Full text of The Employment Situation : July 1997

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USDL 97-251
Household data: (202) 606-6378
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Media contact:
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Friday, August 1, 1997.

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:

JULY 1997

Employment rose, and the unemployment rate edged down to 4.8 percent in
July, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor
reported today. The jobless rate had risen from 4.8 percent in May to 5.0
percent in June. The number of payroll jobs increased by 316,000 in July,
with widespread gains in the service-producing sector of the economy.
Average weekly hours declined, and average hourly earnings were unchanged
over the month.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons, 6.6 million, and the unemployment
rate, 4.8 percent, edged down in July. Among the major worker groups, the
rate for black workers declined to 9.4 percent. Rates for adult women (4.2
percent), adult men (4.0 percent), teenagers (16.4 percent), whites (4.2
percent), and Hispanics (7.9 percent) showed little or no change from June.
(See tables A-1 and A-2.)
The number of persons unemployed for less than 15 weeks declined, with
most of the drop occurring among those unemployed for less than 5 weeks.
The number of persons unemployed for longer periods was little changed. As
a result, both the mean and median duration of unemployment increased--to
16.6 and 8.5 weeks, respectively. A decline in the number of persons
unemployed in July because they had lost their last jobs offset an increase
of similar size in June. (See tables A-5 and A-6.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment rose in July, to a seasonally adjusted level of 129.7
million. Since July 1996, employment has increased by 2.5 million, after
adjusting for the change in the population controls made in January. The
proportion of the population with jobs (the employment-to-population ratio)
was 63.8 percent in July; it has been at or near that level for 5 months.
(See table A-1.)
About 8.1 million persons, not seasonally adjusted, held more than one
job in July, up from 7.6 million a year earlier. These multiple jobholders
accounted for 6.1 percent of all workers, compared with 5.9 percent in July
1996. (See table A-9.)
Both the civilian labor force, 136.3 million, and the labor force
participation rate, 67.1 percent, were about unchanged in July and have
shown little movement since March. (See table A-1.)

- 2 Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
|
Quarterly
|
Monthly data
|
|
averages
|
|
|_________________|__________________________|JuneCategory
|
19971/
|
19971/
|July
|_________________|__________________________|change
|
I
|
II
| May. | June | July |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA
|
Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 135,934| 136,157| 136,173| 136,200| 136,290|
90
Employment..........| 128,728| 129,462| 129,639| 129,364| 129,708|
344
Unemployment........|
7,206|
6,695|
6,534|
6,836|
6,583|
-253
Not in labor force....| 66,462| 66,678| 66,659| 66,800| 66,876|
76
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........|
5.3|
4.9|
4.8|
5.0|
4.8|
-0.2
Adult men...........|
4.5|
4.1|
3.8|
4.2|
4.0|
-.2
Adult women.........|
4.7|
4.4|
4.5|
4.4|
4.2|
-.2
Teenagers...........|
17.0|
15.9|
15.6|
16.8|
16.4|
-.4
White...............|
4.5|
4.1|
4.0|
4.2|
4.2|
.0
Black...............|
10.9|
10.2|
10.3|
10.4|
9.4|
-1.0
Hispanic origin.....|
8.3|
7.7|
7.4|
7.6|
7.9|
.3
________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
|
Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 121,138|p121,856| 121,834|p122,062|p122,378|
p316
Goods-producing 2/..| 24,635| p24,696| 24,702| p24,720| p24,716|
p-4
Construction......|
5,585| p5,617|
5,628| p5,624| p5,627|
p3
Manufacturing.....| 18,476| p18,504| 18,498| p18,520| p18,515|
p-5
Service-producing 2/| 96,504| p97,159| 97,132| p97,342| p97,662|
p320
Retail trade......| 21,928| p22,044| 22,026| p22,077| p22,142|
p65
Services..........| 35,086| p35,435| 35,451| p35,521| p35,634|
p113
Government........| 19,540| p19,595| 19,565| p19,642| p19,698|
p56
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........|
34.7|
p34.6|
34.5|
p34.7|
p34.4| p-0.3
Manufacturing.......|
41.9|
p42.0|
42.0|
p41.8|
p41.7|
p-.1
Overtime..........|
4.8|
p4.8|
4.8|
p4.7|
p4.6|
p-.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, |
|
|
|
|
|
total private.......| $12.10| p$12.19| $12.19| p$12.23| p$12.23| p$0.00
Avg. weekly earnings, |
|
|
|
|
|
total private.......| 419.36| p421.26| 420.56| p424.38| p420.71| p-3.67
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population
controls used in the survey.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.

- 3 Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in July--that is, they wanted and were
available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months.
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached
who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed
no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would
qualify--was 311,000 in July, down from 423,000 a year earlier. (See
table A-9.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 316,000 to 122.4 million in July,
after seasonal adjustment. Job gains had averaged 234,000 per month for
the first 6 months of this year. Although gains were strong throughout
most of the service-producing sector, employment was flat in the goodsproducing sector. (See table B-1.)
Employment in services rose by 113,000 in July, about in line with the
average monthly increases (106,000) during the first half of this year.
Health services resumed its pattern of brisk hiring (31,000), after a small
decline in June. Engineering and management services and computer and data
processing services continued to show strength, generating job gains of
26,000 and 12,000, respectively. Stronger-than-usual summer hiring in
membership organizations resulted in a large job gain in July (9,000).
Retail trade experienced a substantial increase in employment in July
(65,000), the second large gain in a row. Roughly half of the July job
gain occurred in eating and drinking places, as was the case in June. Food
stores added 21,000 jobs in July, following relatively weak job growth in
the first half of this year.
Government employment increased by 56,000 over the month. For the
second month in a row, there was a large gain in local government education
(48,000 in July). Changing seasonal patterns in hiring by local school
systems make it difficult to seasonally adjust these data with precision.
Federal government employment was little changed in July.
Within transportation and public utilities, trucking (12,000), air
transportation (7,000), and communications (6,000) all showed employment
increases, following little or no change in June. Employment in public
utilities was about unchanged in July, but has declined by nearly 100,000
since November 1991. Finance, insurance, and real estate each showed
substantial job gains in July. Insurance continued its recent growth
spurt, adding 16,000 jobs since March. Wholesale trade employment rose
sharply in July (29,000); durable goods distribution continued a strong
growth trend, while the gain in nondurables reversed losses of 6,000 jobs
in the prior 2 months.
Construction employment was little changed for the second month in a
row. So far this year, construction has gained an average of 15,000 jobs a
month, compared with 24,000 a month in 1996.
Manufacturing employment was little changed in July, following an
increase of 22,000 in June. Gains in several durable goods industries in
July were offset by widespread losses in nondurable goods. Strength in
durables was again concentrated in industrial machinery (5,000), electronic

- 4 components (4,000), and aircraft (4,000). Within nondurable goods, food
products experienced the largest decline (8,000). Printing and publishing
lost 3,000 of the 17,000 jobs it had added since February.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.3 hour in July to 34.4 hours,
seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and factory overtime both
fell slightly, to 41.7 and 4.6 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.)
As a result of the decline in the average workweek, the index of
aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on
nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.5 percent, to 139.9 (1982=100), seasonally
adjusted. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory
workers on nonfarm payrolls were unchanged at $12.23, seasonally adjusted,
following a gain of 4 cents in June. Average weekly earnings declined by
0.9 percent in July to $420.71, reflecting the decline in average weekly
hours. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have risen by 3.6
percent while average weekly earnings were up by 3.9 percent. (See
table B-3.)
________________________________________
The Employment Situation for August 1997 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, September 5, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
----------------------------------------------------------------|
Changes in Household Data Series
|
|
|
|
Effective with the release of data for December 1997 in
|
|January 1998, improvements will be introduced into the composite |
|estimation procedures used in the Current Population Survey.
|
|These changes will simplify processing of the monthly labor force|
|data at BLS and will allow users of the survey microdata to
|
|replicate the official estimates released by BLS. In addition, |
|there will be a slight decrease in the variance of some major
|
|estimates, particularly employment levels and the over-the-month |
|change in those levels. The new procedures will produce somewhat|
|lower estimates of the civilian labor force and employment. Data|
|will be revised back to January 1997 to facilitate over-the-year |
|comparisons between 1997 and 1998.
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------

- 5 Explanatory Note

This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall
need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.

- 6 Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication
individuals are counted only once, even if
the establishment survey, employees working
appearing on more than one payroll would be
appearance.

of individuals, because
they hold more than one job. In
at more than one job and thus
counted separately for each

Other differences between the two surveys are described in
"Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major agesex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December

- 7 period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the

- 8 monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1.

Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Employment status, sex, and age

July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population............
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate......................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio.............
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries................
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.......................
Not in labor force............................

200,641
136,272
67.9
128,579
64.1
3,862
124,717
7,693
5.6
64,369

203,000
137,557
67.8
130,463
64.3
3,757
126,705
7,094
5.2
65,443

203,166
138,331
68.1
131,350
64.7
3,849
127,501
6,981
5.0
64,835

200,641
134,165
66.9
126,889
63.2
3,470
123,419
7,276
5.4
66,476

202,513
136,319
67.3
129,175
63.8
3,386
125,789
7,144
5.2
66,194

202,674
136,098
67.2
129,384
63.8
3,497
125,887
6,714
4.9
66,577

202,832
136,173
67.1
129,639
63.9
3,430
126,209
6,534
4.8
66,659

203,000
136,200
67.1
129,364
63.7
3,391
125,973
6,836
5.0
66,800

203,166
136,290
67.1
129,708
63.8
3,482
126,226
6,583
4.8
66,876

96,230
73,801
76.7
69,819
72.6
3,982
5.4

97,649
74,312
76.1
70,619
72.3
3,693
5.0

97,733
74,674
76.4
71,157
72.8
3,517
4.7

96,230
72,317
75.2
68,376
71.1
3,941
5.4

97,387
73,268
75.2
69,478
71.3
3,790
5.2

97,474
73,232
75.1
69,627
71.4
3,604
4.9

97,559
73,200
75.0
69,929
71.7
3,271
4.5

97,649
73,242
75.0
69,567
71.2
3,674
5.0

97,733
73,230
74.9
69,749
71.4
3,481
4.8

88,614
68,639
77.5
65,618
74.0
2,529
63,090
3,020
4.4

89,829
69,549
77.4
66,828
74.4
2,596
64,232
2,721
3.9

89,888
69,614
77.4
66,962
74.5
2,575
64,387
2,653
3.8

88,614
68,222
77.0
65,071
73.4
2,366
62,705
3,151
4.6

89,604
69,111
77.1
66,066
73.7
2,362
63,703
3,045
4.4

89,680
69,147
77.1
66,243
73.9
2,428
63,815
2,904
4.2

89,766
69,059
76.9
66,418
74.0
2,421
63,997
2,640
3.8

89,829
69,167
77.0
66,266
73.8
2,417
63,849
2,901
4.2

89,888
69,203
77.0
66,414
73.9
2,411
64,003
2,789
4.0

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate......................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio.............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.......................
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate......................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio.............
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries................
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.......................
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,411 105,351 105,433 104,411 105,127 105,200 105,274 105,351 105,433
Civilian labor force.......................... 62,471 63,245 63,656 61,848 63,051 62,866 62,973 62,958 63,060
Participation rate......................
59.8
60.0
60.4
59.2
60.0
59.8
59.8
59.8
59.8
Employed.................................... 58,760 59,843 60,193 58,513 59,697 59,756 59,710 59,796 59,958
Employment-population ratio.............
56.3
56.8
57.1
56.0
56.8
56.8
56.7
56.8
56.9
Unemployed..................................
3,711
3,401
3,463
3,335
3,354
3,109
3,263
3,162
3,102
Unemployment rate.......................
5.9
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.3
4.9
5.2
5.0
4.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate......................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio.............
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries................
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.......................

97,064
57,933
59.7
54,880
56.5
913
53,968
3,052
5.3

97,834
58,908
60.2
56,263
57.5
809
55,454
2,645
4.5

97,919
58,952
60.2
56,243
57.4
902
55,342
2,708
4.6

97,064
58,139
59.9
55,315
57.0
847
54,468
2,824
4.9

97,638
59,130
60.6
56,359
57.7
739
55,620
2,771
4.7

97,685
58,974
60.4
56,392
57.7
779
55,613
2,581
4.4

97,767
59,130
60.5
56,481
57.8
743
55,738
2,650
4.5

97,834
59,207
60.5
56,585
57.8
740
55,845
2,621
4.4

97,919
59,186
60.4
56,685
57.9
841
55,844
2,501
4.2

14,963
9,701
64.8
8,080
54.0
420
7,660
1,620
16.7

15,336
9,100
59.3
7,372
48.1
353
7,019
1,728
19.0

15,359
9,764
63.6
8,145
53.0
371
7,773
1,620
16.6

14,963
7,804
52.2
6,503
43.5
257
6,246
1,301
16.7

15,271
8,078
52.9
6,750
44.2
285
6,465
1,328
16.4

15,309
7,977
52.1
6,748
44.1
290
6,458
1,229
15.4

15,300
7,984
52.2
6,740
44.1
266
6,474
1,244
15.6

15,336
7,826
51.0
6,512
42.5
234
6,279
1,314
16.8

15,359
7,901
51.4
6,608
43.0
229
6,379
1,293
16.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population...........
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate......................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio.............
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries................
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.......................

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2.

Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin

(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,345 169,897 170,010 168,345 169,569 169,675 169,782 169,897 170,010
Civilian labor force.......................... 114,808 115,832 116,265 113,139 114,736 114,618 114,630 114,691 114,627
Participation rate........................
68.2
68.2
68.4
67.2
67.7
67.6
67.5
67.5
67.4
Employed.................................... 109,338 110,839 111,323 107,862 109,630 109,831 110,052 109,821 109,853
Employment-population ratio...............
64.9
65.2
65.5
64.1
64.7
64.7
64.8
64.6
64.6
Unemployed..................................
5,470
4,994
4,942
5,277
5,106
4,786
4,578
4,870
4,774
Unemployment rate.........................
4.8
4.3
4.3
4.7
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................

58,789
77.9
56,584
75.0
2,205
3.8

59,447
77.9
57,494
75.4
1,953
3.3

59,465
77.9
57,543
75.4
1,922
3.2

58,432
77.4
56,085
74.3
2,347
4.0

59,161
77.7
56,923
74.8
2,238
3.8

59,196
77.7
57,057
74.9
2,139
3.6

59,008
77.4
57,112
74.9
1,895
3.2

59,088
77.5
56,981
74.7
2,107
3.6

59,096
77.4
57,030
74.7
2,066
3.5

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................

47,926
59.1
45,779
56.5
2,148
4.5

48,666
59.7
46,846
57.5
1,820
3.7

48,575
59.6
46,726
57.3
1,849
3.8

48,074
59.3
46,097
56.9
1,977
4.1

48,832
60.0
46,915
57.7
1,917
3.9

48,662
59.8
46,902
57.6
1,759
3.6

48,874
60.0
47,047
57.8
1,827
3.7

48,924
60.1
47,128
57.9
1,795
3.7

48,756
59.8
47,055
57.7
1,701
3.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................
Men.....................................
Women...................................

8,092
68.3
6,975
58.9
1,117
13.8
15.1
12.3

7,719
63.4
6,499
53.4
1,220
15.8
16.9
14.6

8,226
67.5
7,055
57.9
1,171
14.2
14.5
14.0

6,633
56.0
5,680
48.0
953
14.4
16.1
12.4

6,742
55.6
5,792
47.7
951
14.1
15.0
13.1

6,760
55.7
5,872
48.4
888
13.1
14.3
11.9

6,748
55.5
5,893
48.5
855
12.7
12.7
12.7

6,679
54.9
5,711
46.9
968
14.5
16.3
12.6

6,775
55.6
5,768
47.3
1,007
14.9
15.4
14.3

BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population............
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................

23,611
15,590
66.0
13,785
58.4
1,805
11.6

23,978
15,605
65.1
13,854
57.8
1,751
11.2

24,006
15,877
66.1
14,218
59.2
1,659
10.4

23,611
15,212
64.4
13,612
57.7
1,600
10.5

23,895
15,439
64.6
13,784
57.7
1,655
10.7

23,923
15,365
64.2
13,863
57.9
1,503
9.8

23,950
15,434
64.4
13,837
57.8
1,597
10.3

23,978
15,398
64.2
13,793
57.5
1,605
10.4

24,006
15,510
64.6
14,055
58.5
1,455
9.4

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................

6,876
73.0
6,233
66.2
643
9.3

6,943
72.6
6,327
66.1
616
8.9

6,992
73.0
6,411
66.9
580
8.3

6,848
72.7
6,212
65.9
636
9.3

6,803
71.6
6,173
65.0
629
9.3

6,805
71.4
6,234
65.4
571
8.4

6,831
71.5
6,255
65.5
575
8.4

6,926
72.4
6,296
65.8
630
9.1

6,957
72.6
6,386
66.6
572
8.2

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................

7,469
63.1
6,741
57.0
727
9.7

7,597
63.4
6,900
57.6
697
9.2

7,688
64.0
6,989
58.2
699
9.1

7,457
63.0
6,797
57.4
660
8.9

7,641
63.9
6,934
57.9
706
9.2

7,641
63.8
6,997
58.4
644
8.4

7,693
64.1
6,974
58.1
719
9.4

7,615
63.5
6,921
57.7
694
9.1

7,689
64.0
7,053
58.7
636
8.3

1,245
52.8
810
34.4
435
34.9
41.9
26.6

1,065
44.0
627
25.9
439
41.2
46.2
36.0

1,197
49.5
817
33.8
379
31.7
35.4
28.1

907
38.5
603
25.6
304
33.5
43.0
22.4

996
41.1
676
27.9
319
32.1
41.4
23.7

920
38.1
632
26.2
287
31.2
37.3
25.3

910
37.9
608
25.3
302
33.2
32.6
33.8

857
35.4
577
23.8
281
32.7
41.1
24.5

864
35.7
616
25.5
247
28.6
32.9
25.1

19,238
12,893
67.0
11,707
60.9
1,186
9.2

20,293
13,839
68.2
12,820
63.2
1,019
7.4

20,351
14,057
69.1
12,909
63.4
1,149
8.2

19,238
12,697
66.0
11,567
60.1
1,130
8.9

20,119
13,662
67.9
12,493
62.1
1,169
8.6

20,180
13,572
67.3
12,470
61.8
1,102
8.1

20,236
13,746
67.9
12,730
62.9
1,016
7.4

20,293
13,807
68.0
12,756
62.9
1,051
7.6

20,351
13,866
68.1
12,768
62.7
1,098
7.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................
Men.....................................
Women...................................
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population............
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate........................
Employed....................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed..................................
Unemployment rate.........................

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Category

July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over............... 128,579 130,463 131,350 126,889 129,175 129,384 129,639 129,364 129,708
Married men, spouse present................... 42,521 42,533 42,589 42,503 42,509 42,329 42,273 42,448 42,589
Married women, spouse present................. 32,157 32,259 32,406 32,634 32,699 32,473 32,445 32,519 32,866
Women who maintain families...................
7,157
7,831
7,767
7,253
7,720
7,838
7,858
7,847
7,901
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty.........
Technical, sales, and administrative support..
Service occupations...........................
Precision production, craft, and repair.......
Operators, fabricators, and laborers..........
Farming, forestry, and fishing................

36,181
38,210
17,801
13,721
18,540
4,126

37,271
38,218
17,708
14,551
18,765
3,950

37,209
38,651
18,066
14,539
18,773
4,111

36,505
37,762
17,281
13,482
18,292
3,565

37,723
38,158
17,292
14,200
18,234
3,507

37,599
38,150
17,267
14,301
18,415
3,605

37,318
38,362
17,390
14,380
18,647
3,680

37,493
38,142
17,412
14,364
18,597
3,499

37,558
38,193
17,523
14,282
18,515
3,554

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.....................
2,109
2,222
2,156
1,860
1,905
1,989
1,941
1,929
1,913
Self-employed workers.......................
1,686
1,485
1,628
1,546
1,414
1,424
1,444
1,404
1,492
Unpaid family workers.......................
66
50
64
53
59
70
50
40
53
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..................... 115,495 117,386 118,362 114,278 116,533 116,608 116,969 116,653 117,104
Government................................ 17,781 17,846 17,825 18,280 17,994 18,036 17,807 18,099 18,338
Private industries........................ 97,714 99,541 100,537 95,998 98,539 98,572 99,162 98,554 98,766
Private households......................
985
900
960
930
869
922
967
870
910
Other industries........................ 96,729 98,641 99,578 95,068 97,671 97,650 98,195 97,684 97,856
Self-employed workers.......................
9,088
9,180
9,002
8,984
9,292
9,159
9,106
9,126
8,887
Unpaid family workers.......................
134
139
137
128
108
130
148
128
131
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons..............
Slack work or business conditions.........
Could only find part-time work............
Part time for noneconomic reasons...........

4,646
2,553
1,755
15,551

4,258
2,275
1,580
16,728

4,279
2,211
1,726
15,727

4,338
2,552
1,549
17,877

4,153
2,344
1,518
18,120

4,402
2,491
1,629
18,176

4,019
2,300
1,391
18,336

4,025
2,375
1,347
18,322

4,017
2,211
1,522
18,015

Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons..............
Slack work or business conditions.........
Could only find part-time work............
Part time for noneconomic reasons...........

4,441
2,437
1,701
14,910

4,024
2,140
1,516
16,162

4,123
2,115
1,683
15,102

4,150
2,422
1,517
17,250

3,937
2,210
1,475
17,565

4,235
2,374
1,603
17,661

3,806
2,159
1,347
17,780

3,782
2,220
1,298
17,663

3,872
2,102
1,509
17,418

NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates(1)

Category
July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

Total, 16 years and over.......................
Men, 20 years and over.......................
Women, 20 years and over.....................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years...................

7,276
3,151
2,824
1,301

6,836
2,901
2,621
1,314

6,583
2,789
2,501
1,293

5.4
4.6
4.9
16.7

5.2
4.4
4.7
16.4

4.9
4.2
4.4
15.4

4.8
3.8
4.5
15.6

5.0
4.2
4.4
16.8

4.8
4.0
4.2
16.4

Married men, spouse present..................
Married women, spouse present................
Women who maintain families..................

1,309
1,192
698

1,159
1,071
686

1,149
1,058
634

3.0
3.5
8.8

2.8
3.2
9.1

2.7
3.1
7.5

2.6
3.2
7.6

2.7
3.2
8.0

2.6
3.1
7.4

Full-time workers............................
Part-time workers............................

5,813
1,481

5,515
1,271

5,309
1,300

5.3
6.0

5.1
5.7

4.8
5.7

4.7
5.2

4.9
5.3

4.7
5.4

892
1,813
781
1,550
254

748
1,702
715
1,477
308

748
1,627
734
1,490
227

2.4
4.6
5.5
7.8
6.7

2.0
4.3
4.9
8.1
7.4

2.0
4.2
4.8
7.3
6.6

2.1
3.8
4.6
7.1
6.2

2.0
4.3
4.7
7.4
8.1

2.0
4.1
4.9
7.4
6.0

5,611
1,640
17
638
985
532
453
3,971
303
1,683
209
1,776
588
186

5,208
1,493
15
591
887
439
448
3,714
218
1,737
186
1,573
533
229

5,077
1,547
25
600
922
431
491
3,531
249
1,591
251
1,440
529
156

5.5
5.8
3.0
9.8
4.7
4.3
5.3
5.4
4.3
6.3
2.8
5.5
3.1
9.1

5.2
5.5
4.0
9.6
4.3
3.6
5.2
5.1
4.1
6.3
3.2
4.8
2.8
9.5

5.0
5.4
2.0
8.7
4.4
3.6
5.8
4.9
2.8
6.2
3.4
4.6
2.4
9.6

5.0
5.2
3.0
8.4
4.2
3.5
5.3
4.9
3.6
6.1
3.2
4.6
2.4
7.1

5.0
5.2
2.3
8.5
4.1
3.5
5.0
5.0
2.9
6.5
2.5
4.8
2.9
10.6

4.9
5.4
3.8
8.7
4.3
3.4
5.5
4.7
3.4
6.0
3.2
4.3
2.8
7.5

CHARACTERISTIC

OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty........
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
Precision production, craft, and repair......
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.........
Farming, forestry, and fishing...............
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers......................................
Goods-producing industries.................
Mining...................................
Construction.............................
Manufacturing............................
Durable goods..........................
Nondurable goods.......................
Service-producing industries...............
Transportation and public utilities......
Wholesale and retail trade...............
Finance, insurance, and real estate......
Services.................................
Government workers...........................
Agricultural wage and salary workers.........

1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Duration
July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

Less than 5 weeks..............................
5 to 14 weeks..................................
15 weeks and over..............................
15 to 26 weeks..............................
27 weeks and over...........................

2,941
2,540
2,212
822
1,391

3,210
1,895
1,989
973
1,016

2,643
2,284
2,053
925
1,128

2,603
2,307
2,326
994
1,332

2,650
2,380
2,064
1,001
1,063

2,354
2,156
2,092
1,058
1,034

2,523
2,022
2,071
1,078
993

2,538
2,211
2,063
1,045
1,018

2,352
2,071
2,157
1,082
1,074

Average (mean) duration, in weeks..............
Median duration, in weeks......................

16.1
7.7

14.2
5.8

15.8
7.7

16.9
8.5

15.3
7.9

15.2
8.3

15.1
7.7

15.1
7.7

16.6
8.5

100.0
38.2
33.0
28.8
10.7
18.1

100.0
45.3
26.7
28.0
13.7
14.3

100.0
37.9
32.7
29.4
13.3
16.2

100.0
36.0
31.9
32.1
13.7
18.4

100.0
37.4
33.6
29.1
14.1
15.0

100.0
35.7
32.7
31.7
16.0
15.7

100.0
38.1
30.6
31.3
16.3
15.0

100.0
37.3
32.5
30.3
15.3
14.9

100.0
35.7
31.5
32.8
16.5
16.3

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed...............................
Less than 5 weeks............................
5 to 14 weeks................................
15 weeks and over............................
15 to 26 weeks.............................
27 weeks and over..........................

NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally
adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Reason

July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

3,323
974
2,349
1,686
663
772
2,716
882

2,878
788
2,090
1,448
642
774
2,628
814

2,895
873
2,022
1,381
642
836
2,417
833

3,348
980
2,368
(1)
(1)
754
2,522
590

3,187
1,021
2,167
(1)
(1)
784
2,535
647

2,979
976
2,003
(1)
(1)
754
2,420
577

2,902
871
2,031
(1)
(1)
801
2,306
574

3,145
925
2,220
(1)
(1)
829
2,359
481

2,903
877
2,026
(1)
(1)
822
2,244
553

43.2
12.7
30.5
10.0
35.3
11.5

40.6
11.1
29.5
10.9
37.0
11.5

41.5
12.5
29.0
12.0
34.6
11.9

46.4
13.6
32.8
10.5
35.0
8.2

44.6
14.3
30.3
11.0
35.4
9.0

44.3
14.5
29.8
11.2
36.0
8.6

44.1
13.2
30.9
12.2
35.0
8.7

46.2
13.6
32.6
12.2
34.6
7.1

44.5
13.4
31.1
12.6
34.4
8.5

2.4
.6
2.0
.6

2.1
.6
1.9
.6

2.1
.6
1.7
.6

2.5
.6
1.9
.4

2.3
.6
1.9
.5

2.2
.6
1.8
.4

2.1
.6
1.7
.4

2.3
.6
1.7
.4

2.1
.6
1.6
.4

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.....
On temporary layoff...................................
Not on temporary layoff...............................
Permanent job losers................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs................
Job leavers.............................................
Reentrants..............................................
New entrants............................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed........................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs....
On temporary layoff..................................
Not on temporary layoff..............................
Job leavers............................................
Reentrants.............................................
New entrants...........................................
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs....
Job leavers............................................
Reentrants.............................................
New entrants...........................................

1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)

Not seasonally
adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Measure

July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force.......................

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force....................................................

2.4

2.1

2.1

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.3

2.1

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)..............

5.6

5.2

5.0

5.4

5.2

4.9

4.8

5.0

4.8

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force
plus discouraged workers.......................................

5.9

5.4

5.3

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other
marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers...............

6.7

6.1

5.9

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus
total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers..

10.0

9.2

9.0

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7
of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking
for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently
looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time
work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of
alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997,
data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates(1)

Age and sex

July
1996

June
1997

July
1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997

July
1997

Total, 16 years and over..........................
16 to 24 years..................................
16 to 19 years................................
16 to 17 years..............................
18 to 19 years..............................
20 to 24 years................................
25 years and over...............................
25 to 54 years................................
55 years and over.............................

7,276
2,555
1,301
637
661
1,254
4,691
4,123
593

6,836
2,442
1,314
548
762
1,128
4,382
3,857
515

6,583
2,328
1,293
555
748
1,036
4,224
3,777
489

5.4
12.1
16.7
19.5
14.6
9.5
4.1
4.3
3.7

5.2
11.8
16.4
19.4
14.6
9.0
4.0
4.1
3.3

4.9
11.4
15.4
18.5
13.3
9.0
3.7
3.8
3.0

4.8
10.9
15.6
18.4
13.7
8.2
3.7
3.8
2.9

5.0
11.5
16.8
17.3
16.3
8.4
3.8
3.9
3.1

4.8
10.9
16.4
17.5
15.8
7.7
3.7
3.8
3.0

Men, 16 years and over..........................
16 to 24 years................................
16 to 19 years..............................
16 to 17 years............................
18 to 19 years............................
20 to 24 years..............................
25 years and over.............................
25 to 54 years..............................
55 years and over...........................

3,941
1,469
790
396
387
679
2,453
2,119
338

3,674
1,359
774
330
440
585
2,311
2,018
287

3,481
1,272
692
299
386
580
2,176
1,920
272

5.4
13.1
19.3
23.4
16.1
9.6
4.0
4.1
3.7

5.2
12.2
17.9
21.4
15.7
8.9
3.9
3.9
3.5

4.9
11.8
17.2
20.5
15.2
8.7
3.7
3.8
3.0

4.5
10.3
15.2
17.8
13.5
7.5
3.4
3.5
2.8

5.0
12.1
19.0
19.9
18.2
8.2
3.7
3.8
3.1

4.8
11.4
17.2
18.6
16.2
8.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

Women, 16 years and over........................
16 to 24 years................................
16 to 19 years..............................
16 to 17 years............................
18 to 19 years............................
20 to 24 years..............................
25 years and over.............................
25 to 54 years..............................
55 years and over...........................

3,335
1,086
511
241
274
575
2,238
2,004
255

3,162
1,083
540
217
322
542
2,071
1,839
228

3,102
1,057
601
256
361
456
2,048
1,856
218

5.4
11.0
13.8
15.2
12.8
9.3
4.3
4.5
3.6

5.3
11.3
14.9
17.1
13.3
9.1
4.2
4.3
3.1

4.9
10.9
13.6
16.5
11.3
9.3
3.8
3.9
3.0

5.2
11.6
16.0
19.0
13.8
8.9
4.0
4.2
3.0

5.0
10.8
14.4
14.4
14.3
8.6
3.9
4.0
3.2

4.9
10.4
15.5
16.4
15.4
7.3
3.9
4.1
3.0

1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Men

Women

Category
July
1996

July
1997

July
1996

July
1997

July
1996

July
1997

64,369
5,196
1,490

64,835
4,777
1,281

22,429
2,037
661

23,059
1,855
584

41,940
3,159
830

41,777
2,922
697

423
1,068

311
971

224
437

170
414

199
631

140
557

Total multiple jobholders(4)....................................
Percent of total employed...................................

7,642
5.9

8,053
6.1

4,197
6.0

4,366
6.1

3,444
5.9

3,687
6.1

Primary job full time, secondary job part time..............
Primary and secondary jobs both part time...................
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................
Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................

4,201
1,675
281
1,443

4,514
1,608
258
1,625

2,587
547
207
828

2,703
534
185
920

1,615
1,128
74
615

1,810
1,075
72
705

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force....................................
Persons who currently want a job..............................
Searched for work and available to work now(1).............
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2)..................
Reasons other than discouragement(3)...............
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during
the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or
old, and other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown
separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
July
1996

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

Total......................... 119,481 122,477 123,115 122,177 119,691 121,344 121,671 121,834 122,062 122,378
Total private.................... 101,098 102,473 103,412 103,581 100,236 101,799 102,092 102,269 102,420 102,680
Goods-producing.........................

24,716

24,722

25,024

25,009

24,433

24,670

24,667

24,702

24,720

24,716

Mining................................
Metal mining........................
Coal mining.........................
Oil and gas extraction..............
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels..

585
55.4
97.5
321.2
110.5

574
54.2
92.6
316.7
110.2

582
55.5
93.1
321.1
111.9

585
55.5
91.9
325.1
112.2

574
54
97
317
106

572
54
93
317
108

573
54
93
319
107

576
54
93
321
108

576
54
93
321
108

574
54
91
321
108

Construction..........................
5,731
5,671
5,832
5,950
General building contractors........ 1,315.0 1,295.5 1,338.9 1,365.3
Heavy construction, except building.
841.2
805.8
818.6
829.1
Special trade contractors........... 3,575.0 3,570.0 3,674.3 3,755.2

5,417
1,258
773
3,386

5,609
1,298
777
3,534

5,599
1,297
767
3,535

5,628
1,300
777
3,551

5,624
1,302
765
3,557

5,627
1,307
762
3,558

Manufacturing.........................
Production workers................

18,400
12,665

18,477
12,770

18,610
12,864

18,474
12,723

18,442
12,735

18,489
12,771

18,495
12,774

18,498
12,790

18,520
12,790

18,515
12,797

Durable goods........................
Production workers................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Computer and office equipment.....
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Electronic components and
accessories....................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Aircraft and parts................
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

10,718
7,309
791.4
494.1
548.2
700.3

10,877
7,468
796.2
507.8
546.1
707.2

10,953
7,522
808.5
510.7
550.8
710.8

10,861
7,416
807.0
502.4
550.0
700.4

10,766
7,369
781
503
540
706

10,848
7,437
797
507
542
709

10,856
7,440
799
506
541
710

10,864
7,454
800
508
540
708

10,890
7,463
798
509
539
709

10,910
7,480
796
512
542
706

241.3
234.7
236.5
235.1
1,436.4 1,468.0 1,477.6 1,455.2
2,108.8 2,151.0 2,161.0 2,150.0
364.4
377.9
381.2
383.7

(1)
1,449
2,113
362

(1)
1,463
2,136
372

(1)
1,468
2,142
375

(1)
1,468
2,146
378

(1)
1,469
2,149
379

(1)
1,468
2,154
381

1,648.1 1,640.6 1,655.1 1,649.3

1,655

1,645

1,643

1,644

1,651

1,656

613.3
621.0
630.3
632.7
1,757.6 1,818.8 1,831.0 1,807.1
941.2
967.0
974.4
949.2
456.1
497.6
503.7
506.6
853.3
854.3
859.1
858.4
379.8
386.8
388.3
381.2

613
1,778
960
458
854
387

614
1,810
969
491
853
386

618
1,804
957
495
855
388

622
1,809
960
498
854
387

628
1,823
967
505
857
386

632
1,829
969
509
859
388

Nondurable goods.....................
7,682
7,600
7,657
7,613
Production workers................
5,356
5,302
5,342
5,307
Food and kindred products........... 1,717.3 1,660.7 1,690.3 1,717.4
Tobacco products....................
37.3
37.7
37.7
37.6
Textile mill products...............
618.7
610.6
612.3
601.1
Apparel and other textile products..
845.9
822.7
823.6
796.6
Paper and allied products...........
681.0
675.0
680.4
676.8
Printing and publishing............. 1,535.5 1,542.3 1,550.5 1,547.0
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,035.8 1,027.4 1,032.3 1,029.2
Petroleum and coal products.........
145.0
140.1
141.0
142.1
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
973.5
990.2
996.6
978.5
Leather and leather products........
92.0
93.1
92.4
86.6

7,676
5,366
1,684
41
623
863
677
1,537
1,031
142
982
96

7,641
5,334
1,698
42
612
827
677
1,535
1,028
140
988
94

7,639
5,334
1,699
41
609
822
677
1,541
1,029
140
988
93

7,634
5,336
1,693
41
609
818
677
1,546
1,030
139
988
93

7,630
5,327
1,693
41
608
817
675
1,551
1,026
138
989
92

7,605
5,317
1,685
41
605
813
673
1,548
1,024
139
987
90

97,168

95,258

96,674

97,004

97,132

97,342

97,662

Transportation and public utilities...
6,276
6,434
6,463
6,441
Transportation......................
4,039
4,194
4,211
4,183
Railroad transportation...........
231.5
228.0
226.7
227.4
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................
384.9
475.9
457.9
396.8
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,672.2 1,677.3 1,699.8 1,714.0
Water transportation..............
184.0
181.2
183.6
189.7
Transportation by air............. 1,133.1 1,183.2 1,191.4 1,201.4
Pipelines, except natural gas.....
14.7
14.2
14.4
14.5
Transportation services...........
418.6
434.2
437.1
438.7
Communications and public utilities.
2,237
2,240
2,252
2,258
Communications.................... 1,346.9 1,368.3 1,375.0 1,382.9
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services.......................
890.1
871.5
876.5
875.5

6,296
4,073
230

6,405
4,164
226

6,421
4,179
225

6,431
4,187
226

6,430
4,190
226

6,461
4,216
226

448
1,659
173
1,131
15
417
2,223
1,341

455
1,671
175
1,191
14
432
2,241
1,364

460
1,676
177
1,192
14
435
2,242
1,369

458
1,687
176
1,192
14
434
2,244
1,372

457
1,687
177
1,193
14
436
2,240
1,371

461
1,699
179
1,200
14
437
2,245
1,377

Service-producing.......................

94,765

97,755

98,091

882

877

873

872

869

868

6,705
3,959
2,746
22,273

6,481
3,806
2,675
21,651

6,611
3,889
2,722
21,945

6,622
3,900
2,722
22,029

6,630
3,909
2,721
22,026

6,634
3,918
2,716
22,077

6,663
3,935
2,728
22,142

926.6
967.6
973.0
966.2
2,678.3 2,702.0 2,738.8 2,740.4
2,349.5 2,369.8 2,400.2 2,404.9
3,460.7 3,473.3 3,508.9 3,529.5

894
2,731
2,394
3,439

922
2,783
2,452
3,478

931
2,799
2,446
3,480

932
2,787
2,452
3,482

928
2,797
2,450
3,486

932
2,793
2,449
3,507

2,308.4 2,322.7 2,336.5 2,346.6
1,040.8 1,054.4 1,058.4 1,060.6
1,092.8 1,076.3 1,090.2 1,084.7

2,278
1,036
1,101

2,315
1,055
1,104

2,319
1,055
1,105

2,316
1,054
1,099

2,313
1,055
1,099

2,316
1,055
1,092

979.6 1,020.1 1,023.6 1,030.8
7,669.0 7,726.1 7,832.8 7,797.6
2,663.4 2,776.3 2,779.1 2,777.4

989
7,505
2,714

1,025
7,525
2,793

1,026
7,571
2,798

1,032
7,572
2,806

1,033
7,596
2,825

1,040
7,631
2,831

Finance, insurance, and real estate...
6,998
7,028
7,102
7,155
Finance.............................
3,331
3,385
3,414
3,434
Depository institutions........... 2,039.3 2,038.8 2,058.2 2,068.0
Commercial banks................ 1,479.3 1,483.4 1,498.5 1,506.4
Savings institutions............
264.6
253.0
255.0
255.3
Nondepository institutions........
521.4
542.8
545.9
548.0
Mortgage bankers and brokers....
233.8
245.1
246.3
245.7
Security and commodity brokers....
558.5
583.6
588.5
597.0
Holding and other investment
offices........................
211.7
219.4
221.8
220.7
Insurance...........................
2,231
2,221
2,233
2,244
Insurance carriers................ 1,520.6 1,501.7 1,510.9 1,520.8
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................
710.6
718.8
722.1
723.4
Real estate.........................
1,436
1,422
1,455
1,477

6,910
3,305
2,023
1,466
263
519
232
553

6,992
3,366
2,037
1,482
254
534
242
579

7,019
3,381
2,041
1,486
253
539
243
583

7,029
3,389
2,043
1,488
253
542
244
586

7,038
3,396
2,046
1,488
254
543
243
586

7,064
3,407
2,051
1,493
254
546
244
591

210
2,220
1,513

216
2,217
1,500

218
2,221
1,502

218
2,222
1,503

221
2,226
1,507

219
2,233
1,513

707
1,385

717
1,409

719
1,417

719
1,418

719
1,416

720
1,424

34,465
628
1,718
1,184
7,288
898
2,683
2,376

35,176
648
1,746
1,196
7,577
896
2,787
2,457

35,334
664
1,756
1,193
7,594
902
2,752
2,419

35,451
669
1,752
1,189
7,618
903
2,744
2,409

35,521
670
1,746
1,193
7,645
902
2,748
2,407

35,634
676
1,748
1,194
7,675
900
2,759
2,411

Wholesale trade.......................
Durable goods.......................
Nondurable goods....................
Retail trade..........................
Building materials and garden
supplies.........................
General merchandise stores..........
Department stores.................
Food stores.........................
Automotive dealers and service
stations.........................
New and used car dealers..........
Apparel and accessory stores........
Furniture and home furnishings
stores...........................
Eating and drinking places..........
Miscellaneous retail establishments.

Services2.............................
Agricultural services...............
Hotels and other lodging places.....
Personal services...................
Business services...................
Services to buildings.............
Personnel supply services.........
Help supply services............

6,522
3,829
2,693
21,779

34,807
698.2
1,861.0
1,144.0
7,314.1
903.2
2,690.7
2,386.1

6,641
3,915
2,726
22,064

35,584
724.1
1,770.1
1,175.7
7,568.4
906.3
2,703.5
2,369.0

6,680
3,944
2,736
22,283

35,860
747.3
1,850.8
1,168.0
7,655.6
910.2
2,742.6
2,402.2

35,998
751.8
1,893.8
1,153.5
7,699.2
905.0
2,766.9
2,421.2

Computer and data processing
services.......................
Auto repair, services, and parking..
Miscellaneous repair services.......
Motion pictures.....................
Amusement and recreation services...
Health services.....................
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................
Nursing and personal care
facilities.....................
Hospitals.........................
Home health care services.........
Legal services......................
Educational services................
Social services.....................
Child day care services...........
Residential care..................
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens...........................
Membership organizations............
Engineering and management services.
Engineering and architectural
services.......................
Management and public relations...
Services, nec.......................
Government............................
Federal.............................
Federal, except Postal Service....
State...............................
Education.........................
Other State government............
Local...............................
Education.........................
Other local government............

1,206.0
1,096.4
379.2
535.3
1,734.8
9,507.2

1,319.0
1,137.0
385.0
533.8
1,624.3
9,658.3

1,345.6
1,148.7
389.4
544.0
1,848.9
9,730.0

1,209
1,087
375
527
1,472
9,478

1,291
1,126
380
529
1,494
9,612

1,306
1,132
382
528
1,503
9,644

1,322
1,136
384
532
1,542
9,673

1,337
1,131
383
535
1,561
9,670

1,349
1,139
385
535
1,568
9,701

1,688.6 1,735.8 1,744.6 1,753.3

1,682

1,721

1,728

1,740

1,740

1,747

1,741.3
3,825.7
665.2
945.8
1,773.5
2,391.0
513.8
681.1

1,770.3
3,892.6
684.1
971.9
1,798.4
2,444.8
535.4
705.3

1,735
3,812
665
931
2,034
2,411
570
674

1,753
3,852
678
946
2,047
2,445
580
690

1,760
3,857
684
951
2,062
2,458
581
694

1,764
3,864
682
952
2,062
2,466
587
695

1,761
3,867
682
953
2,070
2,472
589
698

1,764
3,879
684
957
2,062
2,466
593
698

93.3
90.6
95.0
96.5
2,248.9 2,199.1 2,236.9 2,277.7
2,868.4 2,966.7 3,006.4 3,031.8

85
2,183
2,849

87
2,193
2,934

87
2,199
2,965

88
2,201
2,971

88
2,202
2,986

88
2,211
3,012

1,757.4
3,858.9
683.6
946.4
2,096.8
2,491.7
607.5
695.7

1,333.6
1,140.3
386.3
540.4
1,804.9
9,692.4

1,762.6
3,874.0
684.1
967.8
1,886.0
2,465.8
573.4
704.7

850.5
882.3
47.9

869.0
941.6
48.4

884.3
958.5
48.7

890.5
972.7
49.9

838
874
(1)

866
923
(1)

869
936
(1)

869
941
(1)

876
950
(1)

877
964
(1)

18,383
2,776
1,925.7
4,390
1,643.4
2,746.6
11,217
5,613.1
5,603.9

20,004
2,707
1,858.1
4,696
2,001.7
2,694.4
12,601
7,248.5
5,352.2

19,703
2,719
1,869.2
4,492
1,765.2
2,727.1
12,492
6,932.0
5,560.2

18,596
2,718
1,869.2
4,407
1,664.4
2,742.8
11,471
5,771.4
5,699.6

19,455
2,752
1,897
4,625
1,931
2,694
12,078
6,767
5,311

19,545
2,709
1,856
4,622
1,929
2,693
12,214
6,853
5,361

19,579
2,708
1,856
4,635
1,938
2,697
12,236
6,858
5,378

19,565
2,703
1,851
4,636
1,943
2,693
12,226
6,850
5,376

19,642
2,694
1,843
4,634
1,943
2,691
12,314
6,908
5,406

19,698
2,695
1,841
4,645
1,954
2,691
12,358
6,956
5,402

1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
July
1996

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

Total private....................

34.6

34.5

34.9

34.7

34.3

34.8

34.5

34.5

34.7

34.4

Goods-producing.........................

40.8

41.4

41.5

40.9

41.0

41.4

41.4

41.4

41.2

41.1

Mining................................

44.8

45.8

45.8

44.6

45.0

45.9

45.3

46.0

45.4

44.8

Construction..........................

39.8

39.7

39.6

40.0

38.7

38.9

38.9

39.4

38.8

38.9

Manufacturing.........................
Overtime hours....................

41.1
4.3

41.9
4.7

42.0
4.7

41.2
4.5

41.6
4.5

42.1
4.9

42.1
4.9

42.0
4.8

41.8
4.7

41.7
4.6

Durable goods........................
Overtime hours....................

41.7
4.4

42.8
5.0

42.8
5.0

41.8
4.6

42.4
4.7

42.9
5.2

43.0
5.3

42.8
5.2

42.6
5.0

42.5
4.9

Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

40.7
39.3
43.5
43.6

41.3
39.8
43.7
44.7

41.5
39.9
43.6
44.8

40.6
39.4
43.3
43.5

41.0
39.7
43.2
44.0

41.0
40.3
43.1
44.8

41.2
40.1
43.0
45.1

41.0
40.4
43.4
44.8

41.0
39.9
42.9
44.7

40.9
39.9
43.1
44.0

44.4
41.6
42.4

44.7
42.5
43.5

44.6
42.7
43.5

43.7
41.8
42.9

44.3
42.4
43.0

44.8
42.6
43.5

45.2
42.9
43.9

44.7
42.6
43.6

44.5
42.5
43.4

43.7
42.6
43.5

40.6
42.7
43.4
41.0
38.8

41.7
44.7
45.5
41.7
40.0

41.9
44.5
45.2
42.1
40.2

40.8
42.2
41.7
41.2
39.4

41.3
44.0
45.2
41.6
39.7

42.1
45.0
45.7
42.0
40.2

42.3
44.8
45.3
41.9
40.5

42.0
44.5
45.2
41.9
40.3

41.9
44.1
44.7
42.0
40.2

41.6
43.5
43.5
41.7
40.3

Nondurable goods.....................
Overtime hours....................

40.2
4.1

40.6
4.1

40.7
4.2

40.3
4.3

40.5
4.1

40.9
4.4

40.9
4.4

40.8
4.3

40.7
4.2

40.6
4.3

Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

40.9
38.6
40.2
36.8
43.2
38.0
42.9
44.3
40.8
37.7

41.1
38.7
41.2
37.2
43.4
38.1
43.1
42.4
41.7
38.2

40.9
39.3
41.7
37.8
43.4
38.0
43.2
42.9
41.7
38.7

41.1
37.4
40.6
36.5
43.2
38.0
42.6
42.3
41.0
37.4

40.8
39.5
40.9
37.1
43.3
38.2
43.2
(2)
41.5
38.3

41.3
40.2
41.2
37.5
43.8
38.6
43.3
(2)
41.8
38.7

41.1
39.0
41.7
37.5
43.9
38.5
43.1
(2)
42.0
38.5

41.4
38.4
41.4
37.1
43.8
38.3
43.3
(2)
41.6
38.2

41.0
37.7
41.2
37.4
43.4
38.3
43.2
(2)
41.5
38.0

41.1
38.2
41.3
36.8
43.4
38.3
42.9
(2)
41.7
38.0

Service-producing.......................

32.9

32.7

33.1

33.0

32.5

33.0

32.7

32.7

32.9

32.6

Transportation and public utilities...

39.7

39.3

39.8

39.3

39.4

39.8

39.3

39.5

39.6

38.9

Wholesale trade.......................

38.1

38.5

38.8

38.4

38.1

38.6

38.4

38.4

38.6

38.4

Retail trade..........................

29.4

28.8

29.4

29.6

28.7

29.1

28.9

28.9

28.9

28.8

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

35.6

35.9

36.6

35.9

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Services..............................

32.5

32.4

32.8

32.7

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry

Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry
July
1996

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

July
1996

Total private....................
Seasonally adjusted.............

$11.73
11.81

$12.17
12.19

$12.16
12.23

$12.14
12.23

$405.86
405.08

Goods-producing.........................

13.54

13.83

13.85

13.95

Mining................................

15.54

15.98

16.12

Construction..........................

15.51

15.83

Manufacturing.........................

12.79

13.09

Durable goods........................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

13.35
10.47
10.13
12.94
15.08

Nondurable goods.....................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

$419.87
420.56

$424.38
424.38

$421.26
420.71

552.43

572.56

574.78

570.56

15.96

696.19

731.88

738.30

711.82

15.88

16.01

617.30

628.45

628.85

640.40

13.09

13.14

525.67

548.47

549.78

541.37

13.64
10.71
10.47
13.12
15.09

13.65
10.75
10.51
13.14
15.17

13.65
10.81
10.50
13.17
15.41

556.70
426.13
398.11
562.89
657.49

583.79
442.32
416.71
573.34
674.52

584.22
446.13
419.35
572.90
679.62

570.57
438.89
413.70
570.26
670.34

17.96
12.51
13.55

17.84
12.78
13.92

18.01
12.79
13.95

18.23
12.74
14.00

797.42
520.42
574.52

797.45
543.15
605.52

803.25
546.13
606.83

796.65
532.53
600.60

12.26
17.29
17.89
13.18
10.37

12.56
17.47
17.97
13.52
10.52

12.59
17.44
17.90
13.53
10.49

12.69
17.31
17.65
13.55
10.52

497.76
738.28
776.43
540.38
402.36

523.75
780.91
817.64
563.78
420.80

527.52
776.08
809.08
569.61
421.70

517.75
730.48
736.01
558.26
414.49

12.00
11.25
20.98
9.68
7.95
14.79
12.63
16.16
19.02
11.25
8.43

12.27
11.48
20.76
9.94
8.23
14.98
12.93
16.47
19.98
11.50
8.89

12.26
11.44
20.81
9.97
8.25
15.00
12.90
16.52
19.93
11.52
8.93

12.40
11.53
21.37
10.00
8.21
15.21
13.07
16.62
19.99
11.62
8.76

482.40
460.13
809.83
389.14
292.56
638.93
479.94
693.26
842.59
459.00
317.81

498.16
471.83
803.41
409.53
306.16
650.13
492.63
709.86
847.15
479.55
339.60

498.98
467.90
817.83
415.75
311.85
651.00
490.20
713.66
855.00
480.38
345.59

499.72
473.88
799.24
406.00
299.67
657.07
496.66
708.01
845.58
476.42
327.62

Service-producing.......................

11.12

11.61

11.59

11.55

365.85

379.65

383.63

381.15

Transportation and public utilities...

$14.44

$14.72

$14.73

$14.85

$573.27

$578.50

$586.25

$583.61

Wholesale trade.......................

12.82

13.32

13.36

13.36

488.44

512.82

518.37

513.02

Retail trade..........................

7.93

8.27

8.27

8.26

233.14

238.18

243.14

244.50

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

12.69

13.18

13.18

13.12

451.76

473.16

482.39

471.01

Services..............................

11.60

12.17

12.15

12.07

377.00

394.31

398.52

394.69

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted

Percent
change
from:
June 1997July 1997

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

Total private:
Current dollars..............
Constant (1982) dollars2.....

$11.81
7.42

$12.14
7.49

$12.14
7.49

$12.19
7.52

$12.23
7.54

$12.23
N.A.

0.0
(3)

Goods-producing...............
Mining......................
Construction................
Manufacturing...............
Excluding overtime4.......

13.49
15.61
15.47
12.80
12.14

13.79
15.94
15.80
13.07
12.37

13.80
15.96
15.86
13.07
12.38

13.85
16.05
15.91
13.11
12.38

13.86
16.13
15.95
13.11
12.42

13.88
16.03
15.97
13.14
12.44

.1
-.6
.1
.2
.2

Service-producing.............
Transportation and public
utilities................
Wholesale trade.............
Retail trade................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate...................
Services....................

11.25

11.59

11.58

11.63

11.69

11.68

-.1

14.45
12.84
7.98

14.73
13.30
8.25

14.76
13.27
8.26

14.80
13.33
8.28

14.80
13.42
8.30

14.85
13.37
8.31

.3
-.4
.1

12.80
11.78

13.12
12.16

13.00
12.16

13.18
12.20

13.24
12.26

13.24
12.26

.0
.0

Industry

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .3 percent from May 1997 to June 1997, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
July
1996

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

July
1996

Mar.
1997

Apr.
1997

May
1997

June
1997p

July
1997p

Total private....................

138.5

140.2

143.0

142.5

136.1

140.2

139.6

140.0

140.6

139.9

Goods-producing.........................

112.1

113.8

115.4

113.9

110.9

113.3

113.3

113.7

112.8

112.7

Mining................................

55.6

56.9

57.5

56.5

54.7

56.6

55.8

57.3

56.3

55.6

Construction..........................

162.4

Manufacturing.........................

104.9

158.8

163.5

107.9

108.9

169.4

147.4

154.0

153.2

156.2

153.2

153.8

105.6

106.8

108.3

108.5

108.3

107.8

107.6

Durable goods........................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

106.3
140.0
120.0
112.2
89.7

111.5
143.2
126.1
112.4
93.7

112.5
146.3
127.1
113.5
94.3

108.1
142.7
123.1
112.6
89.9

108.9
139.0
124.2
109.7
91.6

111.3
142.2
127.3
110.0
93.9

111.7
143.3
126.7
109.2
94.5

111.4
142.9
128.0
110.2
93.9

111.0
142.4
126.7
108.7
93.9

110.8
141.6
127.6
110.2
91.9

74.0
111.2
102.3

72.5
116.9
108.7

73.1
118.4
108.9

71.0
113.5
106.2

74.0
114.7
104.5

73.2
116.7
107.7

73.8
118.0
109.2

72.6
117.1
108.5

72.3
117.1
108.1

71.0
117.1
108.4

105.0
116.9
154.5
73.3
97.4

107.4
128.1
168.3
74.9
102.3

108.5
128.6
169.1
76.1
103.3

105.0
119.1
150.5
73.7
98.5

107.8
123.0
165.8
74.7
101.6

108.8
127.6
167.9
75.4
102.5

109.1
126.5
164.4
75.1
103.3

108.2
126.8
165.4
75.1
103.2

108.3
126.0
165.3
75.6
102.5

107.9
125.4
161.9
75.1
103.2

Nondurable goods.....................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

103.0
117.4
53.2
87.1
74.5
108.7
122.6
100.4
79.7
138.8
40.3

102.9
113.4
53.7
88.6
73.6
109.1
124.1
99.6
75.0
145.1
41.8

104.0
115.3
54.5
89.9
74.8
109.7
124.0
100.5
76.4
146.1
42.0

102.2
118.2
52.5
85.9
69.4
109.1
123.5
99.0
76.1
140.4
37.4

103.9
114.7
62.6
89.4
77.2
108.5
123.7
101.0
77.1
143.0
43.0

104.3
117.4
63.7
88.8
74.3
110.2
124.3
100.3
76.1
145.0
42.8

104.2
117.0
59.9
89.6
73.9
110.4
124.7
99.9
73.6
145.9
42.0

104.0
117.3
58.9
88.8
73.0
110.4
125.1
100.5
75.0
144.7
41.7

103.5
116.1
57.9
88.2
73.3
109.0
125.2
99.9
74.2
144.2
40.9

103.1
115.7
60.5
88.2
71.9
109.0
125.1
99.4
73.6
144.9
40.3

Service-producing.......................

150.4

152.1

155.4

155.3

147.5

152.3

151.3

151.8

153.1

152.1

Transportation and public utilities...

128.2

130.4

132.6

129.8

127.6

131.4

130.1

131.0

131.2

129.0

Wholesale trade.......................

123.3

126.3

128.0

127.0

122.2

126.3

125.7

125.9

126.4

126.1

Retail trade..........................

138.9

137.9

141.8

142.8

134.5

138.5

137.9

138.0

138.2

138.0

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

126.0

127.2

131.6

130.0

124.0

129.0

126.7

127.3

130.6

127.9

Services..............................

179.9

183.2

186.6

187.1

176.5

182.6

181.7

182.3

184.4

183.3

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Time span

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

59.7
57.6
62.4
51.7
59.3

61.0
61.9
60.1
64.3
59.1

49.6
67.1
54.5
60.1
59.0

57.6
64.5
55.6
54.9
61.1

61.5
57.7
48.0
62.9
57.4

56.2
63.9
53.9
60.5
p52.0

55.5
62.5
54.1
56.5
p58.7

58.3
62.6
59.8
59.3

62.2
61.4
57.0
54.4

59.6
60.3
54.9
62.6

61.7
63.8
57.2
58.1

59.3
62.4
57.9
61.0

Over 3-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

64.7
65.3
65.4
62.6
64.6

60.8
69.5
62.5
63.6
62.2

60.5
70.4
58.7
62.6
64.2

58.6
68.7
53.2
61.2
65.6

62.9
67.1
54.6
62.1
p60.0

63.6
67.0
52.4
63.1
p59.8

59.6
69.1
57.9
62.6

62.9
69.7
59.6
58.8

64.7
65.7
59.7
62.8

66.9
65.6
59.0
60.4

64.3
67.0
57.0
64.7

63.6
66.2
56.3
65.0

Over 6-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

62.9
71.1
66.9
62.2
67.6

64.6
69.8
61.4
63.5
66.6

64.3
69.8
58.1
63.5
p65.2

64.3
70.9
56.6
63.5
p64.2

62.2
70.1
58.1
62.6

65.6
69.8
58.1
61.2

66.0
69.7
56.7
65.3

64.9
69.4
59.8
63.6

66.3
69.4
60.3
62.6

66.7
67.4
59.1
64.5

69.4
67.7
61.5
64.2

69.2
66.2
63.3
67.4

Over 12-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

64.9
70.2
63.6
63.5
p66.9

63.9
71.6
62.4
64.7

64.0
71.8
62.6
62.4

65.4
71.8
63.3
62.9

67.0
72.1
61.7
64.7

67.6
71.8
61.9
64.2

67.6
71.5
58.7
65.0

67.0
72.1
62.2
63.1

70.2
70.1
62.2
63.8

69.5
69.5
61.1
66.7

69.2
66.6
62.2
65.7

70.1
65.0
63.3
p65.3

Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

52.2
55.8
54.3
45.7
54.0

56.8
59.0
56.1
54.3
50.4

49.6
60.4
44.2
47.8
52.9

44.2
58.6
51.4
39.2
52.9

53.2
52.9
42.1
52.2
51.4

46.4
58.6
42.8
52.2
p50.4

49.3
59.4
43.5
44.2
p50.0

51.8
56.1
52.2
52.9

57.9
52.9
47.1
44.2

52.2
55.0
50.0
50.7

54.0
58.6
47.5
49.6

55.8
58.3
50.7
52.2

Over 3-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

61.5
61.9
59.7
47.5
53.2

59.0
64.7
50.4
47.8
51.4

54.0
65.5
47.5
42.1
50.7

46.8
59.7
40.3
38.5
52.5

48.6
57.6
42.4
43.2
p50.0

54.3
60.1
36.3
45.0
p48.6

51.1
62.2
38.5
48.9

58.3
57.9
43.9
43.2

57.2
55.0
49.3
50.4

59.4
55.4
46.4
46.4

54.7
60.1
45.3
52.5

58.3
59.4
43.9
52.5

Over 6-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

55.8
62.2
55.8
41.4
53.2

58.6
62.2
48.6
41.7
53.2

58.6
62.6
43.9
41.0
p51.8

55.8
63.3
38.8
38.1
p47.8

51.8
59.4
39.2
39.6

57.2
56.5
39.6
40.6

59.7
56.5
38.8
47.5

57.2
58.6
39.6
46.8

57.6
58.6
43.9
45.3

58.3
55.0
45.0
50.4

62.6
58.3
44.2
48.2

60.8
55.0
44.6
53.2

Over 12-month span:
1993..............
1994..............
1995..............
1996..............
1997..............

56.8
57.9
46.0
39.6
p51.8

57.9
58.6
44.2
42.8

55.8
60.8
46.0
39.2

58.6
60.8
47.8
39.6

57.2
60.8
41.0
42.4

57.6
63.3
41.7
40.3

58.6
59.4
38.5
43.5

59.0
60.1
38.8
40.3

61.2
57.2
36.3
43.5

59.7
56.5
37.4
46.8

60.1
50.4
38.1
46.4

57.6
49.6
39.9
p47.5

1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.