1,648.8
153.0

1,683.0
156.2

1,690.7
154.9

1,689.7
153.3

-1.0
-1.6

2,459.7

2,524.2

2,530.7

2,513.9

2,481.1

2,528.9

2,533.0

2,537.1

4.1

1,830.9

1,877.6

1,882.3

1,878.9

1,846.2

1,890.3

1,891.2

1,896.3

5.1

919.5

945.6

947.3

949.1

926.2

953.9

952.8

956.0

3.2

500.2

514.5

517.7

518.6

502.3

520.4

520.0

520.9

0.9

849.5
2,545.0

864.3
2,548.0

865.9
2,555.6

867.1
2,549.4

857.1
2,553.8

873.8
2,556.2

875.4
2,563.0

876.0
2,558.3

0.6
-4.7

9,279.8
8,789.8
607.6
167.0
3,639.9
2,876.6
749.0

9,083.6
8,578.7
627.8
173.3
3,434.8
2,668.3
720.9

9,151.3
8,644.7
629.0
175.4
3,482.4
2,718.6
716.3

9,206.4
8,698.6
629.7
175.3
3,480.7
2,710.2
709.4

9,510.5
9,014.1
613.2
167.2
3,714.3
2,940.4
754.8

9,417.0
8,903.4
634.3
173.7
3,546.5
2,772.0
719.1

9,413.1
8,900.3
635.4
174.7
3,535.7
2,760.1
716.9

9,416.8
8,903.0
636.7
174.9
3,536.0
2,758.8
714.8

3.7
2.7
1.3
0.2
0.3
-1.3
-2.1

183.6
992.6
2,118.7
331.4

194.3
1,005.3
2,088.1
334.2

194.3
1,013.7
2,096.0
337.6

194.9
1,013.0
2,156.5
339.1

185.9
997.8
2,244.9
336.0

197.2
1,016.3
2,273.2
343.2

197.3
1,020.9
2,274.5
344.9

197.3
1,018.3
2,281.2
343.7

0.0
-2.6
6.7
-1.2

490.0

504.9

506.6

507.8

496.4

513.6

512.8

513.8

1.0

25,133
3,931.5
21,201.7
16,705.1
8,340.0
2,872.6
1,018.0
1,134.3
1,056.3
317.9
1,595.3

25,748
3,763.6
21,983.9
17,292.9
8,620.6
2,984.5
1,027.3
1,176.6
1,077.5
322.2
1,681.8

26,119
4,003.0
22,115.6
17,386.5
8,678.7
2,996.1
1,030.2
1,192.4
1,075.3
323.3
1,707.2

26,205
4,014.4
22,190.2
17,453.9
8,702.8
2,996.7
1,031.0
1,191.5
1,078.4
322.6
1,725.4

25,030
3,793.8
21,236.0
16,742.3
8,356.5
2,879.8
1,022.1
1,138.3
1,054.1
318.7
1,598.7

25,931
3,869.7
22,061.5
17,354.1
8,659.9
2,992.7
1,030.8
1,185.9
1,076.2
322.7
1,699.4

26,013
3,866.2
22,146.9
17,418.3
8,691.2
3,001.0
1,034.5
1,191.5
1,073.3
323.1
1,713.0

26,101
3,872.3
22,228.2
17,490.6
8,718.7
3,006.1
1,035.3
1,195.6
1,077.1
323.5
1,724.7

88
6.1
81.3
72.3
27.5
5.1
0.8
4.1
3.8
0.4
11.7

345.6
5,270.4

350.7
5,451.8

354.2
5,477.8

357.2
5,506.6

344.9
5,277.9

352.2
5,462.2

354.7
5,487.3

356.4
5,514.4

1.7
27.1

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Change
from:
Feb.2024 Mar.2024p

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,094.7
1,388.3

3,220.5
1,447.1

3,230.0
1,447.5

3,244.5
1,453.7

3,107.9
1,397.5

3,232.0
1,450.9

3,239.8
1,453.3

3,257.5
1,462.8

17.7
9.5

623.2

651.3

657.5

659.1

625.0

655.4

659.4

661.6

2.2

927.5
155.7
4,496.6
2,966.9

963.7
158.4
4,691.0
3,127.2

965.7
159.3
4,729.1
3,153.4

970.3
161.4
4,736.3
3,159.8

929.4
156.1
4,493.7
2,970.4

966.4
159.3
4,707.4
3,137.3

967.7
159.4
4,728.6
3,154.8

971.8
161.4
4,737.6
3,164.0

4.1
2.0
9.0
9.2

216.3
278.0
1,035.4

223.3
283.4
1,057.1

225.5
286.1
1,064.1

225.1
287.5
1,063.9

215.1
279.1
1,029.1

224.0
287.4
1,058.7

224.4
288.1
1,061.3

224.2
288.1
1,061.3

-0.2
0.0
0.0

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

16,031
2,292.8

16,076
2,372.4

16,225
2,403.6

16,473
2,477.5

16,447
2,461.1

16,813
2,618.4

16,856
2,629.8

16,905
2,647.3

49
17.5

511.0

552.8

571.7

592.9

545.6

618.9

620.9

627.9

7.0

160.7

163.5

163.7

169.6

169.4

177.0

177.5

178.4

0.9

1,621.1
13,738.3
1,806.7
11,931.6

1,656.1
13,703.8
1,821.5
11,882.3

1,668.2
13,821.2
1,829.4
11,991.8

1,715.0
13,995.0
1,855.2
12,139.8

1,746.1
13,986.2
1,880.1
12,106.1

1,822.5
14,194.8
1,923.7
12,271.1

1,831.4
14,226.3
1,926.7
12,299.6

1,841.0
14,257.8
1,929.9
12,327.9

9.6
31.5
3.2
28.3

5,750
1,429.2
1,511.5

5,796
1,457.7
1,524.0

5,821
1,461.4
1,530.8

5,858
1,473.1
1,540.2

5,795
1,437.2
1,524.9

5,874
1,475.9
1,546.9

5,885
1,477.8
1,549.3

5,901
1,482.0
1,554.0

16
4.2
4.7

Industry

Health care - Continued

1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,809.4

2,813.8

2,829.0

2,844.7

2,832.6

2,851.3

2,857.6

2,865.4

7.8

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

22,886
2,884
2,280.2
603.5
5,374
2,682.1
2,691.7
14,628
8,204.7
6,422.8

23,002
2,958
2,353.5
604.8
5,321
2,561.1
2,759.6
14,723
8,159.3
6,563.3

23,447
2,972
2,364.9
607.1
5,555
2,785.6
2,769.0
14,920
8,318.2
6,601.3

23,571
2,980
2,371.6
608.2
5,582
2,804.1
2,777.5
15,009
8,357.1
6,651.9

22,606
2,900
2,296.0
603.6
5,249
2,549.8
2,699.0
14,457
7,930.7
6,526.1

23,136
2,974
2,368.1
605.9
5,420
2,644.4
2,775.6
14,742
8,047.6
6,694.0

23,199
2,984
2,377.3
606.3
5,431
2,648.9
2,781.7
14,784
8,061.7
6,722.5

23,270
2,993
2,386.3
607.1
5,444
2,659.0
2,784.8
14,833
8,079.6
6,753.3

71
9
9.0
0.8
13
10.1
3.1
49
17.9
30.8

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.4
39.9
45.7
38.9
40.2
40.7
39.5
33.4
34.0
38.8
30.1
38.2
42.4
36.4
37.4
36.5
33.4
25.4
32.2

34.2
39.5
44.6
38.5
39.8
40.3
39.1
33.1
33.6
38.9
29.4
38.1
42.2
36.3
37.3
36.3
33.2
25.3
32.2

34.3
39.7
45.1
38.9
40.0
40.5
39.1
33.3
33.9
39.1
29.8
38.0
42.1
36.4
37.5
36.4
33.3
25.6
32.3

34.4
39.9
45.4
39.3
40.0
40.5
39.2
33.3
34.0
39.1
29.8
38.4
42.1
36.5
37.6
36.5
33.2
25.5
32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.0
3.2
2.8

2.8
2.9
2.7

3.0
3.1
2.7

2.9
3.0
2.7

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$33.31
33.56
37.28
35.99
31.91
33.45
29.28
33.25
28.69
36.38
23.67
28.83
49.37
48.21
42.75
39.99
32.89
20.98
29.93

$34.51
35.09
39.10
37.60
33.35
35.15
30.23
34.38
29.72
37.29
24.24
30.46
50.78
49.14
44.78
41.43
33.78
21.67
31.15

$34.57
35.16
39.34
37.60
33.43
35.25
30.24
34.44
29.76
37.37
24.33
30.48
50.77
49.25
44.99
41.51
33.84
21.79
31.18

$34.69
35.36
39.10
37.80
33.63
35.49
30.38
34.54
29.85
37.61
24.35
30.55
50.81
49.48
45.23
41.68
33.83
21.90
31.06

$1,145.86
1,339.04
1,703.70
1,400.01
1,282.78
1,361.42
1,156.56
1,110.55
975.46
1,411.54
712.47
1,101.31
2,093.29
1,754.84
1,598.85
1,459.64
1,098.53
532.89
963.75

$1,180.24
1,386.06
1,743.86
1,447.60
1,327.33
1,416.55
1,181.99
1,137.98
998.59
1,450.58
712.66
1,160.53
2,142.92
1,783.78
1,670.29
1,503.91
1,121.50
548.25
1,003.03

$1,185.75
1,395.85
1,774.23
1,462.64
1,337.20
1,427.63
1,182.38
1,146.85
1,008.86
1,461.17
725.03
1,158.24
2,137.42
1,792.70
1,687.13
1,510.96
1,126.87
557.82
1,007.11

$1,193.34
1,410.86
1,775.14
1,485.54
1,345.20
1,437.35
1,190.90
1,150.18
1,014.90
1,470.55
725.63
1,173.12
2,139.10
1,806.02
1,700.65
1,521.32
1,123.16
558.45
1,003.24

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Feb.
2024 Mar.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114.5
97.8
91.2
106.5
93.5
92.5
95.8
119.5
107.1
104.3
95.4
144.2
104.9
101.5
112.1
130.2
136.5
119.2
107.6

115.4
97.9
89.8
108.1
92.8
92.4
94.1
120.1
106.0
105.6
93.5
142.7
106.9
100.1
112.8
130.2
140.6
121.4
109.1

115.9
98.5
91.0
109.6
93.2
92.8
94.0
121.0
107.1
106.1
94.9
142.8
107.2
100.3
113.3
130.7
141.4
123.1
109.6

116.5
99.2
92.0
111.2
93.2
92.9
94.1
121.2
107.5
106.2
95.0
144.3
107.1
100.6
113.6
131.1
141.5
123.0
109.9

0.5
0.7
1.1
1.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.1
-0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
-0.1
0.3

1

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Feb.
2024 Mar.
2024p

182.4
148.3
136.5
166.5
138.8
137.4
142.3
193.1
165.6
158.8
149.4
211.6
171.0
174.3
186.9
210.9
216.0
201.8
176.5

190.4
155.3
141.0
176.6
144.0
144.2
144.4
200.6
169.9
164.7
149.8
221.1
179.3
175.2
197.0
218.5
228.4
212.2
186.2

191.6
156.5
143.7
179.0
144.9
145.3
144.2
202.5
171.9
165.8
152.6
221.4
179.8
175.9
198.8
219.7
230.3
216.4
187.3

193.2
158.5
144.4
182.7
145.8
146.4
145.1
203.5
173.1
167.1
152.9
224.3
179.8
177.2
200.5
221.3
230.3
217.3
187.1

0.8
1.3
0.5
2.1
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.2
1.3
0.0
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.0
0.4
-0.1

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

77,301
64,109
4,958
82
1,121
3,755
2,006
1,749
59,151
11,340
1,875.6
7,529.8
1,784.8
149.7
1,228
5,087
10,504
19,243
8,664
3,085
13,192

78,587
65,072
5,020
85
1,161
3,774
2,026
1,748
60,052
11,274
1,872.1
7,516.8
1,730.0
155.3
1,221
5,137
10,537
19,919
8,833
3,131
13,515

78,689
65,140
5,008
86
1,163
3,759
2,022
1,737
60,132
11,260
1,868.0
7,509.6
1,726.8
156.0
1,215
5,135
10,561
19,984
8,837
3,140
13,549

78,847
65,257
5,009
87
1,164
3,758
2,022
1,736
60,248
11,261
1,870.9
7,514.8
1,719.4
155.4
1,215
5,133
10,571
20,064
8,855
3,149
13,590

49.8
48.3
23.1
12.9
14.1
29.0
24.8
36.0
53.2
39.3
30.8
48.3
27.2
26.2
40.2
55.6
46.1
76.9
52.7
53.2
58.4

49.9
48.4
23.1
13.3
14.3
29.1
24.9
36.3
53.3
39.0
30.4
48.1
26.5
26.5
40.4
55.7
46.0
76.8
52.5
53.3
58.4

49.9
48.4
23.0
13.4
14.2
29.0
24.8
36.1
53.3
38.9
30.4
48.0
26.4
26.5
40.3
55.7
46.0
76.8
52.4
53.4
58.4

49.9
48.4
23.0
13.5
14.2
29.0
24.8
36.1
53.3
38.9
30.4
48.0
26.3
26.4
40.3
55.6
46.1
76.9
52.4
53.4
58.4

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

107,954
15,433
482
5,853
9,098
5,606
3,492
92,521
24,285
4,833.6
13,254.5
5,743.1
453.9
2,436
6,892
18,065
21,774
14,356
4,713

109,430
15,540
501
5,971
9,068
5,582
3,486
93,890
24,355
4,861.5
13,357.1
5,669.6
466.7
2,432
6,948
18,082
22,600
14,699
4,774

109,606
15,535
504
5,977
9,054
5,572
3,482
94,071
24,394
4,853.2
13,364.8
5,706.1
469.9
2,425
6,957
18,097
22,678
14,740
4,780

109,815
15,564
509
6,010
9,045
5,567
3,478
94,251
24,411
4,859.1
13,379.6
5,703.8
468.6
2,418
6,963
18,115
22,760
14,794
4,790

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

33.9
40.5
47.7
39.6
40.6
40.9
40.3
32.7
34.0
38.8
30.3
37.8
42.7
36.0
37.2
36.3
32.6
24.2
31.2

33.6
39.9
46.9
38.9
40.2
40.4
39.9
32.5
33.8
38.8
30.1
37.6
42.4
35.8
36.8
36.1
32.4
24.0
31.1

33.8
40.4
47.6
39.6
40.6
40.9
40.1
32.7
33.9
39.2
30.2
37.5
42.3
35.7
36.9
36.3
32.5
24.3
31.3

33.9
40.7
47.6
40.1
40.7
40.9
40.2
32.7
34.0
39.1
30.2
37.8
42.5
36.0
37.0
36.4
32.5
24.4
31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.6
3.8
3.4

3.5
3.4
3.6

3.6
3.6
3.5

3.6
3.6
3.5

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$28.58
29.14
33.71
33.76
25.95
27.08
24.12
28.46
25.01
30.17
20.38
27.45
43.71
39.16
33.38
33.82
29.97
18.33
25.68

$29.64
30.57
36.11
35.30
27.21
28.53
25.05
29.45
25.78
30.94
20.75
28.94
44.88
40.55
35.03
34.96
30.83
19.22
26.99

$29.72
30.68
36.55
35.24
27.36
28.74
25.11
29.53
25.88
31.05
20.81
29.10
44.64
40.40
35.24
35.03
30.96
19.27
27.00

$29.79
30.84
36.21
35.42
27.48
28.93
25.11
29.57
25.96
31.17
20.92
29.06
44.96
40.72
35.41
35.19
30.86
19.28
26.83

$968.86
1,180.17
1,607.97
1,336.90
1,053.57
1,107.57
972.04
930.64
850.34
1,170.60
617.51
1,037.61
1,866.42
1,409.76
1,241.74
1,227.67
977.02
443.59
801.22

$995.90
1,219.74
1,693.56
1,373.17
1,093.84
1,152.61
999.50
957.13
871.36
1,200.47
624.58
1,088.14
1,902.91
1,451.69
1,289.10
1,262.06
998.89
461.28
839.39

$1,004.54
1,239.47
1,739.78
1,395.50
1,110.82
1,175.47
1,006.91
965.63
877.33
1,217.16
628.46
1,091.25
1,888.27
1,442.28
1,300.36
1,271.59
1,006.20
468.26
845.10

$1,009.88
1,255.19
1,723.60
1,420.34
1,118.44
1,183.24
1,009.42
966.94
882.64
1,218.75
631.78
1,098.47
1,910.80
1,465.92
1,310.17
1,280.92
1,002.95
470.43
842.46

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Feb.
2024 Mar.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122.0
95.5
122.2
116.1
84.8
86.1
82.9
128.9
115.6
111.3
101.8
164.3
99.1
100.1
120.7
146.4
151.3
127.3
103.1

122.5
94.8
124.9
116.3
83.7
84.7
82.0
130.0
115.2
111.9
101.9
161.3
101.2
99.4
120.3
145.7
156.1
129.2
104.1

123.5
95.9
127.5
118.5
84.4
85.6
82.3
131.1
115.8
112.9
102.3
161.9
101.7
98.8
120.8
146.6
157.1
131.2
104.9

124.1
96.8
128.7
120.7
84.5
85.5
82.4
131.3
116.2
112.8
102.4
163.2
101.9
99.4
121.3
147.2
157.7
132.2
105.5

0.5
0.9
0.9
1.9
0.1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.6

1

Mar.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024p

Mar.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Feb.
2024 Mar.
2024p

232.9
170.4
239.5
211.6
143.9
145.6
141.3
251.6
206.6
198.2
177.9
287.1
180.8
194.1
247.8
294.5
299.4
264.9
193.0

242.7
177.4
262.2
221.7
148.9
150.9
145.1
262.6
212.3
204.4
181.4
297.2
189.6
199.5
259.3
303.0
317.7
282.0
204.8

245.2
180.2
271.0
225.5
151.0
153.6
146.0
265.5
214.1
206.9
182.6
300.0
189.4
197.6
261.9
305.5
321.1
287.1
206.4

247.0
182.8
271.1
230.8
151.9
154.5
146.2
266.3
215.5
207.4
183.8
301.8
191.1
200.3
264.2
308.1
321.2
289.5
206.2

0.7
1.4
0.0
2.4
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.9
1.4
0.9
0.9
0.0
0.8
-0.1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.