Full text of The Employment Situation : March 1999
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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 99-81 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, April 2, 1999. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MARCH 1999 Employment was little changed in March, and the unemployment rate declined to 4.2 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by only 46,000. Employment rose in most service-producing industries, but unseasonably cold weather contributed to job losses in construction. Manufacturing and mining employment continued to decline. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) Both the number of unemployed persons, 5.8 million, and the unemployment rate, 4.2 percent, decreased in March. From April 1998 through February 1999, the rate had been in the 4.3- to 4.5-percent range. The jobless rate for adult men dropped to 3.2 percent in March. Unemployment rates for whites (3.6 percent) and Hispanics (5.8 percent) also decreased, while rates for other major demographic groups--adult women (3.9 percent), teenagers (14.3 percent), and blacks (8.1 percent)--were little changed. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Among the major educational attainment categories, the unemployment rate for persons 25 years and over with less than a high school diploma fell to 6.1 percent in March. Jobless rates for high school graduates with no college experience (3.4 percent), persons with college experience but no bachelor's degree (2.8 percent), and college graduates (1.9 percent) showed little or no change. (See table A-3.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was essentially unchanged in March at 133.0 million, seasonally adjusted. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 64.3 percent, little changed over the month. (See table A-1.) The civilian labor force decreased to 138.8 million, seasonally adjusted. The labor force participation rate was 67.0 percent in March, down from 67.3 percent a month earlier. (See table A-1.) About 8.0 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in March. These multiple jobholders made up 6.1 percent of the total employed, the same share as a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in March. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. - 2 Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| Feb.Category | 1998 | 1999 1/| 1999 1/ | Mar. |________|________|________ _________________|change | IV | I | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 138,285| 139,144| 139,347| 139,271| 138,816| -455 Employment..........| 132,166| 133,191| 133,396| 133,144| 133,033| -111 Unemployment........| 6,120| 5,953| 5,950| 6,127| 5,783| -344 Not in labor force....| 67,813| 67,732| 67,372| 67,602| 68,220| 618 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.4| 4.3| 4.3| 4.4| 4.2| -0.2 Adult men...........| 3.6| 3.4| 3.4| 3.7| 3.2| -.5 Adult women.........| 4.0| 3.8| 3.7| 3.8| 3.9| .1 Teenagers...........| 14.9| 14.6| 15.5| 14.1| 14.3| .2 White...............| 3.8| 3.7| 3.8| 3.8| 3.6| -.2 Black...............| 8.4| 8.0| 7.8| 8.3| 8.1| -.2 Hispanic origin.....| 7.4| 6.4| 6.6| 6.7| 5.8| -.9 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 126,816|p127,548| 127,335|p127,632|p127,678| p46 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,221| p25,235| 25,251| p25,271| p25,182| p-89 Construction......| 6,072| p6,207| 6,170| p6,249| p6,202| p-47 Manufacturing.....| 18,588| p18,488| 18,534| p18,483| p18,448| p-35 Service-producing 2/| 101,596|p102,314| 102,084|p102,361|p102,496| p135 Retail trade......| 22,658| p22,805| 22,755| p22,836| p22,825| p-11 Services..........| 38,031| p38,359| 38,245| p38,369| p38,464| p95 Government........| 19,985| p20,087| 20,045| p20,098| p20,118| p20 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.6| p34.5| 34.5| p34.6| p34.5| p-0.1 Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.6| 41.6| p41.6| p41.6| p.0 Overtime..........| 4.5| p4.5| 4.6| p4.5| p4.5| p.0 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 146.0| p146.7| 146.4| p147.2| p146.5| p-0.7 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.94| p$13.06| $13.03| p$13.06| p$13.09| p$0.03 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 447.29| p451.01| 449.54| p451.88| p451.61| p-.27 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1999, household data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--was 295,000 in March. (See table A-10.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by only 46,000 in March, to 127.7 million, seasonally adjusted. Over the prior 4 months, job gains had averaged 276,000 a month. (See table B-1.) Construction employment dropped by 47,000, seasonally adjusted, in March, after increasing by 268,000 over the prior 5 months. Relatively mild weather had helped bolster employment in the winter months. As a result, there was less need for seasonal hiring in March. In addition, unusually cold weather in much of the country during the March survey reference period further slowed hiring. Most of the over-the-month declines in construction employment, on a seasonally adjusted basis, were in outside activities such as heavy construction and the masonry, concrete, and roofing components of special trades. Manufacturing employment fell by 35,000 in March, continuing a downward trend that began a year earlier. In March, job reductions continued in industrial machinery (-14,000) and fabricated metals (-4,000). Over the past 12 months, manufacturing has lost 381,000 jobs. The largest over-theyear employment declines occurred in industrial machinery (-89,000), apparel (-83,000), and electrical equipment (-69,000). Employment in mining declined by 7,000 in March and has fallen by 55,000 over the year. While the declines have been concentrated in oil and gas extraction, the March drop was spread across all types of mining. Within the service-producing sector, employment in retail trade was little changed in March, after seasonal adjustment. Employment in eating and drinking places fell by 48,000, reflecting below-normal seasonal hiring. Other retail industries added jobs in March, including 14,000 in general merchandise stores and 9,000 each in furniture stores and miscellaneous retail establishments. The services industry added 95,000 jobs in March, slightly below the average monthly increase of 112,000 for the previous 12 months. Robust employment growth continued in engineering and management services. Computer services also grew, but the gain of 10,000 jobs in March fell short of the average monthly gain of 17,000 over the prior year. Help supply services added 13,000 jobs over the month; this industry has added 81,000 jobs since September, following a 7-month period with no net change. Over the month, employment in health services rose by 15,000, with gains occurring in doctors' offices and hospitals. Agricultural services employment declined by 8,000, after seasonal adjustment. This industry includes landscape and horticultural services, activities that likely were affected by the harsh weather conditions in early March. Employment in finance rose by 11,000 in March, as growth continued throughout most of its component industries. The insurance industry posted an increase of 6,000, in line with its recent trend. Real estate employment declined slightly for the second straight month; it had risen by 62,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment in transportation and public utilities increased by 8,000 in March, below the industry's average monthly growth of 14,000 over the prior year. Communications employment was essentially flat. Transportation added 11,000 jobs, largely in trucking. - 4 Wholesale trade employment rose by 9,000 in March, with increases split between durable and nondurable goods distribution. Within government, local education employment rose by 21,000 over the month. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged down 0.1 hour in March to 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek was 41.6 hours for the third straight month. Factory overtime, at 4.5 hours, was unchanged over the month. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.5 percent to 146.5 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was down 0.4 percent in March to 106.3. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 3 cents in March to $13.09, seasonally adjusted. This followed a 3-cent gain (as revised) in February. Average weekly earnings were $451.61 in March (seasonally adjusted), down less than 0.1 percent over the month. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.6 percent and average weekly earnings increased by 3.3 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for April 1999 is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication individuals are counted only once, even if the establishment survey, employees working appearing on more than one payroll would be appearance. of individuals, because they hold more than one job. In at more than one job and thus counted separately for each Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major agesex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. HOUSEHOLD DATA Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population.............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate........................ Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio............... Agriculture................................. Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate......................... Not in labor force.............................. 204,547 136,967 67.0 130,150 63.6 2,931 127,219 6,816 5.0 67,580 206,873 138,202 66.8 131,639 63.6 2,894 128,744 6,563 4.7 68,671 207,036 138,418 66.9 132,299 63.9 3,022 129,277 6,119 4.4 68,618 204,547 137,340 67.1 130,908 64.0 3,173 127,735 6,432 4.7 67,207 206,104 138,193 67.1 132,113 64.1 3,348 128,765 6,080 4.4 67,911 206,270 138,547 67.2 132,526 64.2 3,222 129,304 6,021 4.3 67,723 206,719 139,347 67.4 133,396 64.5 3,299 130,097 5,950 4.3 67,372 206,873 139,271 67.3 133,144 64.4 3,328 129,817 6,127 4.4 67,602 207,036 138,816 67.0 133,033 64.3 3,281 129,752 5,783 4.2 68,220 98,405 73,285 74.5 69,506 70.6 3,779 5.2 99,279 73,718 74.3 70,084 70.6 3,634 4.9 99,362 73,785 74.3 70,544 71.0 3,242 4.4 98,405 73,657 74.9 70,295 71.4 3,362 4.6 99,217 74,345 74.9 71,182 71.7 3,163 4.3 99,309 74,437 75.0 71,204 71.7 3,233 4.3 99,198 74,599 75.2 71,459 72.0 3,140 4.2 99,279 74,504 75.0 71,276 71.8 3,228 4.3 99,362 74,234 74.7 71,352 71.8 2,881 3.9 90,502 69,356 76.6 66,263 73.2 2,066 64,197 3,093 4.5 91,189 69,746 76.5 66,730 73.2 1,953 64,777 3,016 4.3 91,215 69,781 76.5 67,185 73.7 2,086 65,099 2,597 3.7 90,502 69,446 76.7 66,769 73.8 2,194 64,575 2,677 3.9 91,192 70,023 76.8 67,573 74.1 2,374 65,199 2,450 3.5 91,220 70,069 76.8 67,553 74.1 2,237 65,316 2,516 3.6 91,124 70,295 77.1 67,884 74.5 2,312 65,572 2,411 3.4 91,189 70,174 77.0 67,577 74.1 2,212 65,365 2,598 3.7 91,215 69,951 76.7 67,713 74.2 2,222 65,492 2,238 3.2 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate........................ Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate......................... Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate........................ Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio............... Agriculture................................. Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate......................... Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 106,141 107,593 107,674 106,141 106,887 106,960 107,521 107,593 107,674 Civilian labor force............................ 63,682 64,484 64,632 63,683 63,848 64,110 64,748 64,767 64,582 Participation rate........................ 60.0 59.9 60.0 60.0 59.7 59.9 60.2 60.2 60.0 Employed...................................... 60,644 61,555 61,755 60,613 60,931 61,322 61,937 61,869 61,680 Employment-population ratio............... 57.1 57.2 57.4 57.1 57.0 57.3 57.6 57.5 57.3 Unemployed.................................... 3,038 2,929 2,877 3,070 2,917 2,788 2,810 2,899 2,902 Unemployment rate......................... 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate........................ Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio............... Agriculture................................. Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate......................... 98,534 59,869 60.8 57,316 58.2 676 56,639 2,554 4.3 99,746 60,608 60.8 58,210 58.4 757 57,452 2,398 4.0 99,833 60,780 60.9 58,400 58.5 764 57,635 2,381 3.9 98,534 59,666 60.6 57,136 58.0 734 56,402 2,530 4.2 99,135 59,896 60.4 57,503 58.0 734 56,769 2,393 4.0 99,181 60,078 60.6 57,745 58.2 753 56,992 2,333 3.9 99,686 60,718 60.9 58,466 58.7 808 57,659 2,251 3.7 99,746 60,622 60.8 58,291 58.4 839 57,452 2,330 3.8 99,833 60,533 60.6 58,183 58.3 834 57,349 2,350 3.9 15,511 7,742 49.9 6,571 42.4 189 6,383 1,170 15.1 15,939 7,849 49.2 6,699 42.0 184 6,515 1,150 14.6 15,988 7,856 49.1 6,715 42.0 172 6,543 1,142 14.5 15,511 8,228 53.0 7,003 45.1 245 6,758 1,225 14.9 15,777 8,274 52.4 7,037 44.6 240 6,797 1,237 15.0 15,868 8,400 52.9 7,228 45.5 232 6,996 1,172 14.0 15,909 8,334 52.4 7,046 44.3 179 6,867 1,288 15.5 15,939 8,475 53.2 7,276 45.7 277 6,999 1,199 14.1 15,988 8,331 52.1 7,136 44.6 224 6,912 1,195 14.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate........................ Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio............... Agriculture................................. Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate......................... 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. HOUSEHOLD DATA Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 171,016 172,491 172,597 171,016 172,084 172,197 172,394 172,491 172,597 Civilian labor force............................ 114,822 115,821 115,866 115,184 115,687 115,996 116,529 116,610 116,284 Participation rate.......................... 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.4 67.2 67.4 67.6 67.6 67.4 Employed...................................... 109,842 110,949 111,414 110,556 111,304 111,560 112,135 112,189 112,144 Employment-population ratio................. 64.2 64.3 64.6 64.6 64.7 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.0 Unemployed.................................... 4,980 4,873 4,451 4,628 4,383 4,436 4,394 4,420 4,140 Unemployment rate........................... 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... 59,084 77.0 56,751 73.9 2,333 3.9 59,443 77.0 57,078 74.0 2,365 4.0 59,541 77.1 57,546 74.5 1,995 3.4 59,179 77.1 57,201 74.5 1,978 3.3 59,634 77.2 57,806 74.8 1,828 3.1 59,712 77.2 57,813 74.8 1,899 3.2 59,751 77.5 57,920 75.1 1,831 3.1 59,799 77.5 57,830 75.0 1,969 3.3 59,698 77.3 58,010 75.1 1,688 2.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... 49,153 60.0 47,371 57.8 1,783 3.6 49,721 60.1 48,061 58.1 1,660 3.3 49,729 60.1 48,078 58.1 1,650 3.3 49,028 59.9 47,271 57.7 1,757 3.6 49,065 59.6 47,415 57.6 1,650 3.4 49,230 59.8 47,585 57.8 1,645 3.3 49,759 60.2 48,110 58.2 1,650 3.3 49,721 60.1 48,109 58.2 1,612 3.2 49,602 59.9 47,983 58.0 1,620 3.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... Men....................................... Women..................................... 6,584 53.4 5,720 46.4 864 13.1 15.8 10.3 6,657 52.7 5,809 46.0 848 12.7 13.6 11.8 6,596 52.1 5,790 45.8 806 12.2 13.7 10.7 6,977 56.6 6,084 49.3 893 12.8 14.7 10.7 6,988 55.7 6,083 48.5 905 13.0 14.1 11.6 7,054 56.1 6,162 49.0 892 12.6 14.5 10.6 7,019 55.6 6,105 48.4 913 13.0 14.1 11.9 7,090 56.1 6,250 49.5 840 11.8 12.2 11.4 6,984 55.2 6,151 48.6 833 11.9 12.7 11.1 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population.............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... 24,257 15,855 65.4 14,357 59.2 1,498 9.4 24,697 16,004 64.8 14,622 59.2 1,381 8.6 24,729 16,125 65.2 14,798 59.8 1,327 8.2 24,257 15,931 65.7 14,463 59.6 1,468 9.2 24,529 16,201 66.0 14,804 60.4 1,397 8.6 24,561 16,157 65.8 14,884 60.6 1,273 7.9 24,665 16,356 66.3 15,085 61.2 1,271 7.8 24,697 16,242 65.8 14,900 60.3 1,342 8.3 24,729 16,212 65.6 14,904 60.3 1,308 8.1 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... 7,023 72.6 6,439 66.5 584 8.3 7,050 71.5 6,529 66.3 521 7.4 7,031 71.2 6,583 66.7 448 6.4 7,037 72.7 6,503 67.2 534 7.6 7,086 72.4 6,590 67.3 496 7.0 7,063 72.0 6,588 67.2 475 6.7 7,210 73.3 6,782 68.9 428 5.9 7,160 72.7 6,682 67.8 477 6.7 7,065 71.6 6,656 67.4 409 5.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... 7,930 65.3 7,277 59.9 653 8.2 8,057 65.1 7,457 60.3 600 7.4 8,166 65.9 7,575 61.2 590 7.2 7,902 65.0 7,256 59.7 646 8.2 8,051 65.6 7,443 60.6 608 7.6 8,035 65.4 7,474 60.8 561 7.0 8,114 65.7 7,579 61.3 535 6.6 8,082 65.3 7,509 60.7 573 7.1 8,129 65.6 7,545 60.9 584 7.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... Men....................................... Women..................................... 902 37.2 641 26.4 261 28.9 30.0 28.0 897 36.3 637 25.8 261 29.0 31.8 26.5 928 37.6 639 25.9 289 31.1 34.7 27.5 992 40.9 704 29.0 288 29.0 28.5 29.5 1,064 43.3 771 31.4 293 27.5 33.0 22.1 1,059 43.0 822 33.4 237 22.4 27.3 17.6 1,032 41.8 725 29.3 307 29.8 34.2 25.0 1,000 40.5 708 28.6 293 29.2 31.6 27.0 1,018 41.2 702 28.4 316 31.0 32.9 29.1 20,851 14,225 68.2 13,132 63.0 1,093 7.7 21,355 14,466 67.7 13,420 62.8 1,046 7.2 21,414 14,523 67.8 13,595 63.5 929 6.4 20,851 14,254 68.4 13,263 63.6 991 7.0 21,349 14,389 67.4 13,345 62.5 1,044 7.3 21,405 14,488 67.7 13,383 62.5 1,105 7.6 21,296 14,511 68.1 13,550 63.6 960 6.6 21,355 14,591 68.3 13,610 63.7 980 6.7 21,414 14,570 68.0 13,732 64.1 838 5.8 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population.............. Civilian labor force............................ Participation rate.......................... Employed...................................... Employment-population ratio................. Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................... 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 29,251 12,568 43.0 11,535 39.4 1,033 8.2 28,112 11,917 42.4 10,897 38.8 1,020 8.6 28,442 12,119 42.6 11,265 39.6 854 7.0 29,251 12,516 42.8 11,622 39.7 894 7.1 29,084 12,463 42.9 11,574 39.8 889 7.1 29,094 12,500 43.0 11,626 40.0 874 7.0 28,901 12,379 42.8 11,459 39.7 920 7.4 28,112 12,164 43.3 11,257 40.0 907 7.5 28,442 12,094 42.5 11,356 39.9 739 6.1 57,885 37,873 65.4 36,113 62.4 1,760 4.6 57,062 37,063 65.0 35,583 62.4 1,479 4.0 57,805 37,734 65.3 36,302 62.8 1,432 3.8 57,885 37,850 65.4 36,262 62.6 1,588 4.2 57,273 37,408 65.3 35,947 62.8 1,461 3.9 57,115 37,296 65.3 35,873 62.8 1,423 3.8 57,477 37,590 65.4 36,291 63.1 1,299 3.5 57,062 37,261 65.3 35,979 63.1 1,282 3.4 57,805 37,740 65.3 36,448 63.1 1,292 3.4 42,313 31,424 74.3 30,319 71.7 1,105 3.5 43,911 32,601 74.2 31,525 71.8 1,077 3.3 43,028 31,826 74.0 30,835 71.7 991 3.1 42,313 31,459 74.3 30,448 72.0 1,011 3.2 42,863 31,727 74.0 30,825 71.9 902 2.8 43,022 31,800 73.9 30,911 71.8 889 2.8 43,154 32,399 75.1 31,470 72.9 929 2.9 43,911 32,465 73.9 31,462 71.6 1,003 3.1 43,028 31,892 74.1 30,989 72.0 903 2.8 42,085 33,957 80.7 33,344 79.2 614 1.8 43,949 35,149 80.0 34,471 78.4 678 1.9 43,859 35,124 80.1 34,483 78.6 641 1.8 42,085 33,833 80.4 33,210 78.9 623 1.8 43,408 34,554 79.6 33,922 78.1 632 1.8 43,484 34,838 80.1 34,205 78.7 633 1.8 43,516 34,950 80.3 34,325 78.9 624 1.8 43,949 35,040 79.7 34,368 78.2 673 1.9 43,859 34,997 79.8 34,345 78.3 652 1.9 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force.................... Percent of population............... Employed.............................. Employment-population ratio......... Unemployed............................ Unemployment rate................... High school graduates, no college(2) Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force.................... Percent of population............... Employed.............................. Employment-population ratio......... Unemployed............................ Unemployment rate................... Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force.................... Percent of population............... Employed.............................. Employment-population ratio......... Unemployed............................ Unemployment rate................... College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force.................... Percent of population............... Employed.............................. Employment-population ratio......... Unemployed............................ Unemployment rate................... 1 and 2 3 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted seasonally adjusted columns. Includes high school diploma or equivalent. Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over................. 130,150 131,639 132,299 130,908 132,113 132,526 133,396 133,144 133,033 Married men, spouse present..................... 42,608 42,757 42,941 42,789 43,209 43,227 43,542 43,016 43,114 Married women, spouse present................... 33,003 33,092 33,300 32,853 32,953 33,093 33,652 33,092 33,134 Women who maintain families..................... 7,901 8,105 8,254 7,802 7,969 8,087 8,076 8,113 8,148 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty........... Technical, sales, and administrative support.... Service occupations............................. Precision production, craft, and repair......... Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 38,661 38,577 17,698 14,421 17,831 2,962 39,607 38,979 18,000 14,477 17,648 2,928 40,138 38,854 17,965 14,543 17,763 3,035 38,433 38,631 17,796 14,552 18,226 3,326 39,459 38,430 18,024 14,552 18,067 3,538 39,729 38,307 17,976 14,685 18,480 3,396 39,836 38,846 18,070 14,751 18,476 3,422 39,531 39,254 18,163 14,742 18,021 3,490 39,900 38,893 18,074 14,661 18,177 3,417 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers....................... 1,733 1,646 1,721 1,905 2,005 1,912 1,987 1,895 1,893 Self-employed workers......................... 1,168 1,220 1,267 1,264 1,304 1,304 1,298 1,381 1,376 Unpaid family workers......................... 30 28 34 34 40 34 30 44 39 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers....................... 118,294 120,119 120,509 118,797 119,718 120,380 121,115 121,066 121,005 Government.................................. 18,289 19,027 18,867 18,124 18,607 18,686 18,913 18,782 18,699 Private industries.......................... 100,005 101,093 101,642 100,673 101,111 101,694 102,202 102,283 102,306 Private households........................ 1,010 832 929 997 969 943 881 849 917 Other industries.......................... 98,994 100,261 100,713 99,676 100,142 100,751 101,321 101,434 101,389 Self-employed workers......................... 8,819 8,511 8,642 8,831 8,929 8,814 8,830 8,658 8,650 Unpaid family workers......................... 106 114 126 105 112 122 121 114 125 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons................ Slack work or business conditions........... Could only find part-time work.............. Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 4,011 2,300 1,467 19,260 3,594 2,174 1,132 19,481 3,703 2,160 1,269 19,398 3,866 2,183 1,398 18,434 3,340 1,910 1,157 18,634 3,417 1,927 1,148 18,674 3,562 2,093 1,115 18,485 3,426 1,984 1,141 18,642 3,564 2,045 1,208 18,545 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons................ Slack work or business conditions........... Could only find part-time work.............. Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 3,834 2,166 1,448 18,736 3,443 2,085 1,109 18,964 3,499 2,055 1,225 18,841 3,698 2,062 1,370 17,872 3,191 1,824 1,130 18,110 3,257 1,841 1,116 18,155 3,413 1,989 1,094 17,921 3,298 1,906 1,108 18,061 3,374 1,955 1,159 17,944 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates(1) Category Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Total, 16 years and over......................... Men, 20 years and over......................... Women, 20 years and over....................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 6,432 2,677 2,530 1,225 6,127 2,598 2,330 1,199 5,783 2,238 2,350 1,195 4.7 3.9 4.2 14.9 4.4 3.5 4.0 15.0 4.3 3.6 3.9 14.0 4.3 3.4 3.7 15.5 4.4 3.7 3.8 14.1 4.2 3.2 3.9 14.3 Married men, spouse present.................... Married women, spouse present.................. Women who maintain families.................... 1,092 1,084 636 1,059 967 561 907 913 585 2.5 3.2 7.5 2.2 2.9 6.9 2.3 2.8 6.3 2.3 2.8 6.1 2.4 2.8 6.5 2.1 2.7 6.7 Full-time workers.............................. Part-time workers.............................. 5,079 1,386 4,929 1,196 4,617 1,191 4.5 5.6 4.2 5.4 4.2 5.2 4.1 5.2 4.3 4.9 4.0 4.9 707 1,616 677 1,340 247 765 1,611 672 1,147 297 765 1,516 550 1,147 254 1.8 4.0 4.4 6.8 6.9 1.8 3.7 3.8 6.7 6.3 1.8 3.7 3.2 6.7 7.5 1.8 3.8 3.5 5.9 7.7 1.9 3.9 4.4 6.0 7.8 1.9 3.8 3.6 5.9 6.9 4,960 1,429 21 593 815 450 365 3,531 252 1,474 201 1,604 518 192 4,626 1,346 43 545 758 415 343 3,280 245 1,446 192 1,397 436 241 4,534 1,218 32 490 697 369 328 3,316 219 1,469 157 1,471 397 200 4.7 5.0 3.4 8.4 3.9 3.6 4.3 4.6 3.3 5.5 2.5 4.7 2.8 9.2 4.5 4.6 2.2 7.0 3.8 3.2 4.8 4.5 3.2 5.2 2.8 4.6 2.1 7.6 4.4 4.6 4.3 6.4 4.0 3.4 4.9 4.4 3.2 5.5 2.8 4.1 2.0 8.3 4.3 4.6 7.4 7.3 3.5 3.4 3.8 4.2 2.5 5.2 2.4 4.1 2.2 9.6 4.3 4.7 7.7 7.5 3.7 3.3 4.3 4.2 3.2 5.2 2.4 4.0 2.3 11.3 4.2 4.3 5.3 6.7 3.4 2.9 4.1 4.2 2.9 5.4 1.9 4.2 2.1 9.5 CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty.......... Technical, sales, and administrative support... Precision production, craft, and repair........ Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... Farming, forestry, and fishing................. INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goods-producing industries................... Mining..................................... Construction............................... Manufacturing.............................. Durable goods............................ Nondurable goods......................... Service-producing industries................. Transportation and public utilities........ Wholesale and retail trade................. Finance, insurance, and real estate........ Services................................... Government workers............................. Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Less than 5 weeks................................ 5 to 14 weeks.................................... 15 weeks and over................................ 15 to 26 weeks................................ 27 weeks and over............................. 2,524 2,274 2,019 1,055 964 2,497 2,386 1,681 864 816 2,253 2,190 1,676 929 747 2,792 1,971 1,728 830 898 2,546 1,983 1,611 752 859 2,614 1,839 1,578 754 824 2,353 2,071 1,469 753 716 2,601 1,944 1,550 766 784 2,478 1,891 1,434 736 697 Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ Median duration, in weeks........................ 15.2 8.0 13.8 7.4 14.1 8.0 14.6 6.9 14.4 6.7 14.1 6.7 13.4 6.9 13.8 7.0 13.5 6.9 100.0 37.0 33.4 29.6 15.5 14.1 100.0 38.0 36.3 25.6 13.2 12.4 100.0 36.8 35.8 27.4 15.2 12.2 100.0 43.0 30.4 26.6 12.8 13.8 100.0 41.5 32.3 26.2 12.2 14.0 100.0 43.3 30.5 26.2 12.5 13.7 100.0 39.9 35.1 24.9 12.8 12.1 100.0 42.7 31.9 25.4 12.6 12.9 100.0 42.7 32.6 24.7 12.7 12.0 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................. Less than 5 weeks.............................. 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 15 weeks and over.............................. 15 to 26 weeks............................... 27 weeks and over............................ NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 3,311 1,238 2,073 1,511 562 755 2,246 505 3,151 1,159 1,993 1,308 685 765 2,182 466 2,888 1,047 1,841 1,295 547 788 2,048 395 2,950 966 1,984 (1) (1) 745 2,187 544 2,758 850 1,908 (1) (1) 677 2,130 534 2,754 841 1,913 (1) (1) 709 2,031 504 2,696 864 1,832 (1) (1) 699 1,993 537 2,738 849 1,889 (1) (1) 751 2,110 509 2,563 812 1,751 (1) (1) 780 1,988 431 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.6 18.2 30.4 11.1 32.9 7.4 48.0 17.7 30.4 11.6 33.2 7.1 47.2 17.1 30.1 12.9 33.5 6.5 45.9 15.0 30.9 11.6 34.0 8.5 45.2 13.9 31.3 11.1 34.9 8.8 45.9 14.0 31.9 11.8 33.9 8.4 45.5 14.6 30.9 11.8 33.6 9.1 44.8 13.9 30.9 12.3 34.5 8.3 44.5 14.1 30.4 13.5 34.5 7.5 2.4 .6 1.6 .4 2.3 .6 1.6 .3 2.1 .6 1.5 .3 2.1 .5 1.6 .4 2.0 .5 1.5 .4 2.0 .5 1.5 .4 1.9 .5 1.4 .4 2.0 .5 1.5 .4 1.8 .6 1.4 .3 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... On temporary layoff............................. Not on temporary layoff......................... Permanent job losers.......................... Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... Job leavers....................................... Reentrants........................................ New entrants...................................... PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed.................................. Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... On temporary layoff............................ Not on temporary layoff........................ Job leavers...................................... Reentrants....................................... New entrants..................................... UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... Job leavers...................................... Reentrants....................................... New entrants..................................... 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Measure Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force.............................................. 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force..................................... 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.8 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)............................. 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.2 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.................... 5.2 4.9 4.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................ 6.0 5.6 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers......................... 8.9 8.2 7.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates(1) Age and sex Mar. 1998 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999 Mar. 1999 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 16 to 24 years.................................. 16 to 19 years................................ 16 to 17 years.............................. 18 to 19 years.............................. 20 to 24 years................................ 25 years and over............................... 25 to 54 years................................ 55 years and over............................. 6,432 2,321 1,225 572 655 1,096 4,115 3,661 476 6,127 2,274 1,199 520 666 1,075 3,835 3,359 501 5,783 2,223 1,195 554 640 1,028 3,573 3,087 504 4.7 10.6 14.9 16.9 13.5 8.1 3.6 3.7 2.8 4.4 9.9 15.0 18.0 13.0 6.9 3.3 3.4 3.0 4.3 9.8 14.0 16.9 12.1 7.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 4.3 10.1 15.5 18.4 13.1 6.9 3.2 3.3 2.9 4.4 10.2 14.1 15.5 13.1 7.7 3.3 3.4 2.9 4.2 10.0 14.3 16.6 12.8 7.4 3.1 3.1 2.9 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 16 to 24 years................................ 16 to 19 years.............................. 16 to 17 years............................ 18 to 19 years............................ 20 to 24 years.............................. 25 years and over............................. 25 to 54 years.............................. 55 years and over........................... 3,362 1,280 685 322 364 595 2,068 1,805 275 3,228 1,179 630 262 368 548 2,036 1,750 295 2,881 1,151 643 286 354 508 1,721 1,481 252 4.6 11.2 16.3 18.3 14.8 8.3 3.3 3.4 3.0 4.3 10.3 16.5 20.0 14.4 6.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 4.3 10.8 16.4 19.9 14.0 7.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 4.2 10.7 16.9 19.7 14.7 7.1 3.0 3.1 2.8 4.3 10.1 14.6 15.3 14.1 7.5 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.9 9.9 15.0 16.9 13.6 7.0 2.7 2.8 2.6 Women, 16 years and over........................ 16 to 24 years................................ 16 to 19 years.............................. 16 to 17 years............................ 18 to 19 years............................ 20 to 24 years.............................. 25 years and over............................. 25 to 54 years.............................. 55 years and over........................... 3,070 1,041 540 250 291 501 2,047 1,856 201 2,899 1,095 568 259 298 527 1,799 1,609 206 2,902 1,071 551 267 286 520 1,852 1,606 251 4.8 10.0 13.4 15.4 12.1 7.8 3.8 4.1 2.7 4.6 9.5 13.3 15.9 11.4 7.1 3.6 3.8 2.9 4.3 8.7 11.3 13.8 10.2 7.1 3.5 3.6 2.8 4.3 9.5 13.9 16.9 11.5 6.7 3.4 3.5 3.1 4.5 10.2 13.7 15.7 12.1 8.0 3.3 3.5 2.7 4.5 10.0 13.6 16.2 11.9 7.8 3.4 3.5 3.2 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Mar. 1998 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1999 67,580 4,756 1,426 68,618 4,471 1,245 25,121 2,010 642 25,577 1,913 573 42,459 2,746 784 43,042 2,559 672 343 1,083 295 949 185 457 166 407 158 626 129 543 Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... Percent of total employed..................................... 7,987 6.1 8,027 6.1 4,187 6.0 4,239 6.0 3,800 6.3 3,788 6.1 Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 4,632 1,635 216 1,471 4,458 1,700 309 1,523 2,697 476 142 854 2,622 532 194 864 1,935 1,158 74 617 1,836 1,168 114 659 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force...................................... Persons who currently want a job................................ Searched for work and vailable to work now(1)................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... Reasons other than discouragement(3)................. MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Total......................... 124,006 125,176 126,047 126,697 124,914 126,804 127,118 127,335 127,632 127,678 Total private.................... 103,880 105,219 105,655 106,185 105,186 106,818 107,096 107,290 107,534 107,560 Goods-producing......................... 24,780 24,630 24,638 24,681 25,276 25,184 25,269 25,251 25,271 25,182 Mining................................ Metal mining........................ Coal mining......................... Oil and gas extraction.............. Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 577 50.4 93.0 330.8 102.8 535 49.9 88.4 297.2 99.0 526 49.6 87.1 289.0 100.3 524 49.5 86.2 285.4 102.4 587 51 93 336 107 560 50 90 312 108 557 50 90 308 109 547 51 89 299 108 539 51 88 292 108 532 50 86 289 107 Construction.......................... 5,459 5,676 5,725 5,784 General building contractors........ 1,300.6 1,375.6 1,377.7 1,386.0 Heavy construction, except building. 713.6 715.6 725.7 748.5 Special trade contractors........... 3,445.1 3,584.3 3,621.7 3,649.1 5,860 1,373 805 3,682 6,051 1,414 834 3,803 6,153 1,433 861 3,859 6,170 1,448 862 3,860 6,249 1,461 863 3,925 6,202 1,462 848 3,892 Manufacturing......................... Production workers................ 18,744 12,954 18,419 12,648 18,387 12,630 18,373 12,635 18,829 13,013 18,573 12,765 18,559 12,763 18,534 12,740 18,483 12,701 18,448 12,681 Durable goods........................ Production workers................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Computer and office equipment..... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Electronic components and accessories.................... Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Aircraft and parts................ Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11,140 7,657 785.7 521.1 546.4 719.3 10,925 7,458 803.1 527.0 547.5 695.5 10,913 7,458 803.0 528.2 551.9 694.5 10,909 7,469 803.2 529.8 556.3 693.8 11,166 7,669 801 520 558 719 11,011 7,522 809 524 568 699 10,996 7,519 813 527 571 698 10,974 7,494 818 527 568 694 10,951 7,480 819 528 571 694 10,929 7,472 818 530 568 693 235.2 224.9 224.1 224.1 1,494.6 1,482.0 1,478.3 1,475.7 2,211.0 2,133.5 2,134.2 2,122.8 379.0 358.2 356.7 348.3 (1) 1,497 2,205 381 (1) 1,481 2,162 370 (1) 1,480 2,152 367 (1) 1,484 2,133 359 (1) 1,481 2,130 358 (1) 1,477 2,116 349 1,718.4 1,656.7 1,651.9 1,651.1 1,722 1,668 1,664 1,657 1,653 1,653 679.7 642.5 642.4 643.2 1,888.6 1,867.3 1,857.8 1,863.1 1,003.5 990.7 984.8 991.2 522.9 515.9 510.0 508.1 867.3 840.1 838.7 836.0 388.0 372.4 374.8 376.7 681 1,887 1,002 525 868 389 649 1,877 998 519 845 378 646 1,871 990 518 842 378 642 1,874 996 516 841 378 643 1,857 985 510 840 378 643 1,859 988 509 837 378 7,604 5,297 1,663.8 40.5 602.5 792.0 684.6 1,560.6 1,034.1 133.2 1,007.8 85.1 7,663 5,344 1,704 41 604 796 688 1,564 1,036 136 1,009 85 7,562 5,243 1,710 40 584 736 674 1,566 1,035 134 1,005 78 7,563 5,244 1,718 39 581 734 673 1,561 1,035 136 1,008 78 7,560 5,246 1,723 40 578 727 672 1,563 1,032 134 1,014 77 7,532 5,221 1,718 39 572 714 672 1,561 1,034 134 1,013 75 7,519 5,209 1,717 39 569 713 670 1,560 1,031 134 1,012 74 Nondurable goods..................... Production workers................ Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ Service-producing....................... 7,494 5,190 1,686.7 42.1 575.6 718.1 670.0 1,559.6 1,027.3 129.3 1,009.4 76.1 7,474 5,172 1,679.4 40.5 570.1 710.5 670.0 1,557.1 1,030.2 129.9 1,011.6 75.0 7,464 5,166 1,677.4 38.6 567.4 711.1 667.4 1,555.3 1,028.7 130.5 1,012.7 74.6 99,226 100,546 101,409 102,016 Transportation and public utilities... 6,456 6,580 6,594 6,617 Transportation...................... 4,132 4,220 4,229 4,250 Railroad transportation........... 228.0 232.0 231.4 230.8 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 472.8 477.0 480.3 484.9 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,658.1 1,699.3 1,702.5 1,712.5 Water transportation.............. 176.9 180.8 180.5 179.7 Transportation by air............. 1,136.6 1,164.0 1,167.6 1,170.8 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.0 Transportation services........... 445.9 452.4 452.7 456.8 Communications and public utilities. 2,324 2,360 2,365 2,367 Communications.................... 1,469.2 1,513.9 1,520.0 1,521.8 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 855.2 845.6 845.4 844.7 99,638 101,620 101,849 102,084 102,361 102,496 6,504 4,170 231 6,604 4,249 231 6,627 4,262 233 6,644 4,273 236 6,657 4,279 235 6,665 4,290 234 460 1,690 183 1,146 14 446 2,334 1,475 468 1,721 193 1,167 14 455 2,355 1,502 468 1,730 191 1,169 14 457 2,365 1,512 467 1,741 190 1,168 14 457 2,371 1,522 469 1,741 189 1,177 14 454 2,378 1,528 470 1,748 186 1,181 14 457 2,375 1,527 859 853 853 849 850 848 6,880 4,117 2,763 22,357 6,783 4,039 2,744 22,259 6,877 4,102 2,775 22,672 6,882 4,104 2,778 22,712 6,907 4,116 2,791 22,755 6,910 4,126 2,784 22,836 6,919 4,130 2,789 22,825 930.5 947.2 952.2 974.9 2,660.0 2,845.9 2,737.6 2,742.6 2,343.2 2,511.4 2,417.9 2,426.4 3,486.8 3,535.0 3,522.2 3,514.3 966 2,759 2,428 3,536 991 2,842 2,504 3,558 997 2,823 2,490 3,561 1,003 2,847 2,514 3,548 1,012 2,841 2,510 3,557 1,010 2,855 2,525 3,562 2,311.2 2,353.3 2,364.8 2,375.7 1,054.7 1,067.8 1,073.2 1,079.7 1,064.0 1,114.3 1,086.2 1,086.0 2,333 1,056 1,098 2,370 1,069 1,105 2,377 1,073 1,101 2,384 1,074 1,108 2,396 1,078 1,122 2,399 1,083 1,121 1,037.2 1,102.9 1,096.9 1,098.9 7,519.8 7,507.6 7,595.1 7,667.7 2,813.7 2,947.9 2,926.5 2,897.1 1,048 7,645 2,874 1,082 7,807 2,917 1,084 7,854 2,915 1,094 7,838 2,933 1,101 7,855 2,952 1,110 7,807 2,961 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,213 7,428 7,428 7,458 Finance............................. 3,504 3,620 3,619 3,634 Depository institutions........... 2,034.8 2,048.2 2,043.5 2,049.4 Commercial banks................ 1,459.0 1,458.9 1,455.0 1,457.3 Savings institutions............ 261.8 265.1 264.1 265.7 Nondepository institutions........ 602.3 657.0 659.9 664.7 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 275.6 312.0 313.9 319.5 Security and commodity brokers.... 630.5 664.8 661.8 664.4 Holding and other investment offices........................ 236.3 250.4 254.2 255.5 Insurance........................... 2,298 2,357 2,358 2,366 Insurance carriers................ 1,562.7 1,608.2 1,606.3 1,611.0 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 735.7 748.8 751.3 755.3 Real estate......................... 1,411 1,451 1,451 1,458 7,258 3,512 2,041 1,465 262 602 276 633 7,441 3,605 2,043 1,455 265 649 310 663 7,458 3,615 2,046 1,457 264 652 313 666 7,488 3,628 2,051 1,460 266 659 314 667 7,491 3,631 2,052 1,461 265 661 316 664 7,505 3,642 2,056 1,462 266 664 320 667 236 2,302 1,566 250 2,357 1,606 251 2,360 1,610 251 2,363 1,613 254 2,364 1,612 255 2,370 1,615 736 1,444 751 1,479 750 1,483 750 1,497 752 1,496 755 1,493 37,106 695 1,755 1,178 8,412 966 3,149 2,819 38,040 737 1,777 1,180 8,715 989 3,177 2,840 38,148 751 1,776 1,186 8,756 991 3,202 2,857 38,245 758 1,780 1,186 8,792 1,000 3,218 2,866 38,369 761 1,778 1,177 8,836 998 3,242 2,886 38,464 753 1,781 1,172 8,867 997 3,253 2,899 Wholesale trade....................... Durable goods....................... Nondurable goods.................... Retail trade.......................... Building materials and garden supplies......................... General merchandise stores.......... Department stores................. Food stores......................... Automotive dealers and service stations......................... New and used car dealers.......... Apparel and accessory stores........ Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... Eating and drinking places.......... Miscellaneous retail establishments. Services2............................. Agricultural services............... Hotels and other lodging places..... Personal services................... Business services................... Services to buildings............. Personnel supply services......... Help supply services............ 6,744 4,027 2,717 21,823 36,864 617.3 1,688.8 1,239.8 8,285.6 959.5 3,041.2 2,710.8 6,850 4,093 2,757 22,354 37,377 637.3 1,673.5 1,224.7 8,564.0 983.2 3,028.1 2,690.1 6,855 4,105 2,750 22,282 37,858 638.4 1,689.3 1,243.0 8,638.9 984.3 3,074.3 2,729.6 38,192 667.4 1,707.8 1,231.4 8,734.4 990.0 3,143.8 2,795.4 Computer and data processing services....................... Auto repair, services, and parking.. Miscellaneous repair services....... Motion pictures..................... Amusement and recreation services... Health services..................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ Nursing and personal care facilities..................... Hospitals......................... Home health care services......... Legal services...................... Educational services................ Social services..................... Child day care services........... Residential care.................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... Membership organizations............ Engineering and management services. Engineering and architectural services....................... Management and public relations... Services, nec....................... Government............................ Federal............................. Federal, except Postal Service.... State............................... Education......................... Other State government............ Local............................... Education......................... Other local government............ 1,544.5 1,144.2 378.8 567.2 1,502.7 9,848.3 1,737.8 1,183.5 390.9 571.5 1,601.0 9,971.3 1,538 1,145 382 565 1,647 9,867 1,680 1,175 391 563 1,744 9,955 1,691 1,177 393 564 1,742 9,955 1,709 1,183 396 559 1,748 9,959 1,724 1,189 395 570 1,745 9,971 1,734 1,186 394 569 1,758 9,986 1,790.3 1,851.5 1,851.9 1,857.0 1,796 1,849 1,845 1,856 1,858 1,862 1,756.8 3,924.9 694.8 966.2 2,324.2 2,595.9 589.3 742.0 1,745.8 3,986.7 658.8 996.4 2,430.8 2,727.6 612.1 775.2 1,761 3,925 698 970 2,189 2,587 575 744 1,753 3,978 661 994 2,245 2,672 586 764 1,751 3,980 661 997 2,252 2,686 589 766 1,753 3,978 652 997 2,240 2,697 592 770 1,749 3,984 659 999 2,271 2,711 597 774 1,749 3,989 661 1,001 2,286 2,720 598 776 86.2 85.6 85.8 88.2 2,248.6 2,252.3 2,271.0 2,282.4 3,175.7 3,335.7 3,372.6 3,408.2 92 2,263 3,164 94 2,279 3,321 94 2,283 3,338 94 2,290 3,367 94 2,293 3,380 94 2,296 3,401 895.1 926.9 929.6 935.8 1,007.5 1,097.1 1,110.4 1,126.8 50.8 54.0 53.9 55.9 904 1,012 (1) 932 1,092 (1) 934 1,098 (1) 937 1,113 (1) 943 1,118 (1) 945 1,133 (1) 19,728 2,671 1,815 4,619 1,928 2,691 12,438 7,003 5,435 19,986 2,725 1,845 4,674 1,945 2,729 12,587 7,114 5,473 20,022 2,706 1,818 4,690 1,957 2,733 12,626 7,133 5,493 20,045 2,702 1,825 4,685 1,947 2,738 12,658 7,155 5,503 20,098 2,713 1,837 4,705 1,963 2,742 12,680 7,166 5,514 20,118 2,702 1,826 4,712 1,967 2,745 12,704 7,187 5,517 20,126 2,662 1,808.9 4,741 2,064.8 2,676.1 12,723 7,390.7 5,331.8 1,708.7 1,168.6 389.6 557.8 1,494.5 9,934.8 1,746.9 3,972.4 649.0 991.9 2,192.0 2,677.5 598.5 765.2 19,957 2,677 1,802.1 4,617 1,903.1 2,713.8 12,663 7,295.7 5,367.1 1,724.7 1,181.3 388.6 571.6 1,533.1 9,944.9 1,742.9 3,978.8 654.7 993.2 2,405.5 2,703.6 606.3 770.1 20,392 2,698 1,825.1 4,797 2,075.7 2,721.5 12,897 7,509.3 5,387.9 20,512 2,691 1,818.6 4,836 2,106.9 2,728.6 12,985 7,573.8 5,411.2 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Total private.................... 34.5 34.0 34.3 34.2 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.5 Goods-producing......................... 40.9 40.5 40.5 40.5 41.0 41.0 41.2 41.1 41.0 40.7 Mining................................ 43.4 42.4 42.5 42.1 43.8 43.5 43.4 42.7 42.8 42.7 Construction.......................... 37.9 37.8 37.9 37.7 38.5 38.8 39.5 39.7 39.3 38.4 Manufacturing......................... Overtime hours.................... 41.7 4.6 41.3 4.3 41.3 4.2 41.5 4.4 41.8 4.8 41.7 4.5 41.7 4.5 41.6 4.6 41.6 4.5 41.6 4.5 Durable goods........................ Overtime hours.................... 42.4 4.9 41.9 4.5 41.9 4.4 42.0 4.6 42.5 5.0 42.3 4.6 42.3 4.6 42.1 4.7 42.2 4.6 42.1 4.7 Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.8 40.4 42.5 44.5 40.7 40.1 42.4 43.8 40.3 39.9 42.2 43.7 40.6 40.5 42.4 43.7 41.2 40.7 43.2 44.6 41.2 40.1 43.5 43.9 41.6 40.2 43.8 43.7 41.8 40.5 44.0 43.7 41.0 40.4 43.4 43.7 41.0 40.8 43.0 43.7 45.2 42.2 43.5 44.0 41.8 42.2 43.7 41.7 42.2 44.2 41.8 41.9 45.3 42.4 43.3 43.7 42.1 42.4 43.2 42.2 42.1 43.9 41.9 42.1 43.8 42.0 42.2 44.2 42.0 41.7 41.4 43.7 43.9 41.7 40.5 41.0 43.3 44.0 41.2 39.0 41.3 43.8 44.8 41.4 39.5 41.2 44.0 45.1 41.4 40.0 41.4 43.4 43.5 41.5 40.5 41.4 44.1 44.7 41.0 39.3 41.1 44.6 45.2 41.0 39.4 41.1 43.3 44.1 41.2 39.5 41.5 44.0 45.1 41.3 39.7 41.3 43.8 44.8 41.3 39.9 Nondurable goods..................... Overtime hours.................... 40.7 4.2 40.6 4.2 40.5 4.0 40.7 4.2 40.8 4.4 40.8 4.4 40.9 4.3 40.8 4.4 40.9 4.4 40.8 4.4 Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 40.9 37.0 41.2 37.2 43.1 38.4 43.4 43.2 41.5 37.7 41.6 37.3 40.7 36.7 43.5 37.7 42.8 43.9 41.3 36.7 41.2 37.2 40.3 37.2 42.9 37.7 42.7 43.8 41.5 37.3 41.3 37.2 40.5 37.1 43.4 37.9 42.9 43.8 41.7 37.2 41.5 37.7 41.2 37.2 43.4 38.4 43.4 (2) 41.5 37.9 41.7 38.3 40.7 37.3 43.5 38.2 43.0 (2) 41.6 37.6 42.0 36.3 40.9 37.3 43.4 38.1 42.6 (2) 41.7 37.5 42.0 38.0 40.9 36.9 43.4 38.3 42.8 (2) 41.3 37.1 41.8 38.3 40.7 37.5 43.4 38.0 42.8 (2) 41.7 38.0 41.9 38.0 40.5 37.1 43.7 37.9 42.9 (2) 41.8 37.3 Service-producing....................... 32.9 32.4 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.9 33.0 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 39.4 38.8 39.0 39.0 39.8 39.3 39.1 39.5 39.2 39.3 Wholesale trade....................... 38.4 38.0 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.5 Retail trade.......................... 28.7 28.1 28.6 28.6 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.2 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.8 36.0 36.4 36.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.7 32.3 32.5 32.4 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.6 32.7 32.6 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Mar. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Mar. 1998 Total private.................... Seasonally adjusted............. $12.68 12.63 $13.09 13.03 $13.09 13.06 $13.11 13.09 $437.46 437.00 Goods-producing......................... 14.18 14.45 14.45 14.51 Mining................................ 16.89 17.28 17.21 Construction.......................... 16.29 16.72 Manufacturing......................... 13.47 13.66 Durable goods........................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 14.02 10.95 10.80 13.46 15.52 Nondurable goods..................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p $445.06 449.54 $448.99 451.88 $448.36 451.61 579.96 585.23 585.23 587.66 17.32 733.03 732.67 731.43 729.17 16.65 16.77 617.39 632.02 631.04 632.23 13.66 13.71 561.70 564.16 564.16 568.97 14.12 11.30 11.10 13.67 15.39 14.13 11.28 11.05 13.66 15.40 14.18 11.29 11.09 13.71 15.50 594.45 446.76 436.32 572.05 690.64 591.63 459.91 445.11 579.61 674.08 592.05 454.58 440.90 576.45 672.98 595.56 458.37 449.15 581.30 677.35 18.32 13.01 14.36 18.40 13.31 14.68 18.49 13.31 14.70 18.56 13.35 14.77 828.06 549.02 624.66 809.60 556.36 619.50 808.01 555.03 620.34 820.35 558.03 618.86 13.06 17.92 18.52 13.73 10.79 13.27 17.50 17.73 13.88 11.14 13.26 17.55 17.80 13.86 11.15 13.29 17.61 17.98 13.88 11.21 540.68 783.10 813.03 572.54 437.00 544.07 757.75 780.12 571.86 434.46 547.64 768.69 797.44 573.80 440.43 547.55 774.84 810.90 574.63 448.40 12.63 11.70 18.54 10.29 8.43 15.27 13.36 16.97 21.16 11.78 9.32 12.98 11.94 17.25 10.63 8.67 15.71 13.65 17.25 21.20 12.19 9.65 12.96 11.91 17.93 10.59 8.65 15.70 13.66 17.20 21.62 12.16 9.55 13.01 11.94 19.10 10.62 8.69 15.76 13.67 17.22 21.90 12.21 9.53 514.04 478.53 685.98 423.95 313.60 658.14 513.02 736.50 914.11 488.87 351.36 526.99 496.70 643.43 432.64 318.19 683.39 514.61 738.30 930.68 503.45 354.16 524.88 490.69 667.00 426.78 321.78 673.53 514.98 734.44 946.96 504.64 356.22 529.51 493.12 710.52 430.11 322.40 683.98 518.09 738.74 959.22 509.16 354.52 Service-producing....................... 12.19 12.66 12.67 12.67 401.05 410.18 414.31 413.04 Transportation and public utilities... $15.24 $15.61 $15.57 $15.51 $600.46 $605.67 $607.23 $604.89 Wholesale trade....................... 13.86 14.36 14.33 14.29 532.22 545.68 548.84 547.31 Retail trade.......................... 8.67 9.02 9.00 9.01 248.83 253.46 257.40 257.69 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.97 14.47 14.56 14.55 514.10 520.92 529.98 526.71 Services.............................. 12.77 13.30 13.33 13.35 417.58 429.59 433.23 432.54 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent change from: Feb. 1999Mar. 1999 Mar. 1998 Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Total private: Current dollars.............. Constant (1982) dollars2..... $12.63 7.71 $12.94 7.80 $12.98 7.81 $13.03 7.83 $13.06 7.84 $13.09 N.A. 0.2 (3) Goods-producing............... Mining...................... Construction................ Manufacturing............... Excluding overtime4....... 14.25 16.82 16.40 13.46 12.73 14.46 17.37 16.75 13.58 12.89 14.50 17.26 16.82 13.58 12.89 14.51 17.09 16.74 13.63 12.93 14.55 17.06 16.78 13.66 12.97 14.59 17.27 16.90 13.70 12.98 .3 1.2 .7 .3 .1 Service-producing............. Transportation and public utilities................ Wholesale trade............. Retail trade................ Finance, insurance, and real estate................... Services.................... 12.10 12.45 12.49 12.56 12.58 12.62 .3 15.27 13.84 8.64 15.45 14.23 8.85 15.53 14.26 8.91 15.55 14.35 8.96 15.53 14.30 8.97 15.53 14.36 8.98 .0 .4 .1 13.85 12.65 14.35 13.06 14.43 13.09 14.49 13.18 14.51 13.23 14.54 13.29 .2 .5 Industry 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .1 percent from January 1999 to February 1999, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Mar. 1998 Jan. 1999 Feb. 1999p Mar. 1999p Total private.................... 141.6 141.0 142.7 143.2 146.4 146.4 147.2 146.5 Goods-producing......................... 111.8 109.5 109.7 114.1 115.3 114.8 115.1 113.5 Mining................................ 54.1 48.5 55.6 52.6 52.4 50.1 49.3 48.5 Construction.......................... 143.0 Manufacturing......................... 109.0 150.2 158.7 164.4 171.1 171.3 174.2 166.8 105.6 109.7 107.3 107.4 106.8 106.7 106.3 Durable goods........................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 109.1 140.4 132.4 109.6 89.8 109.5 141.3 135.0 110.8 89.7 113.7 143.6 132.7 113.9 95.5 110.9 144.6 131.4 116.8 90.9 111.0 146.9 133.0 118.4 90.4 110.1 148.3 134.0 118.1 89.8 110.1 145.9 133.7 117.3 89.8 109.6 145.7 135.6 115.2 89.5 68.6 115.8 105.0 67.8 115.2 105.2 68.7 115.4 104.1 74.4 119.1 111.1 68.6 116.6 106.9 68.2 116.8 105.7 68.6 116.2 104.6 68.4 116.0 104.7 69.0 115.9 102.8 111.1 129.8 166.4 77.3 103.6 105.2 123.2 158.3 74.6 94.1 105.4 124.6 161.3 75.0 96.5 105.4 126.0 164.6 75.0 98.4 111.3 128.7 164.6 76.8 104.1 106.6 126.9 162.2 74.5 96.9 105.5 128.0 164.1 74.2 97.5 105.1 123.8 159.6 74.7 97.0 105.7 124.9 161.7 74.7 97.9 105.5 124.7 162.4 74.7 98.4 Nondurable goods..................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 102.9 113.6 57.8 87.7 69.8 109.7 125.4 103.3 71.1 147.1 37.3 100.6 117.2 60.7 82.3 61.8 107.9 121.4 101.2 70.8 146.3 31.6 100.0 115.7 57.3 80.7 61.9 106.1 121.1 101.1 70.8 147.6 32.0 100.3 115.8 54.2 81.0 61.8 106.9 121.8 101.4 71.1 148.8 31.6 104.3 118.5 59.7 87.8 70.2 111.1 125.3 103.4 73.6 147.2 37.3 102.3 119.5 58.8 83.4 64.3 108.6 123.9 102.1 74.1 146.8 34.1 102.4 121.0 53.9 83.4 64.2 108.1 123.0 101.3 77.5 147.5 33.4 102.3 121.5 58.3 83.1 62.9 107.9 123.9 101.6 72.4 147.0 32.5 101.9 120.7 56.9 81.8 62.7 107.7 122.5 101.4 75.1 148.6 32.7 101.7 120.9 56.5 81.1 61.9 108.2 121.9 101.3 73.8 149.0 31.5 Service-producing....................... 154.9 155.1 157.6 158.0 156.7 159.9 160.3 160.6 161.5 161.3 Transportation and public utilities... 128.5 129.6 130.6 130.9 130.9 131.8 131.6 133.5 132.8 133.1 Wholesale trade....................... 126.9 127.7 128.7 129.0 127.6 130.0 129.9 130.3 130.6 130.7 Retail trade.......................... 135.4 135.3 137.5 137.6 139.3 141.9 142.1 142.5 144.0 143.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 134.5 135.3 136.8 136.6 133.6 137.4 137.3 137.5 138.3 138.4 Services.............................. 190.9 190.7 194.4 195.3 191.9 196.3 197.4 197.0 198.3 198.2 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. Nov. 1998 Dec. 1998 143.8 145.7 110.1 115.1 47.8 47.0 147.5 149.5 105.4 105.3 113.4 139.1 132.1 109.5 95.3 108.9 141.5 132.6 109.0 90.3 73.9 118.4 112.4 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 62.5 50.8 58.0 63.8 54.5 60.0 64.6 61.4 58.7 p52.8 54.9 59.6 59.8 59.6 p48.6 55.6 56.6 63.6 56.9 47.8 62.8 60.1 56.6 55.6 61.0 54.6 59.0 54.8 57.3 61.1 55.1 59.0 61.5 59.1 53.9 58.0 56.0 60.0 53.5 55.8 62.5 64.3 52.4 54.5 62.2 62.4 54.8 58.8 60.7 64.9 56.6 Over 3-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 63.6 61.9 64.9 68.4 p59.0 61.4 62.8 63.3 67.3 p52.1 59.4 64.0 65.6 64.2 53.1 63.8 66.2 61.7 55.2 63.5 63.9 60.4 53.2 64.9 61.2 58.4 59.7 64.2 60.1 57.2 60.1 61.5 65.9 56.7 59.1 63.9 67.4 56.0 58.0 64.2 68.1 53.7 56.6 67.0 70.8 57.6 54.6 66.6 71.9 58.1 Over 6-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 66.4 62.8 67.6 72.1 60.1 65.4 67.0 70.9 59.1 64.7 65.3 69.4 57.3 65.7 64.9 63.5 59.0 66.2 65.6 64.5 60.1 65.0 67.3 61.8 57.6 66.4 68.0 59.0 60.4 66.0 67.3 58.1 59.7 66.2 70.6 58.1 59.3 67.6 72.3 60.8 61.1 66.9 73.3 p57.4 63.2 66.3 72.6 p56.3 Over 12-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 63.6 64.5 69.8 71.2 62.4 66.7 67.6 69.5 62.6 64.5 69.2 69.5 63.3 65.6 70.1 66.6 61.7 68.5 69.8 65.2 61.9 67.3 69.8 64.0 58.7 67.7 71.2 62.8 62.2 66.4 71.2 p63.6 62.2 68.0 71.1 p62.1 61.5 69.9 73.0 63.5 69.1 72.9 65.4 68.3 72.3 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 54.7 42.8 49.3 55.8 43.9 54.3 54.7 54.3 51.8 p39.6 46.4 48.2 50.0 52.5 p40.3 53.2 42.1 56.8 48.6 42.4 55.4 51.4 45.0 44.2 50.7 52.2 47.8 46.4 47.1 50.4 39.6 49.6 55.4 48.9 47.5 48.6 47.8 56.5 43.2 52.2 52.9 57.2 38.8 45.3 54.3 56.1 37.1 48.2 55.4 60.8 45.7 Over 3-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 56.8 43.9 54.3 60.1 p39.2 50.0 46.8 49.3 59.0 p33.5 47.8 46.0 54.3 50.7 42.1 47.5 54.0 46.4 43.2 46.4 55.4 43.2 38.8 49.3 50.4 38.8 40.6 51.4 47.5 36.7 43.5 50.0 52.2 34.2 48.2 53.6 57.9 41.4 47.1 51.1 62.6 30.9 45.3 57.6 64.7 35.6 39.9 54.7 65.5 38.1 Over 6-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 55.4 42.1 54.3 61.5 46.4 45.3 54.3 56.8 42.8 46.4 51.4 52.2 40.3 47.1 52.9 39.2 41.4 48.2 51.4 40.6 42.4 48.6 55.0 34.5 41.0 51.1 56.8 30.9 41.0 50.4 57.6 28.1 43.9 52.9 60.4 31.7 43.2 52.9 64.4 38.5 43.2 53.2 67.6 p31.3 45.3 52.2 65.8 p29.9 Over 12-month span: 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 46.0 43.5 57.2 50.7 44.2 47.5 52.5 51.1 46.0 45.3 54.7 50.4 47.8 45.3 56.5 41.7 41.0 50.4 57.9 38.5 41.7 49.6 57.6 36.7 38.5 50.4 58.6 32.7 38.8 48.6 58.6 p32.0 36.3 51.1 60.4 p29.5 38.5 55.0 60.4 39.9 54.0 59.4 44.6 51.8 58.3 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.