Full text of The Employment Situation : March 1998
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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 98-130 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, April 3, 1998 THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MARCH 1998 Both nonfarm payroll employment and the unemployment rate were about unchanged in March, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Following 5 months of strong growth, the number of payroll jobs edged down by 36,000, reflecting declines in construction and retail trade and an unusually small gain in services. The unemployment rate was 4.7 percent in March. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 6.5 million, was little changed from the prior month. The jobless rate, 4.7 percent in March, has been at or below 5 percent for the last 12 months. Unemployment rates for the major worker groups--adult men (3.9 percent), adult women (4.3 percent), teenagers (15.0 percent), whites (4.1 percent), blacks (9.2 percent), and Hispanics (6.9 percent)--showed little or no movement over the month. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) The unemployment rates for persons 25 years and over changed little in each of the major educational attainment categories. The rate was 7.2 percent for those with less than a high school diploma, 4.2 percent for high school graduates with no college experience, 3.3 percent for high school graduates with some college experience but no bachelor's degree, and 1.9 percent for college graduates. (See table A-3.) The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks rose to 2.9 million in March (seasonally adjusted); it had been 2.5 million in January. Long-term unemployment of 27 weeks or longer--891,000 in March--was at its lowest level of the current expansion. This measure had peaked at 2.2 million in October 1992. (See table A-6.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment, at 131.0 million (seasonally adjusted), was essentially unchanged over the month. Over the year, total civilian employment has risen by about 2.1 million, after adjusting for changes in the composite estimation procedure. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population with jobs--was 64.0 percent, near its all-time high. (See table A-1.) About 8.0 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in March. They comprised 6.1 percent of the total employed. (See table A-10.) - 2 Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| Feb.Category | 1997 | 1998 1/| 1998 1/ | Mar. |_________________|__________________________|change | IV | I | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 136,813| 137,524| 137,493| 137,557| 137,523| -34 Employment..........| 130,421| 131,080| 131,083| 131,163| 130,994| -169 Unemployment........| 6,392| 6,444| 6,409| 6,393| 6,529| 136 Not in labor force....| 67,123| 66,871| 66,745| 66,844| 67,024| 180 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.7| 4.7| 4.7| 4.6| 4.7| 0.1 Adult men...........| 4.0| 3.8| 3.8| 3.8| 3.9| .1 Adult women.........| 4.0| 4.3| 4.4| 4.3| 4.3| .0 Teenagers...........| 15.0| 14.6| 14.1| 14.7| 15.0| .3 White...............| 4.0| 4.0| 4.0| 3.9| 4.1| .2 Black...............| 9.7| 9.4| 9.3| 9.7| 9.2| -.5 Hispanic origin.....| 7.4| 6.9| 6.9| 6.8| 6.9| .1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 123,487|p124,421| 124,265|p124,517|p124,481| p-36 Goods-producing 2/..| 24,899| p25,132| 25,139| p25,172| p25,086| p-86 Construction......| 5,693| p5,836| 5,843| p5,877| p5,789| p-88 Manufacturing.....| 18,633| p18,724| 18,722| p18,723| p18,726| p3 Service-producing 2/| 98,588| p99,289| 99,126| p99,345| p99,395| p50 Retail trade......| 22,370| p22,455| 22,462| p22,476| p22,428| p-48 Services..........| 36,108| p36,509| 36,417| p36,532| p36,577| p45 Government........| 19,761| p19,800| 19,781| p19,812| p19,807| p-5 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.6| p34.8| 34.8| p34.9| p34.7| p-0.2 Manufacturing.......| 42.1| p41.9| 42.1| p42.0| p41.7| p-.3 Overtime..........| 4.9| p4.8| 4.9| p4.8| p4.7| p-.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 142.2| p143.9| 143.6| p144.5| p143.5| p-1.0 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.45| p$12.58| $12.52| p$12.59| p$12.63| p$0.04 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 431.30| p437.78| 435.70| p439.39| p438.26| p-1.13 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 The civilian labor force, at 137.5 million (seasonally adjusted), was virtually unchanged over the month. The labor force participation rate was 67.2 percent. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in March. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--totaled 343,000 in March, little changed from a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment edged down in March after adding 1.7 million jobs during the prior 5 months. Employment in March was 3.1 million higher than a year earlier. Over the month, there were declines in construction and retail trade. These were mostly offset by a relatively small gain in services and continued growth in finance, insurance, and real estate and in transportation and public utilities. (See table B-1.) In the goods-producing sector, construction employment fell by 88,000 over the month, after seasonal adjustment. This followed 4 months of large gains, which were partly due to an exceptionally mild winter during which seasonal employment declines were much smaller than normal. As a result, there was less need to add workers in March. Also, the weather during the March survey reference period was much colder than usual, further slowing seasonal hiring. Manufacturing employment was essentially unchanged for the second straight month, after growing by 169,000 between September and January. Job growth has slowed in several industries that had accounted for much of the increase--fabricated metals, industrial machinery, electronic components, and aircraft. In the service-producing sector, employment in the services industry rose by only 45,000 over the month, the smallest gain since August 1997. The weakness in March was due in part to an employment decline in the help supply industry (-16,000), following a sizable gain in February. Motion picture employment declined by 8,000 in March. Health services added only 7,000 jobs, compared with a monthly average of 18,000 over the prior year. In contrast, strong growth continued in March in computer services (17,000), engineering and management services (16,000), and social services (11,000). Retail trade employment fell by 48,000 in March, as seasonal hiring was below normal in eating and drinking places. Employment in apparel stores declined for the second month in a row. Employment in wholesale trade and its component industries was about unchanged in March. Government employment was little changed over the month at 19.8 million, seasonally adjusted. After 5 years of substantial declines, employment losses in federal government, except the postal service, have slowed, totaling only 7,000 since September. - 4 Transportation and public utilities continued to grow, adding 22,000 jobs in March and 86,000 since December. Spurring the March increase were widespread gains in transportation and continued strong growth in telephone communications. The number of jobs in finance, insurance, and real estate rose by 31,000 over the month, reflecting strong housing and stock markets and low mortgage rates. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour to 34.7 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek fell by 0.3 hour to 41.7 hours, bringing the decline since December to half an hour. Factory overtime decreased for the second straight month by 0.1 hour to 4.7 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.7 percent to 143.5 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index decreased by 0.6 percent to 108.9. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls were up 4 cents in March to $12.63, seasonally adjusted. Reflecting the decline in the workweek, average weekly earnings edged down 0.3 percent to $438.26. Since March 1997, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 4.0 and 3.7 percent, respectively. ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for April 1998 is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 8, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). ----------------------------------------------------------------| Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data | | With the release of May data in June, BLS will introduce | |revisions in the establishment-based series on nonfarm payroll | |employment, hours, and earnings to reflect the regular annual | |benchmark adjustments and updated seasonal adjustment factors. | |This year’s benchmark process affects all unadjusted series from | |April 1996 forward. | | BLS also will implement refinements to the seasonal adjustment | |process for the hours and earnings series to correct for | |distortions related to the method of accounting for the varying | |length of payroll periods across months. | | All seasonally adjusted employment series will be revised from | |January 1993 forward. The hours and earnings series will be | |revised from January 1989 forward to incorporate the new | |methodology. Seasonal adjustment factors for March through | |October 1998 will be available on May 29, 1 week prior to the | |release of the May estimates, on the Internet | |(http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm). Further information on these| |revisions is available by calling (202) 606-6555. | ----------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication individuals are counted only once, even if the establishment survey, employees working appearing on more than one payroll would be appearance. of individuals, because they hold more than one job. In at more than one job and thus counted separately for each Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major agesex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. HOUSEHOLD DATA Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............. Employed........................... Employment-population ratio.... Agriculture...................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate.............. Not in labor force................... 202,513 135,524 66.9 128,125 63.3 3,166 124,959 7,399 5.5 66,989 204,400 136,286 66.7 129,482 63.3 2,922 126,560 6,804 5.0 68,115 204,547 136,967 67.0 130,150 63.6 2,931 127,219 6,816 5.0 67,580 202,513 136,115 67.2 129,035 63.7 3,387 125,648 7,080 5.2 66,398 203,941 136,864 67.1 130,575 64.0 3,384 127,191 6,289 4.6 67,077 204,098 137,169 67.2 130,777 64.1 3,385 127,392 6,392 4.7 66,929 204,238 137,493 67.3 131,083 64.2 3,319 127,764 6,409 4.7 66,745 204,400 137,557 67.3 131,163 64.2 3,335 127,829 6,393 4.6 66,844 204,547 137,523 67.2 130,994 64.0 3,132 127,862 6,529 4.7 67,024 97,387 72,731 74.7 68,573 70.4 4,158 5.7 98,331 72,930 74.2 69,197 70.4 3,733 5.1 98,405 73,285 74.5 69,506 70.6 3,779 5.2 97,387 73,164 75.1 69,415 71.3 3,749 5.1 98,141 73,682 75.1 70,352 71.7 3,330 4.5 98,225 73,662 75.0 70,195 71.5 3,467 4.7 98,241 73,852 75.2 70,518 71.8 3,333 4.5 98,331 73,780 75.0 70,459 71.7 3,320 4.5 98,405 73,695 74.9 70,297 71.4 3,399 4.6 89,604 68,937 76.9 65,502 73.1 2,244 63,257 3,435 5.0 90,476 69,104 76.4 66,049 73.0 2,035 64,014 3,055 4.4 90,502 69,356 76.6 66,263 73.2 2,066 64,197 3,093 4.5 89,604 69,040 77.1 66,031 73.7 2,357 63,674 3,009 4.4 90,251 69,500 77.0 66,824 74.0 2,323 64,501 2,676 3.9 90,339 69,561 77.0 66,676 73.8 2,314 64,362 2,885 4.1 90,391 69,652 77.1 67,008 74.1 2,282 64,726 2,644 3.8 90,476 69,601 76.9 66,990 74.0 2,264 64,726 2,611 3.8 90,502 69,451 76.7 66,753 73.8 2,168 64,585 2,699 3.9 105,127 62,794 59.7 59,552 56.6 3,241 5.2 106,070 63,355 59.7 60,285 56.8 3,070 4.8 106,141 63,682 60.0 60,644 57.1 3,038 4.8 105,127 62,951 59.9 59,620 56.7 3,331 5.3 105,799 63,182 59.7 60,223 56.9 2,959 4.7 105,873 63,507 60.0 60,582 57.2 2,925 4.6 105,997 63,641 60.0 60,565 57.1 3,076 4.8 106,070 63,777 60.1 60,704 57.2 3,073 4.8 106,141 63,827 60.1 60,697 57.2 3,130 4.9 97,638 59,160 60.6 56,442 57.8 710 55,732 2,718 4.6 98,471 59,606 60.5 57,011 57.9 722 56,289 2,595 4.4 98,534 59,869 60.8 57,316 58.2 676 56,639 2,554 4.3 97,638 59,070 60.5 56,322 57.7 752 55,570 2,748 4.7 98,212 59,348 60.4 56,953 58.0 833 56,120 2,395 4.0 98,300 59,624 60.7 57,255 58.2 845 56,410 2,369 4.0 98,420 59,652 60.6 57,040 58.0 811 56,229 2,612 4.4 98,471 59,721 60.6 57,146 58.0 801 56,345 2,575 4.3 98,534 59,771 60.7 57,186 58.0 717 56,470 2,585 4.3 15,271 7,428 48.6 6,182 40.5 212 5,970 1,246 16.8 15,453 7,575 49.0 6,422 41.6 164 6,258 1,153 15.2 15,511 7,742 49.9 6,571 42.4 189 6,383 1,170 15.1 15,271 8,005 52.4 6,682 43.8 278 6,404 1,323 16.5 15,478 8,016 51.8 6,798 43.9 228 6,570 1,218 15.2 15,459 7,984 51.6 6,846 44.3 226 6,620 1,138 14.3 15,427 8,189 53.1 7,035 45.6 227 6,809 1,154 14.1 15,453 8,235 53.3 7,028 45.5 270 6,758 1,207 14.7 15,511 8,300 53.5 7,055 45.5 247 6,808 1,245 15.0 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............. Employed........................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate.............. Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............. Employed........................... Employment-population ratio.... Agriculture...................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate.............. Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............. Employed........................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate.............. Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............. Employed........................... Employment-population ratio.... Agriculture...................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate.............. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population.. Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............. Employed........................... Employment-population ratio.... Agriculture...................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate.............. 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. HOUSEHOLD DATA Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 169,569 114,135 67.3 108,745 64.1 5,389 4.7 170,917 114,489 67.0 109,504 64.1 4,985 4.4 171,016 114,822 67.1 109,842 64.2 4,980 4.3 169,569 114,597 67.6 109,528 64.6 5,069 4.4 170,545 115,073 67.5 110,604 64.9 4,469 3.9 170,649 115,263 67.5 110,729 64.9 4,534 3.9 170,810 115,253 67.5 110,698 64.8 4,555 4.0 170,917 115,392 67.5 110,842 64.9 4,550 3.9 171,016 115,297 67.4 110,605 64.7 4,692 4.1 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 59,000 77.5 56,411 74.1 2,589 4.4 58,974 76.9 56,651 73.8 2,322 3.9 59,084 77.0 56,751 73.9 2,333 3.9 59,083 77.6 56,867 74.7 2,216 3.8 59,355 77.5 57,363 74.9 1,992 3.4 59,389 77.5 57,272 74.7 2,117 3.6 59,262 77.3 57,336 74.8 1,926 3.3 59,372 77.4 57,456 74.9 1,916 3.2 59,201 77.1 57,209 74.5 1,992 3.4 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 48,852 60.1 46,962 57.7 1,891 3.9 49,029 59.9 47,232 57.7 1,797 3.7 49,153 60.0 47,371 57.8 1,783 3.6 48,793 60.0 46,885 57.6 1,908 3.9 48,906 59.9 47,265 57.8 1,641 3.4 49,134 60.1 47,474 58.1 1,660 3.4 49,077 60.0 47,250 57.7 1,827 3.7 49,057 59.9 47,279 57.7 1,778 3.6 49,077 59.9 47,276 57.7 1,801 3.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ Men............................ Women.......................... 6,282 51.8 5,373 44.3 910 14.5 16.0 12.8 6,486 52.7 5,621 45.7 866 13.3 16.0 10.5 6,584 53.4 5,720 46.4 864 13.1 15.8 10.3 6,721 55.4 5,776 47.6 945 14.1 15.1 13.0 6,812 55.6 5,976 48.8 836 12.3 12.8 11.6 6,740 55.0 5,983 48.8 757 11.2 11.3 11.1 6,914 56.3 6,113 49.8 802 11.6 14.2 8.8 6,963 56.6 6,107 49.6 857 12.3 14.7 9.8 7,019 56.9 6,120 49.6 899 12.8 14.9 10.6 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 23,895 15,325 64.1 13,677 57.2 1,649 10.8 24,229 15,618 64.5 14,080 58.1 1,538 9.9 24,257 15,855 65.4 14,357 59.2 1,498 9.4 23,895 15,438 64.6 13,816 57.8 1,622 10.5 24,149 15,638 64.8 14,128 58.5 1,510 9.7 24,180 15,709 65.0 14,149 58.5 1,560 9.9 24,196 15,788 65.3 14,316 59.2 1,472 9.3 24,229 15,885 65.6 14,349 59.2 1,535 9.7 24,257 15,971 65.8 14,498 59.8 1,473 9.2 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 6,812 71.7 6,149 64.7 663 9.7 6,900 71.4 6,306 65.2 594 8.6 7,023 72.6 6,439 66.5 584 8.3 6,823 71.8 6,214 65.4 609 8.9 6,965 72.1 6,420 66.5 545 7.8 6,957 72.0 6,356 65.8 601 8.6 7,012 72.6 6,456 66.9 556 7.9 6,974 72.1 6,428 66.5 546 7.8 7,044 72.8 6,511 67.3 533 7.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 7,628 63.7 6,928 57.9 700 9.2 7,876 64.9 7,192 59.2 684 8.7 7,930 65.3 7,277 59.9 653 8.2 7,636 63.8 6,937 58.0 699 9.2 7,731 63.9 7,080 58.6 651 8.4 7,791 64.4 7,163 59.2 628 8.1 7,799 64.3 7,178 59.2 621 8.0 7,952 65.5 7,265 59.8 687 8.6 7,935 65.3 7,284 60.0 651 8.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ Men............................ Women.......................... 886 36.5 600 24.8 285 32.2 43.7 22.0 842 34.8 581 24.0 260 30.9 34.9 27.4 902 37.2 641 26.4 261 28.9 30.0 28.0 979 40.4 665 27.4 314 32.1 40.5 24.6 942 39.2 628 26.1 314 33.3 35.0 31.9 961 39.8 630 26.1 331 34.4 36.2 33.1 977 40.5 683 28.3 294 30.1 31.8 28.5 959 39.6 656 27.1 302 31.5 34.7 28.4 992 40.9 703 29.0 289 29.1 27.8 30.3 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Participation rate............... Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 20,119 13,620 67.7 12,381 61.5 1,239 9.1 20,798 14,030 67.5 12,983 62.4 1,047 7.5 20,851 14,225 68.2 13,132 63.0 1,093 7.7 20,119 13,666 67.9 12,533 62.3 1,133 8.3 20,575 13,880 67.5 12,921 62.8 959 6.9 20,629 13,973 67.7 12,921 62.6 1,052 7.5 20,741 13,954 67.3 12,988 62.6 966 6.9 20,798 14,149 68.0 13,181 63.4 968 6.8 20,851 14,298 68.6 13,305 63.8 993 6.9 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted(1) Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 30,190 12,813 42.4 11,591 38.4 1,222 9.5 29,228 12,303 42.1 11,303 38.7 1,000 8.1 29,251 12,568 43.0 11,535 39.4 1,033 8.2 30,190 12,629 41.8 11,572 38.3 1,057 8.4 29,505 12,511 42.4 11,575 39.2 936 7.5 29,566 12,555 42.5 11,606 39.3 949 7.6 29,981 12,682 42.3 11,771 39.3 911 7.2 29,228 12,555 43.0 11,676 39.9 879 7.0 29,251 12,392 42.4 11,500 39.3 891 7.2 57,148 37,706 66.0 35,873 62.8 1,832 4.9 57,418 37,527 65.4 35,794 62.3 1,734 4.6 57,885 37,873 65.4 36,113 62.4 1,760 4.6 57,148 37,776 66.1 36,115 63.2 1,661 4.4 57,310 37,641 65.7 36,193 63.2 1,448 3.8 57,631 37,827 65.6 36,287 63.0 1,540 4.1 57,606 37,787 65.6 36,303 63.0 1,485 3.9 57,418 37,807 65.8 36,302 63.2 1,505 4.0 57,885 37,931 65.5 36,331 62.8 1,600 4.2 41,675 31,239 75.0 30,047 72.1 1,192 3.8 42,527 31,580 74.3 30,538 71.8 1,042 3.3 42,313 31,424 74.3 30,319 71.7 1,105 3.5 41,675 31,306 75.1 30,179 72.4 1,127 3.6 42,417 31,544 74.4 30,574 72.1 970 3.1 42,085 31,506 74.9 30,484 72.4 1,022 3.2 41,718 31,440 75.4 30,429 72.9 1,011 3.2 42,527 31,505 74.1 30,538 71.8 967 3.1 42,313 31,515 74.5 30,471 72.0 1,043 3.3 40,874 33,001 80.7 32,339 79.1 663 2.0 42,238 33,859 80.2 33,227 78.7 632 1.9 42,085 33,957 80.7 33,344 79.2 614 1.8 40,874 32,817 80.3 32,138 78.6 679 2.1 41,739 33,505 80.3 32,916 78.9 589 1.8 41,822 33,678 80.5 33,083 79.1 595 1.8 41,974 33,685 80.3 33,040 78.7 645 1.9 42,238 33,672 79.7 33,029 78.2 643 1.9 42,085 33,777 80.3 33,145 78.8 632 1.9 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Percent of population............ Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ High school graduates, no college (2) Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Percent of population............ Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Percent of population............ Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian labor force................. Percent of population............ Employed........................... Employment-population ratio...... Unemployed......................... Unemployment rate................ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over................ Married men, spouse present.................... Married women, spouse present.................. Women who maintain families.................... 128,125 42,339 32,830 7,812 129,482 42,615 32,821 7,860 130,150 42,608 33,003 7,901 129,035 42,502 32,690 7,696 130,575 42,967 32,840 7,726 130,777 42,952 32,975 7,822 131,083 42,977 32,793 7,784 131,163 42,915 32,821 7,884 130,994 42,779 32,872 7,776 37,811 38,044 17,275 13,887 17,931 3,177 38,297 38,260 17,752 14,094 18,151 2,927 38,661 38,577 17,698 14,421 17,831 2,962 37,618 38,153 17,319 14,138 18,267 3,513 37,986 38,540 17,827 14,191 18,467 3,512 38,205 38,562 17,890 14,299 18,394 3,472 38,099 38,382 18,162 14,285 18,622 3,355 38,164 38,491 17,950 14,456 18,632 3,436 38,454 38,693 17,752 14,656 18,179 3,269 1,764 1,348 55 1,685 1,210 27 1,733 1,168 30 1,901 1,433 59 1,855 1,493 49 1,844 1,496 54 1,949 1,348 44 1,928 1,324 41 1,866 1,242 32 115,601 18,282 97,319 875 96,444 9,245 113 117,765 18,525 99,240 995 98,245 8,682 113 118,294 18,289 100,005 1,010 98,994 8,819 106 116,413 18,067 98,346 882 97,464 9,219 109 118,083 18,170 99,913 910 99,003 9,004 97 118,403 18,248 100,155 946 99,209 8,886 99 118,529 18,421 100,108 985 99,123 8,964 131 118,961 18,378 100,583 1,035 99,547 8,761 117 119,131 18,072 101,058 1,022 100,037 8,784 102 All industries: Part time for economic reasons............... Slack work or business conditions.......... Could only find part-time work............. Part time for noneconomic reasons............ 4,277 2,459 1,542 18,918 4,042 2,350 1,397 19,235 4,011 2,300 1,467 19,260 4,162 2,340 1,519 18,144 3,890 2,221 1,386 18,083 3,855 2,230 1,323 18,386 4,082 2,282 1,400 18,515 3,882 2,123 1,455 18,407 3,902 2,188 1,445 18,448 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons............... Slack work or business conditions.......... Could only find part-time work............. Part time for noneconomic reasons............ 4,075 2,329 1,516 18,338 3,867 2,235 1,384 18,693 3,834 2,166 1,448 18,736 3,957 2,210 1,484 17,559 3,689 2,100 1,346 17,486 3,654 2,113 1,291 17,791 3,865 2,162 1,373 17,898 3,743 2,025 1,433 17,786 3,726 2,057 1,416 17,929 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty.......... Technical, sales, and administrative support... Service occupations............................ Precision production, craft, and repair........ Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... Farming, forestry, and fishing................. CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers...................... Self-employed workers........................ Unpaid family workers........................ Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers...................... Government................................. Private industries......................... Private households....................... Other industries......................... Self-employed workers........................ Unpaid family workers........................ PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates(1) Category Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Total, 16 years and over.......................... Men, 20 years and over.......................... Women, 20 years and over........................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years...................... 7,080 3,009 2,748 1,323 6,393 2,611 2,575 1,207 6,529 2,699 2,585 1,245 5.2 4.4 4.7 16.5 4.6 3.9 4.0 15.2 4.7 4.1 4.0 14.3 4.7 3.8 4.4 14.1 4.6 3.8 4.3 14.7 4.7 3.9 4.3 15.0 Married men, spouse present..................... Married women, spouse present................... Women who maintain families..................... 1,218 1,104 735 1,100 1,040 645 1,111 1,114 642 2.8 3.3 8.7 2.4 2.8 8.1 2.6 2.8 7.7 2.6 3.1 7.6 2.5 3.1 7.6 2.5 3.3 7.6 Full-time workers............................... Part-time workers............................... 5,670 1,411 5,070 1,279 5,126 1,409 5.1 5.7 4.4 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.5 5.4 4.5 5.2 4.5 5.7 795 1,706 730 1,593 275 793 1,622 622 1,290 233 702 1,634 686 1,340 248 2.1 4.3 4.9 8.0 7.3 1.7 3.9 4.5 7.1 6.6 1.9 4.0 4.7 7.0 7.2 2.0 4.2 4.6 5.9 6.8 2.0 4.0 4.1 6.5 6.3 1.8 4.1 4.5 6.9 7.1 5,428 1,610 24 660 926 473 453 3,818 287 1,672 242 1,617 527 196 4,976 1,378 16 567 795 365 430 3,598 249 1,538 208 1,603 429 181 4,975 1,443 22 612 809 455 354 3,532 254 1,457 209 1,613 536 201 5.2 5.5 3.9 9.4 4.3 3.7 5.3 5.1 3.9 6.3 3.2 4.9 2.8 9.3 4.7 4.6 3.3 7.9 3.6 3.1 4.4 4.7 3.1 6.2 2.4 4.4 2.3 8.6 4.8 5.0 3.3 8.9 3.8 3.1 4.9 4.7 3.3 5.8 2.8 4.5 2.1 9.7 4.7 4.8 4.0 7.9 3.9 3.4 4.5 4.7 3.8 5.9 2.6 4.3 2.4 10.6 4.7 4.7 2.6 7.8 3.7 2.9 5.0 4.7 3.2 5.8 2.6 4.7 2.3 8.6 4.7 5.0 3.7 8.6 3.8 3.6 4.2 4.6 3.3 5.4 2.6 4.7 2.9 9.7 CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........... Technical, sales, and administrative support.... Precision production, craft, and repair......... Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. Goods-producing industries.................... Mining...................................... Construction................................ Manufacturing............................... Durable goods............................. Nondurable goods.......................... Service-producing industries.................. Transportation and public utilities......... Wholesale and retail trade.................. Finance, insurance, and real estate......... Services.................................... Government workers.............................. Agricultural wage and salary workers............ 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Less than 5 weeks..................... 5 to 14 weeks......................... 15 weeks and over..................... 15 to 26 weeks..................... 27 weeks and over.................. 2,313 2,663 2,423 1,259 1,164 2,488 2,365 1,950 957 994 2,524 2,274 2,019 1,055 964 2,618 2,325 2,079 1,003 1,076 2,423 2,048 1,865 899 966 2,531 1,922 1,964 936 1,028 2,488 1,971 1,811 773 1,038 2,622 1,909 1,830 855 974 2,858 1,979 1,731 841 891 Average (mean) duration, in weeks..... Median duration, in weeks............. 16.3 9.3 15.3 7.5 15.2 8.0 15.4 7.9 15.6 7.8 16.3 7.7 15.6 7.4 15.6 7.2 14.3 6.8 100.0 31.3 36.0 32.7 17.0 15.7 100.0 36.6 34.8 28.7 14.1 14.6 100.0 37.0 33.4 29.6 15.5 14.1 100.0 37.3 33.1 29.6 14.3 15.3 100.0 38.2 32.3 29.4 14.2 15.2 100.0 39.4 30.0 30.6 14.6 16.0 100.0 39.7 31.4 28.9 12.3 16.6 100.0 41.2 30.0 28.8 13.4 15.3 100.0 43.5 30.1 26.4 12.8 13.6 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed...................... Less than 5 weeks................... 5 to 14 weeks....................... 15 weeks and over................... 15 to 26 weeks.................... 27 weeks and over................. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 3,493 1,250 2,243 1,560 683 808 2,530 568 3,254 1,145 2,109 1,503 605 789 2,270 491 3,311 1,238 2,073 1,511 562 755 2,246 505 3,148 993 2,155 (1) (1) 797 2,497 617 2,886 815 2,071 (1) (1) 655 2,229 560 2,991 961 2,030 (1) (1) 692 2,170 552 2,807 860 1,947 (1) (1) 808 2,229 518 2,795 821 1,975 (1) (1) 786 2,266 543 2,980 980 2,000 (1) (1) 744 2,215 549 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.2 16.9 30.3 10.9 34.2 7.7 47.8 16.8 31.0 11.6 33.4 7.2 48.6 18.2 30.4 11.1 32.9 7.4 44.6 14.1 30.5 11.3 35.4 8.7 45.6 12.9 32.7 10.3 35.2 8.8 46.7 15.0 31.7 10.8 33.9 8.6 44.1 13.5 30.6 12.7 35.0 8.1 43.7 12.8 30.9 12.3 35.5 8.5 45.9 15.1 30.8 11.5 34.1 8.5 2.6 .6 1.9 .4 2.4 .6 1.7 .4 2.4 .6 1.6 .4 2.3 .6 1.8 .5 2.1 .5 1.6 .4 2.2 .5 1.6 .4 2.0 .6 1.6 .4 2.0 .6 1.6 .4 2.2 .5 1.6 .4 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff.............................. Not on temporary layoff.......................... Permanent job losers........................... Persons who completed temporary jobs........... Job leavers........................................ Reentrants......................................... New entrants....................................... PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................... Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs............................................ On temporary layoff............................. Not on temporary layoff......................... Job leavers....................................... Reentrants........................................ New entrants...................................... UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs............................................ Job leavers....................................... Reentrants........................................ New entrants...................................... 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Measure Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force................................... 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force................................................................ 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).......................... 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers................................................... 5.7 5.2 5.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.......................................................... 6.5 6.0 6.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................... 9.6 8.9 8.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates(1) Age and sex Mar. 1997 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998 Mar. 1998 Total, 16 years and over................. 16 to 24 years......................... 16 to 19 years....................... 16 to 17 years..................... 18 to 19 years..................... 20 to 24 years....................... 25 years and over...................... 25 to 54 years....................... 55 years and over.................... 7,080 2,522 1,323 622 705 1,199 4,547 4,014 538 6,393 2,378 1,207 638 538 1,171 4,018 3,571 450 6,529 2,335 1,245 579 670 1,090 4,184 3,712 486 5.2 11.7 16.5 19.0 14.9 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.3 4.6 10.9 15.2 17.6 13.6 8.4 3.4 3.5 2.8 4.7 10.6 14.3 17.7 11.7 8.5 3.6 3.7 2.8 4.7 10.8 14.1 17.3 11.6 8.9 3.5 3.6 2.7 4.6 10.8 14.7 18.5 11.3 8.5 3.5 3.6 2.7 4.7 10.7 15.0 16.9 13.7 8.0 3.6 3.8 2.9 Men, 16 years and over................. 16 to 24 years....................... 16 to 19 years..................... 16 to 17 years................... 18 to 19 years................... 20 to 24 years..................... 25 years and over.................... 25 to 54 years..................... 55 years and over.................. 3,749 1,370 740 354 390 630 2,359 2,052 313 3,320 1,348 709 371 313 639 1,975 1,718 268 3,399 1,282 700 330 374 582 2,102 1,828 285 5.1 12.1 17.9 20.9 16.1 8.8 3.8 3.9 3.4 4.5 11.6 15.6 18.2 14.1 9.3 3.2 3.3 2.9 4.7 11.1 14.2 18.4 11.1 9.3 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.5 11.2 16.4 18.3 14.9 8.1 3.3 3.4 3.1 4.5 11.7 17.0 21.0 13.1 8.7 3.2 3.2 2.9 4.6 11.2 16.5 18.5 15.2 8.1 3.4 3.5 3.1 Women, 16 years and over............... 16 to 24 years....................... 16 to 19 years..................... 16 to 17 years................... 18 to 19 years................... 20 to 24 years..................... 25 years and over.................... 25 to 54 years..................... 55 years and over.................. 3,331 1,152 583 268 315 569 2,188 1,962 225 3,073 1,030 498 267 225 532 2,043 1,853 181 3,130 1,053 545 249 296 508 2,082 1,884 201 5.3 11.2 15.0 17.0 13.7 8.9 4.2 4.3 3.1 4.7 10.1 14.7 17.0 13.0 7.4 3.6 3.8 2.6 4.6 10.2 14.3 17.0 12.4 7.6 3.6 3.9 2.1 4.8 10.4 11.6 16.3 8.2 9.7 3.7 3.9 2.3 4.8 9.8 12.3 16.0 9.5 8.3 3.8 4.1 2.4 4.9 10.1 13.4 15.2 12.2 7.9 3.9 4.1 2.6 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Mar. 1997 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Mar. 1998 66,989 4,949 1,471 67,580 4,756 1,426 24,656 2,108 683 25,121 2,010 642 42,333 2,840 788 42,459 2,746 784 356 1,115 343 1,083 185 498 185 457 171 617 158 626 Total multiple jobholders(4)........................ Percent of total employed....................... 7,862 6.1 7,987 6.1 4,055 5.9 4,187 6.0 3,807 6.4 3,800 6.3 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.. Primary and secondary jobs both part time....... Primary and secondary jobs both full time....... Hours vary on primary or secondary job.......... 4,546 1,687 196 1,398 4,632 1,635 216 1,471 2,642 499 133 755 2,697 476 142 854 1,903 1,188 63 643 1,935 1,158 74 617 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force........................ Persons who currently want a job.................. Searched for work and available to work now(1). Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2)...... Reasons other than discouragement(3)... MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Total......................... 120,472 122,160 122,940 123,576 121,344 123,512 123,866 124,265 124,517 124,481 Total private.................... 100,522 102,461 102,838 103,369 101,799 103,749 104,096 104,484 104,705 104,674 Goods-producing......................... 24,163 24,496 24,511 24,587 24,670 24,888 24,995 25,139 25,172 25,086 Mining................................ Metal mining........................ Coal mining......................... Oil and gas extraction.............. Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 562 53.5 92.4 312.7 103.1 561 51.2 89.5 321.6 98.7 559 50.8 88.9 320.0 99.5 560 50.9 88.4 317.8 102.7 572 54 93 317 108 572 54 90 322 106 574 53 90 323 108 574 52 90 324 108 572 52 89 324 107 571 52 89 323 107 Construction.......................... 5,204 5,345 5,341 5,391 General building contractors........ 1,227.1 1,291.6 1,284.4 1,289.6 Heavy construction, except building. 685.3 647.7 654.0 683.9 Special trade contractors........... 3,291.7 3,405.9 3,402.2 3,417.1 5,609 1,298 777 3,534 5,682 1,327 759 3,596 5,747 1,343 774 3,630 5,843 1,363 782 3,698 5,877 1,368 792 3,717 5,789 1,363 771 3,655 Manufacturing......................... Production workers................ 18,397 12,705 18,590 12,831 18,611 12,858 18,636 12,874 18,489 12,771 18,634 12,882 18,674 12,913 18,722 12,944 18,723 12,947 18,726 12,940 Durable goods........................ Production workers................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Computer and office equipment..... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Electronic components and accessories.................... Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Aircraft and parts................ Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10,821 7,422 780.5 507.1 529.5 708.9 11,035 7,572 791.8 516.9 529.3 720.6 11,054 7,597 792.2 518.9 529.5 719.8 11,075 7,614 793.4 520.8 534.0 720.0 10,848 7,437 797 507 542 709 11,020 7,570 800 511 542 716 11,048 7,593 806 513 543 717 11,093 7,623 808 516 550 719 11,102 7,632 809 519 549 720 11,103 7,629 808 521 546 720 235.9 236.8 235.9 236.3 1,461.0 1,491.6 1,492.6 1,490.8 2,142.3 2,193.1 2,200.8 2,204.8 371.5 385.9 385.5 385.6 (1) 1,463 2,136 372 (1) 1,485 2,184 384 (1) 1,489 2,188 387 (1) 1,496 2,194 387 (1) 1,497 2,198 387 (1) 1,494 2,198 387 1,642.1 1,684.0 1,682.7 1,683.1 1,645 1,673 1,678 1,685 1,685 1,687 614.3 653.6 652.8 652.4 1,812.1 1,865.3 1,876.0 1,880.8 969.2 983.6 990.7 993.8 489.9 527.1 529.5 527.9 852.5 862.1 859.1 861.8 384.9 380.0 382.6 385.0 614 1,810 969 491 853 386 647 1,868 995 521 860 381 651 1,868 988 526 861 385 655 1,874 992 527 864 387 654 1,879 993 530 860 386 653 1,880 993 529 863 386 Nondurable goods..................... 7,576 7,555 7,557 7,561 Production workers................ 5,283 5,259 5,261 5,260 Food and kindred products........... 1,653.0 1,669.4 1,668.7 1,671.1 Tobacco products.................... 40.8 42.8 42.3 40.2 Textile mill products............... 611.0 597.1 595.5 596.3 Apparel and other textile products.. 822.8 780.9 779.1 778.3 Paper and allied products........... 673.1 676.0 675.1 674.0 Printing and publishing............. 1,533.9 1,553.0 1,555.4 1,554.4 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,025.6 1,022.3 1,024.5 1,027.8 Petroleum and coal products......... 136.5 130.5 130.6 132.2 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 986.4 996.2 998.5 1,000.5 Leather and leather products........ 93.3 86.4 86.8 85.9 7,641 5,334 1,698 42 612 827 677 1,535 1,028 140 988 94 7,614 5,312 1,701 42 602 796 676 1,551 1,028 137 992 89 7,626 5,320 1,706 41 604 795 676 1,553 1,029 138 996 88 7,629 5,321 1,710 40 601 792 678 1,558 1,027 134 1,002 87 7,621 5,315 1,709 41 598 783 678 1,560 1,028 135 1,001 88 7,623 5,311 1,714 41 597 782 678 1,558 1,030 135 1,002 86 98,989 96,674 98,624 98,871 99,126 99,345 99,395 Transportation and public utilities... 6,353 6,456 6,478 6,513 Transportation...................... 4,123 4,200 4,217 4,239 Railroad transportation........... 223.8 228.5 227.9 228.3 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 467.3 472.8 476.3 481.9 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,640.1 1,675.0 1,681.2 1,688.7 Water transportation.............. 169.9 164.6 170.3 172.9 Transportation by air............. 1,176.4 1,207.4 1,204.9 1,207.5 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.1 Transportation services........... 431.6 437.6 442.7 445.7 Communications and public utilities. 2,230 2,256 2,261 2,274 Communications.................... 1,358.9 1,397.2 1,402.1 1,414.7 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 871.1 858.7 858.6 858.8 6,405 4,164 226 6,495 4,243 229 6,478 4,221 230 6,516 4,247 233 6,542 4,268 232 6,564 4,281 231 455 1,671 175 1,191 14 432 2,241 1,364 459 1,702 177 1,222 14 440 2,252 1,390 462 1,699 175 1,201 14 440 2,257 1,396 463 1,713 172 1,210 14 442 2,269 1,406 466 1,719 177 1,215 14 445 2,274 1,410 469 1,722 179 1,220 14 446 2,283 1,420 Service-producing....................... 96,309 97,664 98,429 877 862 861 863 864 863 6,758 4,033 2,725 21,964 6,611 3,889 2,722 21,945 6,729 3,993 2,736 22,403 6,746 4,006 2,740 22,450 6,780 4,024 2,756 22,462 6,793 4,044 2,749 22,476 6,798 4,046 2,752 22,428 888.3 893.3 892.8 911.9 2,674.1 2,866.9 2,763.3 2,750.6 2,351.7 2,510.0 2,427.1 2,416.4 3,430.3 3,516.0 3,501.1 3,488.4 922 2,783 2,452 3,478 934 2,868 2,522 3,521 934 2,874 2,520 3,522 945 2,866 2,531 3,533 948 2,864 2,510 3,539 947 2,863 2,511 3,538 2,292.8 2,309.9 2,310.0 2,321.0 1,051.5 1,055.1 1,056.5 1,059.6 1,071.1 1,113.3 1,068.2 1,060.8 2,315 1,055 1,104 2,338 1,062 1,111 2,338 1,061 1,106 2,339 1,061 1,111 2,339 1,061 1,102 2,342 1,062 1,093 1,014.7 1,079.3 1,070.5 1,067.2 7,386.1 7,362.0 7,442.6 7,522.2 2,736.3 2,914.8 2,875.7 2,841.7 1,025 7,525 2,793 1,062 7,669 2,900 1,070 7,688 2,918 1,073 7,694 2,901 1,076 7,709 2,899 1,078 7,666 2,901 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,951 7,115 7,132 7,178 Finance............................. 3,359 3,472 3,480 3,500 Depository institutions........... 2,030.3 2,058.7 2,056.7 2,062.6 Commercial banks................ 1,476.0 1,497.8 1,494.7 1,497.8 Savings institutions............ 253.5 252.0 251.0 251.8 Nondepository institutions........ 535.4 563.5 568.3 576.6 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 241.3 253.1 258.5 265.6 Security and commodity brokers.... 576.7 616.6 619.9 624.9 Holding and other investment offices........................ 216.1 233.4 235.2 235.5 Insurance........................... 2,215 2,252 2,257 2,266 Insurance carriers................ 1,498.3 1,523.6 1,525.4 1,535.3 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 717.0 728.1 731.2 730.5 Real estate......................... 1,377 1,391 1,395 1,412 6,992 3,366 2,037 1,482 254 534 242 579 7,132 3,457 2,058 1,500 250 558 252 610 7,151 3,472 2,064 1,502 253 561 253 614 7,170 3,479 2,061 1,500 252 563 252 619 7,190 3,489 2,064 1,502 252 567 260 622 7,221 3,508 2,070 1,504 252 576 265 627 216 2,217 1,500 231 2,247 1,521 233 2,257 1,529 236 2,257 1,527 236 2,263 1,530 235 2,268 1,537 717 1,409 726 1,428 728 1,422 730 1,434 733 1,438 731 1,445 35,176 648 1,746 1,196 7,577 896 2,787 2,457 36,102 687 1,763 1,197 7,832 903 2,819 2,484 36,276 682 1,759 1,185 7,918 908 2,868 2,520 36,417 687 1,772 1,187 7,970 912 2,872 2,515 36,532 683 1,766 1,192 8,026 914 2,920 2,571 36,577 680 1,766 1,198 8,041 920 2,902 2,555 Wholesale trade....................... Durable goods....................... Nondurable goods.................... Retail trade.......................... Building materials and garden supplies......................... General merchandise stores.......... Department stores................. Food stores......................... Automotive dealers and service stations......................... New and used car dealers.......... Apparel and accessory stores........ Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... Eating and drinking places.......... Miscellaneous retail establishments. Services2............................. Agricultural services............... Hotels and other lodging places..... Personal services................... Business services................... Services to buildings............. Personnel supply services......... Help supply services............ 6,571 3,877 2,694 21,494 34,990 580.0 1,676.5 1,257.1 7,459.1 890.8 2,676.2 2,349.6 6,722 4,003 2,719 22,056 35,616 575.8 1,663.4 1,231.4 7,778.5 898.6 2,723.4 2,383.2 6,737 4,022 2,715 21,924 36,056 572.9 1,680.2 1,263.6 7,840.8 903.4 2,755.5 2,415.4 36,369 608.3 1,697.3 1,262.3 7,938.1 913.5 2,809.0 2,465.9 Computer and data processing services....................... Auto repair, services, and parking.. Miscellaneous repair services....... Motion pictures..................... Amusement and recreation services... Health services..................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ Nursing and personal care facilities..................... Hospitals......................... Home health care services......... Legal services...................... Educational services................ Social services..................... Child day care services........... Residential care.................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... Membership organizations............ Engineering and management services. Engineering and architectural services....................... Management and public relations... Services, nec....................... Government............................ Federal............................. Federal, except Postal Service.... State............................... Education......................... Other State government............ Local............................... Education......................... Other local government............ 1,298.1 1,125.4 377.5 532.8 1,372.8 9,603.7 1,475.0 1,156.9 388.3 561.5 1,471.1 9,810.9 1,291 1,126 380 529 1,494 9,612 1,401 1,153 389 551 1,583 9,771 1,421 1,157 390 561 1,600 9,795 1,435 1,163 392 559 1,606 9,801 1,451 1,159 393 566 1,617 9,816 1,468 1,157 392 558 1,616 9,823 1,716.1 1,780.6 1,784.5 1,786.2 1,721 1,773 1,780 1,786 1,789 1,791 1,749.4 3,851.1 677.0 942.9 2,178.0 2,459.0 595.5 688.4 1,764.4 3,935.3 667.3 978.3 2,272.7 2,555.7 621.2 723.6 1,753 3,852 678 946 2,047 2,445 580 690 1,767 3,910 683 968 2,118 2,511 594 711 1,769 3,917 681 975 2,121 2,521 598 716 1,766 3,927 673 975 2,132 2,529 605 717 1,769 3,931 670 980 2,139 2,535 603 720 1,768 3,936 669 982 2,141 2,546 607 725 81.4 80.8 81.6 84.3 2,178.3 2,176.2 2,194.9 2,204.9 2,950.1 3,093.0 3,128.9 3,162.0 87 2,193 2,934 89 2,199 3,074 89 2,209 3,096 88 2,214 3,125 90 2,218 3,134 90 2,220 3,150 866 923 (1) 893 979 (1) 901 993 (1) 907 1,009 (1) 909 1,013 (1) 913 1,014 (1) 19,545 2,709 1,856 4,622 1,929 2,693 12,214 6,853 5,361 19,763 2,694 1,826 4,673 1,967 2,706 12,396 6,964 5,432 19,770 2,689 1,818 4,665 1,964 2,701 12,416 6,965 5,451 19,781 2,674 1,825 4,664 1,960 2,704 12,443 6,985 5,458 19,812 2,676 1,820 4,661 1,958 2,703 12,475 7,008 5,467 19,807 2,672 1,817 4,667 1,962 2,705 12,468 7,008 5,460 857.7 921.8 47.6 19,950 2,700 1,849.7 4,748 2,069.3 2,679.0 12,502 7,237.6 5,264.2 1,438.1 1,148.0 385.6 557.5 1,366.6 9,776.4 1,760.2 3,919.5 671.0 970.7 2,084.4 2,511.5 609.3 712.4 1,454.6 1,152.6 386.8 563.6 1,414.3 9,789.6 1,761.9 3,926.4 666.2 974.6 2,263.2 2,531.7 613.7 716.6 896.5 897.1 904.6 993.2 1,004.0 1,011.1 48.8 49.0 48.4 19,699 2,654 1,799.7 4,600 1,920.3 2,679.9 12,445 7,121.3 5,323.6 20,102 2,661 1,808.0 4,761 2,076.4 2,684.2 12,680 7,338.4 5,342.0 20,207 2,663 1,810.4 4,789 2,099.3 2,689.4 12,755 7,396.6 5,358.5 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Total private.................... 34.6 34.2 34.6 34.5 34.8 34.8 34.6 34.8 34.9 34.7 Goods-producing......................... 41.2 40.9 40.8 40.8 41.4 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.4 40.9 Mining................................ 45.7 45.0 44.0 43.3 45.9 45.6 45.0 45.5 44.1 43.4 Construction.......................... 38.4 37.4 37.9 37.9 38.9 38.1 38.8 39.8 39.3 38.4 Manufacturing......................... Overtime hours.................... 42.0 4.7 41.9 4.7 41.7 4.5 41.7 4.6 42.1 4.9 42.1 4.9 42.2 4.9 42.1 4.9 42.0 4.8 41.7 4.7 Durable goods........................ Overtime hours.................... 42.9 5.1 42.6 5.0 42.5 4.9 42.5 4.9 42.9 5.2 42.9 5.2 43.0 5.2 42.8 5.2 42.7 5.1 42.4 5.0 Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.7 39.9 42.5 44.8 40.2 40.6 42.2 45.4 40.5 40.3 42.6 44.7 40.8 40.2 42.7 44.5 41.0 40.3 43.1 44.8 41.2 40.5 42.9 45.3 41.0 40.7 43.9 45.3 41.3 41.2 43.9 45.4 41.2 41.3 43.8 44.7 41.1 40.5 43.3 44.4 44.7 42.5 43.8 46.1 42.6 43.6 45.2 42.3 43.5 45.2 42.3 43.5 44.8 42.6 43.5 45.3 42.6 43.8 45.5 42.9 43.6 46.2 42.7 43.5 45.3 42.6 43.3 45.3 42.4 43.2 42.2 45.0 45.8 42.2 40.3 41.8 43.8 43.8 41.8 39.9 41.6 43.5 43.5 42.0 40.2 41.3 43.7 44.0 41.8 40.5 42.1 45.0 45.7 42.0 40.2 42.0 44.0 44.3 42.2 40.5 42.0 44.7 45.0 41.8 40.7 41.9 43.8 43.8 41.7 40.2 41.8 43.7 43.7 42.0 40.7 41.2 43.5 43.7 41.6 40.4 Nondurable goods..................... Overtime hours.................... 40.7 4.2 40.9 4.2 40.6 4.0 40.6 4.2 40.9 4.4 41.1 4.5 41.1 4.5 41.2 4.4 40.9 4.3 40.8 4.4 Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 40.7 39.1 41.2 37.5 43.5 38.7 43.2 43.0 41.8 38.5 41.4 37.8 41.6 37.3 43.7 38.0 43.4 44.5 42.0 37.7 40.9 37.4 41.1 37.1 42.9 38.2 43.3 42.1 41.6 37.9 40.8 37.0 41.2 37.2 43.1 38.5 43.4 42.5 41.5 37.5 41.3 40.2 41.2 37.5 43.8 38.6 43.3 (2) 41.8 38.7 41.6 39.3 41.5 37.1 44.1 38.8 43.4 (2) 42.2 38.0 41.7 39.1 41.7 37.5 43.8 38.6 43.1 (2) 42.1 38.3 41.9 38.4 41.8 37.6 43.6 38.5 43.5 (2) 42.0 38.3 41.4 38.7 41.7 37.4 43.3 38.5 43.5 (2) 41.8 38.8 41.3 37.4 41.2 37.1 43.4 38.4 43.4 (2) 41.5 37.6 Service-producing....................... 32.9 32.4 33.0 32.9 33.0 33.1 32.8 32.9 33.2 33.0 Transportation and public utilities... 39.5 39.2 39.8 39.3 39.8 40.2 39.7 39.8 40.0 39.5 Wholesale trade....................... 38.5 38.1 38.5 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.6 Retail trade.......................... 28.7 28.1 28.8 28.7 29.1 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.2 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.5 36.1 37.1 36.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.6 32.4 32.8 32.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Mar. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Mar. 1997 Total private.................... Seasonally adjusted............. $12.17 12.14 $12.59 12.52 $12.63 12.59 $12.66 12.63 $421.08 422.47 Goods-producing......................... 13.72 14.10 14.11 14.18 Mining................................ 15.98 16.61 16.89 16.96 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p $430.58 435.70 $437.00 439.39 $436.77 438.26 565.26 576.69 575.69 578.54 730.29 747.45 743.16 734.37 Construction.......................... 15.67 16.22 16.19 16.28 601.73 606.63 613.60 617.01 Manufacturing......................... 13.08 13.41 13.42 13.48 549.36 561.88 559.61 562.12 Durable goods........................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 13.64 10.60 10.43 13.03 15.16 13.97 10.89 10.75 13.39 15.47 13.97 10.91 10.76 13.46 15.45 14.03 10.96 10.82 13.48 15.52 585.16 431.42 416.16 553.78 679.17 595.12 437.78 436.45 565.06 702.34 593.73 441.86 433.63 573.40 690.62 596.28 447.17 434.96 575.60 690.64 17.86 12.78 13.93 18.30 13.02 14.33 18.31 13.01 14.35 18.33 13.03 14.35 798.34 543.15 610.13 843.63 554.65 624.79 827.61 550.32 624.23 828.52 551.17 624.23 12.49 17.51 18.01 13.47 10.56 13.00 17.79 18.28 13.68 10.81 12.97 17.82 18.36 13.71 10.82 13.03 17.94 18.51 13.77 10.80 527.08 787.95 824.86 568.43 425.57 543.40 779.20 800.66 571.82 431.32 539.55 775.17 798.66 575.82 434.96 538.14 783.98 814.44 575.59 437.40 Nondurable goods..................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 12.25 11.40 19.40 9.92 8.24 14.93 13.01 16.42 20.51 11.50 8.86 12.57 11.67 18.32 10.25 8.41 15.20 13.27 16.89 20.65 11.74 9.29 12.57 11.65 18.12 10.25 8.39 15.24 13.32 16.93 20.93 11.74 9.23 12.64 11.73 18.41 10.29 8.40 15.34 13.38 17.04 20.98 11.78 9.30 498.58 463.98 758.54 408.70 309.00 649.46 503.49 709.34 881.93 480.70 341.11 514.11 483.14 692.50 426.40 313.69 664.24 504.26 733.03 918.93 493.08 350.23 510.34 476.49 677.69 421.28 311.27 653.80 508.82 733.07 881.15 488.38 349.82 513.18 478.58 681.17 423.95 312.48 661.15 515.13 739.54 891.65 488.87 348.75 Service-producing....................... 11.66 12.09 12.15 12.17 383.61 391.72 400.95 400.39 Transportation and public utilities... $14.70 $15.22 $15.19 $15.17 $580.65 $596.62 $604.56 $596.18 Wholesale trade....................... 13.28 13.76 13.85 13.85 511.28 524.26 533.23 533.23 Retail trade.......................... 8.27 8.63 8.62 8.65 237.35 242.50 248.26 248.26 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.20 13.67 13.91 13.95 481.80 493.49 516.06 514.76 Services.............................. 12.24 12.67 12.75 12.77 399.02 410.51 418.20 417.58 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent change from: Feb. 1998Mar. 1998 Mar. 1997 Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Total private: Current dollars.............. Constant (1982) dollars2..... $12.14 7.50 $12.48 7.62 $12.48 7.62 $12.52 7.64 $12.59 7.69 $12.63 N.A. 0.3 (3) Goods-producing............... Mining...................... Construction................ Manufacturing............... Excluding overtime4....... 13.79 15.94 15.80 13.07 12.37 14.11 16.43 16.22 13.37 12.63 14.17 16.41 16.36 13.39 12.64 14.15 16.42 16.22 13.38 12.64 14.21 16.77 16.30 13.43 12.70 14.25 16.93 16.42 13.47 12.75 .3 1.0 .7 .3 .4 Service-producing............. Transportation and public utilities................ Wholesale trade............. Retail trade................ Finance, insurance, and real estate................... Services.................... 11.59 11.94 11.92 11.97 12.05 12.10 .4 14.73 13.30 8.25 15.05 13.73 8.50 15.09 13.69 8.51 15.26 13.67 8.57 15.19 13.81 8.59 15.20 13.87 8.62 .1 .4 .3 13.12 12.16 13.64 12.50 13.59 12.48 13.63 12.52 13.83 12.62 13.88 12.68 .4 .5 Industry 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .7 percent from January 1998 to February 1998, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Mar. 1997 Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998p Mar. 1998p Total private.................... 137.5 138.2 140.5 140.8 142.5 143.6 144.5 143.5 Goods-producing......................... 110.0 110.5 110.5 113.9 115.0 116.4 115.9 114.0 Mining................................ 55.1 54.5 56.6 56.2 56.0 56.7 54.8 53.6 Construction.......................... 138.2 Manufacturing......................... 107.6 140.8 154.0 152.2 156.7 164.3 163.5 156.1 108.3 108.3 109.4 109.9 110.0 109.6 108.9 Durable goods........................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 112.5 139.5 131.1 106.4 95.8 112.8 140.9 130.9 107.3 95.4 111.3 142.2 127.3 110.0 93.9 113.2 143.6 129.6 110.0 96.5 113.9 144.2 130.5 112.8 96.5 113.9 145.9 133.1 114.4 97.2 113.8 145.3 134.1 114.1 95.6 112.9 144.7 131.8 111.8 95.1 75.8 119.2 111.3 74.2 118.7 111.6 74.1 118.3 112.0 73.2 116.7 107.7 74.0 118.6 111.1 74.3 119.8 110.8 75.9 119.8 110.9 74.4 119.9 110.8 74.4 118.9 110.4 108.9 128.1 169.3 75.9 102.5 110.8 128.0 162.9 76.1 99.4 109.9 128.1 163.2 76.6 101.2 109.0 129.6 165.7 76.5 103.0 108.8 127.6 167.9 75.4 102.5 110.3 129.7 168.7 76.0 101.4 111.1 131.4 169.6 75.6 103.4 111.0 128.6 164.5 76.1 102.2 110.3 128.9 164.1 76.7 103.4 108.8 128.6 163.9 76.1 103.0 Nondurable goods..................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 102.8 112.0 60.6 88.8 74.1 108.8 124.8 100.0 72.8 144.8 42.2 102.7 115.0 64.9 87.6 69.3 110.0 123.1 101.8 71.1 146.7 37.9 101.9 113.8 61.5 86.3 68.7 107.7 123.6 102.1 67.7 146.1 38.0 102.0 113.5 58.0 86.7 68.7 108.1 124.2 102.5 69.3 146.0 37.3 104.3 117.4 63.7 88.8 74.3 110.2 124.3 100.3 76.1 145.0 42.8 104.3 118.4 64.2 88.1 70.6 110.7 126.4 101.6 73.9 146.8 39.1 104.4 119.0 60.0 88.7 71.2 110.2 125.9 101.3 72.4 147.2 38.8 104.7 119.9 60.9 88.4 70.8 110.1 125.3 102.4 74.6 147.8 38.8 104.0 118.7 61.3 87.8 69.6 109.4 125.1 102.9 70.6 147.1 39.3 103.4 118.6 61.1 87.0 68.7 109.6 124.1 102.7 71.8 146.2 37.5 Service-producing....................... 149.9 150.6 153.9 154.3 152.3 155.9 154.9 155.8 157.4 156.8 Transportation and public utilities... 129.2 128.8 130.7 129.9 131.4 133.2 131.1 132.0 132.6 131.5 Wholesale trade....................... 125.1 125.6 127.4 127.6 126.3 128.3 126.9 128.1 129.0 129.0 Retail trade.......................... 133.6 133.8 136.1 136.0 138.5 140.3 140.5 140.8 142.0 140.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 127.6 129.5 133.7 134.0 129.0 132.9 129.3 130.3 134.8 135.2 Services.............................. 181.3 182.4 187.1 188.3 182.6 188.3 187.5 188.8 190.4 190.1 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. Nov. 1997 Dec. 1997 140.2 142.9 110.8 113.3 53.1 52.4 137.7 139.5 108.4 108.1 111.0 138.1 126.2 105.7 94.0 112.6 138.4 131.4 105.1 97.5 72.7 116.2 108.9 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 57.6 62.4 51.7 59.3 64.5 61.9 60.1 64.3 59.1 p57.6 67.1 54.5 60.1 59.0 p54.5 64.5 55.6 54.9 61.1 57.7 48.0 62.9 57.4 63.9 53.9 60.5 50.7 62.5 54.1 56.5 58.8 62.6 59.8 59.3 58.7 61.4 57.0 54.4 56.5 60.3 54.9 62.6 64.2 63.8 57.2 58.1 61.7 62.4 57.9 61.0 61.4 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 65.3 65.4 62.6 64.6 p66.9 69.5 62.5 63.6 62.2 p65.2 70.4 58.7 62.6 64.2 68.7 53.2 61.2 65.6 67.1 54.6 62.1 59.7 67.0 52.4 63.1 58.7 69.1 57.9 62.6 59.1 69.7 59.6 58.8 65.0 65.7 59.7 62.8 65.3 65.6 59.0 60.4 67.3 67.0 57.0 64.7 68.4 66.2 56.3 65.0 69.9 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 71.1 66.9 62.2 67.6 69.8 61.4 63.5 66.6 69.8 58.1 63.5 64.5 70.9 56.6 63.5 64.6 70.1 58.1 62.6 64.3 69.8 58.1 61.2 66.7 69.7 56.7 65.3 67.0 69.4 59.8 63.6 68.3 69.4 60.3 62.6 70.2 67.4 59.1 64.5 72.9 67.7 61.5 64.2 p73.2 66.2 63.3 67.4 p70.6 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 70.2 63.6 63.5 67.3 71.6 62.4 64.7 66.2 71.8 62.6 62.4 69.4 71.8 63.3 62.9 70.4 72.1 61.7 64.7 70.1 71.8 61.9 64.2 69.5 71.5 58.7 65.0 71.3 72.1 62.2 63.1 p71.9 70.1 62.2 63.8 p70.8 69.5 61.1 66.7 66.6 62.2 65.7 65.0 63.3 65.0 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 55.8 54.3 45.7 54.0 60.8 59.0 56.1 54.3 50.4 p49.3 60.4 44.2 47.8 52.9 p50.7 58.6 51.4 39.2 52.9 52.9 42.1 52.2 51.4 58.6 42.8 52.2 49.3 59.4 43.5 44.2 51.8 56.1 52.2 52.9 49.6 52.9 47.1 44.2 54.3 55.0 50.0 50.7 57.6 58.6 47.5 49.6 59.4 58.3 50.7 52.2 57.2 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 61.9 59.7 47.5 53.2 p60.4 64.7 50.4 47.8 51.4 p57.6 65.5 47.5 42.1 50.7 59.7 40.3 38.5 52.5 57.6 42.4 43.2 48.6 60.1 36.3 45.0 48.9 62.2 38.5 48.9 48.6 57.9 43.9 43.2 53.6 55.0 49.3 50.4 55.8 55.4 46.4 46.4 62.9 60.1 45.3 52.5 64.0 59.4 43.9 52.5 67.3 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 62.2 55.8 41.4 53.2 62.2 48.6 41.7 53.2 62.6 43.9 41.0 50.4 63.3 38.8 38.1 49.3 59.4 39.2 39.6 48.6 56.5 39.6 40.6 52.2 56.5 38.8 47.5 55.0 58.6 39.6 46.8 58.3 58.6 43.9 45.3 60.8 55.0 45.0 50.4 65.1 58.3 44.2 48.2 p67.3 55.0 44.6 53.2 p64.0 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 57.9 46.0 39.6 51.4 58.6 44.2 42.8 47.8 60.8 46.0 39.2 52.2 60.8 47.8 39.6 55.0 60.8 41.0 42.4 57.6 63.3 41.7 40.3 55.8 59.4 38.5 43.5 57.2 60.1 38.8 40.3 p58.3 57.2 36.3 43.5 p59.0 56.5 37.4 46.8 50.4 38.1 46.4 49.6 39.9 47.1 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
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