Full text of The Employment Situation : January 1978
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IX6WS s™'
A . l ^ ^ t
A
J i n
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact:
J. Bregger (202)
K. Hoyle
(202)
home:
523-1944
523-1371
523-1913
523-1208
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^
United States
A
Washington, D.C. 20212
USDL 78-94
TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS RELEASE IS
EMBARGOED UNTIL 9:00 A. M. (EST), FRIDAY,
FEBRUARY 3, 1978
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:
JANUARY 1978
Both total employment and unemployment in January were about unchanged from
December levels following strong improvements in recent months, it was reported today
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor.
The Nation's
overall unemployment rate was 6.3 percent, not much different from December's 6.4percent rate but down substantially from the rates prevailing during 1977.
Total employment—as measured by the monthly survey of households—was 92.9 million in January.
An apparent increase of 270,000 from December was strongly affected
by technical modifications that were introduced in January 1978.
An explanation of
various procedural changes appears on page 6.
Nonfarm payroll employment—as measured by the monthly survey of establishments—
did show further growth in January, rising by 255,000 over the month to 83.7 million.
Over the year, nonfarm payroll jobs have increased by 3.0 million.
Unemployment
There were 6.2 million persons unemployed in January (seasonally adjusted), virtually the same level as in December after declining markedly from November.
The
overall rate of unemployment, 6.3 percent, remained at about the level reported for
December but was 1.1 percentage points lower than in January 1977 and the lowest
reported since October 1974.
(See table A-l.)
Although jobless rates for adult men (4.7 percent) and teenagers (16.0 percent)
were essentially unchanged over the month, there was an improvement in unemployment
among adult women; their rate dropped 0.5 percentage point to 6.1 percent.
Unemploy-
ment rates for both black and white workers, at 12.7 and 5.5 percent, respectively,
were unchanged over the month.
(See table A-2.)
- 2 Over the year, joblessness has been reduced for all major demographic groups
except blacks, whose unemployment rate was virtually the same as it had been in
January 1977.
During the same period, the rate for whites dropped 1.2 percentage points
to 5.5 percent.
Since January 1977, the jobless rate for adult men has declined by 1.1
percentage points, and there was an even greater reduction—2.4 points—for teenagers.
The rate for adult women decreased by 0.8 percentage point over the year.
The median duration of unemployment fell from 7.1 to 6.6 weeks in January and was
down a full week from a year earlier.
This measure, which is being introduced for the
first time to supplement the data on the mean duration of unemployment, depicts the
Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
Quarterly averages
Selected categories
1977
1976
IV
Monthly data
I
II
1977
III
IV
1978
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
98,877
92,214
6,663
58,512
N.A.
98,919
92,609
6,310
58,689
N.A.
99,107
92,881
6,226
58,709
N.A.
6.7
4.7
6.9
17.2
5.9
13.7
6.2
6.4
4.6
6.6
15.6
5.5
12.7
5.9
6.3
4.7
6.1
16.0
5.5
12.7
5.8
Thousands of persons
HOUSEHOLD DATA
95,625
88,182
7,443
59,218
944
Civilian labor force
Total employment
Unemployment
Not in labor force
Discouraged workers
96,221
89,059
7,161
59,225
942
97,153
90,264
6,889
58,941
1,062
97,559
90,823
6,736
59,205
1,067
98,622
92,069
6,554
58,777
969
Percent of labor force
Unemployment rates:
All workers
Adult men
Adult women
Teenagers
White
Black and other
Full-time workers
j
7.8
6.0
7.5
19.1
7.1
13.4
7.4
7.4
5.7
7.1
18.6
6.7
12.9
6.9
7.1
5.2
7.0
18.1
6.3
12.8
6.6
i
Goods-producing industries . . .
Service-producing industries . .
6.6
4.8
6.8
16.7
5.8
13.3
6.2
Thousands of jobs
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Nonfarm payroll employment . . .
6.9
5.0
7.0
17.6
6.1
13.6
6.5
80,111
23,456
56,655
80,925
23,788
57,137
81,871
24,265
57,606
82,548
24,359
58,189
83,193p 83,245
24,504p 24,528
58,689p 58,717
83,432p 83,685p
24,548p 24,652p
58,884p 59,033p
Hours of work
Average weekly hours:
Total private nonfarm
Manufacturing
Manufacturing overtime
p-pr»hmir»«ry.
36.2
40.0
3.1
36.1
40.1
3.3
36.2
40.4
3.4
36.0
40.3
3.3
36.2p
40. 5p
3.5p
36.2
40.5
3.5
N . A . - n o t available.
36.2p
40.5p
3.5p
35.7p
39. 7p
3.5p
- 3 midpoint in terms of weeks of joblessness currently experienced by the unemployed.
In
other words, half of the unemployed workers in January 1978 had been jobless for less
than 6.6 weeks and half for a longer duration.
(See table A-4.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force
Total employment was little changed in January at 92.9 million, seasonally adjusted,
after allowance for revisions in the household survey estimation procedures and sample
expansion.
Over the year, however, total employment increased by about 4 million.
The
employment-to-population ratio—the proportion of the total noninstitutional population
that is employed—was 58.1 percent in January.
(See table A-l.)
The civilian labor force also was essentially unchanged over the month at 99.1
million.
There has been an increase of about 3 million over the past year, with adult
women accounting for more than half of the growth.
The overall civilian labor force
participation r a t e — t h e proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population either
working or seeking w o r k — w a s 62.8 percent.
Participation rates among adults were 80.0
percent for men and 48.9 percent for women, while the rate for teenagers was 56.9 percent.
Industry Payroll Employment
Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 255,000 in January to 83.7 million, seasonally adjusted.
Most of the major industry groups registered gains, as employment
increased in 65 percent of the 172 industries that comprise the BLS diffusion index of
private nonagricultural payroll employment.
As in December, employment totals were
affected by the strike activity in the coal mining industry, which has removed approximately 160,000 workers from the payrolls.
It is not possible to determine at this time
what effect, if any, this strike might have had on other industries.
The largest over-the-month employment gains were in manufacturing
(105,000), par-
ticularly in the durable goods industries, wholesale and retail trade (95,000), and
services (55,000).
While these three industries comprise less than two-thirds of total
payroll employment, they accounted for nearly all of the over-the-month employment gains.
Contract construction employment remained about unchanged from December but was
undoubtedly affected by the unusually high levels of precipitation over much of the
Nation during the survey period.
The weather may also have contributed to a decline in
- 4 transportation and public utilities.
Total nonfarm payroll employment in January was 3..0 million above the year-ago
level, with the greatest percentage increases in contract construction, durable goods
manufacturing, and services.
Hours.
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls was down sharply in January, declining one-half hour to 35.7 hours,
seasonally adjusted.
As was also the case in January a year earlier, the reduction in
hours was largely the result of poor weather conditions throughout much of the country.
The average workweek in contract construction was particularly hard hit, declining almost
2 hours.
The manufacturing workweek declined by 0.8 hour; manufacturing overtime, how-
ever, remained unchanged from December, at 3.5 hours.
(See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on
nonagricultural payrolls decreased by 1.1 percent in January to 116.3 (1967=100).
Despite this drop, the overall index was 3.6 percent above the year-ago level.
(See
table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural
payrolls increased 0.9 percent in January, seasonally adjusted.
Average weekly earnings
declined by 0.5 percent, however, as a result of the sharp decline in the workweek.
Compared to their year-ago levels, average hourly and weekly earnings were up 7.9 and
7*6 percent, respectively.
Before adjusting for seasonality, average hourly earnings were 6 cents above their
December 1977 level and 40 cents above their year-ago level.
fell by $3.29 over the month to $193.09.
by $13.61.
Average weekly earnings
Over the year, average weekly earnings rose
(See table B-3.)
The Hourly Earnings Index
The Hourly Earnings Index—earnings adjusted for overtime in manufacturing, seasonality, and the effects of changes in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries—was 207.3 (1967=100) in January, 1.2 percent higher than in December.
-
5
-
The index was 7.7 percent above January a year ago.
During the 12-month period ended
in December, the Hourly Earnings Index in dollars of constant purchasing power rose
0.8 percent.
(See table B-4.)
-
6 -
Note on Household Survey Revisions and New Data Series
This release introduces revisions in the national household survey resulting from
a sample expansion and changes in the estimation procedures. Also introduced is a new
monthly data series (table A-8) on the employment status of residents of the 10 large
States that have a sufficiently large sample to meet the reliability standard established by the Bureau for monthly estimates.
In addition, seasonally-adjusted data for 1977 appearing in tables A-l through A-7
have been revised. As announced in the December Employment Situation press release
(USDL 78-16) issued on January 11, it is the annual practice of the Bureau to recalculate
the seasonal factors for unemployment and other labor force series at the beginning of
each calendar year to take into account data from the previous year. Revised seasonallyadjusted data covering the December 1976 to 1977 period for many labor force groups were
published in the January 24 release, Annual Revisions in Seasonally-Adjusted Labor Force
Data (USDL 78-53). A description of the current seasonal-adjustment procedures, the
factors to be used to calculate the overall unemployment rate during 1978, and revised
data for the entire 1973-77 revision period, including a larger number of labor force
series, will be published in the February 1978 issue of Employment and Earnings. Historical data may be obtained from BLS upon request.
Beginning in January 1978, the national sample has been expanded from approximately
47,000 to 56,000 households. This additional 9,000 household sample had previously
been utilized only to provide annual average estimates of labor force status for individual States in 1976 and 1977. The procedures used in weighting the national sample
to represent the population 16 years and over have been revised so as to reflect the
population of States as well as the Nation as a whole. The use of the expanded sample
for national estimates is expected to improve the reliability of some survey characteristics—particularly those associated with nonmetropolitan a r e a s — b y reducing the
degree of sampling error associated with the estimates. Because of these changes in
sample size and estimation procedures, the estimates published in this release for
January 1978 are not strictly comparable with pre-1978 data. An approximation of the
impact on major labor force groups can be gauged from the table below. As can be seen,
the overall differences are comparatively small and generally within the range of sampling error. The civilian labor force was 236,000 greater in December 1977 as measured,
by the expanded sample. There was virtually no difference in the overall level of
unemployment. Estimates of employment in agriculture were affected more than those for
nonagricultural industries. Differences for adult women were, in general, larger than
for other groups. Comparisons of current data with pre-1978 estimates should make
allowance for these sample and procedural changes. All of these revisions will be described in greater detail in an article to appear in the February issue of Employment
and Earnings.
Differences between expanded and unexpanded household sample estimates of
employment status for major sex-age groups, December 1977
Employment status
Nonagricultural industries...
Total,
16 years
and over
Men,
20 years
and over
Women,
20 years
and over
236,000
248,000
130,000
117,000
-11,000
-235,000
63,000
36,000
74,000
-37,000
27,000
-62,000
142,000 1 !
31,000
174,000
38,000
43,000
13,000
25,000
130,000
-6,000
-31,000
-30,000
-141,000
|
Both sexes,
16-19 years
Explanatory Note
This release presents and analyzes statistics from
two major surveys. Data on labor force, total employment, and unemployment (A tables) are derived from
the Current Population Survey—a sample survey of
households which is conducted by the Bureau of the
Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beginning in
September 1975, the sample was enlarged by 9,000
households in order to provide greater reliability for
smaller States and thus permit the publication of annual
statistics for all 50 States and the District of Columbia.
These supplementary households were added to the
47,000 national household sample in January 1978; thus
the sample now consists of about 56,000 households
selected to represent the U.S. civilian noninstitutional
population 16 years and over.
Statistics on nonagricultural payroll employment,
hours, and earnings (B tables) are collected by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State
agencies, from payroll records of a sample of approximately 165,090 establishments. Unless otherwise indicated, data for both statistical series relate to the week
containing the 12th day of the specified month.
Comparability of household and payroll employment
statistics
Employment data from the household and payroll
surveys differ in several basic respects. The household
survey provides information on the labor force activity
of the entire civilian noninstitutional population, 16
years of age and over, without duplication. Each person
is classified as either employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force. The household survey counts employed
persons in both agriculture
and nonagricultural
industries and, in addition to wage and salary workers
(including private household workers), counts the selfemployed, unpaid family workers, and persons "with a
job but not at work" and not paid for the period absent.
The payroll survey relates only to paid wage and
salary employees (regardless of age) on the payrolls of
nonagricultural establishments. Persons who worked at
more than one job during the survey week or otherwise
appear on more than one payroll are counted more than
once in the establishment survey. Such persons are
counted only once in the household survey and are
classified in the job at which they worked the greatest
number of hours.
Unemployment
To be classified in the household survey as
unemployed an individual must: (1) Have been without a
job during the survey week; (2) have made specific
efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4
weeks; and (3) be presently available for work. In
addition, persons on layoff and those waiting to begin a
new job (within 30 days), neither of whom must meet
the jobseeking requirements, are also classified as
unemployed. The unemployed total includes all persons
who satisfactorily meet the above criteria, regardless
of their eligibility for unemployment insurance benefits
or any kind of public assistance. The unemployment rate
represents the unemployed as a proportion of the
civilian labor force (the employed and unemployed
combined).
The Bureau regularly publishes a wide variety of
labor market measures. See, for example, the demographic, occupational, and industry detail in tables A-2
and A-3 of this release and the comprehensive
data package in Employment and Earnings each month.
A special grouping of seven unemployment measures is
set forth in table A-7. Identified by the symbols U-1
through U-7, these measures represent a range of
possible definitions of unemployment and of the labor
force—from the most restrictive (U-1) to the most
comprehensive (U-7). The official rate of unemployment
appears as U-5.
Seasonal adjustment
Nearly all economic phenomena are affected to
some degree by seasonal variations. These are
recurring, predictable events which are repeated more
or less regularly each year—changes in weather, opening
and closing of schools, major holidays, industry production schedules, etc. The cumulative effects of these
events are often large. For example, on average over
the year, they explain about 95 percent of the monthto-month variance in the unemployment figures. Since
seasonal variations tend to be large relative to the
underlying cyclical trends, it is necessary to use
seasonally-adjusted
data
to interpret
short-term
economic developments. At the beginning of each year,
seasonal adjustment factors for unemployment and
other labor force series are calculated for use during
the entire year, taking into account the prior year's
experience, and revised seasonally-adjusted data are
introduced in the release containing January data.
All seasonally-adjusted civilian labor force and
unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major
employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series.
The official unemployment rate for all civilian workers
is derived by dividing the estimate for total unem-
ployment (the sum of four seasonally-adjusted age-sex
components) by the civilian labor force (the sum of 12
seasonally-adjusted age-sex components).
For establishment data, the seasonally-adjusted
series for all employees, production workers, average
weekly hours, and average hourly earnings are adjusted
by aggregating the seasonally-adjusted data from the
respective component series. These data are also
revised annually, often in conjunction with benchmark
(comprehensive counts of employment) adjustments.
(The most recent revision of seasonally-adjusted data
was based on data throuigh August 1977.)
Sampling variability
Both the household and establishment survey
statistics are subject to sampling error, which should be
taken into account in evaluating the levels of a series as
well as changes over time. Because the household
survey is based upon a probability sample, the results
may differ from the figures that would be obtained if it
were possible to take a complete census using the same
questionnaires and procedures. The standard error is the
measure of sampling variability, that is, of the variation
that occurs by chance because a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed. The chances are about 68
out of 100 that an estimate from the survey differs
from a figure that would be obtained through a
complete census by less than the standard error. Tables
A through H in the "Explanatory Notes" of Employment
and Earnings provide approximations of the standard
errors for unemployment and other labor force
categories. To obtain a 90-percent level of confidence,
the confidence interval generally used by BLS, the
errors should be multiplied by 1.6. The following
examples provide an indication of the magnitude of
sampling error: For a monthly change in total em-
ployment, the standard error is on the order of plus or
minus 182,000. Similarly, the standard error on a change
in total unemployment is approximately 115,000. The
standard error on a change in the national unemployment rate is 0.12 percentage point.
Although the relatively large size of the monthly
establishment survey assures a high degree of accuracy,
the estimates derived from it also may differ from the
figures obtained if a complete census using the same
schedules and procedures were possible. However, since
the estimating procedures utilize the previous month's
level as the base in computing the current month's level
of employment (link-relative technique), sampling and
response errors may accumulate over several months.
To remove this accumulated error, the employment
estimates
are
adjusted
to
new
benchmarks
(comprehensive counts of employment), usually on an
annual basis. In addition to taking account of samplihg
and response errors, the benchmark revision adjusts the
estimates for changes in the industrial classification of
individual establishments. Employment estimates are
currently projected from March 1974 levels, plus an
interim benchmark adjustment based on December 1975
levels.
One measure of the reliability of the employment
estimates for individual industries is the root-meansquare error (RMSE). The RMSE is the standard deviation adjusted for the bias in estimates. If the bias is
small, the chances are about 68 out of 100 that an
estimate from the sample would differ from its benchmark by less than the RMSE. For total nonagricultural
employment, the RMSE is on the order of plus or minus
81,000. Measures of reliability (approximations of the
RMSE) for establishment-survey data and actual
amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are
provided in tables J through O in the "Explanatory
Notes" of Employment and Earnings.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
NOTE: Household survey data for periods prior to January 1978 shown in tables A-1 through A-7 are not
strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions
in the estimation procedures. As a result, the overall civilian labor force and employment totals in January
were raised by roughly a quarter of a million; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged.
An explanation of the supplementation procedures and an indication of the differences will appear u.
"Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1978," Employment and Earnings, February 1978
Vol. 25 No. 2.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted
Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
159,114
2,131
156,982
97,756
62.3
91,088
57.2
3,199
87,889
6,668
6.8
59,226
159,334
2,134
157,201
98,071
62.4
91,383
57.4
3,243
88,140
6,688
6.8
59,130
159,522
2,132
157,389
98,877
62.8
92,214
57.8
3,357
88,857
6,663
6.7
58,512
159,736
2,129
157,608
98,919
62.8
92,609
58.0
3,323
89,286
6,310
6.4
58,689
159,937
2,121
157,816
99,107
62.8
92,881
58.1
3,354
89,527
6,226
6.3
58,709
66,930
65,250
52,017
79.7
49,007
73.2
2,238
46,769
3,010
5.8
13,233
67,745
66,056
52,366
79.3
49,888
73.6
2,320
47,568
2,473
4.7
13,690
67,852
66,161
52,739
79.7
50,118
73.9
2,326
47,792
2,621
5.0
13,422
67,948
66,257
52,971
79.9
50,459
74.3
2,330
48,129
2,512
4.7
13,286
68,052
66,364
53,122
80.0
50,688
74.5
2,346
48,342
2,434
4.6
13,242
68,148
66,467
53,153
80.0
50,673
74.4
2,394
48,279
2,480
4.7
13,314
74,991
74,892
36,624
48.9
34,184
45.6
421
33,763
2,440
6.7
38,268
73,642
73,550
34,788
47.3
32,372
44.0
484
31,888
2,416
6.9
38,762
74,543
74,444
36,203
48.6
33,690
45.2
496
33,194 ,
2,513
6.9
38,241
74,660
74,561
35,984
48.3
33,537
44.9
525
33,012
2,447
6.8
38,5 f7
74,768
74,669
36,451
48.8
33,923
45.4
589
33,334
2,528
6.9
'38,218
74,883
74,783
36,418
48.7
34,009
45.4
543
33,466
2,409
6.6
38,365
74,991
74,892
36,595
48.9
34,348
45.8
517
33,831
2,247
6.1
38,297
16,802
16,460
8,873
53.9
7,580
45.1
286
7,293
1,294
14.6
7,587
16,798
16,457
8,585
52.2
7,046
41.9
275
6,771
1,539
17.9
7,872
16,810
16,448
8,914
54.2
7,274
43.3
399
6,875
1,640
18.4
7,534
16,825
16,483
9,187
55.7
7,510
44.6
383
7,127
1,677
18.3
7,296
16,822
16,480
9,348
56.7
7,728
45.9
392
7,336
1,620
17.3
7,132
16,806
16,463
9,455
57.4
7,832
46.6
438
7,394
1,623
17.2
7,008
16,802
16,460
9,379
57.0
7,912
47.1
434
7,478
1,467
15.6
7,081
16,798
16,457
9,359
56.9
7,860
46.8
443
7,417
1,499
16.0
7,098
138,415
136,654
83,839
61.4
77,450
56.0
6,389
7.6
52,814
140,264
138,523
86,879
62.7
82,375
58.7
4,505
5.2
51,644
140,421
138,687
86,405
62.3
81,061
57.7
5,344
6.2
52,283
138,415
136,654
84,691
62.0
78,995
57.1
5,696
6.7
51,963
139,789
138,046
86,407
62.6
81,203
58.1
5,204
6.0
51,639
139,962
138,218
86,812
62.8
81,614
58.3
5,198
6.0
51,406
140,095
138,351
87,292
63.1
82,181
58.7
5,111
5.9
51,059
140,264
138,523
87,193
62.9
82,391
58.7
4,802
5.5
51,330
140,421
138,687
87,425
63.0
82,650
58.9
4,775
5.5
51,262
18,966
18,594
10,864
58.4
9,406
49.6
1,458
13.4
7,730
19,473
19,084
11,624
60.9
10,249
52.6
1,375
11.8
7,460
19,516
19,129
11,546
60.4
9,992
51.2
1,554
13.5
7,583
18,966
18,594
11,038
59.4
9,645
50.9
1,393
12.6
7,556
19,325
18,936
11,344
59.9
9,854
51.0
1,490
13.1
7,592
19,372
18,983
11,398
60.0
9,842
50.8
1,556
13.7
7,585
19,427
19,038
11,551
60.7
9,966
51.3
1,585
13.7
7,487
19,473
19,084
11,761
61.6
10,271
52.7
1,490
12.7
7,323
19,516
19,129
11,725
61.3
10,238
52.5
1,487
12.7
7,404
Jan.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
157,381
2,133
155,248
94,704
61.0
86,856
55.2
2,672
84,184
7,848
8.3
60,544
159,736
2,129
157,608
98,503
62.5
92,623
58.0
2,914
89,710
5,880
6.0
59,105
159,937
2,121
157,816
97,950
62.1
91,053
56.9
2,868
88,185
6,897
7.0
59,866
157,381
2,133
155,248
95,719
61.7
88,653
56.3
3,121
85,532
7,066
7.4
59,529
66,930
65,250
51,718
79.3
48,174
72.0
2,030
46,144
3,544
6.9
13,532
68,052
66,364
52,921
79.7
50,514
74.2
2,192
48,322
2,407
4.5
13,443
68,148
66,467
52,741
79.3
49,822
73.1
2,171
47,651
2,919
5.5
13,726
73,642
73,550
34,829
47.4
32,205
43.7
394
31,811
2,623
7.5
38,721
74,883
74,783
36,708
49.1
34,530
46.1
436
34,094
2,179
5.9
38,075
16,810
16,448
8,157
49.6
6,477
38.5
248
6,229
1,680
20.6
8,291
Sept.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
TOTAL
Men, 20 years and over
Not in labor force
Women, 20 years and over
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force . :
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio'
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Both sexes, 16-19 years
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
WHITE
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
BLACK AND OTHER
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
1 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variations;
therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
3 Civilian employment as a percent of the total noninstitutional population (including
Armed Forces).
HOUSEHOLD DATA
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Major unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Selected categories
Number of
unemployed persons
(In thousands)
Unemployment rates
Jan.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
Sept.
1977
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
6.4
4.6
6.6
15.6
6.3
4.7
6.1
16.0
CHARACTERISTICS
7,066
6,226
6.8
6.7
2,480
2,247
1,499
7.4
5.8
6.9
18.4
6.8
3,010
2,416
1,640
4.7
6.9
18.3
5.0
6.8
17.3
4.7
6.9
17.2
White, total
Men, 20 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 16-19 years
5,696
2,412
1,937
1,347
4,775
1,894
1,737
1,144
6.7
5.2
6.4
16.7
6.0
4.2
6.2
15.8
6.0
4.4
6.1
14.9
5.9
4.1
6.1
14.7
5.5
5.5
4.0
5.9
12.7
4.0
5.5
13.7
Black and other, total
Men, 20 years and over
1,393
554
516
323
1,487
554
548
385
12.6
10.1
11.0
36.2
13.1
10.5
11.2
37.4
13.7
11.3
11.4
38.0
13.7
10.0
12.6
39.0
12.7
9.1
11.5
38.0
12.7
9.8
10.8
38.7
1,527
1,422
395
1,156
1,284
369
3.8
6.5
3.3
6.4
3.3
6.5
9.1
10.0
3.6
6.3
9.3
9.3
3.2
6.2
8.1
2.9
5.6
7.9
5,623
1,417
2,244
4,891
1,319
1,688
6.9
10.1
2.3
8.1
6.4
9.7
1.9
7.4
6.4
9.6
1.9
7.4
6.2
9.6
1.8
7.3
5.9
8.9
5.8
8.9
1.7
6.8
2,089
453
294
335
1,007
2,752
785
1,059
261
647
1,124
1,755
4.5
3.3
4.2
2.9
4.0
2.8
2.5
4.7
5.5
7.2
5.2
8.5
5.6
10.6
7.8
3.9
Total, 16 years and over
Men, 20 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 16-19 years
Both sexes, 16-19 years
Married men, spouse present
..iarried women, spouse present
Women who head families
1.8
7.0
OCCUPATION 3
4.2
4.1
3.0
5.6
3.0
2.5
5.1
921
196
572
1,044
116
6.0
8.5
6.3
9.3
7.2
13.0
8.6
4.6
6.0
7.8
5.1
9.9
5.7,
11.3
7.9
4.7
3.0
2.6
5.0
5.7
8.0
5.4
9.8
6.1
11.8
8.1
4.4
7.5
15.1
7.1
6.7
7.6
4.8
8.4
6.2
4.3
12.7
6.8
10.4
7.0
6.4
7.9
4.8
7.6
5.7
4.1
10.4
6.9
12.1
6.8
6.1
7.8
4.8
7.9
5.7
4.1
10.3
6.7
11.2
6.5
6.0
7.2
4.7
7.4
670
182
4,464
552
1,231
676
555
216
1,299
1,133
676
138
491
160
234
97
355
97
149
109
7.6
16.5
7.9
3.8
7.4
18.9
6.1
4.8
1,269
736
371
162
1,169
719
296
154
8.2
10.7
7.6
4.4
7.1
9.4
5.9
4.7
130
390
261
242
862
2,374
.685
3.0
4.9
5.7
7.6
5.2
9.3
5.3
11.9
7.8
4.1
3.6
2.7
2.5
3.9
5.0
7.1
5.4
7.9
5.4
11.0
7.6
3.9
INDUSTRY 3
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers4
Transportation and public utilities
5,189
677
1,510
846
664
236
1,500
1,235
6.0
4.3
9.3
6.3
10.8
5.7
5.6
5.9
4.9
7.3
5.5
4.3
9.6
6.2
11.7
5.6
5.2
6.1
4.3
7.1
5.3
4.2
7.1
15.3
6.6
5.0
6.8
14.1
6.4
4.8
5.6
11.8
6.1
3.7
5.7
12.9
6.1
3.5
7.3
9.3
6.4
4.9
6.9
9.3
5.5
4.5
6.9
9.4
5.2
4.5
7.1
10.1
5.4
4.0
9.0
VETERAN STATUS
Male Vietnam-era veterans:5
Male non veterans:
1
Unemployment rate calculated as a percent of civilian labor force.
Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons
as a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
3
Unemployment by occupation includes all experienced unemployed persons, whereas that
3
by industry covers only unemployed wage and salary workers.
4
Includes mining, not shovflt separately.
5
Vietnam-era veterans are those who served between August 5,1964, and May 7,1975.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
[In thousands]
Selected categories
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
Sept.
1977
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
856
618
238
737
490
91,,053
53,,608
37,,445
38,,181
21,,530
88,,653
52,,962
35,,691
38,,199
20,,586
91,,088
53,,964
37,,124
38,,338
21,,185
91,,383
54,,341
37,,042
38,,425
21,,119
92, 214
54,, 745
37,,469
38,,531
21,,278
92,,609
55,,012
37,,597
38,,682
21,,416
92,,881
54,,975
37,,906
38,, 645
21,,638
44 527
13 578
9 546
5 509
15 894
28,,376
11,,254
10,,010
3,,321
3,,792
11,,685
2,,267
46,,535
14,,169
10,,037
5,,736
16,,593
29,,601
11.,760
10,,411
3,,381
4,,050
12,,484
2,,432
44,,539
13,,467
9,,575
5,,681
15,,816
29,,651
11,,596
10,,338
3,,371
4,,346
11,,893
2,,675
45,,493
13,,778
9,,747
5,,741
16,,227
30,,324
11,,992
10,,239
3,,533
4,,560
12,,556
2,,695
46,,083
14,,042
9,,911
5,,718
16,,412
30,,247
11,,860
10,,320
3,,457
4,,610
12,,473
2,,755
46,,251
13,,918
9, 894
5,,804
16, 635
30,,603
12,,116
10,,423
3,,525
4,,539
12,,590
2,,809
46,,316
13,,981
9,,939
5,,796
16,,600
30,,807
12,,153
10,,424
3,,555
4,,675
12,,617
2,,805
46,,547
14,,057
10,,067
5,,913
16,,510
30,,942
12,,111
10,,755
3,,432
4,,644
12,,704
2,,872
1,,033
1,,405
233
1,,146
1,,498
224
1,,251
1,,505
356
1,,339
1,,572
272
1,,387
1,,577
305
1,,405
1,,590
368
1,,405
1,,605
346
1,,387
1,,604
342
78,,093
15,,223
62,,870
1,,299
61,,571
5,,695
397
81,,671
15,,496
66,,175
1,,329
64,,846
6,,090
424
79,,256
14,,997
64,,259
1,,389
62,,870
5,,851
411
81,,363
15,,304
66,,059
1,,403
64,,656
6,,084
505
81,,727
15,,463
66,,264
1,,358
64,,906
6,,080
460
82,,281
15,,415
66,,866
1,,403
65,,463
6,,082
467
82,,692
15,,422
67,,270
1,,436
65,,834
6,,182
442
82,,915
15,,267
67,,648
1,,421
66,,227
6,,259
439
79.,819
65,,437
3,,159
1,,260
1,,899
11,,223
83,,407
68,,537
2,,915
1,,188
1,,727
11,,955
79,,766
65,,717
3,,243
1,,106
2,,137
10,,806
82,,783
67,,817
3,,306
1,,244
2,,062
11,,660
82,,788
67,,827
3,,263
1,,237
2,,026
11,,698
83,,347
68,,240
3,,285
1,,255
2,,030
11,,822
83,,662
68,,574
3,,220
1,,247
1,,973
11,,868
83,,304
68,,812
2,,986
1,,043
1,,943
11 ,506
Sept.
1977
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
CHARACTERISTICS
Total employed, 16 years and over
Women
Married women, spouse present
86
51
35
37'
20
OCCUPATION
Managers and administrators, execpt farm
Craft and kindred workers
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Nonagricultural industries:
Private industries
Private households
Other industries
PERSONS AT WORK1
Usually work full time
1
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such
reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
Table A-4. Duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted
Not seasonally adjusted
Weeks of unemployment
Jan.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
3,163
2,425
2,260
1,081
1,180
3,067
2,131
1,700
906
794
2,784
2,118
2,244
1,020
1,224
2,784
2,152
1,834
908
926
2,804
2,117
1,848
920
928
2,851
2,037
1,829
936
893
2,628
1,937
1,797
941
856
2,700
1,861
1,688
864
824
14.5
7.2
12.4
6.2
15.3
7.7
14.0
6.9
13.8
7.1
13.7
7.0
13.8
7.1
13.1
6.6
100.0
40.3
30.9
28.8
13.8
15.0
100.0
44.5
30.9
24.6
13.1
11.5
100.0
39.0
29.6
31.4
14.3
17.1
100.0
41.1
31.8
27.1
13.4
13.7
100.0
41.4
31.3
27.3
13.6
13.7
100.0
42.4
30.3
27.2
13.9
13.3
100.0
41.3
30.4
28.2
15.0
13.5
100.0
43.2
29.8
27.0
13.8
13.2
DURATION
1 <><c than S wmI(« .
5 to 14 weeks
15 weeks and over
15 to 26 weeks
77 u/oakc anrl nuer
Average (mean) duration. in weeks
Median duration, in weeks
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemnloved
Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks
15 weeks and over
1R tr» OR M/eelrc _
27 weeks and over .
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Reasons for unemployment
{Numbers in thousands]
Seesonatty trijyftri
Not seeaonetly adjusted
Reasons
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
3,055
847
2,208
869
1,879
935
3,035
840
2,195
876
1,906
857
2,969
780
2,189
881
1,891
901
2,748
687
2,061
877
1,886
820
2,698
768
1,930
856
1,821
914
100.0
46.0
12.0
34.1
13.1
27.9
12.9
100.0
45.3
12.6
32.8
12.9
27.9
13.9
100.0
45.5
12.6
32.9
13.1
28.6
12.8
100.0
44.7
11.7
33.0
13.3
28.5
13.6
100.0
43.4
10.9
32.6
13.9
29.8
13.0
100.0
42.9
12.2
30.7
13.6
29.0
14.5
3.4
1.0
2.1
1.0
3.1
.9
1.9
1.0
3.1
.9
1.9
.9
3.0
.9
1.9
.9
2.8
.9
1.9
.8
2.7
.9
1.8
.9
Jan.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
4,073
1,247
2,825
953
2,043
779
3,367
1,129
2,238
876
1,877
778
3,264
848
2,416
932
1,981
915
100.0
51.9
15.9
36.0
12.1
26.0
9.9
100.0
48.8
16.4
32.4
12.7
27.2
11.3
4.3
1.0
2.2
.8
3.5
.9
1.9
.8
Sept.
1977
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
On layoff
Other job losers
Left last job
^ultinj (int job
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Totalunemployed
Job lOMVt
On layoff
Other job loaavs
Job Invars
Maw muanu
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
a V I U A N LABOR FORCE
Jobtoeers
Job leavers
NlW AMI Allll
Table A-6.
Unemployment by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Sax and age
16 to 19 yean
18 to 19 years
20to 24 years
25 years and over
25 to 64 yean
55 years and over
16 to 19years
16to 17 years
18 to 19years
20 to 24 years
25 years and over
25 to 54 yean
55 yeers and over
Women, 16 yeers and over
16 to 19years
16 to 17 years
18to 19 yeers
25 yeers and over
25 to 54 yean
55 years and over
Number off
unemployed persons
(Inthouands)
Unemployment rates
Jan.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
Sept.
1977
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
7,066
1,640
760
890
1,625
3,763
3,135
599
6,226
1,499
717
791
1,547
3,155
2,632
503
7.4
18.4
20.7
16.9
11.4
5.2
5.4
4.2
6.8
18.3
19.8
16.7
10.7
4.7
4.8
4.1
6.8
17.3
18.8
16.2
10.4
4.9
5.1
4.2
6.7
17.2
19.0
15.9
10.4
4.7
4.8
4.1
6.4
15.6
17.8
13.7
10.2
4.4
4.6
4.0
6.3
16.0
18.2
14.5
10.5
4.2
4.3
3.5
3,839
829
381
456
895
2,063
1,680
364
3,232
752
371
389
840
1,601
1,297
289
6.8
17.3
19.2
16.2
11.4
4.7
4.8
4.1
5.9
17.7
19.2
15.8
10.4
3.9
3.8
3.9
6.0
16.7
18.6
15.1
9.9
4.3
4.3
4.1
5.8
16.4
18.2
15.0
9.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
5.5
15.3
16.7
13.9
9.8
3.6
3.6
3.7
5.6
14.9
17.2
13.4
10.5
3.5
3.6
3.2
3,227
811
379
434
730
1,700
1,455
235
2,994
747
346
402
707
1,554
1,335
214
8.3
19.6
22.4
17.6
11.5
6.0
6.3
4.4
8.2
18.9
20.6
17.7
11.0
6.0
6.4
4.5
8.0
18.0
19.1
17.4
11.0
5.8
6.2
4.5
8.1
18.1
20.1
16.8
11.1
6.0
6.3
4.8
7.6
16.1
19.2
13.5
10.8
5.7
6.0
4.4
7.3
17.4
19.5
15.8
10.5
5.2
5.5
3.8
HOUSEHOLD DATA
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Range of unemployment measures based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force,
seasonally adjusted
[Percent]
Quarterly averages
Measures
1976
IV
Monthly data
1977
1978
1977
I
II
III
IV
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
U-1—Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the
civilian labor force
2.5
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
U-2-—>k>b losers as a percent of the civilian labor force
3.8
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.7
U*3—Unemployed persons 26 years and over as a percent of the civilian
labor force 25 years and over?
5.5
5.2
5.0
4.9
4.7
4.7
4.4
4.2
U-4—Unemployed full-time jobseekers as a percent of the full-time labor
force
7.4
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.8
U-6-—Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force
(official measure)
7.8
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.6
6.7
6.4
6.3
U-^-—Total full-time jobseekers plus K part-time jobseekers plus V* total
on part time for economic reasons as a percent of the civilian
labor force less % of the part-time labor force
9.6
9.0
8.7
8.6
8.2
8.3
7.9
7.7
10.6
10.0
9.7
9.7
9.2
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
U-7 —Total full-time jobseekers plus % part-time jobseekers plus K total
on part time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less
% of the part-time labor force
N.A-Not available.
* Prior to this month, the U-3 measure was comprised of household heads.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employment status of the noninstitutional population for ten large States
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted *
State and employment status
Seasonally adjusted
Jan.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
1978
Jan.
1977
Sept.
1977
Oct.
1977
Nov.
1977
Dec.
1977
Jan.
197-8
15 737
9 ,913
8 ,939
974
9.8
16,090
10,320
9,606
714
6.9
16,,099
10,,280
9,,467
813
7.9
15,,737
9.,921
9i,056
865
8.7
16,,005
10,,207
9,,389
818
8.0
16,,034
10,,227
9,,420
807
7.9
16,,062
10, ,355
9,,529
826
8.0
16,,090
10,,317
9,,602
715
6.9
16,,099
10,,288
9,,584
704
6.8
6 ,294
3 ,439
3 ,117
322
9.4
6,453
3,639
3,388
251
6.9
6,,465
3,,630
3,,358
272
7.5
6,,294
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,,398
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,,416
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,,435
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,,453
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,,465
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
8 ,106
5 ,066
•4 ,710
356
7.0
8,194
5,256
4,964
292
5.6
8,,189
5,,254
4,,858
396
7.5
8,,106
5,.115
,795
320
6.3
8,,173
5,,261
,933
328
6.2
8,,180
5,,269
4,942
327
6.2
8,,187
5,,305
4,,936
369
7.0
8,,194
5,,276
4,,945
331
6.3
8,,189
5,,299
4,,943
356
6.7
4 ,274
4,317
2,789
2,626
164
5.9
4,,315
2,,819
2j,607
212
7.5
4,,274
4,,304
4,,308
(2)
2,,497
(2)
(2)
(2)
2,,574
(2)
(2)
(2)
2,,587
(2)
(2)
4,,313
(2)
2,,591
(2)
(2)
4,,317
2 ,733
2 455
279
10.2
(2)
2 j,613
(2)
(2)
4,315
(2)
2,,649
(2)
(2)
6,,511
4,,023
3,,666
357
8.9
6,590
4,139
3,848
291
7.0
65,590
,164
3,,825
339
8.2
,511
(2)
(2)
348
(2)
6,,567
(2)
(2)
346
(2)
6,,575
(2)
(2)
341
(2)
6,,582
(2)
(2)
356
(2)
6,,590
(2)
(2)
319
(2)
6,,590
(2)
(2)
330
(2)
5,,388
3,,285
2,,909
376
11.4
5,440
3,450
3,212
239
6.9
5,,439
3,,360
3,,097
263
7.8
5,,388
3,,331
2,,987
344
10.3
5,,424
3,,412
3 j,091
321
9.4
5,,429
3,,411
3,,083
328
9.6
5,,435
3,,441
3,,141
300
8.7
5,,440
3,,487
3,,226
261
7.5
5,,439
3,,406
3,,175
231
6.8
13,,290
7 .'609
6:,773
836
11.0
13,326
7,785
7,153
631
8.1
13,,317
7,>789
7,,107
682
8.8
13,,290
7,,714
6,,945
769
10.0
13,,309
7j,691
6,,996
695
9.0
13,,315
7],794
7,,108
686
8.8
13,,321
7,,863
7,,160
703
8.9
13j,326
7,,906
7 j,246
660
8.3
13,,317
7,,906
7,,278
628
7.9
7,,740
4 ,647
4,,297
351
7.5
7,814
4,798
4,556
242
5.1
7,,812
,746
,455
291
6.1
7,,740
4,,688
4,,368
320
6.8
7s,794
4,,881
4,,569
312
6.4
7,,801
4,,880
4,,582
298
6.1
7j,807
4j,921
4,,598
323
6.6
7j,814
4j,842
4,,580
262
5.4
7 j,812
4j,787
4,,526
261
5.5
8,,782
5 ,053
4;,608
445
8.8
8,847
5,209
4,829
380
7.3
8,,842
5,,120
>714
406
7.9
8,,782
5,,097
4,,694
403
7.9
8j,828
5],215
4,,791
424
8.1
8),834
5,,180
4,,785
395
7.6
8,,840
5,,182
4,,790
392
7.6
8,,847
5,,207
4,,800
407
7.8
8,,842
5,,166
4j,802
364
7.0
,888
5:,666
5;,289
376
6.6
9,101
5,893
5,617
276
4.7
9,,108
5,,905
5,,580
325
5.5
8,,888
5,,739
5,,402
337
5.9
9,,045
5j,775
5j,465
310
5.4
9),064
5,,846
5,,525
321
5.5
9,,083
5,,872
5,,570
302
5.1
9,,101
5,,932
5,,625
307
5.2
9,,108
5j,984
5j,692
292
4. 9
California
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Florida
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Illinois
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Massachusetts
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Michigan
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
New Jersey
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
New York
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Ohio
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Pennsylvania
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Texas
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variations; therefore, identical
numbers appear in the unadjusted and the seasonally adjusted columns.
These are the official Bureau of Labor Statistics' estimates used in the administration
ofFederal fund allocation programs.
2
Seasonally-adjusted data are not presented for this series, because the seasonal cornponent is not sufficiently strong relative to the other components (irregular and trend cycle).
E S T A B L I S H M E N T DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
NCV.
1977
DEC.
1977
1977
JAN.
1978
JAN.
1977
SEPT.
1977
OCT.
1977
NOV.
1977
DEC.
1977
79,473
84,092
84,185
82,514
80.574
82,763
82,902
83,245
83,432
23,005
24,840
24,496
24,026
23.585
24,360
24,436
24,528
24,548
JAN.
TOTAL
GOODS-PRODUCING
p
—
806
865
709
710
817
856
859
863
713
3 , 19 8
4,096
3,893
3*558
3,549
3,89 2
3,911
3,950
3,956
MANUFACTURING
Production workers
19,001
13,606
19,379
14,339
19,894
14,339
19,758
14,197
19.219
13,807
19,612
14,091
19,666
14,132
19,715
14,184
19,879
14,325
DURABLE GOODS
Production workers
11 141
7 <9 3 6
11,720
8,429
11 7 7 8
8, 4 7 4
11.736
8,419
11.236
8,024
11.545
11.604
8,313
11,625
8 . 3 37
11,752
8,449
150
653
517
657
152
6 62
521
6 67
MINING
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
Ordnance and accessories
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
NONDURABLE GOODS
Production workers
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufacturers
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec
Leather and leather products
SERVICE-PRODUCING
156.9
602.1
493.4
609.1
1,180.2
1,403.3
2,130.9
1,87 1.9
1,769.0
519.2
404. 5
7,860
5,670
151.
658.
527.
672.
1.199,
l.t93.
2,246,
1,995,
1*3 13.
534,
426.
8,159
5,910
156
62 5
49 5
633
1.185
1,415
2.122
1.874
1 .787
521
423
155
648
510
658
1,211
1,45 6
2,217
1,944
1.809
52 8
409
3,022
5,778
7,983
5,783
8.067
5,825
5,819
1,653.0
1.711
67
985
1,285
702
1,116
1 ,058
1,696
67
987
1,285
702
1,117
1,058
156,
653.
529,
665.
155.8
644.3
527.7
651.8
1,202.
1,208.8
1, 496,
2, 274,
1, 4 8 5 . 7
2.276.5
2.005.4
1.832.6
538.0
409.4
2,002.
1, 843.
537,
414,
8,116
5.865
1,723.7 1,695.
72.8
71.
995.5
992.
1 , 3 0 6 . 0 1,288.
706. 1
708,
1,124.2 1,132.
212.5
691.5
691,
208.2
688.6
260.6
266. I
262.
255.3
1,723
73
960
1,279
685
1,092
1,045
205
656
265
56,468
59,252
58,488
56,989
1,659.5
74. 1
956.2
1,252.0
680.3
1,089.3
1,036.2
200.3
651.7
1,061.0 1,061.
211.
59,689
8,266
68.1
986.2
1.271.8
703.9
1.126.3
1.060.5
1,208
1.2 06
1 ,473
2,243
1,961
1 . 4 79
2 , 2 37
1,974
1 . 7 82
5 32
413
155
665
528
672
1,205
1,492
2 , 2 59
1,989
1,329
536
422
8,090
5 . 8 47
8,127
5,876
1,703
66
9 95
1,291
700
1 ,801
530
411
8,062
210
211
671
673
266
2 65
1,713
68
991
1,295
706
1,124
1,065
213
689
263
58,466
58,717
58,884
262
58,403
1,120
1 . 0 59
212
681
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE
FINANCE, INSURANCE, ANO REAL ESTATE ..
SERVICES
GOVERNMENT
FEDERAL
STATE AND LOCAL
p»preliminary.
4,49 9
4,657
4,655
4,582
4,544
4,616
4,610
4 , 6 34
4,650
17,791
18,796
19,250
18,474
17,994
13,431
18,414
18,512
18,592
4,29 7
13,494
4, 469
14,32 7
4,480
14,770
4,456
14,018
4,323
13,671
4,410
14,021
4,415
13,999
4,438
14,074
4,458
14,134
4,379
4, 583
4,595
4,577
4,419
4,545
4,572
4,597
4,609
14,740
15,608
15,581
15,430
15,010
15,48 2
15,533
15,608
15,659
15,059
15,608
15.608
15,425
15,022
15,329
15,337
15,366
15,374
2,716
12,892
2.724
12,884
2.701
12,724
2,721
12,301
2.728
12.601
2,730
12,607
2,727
12,639
2,718
12,656
2 ,69 7
12,362
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Tablo B-2. Avaraga waafcty hours of production or nonauporviaory worfcort.' on prlvata
nonagricultural payrolls, by Industry
Industry
JAN.
1977
MINING
NOV.
1977
DEC.
1977
n
JAN.
1978
n
P
JAN,
1977
SEPT.
1977
OCT.
1977
NOV.
1977
DEC.
1977
P
JAN.
1978
36.0
36.2
36.2
36.2
35.7
43.1
44.3
44.6
44.6
43.6
43.6
35.4
36.4
36.8
36.9
36.8
35.0
35.4
36.1
36.3
35.3
35.6
42.4
44.9
43.7
42.9
33.5
p
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
33.9
36.4
36.4
MANUFACTURING
39.0
3.0
40.6
3.6
41.1
3.7
39.2
3.2
39.5
3.2
40.3
3.3
40.4
3.5
40*5
3.5
40.5
3.5
29.7
3.5
DURABLE GOODS
(hmHtmhoun
39.5
3.1
41.3
3.8
41.9
4.0
39.9
3.4
40.0
3.4
41.0
3.5
41.2
3.8
41.1
3.7
41.2
3.7
U0.3
3.7
40.4
38.7
36.4
39.0
40.0
39.4
40.5
39.1
40*6
39.5
37.6
40.4
39.9
39.6
41.9
41.2
41.3
42.2
<r0.6
42.5
40.8
39.4
41.5
40.2
40.2
41.9
41.7
42.1
43.0
41.0
43.7
41.1
39.3
40.4
38.5
37.4
39.8
40.8
39.9
41.4
39.. k
40.2
39.2
37.7
40.6
40.0
36.9
40.0
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.4
41.6
39.7
38.1
40.6
40.0
39.2
41*0
40.9
40.9
41.8
40.3
42.6
40.3
39.0
40.8
40.1
39.5
41.1
41.3
41.1
42.0
40.3
42.7
40.6
39.1
40.2
40.3
39.4
41.8
41.3
41.1
41.9
40.2
42.5
40.4
39.0
40.8
40.1
39.4
41.8
41.4
41.4
41.9
40.3
42.3
40.3
38.9
40.6
39.8
37.9
40.8
40.9
40.3
41.4
39.7
41.1
39.4
38.2
38.3
2.6
39.7
3.2
39.8
3.2
38.3
2.9
38.8
3.0
39.3
3.0
39.4
3.1
39.5
3.2
39.5
3.1
38.7
3.1
39.2
35.7
19.3
33.5
41.8
37*0
41.4
41.6
40.7
34.7
39.9
40.1
40.S
35.9
42.9
38.1
41.8
43.6
41.1
37.9
40.1
38.8
41.0
35.9
43.5
38.4
42.0
43.7
41.3
37.6
39.0
36.d
39.1*
33.2
41.9
37.1
41.1
43.2
39.6
35.8
39.4
36.1
40.1
34.2
41.9
37.5
41.6
42.3
40*9
35.3
39.5
38.6
40.3
35.3
42.7
38.0
41.7
42.8
40*7
37.6
39.5
38.2
40.5
35.6
42.8
37.9
44.6
43.2
40.9
37.7
39. 8
38.8
40.7
35.7
42.7
37.9
41.7
43.3
40.9
37.8
39.7
38.0
40.7
35.8
42.9
37.8
41.6
43.7
40.8
37.2
39.2
37.2
U0.2
33.9
42.0
37.6
41* 3
43.9
39.8
36.4
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES
39.5
40.3
40.4
39.5
39.8
39.9
39.7
40.3
40.3
39.8
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
32.8
33.0
33.5
32.3
33.3
33.2
33.5
33.2
33.3
32.8
39.1
31.9
38.9
31.4
38.8
31.7
38.5
31.2
Ordnance and accessories
Stone, day, and glass products
Primary matal industries
Fabricated matal products
Miscellaneous manufeeturing
NONDURABLE 0 0 0 0 8
Tobacco manufacturers
Textile mill products
Apperel and other textile products
Piper and allied products
Printing end publishing
Chemioals and allied products
..
Rubber end plastics products, nec
38.5
31.1
38.9
31.3
39.2
32.0
38.3
30.6
38.7
31.7
38.8
31.6
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND
RIAL ESTATE
36.8
36.6
36.5
36.6
36.7
36.6
36.7
36.7
36.5
36.5
SERVICES
33.3
33.2
33.3
33.2
33.5
33.2
33.5
33.3
33.4
33.4
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE
1
Data ralata to production workers in mining and manufacturing: to construction vnorfcan in uunUaU construction: and to nonsupervisory workera in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and
retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for apfoxlwtaly four-fifths of tha total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls,
p^prelirninary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
i
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
Average hourly earnings
Industry
JAM.
1977
NCV.
1977
DEC.
1977
$5.07
5.07
$5.41
5.41
$5.41
5.42
6.76
7.13
o . 66
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
7.96
ti. 24
3.25
MANUFACTURING
5.46
5.61
DURABLE GOODS
5.81
6.21
6.06
4.95
4.15
5.50
7.03
5.63
6.01
5.16
6.95
5.10
6.45
5.22
4.42
5.94
7.77
6.03
6.40
5.51
7.46
5.33
4.44
4.95
Average weakly earnings
JAN.
1978
p
P
$5.47
5.47
JAN.
1977
NOV.
1977
OEC.
1977
p
JAN.
1973
H
$179.48
131.51
$195.30
195.84
6.86
286.62
320.14
2 9 1 . 04
294.29
8.35
269.84
299.94
300.30
279.73
5.83
5.92
212.94
235.89
2 4 1 . 67
232.06
6.29
6.31
229.50
256.47
263.55
251.77
6 . 54
5.2'i
4.48
5.97
7.80
6.06
6.48
5.60
7. 56
5.42
4 . 51
6.55
5.34
4.49
5.97
7.87
6.06
6.51
5.63
7. 50
5.48
4.52
244.82
1*1.57
151.06
214.50
281.20
221.82
243.41
201.76
282.17
201.45
159.42
260.58
208.28
175.03
248.89
320.12
249.04
270.08
223.71
3 1 7 . 05
217.46
174.94
271.41
210.25
180.10
2 5 0 . 14
32 5. 26
2 5 5 . 13
2 7 8 . 64
229.60
330.37
2 2 2 . 76
177.24
264.62
205.59
167.93
237.61
3 2 1 . 10
241.79
269.51
221.82
301.50
214.82
170.40
5.21
5.26
5.34
189.59
206.84
209.35
204.52
5.22
5.16
3.83
3.57
5 . o9
5.92
6.18
7.40
5.07
3.57
5.50
5.57
4 . 10
3.70
6.13
6.25
6.60
7.81
5.22
3.71
5.57
5.75
4.12
3.74
o.l3
6.2 7
6 . o5
7.86
5.24
3.71
5.59
6.00
4.17
3.85
6.19
6.35
6.72
'8. 17
5.27
3.79
204.62
184.21
150.52
119.60
237.84
219.04
255.85
307,84
206.35
123*88
219.45
223.36
167.69
132.83
262.98
238.13
275.88
340.52
214.54
140.61
2 2 3 . 36
2 2 3 . 10
168.92
134.27
268.83
2 4 0 . 77
279.30
343.48
216.41
139.50
218.01
220.80
161+.30
127.82
2 59.36
235.59
276.19
352.94
208.69
135.68
TRANSPORTATION A N D PUBLIC UTILITIES
6.70
7.21
7.24
7.25
264.65
290.56
292.50
286.38
WHOLESALE A N D RETAIL TRADE
4.17
4.39
4.38
4.51
136.78
144.87
146.73
145.67
5.41
3.73
5.71
3.92
5.77
3.91
5.85
4.02
208.29
116.00
222.12
122.70
2 2 6 . 18
125.12
224.06
123.01
FINANCE, INSURANCE. A N D REAL ESTATE
4.52
4.71
4.74
4 . 84
166.34
172.39
173.01
177.14
SERVICES
4.60
4.87
4.89
4.97
153.18
161.68
162.84
165.00
Ordnance and accessories
Lumber and wood products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec
Leather and leather products.
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE
1
See footnote 1, table 8-2.
p» preliminary.
.
$196.38 $193.09
1 9 6 . 20
195.28
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Hourly earnings index for production or nonsupervisory workers' on private
nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division, seasonally adjusted
[1867-1001
Percent change from
Industry
JAN.
1978
P
JAN.
1977
AUG.
1977
SEPT.
1977
OCT.
1977
NOV.
1977
DEC.
1977
192.6
109.7
199.9
109.1
201.2
109.5
203.3
110.3
204.1
110.2
204.9
110.2
207.3
N.A.
7.7
(2)
1.2
(3)
208.2
191.8
192.3
205.3
186.2
176.7
197.5
217.4
195.8
201.2
212.3
193.3
180.6
204.8
218.8
196.2
202.7
215.0
194.4
181.8
205.8
221.7
197.8
204.2
217.8
196. 2
185.2
208.6
??1.?
198,5
205.4
219.1
197.1
165.3
208.8
217.8
198.8
206.1
22L.4
198*5
185.4209.1
221.6
201.2
208.1
221.1
201.2
189.3
213.0
6.5
4.9
8.2
7.7
8.0
7.1
7.8
1.7
1.2
1.0
- . 1
1.3
2.1
1*9
P
JAN.
JAN.
19771978
DEC.
JAN.
1977I S 78
TOTAL PRIVATE NONFARM:
Currant dollars
Currant H M 7 ) dollars
MINING
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
FINANCE. INSURANCE. AND REAL ESTATE
SERVICES
?PERCENTTCHANGEFWIS8T8
3
P E R C E N T CHANGE WAS . 0
FROM DECEMBER
FROM NOVEMBER
1976
1977
TO DECEMBER
TO DECEMBER
1977,
1977,
THE
THE
LATEST
LATEST
MONTH
MONTH
AVAILABLE.
AVAILABLE.
N.A. - not available.
p-prelim!nary.
MPTE: All tarias are in currant dollars except where indicated. The index excludes effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: Fluctuations in overtime
premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the affects of changes in the proportion of workers in high-wags and low-wage industries.
Table B-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers,1 on private
nonagricultural payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted
[1967-100]
1978
1977
Industry division and group
TOTAL PRIVATE
GOODS-PRODUCING
JAN.
FEB.
112.3
114.2
115.0
115.4 115.9
115.8
95.2
98.6
100.1
100.8 101.4
101.8
APR.
MAY
JUNE
AUG.
SEPT.
OCT.
115.8
115.6
115.9
101.4
100.6
100.9
JULY
P
JAN.
NOV.
CEC.
116.8
117.2
117.6
116.3
101.7
102.3
102.3
100.1
134.3
140.6
141.6 140.6
142.3
139.9
134.7
142.5
143.9
144. 8
113.0
114.3
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
95.9
105c 8
108.7
111.7 112.4
111.8
112.8
110.8
110.4
112.3
114.0
113.9
107.2
MANUFACTURING
93.9
96.1
97.2
97.5
98.1
98.7
98.0
97.6
97.8
98.4
98.8
99.8
98. h
93.2
39.1
101.4
95.2
39.3
103.0
96.8
39.2
103.6
96.9
40.1
103.5
106.1
103.9
890 7
101.3
98.8
96.3
94.7
111.7
95.0
97.8
40.7
104.1
107.1
104.2
90.7
102.8
100.2
97.2
95.3
112.3
94.7
98.7
41.0
104.0
107.9
105.4
90.9
104.2
101.6
97.9
96.5
113.2
94.6
98.3
40.5
105.3
108.4
104.9
89.0
103.7
103.2
98.3
94.8
111.7
91.4
98.1
39.3
104.0
107.2
104.1
88.2
103.3
103.5
98.3
95.4
111.3
91.3
98.4
39.1
106.0
108.3
103.3
89.0
103.1
103.6
97.8
96.5
112.4
90.3
99.3
38.2
106.8
110.6
103.2
89.7
105.0
105.5
98.8
96.2
113.2
91.1
94.9
94.9
76.1
96.7
84.1
96.2
93.4
.100.7
115.0
128.0
69.1
97.7
97.3
98.5
98.5
97.5
97. 8
98.5
97.3
82.4
75.1
80.5
78.2
98.1
99.4
99.6 100.2
88.6
87.9
88.1
87.7
98.6 100.8 100.4
98.2
94.5
95.1
95.2
94.6
101.6 102.2 102.9 103.3
114. 4 118. 4 1 1 9 . 6 1 1 9 . 3
131.8 132.9 134.8 135.3
71.8
72.1
73.4
73.3
98.7
97.3
80.2
99.7
89.8
101.1
95.3
103.8
121.6
133.9
72.9
97.7
95.9
77.2
99.9
87.6
100.3
95.6
103.7
119.9
132.5
69.9
96.9
94.5
71.7
98.9
87.8
99.4
95.1
103.4
120.4
129.7
71.8
96.9
94.1
73.2
99.4
87.2
99.7
95.7
103.0
120.8
129.3
72.7
124.1
125.0
125.3
125.5
125.9
125.6
125.8
126.1
TRANSPORTATION A N D PUBLIC
UTILITIES
102.7
104.4
104.1
103.8
104.6
104.1
103.1
WHOLESALE A N D RETAIL
TRADE
119.4
120.3
120.7
121.0
121.4
121.2
115.4 117. 1 116.9
120.8 121.6 122.1
117.3 117.3
122.4 123.0
130.1
130.2
131.0
131.0
138.8
139.3
139.8
140.1
MINING
DURABLE GOODS
Ordnance and accessories
Lumber and wood products
Furniture end fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industry
NONDURABLE GOODS
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufacturers
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec
Leather and leather products
SERVICE-PRODUCING
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE
131.3
MAR.
98.7 103.2 105.3
96.6
97.4 101.7
85.9
85.2
88.6
97.3 100. 3 101.7
97.9
95.2
98.7
91.9
95.6
96.1
92.9
93.4
96.4
108.7 112.7 111.6
95.5
92.5
96.5
99. 5 100.9
38.2
39.3
109.5 109.3
1 1 1 . 7 1 1 3 . 0,
106.7 107.7
89. 5
89.7
10 5 . 7 1 0 7 . 5
104.9 106.2
99.4 100.6
94.5
97.3
1 1 3 . 4 114. 1
91.5
94.5
109.1
109.4
105.7
89.5
105. 1
105,2
100.2
95.4
112.2
94. 5
100.2
95.7
102.6
122.8
130.5
73.8
97. 8
98.2
94.5
94.2
72.2
72.1
101.4 101.2
88.6
89.2
101.4
99.6
95.9
95.7
103. 0 103.3
124. 8 126.0
132.5 134.4
71.9
73. 7
96.5
93.6
70.5
99.9
84.8
99.6
95.5
103.2
127.5
131.6
69.7
126.4
127.2
127.5
103.5
103.9
102.9
10 5 . 1 1 0 5 . 8
121*6
121.6
121.8
122. 7 122.4
123.1
121.9
117.3
122.7
117.5
123.1
117.5
123.1
117.8
123.3
118.7
124.2
118.8
123. 7
118.9
124.6
U 8 . 7
123.2
131.6
131.7
132.3
132.7
133.2
134.2
13 4 . 9
134.5
134.7
140.3
139.6
140.1
140.6
140.9
142.7
142.6
143.9
144.1
97.1
92.8
72.4
100.2
87.8
128.3
99.7
39.1
127.5
103.5
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND
R E A L ESTATE
SERVICES
1
Sea footnote 1. table B-2.
p
j-greliminafy.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B - 6 . Indexes of diffusion:
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Percent of industries in which employment 1 increased
Over 1-month span
Over 3-month span
Over 6-month span
January
February
March
15. 1
15. 7
25. 6
12. 8
12. 8
18. 6
12. 8
11. 9
17. 7
16.6
17.4
17.7
April
May
Hine
39. 0
51. 2
40. 7
32. 3
43. 9
52. 3
28. 2
41. 6
56. 7
20.6
27. 0
40.7
July
August
September .
58. 1
73. 0
80. 8
57. 0
76. 2
81. 7
67. 2
70. 1
75. 3
50.6
63. 1
72.4
October
November-..
December ..
66. 9
62. 2
74. 1
74. 1
72. 4
74. 7
82. 3
83. 4
81. 7
77. 3
80.2
82.6
78. 5
77. 9
74. 1
82. 0
84. 3
85. 2
83. 1
81. 7
79. 9
86. 0
84.6
81. 1
April
May
79. 4
66. 6
54. 1
77. 9
71. 5
61. 0
79. 4
70. 9
68. 6
74.4
79.7
79. 1
July
57. 3
47. 1
69. 8
52. 9
62. 5
56. 7
57. 0
57. 3
63. 7
74. 1
74. 7
7«. ri
42. 4
69. 5
73. 0
62. 8
58. 7
79. 9
69. 8
73. 5
78. 5
76.5
75. 0
74. 7
March
75. 0
73.. 5
82., 3
79. 7
86. 0
85. 8
89. 0
86. 6
83., 1
75.9
75. 6
78.2
May
June
77.,6
68., 6
63., 7
84. 0
73. 3
70. 1
80., 5
71., 5
68., 0
78. 2
79. 1
78. 5p
July
August
September
56. 1
62., 5
57.,0
68.. 3
68., 3
73.,8p
80. lp
.
65.,7
50.,0
61., 3
October . . .
November . .
December . .
59.. 9
75..9
75. 6p
73., 3
74. 7p
77. 5p
75. 4 p
Year and month
Over 12-month span
1975
1976
March
September
.
December
1977
1978
January . . .
February
March
64. 6p
April
May
July
August
September . .
October
...
December . .
1
Number of employees, seasonally adjusted, on payrolls of 172 private nonagricultural industries,
p = preliminary.
@FedFRASER