Full text of The Employment Situation : July 1999

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Technical information:
USDL 99-211
Household data: (202) 606-6378

Establishment data:
Media contact:

606-6555
606-5902

Transmission of material in this release is
embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Friday, August 6, 1999.

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:

JULY 1999

Payroll employment rose in July, and the unemployment rate was unchanged
at 4.3 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor
reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 310,000. Job gains
continued in construction and throughout the service-producing sector. Manufacturing employment also rose, after seasonal adjustment. Average hourly
earnings increased by 6 cents.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons (5.9 million) was about unchanged in
July, and the unemployment rate held at 4.3 percent. The unemployment rate
has been 4.3 or 4.2 percent each month since March. Over the month, the
jobless rate for blacks increased to 8.8 percent. Unemployment rates for
the other major demographic groups--adult men (3.5 percent), adult women
(4.0 percent), teenagers (12.7 percent), whites (3.7 percent), and Hispanics
(6.2 percent)--were essentially unchanged. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force (139.3 million) and the labor force
participation rate (67.0 percent) were about unchanged from June. Both
total employment (133.3 million) and the employment-population ratio
(64.1 percent) were little changed in July. (See table A-1.)
About 7.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in July. These multiple jobholders represented 5.7 percent of the
total employed, about the same as in July 1998. (See table A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in July, down from 1.3 million a year earlier.
These were people who wanted and were available to work and had looked for
a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed
because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who
were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no
jobs were available for them--was 290,000 in July. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Data)
Total nonfarm employment rose by 310,000 in July to 128.7 million, after
seasonal adjustment. Monthly gains had averaged 208,000 during the first
half of the year. (See table B-1.)

- 2 Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
|
Quarterly
|
Monthly data
|
|
averages
|
|
|_________________|__________________________| JuneCategory
|
1999
|
1999
| July
|_________________|________ _________________|change
|
I
|
II
| May
| June | July |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA
|
Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,144| 139,173| 139,019| 139,408| 139,254|
-154
Employment..........| 133,191| 133,242| 133,224| 133,432| 133,307|
-125
Unemployment........|
5,953|
5,931|
5,795|
5,975|
5,947|
-28
Not in labor force....| 67,732| 68,259| 68,408| 68,225| 68,574|
349
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........|
4.3|
4.3|
4.2|
4.3|
4.3|
.0
Adult men...........|
3.4|
3.5|
3.6|
3.6|
3.5|
-0.1
Adult women.........|
3.8|
3.9|
3.6|
3.9|
4.0|
.1
Teenagers...........|
14.6|
13.4|
12.6|
13.5|
12.7|
-.8
White...............|
3.7|
3.8|
3.7|
3.8|
3.7|
-.1
Black...............|
8.0|
7.5|
7.5|
7.3|
8.8|
1.5
Hispanic origin.....|
6.4|
6.8|
6.7|
6.8|
6.2|
-.6
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
|
Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 127,640|p128,244| 128,162|p128,435|p128,745|
p310
Goods-producing 1/..| 25,310| p25,222| 25,199| p25,180| p25,230|
p50
Construction......|
6,213| p6,259|
6,239| p6,260| p6,282|
p22
Manufacturing.....| 18,542| p18,432| 18,429| p18,393| p18,424|
p31
Service-producing 1/| 102,331|p103,021| 102,963|p103,255|p103,515|
p260
Retail trade......| 22,605| p22,755| 22,748| p22,792| p22,883|
p91
Services..........| 38,442| p38,808| 38,782| p38,946| p39,056|
p110
Government........| 20,044| p20,096| 20,077| p20,111| p20,127|
p16
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Hours of work 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........|
34.6|
p34.4|
34.4|
p34.5|
p34.5|
p.0
Manufacturing.......|
41.6|
p41.7|
41.7|
p41.7|
p41.9|
p0.2
Overtime..........|
4.5|
p4.5|
4.6|
p4.7|
p4.8|
p.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........|
147.0| p147.3|
147.2| p147.7| p148.2|
p0.5
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Earnings 2/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, |
|
|
|
|
|
total private.......| $13.07| p$13.18| $13.18| p$13.23| p$13.29| p$0.06
Avg. weekly earnings, |
|
|
|
|
|
total private.......| 451.79| p453.95| 453.39| p456.44| p458.51| p2.07
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.

- 3 Manufacturing added 31,000 jobs in July, after seasonal adjustment.
This was only the second increase in factory employment since March 1998;
the other gain occurred last August when a large number of workers returned
to their jobs from strikes and related shutdowns. The July increase was
concentrated in durable goods manufacturing, where seasonal declines in
several industries were not as large as usual, resulting in employment
gains after seasonal adjustment. Manufacturing industries with employment
increases in July included fabricated metals, electrical equipment,
instruments, industrial machinery, motor vehicles, furniture, and stone,
clay, and glass products. Despite the increase in July, overall
manufacturing employment remains 459,000 lower than its most recent peak in
March 1998.
Elsewhere in the goods-producing sector, construction added 22,000 jobs
in July, following a similar gain in June. Employment in special trades
grew by 15,000, with the largest gains in concrete work and painting.
Growth also continued in the residential component of general building
construction.
Mining lost 3,000 jobs in July, about the same number as in June.
During the first 5 months of 1999, losses in the industry had averaged
nearly 8,000 a month. July job losses were concentrated in oil and gas
extraction, where employment has declined by 71,000, or 20 percent, since
its most recent peak in February 1998.
In the service-producing sector, the services industry added 110,000
jobs in July, slightly below the average growth for the prior 12 months.
Help supply services employment grew by 31,000 in July, the largest monthly
gain in over a year and a half. Both computer services (13,000) and
engineering and management services (26,000) continued their robust growth
in July. Following 2 months of sluggish growth, health services had a
substantial job gain (19,000), with the largest increases in doctors'
offices and clinics.
Retail trade employment grew by 91,000 in July. Thus far in 1999, job
growth in this industry has averaged about 51,000 a month, approximately
twice the monthly average for the same period in 1998. Within retail
trade, employment in eating and drinking places increased by 61,000 in
July, almost double the gain in June. Employment also rose over the month
in car dealerships and in building materials and garden supply stores. In
contrast, furniture and home furnishings stores (which include computer
stores) did not add employment for the first time in over a year.
Finance, insurance, and real estate added 13,000 jobs in July. Within
finance, employment in securities brokerages increased by 7,000, the largest
job increase of the year for this industry. In contrast, employment in
mortgage banks declined for the second straight month, following 4 years of
steady growth. Employment in wholesale trade grew by 16,000, with most of
the increase occurring in durable goods. Transportation and public utilities
added 14,000 jobs, with the largest gain occurring in trucking.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in July, at 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted.
The manufacturing workweek rose by 0.2 hour to 41.9 hours; factory overtime
was up 0.1 hour to 4.8 hours. (See table B-2.)

- 4 The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 percent to 148.2
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.8 percent
to 107.0 in July. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls increased by 6 cents in July to $13.29, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.5 percent, to $458.51, seasonally
adjusted. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.8 percent and
average weekly earnings increased by 3.5 percent. (See table B-3.)
___________________________
The Employment Situation for August 1999 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, September 3, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).

- 5 Explanatory Note

This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall
need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.

- 6 Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication
individuals are counted only once, even if
the establishment survey, employees working
appearing on more than one payroll would be
appearance.

of individuals, because
they hold more than one job. In
at more than one job and thus
counted separately for each

Other differences between the two surveys are described in
"Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major agesex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December

- 7 period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the

- 8 monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Employment status, sex, and age

July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................
Not in labor force..............................

205,270
139,336
67.9
132,769
64.7
3,866
128,903
6,567
4.7
65,934

207,632
140,666
67.7
134,395
64.7
3,691
130,704
6,271
4.5
66,966

207,828
141,119
67.9
134,800
64.9
3,718
131,083
6,319
4.5
66,709

205,270
137,407
66.9
131,176
63.9
3,423
127,753
6,231
4.5
67,863

207,036
138,816
67.0
133,033
64.3
3,281
129,752
5,783
4.2
68,220

207,236
139,091
67.1
133,069
64.2
3,384
129,685
6,022
4.3
68,145

207,427
139,019
67.0
133,224
64.2
3,295
129,929
5,795
4.2
68,408

207,632
139,408
67.1
133,432
64.3
3,354
130,078
5,975
4.3
68,225

207,828
139,254
67.0
133,307
64.1
3,292
130,015
5,947
4.3
68,574

98,785
75,467
76.4
72,049
72.9
3,418
4.5

99,668
75,472
75.7
72,312
72.6
3,159
4.2

99,761
75,940
76.1
72,803
73.0
3,137
4.1

98,785
73,989
74.9
70,629
71.5
3,360
4.5

99,362
74,234
74.7
71,352
71.8
2,881
3.9

99,465
74,234
74.6
71,225
71.6
3,010
4.1

99,563
74,316
74.6
71,198
71.5
3,118
4.2

99,668
74,420
74.7
71,321
71.6
3,099
4.2

99,761
74,500
74.7
71,444
71.6
3,056
4.1

90,802
70,202
77.3
67,619
74.5
2,586
65,034
2,582
3.7

91,487
70,486
77.0
68,144
74.5
2,432
65,712
2,342
3.3

91,561
70,612
77.1
68,212
74.5
2,468
65,743
2,400
3.4

90,802
69,738
76.8
67,056
73.8
2,382
64,674
2,682
3.8

91,215
69,951
76.7
67,713
74.2
2,222
65,492
2,238
3.2

91,302
69,991
76.7
67,608
74.0
2,353
65,255
2,383
3.4

91,368
69,932
76.5
67,399
73.8
2,212
65,186
2,534
3.6

91,487
70,127
76.7
67,633
73.9
2,248
65,385
2,494
3.6

91,561
70,164
76.6
67,687
73.9
2,271
65,416
2,477
3.5

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 106,484 107,964 108,067 106,484 107,674 107,771 107,864 107,964 108,067
Civilian labor force............................ 63,869 65,195 65,179 63,418 64,582 64,857 64,704 64,988 64,754
Participation rate........................
60.0
60.4
60.3
59.6
60.0
60.2
60.0
60.2
59.9
Employed...................................... 60,720 62,083 61,997 60,547 61,680 61,845 62,026 62,112 61,863
Employment-population ratio...............
57.0
57.5
57.4
56.9
57.3
57.4
57.5
57.5
57.2
Unemployed....................................
3,149
3,112
3,182
2,871
2,902
3,012
2,677
2,876
2,891
Unemployment rate.........................
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.1
4.4
4.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................

98,778 100,131 100,203
59,101 60,748 60,409
59.8
60.7
60.3
56,569 58,351 57,837
57.3
58.3
57.7
868
907
894
55,701 57,445 56,943
2,532
2,397
2,573
4.3
3.9
4.3

98,778
59,465
60.2
57,078
57.8
781
56,297
2,387
4.0

99,833
60,533
60.6
58,183
58.3
834
57,349
2,350
3.9

99,923 100,008 100,131 100,203
60,788 60,729 61,092 60,791
60.8
60.7
61.0
60.7
58,320 58,520 58,719 58,373
58.4
58.5
58.6
58.3
801
831
869
797
57,519 57,689 57,849 57,576
2,468
2,209
2,373
2,418
4.1
3.6
3.9
4.0

15,690
10,033
63.9
8,580
54.7
412
8,168
1,453
14.5

15,690
8,204
52.3
7,042
44.9
260
6,782
1,162
14.2

15,988
8,331
52.1
7,136
44.6
224
6,912
1,195
14.3

16,011
8,312
51.9
7,141
44.6
230
6,911
1,171
14.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population.............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................

16,014
9,432
58.9
7,900
49.3
353
7,547
1,532
16.2

16,065
10,098
62.9
8,752
54.5
355
8,397
1,347
13.3

16,051
8,358
52.1
7,306
45.5
252
7,054
1,052
12.6

16,014
8,189
51.1
7,081
44.2
237
6,843
1,108
13.5

16,065
8,300
51.7
7,247
45.1
225
7,023
1,053
12.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin

(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 171,513 172,999 173,133 171,513 172,597 172,730 172,859 172,999 173,133
Civilian labor force............................ 116,570 117,655 117,853 115,071 116,284 116,370 116,254 116,578 116,393
Participation rate..........................
68.0
68.0
68.1
67.1
67.4
67.4
67.3
67.4
67.2
Employed...................................... 112,047 113,011 113,425 110,676 112,144 111,917 111,985 112,092 112,117
Employment-population ratio.................
65.3
65.3
65.5
64.5
65.0
64.8
64.8
64.8
64.8
Unemployed....................................
4,523
4,644
4,429
4,395
4,140
4,454
4,269
4,486
4,276
Unemployment rate...........................
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.8
3.7
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

59,768
77.7
57,953
75.3
1,816
3.0

60,025
77.6
58,246
75.3
1,779
3.0

60,178
77.7
58,442
75.5
1,736
2.9

59,406
77.2
57,447
74.6
1,959
3.3

59,698
77.3
58,010
75.1
1,688
2.8

59,664
77.2
57,874
74.9
1,790
3.0

59,500
77.0
57,615
74.5
1,884
3.2

59,711
77.2
57,784
74.7
1,927
3.2

59,837
77.3
57,978
74.9
1,859
3.1

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

48,445
59.0
46,711
56.9
1,734
3.6

49,661
59.9
47,926
57.8
1,735
3.5

49,203
59.3
47,447
57.2
1,756
3.6

48,770
59.4
47,129
57.4
1,641
3.4

49,602
59.9
47,983
58.0
1,620
3.3

49,672
60.0
47,862
57.8
1,811
3.6

49,669
60.0
48,067
58.0
1,602
3.2

49,933
60.2
48,215
58.2
1,718
3.4

49,542
59.7
47,878
57.7
1,665
3.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................
Men.......................................
Women.....................................

8,356
67.0
7,384
59.2
972
11.6
12.9
10.2

7,969
62.7
6,839
53.8
1,129
14.2
13.8
14.6

8,472
66.5
7,536
59.2
937
11.1
11.2
10.9

6,895
55.3
6,100
48.9
795
11.5
13.2
9.7

6,984
55.2
6,151
48.6
833
11.9
12.7
11.1

7,034
55.5
6,181
48.8
853
12.1
12.6
11.6

7,085
55.8
6,302
49.7
783
11.0
11.9
10.1

6,934
54.6
6,093
48.0
840
12.1
11.8
12.5

7,013
55.1
6,261
49.2
753
10.7
10.9
10.6

BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

24,381
16,413
67.3
14,708
60.3
1,706
10.4

24,833
16,462
66.3
15,156
61.0
1,306
7.9

24,867
16,747
67.3
15,146
60.9
1,601
9.6

24,381
16,045
65.8
14,511
59.5
1,534
9.6

24,729
16,212
65.6
14,904
60.3
1,308
8.1

24,765
16,286
65.8
15,029
60.7
1,257
7.7

24,798
16,303
65.7
15,079
60.8
1,224
7.5

24,833
16,300
65.6
15,103
60.8
1,197
7.3

24,867
16,384
65.9
14,949
60.1
1,434
8.8

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

7,173
73.7
6,537
67.2
636
8.9

7,188
72.5
6,766
68.2
422
5.9

7,194
72.5
6,647
67.0
547
7.6

7,111
73.1
6,491
66.7
620
8.7

7,065
71.6
6,656
67.4
409
5.8

7,118
72.0
6,681
67.6
437
6.1

7,206
72.8
6,727
68.0
479
6.6

7,152
72.1
6,712
67.7
440
6.1

7,132
71.8
6,601
66.5
531
7.4

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

7,910
64.8
7,238
59.3
673
8.5

8,183
65.8
7,632
61.4
550
6.7

8,315
66.8
7,610
61.1
705
8.5

7,916
64.9
7,294
59.8
622
7.9

8,129
65.6
7,545
60.9
584
7.2

8,241
66.4
7,681
61.9
560
6.8

8,177
65.8
7,653
61.6
524
6.4

8,214
66.0
7,671
61.7
544
6.6

8,318
66.8
7,663
61.5
654
7.9

1,330
54.3
933
38.1
397
29.9
31.8
27.7

1,091
44.0
758
30.5
334
30.6
34.7
26.7

1,238
49.8
889
35.8
349
28.2
32.2
24.0

1,018
41.5
726
29.6
292
28.7
30.2
27.0

1,018
41.2
702
28.4
316
31.0
32.9
29.1

927
37.5
667
26.9
260
28.1
33.0
23.5

920
37.1
699
28.2
222
24.1
26.2
22.0

934
37.7
721
29.0
214
22.9
26.7
19.6

934
37.6
685
27.6
249
26.7
30.8
22.9

21,097
14,438
68.4
13,351
63.3
1,087
7.5

21,618
14,710
68.0
13,750
63.6
960
6.5

21,684
14,738
68.0
13,767
63.5
970
6.6

21,097
14,267
67.6
13,245
62.8
1,022
7.2

21,414
14,570
68.0
13,732
64.1
838
5.8

21,483
14,543
67.7
13,541
63.0
1,002
6.9

21,548
14,535
67.5
13,558
62.9
977
6.7

21,618
14,643
67.7
13,654
63.2
989
6.8

21,684
14,592
67.3
13,685
63.1
907
6.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................
Men.......................................
Women.....................................
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Educational attainment
July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

29,027
12,269
42.3
11,426
39.4
842
6.9

28,515
12,261
43.0
11,496
40.3
765
6.2

28,015
11,766
42.0
10,997
39.3
769
6.5

29,027
12,561
43.3
11,665
40.2
896
7.1

28,442
12,094
42.5
11,356
39.9
739
6.1

27,991
11,753
42.0
10,972
39.2
781
6.6

28,298
11,743
41.5
10,959
38.7
784
6.7

28,515
12,047
42.2
11,238
39.4
810
6.7

28,015
12,069
43.1
11,244
40.1
825
6.8

57,374
36,912
64.3
35,408
61.7
1,504
4.1

57,963
37,384
64.5
36,033
62.2
1,351
3.6

57,162
36,555
63.9
35,237
61.6
1,318
3.6

57,374
37,290
65.0
35,779
62.4
1,511
4.1

57,805
37,740
65.3
36,448
63.1
1,292
3.4

57,945
37,577
64.8
36,253
62.6
1,324
3.5

57,931
37,416
64.6
36,058
62.2
1,359
3.6

57,963
37,403
64.5
35,961
62.0
1,442
3.9

57,162
36,941
64.6
35,629
62.3
1,313
3.6

42,293
31,448
74.4
30,496
72.1
952
3.0

42,780
31,669
74.0
30,913
72.3
756
2.4

43,610
32,289
74.0
31,284
71.7
1,005
3.1

42,293
31,220
73.8
30,274
71.6
946
3.0

43,028
31,892
74.1
30,989
72.0
903
2.8

43,059
32,160
74.7
31,202
72.5
958
3.0

42,742
31,930
74.7
31,043
72.6
886
2.8

42,780
31,937
74.7
31,130
72.8
806
2.5

43,610
32,102
73.6
31,097
71.3
1,005
3.1

43,309
34,481
79.6
33,839
78.1
643
1.9

44,464
35,527
79.9
34,777
78.2
750
2.1

45,042
35,837
79.6
35,105
77.9
733
2.0

43,309
34,637
80.0
34,051
78.6
586
1.7

43,859
34,997
79.8
34,345
78.3
652
1.9

44,289
35,493
80.1
34,742
78.4
752
2.1

44,442
35,771
80.5
35,107
79.0
664
1.9

44,464
35,856
80.6
35,128
79.0
727
2.0

45,042
35,981
79.9
35,317
78.4
664
1.8

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Category

July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,769 134,395 134,800 131,176 133,033 133,069 133,224 133,432 133,307
Married men, spouse present..................... 42,794 43,205 43,310 42,850 43,114 43,190 42,882 43,291 43,353
Married women, spouse present................... 32,266 33,396 32,869 32,719 33,134 33,285 33,487 33,802 33,302
Women who maintain families.....................
7,752
8,023
8,156
7,875
8,148
8,050
8,039
7,991
8,289
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty...........
Technical, sales, and administrative support....
Service occupations.............................
Precision production, craft, and repair.........
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............
Farming, forestry, and fishing..................

38,620
38,923
18,111
14,584
18,431
4,098

40,602
38,767
18,290
14,422
18,383
3,931

40,536
38,959
18,450
14,578
18,287
3,991

39,020
38,513
17,683
14,334
18,157
3,519

39,900
38,893
18,074
14,661
18,177
3,417

40,504
38,866
17,868
14,518
17,656
3,539

40,500
39,103
18,111
14,432
17,813
3,441

40,946
38,729
18,020
14,084
18,190
3,504

40,901
38,573
18,035
14,405
17,985
3,423

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.......................
2,285
2,207
2,201
2,010
1,893
1,908
1,919
1,911
1,938
Self-employed workers.........................
1,543
1,443
1,460
1,374
1,376
1,439
1,348
1,369
1,300
Unpaid family workers.........................
38
41
56
32
39
31
33
37
47
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 119,638 121,653 122,062 118,647 121,005 120,785 121,168 121,005 121,157
Government.................................. 17,905 18,862 18,591 18,374 18,699 18,709 18,672 19,110 19,068
Private industries.......................... 101,733 102,791 103,471 100,273 102,306 102,076 102,496 101,895 102,089
Private households........................
1,021
1,006
1,007
966
917
941
910
1,001
943
Other industries.......................... 100,712 101,786 102,464 99,307 101,389 101,135 101,586 100,894 101,146
Self-employed workers.........................
9,167
8,955
8,943
9,060
8,650
8,813
8,687
8,857
8,837
Unpaid family workers.........................
98
96
78
91
125
63
60
87
74
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................
Slack work or business conditions...........
Could only find part-time work..............
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............

4,025
2,344
1,383
16,168

3,641
2,082
1,158
17,266

3,537
2,031
1,185
16,617

3,757
2,299
1,213
18,589

3,564
2,045
1,208
18,545

3,408
1,920
1,124
18,882

3,422
1,946
1,137
18,632

3,418
2,092
1,014
18,666

3,299
1,983
1,044
19,122

Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................
Slack work or business conditions...........
Could only find part-time work..............
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............

3,882
2,256
1,339
15,528

3,462
1,940
1,141
16,629

3,368
1,905
1,159
16,049

3,606
2,193
1,182
17,982

3,374
1,955
1,159
17,944

3,224
1,831
1,092
18,320

3,247
1,838
1,111
18,098

3,232
1,944
1,010
18,016

3,130
1,846
1,028
18,618

NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates(1)

Category
July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

Total, 16 years and over.........................
Men, 20 years and over.........................
Women, 20 years and over.......................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................

6,231
2,682
2,387
1,162

5,975
2,494
2,373
1,108

5,947
2,477
2,418
1,053

4.5
3.8
4.0
14.2

4.2
3.2
3.9
14.3

4.3
3.4
4.1
14.1

4.2
3.6
3.6
12.6

4.3
3.6
3.9
13.5

4.3
3.5
4.0
12.7

Married men, spouse present....................
Married women, spouse present..................
Women who maintain families....................

1,005
955
587

977
926
561

1,001
990
571

2.3
2.8
6.9

2.1
2.7
6.7

2.3
2.9
7.2

2.4
2.5
6.0

2.2
2.7
6.6

2.3
2.9
6.4

Full-time workers..............................
Part-time workers..............................

4,943
1,283

4,628
1,317

4,732
1,216

4.4
5.2

4.0
4.9

4.2
4.9

4.0
5.1

4.0
5.4

4.1
4.9

690
1,532
649
1,351
249

852
1,431
725
1,166
284

808
1,594
568
1,216
236

1.7
3.8
4.3
6.9
6.6

1.9
3.8
3.6
5.9
6.9

1.9
3.9
3.8
6.5
7.3

2.0
3.3
4.1
6.5
8.0

2.0
3.6
4.9
6.0
7.5

1.9
4.0
3.8
6.3
6.4

4,868
1,385
25
460
900
522
378
3,483
249
1,494
160
1,580
443
180

4,699
1,322
26
531
764
448
317
3,377
214
1,441
189
1,533
470
203

4,710
1,240
40
491
709
474
235
3,470
278
1,396
191
1,605
439
189

4.6
4.8
3.9
6.8
4.3
4.1
4.6
4.6
3.4
5.6
2.1
4.6
2.4
8.2

4.2
4.3
5.3
6.7
3.4
2.9
4.1
4.2
2.9
5.4
1.9
4.2
2.1
9.5

4.4
4.5
9.3
7.4
3.3
3.1
3.7
4.3
2.8
5.4
3.2
4.1
2.5
9.7

4.2
4.4
5.9
7.2
3.4
3.3
3.6
4.1
3.3
5.3
2.1
3.9
2.6
10.7

4.4
4.7
4.7
7.5
3.8
3.6
4.0
4.3
2.8
5.4
2.3
4.2
2.4
9.6

4.4
4.4
6.4
6.7
3.5
3.8
3.0
4.4
3.6
5.2
2.3
4.5
2.3
8.9

CHARACTERISTIC

OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty..........
Technical, sales, and administrative support...
Precision production, craft, and repair........
Operators, fabricators, and laborers...........
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers
Goods-producing industries...................
Mining.....................................
Construction...............................
Manufacturing..............................
Durable goods............................
Nondurable goods.........................
Service-producing industries.................
Transportation and public utilities........
Wholesale and retail trade.................
Finance, insurance, and real estate........
Services...................................
Government workers.............................
Agricultural wage and salary workers...........

1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Duration
July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

Less than 5 weeks................................
5 to 14 weeks....................................
15 weeks and over................................
15 to 26 weeks................................
27 weeks and over.............................

2,845
2,179
1,543
685
858

3,136
1,552
1,583
802
782

2,910
1,934
1,475
714
761

2,626
1,975
1,606
783
823

2,478
1,891
1,434
736
697

2,788
1,867
1,446
773
673

2,467
1,816
1,523
794
729

2,529
1,736
1,668
824
844

2,680
1,766
1,505
787
718

Average (mean) duration, in weeks................
Median duration, in weeks........................

13.7
6.3

13.1
4.5

13.1
5.4

14.3
6.7

13.5
6.9

13.1
6.1

13.4
6.7

14.5
6.2

13.6
5.7

100.0
43.3
33.2
23.5
10.4
13.1

100.0
50.0
24.7
25.2
12.8
12.5

100.0
46.1
30.6
23.3
11.3
12.0

100.0
42.3
31.8
25.9
12.6
13.3

100.0
42.7
32.6
24.7
12.7
12.0

100.0
45.7
30.6
23.7
12.7
11.0

100.0
42.5
31.3
26.2
13.7
12.6

100.0
42.6
29.3
28.1
13.9
14.2

100.0
45.0
29.7
25.3
13.2
12.1

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................
Less than 5 weeks..............................
5 to 14 weeks..................................
15 weeks and over..............................
15 to 26 weeks...............................
27 weeks and over............................

NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Reason
July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

2,847
935
1,912
1,316
596
817
2,173
731

2,495
746
1,750
1,253
497
820
2,293
663

2,729
862
1,867
1,267
600
817
2,101
672

2,865
931
1,934
(1)
(1)
770
2,072
474

2,563
812
1,751
(1)
(1)
780
1,988
431

2,700
838
1,862
(1)
(1)
841
2,044
469

2,663
821
1,842
(1)
(1)
789
2,040
415

2,683
892
1,791
(1)
(1)
864
2,057
349

2,740
850
1,890
(1)
(1)
755
2,011
402

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

43.3
14.2
29.1
12.4
33.1
11.1

39.8
11.9
27.9
13.1
36.6
10.6

43.2
13.6
29.5
12.9
33.2
10.6

46.4
15.1
31.3
12.5
33.5
7.7

44.5
14.1
30.4
13.5
34.5
7.5

44.6
13.9
30.8
13.9
33.8
7.7

45.1
13.9
31.2
13.4
34.5
7.0

45.1
15.0
30.1
14.5
34.6
5.9

46.4
14.4
32.0
12.8
34.0
6.8

2.0
.6
1.6
.5

1.8
.6
1.6
.5

1.9
.6
1.5
.5

2.1
.6
1.5
.3

1.8
.6
1.4
.3

1.9
.6
1.5
.3

1.9
.6
1.5
.3

1.9
.6
1.5
.3

2.0
.5
1.4
.3

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs...........................................
On temporary layoff.............................
Not on temporary layoff.........................
Permanent job losers..........................
Persons who completed temporary jobs..........
Job leavers.......................................
Reentrants........................................
New entrants......................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed..................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs...........................................
On temporary layoff............................
Not on temporary layoff........................
Job leavers......................................
Reentrants.......................................
New entrants.....................................
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs...........................................
Job leavers......................................
Reentrants.......................................
New entrants.....................................

1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)

Not seasonally
adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Measure

July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force...................

2.0

1.8

1.9

2.1

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.9

2.0

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)......................

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.2

4.3

4.2

4.3

4.3

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....

5.0

4.6

4.7

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................

5.6

5.3

5.2

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers.............................

8.5

7.9

7.7

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates(1)

Age and sex

July
1998

June
1999

July
1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999

July
1999

Total, 16 years and over..........................
16 to 24 years..................................
16 to 19 years................................
16 to 17 years..............................
18 to 19 years..............................
20 to 24 years................................
25 years and over...............................
25 to 54 years................................
55 years and over.............................

6,231
2,267
1,162
513
646
1,105
3,930
3,437
483

5,975
2,181
1,108
524
586
1,073
3,788
3,242
537

5,947
2,128
1,053
493
563
1,075
3,792
3,242
544

4.5
10.4
14.2
15.7
13.1
8.2
3.4
3.5
2.8

4.2
10.0
14.3
16.6
12.8
7.4
3.1
3.1
2.9

4.3
10.0
14.1
16.9
12.3
7.6
3.2
3.3
2.9

4.2
9.4
12.6
15.9
10.6
7.5
3.2
3.2
2.6

4.3
9.9
13.5
16.1
11.8
7.7
3.2
3.3
3.0

4.3
9.6
12.7
14.6
11.4
7.7
3.2
3.3
3.0

Men, 16 years and over..........................
16 to 24 years................................
16 to 19 years..............................
16 to 17 years............................
18 to 19 years............................
20 to 24 years..............................
25 years and over.............................
25 to 54 years..............................
55 years and over...........................

3,360
1,289
678
307
365
611
2,068
1,777
288

3,099
1,231
605
282
333
626
1,861
1,601
258

3,056
1,180
579
271
303
601
1,866
1,559
316

4.5
11.3
15.9
18.0
14.3
8.5
3.3
3.4
3.0

3.9
9.9
15.0
16.9
13.6
7.0
2.7
2.8
2.6

4.1
10.5
14.8
19.2
12.2
8.0
2.9
2.9
2.6

4.2
10.2
13.3
17.7
10.6
8.3
3.1
3.1
2.7

4.2
10.7
14.1
16.5
12.8
8.7
3.0
3.0
2.6

4.1
10.2
13.4
15.4
11.8
8.3
3.0
2.9
3.2

Women, 16 years and over........................
16 to 24 years................................
16 to 19 years..............................
16 to 17 years............................
18 to 19 years............................
20 to 24 years..............................
25 years and over.............................
25 to 54 years..............................
55 years and over...........................

2,871
978
484
206
281
494
1,862
1,660
195

2,876
950
503
241
253
447
1,927
1,641
279

2,891
948
473
222
260
475
1,926
1,683
228

4.5
9.5
12.2
13.2
11.7
7.7
3.5
3.6
2.6

4.5
10.0
13.6
16.2
11.9
7.8
3.4
3.5
3.2

4.6
9.5
13.4
14.5
12.5
7.1
3.6
3.7
3.3

4.1
8.6
11.8
13.8
10.6
6.7
3.2
3.4
2.6

4.4
9.0
12.9
15.7
10.7
6.7
3.5
3.5
3.5

4.5
8.9
11.9
13.8
11.0
7.1
3.6
3.7
2.9

1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Men

Women

Category
July
1998

July
1999

July
1998

July
1999

July
1998

July
1999

65,934
4,763
1,328

66,709
4,490
1,133

23,319
1,813
635

23,821
1,715
493

42,616
2,950
692

42,888
2,774
640

374
953

290
843

225
410

159
334

149
543

131
509

Total multiple jobholders(4)......................................
Percent of total employed.....................................

7,643
5.8

7,636
5.7

4,099
5.7

4,155
5.7

3,544
5.8

3,481
5.6

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.....................
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.....................
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................

4,253
1,563
308
1,456

4,101
1,735
300
1,459

2,485
539
223
821

2,439
604
206
890

1,769
1,024
86
636

1,662
1,131
95
569

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force......................................
Persons who currently want a job................................
Searched for work and available to work now(1)...............
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2)....................
Reasons other than discouragement(3)....................
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
July
1998

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

Total......................... 125,762 128,850 129,585 128,740 125,808 127,813 128,134 128,162 128,435 128,745
Total private.................... 107,010 108,362 109,400 109,670 106,009 107,726 108,035 108,085 108,324 108,618
Goods-producing.........................

25,544

25,243

25,528

25,554

25,240

25,285

25,288

25,199

25,180

25,230

Mining................................
Metal mining........................
Coal mining.........................
Oil and gas extraction..............
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels..

598
51.1
90.0
344.3
112.7

531
48.9
85.8
284.6
111.4

534
49.4
85.5
285.7
113.0

534
49.2
83.9
286.6
113.9

588
50
90
339
109

550
50
87
305
108

538
49
86
294
109

531
49
86
287
109

527
48
85
285
109

524
48
84
282
110

Construction..........................
6,326
6,304
6,500
6,633
General building contractors........ 1,444.8 1,424.5 1,478.9 1,509.5
Heavy construction, except building.
911.9
887.6
917.0
931.7
Special trade contractors........... 3,969.1 3,991.8 4,104.3 4,191.9

5,990
1,377
842
3,771

6,232
1,429
864
3,939

6,277
1,428
874
3,975

6,239
1,427
854
3,958

6,260
1,433
857
3,970

6,282
1,437
860
3,985

Manufacturing.........................
Production workers................

18,620
12,725

18,408
12,647

18,494
12,699

18,387
12,599

18,662
12,801

18,503
12,714

18,473
12,696

18,429
12,662

18,393
12,623

18,424
12,671

Durable goods........................
Production workers................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Computer and office equipment.....
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Electronic components and
accessories....................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Aircraft and parts................
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

11,017
7,456
824.1
526.7
569.7
697.3

10,980
7,519
821.9
537.4
573.8
688.3

11,029
7,547
832.6
539.8
579.4
690.3

10,951
7,469
834.2
539.4
578.6
681.8

11,066
7,521
812
532
563
705

11,014
7,527
827
535
569
693

10,993
7,519
824
536
570
691

10,971
7,504
824
537
569
689

10,959
7,490
823
537
568
687

10,998
7,535
822
545
571
689

232.4
221.6
221.2
221.1
1,474.9 1,486.4 1,493.6 1,479.0
2,201.4 2,134.2 2,139.2 2,126.9
381.0
362.1
364.4
363.4

(1)
1,491
2,208
379

(1)
1,490
2,139
360

(1)
1,489
2,132
361

(1)
1,487
2,129
362

(1)
1,486
2,127
363

(1)
1,495
2,133
362

1,700.9 1,654.2 1,663.1 1,658.8

1,705

1,659

1,658

1,658

1,657

1,663

660.8
635.3
640.6
637.7
1,760.1 1,858.9 1,860.7 1,824.1
861.0 1,001.7 1,007.0
976.0
525.2
496.1
490.4
487.7
870.0
838.3
840.8
842.8
391.7
386.8
389.3
384.9

659
1,788
887
526
869
393

636
1,873
992
511
844
385

635
1,864
996
503
842
387

635
1,853
996
498
839
386

638
1,850
998
491
837
387

636
1,852
1,003
489
842
386

Nondurable goods.....................
7,603
7,428
7,465
7,436
Production workers................
5,269
5,128
5,152
5,130
Food and kindred products........... 1,708.0 1,659.1 1,678.7 1,698.7
Tobacco products....................
36.8
35.3
35.7
35.4
Textile mill products...............
593.7
564.0
563.6
555.8
Apparel and other textile products..
751.5
693.7
691.6
674.2
Paper and allied products...........
675.6
658.9
663.2
660.4
Printing and publishing............. 1,568.2 1,549.5 1,553.5 1,552.5
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,050.2 1,035.9 1,039.8 1,037.4
Petroleum and coal products.........
143.4
138.5
140.1
140.6
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
995.8 1,017.8 1,024.2 1,011.2
Leather and leather products........
79.9
74.8
75.0
70.1

7,596
5,280
1,684
40
597
764
674
1,567
1,044
140
1,004
82

7,489
5,187
1,693
39
571
702
662
1,557
1,037
139
1,014
75

7,480
5,177
1,689
38
567
698
662
1,555
1,038
139
1,019
75

7,458
5,158
1,688
38
563
691
661
1,551
1,036
138
1,018
74

7,434
5,133
1,680
39
560
685
659
1,551
1,033
137
1,016
74

7,426
5,136
1,675
39
559
681
659
1,552
1,032
137
1,020
72

Service-producing....................... 100,218 103,607 104,057 103,186 100,568 102,528 102,846 102,963 103,255 103,515
Transportation and public utilities...
6,592
6,773
6,813
6,777
Transportation......................
4,253
4,414
4,441
4,404
Railroad transportation...........
232.9
233.5
235.3
236.7
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................
407.8
498.1
482.4
421.2
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,771.2 1,797.5 1,826.3 1,839.1
Water transportation..............
191.1
182.0
187.1
191.1
Transportation by air............. 1,181.1 1,220.6 1,226.0 1,231.1
Pipelines, except natural gas.....
14.3
13.3
13.5
13.6
Transportation services...........
454.5
468.6
470.2
471.2
Communications and public utilities.
2,339
2,359
2,372
2,373
Communications.................... 1,477.0 1,514.6 1,520.3 1,520.9
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services.......................
862.4
844.1
852.0
852.5

6,606
4,281
231

6,732
4,378
235

6,750
4,397
234

6,758
4,402
233

6,778
4,418
234

6,792
4,432
235

469
1,749
181
1,183
14
454
2,325
1,472

476
1,796
177
1,218
14
462
2,354
1,506

483
1,800
180
1,220
14
466
2,353
1,508

480
1,802
180
1,226
13
468
2,356
1,513

483
1,809
180
1,230
13
469
2,360
1,514

484
1,815
181
1,233
13
471
2,360
1,516

853

848

845

843

846

844

6,885
4,074
2,811
22,457

6,986
4,131
2,855
22,779

7,032
4,161
2,871
22,990

7,055
4,176
2,879
23,024

6,836
4,046
2,790
22,321

6,947
4,103
2,844
22,611

6,965
4,113
2,852
22,724

6,977
4,124
2,853
22,748

6,989
4,135
2,854
22,792

7,005
4,147
2,858
22,883

983.2
2,671.3
2,375.3
3,508.1

1,024.1
2,702.6
2,412.3
3,468.7

1,032.1
2,720.9
2,427.9
3,494.7

1,023.5
2,724.6
2,429.1
3,500.6

947
2,728
2,426
3,484

982
2,794
2,489
3,490

982
2,799
2,499
3,492

979
2,784
2,486
3,487

981
2,784
2,485
3,476

986
2,783
2,482
3,476

2,374.1 2,406.0 2,424.6 2,443.8
1,053.6 1,077.0 1,083.8 1,091.4
1,141.4 1,146.1 1,165.6 1,174.8

2,343
1,048
1,148

2,392
1,069
1,167

2,399
1,074
1,163

2,400
1,077
1,172

2,402
1,080
1,177

2,412
1,086
1,181

1,017.5 1,071.5 1,079.4 1,081.6
7,938.4 8,032.4 8,149.5 8,150.7
2,823.0 2,927.2 2,923.3 2,924.1

1,026
7,767
2,878

1,070
7,785
2,931

1,081
7,863
2,945

1,084
7,880
2,962

1,091
7,913
2,968

1,091
7,974
2,980

Finance, insurance, and real estate...
7,526
7,618
7,710
7,753
Finance.............................
3,633
3,700
3,731
3,749
Depository institutions........... 2,059.8 2,043.6 2,060.4 2,066.4
Commercial banks................ 1,480.3 1,462.1 1,475.5 1,480.4
Savings institutions............
260.7
256.2
258.1
258.2
Nondepository institutions........
665.5
719.5
723.3
724.1
Mortgage bankers and brokers....
333.0
374.9
375.7
373.3
Security and commodity brokers....
656.6
669.9
679.4
690.0
Holding and other investment
offices........................
251.0
267.3
268.3
268.8
Insurance...........................
2,362
2,396
2,411
2,418
Insurance carriers................ 1,612.7 1,632.5 1,643.7 1,646.1
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................
749.2
763.8
767.1
771.7
Real estate.........................
1,531
1,522
1,568
1,586

7,430
3,606
2,043
1,468
258
663
331
650

7,595
3,690
2,051
1,469
258
712
368
664

7,611
3,697
2,050
1,467
257
716
370
668

7,621
3,706
2,047
1,465
256
720
374
672

7,639
3,713
2,048
1,466
256
721
373
676

7,652
3,720
2,049
1,468
256
721
371
683

250
2,349
1,602

263
2,392
1,632

263
2,395
1,631

267
2,399
1,635

268
2,402
1,638

267
2,404
1,635

747
1,475

760
1,513

764
1,519

764
1,516

764
1,524

769
1,528

37,576
704
1,782
1,197
8,601
952
3,234
2,873

38,556
747
1,789
1,200
8,963
973
3,343
2,967

38,697
755
1,791
1,204
9,010
978
3,350
2,975

38,782
751
1,786
1,189
9,047
979
3,366
2,986

38,946
758
1,799
1,200
9,088
987
3,383
2,998

39,056
758
1,807
1,205
9,154
992
3,424
3,029

Wholesale trade.......................
Durable goods.......................
Nondurable goods....................
Retail trade..........................
Building materials and garden
supplies.........................
General merchandise stores..........
Department stores.................
Food stores.........................
Automotive dealers and service
stations.........................
New and used car dealers..........
Apparel and accessory stores........
Furniture and home furnishings
stores...........................
Eating and drinking places..........
Miscellaneous retail establishments.

Services2.............................
Agricultural services...............
Hotels and other lodging places.....
Personal services...................
Business services...................
Services to buildings.............
Personnel supply services.........
Help supply services............

38,006
780.2
1,926.0
1,154.1
8,641.3
959.6
3,236.6
2,881.1

38,963
808.4
1,803.8
1,180.3
9,023.5
985.5
3,348.6
2,968.9

39,327
841.6
1,900.4
1,172.5
9,136.9
998.0
3,398.6
3,014.6

39,507
839.5
1,953.5
1,162.1
9,197.2
1,000.1
3,426.0
3,037.9

Computer and data processing
services.......................
Auto repair, services, and parking..
Miscellaneous repair services.......
Motion pictures.....................
Amusement and recreation services...
Health services.....................
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................
Nursing and personal care
facilities.....................
Hospitals.........................
Home health care services.........
Legal services......................
Educational services................
Social services.....................
Child day care services...........
Residential care..................
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens...........................
Membership organizations............
Engineering and management services.
Engineering and architectural
services.......................
Management and public relations...
Services, nec.......................
Government............................
Federal.............................
Federal, except Postal Service....
State...............................
Education.........................
Other State government............
Local...............................
Education.........................
Other local government............

1,615.0
1,153.9
386.1
582.9
1,893.2
9,879.0

1,796.4
1,191.6
400.6
614.6
2,007.7
10013.9

1,613
1,146
381
573
1,599
9,847

1,734
1,176
393
580
1,660
9,932

1,749
1,178
396
587
1,668
9,951

1,765
1,182
398
604
1,675
9,954

1,780
1,182
396
608
1,688
9,963

1,793
1,184
396
604
1,695
9,982

1,810.5 1,857.4 1,868.7 1,879.6

1,803

1,850

1,856

1,860

1,864

1,872

1,767.6
3,947.3
664.2
991.0
1,901.2
2,666.2
556.1
752.5

1,760.1
3,989.1
653.2
1,019.3
1,983.1
2,776.0
582.4
787.1

1,762
3,931
665
974
2,177
2,650
607
746

1,754
3,963
653
995
2,243
2,744
627
769

1,753
3,966
656
998
2,254
2,755
628
772

1,755
3,966
653
999
2,265
2,760
629
775

1,754
3,971
653
1,001
2,278
2,773
635
776

1,754
3,973
654
1,002
2,271
2,759
635
781

100.6
96.9
100.8
102.3
2,433.7 2,393.5 2,448.0 2,481.9
3,226.2 3,386.4 3,438.3 3,467.9

92
2,362
3,201

95
2,392
3,354

94
2,392
3,370

93
2,394
3,391

94
2,409
3,414

94
2,409
3,440

923.7
937.3
957.0
964.3
1,049.2 1,145.0 1,163.8 1,175.3
52.7
56.2
57.4
58.7

910
1,037
(1)

933
1,123
(1)

939
1,133
(1)

940
1,143
(1)

944
1,154
(1)

950
1,162
(1)

19,799
2,675
1,809
4,612
1,915
2,697
12,512
7,078
5,434

20,087
2,710
1,831
4,680
1,948
2,732
12,697
7,200
5,497

20,099
2,688
1,809
4,688
1,955
2,733
12,723
7,206
5,517

20,077
2,666
1,788
4,677
1,941
2,736
12,734
7,225
5,509

20,111
2,663
1,788
4,679
1,936
2,743
12,769
7,242
5,527

20,127
2,663
1,787
4,681
1,938
2,743
12,783
7,247
5,536

18,752
2,689
1,833.9
4,391
1,638.0
2,752.7
11,672
5,937.5
5,734.9

1,761.7
1,183.5
398.2
604.2
1,764.8
9,947.3

1,750.5
3,960.4
655.5
993.7
2,298.8
2,786.1
650.3
775.0

20,488
2,666
1,797.4
4,740
2,003.0
2,736.5
13,082
7,596.2
5,486.0

1,780.2
1,190.4
400.4
610.6
1,941.0
9,987.6

1,756.6
3,978.2
654.6
1,016.3
2,075.2
2,772.1
620.6
782.1

20,185
2,682
1,814.9
4,538
1,761.3
2,776.4
12,965
7,268.3
5,697.0

19,070
2,675
1,810.9
4,459
1,658.3
2,800.4
11,936
6,093.5
5,842.6

1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
July
1998

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

Total private....................

34.8

34.6

34.6

34.7

34.6

34.5

34.4

34.4

34.5

34.5

Goods-producing.........................

40.9

41.1

41.3

40.9

41.2

40.8

40.9

41.0

41.1

41.1

Mining................................

43.9

44.2

44.2

44.2

44.3

42.9

43.8

44.1

44.0

44.6

Construction..........................

40.2

39.3

39.8

39.9

39.2

38.5

38.6

38.9

39.4

38.9

Manufacturing.........................
Overtime hours....................

41.1
4.4

41.7
4.5

41.8
4.7

41.2
4.5

41.7
4.6

41.5
4.5

41.6
4.3

41.7
4.6

41.7
4.7

41.9
4.8

Durable goods........................
Overtime hours....................

41.5
4.4

42.3
4.7

42.4
4.8

41.6
4.6

42.3
4.8

42.0
4.6

42.1
4.3

42.2
4.7

42.3
4.8

42.4
5.0

Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

41.2
40.3
43.8
43.1

41.4
39.8
43.8
44.4

41.6
40.3
43.9
44.3

41.2
39.9
43.5
43.6

41.2
40.7
43.6
44.0

41.2
40.3
42.9
43.9

41.2
40.4
43.1
44.0

41.2
40.4
43.4
44.3

41.1
40.4
43.4
44.2

41.2
40.3
43.3
44.5

43.9
41.6
42.3

44.9
42.1
42.2

45.1
42.3
42.1

44.4
41.6
41.7

44.4
42.4
42.9

43.9
42.1
41.9

44.5
41.8
41.9

44.8
42.1
42.1

45.1
42.1
42.0

44.9
42.4
42.4

40.6
41.0
39.6
40.7
39.2

41.2
43.9
45.2
41.4
40.1

41.4
44.1
45.5
41.5
39.9

40.5
42.3
43.0
40.9
39.0

41.4
43.0
42.5
41.4
40.0

41.0
43.7
44.7
41.2
39.8

41.1
44.0
45.1
41.6
39.6

41.5
43.5
44.4
41.6
40.2

41.4
44.2
45.5
41.5
40.0

41.3
44.5
46.2
41.6
39.8

Nondurable goods.....................
Overtime hours....................

40.6
4.3

40.9
4.2

41.0
4.4

40.7
4.4

41.0
4.4

40.8
4.4

40.9
4.2

41.0
4.4

41.0
4.5

41.1
4.5

Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

41.6
39.3
40.4
36.9
43.1
38.1
42.7
44.8
41.1
36.9

41.6
39.8
40.9
37.8
43.3
38.0
42.8
42.6
41.9
38.3

41.7
39.9
41.0
38.2
43.5
37.8
42.9
42.5
41.9
38.4

41.8
39.3
40.5
37.4
42.9
37.9
42.6
43.2
41.2
37.7

41.8
40.1
41.0
37.4
43.6
38.4
43.1
(2)
41.9
37.3

41.7
38.8
40.4
37.4
43.7
37.9
42.8
(2)
41.8
37.7

41.9
38.6
41.0
37.5
43.6
38.1
43.0
(2)
41.5
38.1

41.8
39.9
41.0
37.8
43.5
38.3
43.0
(2)
41.9
38.4

41.9
38.9
40.6
37.8
43.5
38.2
42.9
(2)
41.8
37.9

42.0
40.0
41.2
37.9
43.4
38.2
43.0
(2)
42.0
38.2

Service-producing.......................

33.2

32.9

32.9

33.1

33.0

32.8

32.8

32.8

32.8

32.8

Transportation and public utilities...

39.7

38.8

39.0

38.9

39.5

39.1

39.0

38.8

38.9

38.7

Wholesale trade.......................

38.3

38.6

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.3

38.4

38.4

Retail trade..........................

29.8

29.1

29.4

29.8

29.1

29.0

29.0

29.1

29.1

29.1

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

36.1

36.4

35.9

36.0

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Services..............................

32.9

32.7

32.6

32.8

32.7

32.6

32.5

32.5

32.6

32.6

1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry

Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry
July
1998

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

July
1998

Total private....................
Seasonally adjusted.............

$12.68
12.80

$13.19
13.18

$13.14
13.23

$13.16
13.29

$441.26
442.88

Goods-producing.........................

14.35

14.75

14.83

14.94

Mining................................

16.76

17.00

16.95

Construction..........................

16.66

17.02

Manufacturing.........................

13.38

13.85

Durable goods........................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

13.77
11.17
10.91
13.59
15.56

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

$456.37
453.39

$454.64
456.44

$456.65
458.51

586.92

606.23

612.48

611.05

17.13

735.76

751.40

749.19

757.15

17.07

17.26

669.73

668.89

679.39

688.67

13.90

13.94

549.92

577.55

581.02

574.33

14.34
11.42
11.14
13.87
15.75

14.40
11.44
11.15
13.94
15.89

14.41
11.52
11.24
14.03
16.13

571.46
460.20
439.67
595.24
670.64

606.58
472.79
443.37
607.51
699.30

610.56
475.90
449.35
611.97
703.93

599.46
474.62
448.48
610.31
703.27

18.50
12.88
14.43

18.79
13.45
14.95

19.04
13.46
14.98

19.35
13.53
15.07

812.15
535.81
610.39

843.67
566.25
630.89

858.70
569.36
630.66

859.14
562.85
628.42

13.13
16.86
16.79
13.78
10.85

13.38
17.98
18.40
14.10
11.25

13.41
18.19
18.65
14.12
11.29

13.45
18.01
18.33
14.23
11.32

533.08
691.26
664.88
560.85
425.32

551.26
789.32
831.68
583.74
451.13

555.17
802.18
848.58
585.98
450.47

544.73
761.82
788.19
582.01
441.48

Nondurable goods.....................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

12.81
11.80
20.59
10.36
8.48
15.64
13.44
17.19
20.83
11.91
9.14

13.11
12.11
20.63
10.69
8.81
15.91
13.74
17.39
21.05
12.21
9.59

13.15
12.18
20.82
10.77
8.88
15.98
13.73
17.33
21.09
12.26
9.57

13.22
12.18
20.68
10.73
8.82
16.07
13.84
17.48
21.20
12.38
9.63

520.09
490.88
809.19
418.54
312.91
674.08
512.06
734.01
933.18
489.50
337.27

536.20
503.78
821.07
437.22
333.02
688.90
522.12
744.29
896.73
511.60
367.30

539.15
507.91
830.72
441.57
339.22
695.13
518.99
743.46
896.33
513.69
367.49

538.05
509.12
812.72
434.57
329.87
689.40
524.54
744.65
915.84
510.06
363.05

Service-producing.......................

12.14

12.70

12.60

12.61

403.05

417.83

414.54

417.39

Transportation and public utilities...

15.27

15.55

15.53

15.68

606.22

603.34

605.67

609.95

Wholesale trade.......................

14.04

14.53

14.43

14.54

537.73

560.86

554.11

558.34

Retail trade..........................

8.69

9.03

9.02

9.02

258.96

262.77

265.19

268.80

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

13.94

14.72

14.51

14.54

503.23

535.81

520.91

523.44

Services..............................

12.68

13.34

13.22

13.21

417.17

436.22

430.97

433.29

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted

Percent
change
from:
June 1999July 1999

July
1998

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

Total private:
Current dollars..............
Constant (1982) dollars2.....

$12.80
7.76

$13.11
7.86

$13.14
7.83

$13.18
7.85

$13.23
7.88

$13.29
N.A.

0.5
(3)

Goods-producing...............
Mining......................
Construction................
Manufacturing...............
Excluding overtime4.......

14.33
16.87
16.63
13.46
12.75

14.61
17.00
16.92
13.71
13.00

14.67
16.87
16.97
13.79
13.09

14.75
17.05
17.08
13.85
13.13

14.84
16.98
17.15
13.94
13.20

14.93
17.24
17.22
14.04
13.27

.6
1.5
.4
.7
.5

Service-producing.............
Transportation and public
utilities................
Wholesale trade.............
Retail trade................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate...................
Services....................

12.30

12.63

12.65

12.68

12.72

12.77

.4

15.31
14.09
8.76

15.53
14.42
8.98

15.60
14.44
9.03

15.65
14.48
9.04

15.62
14.55
9.06

15.72
14.60
9.10

.6
.3
.4

14.08
12.89

14.51
13.27

14.58
13.28

14.60
13.33

14.63
13.37

14.69
13.43

.4
.4

Industry

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .4 percent from May 1999 to June 1999, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
July
1998

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

July
1998

May
1999

June
1999p

July
1999p

Total private....................

147.6

148.2

149.9

150.6

147.0

147.2

147.7

148.2

Goods-producing.........................

115.8

114.9

116.9

114.2

114.2

114.4

114.6

114.9

Mining................................

57.1

50.1

56.5

50.5

50.4

50.1

49.6

50.3

Construction..........................

180.8

Manufacturing.........................

105.5

187.6

165.1

169.1

169.2

170.0

172.8

171.1

104.7

107.8

106.5

106.5

106.5

106.2

107.0

Durable goods........................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

111.6
150.5
136.3
120.7
90.3

108.3
148.9
134.4
119.4
87.6

110.9
145.5
135.3
115.7
91.7

110.4
147.9
135.2
115.4
90.0

110.4
147.5
135.6
116.2
89.9

110.5
147.3
135.9
117.0
90.3

110.4
146.7
136.2
116.8
89.6

111.5
146.4
137.5
117.3
90.6

69.5
116.9
105.3

69.5
117.9
105.0

68.4
114.6
102.6

71.7
118.4
110.1

68.2
117.0
104.4

69.1
116.2
104.1

69.2
116.9
104.5

68.8
116.8
104.1

69.3
118.7
105.3

106.3
106.7
119.5
75.2
100.6

105.5
125.5
167.2
75.2
101.3

106.1
126.3
169.1
75.4
101.3

103.5
118.2
154.7
73.9
97.7

109.4
114.5
132.9
76.6
103.5

105.1
125.3
162.7
74.7
100.0

105.6
125.5
164.8
75.8
100.3

106.2
123.4
162.4
75.6
101.4

105.8
125.0
166.5
75.2
100.9

106.8
127.2
172.4
75.2
100.4

Nondurable goods.....................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

102.2
118.9
53.2
84.1
65.2
108.0
124.3
102.6
81.1
143.1
33.8

100.1
115.2
50.0
81.0
61.5
105.3
120.9
101.8
73.8
149.6
32.7

100.8
117.1
50.6
81.1
61.7
106.6
120.9
102.3
74.6
150.2
32.8

99.7
119.3
48.7
79.1
58.8
105.0
120.9
101.0
76.3
145.5
29.5

103.4
117.9
61.6
86.0
67.4
109.0
125.4
103.4
77.7
147.6
35.5

101.2
118.8
55.7
81.1
61.5
107.0
121.9
101.8
76.4
148.8
32.4

101.2
118.9
55.4
81.6
61.4
106.7
121.9
102.4
74.5
148.5
32.8

101.1
118.5
55.3
81.1
61.4
106.3
122.3
102.3
73.9
149.5
32.4

100.5
118.1
55.9
79.6
60.5
105.8
121.9
101.7
72.9
148.6
32.0

100.9
118.4
55.5
81.1
60.4
105.8
121.8
101.9
73.4
150.5
31.1

Service-producing.......................

161.8

163.2

164.7

166.1

158.9

161.5

161.6

161.9

162.6

163.1

Transportation and public utilities...

132.6

133.3

134.7

133.9

132.3

133.8

133.6

133.0

133.7

133.3

Wholesale trade.......................

129.9

132.7

132.9

133.1

129.0

131.3

131.6

131.5

131.8

131.9

Retail trade..........................

144.9

143.4

146.4

148.5

140.5

141.9

142.6

143.3

143.6

144.2

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

138.5

140.4

140.4

141.8

136.9

139.3

139.1

138.8

139.4

140.3

Services..............................

198.6

201.6

202.9

204.9

195.0

198.8

198.9

199.3

200.6

201.1

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.

Mar.
1999

Apr.
1999

145.2

146.8

116.0

114.8

50.4

50.7

174.3

182.7

106.3

107.0

107.9
147.7
132.6
117.6
88.8

110.9
147.6
134.1
119.2
90.4

71.0
114.2
107.6

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Time span

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

63.8
49.6
56.2
63.8
54.4

58.0
64.9
61.0
57.9
58.3

54.6
59.4
61.9
58.8
52.1

56.5
55.1
62.8
60.5
58.8

47.5
61.9
58.8
55.9
51.5

54.8
60.8
56.3
57.9
p55.8

55.6
57.0
60.7
58.0
p59.0

59.1
62.5
61.0
55.8

57.9
57.3
59.4
54.6

56.9
63.5
65.4
52.9

55.2
59.7
63.6
59.1

57.7
61.2
62.1
58.6

Over 3-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

63.8
62.6
63.8
66.7
60.7

62.9
62.5
63.6
66.2
55.9

58.0
63.3
67.7
64.5
59.6

53.5
63.1
67.3
63.9
54.6

53.9
63.1
62.6
61.4
p55.5

52.7
64.3
61.7
58.7
p57.0

59.3
64.3
61.4
60.0

61.0
62.2
66.2
58.4

59.4
64.6
67.3
57.6

58.6
64.2
69.9
57.6

57.3
66.2
70.8
59.0

55.3
63.2
71.2
60.4

Over 6-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

66.7
62.6
67.4
70.6
61.1

59.7
65.2
68.3
66.9
58.8

58.6
64.5
65.6
65.9
p56.3

56.5
65.2
67.0
62.4
p57.7

59.0
64.7
65.6
62.6

60.0
64.6
64.9
61.1

57.7
67.0
66.3
58.0

61.0
65.4
68.4
59.8

60.5
65.9
69.7
60.0

59.3
66.7
71.3
60.8

61.7
66.9
71.3
60.8

63.2
66.7
71.9
58.0

Over 12-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

63.6
64.5
69.0
70.4
p59.8

62.4
66.7
67.3
68.3

62.6
64.5
68.3
67.1

63.3
65.6
69.7
64.0

61.7
68.5
69.5
62.1

61.9
67.3
70.1
61.7

58.7
67.7
70.1
61.8

62.2
66.4
70.4
63.8

62.2
68.0
70.5
59.8

61.5
69.9
69.7
59.0

63.5
68.7
69.8
59.3

65.4
66.9
71.3
p58.4

Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

57.2
42.4
50.0
58.6
40.3

50.4
55.4
52.9
51.8
42.4

47.1
46.8
53.6
50.4
39.6

52.9
41.0
56.1
50.4
44.6

41.4
55.8
52.2
40.6
36.3

45.3
51.4
53.2
46.8
p42.8

45.0
47.1
51.1
40.3
p55.4

51.1
56.5
55.4
45.3

48.6
48.9
53.6
42.1

51.1
55.0
62.2
36.3

45.3
50.7
61.2
39.9

48.2
54.0
55.4
45.0

Over 3-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

55.4
46.8
51.8
59.4
37.4

51.4
46.0
51.4
57.9
31.7

44.2
43.5
57.6
51.8
37.1

41.7
46.0
56.8
44.2
30.2

43.5
48.2
54.3
41.7
p32.7

37.4
51.1
51.8
34.9
p41.7

42.1
51.8
53.6
37.4

43.9
49.6
55.4
37.1

48.2
53.2
59.7
38.1

46.8
52.5
68.3
34.2

44.6
55.0
65.8
35.6

41.4
50.7
64.4
35.3

Over 6-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

55.4
41.4
54.7
59.7
33.1

45.7
46.0
54.0
49.3
29.1

43.2
45.7
51.4
48.2
p27.3

38.1
47.1
54.3
36.7
p33.5

41.7
46.0
52.5
36.7

42.8
48.6
52.2
36.7

41.0
52.9
55.4
28.4

42.1
50.4
61.2
31.3

43.5
51.8
61.5
33.5

43.2
51.4
64.7
35.3

44.2
52.5
66.2
32.7

45.0
51.8
65.1
28.1

Over 12-month span:
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............

46.0
43.5
54.7
54.0
p30.9

44.2
47.5
52.5
49.3

46.0
45.3
54.0
46.0

47.8
45.3
54.0
40.6

41.0
50.4
55.4
35.6

41.7
49.6
56.8
33.8

38.5
50.4
57.2
30.9

38.8
48.6
57.9
32.0

36.3
51.1
58.3
26.6

38.5
55.0
56.5
26.6

39.9
54.3
55.4
25.5

44.6
50.7
57.2
p26.3

1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.