Full text of The Employment Situation : December 2023
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Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until 8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 5, 2024 USDL-24-0006 Technical information: Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2023 Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 216,000 in December, and the unemployment rate was unchanged at 3.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued to trend up in government, health care, social assistance, and construction, while transportation and warehousing lost jobs. Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, December 2021 – December 2023 Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, seasonally adjusted, December 2021 – December 2023 Percent Thousands 5.5 1,000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23 Dec-23 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23 Dec-23 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted estimates back to January 2019 were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 2023 through November 2023 (as originally published and as revised) appear in table A on page 5, along with additional information about the revisions. This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. Household Survey Data The unemployment rate held at 3.7 percent in December, and the number of unemployed persons was essentially unchanged at 6.3 million. These measures are higher than a year earlier, when the jobless rate was 3.5 percent and the number of unemployed persons was 5.7 million. (See table A-1.) Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.5 percent), adult women (3.3 percent), teenagers (11.9 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Blacks (5.2 percent), Asians (3.1 percent), and Hispanics (5.0 percent) showed little change in December. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was little changed in December and over the year. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.7 percent of all unemployed persons in December. (See table A-12.) The labor force participation rate, at 62.5 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.1 percent, both decreased by 0.3 percentage point in December. These measures showed little or no change over the year. (See table A-1.) The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.2 million, changed little in December but was up by 333,000 over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job edged up to 5.7 million in December and was up by 514,000 over the year. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to the labor force changed little at 1.6 million in December but was up by 306,000 over the year. These individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, at 346,000, was little changed in December and over the year. (See Summary table A.) Establishment Survey Data Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 216,000 in December. Employment continued to trend up in government, health care, social assistance, and construction, while transportation and warehousing lost jobs. Payroll employment rose by 2.7 million in 2023 (an average monthly gain of 225,000), less than the increase of 4.8 million in 2022 (an average monthly gain of 399,000). (See table B-1.) -2- Government employment increased by 52,000 in December. Employment continued to trend up in local government (+37,000) and federal government (+7,000). Government added an average of 56,000 jobs per month in 2023, more than double the average monthly gain of 23,000 in 2022. In December, health care added 38,000 jobs. Employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health care services (+19,000) and hospitals (+15,000). Job growth in health care averaged 55,000 per month in 2023, compared with the 2022 average monthly gain of 46,000. Employment in social assistance rose by 21,000 in December, mostly in individual and family services (+17,000). Social assistance employment rose by an average of 22,000 per month in 2023, little different than the average increase of 19,000 per month in 2022. In December, construction employment continued to trend up (+17,000). Employment in nonresidential building construction increased by 8,000. Construction added an average of 16,000 jobs per month in 2023, little different than the 2022 average monthly gain of 22,000. Employment in transportation and warehousing declined by 23,000 in December. Couriers and messengers lost 32,000 jobs, while air transportation added 4,000 jobs. Since reaching a peak in October 2022, employment in transportation and warehousing has decreased by 100,000. Employment in leisure and hospitality changed little in December (+40,000). The industry added an average of 39,000 jobs per month in 2023, less than half the average gain of 88,000 jobs per month in 2022. Employment in the industry is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 163,000, or 1.0 percent. Retail trade employment changed little in December (+17,000). Over the month, employment increased in warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers (+14,000); building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers (+8,000); and automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers (+4,000). These job gains were partially offset by a job loss in department stores (-13,000). Retail trade employment has shown little change, on net, since recovering in early 2022 from pandemic-related losses. In December, employment in professional and business services changed little (+13,000). Employment in professional, scientific, and technical services continued to trend up (+25,000); this industry added an average of 22,000 jobs per month in 2023, about half the average monthly gain of 41,000 in 2022. In December, employment in temporary help services continued its downward trend (-33,000) and has fallen by 346,000 since reaching a peak in March 2022. Overall, employment in professional and business services changed little in 2023. Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; information; financial activities; and other services. In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 15 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $34.27. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.1 percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 10 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $29.42. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) -3- The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.3 hours in December. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 39.8 hours, and overtime remained at 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised down by 45,000, from +150,000 to +105,000, and the change for November was revised down by 26,000, from +199,000 to +173,000. With these revisions, employment in October and November combined is 71,000 lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) _____________ The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 2, 2024, at 8:30 a.m. (ET). Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2024 on February 2, 2024, new population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new controls reflect the annual update of population estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls. Consequently, household survey data for January 2024 will not be directly comparable with data for December 2023 or earlier periods. A table showing the effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included in The Employment Situation for January 2024. Upcoming Changes to Establishment Survey Data Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2024 on February 2, 2024, nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings data from the establishment survey will be revised to reflect the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with April 2022 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2019 are subject to revision. Consistent with standard practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the benchmark process. -4- Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data At the end of each calendar year, BLS updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the national labor force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2019 through November 2023 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data were not subject to revision.) Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2023 through November 2023, as first published and as revised. The rate changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 1 of the 11 months and was unchanged in the remaining 10 months. Table B shows revised seasonally adjusted data for major labor force series back to December 2022. More information on this year’s revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed information on the seasonal adjustment methodology is found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables (A-1 through A-16) of this news release, including the revised seasonally adjusted data, can be accessed at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Additional revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2023 and changes due to revision January - November 2023 Month As First Published As Revised Change January........................... February......................... March............................. April................................ May................................. June................................. July................................. August............................. September....................... October........................... November....................... 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -5- HOUSEHOLD DATA Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status, sex, and age 2022 Dec. 2023 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 264,844 265,962 266,112 266,272 266,443 266,618 266,801 267,002 267,213 267,428 267,642 267,822 267,991 Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,998 165,871 166,263 166,690 166,678 166,823 167,000 167,113 167,840 167,897 167,723 168,127 167,451 Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.8 62.8 62.7 62.8 62.5 Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,300 160,152 160,301 160,824 160,962 160,707 161,004 161,209 161,500 161,550 161,280 161,866 161,183 Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 60.1 60.2 60.2 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.1 Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,698 5,719 5,962 5,866 5,715 6,117 5,997 5,904 6,340 6,347 6,443 6,262 6,268 Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 120,360 121,283 121,346 121,415 121,488 121,565 121,646 121,735 121,832 121,931 122,029 122,111 122,187 Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,702 85,039 85,145 85,565 85,393 85,481 85,776 85,770 85,951 86,124 85,687 86,256 86,007 Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 70.1 70.2 70.5 70.3 70.3 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.6 70.2 70.6 70.4 Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,051 82,281 82,340 82,688 82,596 82,520 82,836 82,896 82,800 82,853 82,526 83,084 82,958 Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 68.2 67.8 67.9 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.1 68.1 68.0 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.9 Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,651 2,759 2,805 2,877 2,797 2,962 2,941 2,874 3,151 3,271 3,161 3,172 3,050 Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 127,345 127,546 127,613 127,684 127,761 127,845 127,932 128,028 128,132 128,237 128,342 128,430 128,513 Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,951 74,472 74,703 74,723 74,920 75,030 74,963 75,167 75,514 75,453 75,487 75,399 75,047 Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.4 58.5 58.5 58.6 58.7 58.6 58.7 58.9 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.4 Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,570 72,176 72,257 72,368 72,597 72,527 72,605 72,837 73,107 73,119 73,066 73,049 72,587 Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 56.2 56.6 56.6 56.7 56.8 56.7 56.8 56.9 57.1 57.0 56.9 56.9 56.5 Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,382 2,295 2,446 2,355 2,324 2,503 2,358 2,330 2,407 2,333 2,421 2,350 2,460 Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,139 6,345 37.0 5,680 33.1 665 10.5 17,133 6,360 37.1 5,695 33.2 665 10.5 17,153 6,415 37.4 5,704 33.3 711 11.1 17,173 6,402 37.3 5,767 33.6 635 9.9 17,194 6,365 37.0 5,770 33.6 595 9.3 17,208 6,312 36.7 5,660 32.9 652 10.3 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. 17,223 6,261 36.4 5,563 32.3 698 11.2 17,239 6,176 35.8 5,476 31.8 699 11.3 17,249 6,374 37.0 5,593 32.4 781 12.3 17,260 6,321 36.6 5,578 32.3 743 11.8 17,270 6,549 37.9 5,688 32.9 861 13.1 17,281 6,472 37.5 5,733 33.2 739 11.4 17,291 6,396 37.0 5,638 32.6 758 11.9 HOUSEHOLD DATA Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Category Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Change from: Nov. 2023Dec. 2023 Dec. 2023 Employment status Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force.......................................................... . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed.................................................................. . Employment-population ratio......................................... . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,844 164,998 62.3 159,300 60.1 5,698 3.5 99,846 267,642 167,723 62.7 161,280 60.3 6,443 3.8 99,919 267,822 168,127 62.8 161,866 60.4 6,262 3.7 99,695 267,991 167,451 62.5 161,183 60.1 6,268 3.7 100,540 169 -676 -0.3 -683 -0.3 6 0.0 845 Unemployment rates Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ . 3.5 3.1 3.2 10.5 3.0 5.7 2.4 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.2 13.1 3.5 5.8 3.1 4.8 3.7 3.7 3.1 11.4 3.3 5.8 3.5 4.6 3.7 3.5 3.3 11.9 3.5 5.2 3.1 5.0 0.0 -0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 -0.6 -0.4 0.4 Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. . 2.8 5.0 3.6 3.0 1.9 3.1 5.8 4.0 3.1 2.1 3.1 6.3 4.1 2.8 2.1 3.2 6.0 4.2 3.1 2.1 0.1 -0.3 0.1 0.3 0.0 Reason for unemployment Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job leavers..................................................................... . Reentrants...................................................................... . New entrants................................................................... . 2,596 824 1,786 502 3,120 801 1,869 603 3,058 821 1,771 582 3,058 833 1,741 609 0 12 -30 27 Duration of unemployment Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. . 15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 weeks and over............................................................ . 2,218 1,645 792 1,106 2,269 1,836 1,079 1,291 2,069 2,060 931 1,220 2,191 1,791 1,104 1,245 122 -269 173 25 Employed persons at work part time Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... . 3,878 2,643 916 21,537 4,284 2,985 1,000 21,576 3,994 2,790 934 21,879 4,211 2,960 964 22,458 217 170 30 579 Persons not in the labor force Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discouraged workers....................................................... . 1,256 417 1,416 419 1,583 425 1,562 346 -21 -79 NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands) Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 232 36 4 26 6 23 9.5 -17 196 9.6 26.7 0.3 -0.7 -9 4 23 -55.0 71 73.1 58 13 7 105 44 -12 -1 27 -38 -37 -31.8 -1 56 8.1 16.5 -28.4 1.8 -12 -8 -26 -42.1 84 67.1 25 -5 61 173 136 30 -2 6 26 34 31.3 -8 106 4.5 -24.4 -5.0 0.0 15 1 -19 -22.1 109 96.0 12 13 37 216 164 22 -1 17 6 8 -2.1 -2 142 5.5 17.4 -22.6 -0.4 14 2 13 -33.3 74 58.9 40 -1 52 (3-month average change, in thousands) Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 253 177 119 180 126 165 115 Category WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2 Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES Total private Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)5 Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 49.8 48.4 81.3 34.4 $32.92 $1,132.45 114.2 -0.1 179.7 0.3 64.0 52.8 49.9 48.4 81.4 34.3 $34.00 $1,166.20 115.3 -0.3 187.5 0.1 56.4 43.1 Nov. 2023p 49.9 48.4 81.4 34.4 $34.12 $1,173.73 115.8 0.4 188.9 0.7 56.6 48.6 Dec. 2023p 49.9 48.4 81.5 34.3 $34.27 $1,175.46 115.6 -0.2 189.4 0.3 59.6 47.9 Includes other industries, not shown separately. Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. 3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. 4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. 5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. 2 Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The Employment Situation news release. 3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7. On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment insurance benefits? No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently looking for work? Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. Technical Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in private service-providing industries. Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/. • The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. • The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. • The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. • The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately for each appearance. Seasonal adjustment Reliability of the estimates Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic activity. Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year. Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about +/- 0.2 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death employment. The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent. Other information If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands] Seasonally adjusted1 Not seasonally adjusted Employment status, sex, and age Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,844 164,224 62.0 158,872 60.0 5,352 3.3 100,621 4,948 267,822 167,977 62.7 162,149 60.5 5,827 3.5 99,845 5,006 267,991 166,661 62.2 160,754 60.0 5,907 3.5 101,330 5,465 264,844 164,998 62.3 159,300 60.1 5,698 3.5 99,846 5,157 267,213 167,840 62.8 161,500 60.4 6,340 3.8 99,374 5,374 267,428 167,897 62.8 161,550 60.4 6,347 3.8 99,531 5,424 267,642 167,723 62.7 161,280 60.3 6,443 3.8 99,919 5,376 267,822 168,127 62.8 161,866 60.4 6,262 3.7 99,695 5,343 267,991 167,451 62.5 161,183 60.1 6,268 3.7 100,540 5,671 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,050 87,251 67.6 84,304 65.3 2,947 3.4 41,799 130,903 89,258 68.2 85,910 65.6 3,347 3.8 41,646 130,985 88,610 67.6 85,198 65.0 3,412 3.9 42,375 129,050 87,875 68.1 84,897 65.8 2,978 3.4 41,175 130,608 89,114 68.2 85,527 65.5 3,587 4.0 41,494 130,713 89,335 68.3 85,657 65.5 3,678 4.1 41,378 130,816 88,968 68.0 85,327 65.2 3,641 4.1 41,848 130,903 89,555 68.4 85,981 65.7 3,574 4.0 41,348 130,985 89,250 68.1 85,794 65.5 3,456 3.9 41,735 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,360 84,262 70.0 81,589 67.8 2,673 3.2 36,098 122,111 86,094 70.5 83,128 68.1 2,966 3.4 36,017 122,187 85,564 70.0 82,493 67.5 3,071 3.6 36,623 120,360 84,702 70.4 82,051 68.2 2,651 3.1 35,658 121,832 85,951 70.5 82,800 68.0 3,151 3.7 35,881 121,931 86,124 70.6 82,853 68.0 3,271 3.8 35,807 122,029 85,687 70.2 82,526 67.6 3,161 3.7 36,343 122,111 86,256 70.6 83,084 68.0 3,172 3.7 35,854 122,187 86,007 70.4 82,958 67.9 3,050 3.5 36,180 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,795 76,973 56.7 74,568 54.9 2,405 3.1 58,821 136,919 78,719 57.5 76,239 55.7 2,480 3.2 58,199 137,006 78,051 57.0 75,556 55.1 2,495 3.2 58,955 135,795 77,123 56.8 74,404 54.8 2,720 3.5 58,671 136,605 78,726 57.6 75,973 55.6 2,752 3.5 57,879 136,715 78,562 57.5 75,893 55.5 2,669 3.4 58,153 136,826 78,755 57.6 75,953 55.5 2,801 3.6 58,071 136,919 78,572 57.4 75,885 55.4 2,688 3.4 58,346 137,006 78,201 57.1 75,389 55.0 2,811 3.6 58,805 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,345 73,981 58.1 71,843 56.4 2,138 2.9 53,365 128,430 75,681 58.9 73,504 57.2 2,177 2.9 52,749 128,513 75,079 58.4 72,862 56.7 2,217 3.0 53,434 127,345 73,951 58.1 71,570 56.2 2,382 3.2 53,394 128,132 75,514 58.9 73,107 57.1 2,407 3.2 52,618 128,237 75,453 58.8 73,119 57.0 2,333 3.1 52,784 128,342 75,487 58.8 73,066 56.9 2,421 3.2 52,856 128,430 75,399 58.7 73,049 56.9 2,350 3.1 53,031 128,513 75,047 58.4 72,587 56.5 2,460 3.3 53,466 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,139 5,981 34.9 5,439 31.7 541 9.1 11,158 17,281 6,202 35.9 5,517 31.9 685 11.0 11,079 17,291 6,018 34.8 5,399 31.2 619 10.3 11,273 17,139 6,345 37.0 5,680 33.1 665 10.5 10,794 17,249 6,374 37.0 5,593 32.4 781 12.3 10,875 17,260 6,321 36.6 5,578 32.3 743 11.8 10,939 17,270 6,549 37.9 5,688 32.9 861 13.1 10,721 17,281 6,472 37.5 5,733 33.2 739 11.4 10,809 17,291 6,396 37.0 5,638 32.6 758 11.9 10,895 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands] Seasonally adjusted1 Not seasonally adjusted Employment status, race, sex, and age WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 203,684 125,934 61.8 122,301 60.0 3,633 2.9 77,750 204,949 127,720 62.3 123,849 60.4 3,871 3.0 77,229 205,022 126,748 61.8 122,552 59.8 4,196 3.3 78,274 203,684 126,392 62.1 122,549 60.2 3,843 3.0 77,292 204,645 127,931 62.5 123,543 60.4 4,387 3.4 76,714 204,756 127,755 62.4 123,403 60.3 4,352 3.4 77,001 204,867 127,612 62.3 123,198 60.1 4,414 3.5 77,255 204,949 127,773 62.3 123,550 60.3 4,223 3.3 77,177 205,022 127,226 62.1 122,802 59.9 4,424 3.5 77,796 65,789 70.0 63,876 68.0 1,912 2.9 66,627 70.2 64,660 68.2 1,967 3.0 66,172 69.7 63,912 67.3 2,260 3.4 66,020 70.3 64,171 68.3 1,849 2.8 66,535 70.2 64,307 67.9 2,228 3.3 66,615 70.3 64,313 67.9 2,302 3.5 66,363 70.0 64,148 67.6 2,215 3.3 66,695 70.3 64,559 68.1 2,136 3.2 66,405 70.0 64,208 67.7 2,197 3.3 55,533 57.1 54,181 55.7 1,353 2.4 56,373 57.8 54,995 56.4 1,378 2.4 55,902 57.3 54,419 55.8 1,483 2.7 55,474 57.1 53,935 55.5 1,540 2.8 56,422 57.9 54,803 56.3 1,619 2.9 56,349 57.8 54,767 56.2 1,583 2.8 56,209 57.6 54,621 56.0 1,588 2.8 56,130 57.5 54,609 56.0 1,521 2.7 55,844 57.2 54,175 55.5 1,669 3.0 4,612 36.8 4,244 33.9 369 8.0 4,720 37.7 4,194 33.5 526 11.1 4,674 37.3 4,221 33.7 453 9.7 4,897 39.1 4,443 35.5 454 9.3 4,973 39.7 4,433 35.4 540 10.9 4,790 38.2 4,323 34.5 467 9.8 5,040 40.2 4,430 35.4 611 12.1 4,947 39.5 4,382 35.0 565 11.4 4,976 39.7 4,418 35.3 558 11.2 34,301 21,278 62.0 20,146 58.7 1,132 5.3 13,023 34,821 22,149 63.6 20,924 60.1 1,225 5.5 12,672 34,853 21,955 63.0 20,896 60.0 1,059 4.8 12,898 34,301 21,424 62.5 20,199 58.9 1,225 5.7 12,877 34,714 21,782 62.7 20,626 59.4 1,155 5.3 12,933 34,751 21,900 63.0 20,650 59.4 1,251 5.7 12,851 34,788 21,902 63.0 20,636 59.3 1,266 5.8 12,886 34,821 22,171 63.7 20,886 60.0 1,285 5.8 12,650 34,853 22,094 63.4 20,952 60.1 1,143 5.2 12,759 9,886 67.8 9,399 64.5 487 4.9 10,279 69.1 9,651 64.9 628 6.1 10,229 68.7 9,771 65.7 459 4.5 9,950 68.2 9,449 64.8 502 5.0 10,155 68.5 9,640 65.0 516 5.1 10,201 68.8 9,631 64.9 570 5.6 10,048 67.7 9,520 64.1 528 5.3 10,299 69.3 9,648 64.9 651 6.3 10,294 69.2 9,821 66.0 473 4.6 10,631 61.7 10,100 58.7 531 5.0 11,086 63.7 10,575 60.8 511 4.6 10,964 63.0 10,483 60.2 481 4.4 10,687 62.1 10,104 58.7 583 5.5 10,880 62.7 10,367 59.8 513 4.7 10,890 62.7 10,403 59.9 487 4.5 11,065 63.6 10,475 60.3 590 5.3 11,067 63.6 10,533 60.5 534 4.8 11,014 63.2 10,486 60.2 528 4.8 761 30.4 646 25.9 114 15.0 784 30.7 698 27.3 85 10.9 762 29.8 643 25.1 120 15.7 787 31.5 647 25.9 140 17.7 746 29.3 619 24.3 126 16.9 809 31.7 615 24.2 193 23.9 789 30.9 642 25.1 147 18.7 805 31.5 705 27.6 100 12.4 786 30.7 644 25.2 142 18.0 HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued [Numbers in thousands] Seasonally adjusted1 Not seasonally adjusted Employment status, race, sex, and age ASIAN Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. 2022 17,005 10,890 64.0 10,650 62.6 241 2.2 6,115 Nov. 2023 17,769 11,494 64.7 11,096 62.4 398 3.5 6,275 Dec. 2023 17,896 11,384 63.6 11,054 61.8 330 2.9 6,511 Dec. 2022 17,005 10,940 64.3 10,677 62.8 263 2.4 6,065 Aug. 2023 17,515 11,487 65.6 11,125 63.5 362 3.2 6,028 Sept. 2023 17,633 11,587 65.7 11,255 63.8 332 2.9 6,047 Oct. 2023 17,593 11,490 65.3 11,134 63.3 356 3.1 6,103 Nov. 2023 17,769 11,548 65.0 11,144 62.7 404 3.5 6,221 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Dec. 2023 17,896 11,436 63.9 11,084 61.9 353 3.1 6,459 HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands] Seasonally adjusted1 Not seasonally adjusted Employment status, sex, and age HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio.............. . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio.............. . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio.............. . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio.............. . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 46,624 30,872 66.2 29,594 63.5 1,278 4.1 15,752 47,974 32,202 67.1 30,822 64.2 1,379 4.3 15,772 48,068 31,996 66.6 30,418 63.3 1,578 4.9 16,072 46,624 30,944 66.4 29,642 63.6 1,303 4.2 15,680 47,671 32,009 67.1 30,451 63.9 1,558 4.9 15,662 47,774 32,115 67.2 30,637 64.1 1,478 4.6 15,659 47,877 32,056 67.0 30,525 63.8 1,531 4.8 15,822 47,974 32,101 66.9 30,636 63.9 1,465 4.6 15,873 48,068 32,081 66.7 30,480 63.4 1,602 5.0 15,986 16,691 79.0 15,958 75.6 734 4.4 17,271 79.2 16,597 76.2 674 3.9 17,199 78.8 16,340 74.8 860 5.0 16,753 79.3 16,055 76.0 699 4.2 17,172 79.3 16,436 75.9 736 4.3 17,256 79.5 16,520 76.1 736 4.3 17,128 78.7 16,409 75.4 719 4.2 17,267 79.2 16,537 75.9 729 4.2 17,261 79.1 16,438 75.3 824 4.8 12,837 60.6 12,385 58.5 453 3.5 13,368 61.5 12,866 59.2 502 3.8 13,367 61.3 12,790 58.7 577 4.3 12,805 60.4 12,328 58.2 477 3.7 13,363 61.8 12,776 59.1 587 4.4 13,355 61.7 12,785 59.0 570 4.3 13,265 61.1 12,727 58.6 537 4.1 13,260 61.0 12,737 58.6 523 3.9 13,346 61.3 12,746 58.5 601 4.5 1,343 31.1 1,252 29.0 92 6.8 1,562 35.2 1,359 30.6 203 13.0 1,430 32.2 1,288 29.0 142 9.9 1,386 32.1 1,259 29.2 127 9.2 1,473 33.4 1,238 28.1 235 15.9 1,504 34.1 1,332 30.2 172 11.4 1,664 37.6 1,389 31.4 275 16.5 1,574 35.5 1,361 30.7 213 13.5 1,474 33.2 1,296 29.2 177 12.0 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Educational attainment Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Less than a high school diploma Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,918 45.8 8,428 43.3 490 5.5 9,549 48.5 8,992 45.7 557 5.8 9,417 47.6 8,803 44.5 613 6.5 8,885 45.6 8,445 43.4 441 5.0 9,261 47.7 8,759 45.1 502 5.4 9,203 47.0 8,698 44.4 506 5.5 9,312 48.0 8,771 45.2 542 5.8 9,492 48.3 8,891 45.2 601 6.3 9,384 47.5 8,819 44.6 564 6.0 High school graduates, no college1 Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,532 56.1 34,270 54.1 1,262 3.6 35,817 57.4 34,413 55.1 1,404 3.9 35,662 57.0 34,167 54.6 1,495 4.2 35,616 56.2 34,348 54.2 1,268 3.6 36,250 56.5 34,848 54.4 1,402 3.9 36,198 56.8 34,708 54.5 1,490 4.1 35,637 56.9 34,195 54.6 1,442 4.0 35,790 57.3 34,327 55.0 1,463 4.1 35,748 57.1 34,247 54.7 1,501 4.2 Some college or associate degree Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,849 62.8 34,851 61.0 998 2.8 36,164 62.6 35,215 61.0 949 2.6 35,765 62.4 34,715 60.6 1,050 2.9 35,816 62.7 34,757 60.9 1,059 3.0 35,845 63.2 34,751 61.3 1,094 3.1 35,918 62.7 34,843 60.8 1,076 3.0 35,814 62.2 34,691 60.3 1,123 3.1 35,874 62.1 34,866 60.4 1,009 2.8 35,737 62.4 34,623 60.4 1,114 3.1 Bachelor’s degree and higher2 Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,241 72.8 62,156 71.5 1,085 1.7 64,518 72.8 63,230 71.4 1,289 2.0 64,293 72.3 63,053 70.9 1,239 1.9 63,239 72.8 62,029 71.4 1,210 1.9 64,330 73.4 62,886 71.8 1,444 2.2 64,234 73.4 62,851 71.8 1,383 2.2 64,504 72.8 63,133 71.2 1,371 2.1 64,452 72.7 63,091 71.2 1,360 2.1 64,297 72.3 62,933 70.8 1,364 2.1 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. 2 HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Total Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Dec. 2022 Men Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Women Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 VETERANS, 18 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,237 8,770 48.1 8,487 46.5 283 3.2 9,467 17,727 8,716 49.2 8,455 47.7 261 3.0 9,011 16,203 7,592 46.9 7,329 45.2 263 3.5 8,611 15,686 7,505 47.8 7,284 46.4 221 2.9 8,181 2,034 1,177 57.9 1,158 56.9 20 1.7 857 2,041 1,211 59.4 1,171 57.4 41 3.3 830 Gulf War-era II veterans Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,021 4,029 80.2 3,907 77.8 122 3.0 992 5,094 4,114 80.8 3,980 78.1 134 3.3 980 4,098 3,349 81.7 3,240 79.1 109 3.3 749 4,201 3,441 81.9 3,323 79.1 118 3.4 760 923 680 73.6 666 72.2 13 1.9 244 893 673 75.3 657 73.5 16 2.4 220 Gulf War-era I veterans Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,185 2,185 68.6 2,117 66.5 68 3.1 1,000 2,965 2,189 73.8 2,127 71.7 62 2.8 776 2,724 1,880 69.0 1,812 66.5 68 3.6 844 2,476 1,841 74.3 1,797 72.6 44 2.4 635 461 305 66.1 305 66.1 0 0.0 156 489 349 71.3 331 67.6 18 5.2 140 World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,100 964 15.8 929 15.2 35 3.6 5,136 5,806 759 13.1 736 12.7 23 3.1 5,047 5,857 932 15.9 897 15.3 35 3.8 4,925 5,562 738 13.3 715 12.8 23 3.2 4,824 243 33 13.4 33 13.4 0 – 210 244 22 8.9 22 8.9 0 – 222 Veterans of other service periods Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,931 1,592 40.5 1,534 39.0 58 3.6 2,339 3,862 1,653 42.8 1,612 41.7 42 2.5 2,209 3,524 1,431 40.6 1,380 39.2 51 3.6 2,093 3,447 1,485 43.1 1,450 42.1 35 2.4 1,962 407 160 39.4 154 37.8 7 4.1 247 415 168 40.6 162 39.0 7 3.9 247 NONVETERANS, 18 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,329 153,028 64.5 148,134 62.4 4,894 3.2 84,301 240,868 155,581 64.6 150,208 62.4 5,374 3.5 85,287 108,183 78,544 72.6 75,956 70.2 2,588 3.3 29,639 110,479 79,996 72.4 76,962 69.7 3,034 3.8 30,483 129,146 74,484 57.7 72,178 55.9 2,306 3.1 54,662 130,389 75,586 58.0 73,246 56.2 2,340 3.1 54,804 NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Persons with a disability Employment status, sex, and age Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 Persons with no disability Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 TOTAL, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate.................................................................... . Employed............................................................................ . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed......................................................................... . Unemployment rate.............................................................. . Not in labor force...................................................................... . 32,874 7,761 23.6 7,370 22.4 390 5.0 25,114 33,847 8,293 24.5 7,741 22.9 552 6.7 25,554 231,970 156,463 67.4 151,501 65.3 4,962 3.2 75,507 234,144 158,367 67.6 153,013 65.3 5,355 3.4 75,776 Men, 16 to 64 years Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate.................................................................... . Employed............................................................................ . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed......................................................................... . Unemployment rate.............................................................. . Not in labor force...................................................................... . 3,208 40.0 3,052 38.0 156 4.9 4,819 3,478 42.3 3,216 39.1 262 7.5 4,744 77,843 82.1 75,240 79.4 2,603 3.3 16,924 78,963 82.3 76,007 79.2 2,955 3.7 17,004 Women, 16 to 64 years Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate.................................................................... . Employed............................................................................ . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed......................................................................... . Unemployment rate.............................................................. . Not in labor force...................................................................... . 3,184 38.2 2,998 35.9 186 5.8 5,160 3,419 39.4 3,197 36.8 221 6.5 5,268 68,853 71.7 66,762 69.5 2,090 3.0 27,235 69,440 72.3 67,295 70.1 2,145 3.1 26,589 Both sexes, 65 years and over Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate.................................................................... . Employed............................................................................ . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed......................................................................... . Unemployment rate.............................................................. . Not in labor force...................................................................... . 1,368 8.3 1,320 8.0 49 3.6 15,135 1,396 8.2 1,328 7.8 68 4.9 15,542 9,768 23.8 9,499 23.1 269 2.8 31,348 9,965 23.6 9,710 23.0 254 2.6 32,183 NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Total Employment status and nativity Dec. 2022 Men Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Women Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 Foreign born, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate................................................. . Employed......................................................... . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed...................................................... . Unemployment rate........................................... . Not in labor force................................................... . 45,736 30,077 65.8 29,130 63.7 947 3.1 15,659 48,049 31,591 65.7 30,387 63.2 1,205 3.8 16,458 22,302 17,165 77.0 16,610 74.5 554 3.2 5,137 23,679 18,157 76.7 17,477 73.8 680 3.7 5,523 23,434 12,912 55.1 12,520 53.4 393 3.0 10,522 24,370 13,435 55.1 12,910 53.0 525 3.9 10,935 Native born, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation rate................................................. . Employed......................................................... . Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployed...................................................... . Unemployment rate........................................... . Not in labor force................................................... . 219,109 134,147 61.2 129,742 59.2 4,405 3.3 84,962 219,942 135,069 61.4 130,367 59.3 4,702 3.5 84,872 106,748 70,086 65.7 67,693 63.4 2,393 3.4 36,662 107,306 70,453 65.7 67,721 63.1 2,732 3.9 36,853 112,361 64,061 57.0 62,049 55.2 2,012 3.1 48,300 112,636 64,616 57.4 62,646 55.6 1,970 3.0 48,020 NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Category CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government.................................... . Private industries.............................. . Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other industries............................. . Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2 All industries Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonagricultural industries Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 2,267 1,482 755 31 156,604 147,639 21,943 125,696 692 125,003 8,923 43 2,234 1,535 683 16 159,916 150,878 22,072 128,807 771 128,035 9,011 26 2,156 1,497 646 14 158,598 149,325 21,951 127,373 787 126,586 9,242 31 2,317 1,503 789 – 156,970 147,988 21,696 126,359 – 125,766 9,014 – 2,279 1,553 694 – 159,275 150,262 21,249 128,893 – 128,254 8,827 – 2,286 1,563 694 – 159,306 150,134 21,618 128,558 – 127,958 9,043 – 2,201 1,468 707 – 159,166 150,170 21,664 128,454 – 127,800 8,957 – 2,262 1,549 701 – 159,578 150,505 21,878 128,612 – 127,889 9,014 – 2,205 1,520 680 – 158,993 149,702 21,700 128,086 – 127,414 9,335 – 3,991 2,755 893 22,084 3,871 2,700 911 22,662 4,324 3,071 940 23,020 3,878 2,643 916 21,537 4,221 2,821 1,017 22,030 4,069 2,799 940 22,177 4,284 2,985 1,000 21,576 3,994 2,790 934 21,879 4,211 2,960 964 22,458 3,903 2,703 873 21,640 3,796 2,654 903 22,210 4,229 3,019 926 22,604 3,812 2,597 898 21,113 4,149 2,779 1,016 21,582 3,988 2,753 930 21,752 4,205 2,941 992 21,214 3,931 2,735 923 21,444 4,138 2,913 953 22,060 Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. 3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. 4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather. - Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. 2 HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Characteristic Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,872 5,439 2,251 3,188 153,433 13,728 139,705 102,069 35,152 35,029 31,888 37,636 162,149 5,517 2,172 3,345 156,632 14,781 141,851 103,930 35,953 35,832 32,145 37,921 160,754 5,399 2,091 3,308 155,355 14,616 140,739 103,265 35,888 35,566 31,811 37,474 159,300 5,680 2,362 3,320 153,620 13,861 139,576 101,964 35,121 35,010 31,833 37,612 161,500 5,593 2,104 3,466 155,907 14,611 141,129 103,508 35,972 35,467 32,069 37,620 161,550 5,578 2,121 3,432 155,972 14,684 141,218 103,515 35,945 35,501 32,069 37,704 161,280 5,688 2,161 3,518 155,592 14,565 140,887 103,311 35,799 35,486 32,026 37,576 161,866 5,733 2,235 3,514 156,133 14,787 141,194 103,451 35,779 35,680 31,992 37,742 161,183 5,638 2,194 3,446 155,545 14,756 140,617 103,161 35,859 35,546 31,757 37,455 Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,304 2,714 1,018 1,696 81,589 6,967 74,623 54,325 18,644 18,743 16,938 20,298 85,910 2,783 1,014 1,769 83,128 7,406 75,722 55,420 19,144 19,149 17,127 20,302 85,198 2,705 952 1,753 82,493 7,293 75,200 55,048 19,066 19,038 16,944 20,152 84,897 2,846 1,105 1,748 82,051 7,099 74,817 54,451 18,679 18,812 16,960 20,365 85,527 2,727 1,015 1,675 82,800 7,367 75,288 55,279 19,208 19,050 17,020 20,009 85,657 2,804 1,061 1,725 82,853 7,316 75,452 55,279 19,120 19,112 17,047 20,173 85,327 2,801 1,067 1,730 82,526 7,262 75,118 55,012 18,975 19,043 16,994 20,106 85,981 2,897 1,071 1,846 83,084 7,446 75,514 55,262 19,088 19,107 17,067 20,252 85,794 2,836 1,033 1,807 82,958 7,432 75,397 55,178 19,104 19,108 16,966 20,219 Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,568 2,725 1,233 1,492 71,843 6,761 65,082 47,744 16,508 16,286 14,950 17,338 76,239 2,735 1,158 1,577 73,504 7,375 66,129 48,510 16,809 16,683 15,017 17,619 75,556 2,694 1,139 1,555 72,862 7,323 65,539 48,216 16,822 16,528 14,867 17,322 74,404 2,834 1,257 1,572 71,570 6,762 64,759 47,513 16,442 16,198 14,873 17,246 75,973 2,866 1,089 1,791 73,107 7,244 65,841 48,230 16,763 16,417 15,050 17,611 75,893 2,774 1,061 1,707 73,119 7,368 65,766 48,236 16,825 16,389 15,022 17,530 75,953 2,887 1,094 1,788 73,066 7,303 65,769 48,298 16,823 16,443 15,032 17,471 75,885 2,836 1,164 1,668 73,049 7,342 65,679 48,189 16,691 16,573 14,926 17,490 75,389 2,802 1,162 1,639 72,587 7,324 65,220 47,983 16,755 16,438 14,791 17,237 MARITAL STATUS Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,099 36,763 10,150 46,384 37,118 9,916 46,319 36,982 9,718 46,186 36,564 – 45,956 37,339 – 46,338 37,198 – 46,059 37,018 – 46,344 36,887 – 46,392 36,790 – FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,812 27,060 134,634 27,515 132,585 28,169 132,422 26,712 134,267 27,201 134,145 27,348 134,502 26,702 134,727 27,032 133,196 27,794 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,140 5.1 8,463 5.2 8,696 5.4 8,020 5.0 8,069 5.0 8,173 5.1 8,360 5.2 8,343 5.2 8,565 5.3 SELF-EMPLOYMENT Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,811 9,678 6,872 9,695 6,637 9,888 – 9,804 – 9,521 – 9,737 – 9,664 – 9,715 – 10,014 1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. 2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. 3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. 4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week. - Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Characteristic Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 19 years.................................... . 16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over............................. . 25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years............................ . 35 to 44 years............................ . 45 to 54 years............................ . 55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,698 665 214 458 5,033 1,095 4,015 2,996 1,388 864 745 1,026 6,262 739 287 455 5,522 1,051 4,498 3,356 1,458 1,055 843 1,138 6,268 758 331 433 5,510 1,006 4,574 3,491 1,556 1,079 856 1,089 3.5 10.5 8.3 12.1 3.2 7.3 2.8 2.9 3.8 2.4 2.3 2.7 3.8 12.3 11.9 12.7 3.4 7.1 3.0 3.1 3.9 3.0 2.5 2.7 3.8 11.8 12.8 11.1 3.5 7.0 3.0 3.2 4.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.8 13.1 14.7 12.5 3.5 7.0 3.1 3.2 4.2 2.9 2.4 2.7 3.7 11.4 11.4 11.5 3.4 6.6 3.1 3.1 3.9 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.7 11.9 13.1 11.2 3.4 6.4 3.2 3.3 4.2 2.9 2.6 2.8 Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 19 years.................................... . 16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over............................. . 25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years............................ . 35 to 44 years............................ . 45 to 54 years............................ . 55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,978 327 113 223 2,651 567 2,138 1,565 762 442 361 573 3,574 402 164 244 3,172 571 2,624 1,942 844 631 468 682 3,456 407 185 229 3,050 509 2,587 1,984 885 625 474 603 3.4 10.3 9.3 11.3 3.1 7.4 2.8 2.8 3.9 2.3 2.1 2.7 4.0 13.8 12.1 15.2 3.7 8.4 3.1 3.2 3.9 3.0 2.8 2.8 4.1 12.7 15.4 11.4 3.8 8.3 3.3 3.6 4.6 3.0 3.1 2.5 4.1 14.6 16.3 14.2 3.7 7.8 3.3 3.4 4.6 3.0 2.6 2.7 4.0 12.2 13.3 11.7 3.7 7.1 3.4 3.4 4.2 3.2 2.7 3.3 3.9 12.5 15.2 11.3 3.5 6.4 3.3 3.5 4.4 3.2 2.7 2.9 Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 19 years.................................... . 16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over............................. . 25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years............................ . 35 to 44 years............................ . 45 to 54 years............................ . 55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,720 338 101 235 2,382 528 1,877 1,431 626 422 383 446 2,688 338 123 211 2,350 480 1,874 1,414 614 424 375 458 2,811 352 147 204 2,460 497 1,987 1,506 671 454 381 480 3.5 10.7 7.5 13.0 3.2 7.2 2.8 2.9 3.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 10.7 11.8 10.3 3.2 5.8 2.9 3.0 3.9 2.9 2.2 2.6 3.4 10.8 10.1 10.8 3.1 5.6 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.6 11.7 13.1 10.8 3.2 6.2 2.9 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.2 2.8 3.4 10.6 9.5 11.2 3.1 6.1 2.8 2.9 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 3.6 11.1 11.2 11.1 3.3 6.4 3.0 3.0 3.9 2.7 2.5 2.7 MARITAL STATUS Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 764 383 965 760 495 980 825 475 1.8 2.0 3.6 2.0 2.1 4.9 2.1 2.1 4.0 2.0 2.1 4.6 2.0 2.0 4.8 2.1 2.2 4.7 FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,658 1,097 5,177 1,108 5,228 1,084 3.4 3.9 3.7 4.4 3.6 4.3 3.7 4.6 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.8 1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. 2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. 3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. 4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Reason Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reentrants........................................... . New entrants........................................ . 2,583 848 1,735 1,255 480 768 1,613 388 2,816 720 2,096 1,536 560 810 1,660 541 3,048 981 2,067 1,466 601 777 1,570 512 2,596 788 1,808 1,332 476 824 1,786 502 2,946 813 2,132 1,545 588 804 1,931 592 2,869 813 2,056 1,421 636 797 2,024 586 3,120 904 2,217 1,636 581 801 1,869 603 3,058 889 2,169 1,589 580 821 1,771 582 3,058 917 2,140 1,543 597 833 1,741 609 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reentrants........................................... . New entrants........................................ . 48.3 15.8 32.4 14.4 30.1 7.3 48.3 12.4 36.0 13.9 28.5 9.3 51.6 16.6 35.0 13.2 26.6 8.7 45.5 13.8 31.7 14.4 31.3 8.8 47.0 13.0 34.0 12.8 30.8 9.4 45.7 13.0 32.8 12.7 32.3 9.3 48.8 14.1 34.7 12.5 29.2 9.4 49.1 14.3 34.8 13.2 28.4 9.3 49.0 14.7 34.3 13.4 27.9 9.8 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reentrants........................................... . New entrants........................................ . 1.6 0.5 1.0 0.2 1.7 0.5 1.0 0.3 1.8 0.5 0.9 0.3 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.5 1.2 0.4 1.7 0.5 1.2 0.3 1.9 0.5 1.1 0.4 1.8 0.5 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.4 NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Duration Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 26 weeks................................... . 27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,128 1,490 1,733 749 984 1,873 1,939 2,016 897 1,119 2,102 1,619 2,185 1,000 1,185 2,218 1,645 1,898 792 1,106 2,224 1,913 2,296 970 1,326 2,053 2,043 2,288 985 1,303 2,269 1,836 2,370 1,079 1,291 2,069 2,060 2,150 931 1,220 2,191 1,791 2,350 1,104 1,245 Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 7.5 19.9 9.3 21.9 9.0 19.5 8.3 20.4 8.8 21.4 9.1 21.6 8.6 19.5 9.0 22.3 9.7 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 26 weeks................................... . 27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 27.8 32.4 14.0 18.4 32.1 33.3 34.6 15.4 19.2 35.6 27.4 37.0 16.9 20.1 38.5 28.6 33.0 13.8 19.2 34.6 29.7 35.7 15.1 20.6 32.2 32.0 35.8 15.4 20.4 35.0 28.4 36.6 16.7 19.9 33.0 32.8 34.2 14.8 19.4 34.6 28.3 37.1 17.4 19.7 NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employed Occupation Total, 16 years and over1............................................ . Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . Management, business, and financial operations occupations.................................................... . Professional and related occupations......................... . Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and related occupations................................. . Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations....................................................... . Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . Production, transportation, and material moving occupations....................................................... . Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Unemployment rates Unemployed Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 158,872 69,297 160,754 70,572 5,352 1,198 5,907 1,314 3.3 1.7 3.5 1.8 29,725 39,572 25,334 30,185 14,053 16,133 30,327 40,245 25,689 30,043 14,332 15,710 537 661 1,225 1,008 488 520 607 706 1,177 1,152 654 497 1.8 1.6 4.6 3.2 3.4 3.1 2.0 1.7 4.4 3.7 4.4 3.1 14,295 945 8,491 4,860 14,411 978 8,631 4,802 689 69 510 110 732 102 502 128 4.6 6.8 5.7 2.2 4.8 9.5 5.5 2.6 19,760 8,152 11,608 20,039 8,372 11,667 829 223 606 998 333 665 4.0 2.7 5.0 4.7 3.8 5.4 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total. NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted Industry and class of worker Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... . Construction......................................................................... . Manufacturing....................................................................... . Durable goods.................................................................... . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information........................................................................... . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services.............................................. . Education and health services.................................................... . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services....................................................................... . Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government workers.................................................................. . Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 5,352 4,117 12 443 271 175 95 688 349 67 271 668 483 694 170 75 381 391 5,907 4,595 9 442 456 206 250 810 322 86 293 721 560 662 236 110 330 359 3.3 3.2 1.9 4.4 1.8 1.8 1.8 3.6 4.0 2.4 2.6 3.5 2.0 5.4 2.7 5.0 1.7 3.9 3.5 3.5 1.7 4.4 3.0 2.1 4.6 4.0 3.9 3.1 2.9 3.9 2.2 4.8 3.5 7.0 1.5 3.5 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total. NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent] Not seasonally adjusted Measure U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force.................................... . Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Aug. 2023 Sept. 2023 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 6.4 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.0 7.1 NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Total Category Dec. 2022 Men Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Women Dec. 2023 Dec. 2022 Dec. 2023 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discouraged workers2........................................ . Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . . 100,621 4,948 1,260 421 839 101,330 5,465 1,567 350 1,217 41,799 2,349 673 217 456 42,375 2,599 769 190 579 58,821 2,600 587 204 384 58,955 2,867 798 160 638 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders4............................................ . Percent of total employed......................................... . Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... . Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,140 5.1 4,594 1,940 388 1,133 8,696 5.4 5,085 2,113 399 1,028 4,075 4.8 2,454 759 226 589 4,108 4.8 2,632 658 217 560 4,065 5.5 2,140 1,182 163 544 4,588 6.1 2,452 1,455 181 468 1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. 2 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail [In thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Industry Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p 155,344 132,746 21,377 157,936 134,669 21,806 158,395 134,993 21,746 158,228 134,930 21,646 154,535 132,204 21,461 156,843 133,929 21,631 157,016 134,065 21,661 157,232 134,229 21,683 Change from: Nov.2023 Dec.2023p 216 164 22 Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 45.5 580.5 118.0 183.9 40.8 43.2 649 48.1 601.2 119.7 188.2 40.9 44.0 643 46.4 596.8 119.5 188.1 41.1 44.2 640 45.1 595.1 120.0 187.1 41.1 44.3 628 45.7 582.4 117.2 186.5 41.1 43.5 644 47.2 596.4 119.1 186.6 40.8 44.1 642 45.8 596.2 118.6 187.6 41.2 44.5 641 45.0 595.8 119.1 188.4 41.1 44.4 -1 -0.8 -0.4 0.5 0.8 -0.1 -0.1 99.9 278.6 103.3 293.3 102.8 289.2 101.7 288.0 102.0 278.7 101.7 290.7 101.9 290.0 102.9 288.3 1.0 -1.7 Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 7,763 1,773.2 928.2 845.0 1,040.2 4,949.3 2,301.4 2,647.9 8,195 1,841.2 947.9 893.3 1,182.9 5,170.7 2,402.5 2,768.2 8,113 1,826.5 935.9 890.6 1,156.1 5,130.2 2,380.1 2,750.1 7,993 1,830.0 936.5 893.5 1,101.5 5,061.0 2,342.8 2,718.2 7,859 1,785.9 934.3 851.6 1,081.5 4,991.4 2,324.8 2,666.6 8,033 1,819.2 934.8 884.4 1,132.0 5,082.0 2,364.4 2,717.6 8,039 1,817.5 932.2 885.3 1,136.5 5,084.8 2,361.5 2,723.3 8,056 1,829.5 936.1 893.4 1,136.0 5,090.7 2,363.1 2,727.6 17 12.0 3.9 8.1 -0.5 5.9 1.6 4.3 Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and electronic product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . . Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and related product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . Petroleum and coal products manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plastics and rubber products manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 12,988 12,962 12,990 13,013 12,974 12,954 12,980 12,986 6 8,107 429.2 8,107 420.2 8,149 420.5 8,170 418.7 8,096 429.3 8,110 420.5 8,144 420.5 8,152 418.4 8 -2.1 428.9 368.6 1,448.6 1,124.6 438.6 368.4 1,455.1 1,127.8 437.7 365.6 1,458.3 1,132.0 434.0 369.5 1,463.6 1,134.9 432.4 366.5 1,449.4 1,123.0 434.2 369.3 1,456.3 1,132.0 434.2 367.3 1,458.6 1,132.7 434.2 367.9 1,461.5 1,134.3 0.0 0.6 2.9 1.6 1,102.4 1,095.7 1,096.7 1,101.6 1,100.7 1,097.5 1,098.8 1,100.4 1.6 168.2 166.4 166.3 168.1 167.4 166.4 166.7 167.5 0.8 84.5 86.3 86.0 85.6 85.2 86.4 86.0 85.6 -0.4 393.8 382.3 383.4 385.2 393.9 383.6 384.3 385.2 0.9 423.4 427.8 428.2 429.6 422.0 428.3 429.0 429.6 0.6 32.5 32.9 32.8 33.1 32.3 32.9 32.7 32.6 -0.1 403.9 1,792.0 1,060.0 406.5 1,811.1 1,051.1 404.9 1,848.6 1,084.1 406.0 1,852.7 1,084.9 405.2 1,782.4 1,048.1 407.0 1,807.8 1,046.9 405.6 1,842.6 1,078.2 405.1 1,844.0 1,076.1 -0.5 1.4 -2.1 374.7 634.4 355.2 628.2 356.3 628.7 356.9 631.9 373.2 634.3 356.9 628.5 356.0 627.7 355.3 630.9 -0.7 3.2 4,881 1,725.4 96.0 102.3 92.6 359.0 385.5 4,855 1,732.1 93.0 97.4 90.5 346.6 374.5 4,841 1,728.2 93.8 97.3 90.1 347.8 373.0 4,843 1,735.4 92.8 97.2 89.6 349.0 370.5 4,878 1,717.3 96.0 102.6 91.9 358.7 381.5 4,844 1,724.9 93.0 97.8 90.6 347.6 373.4 4,836 1,724.8 93.6 97.2 90.0 347.4 370.4 4,834 1,726.4 92.8 96.7 89.9 347.3 368.2 -2 1.6 -0.8 -0.5 -0.1 -0.1 -2.2 102.0 915.2 106.9 911.2 106.3 909.3 106.6 911.3 104.0 916.1 105.3 913.8 107.0 911.7 108.5 910.4 1.5 -1.3 755.4 736.7 734.6 733.0 754.7 737.4 733.3 730.7 -2.6 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail — Continued [In thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Change from: Nov.2023 Dec.2023p Nondurable goods - Continued Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.8 366.3 360.9 357.7 355.3 360.3 360.7 362.6 Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,369 112,863 113,247 113,284 110,743 112,298 112,404 112,546 Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,506 28,963 29,399 29,661 28,767 28,871 28,846 28,846 1.9 142 0 Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 6,032.5 3,331.1 2,175.6 525.8 6,098.7 3,370.7 2,194.2 533.8 6,099.2 3,374.8 2,192.0 532.4 6,110.1 3,383.0 2,199.1 528.0 6,028.8 3,330.0 2,174.6 524.2 6,089.0 3,370.7 2,187.6 530.7 6,093.5 3,373.9 2,190.2 529.4 6,099.0 3,377.1 2,195.2 526.7 5.5 3.2 5.0 -2.7 Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers. . . . Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 15,868.1 2,019.7 1,257.3 172.7 15,564.5 2,061.9 1,271.8 174.5 15,859.4 2,061.6 1,276.1 168.7 15,979.1 2,060.8 1,277.9 164.5 15,477.8 2,026.1 1,259.7 178.6 15,550.3 2,058.2 1,271.9 173.9 15,525.9 2,059.5 1,274.7 172.5 15,543.3 2,063.0 1,275.3 171.3 17.4 3.5 0.6 -1.2 589.7 615.6 616.8 618.4 587.7 612.4 612.4 616.4 4.0 1,386.9 3,259.9 1,349.3 3,249.9 1,344.6 3,283.9 1,369.1 3,283.5 1,416.4 3,231.9 1,375.8 3,251.2 1,376.7 3,251.2 1,384.2 3,247.7 7.5 -3.5 906.0 462.6 443.4 3,269.2 1,038.0 844.9 437.3 407.6 3,192.1 957.7 856.9 444.4 412.5 3,309.7 1,011.8 865.4 451.4 414.0 3,351.5 1,035.4 877.5 448.2 426.7 3,068.4 917.4 840.5 435.6 403.8 3,173.8 946.3 834.8 431.9 402.3 3,152.1 929.4 831.5 430.4 401.1 3,153.7 916.7 -3.3 -1.5 -1.2 1.6 -12.7 2,231.2 1,139.7 1,055.6 2,234.4 1,105.7 1,077.6 2,297.9 1,119.5 1,082.4 2,316.1 1,122.5 1,081.8 2,151.0 1,114.1 1,055.4 2,227.5 1,099.0 1,075.7 2,222.8 1,095.4 1,077.6 2,237.0 1,091.1 1,082.0 14.2 -4.3 4.4 1,239.9 1,139.8 1,213.7 1,251.5 1,153.0 1,141.1 1,142.6 1,154.4 11.8 1,591.2 1,543.3 1,587.1 1,593.0 1,535.0 1,535.0 1,536.0 1,535.7 -0.3 Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transit and ground passenger transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,049.5 520.5 148.7 64.5 1,611.0 6,736.8 554.8 150.2 70.5 1,592.4 6,877.1 556.0 150.2 67.9 1,592.9 7,008.8 559.9 150.2 66.7 1,588.4 6,704.9 523.6 148.8 65.7 1,607.1 6,669.8 554.2 150.2 69.6 1,581.5 6,664.8 558.2 150.0 68.8 1,583.0 6,642.2 561.9 150.5 68.3 1,586.3 -22.6 3.7 0.5 -0.5 3.3 444.0 48.1 27.5 820.7 1,383.6 1,980.9 454.6 47.8 37.4 819.6 1,114.4 1,895.1 452.7 48.0 33.7 822.2 1,244.4 1,909.1 455.7 47.6 33.7 829.0 1,374.9 1,902.7 428.7 47.9 31.2 809.0 1,109.5 1,933.4 435.6 47.9 36.4 815.8 1,112.9 1,865.7 436.7 47.9 37.0 816.4 1,110.7 1,856.1 440.4 47.6 38.1 819.5 1,078.4 1,851.2 3.7 -0.3 1.1 3.1 -32.3 -4.9 Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555.5 Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motion picture and sound recording industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,139 Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . Credit intermediation and related activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 562.5 3,030 563.2 3,055 563.0 3,070 555.3 3,120 562.2 3,022 562.2 3,037 561.8 3,051 -0.4 14 470.1 955.5 359.9 662.7 439.3 919.6 350.3 635.0 466.9 918.4 348.9 633.8 474.1 919.0 350.1 635.1 461.7 952.3 359.6 658.1 432.6 920.9 349.5 635.3 451.9 918.0 347.3 633.6 463.3 916.3 348.0 633.8 11.4 -1.7 0.7 0.2 490.0 494.2 495.0 501.2 486.7 493.8 495.9 500.3 4.4 200.8 191.5 192.1 190.8 201.3 190.3 190.0 189.4 -0.6 9,132 6,716.2 21.8 9,173 6,714.7 21.9 9,166 6,714.5 21.9 9,171 6,716.3 21.9 9,101 6,691.7 21.8 9,145 6,706.0 21.9 9,146 6,701.2 21.9 9,148 6,698.8 21.9 2 -2.4 0.0 2,684.9 2,636.1 2,630.4 2,627.2 2,681.3 2,638.4 2,630.5 2,624.3 -6.2 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail — Continued [In thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Industry Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Change from: Nov.2023 Dec.2023p 1,784.7 1,376.9 579.5 320.7 1,766.6 1,354.5 560.8 308.7 1,766.4 1,354.0 557.4 306.6 1,766.2 1,353.0 556.3 304.7 1,783.4 1,376.6 577.6 320.3 1,772.2 1,359.7 558.1 308.1 1,768.6 1,356.7 555.5 306.4 1,765.7 1,353.9 553.5 305.1 -2.9 -2.8 -2.0 -1.3 1,073.5 2,936.0 2,416.1 1,855.6 537.7 1,096.1 2,960.6 2,458.0 1,871.1 564.0 1,097.3 2,964.9 2,451.0 1,868.3 559.8 1,097.2 2,970.0 2,454.6 1,872.8 558.8 1,068.3 2,920.3 2,409.2 1,844.9 541.8 1,091.9 2,953.8 2,439.4 1,854.5 562.2 1,093.5 2,955.3 2,444.7 1,857.4 564.5 1,092.8 2,959.8 2,449.0 1,859.6 566.6 -0.7 4.5 4.3 2.2 2.1 Credit intermediation and related Continued Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . Activities related to credit intermediation.. . Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional, scientific, and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Architectural, engineering, and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer systems design and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management, scientific, and technical consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scientific research and development services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising, public relations, and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other professional, scientific, and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management of companies and enterprises. . . Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services. . . . . Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Travel arrangement and reservation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waste management and remediation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . Other ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 22.5 22.7 22.8 22.8 0.0 22,907 23,222 23,182 23,012 22,814 22,952 22,933 22,946 13 10,750.7 1,190.0 10,959.5 1,187.4 10,992.1 1,192.3 11,014.6 1,200.4 10,713.5 1,180.4 10,939.4 1,182.3 10,955.5 1,186.0 10,980.8 1,190.5 25.3 4.5 1,130.5 1,118.2 1,135.1 1,159.0 1,131.7 1,158.0 1,157.7 1,162.1 4.4 1,645.5 159.3 1,697.5 162.6 1,695.8 162.2 1,689.7 161.2 1,644.7 157.2 1,686.7 161.4 1,690.3 160.3 1,690.6 159.6 0.3 -0.7 2,492.2 2,529.9 2,536.8 2,533.2 2,493.4 2,519.4 2,523.0 2,531.5 8.5 1,850.9 1,909.4 1,910.9 1,910.9 1,832.2 1,888.4 1,891.2 1,896.0 4.8 914.5 946.5 951.6 953.1 913.9 946.6 951.7 953.9 2.2 493.9 506.3 505.2 507.5 493.3 503.5 502.7 504.6 1.9 873.9 2,523.7 901.7 2,525.3 902.2 2,521.6 899.6 2,534.4 866.7 2,516.3 893.1 2,526.1 892.5 2,521.6 892.0 2,527.7 -0.5 6.1 9,632.1 9,147.9 610.0 158.7 3,945.7 3,147.1 784.8 9,736.7 9,236.4 638.3 167.0 3,814.0 3,028.4 745.0 9,668.7 9,166.9 639.2 166.5 3,799.8 3,011.9 748.5 9,463.1 8,961.0 636.4 166.0 3,691.5 2,916.7 747.0 9,584.0 9,101.6 612.8 158.4 3,839.5 3,037.9 766.2 9,486.8 8,989.6 633.4 165.4 3,652.0 2,886.4 739.0 9,455.6 8,955.9 636.2 165.7 3,621.9 2,864.3 732.2 9,437.3 8,935.0 638.5 165.7 3,592.6 2,831.0 728.8 -18.3 -20.9 2.3 0.0 -29.3 -33.3 -3.4 179.2 979.2 2,151.1 339.2 189.0 988.6 2,341.4 353.1 190.0 994.1 2,281.5 347.3 189.2 988.7 2,196.6 345.6 180.9 970.9 2,230.2 342.8 187.7 984.1 2,281.9 346.2 190.4 986.8 2,277.4 345.4 191.2 985.7 2,286.8 345.6 0.8 -1.1 9.4 0.2 484.2 500.3 501.8 502.1 482.4 497.2 499.7 502.3 2.6 24,960 3,920.4 21,039.2 16,660.1 8,314.9 2,877.4 1,031.4 1,114.6 1,058.2 321.1 1,575.7 25,894 4,098.5 21,795.9 17,177.9 8,562.0 2,956.3 1,036.7 1,160.6 1,073.6 325.0 1,664.9 26,070 4,138.5 21,931.1 17,285.0 8,619.5 2,979.6 1,043.0 1,166.5 1,082.6 328.0 1,674.4 26,043 4,070.4 21,972.6 17,323.0 8,639.9 2,989.1 1,039.9 1,170.9 1,089.7 328.2 1,676.6 24,827 3,856.3 20,970.2 16,591.3 8,272.8 2,855.9 1,031.2 1,110.2 1,053.0 320.4 1,567.7 25,695 3,959.9 21,735.2 17,129.3 8,533.8 2,944.6 1,036.2 1,155.0 1,073.9 324.7 1,655.0 25,804 3,972.9 21,831.2 17,207.6 8,573.4 2,960.6 1,040.3 1,159.9 1,079.2 327.5 1,661.2 25,878 3,987.4 21,890.1 17,245.3 8,592.6 2,966.0 1,036.4 1,165.9 1,083.6 327.6 1,668.2 74 14.5 58.9 37.7 19.2 5.4 -3.9 6.0 4.4 0.1 7.0 336.5 5,262.8 344.9 5,406.8 345.4 5,432.2 345.5 5,444.0 334.4 5,245.3 344.5 5,393.2 344.7 5,413.2 344.9 5,428.5 0.2 15.3 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail — Continued [In thousands] Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Change from: Nov.2023 Dec.2023p Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services. . . . Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,082.4 1,382.1 3,209.1 1,439.9 3,233.3 1,447.4 3,239.1 1,452.5 3,073.2 1,375.9 3,202.3 1,433.7 3,221.0 1,440.4 3,224.2 1,445.1 3.2 4.7 623.5 645.6 650.2 651.3 621.7 644.8 649.1 649.9 0.8 923.0 153.8 4,379.1 2,912.0 966.0 157.6 4,618.0 3,094.5 978.2 157.5 4,646.1 3,110.4 977.6 157.7 4,649.6 3,116.9 921.2 154.4 4,378.9 2,913.6 966.4 157.4 4,605.9 3,087.2 974.6 156.9 4,623.6 3,098.0 972.4 156.8 4,644.8 3,115.1 -2.2 -0.1 21.2 17.1 211.1 274.1 981.9 220.4 284.8 1,018.3 223.2 286.3 1,026.2 223.9 285.2 1,023.6 208.9 275.1 981.3 221.0 283.7 1,014.0 221.6 284.9 1,019.1 221.1 285.0 1,023.6 -0.5 0.1 4.5 Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 15,947 2,241.7 16,693 2,477.2 16,482 2,369.1 16,450 2,372.7 16,316 2,397.8 16,730 2,503.8 16,742 2,501.6 16,782 2,513.7 40 12.1 487.5 583.4 556.5 557.1 513.4 571.3 568.8 575.3 6.5 161.8 176.3 173.1 171.1 164.8 174.7 175.6 175.9 0.3 1,592.4 13,705.5 1,770.5 11,935.0 1,717.5 14,215.8 1,878.0 12,337.8 1,639.5 14,112.6 1,835.0 12,277.6 1,644.5 14,077.2 1,828.4 12,248.8 1,719.6 13,918.1 1,846.2 12,071.9 1,757.8 14,225.9 1,891.0 12,334.9 1,757.2 14,240.2 1,892.0 12,348.2 1,762.5 14,268.6 1,898.3 12,370.3 5.3 28.4 6.3 22.1 5,778 1,410.8 1,520.9 5,888 1,465.8 1,552.2 5,893 1,462.5 1,552.2 5,877 1,459.1 1,545.6 5,798 1,417.7 1,521.6 5,883 1,459.3 1,548.0 5,896 1,462.0 1,550.0 5,895 1,465.0 1,545.2 -1 3.0 -4.8 Industry Health care - Continued 1 Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,846.4 2,869.8 2,878.5 2,872.2 2,859.1 2,876.1 2,884.3 2,885.1 0.8 Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 22,598 2,890 2,277.9 611.7 5,167 2,511.3 2,655.5 14,541 8,114.9 6,426.5 23,267 2,962 2,356.3 605.4 5,481 2,743.0 2,737.8 14,824 8,208.6 6,615.1 23,402 2,970 2,363.0 607.0 5,508 2,771.2 2,736.5 14,924 8,299.3 6,624.7 23,298 2,972 2,358.4 613.3 5,433 2,693.7 2,738.8 14,893 8,288.0 6,604.6 22,331 2,874 2,278.8 595.5 5,087 2,421.5 2,665.8 14,370 7,868.1 6,501.6 22,914 2,956 2,348.9 606.6 5,314 2,576.4 2,738.0 14,644 7,993.9 6,650.3 22,951 2,958 2,355.3 602.9 5,318 2,577.3 2,740.4 14,675 8,008.3 6,666.5 23,003 2,965 2,362.4 602.4 5,326 2,579.0 2,746.8 14,712 8,027.5 6,684.2 52 7 7.1 -0.5 8 1.7 6.4 37 19.2 17.7 Includes other industries, not shown separately. Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. 3 Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. 2 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS Total private............................................................................ . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging............................................................... . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods............................................................. . Private service-providing........................................................... . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade..................................................................... . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities.......................................................................... . Information........................................................................ . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services.................................................................... . 34.4 39.7 45.5 38.6 40.1 40.6 39.4 33.3 34.1 38.7 30.2 38.4 41.8 36.5 37.4 36.4 33.3 25.3 32.3 34.3 39.8 44.8 39.2 40.0 40.5 39.2 33.3 33.9 38.6 29.8 38.3 42.0 36.2 37.4 36.4 33.3 25.5 32.3 34.4 39.8 45.1 39.3 39.9 40.3 39.3 33.3 34.0 38.8 30.1 38.1 41.8 36.1 37.4 36.5 33.2 25.5 32.3 34.3 39.7 45.5 39.1 39.8 40.2 39.0 33.3 33.9 38.9 29.7 38.4 42.0 36.7 37.4 36.4 33.3 25.6 32.3 AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS Manufacturing.......................................................................... . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.6 Industry p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing...................................... . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction......................................... . Manufacturing....................................... . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities.................................. . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality............................. . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.92 33.11 36.64 35.60 31.47 32.96 28.92 32.88 28.23 35.87 23.45 28.17 48.44 47.74 42.42 39.53 32.58 20.78 29.37 $34.00 34.58 38.60 37.00 32.89 34.53 30.06 33.86 29.23 36.95 24.05 29.60 50.13 48.62 44.20 40.89 33.26 21.41 30.29 $34.12 34.78 38.60 37.20 33.09 34.74 30.24 33.97 29.32 37.09 24.13 29.67 50.37 49.03 44.38 41.08 33.28 21.52 30.33 $34.27 34.90 38.81 37.24 33.25 34.97 30.25 34.13 29.49 37.13 24.33 29.84 49.78 49.44 44.54 41.29 33.38 21.60 30.51 $1,132.45 1,314.47 1,667.12 1,374.16 1,261.95 1,338.18 1,139.45 1,094.90 962.64 1,388.17 708.19 1,081.73 2,024.79 1,742.51 1,586.51 1,438.89 1,084.91 525.73 948.65 $1,166.20 1,376.28 1,729.28 1,450.40 1,315.60 1,398.47 1,178.35 1,127.54 990.90 1,426.27 716.69 1,133.68 2,105.46 1,760.04 1,653.08 1,488.40 1,107.56 545.96 978.37 $1,173.73 1,384.24 1,740.86 1,461.96 1,320.29 1,400.02 1,188.43 1,131.20 996.88 1,439.09 726.31 1,130.43 2,105.47 1,769.98 1,659.81 1,499.42 1,104.90 548.76 979.66 $1,175.46 1,385.53 1,765.86 1,456.08 1,323.35 1,405.79 1,179.75 1,136.53 999.71 1,444.36 722.60 1,145.86 2,090.76 1,814.45 1,665.80 1,502.96 1,111.55 552.96 985.47 p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100] Index of aggregate weekly hours1 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2 Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Percent change from: Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023p Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods.......................... . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . Utilities................................... . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . Private education and health services.. . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 97.1 89.8 104.6 93.6 92.5 95.9 118.7 107.2 102.9 95.1 147.9 100.4 104.0 111.5 129.9 135.0 117.8 108.0 115.3 98.1 90.7 108.5 93.2 92.5 94.8 120.4 106.9 103.7 94.3 146.8 102.2 99.9 112.0 130.7 139.7 121.7 109.6 115.8 98.2 91.0 108.9 93.2 92.4 94.9 120.5 107.2 104.3 95.1 145.9 101.7 100.1 112.1 131.0 139.9 121.8 109.8 115.6 98.1 91.6 108.6 93.0 92.3 94.1 120.7 106.8 104.7 94.0 146.6 102.1 102.3 112.1 130.7 140.7 122.6 109.8 -0.2 -0.1 0.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.8 0.2 -0.4 0.4 -1.2 0.5 0.4 2.2 0.0 -0.2 0.6 0.7 0.0 1 Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Percent change from: Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023p 179.7 145.3 132.1 161.8 137.0 135.5 140.8 189.7 163.2 154.4 147.5 212.0 160.7 176.8 184.5 208.0 211.6 197.5 173.8 187.5 153.3 140.5 174.5 142.6 141.8 144.6 198.1 168.6 160.2 150.0 221.0 169.2 173.0 193.2 216.5 223.6 210.3 181.9 188.9 154.4 141.0 176.0 143.4 142.6 145.6 199.0 169.4 161.8 151.8 220.2 169.2 174.8 194.0 217.9 224.0 211.5 182.5 189.4 154.7 142.8 175.7 143.8 143.3 144.4 200.2 169.9 162.5 151.2 222.5 167.9 180.0 194.7 218.6 226.0 213.6 183.6 0.3 0.2 1.3 -0.2 0.3 0.5 -0.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 -0.4 1.0 -0.8 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.6 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. 2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods................................. . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities.......................................... . Information........................................ . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services.................................... . Government............................................ . 76,965 63,943 4,965 81 1,111 3,773 2,018 1,755 58,978 11,327 1,845.6 7,514.4 1,823.3 144.0 1,265 5,071 10,502 19,106 8,599 3,108 13,022 78,188 64,839 4,993 84 1,145 3,764 2,021 1,743 59,846 11,283 1,866.8 7,487.5 1,779.9 148.5 1,229 5,096 10,568 19,747 8,768 3,155 13,349 78,282 64,904 5,002 85 1,149 3,768 2,026 1,742 59,902 11,269 1,859.3 7,483.5 1,776.5 149.2 1,229 5,099 10,544 19,815 8,784 3,162 13,378 78,412 65,002 5,005 84 1,154 3,767 2,035 1,732 59,997 11,287 1,859.2 7,490.7 1,787.8 149.3 1,232 5,098 10,537 19,873 8,800 3,170 13,410 49.8 48.4 23.1 12.9 14.1 29.1 24.9 36.0 53.3 39.4 30.6 48.5 27.2 25.9 40.5 55.7 46.0 77.0 52.7 53.6 58.3 49.9 48.4 23.1 13.0 14.3 29.1 24.9 36.0 53.3 39.1 30.7 48.2 26.7 26.4 40.7 55.7 46.0 76.9 52.4 53.6 58.3 49.9 48.4 23.1 13.2 14.3 29.0 24.9 36.0 53.3 39.1 30.5 48.2 26.7 26.5 40.5 55.8 46.0 76.8 52.5 53.6 58.3 49.9 48.4 23.1 13.1 14.3 29.0 25.0 35.8 53.3 39.1 30.5 48.2 26.9 26.6 40.4 55.7 45.9 76.8 52.4 53.8 58.3 p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1 [In thousands] Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction......................................................................... . Manufacturing....................................................................... . Durable goods.................................................................... . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... . Wholesale trade.................................................................. . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing............................................... . Utilities............................................................................. . Information........................................................................... . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services.............................................. . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services....................................................................... . 107,475 15,393 471 5,798 9,124 5,624 3,500 92,082 24,212 4,793.8 13,148.2 5,828.6 441.4 2,484 6,845 18,140 21,594 14,088 4,719 108,968 15,442 497 5,880 9,065 5,571 3,494 93,526 24,353 4,803.1 13,265.8 5,836.0 448.5 2,419 6,867 18,131 22,363 14,594 4,799 109,134 15,478 497 5,888 9,093 5,601 3,492 93,656 24,321 4,801.6 13,244.7 5,826.6 448.0 2,426 6,874 18,120 22,457 14,650 4,808 109,338 15,494 500 5,900 9,094 5,601 3,493 93,844 24,352 4,797.6 13,267.9 5,838.7 448.1 2,438 6,877 18,116 22,548 14,712 4,801 1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1 Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS Total private............................................................................ . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging............................................................... . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods............................................................. . Private service-providing........................................................... . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade..................................................................... . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities.......................................................................... . Information........................................................................ . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services.................................................................... . 33.8 40.3 46.7 39.3 40.6 40.9 40.0 32.8 34.0 38.7 30.2 38.0 42.7 36.0 37.1 36.3 32.5 24.4 31.3 33.8 40.6 47.8 39.9 40.7 40.9 40.3 32.6 33.9 38.5 30.3 37.8 42.1 36.0 36.6 36.2 32.5 24.3 31.2 33.8 40.6 48.2 40.0 40.5 40.7 40.2 32.6 34.0 38.7 30.4 37.7 42.0 35.7 36.8 36.3 32.4 24.2 31.2 33.7 40.4 48.0 39.7 40.4 40.6 40.1 32.6 33.8 38.6 30.1 37.8 41.9 36.4 36.7 36.2 32.5 24.3 31.3 AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS Manufacturing.......................................................................... . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 Industry 1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1 Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing...................................... . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction......................................... . Manufacturing....................................... . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities.................................. . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality............................. . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $28.21 28.72 33.41 33.22 25.67 26.85 23.73 28.10 24.53 29.93 20.09 26.38 43.38 38.81 32.91 33.31 29.65 18.39 25.30 $29.19 29.98 34.82 34.64 26.70 27.90 24.76 29.03 25.44 30.61 20.64 28.18 44.84 39.96 34.50 34.53 30.42 19.04 26.07 $29.32 30.23 34.91 34.94 26.91 28.09 24.97 29.14 25.50 30.71 20.72 28.19 45.02 40.29 34.77 34.69 30.41 19.23 26.13 $29.42 30.38 35.31 34.92 27.16 28.49 24.99 29.22 25.62 30.81 20.83 28.25 45.28 40.37 34.70 34.83 30.49 19.24 26.26 $953.50 1,157.42 1,560.25 1,305.55 1,042.20 1,098.17 949.20 921.68 834.02 1,158.29 606.72 1,002.44 1,852.33 1,397.16 1,220.96 1,209.15 963.63 448.72 791.89 $986.62 1,217.19 1,664.40 1,382.14 1,086.69 1,141.11 997.83 946.38 862.42 1,178.49 625.39 1,065.20 1,887.76 1,438.56 1,262.70 1,249.99 988.65 462.67 813.38 $991.02 1,227.34 1,682.66 1,397.60 1,089.86 1,143.26 1,003.79 949.96 867.00 1,188.48 629.89 1,062.76 1,890.84 1,438.35 1,279.54 1,259.25 985.28 465.37 815.26 $991.45 1,227.35 1,694.88 1,386.32 1,097.26 1,156.69 1,002.10 952.57 865.96 1,189.27 626.98 1,067.85 1,897.23 1,469.47 1,273.49 1,260.85 990.93 467.53 821.94 1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1 [2002=100] Index of aggregate weekly hours2 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3 Industry Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Percent change from: Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023p Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods.......................... . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . Utilities................................... . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . Private education and health services.. . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.1 94.8 116.9 114.1 85.0 86.4 82.5 128.7 115.2 110.1 100.7 167.6 96.4 102.1 119.5 147.0 149.6 125.9 103.6 122.7 95.8 126.2 117.5 84.7 85.6 83.0 129.9 115.6 109.7 101.9 167.0 96.6 99.4 118.3 146.5 155.0 129.9 105.0 122.9 96.0 127.3 117.9 84.5 85.6 82.7 130.1 115.8 110.3 102.1 166.2 96.2 98.9 119.1 146.8 155.1 129.9 105.2 122.8 95.7 127.5 117.3 84.3 85.4 82.5 130.3 115.2 109.9 101.3 167.0 96.0 101.3 118.8 146.4 156.2 131.0 105.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.2 -0.5 -0.4 -0.8 0.5 -0.2 2.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 0.8 0.2 1 Dec. 2022 Oct. 2023 Nov. 2023p Dec. 2023p Percent change from: Nov. 2023 Dec. 2023p 228.2 166.7 227.1 204.7 142.8 144.8 138.3 248.0 202.0 194.5 173.4 281.5 174.5 196.1 242.0 291.2 292.8 263.0 191.0 239.4 175.9 255.7 219.7 147.9 149.1 145.2 258.7 210.1 198.3 180.4 299.5 180.7 196.6 251.1 300.9 311.1 280.9 199.5 240.9 177.7 258.5 222.5 148.8 150.2 145.9 260.0 210.9 199.9 181.4 298.3 180.8 197.2 254.7 303.0 311.4 283.6 200.3 241.4 177.9 261.9 221.1 149.8 151.9 145.7 261.2 211.0 199.9 180.9 300.3 181.5 202.4 253.6 303.3 314.4 286.1 201.6 0.2 0.1 1.3 -0.6 0.7 1.1 -0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 -0.3 0.7 0.4 2.6 -0.4 0.1 1.0 0.9 0.6 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. 3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. p Preliminary NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
@FedFRASER