Full text of The Employment Situation : December 1993

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News
Bureau of Labor Statistics

United States
Department
of Labor
Washington, D.C, 20212
USDL 94-02

Technical information:
Household data:
National

(202) 606-6378
606-6373
606-6392
606-6555
606-5902

State
Establishment data:
Media contact:

Transmission of material in this release is
embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Friday, January 7, 1994.

T H E E M P L O Y M E N T SITUATION: D E C E M B E R 1993

The nation's employment situation continued to improve in December, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Employment rose further and the rate of
unemployment—6.4 percent—while little changed from November's 6.5 percent (as revised), has
declined substantially over the past year.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
Percent
January 1991 - December 1993

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted,
Millions
January 1991 - December 1993

8.0

1001

1002

1003

1001

1002

1003

The number of payroll jobs, as measured by the survey of employers, rose by 183,000 in December
(after seasonal adjustment) to 111.0 million. Total employment, as measured through the survey of
households, increased by 329,000 to a seasonally adjusted level of 120.7 million. Both series showed
substantial growth in 1993.
U n e m p l o y m e n t

( H o u s e h o l d

Survey

D a t a )

Both the unemployment rate, 6.4 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, 8.2 million, were
little changed in December, though both measures have generally been trending downward since mid-




This release incorporates annual revisions in seasonally adjusted
unemployment and other labor force series derived from the household
survey. Information on the revisions appears on page 5.

2

Table A* Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Quarterly averages

Monthly data

Nov.-

1993

1993

Dec.

Category

Nov.

Oct.

IV

III

change

Dec.

Labor force status

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Civilian labor force

128,181

128,713

128,580

128,662

128,898

236

Employment

119,543

120,311

119,941

120,332

120,661

329

8,638

8,402

8,639

8,330

8,237

-93

65,618

65,602

65,571

65,659

65,574

-85

1,106

1,126

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

6.4

-0.1

Unemployment
Not in labor force
Discouraged workers

Unemployment rates
All workers
Adult men

6.7

6.5

6.7

6.5

6.4

6.0

6.2

5.9

5.8

-.1

5.7

.0

5.8

5.7

5.8

5.7

18.2

18.3

18.9

18.3

17.8

-.5

White

5.9

5.8

6.1

5.6

5.6

.0

Black

12.6

12.0

11.9

12.5

11.5

-1.0

Hispanic origin

10.2

10.7

11.4

10.4

10.5

.1

Adult women
Teenagers

ESTABLISHMENT D A T A

Employment

Nonfarm employment
Goods-producing

1

Construction
Manufacturing
Service-producing

1

Retail trade

,

110,382

pi 10,860

110,664

pi 10,866

pi 11,049

pl83

22,912

p22,976

22,934

p22,992

p23,002

plO

4,593

p4,651

4,629

p4,663

p4,662

p-1

17,725

pi 7,727

17,709

pl7,735

pl7,737

P2

87,469

p87,884

87,730

p87,874

p88,047

pl73

19,807

pi 9,848

19,846

pl9,833

pl9,865

p32

Services

30,378

p30,635

30,534

p30,651

p30,719

p68

Government

18,863

pl8,916

18,903

pl8,905

pi 8,941

p36

Hours of work2
Total private
Manufacturing
Overtime

34.5

p34.6

34.5

p34.6

p34.6

pO.O

41.4

p41.7

41.6

p41.7

p41.7

p.O

4.1

p4.4

4.3

p4.4

p4.4

p.O

Earnings2
Average hourly earnings,
total private

$10.84

p$10.93

$10.92

p$10.93

p$10.95

p$0.02

374.10

P377.93

376.74

p378.18

P378.87

p.69

Average weekly earnings,
total private
1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.

NOTE: Household data have been revised based on the
experience through December 1993.




p = preliminary.
N.A. = not available.

3

1992. Over the past year, the jobless rate has declined by nearly a full percentage point, and the
unemployed total has fallen by nearly 1.1 million persons. (See table A-l.)
The jobless rates for adult men (5.8 percent) and adult women (5.7 percent) showed little or no
change in December. However, the rate for adult men improved steadily in the second half of 1993,
while that for adult women leveled off, following declines earlier in the year. The unemployment rates for
teenagers (17.8 percent), whites (5.6 percent), and Hispanics (10.5 percent) showed little or no change in
December, while the rate for blacks edged down to 11.5 percent. (See tables A-l and A-2.)
About 1 out of every 5 persons who was unemployed in December had been without work for 6
months or longer. This ratio has declined very little since it reached a recent high point in the fall of
1992. (See table A-5.)
The number of persons at work part time for economic reasons—sometimes referred to as the
"partially unemployed"—was little changed in December at 6.2 million. While down somewhat in recent
months, this series has shown no substantive improvement over the past 2 years. (See table A-3.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment rose by 329,000 in December, marking the third consecutive month of robust
employment growth. Over the past year, employment has risen by about 2-1/2 million. The employmentpopulation ratio (the proportion of the working-age population with jobs) edged upward over the fall
months to 62.0 percent in December. (See table A-l.)
The civilian labor force rose in December to 128.9 million. Over the past year, the labor force grew
by 1.5 million. Adult women made up about three-fifths of this increase, and adult men accounted for the
remainder, as the size of the teenage labor force was unchanged. The labor force participation rate was
66.3 percent in December, about the same as a year earlier. (See table A-l.)
Discouraged Workers (Household Survey Data^
The number of discouraged workers—persons who indicate that they want to work but are not
looking for a job because they think their search would be unproductive—was about unchanged in the
fourth quarter at 1.1 million. The discouraged worker total has held at about this level for over 2 years.
(See table A-l 1.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data^
Nonfarm payroll employment continued to rise in December, growing by 183,000 to 111.0 million,
seasonally adjusted. Over the past year, nonfarm employment has increased by nearly 2 million.
(See table B-l.)
After 2 months of growth totaling 37,000, manufacturing employment was essentially unchanged in
December. There were, however, increases within durable goods, where automobiles and electronics
added 11,000 and 7,000 jobs, respectively. There were also gains in the construction-related lumber and
furniture industries. This was somewhat mitigated by continued job losses in the defense-dependent
aircraft and instruments industries. Among nondurable goods industries, apparel and chemicals continued
their patterns of monthly declines.




4

Construction employment, which had grown markedly in the prior 2 months, held steady in
December, despite a later-than-average survey reference period that probably captured more seasonal
layoffs than usual. A large increase in mining employment attributable to the return to work of striking
coal miners was partly offset by losses in its oil and gas component.
The services industry added 68,000 jobs in December, after seasonal adjustment. The largest gain
took place in personnel supply. Employment gains in health services were smaller than average; hospital
employment has not grown since the spring.
Retail trade rebounded from a small loss in November and added 32,000 jobs in December, the
majority of them in eating and drinking establishments and auto dealerships. Over the year, retail job
growth has totaled 400,000.
The finance industry had substantial job gains for the fourth consecutive month, with increases
totaling 51,000 since August. Some of the December gains in transportation and government were
probably temporary, as air freight companies and the postal service added more workers than normal to
meet the holiday rush. Wholesale trade continued the rebound that began in late summer, which has
totaled 31,000 jobs since August.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was
unchanged in December at 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and overtime
hours held at highs of 41.7 and 4.4 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls was up by 0.2 percent to 125.3 (1982=100) in December. The manufacturing index held steady
at 102.0, as both employment and hours were flat. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly and weekly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls each increased by 0.2 percent in December, after seasonal adjustment. Before seasonal
adjustment, average hourly earnings edged up 1 cent to $10.97 and average weekly earnings were up by
$2.54 to $380.66 in December. Over the year, hourly earnings increased by 2.5 percent and weekly
earnings by 3.1 percent. (See table B-3.)

The Employment Situation for January 1994 will be released on Friday, February 4, at 8:30 A.M.
(EST).




5

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor
force series derived from the Current Population Survey (the CPS, also referred to as the household
survey) to incorporate the experience of that year. Seasonally adjusted data for the most recent 5 years
are subject to revision. (Seasonally adjusted establishment data will be revised in June, concurrently with
the introduction of annual benchmark adjustments.)
Table B summarizes the effects of the revisions on the overall unemployment rate in 1993. Rates for
only 4 months were revised, each by 0.1 percentage point. Revised seasonally adjusted data for major
labor force series for December 1992 through December 1993 are presented in table C.
The January 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings will contain new seasonal adjustment factors
that will be used to calculate the civilian labor force and other major series for the January-June period of
1994. The publication will also contain a description of the current seasonal adjustment methodology and
revised data for the most recent 13 months or calendar quarters for all regularly published tables
containing seasonally adjusted household survey data. Revised monthly data for the 1989-93 revision
period for nearly 450 labor force series will be published in the February 1994 issue of Employment and
Earnings. Microcomputer diskettes of historical seasonally adjusted data (monthly and quarterly) may be
purchased from BLS; contact Gloria P. Green on 202-606-6373.
Table & Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 1993 and change
duetorevision

Month
January.
February.
March.
April
May.
June.
July.
August
September.
October.
November.
December.

As first
computed

As
revised

Change

7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.9
7.0
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.4
*6.3

7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.4

0
0
0
0
0
-.1
0
0
0
-.1
.1
.1

*Not published.
Planned Changes Affecting the Household Survey Data
CPS Redesign

With the release of data for January 1994, estimates from the CPS will reflect the results of a major
redesign of the survey. The redesign is being undertaken to obtain more accurate and comprehensive
information on the labor force. As part of this effort, the survey questionnaire has been revamped to
include many new and revised questions regarding individuals' employment and unemployment activities,
and an automated data collection environment is being introduced.




6

The new questionnaire and mode of collection were tested over the July 1992-December 1993 period,
using a separate sample of households. Data from the test sample indicate that the survey redesign can be
expected to affect most estimates. For example, measured unemployment from the parallel sample was
higher than from the CPS, especially among women.
In addition to the changes in the questionnaire and collection methodology, the measurement of some
labor force concepts was improved as part of the redesign. The biggest changes occurred in the
measurement of discouraged workers and of persons employed part time for economic reasons, where
the adoption of revised criteria results in substantially lower estimates of the numbers of persons in these
two categories. Many other changes have been made to improve the accuracy of the survey and to
provide additional information on labor force topics.
The redesign will necessitate changes in the presentation of household survey data in this release.
Several new series will be created; others will no longer be published. For example, newly available
monthly data on multiple jobholding and discouraged workers will be introduced in a new table A-8 in
next month's release. At the same time, the present table A-7, which contains the U1-U7 range of
alternative unemployment measures, will be temporarily suspended. More information on the tabular
changes will be presented in The Employment Situation news release for January, to be issued on
February 4.
Introduction of 1990 census population controls

With the release of data for January 1994, population controls projected forward from the 1990
decennial census counts (adjusted for the estimated population undercount) will be introduced into the
CPS. This will result in substantially higher levels for the 16-and-over population, labor force, and
employment, and a slightly higher level and rate of unemployment. Revisions to historical data reflecting
the new population estimates will not be made at that time.
A comprehensive examination of the effects of the CPS redesign and the introduction of the 1990
census-based population controls on household survey data, "Revisions in the Current Population Survey
Effective January 1994," will appear in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.




HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table C. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and agef seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status,
sex, and age

1993

1992
Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Percent of population
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

192,509 192,644 192,786 192,959 193,126 193,283 193,456 193,633 193,793 193,971 194,151 194,321 194,472
127,469 127,224 127,400 127,440 127,539 128,075 128,056 128,102 128,334 128,108 128,580 128,662 128,898
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.3
66.2
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.1
66.2
66.2
66.3
66.2
118,155 118,178 118,442 118,562 118,585 119,180 119,187 119,370 119,692 119,568 119,941 120,332 120,661
61.4
61.4
61.8
61.4
61.7
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.3
61.8
61.4
61.9
62.0
9,314 9,046 8,958 8,878 8,954 8,895 8,869 8,732 8,642 8,540 8,639 8,330 8,237
6.7
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.7
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.7
7.1
6.4
7.3
6.5

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Percent of population
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

85,369 85,445
65,762 i. 65,658
76.8
77.0
61,314 61,418
71.9
71.8
2,346 2,328
58,968 59,090
4,448 4,240
6.5
6.8
19,607 19,787

85,554
65,802
76.9
61,477
71.9
2,295
59,182
4,325
6.6
19,752

85,664
65,916
76.9
61,498
71.8
2,261
59,237
4,418
6.7
19,748

85,731
65,902
76.9
61,614
71.9
2,273
59,341
4,288
6.5
19,829

85,816
66,134
77.1
61,849
72.1
2,246
59,603
4,285
6.5
19,682

85,872
66,087
77.0
61,805
72.0
2,220
59,585
4,282
6.5
19,785

85,950
66,140
77.0
61,869
72.0
2,235
59,634
4,271
6.5
19,810

86,002
66,221
77.0
62,006
72.1
2,193
59,813
4,215
6.4
19,781

86,075
66,038
76.7
61,901
71.9
2,264
59,637
4,137
6.3
20,037

86,156
66,306
77.0
62,172
72.2
2,223
59,949
4,134
6.2
19,850

86,245
66,198
76.8
62,315
72.3
2,334
59,981
3,883
5.9
20,047

86,373
66,321
76.8
62,444
72.3
2,300
60,144
3,877
5.8
20,052

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Percent of population
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

93,960
54,895
58.4
51,358
54.7
606
50,752
3,537
6.4
39,065

94,007
54,783
58.3
51,308
54.6
605
50,703
3,475
6.3
39,224

94,088
54,774
58.2
51,479
54.7
564
50,915
3,295
6.0
39,314

94,148
54,759
58.2
51,616
54.8
615
51,001
3,143
5.7
39,389

94,214
54,814
58.2
51,533
54.7
584
50,949
3,281
6.0
39,400

94,264
55,016
58.4
51,777
54.9
597
51,180
3,239
5.9
39,248

94,315
55,132
58.5
51,875
55.0
596
51,279
3,257
5.9
39,183

94,425
55,100
58.4
51,901
55.0
616
51,285
3,199
5.8
39,325

94,490
55,249
58.5
52,084
55.1
614
51,470
3,165
5.7
39,241

94,575
55,251
58.4
52,072
55.1
596
51,476
3,179
5.8
39,324

94,656
55,462
58.6
52.243
55.2
601
51,642
3,219
5.8
39,194

94,709
55,621
58.7
52,423
55.4
597
51,826
3,198
5.7
39,088

94,764
55,783
58.9
52,631
55.5
599
52,032
3,152
5.7
38,981

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Percent of population
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

13,181 13,191 13,143 13,147 13,181 13,203 13,270 13,258 13,301 13,321 13,339 13,367 13,335
6,812 6,783 6,824 6,765 6,823 6,925 6,837 6,862 6,864 6,819 6,812 6,843 6,794
51.5
51.8
52.5
51.4
51.5
51.8
51.6
51.7
51.9
51.2
50.9
51.1
51.2
5,483 5,452 5,486 5,448 5,438 5,554 5,507 5,600 5,602 5,595 5,526 5,594 5,586
41.4
41.3
41.7
42.1
41.3
41.5
42.2
41.4
41.6
42.1
42.0
41.8
41.9
214
257
223
231
215
192
198
270
249
197
233
183
197
5,213 5,203 5,229 5,225 5,224 5,323 5,292 5,408 5,404 5,362 5,329 5,411 5,389
1,329 1,331 1,338 1,317 1,385 1,371 1,330 1,262 1,262 1,224 1,286 1,249 1,208
19.5
18.4
18.4
19.6
20.3
19.8
19.5
19.5
19.6
17.9
18.9
18.3
17.8
6,369 6,408 6,319 6,382 6,358 6,278 6,433 6,396 6,437 6,502 6,527 6,524 6,541

1

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional
population.
2




NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the
experience through December 1993.

Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the
Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current
Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household
survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD
DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted
by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau ofLabor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the
employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that
appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This
information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation
with state agencies. In 1992, the sample included over 370,000
establishments employing over 45 million people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular
week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is
generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month.
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period
including the 12 th, which may or may not correspond directly to the
calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences
between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and
over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or
not in the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least
15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as
employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of
illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed ifthey meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they
were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to
find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need
not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way
depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance
benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in
the laborforce. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as
a percent of the labor force. The laborforce participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and the employmentpopulation ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn
from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores,
as well as Federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on




nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are
counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private
businesses and relate only to production workers in the goodsproducing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing
sector.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual
and methodological differences between the household and
establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment
estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:
• The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excludedfromthe establishment survey.
• The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
• The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in
"Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll
Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request.

Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations
due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or
expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and
closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very
large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of
the month-to-month changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern
each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by
adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or
increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force
each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place
relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of
economic activity hasrisenor declined. However, because the effect
of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics
for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted
figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally
adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted
series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment,
employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and

unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted
component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by
summing the adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by
directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or
more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced
along with newbenchmarks, and again for the November-April period.
In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are
subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather
than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent.
The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the
particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the
standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or
level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the 'true" population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order ofplus or minus
341,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by
100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence
interval on the monthly change would range from -241,000 to 441,000
(100,000 ± 341,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this
interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could
not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If,
however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of
the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater
than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that
an employmentrisehad, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence
interval for the monthly change in unemployment is ± 251,000, and for
the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is ± .22 percentage
point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments
have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than
estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The
precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated
over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal
adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly
estimates.




The household and establishment surveys are also affected by
nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,
including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability
to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct infoimation on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the
collection or processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most
recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this
reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only
after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all
sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered
final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment
survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment
generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation
of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known
as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures,
whereby a specified number ofjobs is added to the monthly samplebased change. The size ofthe monthly bias adjustment is based largely
on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of
employment and the total counts of employment described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are
adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll
employment obtainedfromadministrative records ofthe unemployment
insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a
benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error.
The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total
nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to
0.6 percent.

Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and
Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $ 13.00 per
issue or S31.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a
check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or
by charging to Mastercard or Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling
error for the household survey data published in this release. For
unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear
in tables 1-B through 1-Hofits "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the
reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the
actual amounts ofrevision due to benchmark adjustments are provided
in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication.
Information in thisreleasewill be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment atatu8 of the civilian population by 8ex and age
(Numbers in thousands)

Seasonally adjusted1

Not 8easonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, arid age
Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

192,509
126,902
65.9
118,073
61.3
2,931
115,142
8,829
7.0
65,607

194,321
128,521
66.1
120,632
62.1
3,060
117,572
7,890
6.1
65,800

194,472
128,401
66.0
120,636
62.0
2,837
117,800
7,764
6.0
66,071

192,509
127,469
66.2
118,155
61.4
3,222
114.933
9,314
7.3
65,040

193,793
128,334
66.2
119,692
61.8
3,005
116,687
8,642
6.7
65,459

193,971
128,108
66.0
119,568
61.6
3,093
116,475
8,540
6.7
65,863

194,151
128,580
66.2
119,941
61.8
3,021
116,920
8,639
6.7
65,571

194,321
128,662
66.2
120,332
61.9
3,114
117,218
8,330
6.5
65,659

194,472
128,898
66.3
120,661
62.0
3,096
117,565
8,237
6.4
65,574

92,060
68,867
74.8
63,809
69.3
5,058
7.3

93,033
69,440
74.6
65,147
70.0
4,293
6.2

93,116
69,319
74.4
64,919
69.7
4,399
6.3

92,060
69,379
75.4
64,178
69.7
5,201
7.5

92,749
69,847
75.3
64,904
70.0
4,943
7.1

92,843
69,580
74.9
64,756
69.7
4,824
6.9

92,941
69,820
75.1
64,971
69.9
4,849
6.9

93,033
69,730
75.0
65,144
70.0
4,586
6.6

93,116
69,813
75.0
65,259
70.1
4,554
6.5

85,369
65,509
76.7
61,126
71.6
2,184
58,942
4,383
6.7

86,245
66,053
76.6
62,430
72.4
2,323
60,107
3,622
5.5

86,373
66,072
76.5
62,265
72.1
2,146
60,119
3,807
5.8

85,369
65,762
77.0
61,314
71.8
2,346
58,968
4,448
6.8

86,002
66,221
77.0
62,006
72.1
2,193
59,813
4,215
6.4

86,075
66,038
76.7
61,901
71.9
2,264
59,637
4,137
6.3

86,156
66,306
77.0
62,172
72.2
2,223
59,949
4,134
6.2

86,245
66,198
76.8
62.315
72.3
2,334
59,981
3,883
5.9

86,373
66,321
76.8
62,444
72.3
2,300
60,144
3,877
5.8

100,449
58,035
57.8
54,264
54.0
3,771
6.5

101,288
59,081
58.3
55,485
54.8
3.596
6.1

101,356
59,082
58.3
55,717
55.0
3,365
5.7

100,449
58,090
57.8
53,977
53.7
4,113
7.1

101,044
58,487
57.9
54,788
54.2
3,699
6.3

101,128
58,528
57.9
54,812
54.2
3,716
6.3

101,210
58,760
58.1
54,970
54.3
3,790
6.4

101,288
58,932
58.2
55,188
54.5
3,744
6.4

101,356
59,085
58.3
55,402
54.7
3,683
6.2

93,960
54,997
58.5
51,688
55.0
552
51,136
3,309
6.0

94,709
55,908
59.0
52,830
55.8
595
52,236
3,078
5.5

94,764
55,931
59.0
52.978
55.9
548
52,431
2,952
5.3

93,960
54,895
58.4
51,358
54.7
606
50,752
3,537
6.4

94,490
55,249
58.5
52,084
55.1
614
51,470
3,165
5.7

94,575
55,251
58.4
52,072
55.1
596
51,476
3,179
5.8

94,656
55,462
58.6
52,243
55.2
601
51,642
3,219
5.8

94,709
55,621
58.7
52,423
55.4
597
51,826
3,198
5.7

94,764
55.783
58.9
52,631
55.5
599
52,032
3,152
5.7

13,181
6,396
48.5
5,260
39.9
195
5,064
1,136
17.8

13,367
6,560
49.1
5,371
40.2
141
5,230
1,189
18.1

13,335
6,398
48.0
5,393
40.4
144
5,250
1,005
15.7

13,181
6,812
51.7
5,483
41.6
270
5,213
1,329
19.5

13,301
6,864
51.6
5,602
42.1
198
5,404
1,262
184

13,321
6,819
51.2
5,595
42.0
233
5,362
1,224
17.9

13,339
6,812
51.1
5,526
41.4
197
5,329
1,286
18.9

13,367
6,843
51.2
5,594
41.8
183
5,411
1,249
18.3

13,335
6,794
50.9
5,586
41.9
197
5,389
1,208
17.8

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation;
therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally
adjusted columns




NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the
experience through December 1993

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)

Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

163,259
108,390
66.4
101,847
62.4
6,543
6.0

164,421
109,670
66.7
103,854
63.2
5,816
5.3

164,516
109,576
66.6
103,733
63.1
5.844
5.3

163,259
108,861
66.7
101,944
62.4
6,917
6.4

164,074
109,646
66.8
103,179
62.9
6,467
5.9

164,190
109,492
66.7
103,094
62.8
6,398
5.8

164,309
110,009
67.0
103,273
62.9
6,736
6.1

164,421
109,804
66.8
103,662
63.0
6,142
5.6

164,516
110,016
66.9
103,807
63 1
6,209
5.6

56,735
77.3
53,359
72.7
3,376
6.0

57,045
77.1
54,366
73.5
2,678
4.7

57,067
77.1
54,102
73.1
2,965
5.2

56,941
77.6
53,540
73.0
3,401
6.0

57,196
77.5
53,986
73.2
3,210
5.6

57,097
77.3
53,948
73.1
3,149
5.5

57,390
77.7
54,144
73.3
3,246
5.7

57,123
77.2
54,279
73.4
2,844
5.0

57,280
77.4
54,283
73.3
2,997
5.2

46,218
58.2
43,847
55.2
2.371
5.1

46,965
58.8
44,700
56.0
2,265
4.8

46,977
58.8
44,834
56.1
2,143
4.6

46,145
58.1
43,577
54.9
2,568
5.6

46,586
58.5
44,263
55.5
2,323
5.0

46,544
58.4
44,207
55.4
2,337
5.0

46,710
58.5
44,223
55.4
2,487
5.3

46,768
58.6
44,392
55.6
2,376
5.1

46,872
58.7
44,554
55.8
2,318
4.9

5.436
51.7
4,640
44 1
796
14.6
16.7
12.4

5,660
53.2
4,787
45.0
873
15.4
17.8
12.9

5,533
52.0
4,797
45.1
736
13.3
15.9
10.6

5,775
54.9
4,827
45.9
948
16.4
17.5
15.2

5,864
55.3
4,930
46.5
934
15.9
17.7
14.0

5,851
55.1
4,939
46.5
912
15.6
16.8
14.3

5,909
55.6
4,906
46.2
1,003
17.0
17.9
16.0

5,913
55.6
4,991
46.9
922
15.6
17.7
13.3

5,864
55 1
4,970
46 7
894
15.2
16.9
13.4

22,131
13,852
62.6
11,959
54.0
1,893
13.7

22,475
14,049
62.5
12,350
54.9
1,699
12.1

22,504
13,935
61.9
12,406
55.1
1,529
11.0

22,131
13,933
63.0
11,954
54.0
1,979
14.2

22,375
13,969
62.4
12,225
54.6
1,744
12.5

22,408
13,952
62.3
12,202
54.5
1,750
12.5

22,442
13,945
62.1
12,292
54.8
1,653
11.9

22,475
14,057
62.5
12,297
54.7
1,760
12.5

22,504
14,011
62.3
12,397
55.1
1,614
11.5

6.420
71.8
5,599
62.6
821
12.8

6,520
71.7
5,763
63.4
757
11 6

6.434
70.6
5,793
63.5
641
10.0

6,460
72.2
5,594
62.6
866
13.4

6,552
72 4
5,764
63.7
788
12.0

6,507
71.8
5,717
63.1
790
12.1

6,482
71.5
5,770
63.6
712
11.0

6,529
71 8
5,725
63 0
804
12.3

6,469
70.9
5,787
63.5
682
10 5

6.690
60.2
5,899
53.1
791
11.8

6,823
60.6
6,162
54.7
661
97

6,824
60.5
6,171
54 7
653
9.6

6,672
60.1
5,875
52.9
797
11.9

6,644
59.2
5,947
53.0
697
10.5

6,686
59.5
6,001
53.4
685
10.2

6,731
59 8
6,059
53.9
672
10.0

6,766
60.1
6,111
54.2
655
9.7

6,801
60.3
6,143
54.5
658
9.7

742
35.7
461
22.2
281
37.8
40 7
34.3

706
33.3
425
20.0
281
39.8
39.4
40.2

676
32.1
442
21.0
234
34.6
37.4
32.0

801
38.5
485
23.3
316
39.5
41.5
37.0

773
36.8
514
24.5
259
33.5
34 9
32.0

759
35.9
484
22.9
275
36.2
39 7
32.3

732
34.5
463
21.8
269
36.7
40.6
32.8

762
35.9
461
21.7
301
39.5
39 2
39 7

741
35.2
467
22.2
274
37 0
38 8
35.2

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Men
Women

BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Men
Women

See footnotes at end of table




HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)

Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

15,461
10,174
65.8
9,060
58.6
1,114
10.9

15,967
10.505
65.8
9,411
58.9
1,094
10.4

16,014
10,550
65.9
9,483
59.2
1,067
10.1

15,461
10,252
66.3
9,098
58.8
1,154
11.3

15,824
10,331
65.3
9,311
58.8
1,020
9.9

15,871
10,433
65.7
9,394
59.2
1,039
10.0

15,917
10,586
66.5
9,384
59.0
1,202
11.4

15,967
10,575
66.2
9,476
59.3
1,099
10.4

16,014
10,625
66.3
9,513
59.4
1,112
10.5

HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore,
identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and

Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through
December 1993.

Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)

Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Category
Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

118,073
40,790
30,565
6,625

120,632
41,048
31,180
6,681

120,636
41,069
31,327
6,696

118,155
40,674
30,315
6,603

119,692
40,792
30,536
6,840

119,568
40,826
30,509
6,833

119,941
40,816
30,641
6,784

120,332
40,842
30,872
6,704

120,661
40,951
31,051
6,693

31,679
36,846
16,220
13,223
17,031
3,074

32,988
36,864
16,585
13,774
17,209
3,212

32,920
37,425
16,717
13,373
17,269
2,933

31,544
36,669
16,249
13,288
16,961
3,492

32,476
36,902
16,470
13,726
16,892
3,262

32,538
36,832
16,547
13,487
16,968
3,319

32,635
36,965
16,599
13,430
16,996
3,287

32,739
36,974
16,688
13,597
16,958
3,389

32,764
37,243
16,734
13,445
17,209
3,325

1,572
1,279
80

1,665
1,309
85

1,611
1,154
72

1,692
1,408
102

1,566
1,312
110

1,667
1,319
90

1,657
1,274
97

1,719
1,311
89

1,724
1,269
92

106,221
18,334
87,887
1,067
86,820
8,715
206

108,215
18,707
89,509
1,048
88,461
9,137
219

108,552
18,712
89,839
1,056
88,783
9,049
199

105,924
18,107
87,817
1,106
86,711
8,710
225

107,370
18,527
88,843
1,128
87,715
9,026
245

107,331
18,507
88,824
1,123
87,701
8,949
250

107,727
18,476
89,251
1,179
88,072
8,961
229

107,975
18,493
89,482
1,103
88,379
9,011
223

108,247
18,503
89,744
1,104
88,640
9,053
217

All industries:
Part time for economic reasons
Slack work
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time

6,215
3,313
2,697
15,976

6,039
3,056
2,749
16,433

6,090
3,221
2,656
16,528

6,344
3,196
2,868
14,865

6,469
3,202
2,935
15,216

6,394
3,167
2,937
15,182

6,202
3,072
2,872
15,201

6,126
3,037
2,810
15,290

6,217
3,099
2,828
15,373

Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons
Slack work
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time

5,935
3,095
2,646
15,609

5,784
2,893
2,661
16,040

5,787
3,000
2,585
16,118

6,085
3,021
2,799
14,444

6,216
3,049
2,856
14,814

6,173
3,006
2,879
14,757

5,957
2,927
2,773
14,788

5,904
2,905
2,719
14,858

5,934
2,922
2,739
14,909

CHARACTERISTIC
Civilian employed, 16 years and over
Married men, spouse present
Married women, s|X>use present
Women who maintain families

OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty
Technical, sales, and administrative suiaport
Service occupations
Precision production, craft, and repair
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing

INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Unpjaid family workers
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers
Government
Private industries
Private households
Other industries
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME1

1
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for
such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute.




NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the
experience through December 1993

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected unemployment Indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Category

Unemployment rates1

Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

9,314
4,448
3,537
1,329

8,330
3,883
3,198
1,249

8,237
3,877
3,152
1,208

7.3
6.8
6.4
19.5

6.7
6.4
5.7
18.4

6.7
6.3
5.8
17.9

6.7
6.2
5.8
18.9

6.5
5.9
5.7
18.3

6.4
5.8
5.7
17.8

Married men, spouse present
Married women, spouse present
Women who maintain families

2,039
1,576
750

1,703
1,423
667

1,673
1,405
760

4.8
4.9
10.2

4.4
4.5
9.0

4.2
4.6
9.0

4.4
4.8
9.3

4.0
4.4
9.0

3.9
4.3
10.2

Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Labor force time lost2

7,563
1,780

6,707
1,565

6,760
1,489

6.9
9.8
8.1

6.5
8.5
7.7

6.3
8.6
7.5

6.4
8.9
7.6

6.1
8.6
7.2

6.1
8.1
7.2

CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over
Men, 20 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

—

—

—

3

OCCUPATION

Managerial and professional specialty
Technical, sales, and administrative support
Precision production, craft, and repair
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing

1,048
2,282
1,264
1,896
323

982
2,029
969
1,719
286

952
1,983
1,075
1,730
316

3.2
5.9
8.7
10.1
8.5

2.8
5.3
7.5
10.4
7.5

2.8
5.3
7.6
10.1
7.7

2.8
5.3
7.9
9.8
8.1

2.9
5.2
6.7
9.2
7.8

2.8
5.1
7.4
9.1
8.7

7,209
2,513
40
952
1,521
903
618
4,696
366
1,987
2,343
672
234

6,455
2,165
52
744
1,369
772
597
4,290
354
1,886
2,050
581
197

6,391
2,138
51
765
1,322
747
575
4,253
353
1,843
2,057
598
220

7.6
9.2
6.0
15.9
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.9
5.4
8.1
6.4
3.6
12.1

7.0
8.9
7.2
14.7
7.3
7.2
7.4
6.2
5.4
7.6
5.4
3.3
12.1

6.9
8.8
7.5
14.1
7.2
7.3
7.2
6.2
5.3
7.5
5.5
2.8
10.4

6.9
8.4
6.5
13.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.3
5.5
7.9
5.5
3.1
11.8

6.7
8.0
7.2
12.2
6.7
6.5
7.0
6.2
5.2
7.7
5.5
3.0
10.3

6.6
7.9
6.9
12.7
6.5
6.3
6.8
6.2
5.1
7.4
5.5
3.1
11.3

INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers
Goods-producing industries
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Service-producing industries
Transportation and public utitities
Wholesale and retail trade
Finance and service industries
Government workers
Agricultural wage and salary workers
1

Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for
economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
3
Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for sen/ice occupations are not
available because the seasonal components are small relative to the
2

trend-cycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be
separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through
December 1993.

Table A-5. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Weeks of unemployment
Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

2,757
2,736
3,336
1,434
1,901

2,855
2,327
2,707
1,048
1,659

2,764
2,297
2,703
1,071
1,632

3,040
2,674
3,542
1,538
2,004

3,046
2,608
3,000
1,259
1,741

3,052
2,457
3,047
1,297
1,750

3,156
2,491
3,030
1,284
1,746

2,946
2,401
2,971
1,216
1,755

3,063
2,247
2,864
1,150
1,714

19.2
9.5

18.8
8.2

18.4
84

19.0
9.3

18.3
8.4

18.4
8.9

184
8.3

18.9
8.5

18.2
8.2

100.0
31.2
31.0
37.8
16.2
21.5

100.0
36.2
29 5
34.3
13.3
21.0

100.0
35.6
29.6
34.8
13.8
21.0

100.0
32.8
28.9
38.3
16.6
21.7

100.0
35.2
30.1
347
14.5
20 1

100.0
35.7
28.7
35.6
15.2
20.5

100.0
36.4
28.7
34.9
14.8
20.1

100.0
35.4
28.9
35.7
14.6
21 1

100.0
37.5
27.5
35.0
14 1
21.0

DURATION
Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks
15 weeks and over
15 to 26 weeks
27 weeks and over
Average (mean) duration, in weeks
Median duration, in weeks

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed
Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks
15 weeks and over
15 to 26 weeks
27 weeks and over

NOTE Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December 1993




HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Reason
Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

5,142
1,276
3,866
880
2,007
801

4,196
3,314
989
1,963
741

4,492
1,145
3,348
834
1,783
655

5,076
1,180
3,896
978
2,270
939

4,864
1,190
3,674
2,081
834

882

4,699
1,112
3,587
926
2,075
843

4,779
1,216
3,563
957
2,084
839

4,444
963
3,481
960
2,084
833

4,442
1,060
3,382
932
2,018
797

100.0
58.2
14.5
43.8
10.0
22.7
9.1

100.0
53.2
11.2
42.0
12.5
24.9
9.4

100.0
57.9
14.7
43.1
10.7
23.0
8.4

100.0
54.8
12.7
42.1
10.6
24.5
10.1

100.0
56.2
13.7
42.4
10.2
24.0
9.6

100.0
55.0
13.0
42.0
10.8
24.3
9.9

100.0
55.2
14.0
41.1
24.1
9.7

100.0
53.4
11.6
41.8
11.5
25.0
10.0

100.0
54.2
12.9
41.3
11.4
24.6
9.7

4.1
.7
1.6

3.3
.6

4.0
.8
1.8
.7

3.8
.7
1.6
.6

3.7
.7

.6

3.5
.6
1.4
.5

3.7
.7
1.6
.7

3.5
.7
1.6
.6

3.4
.7
1.6
.6

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers
On layoff
Other job losers
Job leavers
Reentrants
New entrants

882

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed
Job losers
On layoff
Other job losers
Job leavers
Reentrants
New entrants

11.1

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers
Job leavers
Reentrants
New entrants

.8

1.5

1.6

.7

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December 1993.

Table A-7. Range of unemployment measures based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force, seasonally
adjusted
(Percent)

Quarterly averages
Measure

1992

Monthly data

1993

1993

IV

I

II

III

IV

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian
labor force

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.2

U-2 Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force

4.1

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.5

3.7

3.5

3.4

U-3 Unemployed persons 25 years and over as a percent of the civilian
labor force for persons 25 years and over

6.0

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.4

5.6

5.3

53

U-4 Unemployed full-time jobseekers as a percent of the full-time civilian
labor force

7.0

6.7

6.6

6.5

6.2

6.4

6.1

6.1

U-5a Total unemployed as a percent of the labor force,
including the resident Armed Forces

7.2

7.0

6.9

6.7

6.5

6.6

6.4

6.3

U-5b Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor
force

7.3

7.0

7.0

6.7

6.5

6.7

6.5

6.4

U-6 Total full-time jobseekers plus 1/2 part-time jobseekers plus 1/2 total
on part time for economic reasons as a percent of the civilian labor
force less 1/2 of the part-time labor force

9.9

9.6

9.5

9.3

9.0

9.2

8.8

8.9

U-7 Total full-time jobseekers plus 1/2 part-time jobseekers plus 1/2 total
on part time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less
1/2 of the part-time labor force

10.7

10.4

10.4

10.1

9.8

N.A.

N.A.

NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December
1993.




N.A. = not available

Oct

N.A

Nov

Dec.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Sex and age

Unemployment rates'

Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Total, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 years and over
25 to 54 years
55 years and over

9,314
2,886
1,329
600
737
1,557
6,420
5,744
688

8,330
2,568
1,249
566
687
1,319
5,747
5,124
649

8,237
2,480
1,208
527
689
1,272
5,750
5,106
657

7.3
14.0
19.5
22.4
17.9
11.3
6.0
6.3
4.5

6.7
13.2
18.4
20.0
17.2
10.6
5.5
5.7
4.3

6.7
12.7
17.9
19.1
16.9
10.0
5.5
5.7
4.7

6.7
12.9
18.9
20.7
17.7
9.9
5.6
5.8
4.5

6.5
12.7
18.3
20.5
16.8
9.9
5.3
5.5
4.2

6.4
12.3
17.8
19.0
17.1
9.5
5.3
5.5
4.2

Men, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 years and over
25 to 54 years
55 years and over

5,201
1,620
753
333
419
867
3,587
3,175
426

4,586
1,438
703
314
388
735
3,141
2,755
391

4,554
1,389
677
286
390
712
3,171
2,774
411

7.5
14.9
20.8
23.4
19.2
11.9
6.1
6.4
4.9

7.1
14.5
20.1
21.7
19.0
11.7
5.7
5.9
4.9

6.9
13.7
19.4
20.3
18.2
10.9
5.7
5.8
5.3

6.9
13.8
20.3
22.0
19.2
10.6
5.7
5.9
4.8

6.6
13.6
19.9
21.7
18.5
10.4
5.3
5.5
4.5

6.5
13.2
19.4
19.9
18.9
10.1
5.4
5.5
4.7

Women, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 years and over
25 to 54 years
55 years and over

4,113
1,266
576
267
318
690
2,833
2,569
262

3,744
1,130
546
252
299
584
2,606
2,369
258

3,683
1,091
531
241
299
560
2,579
2,332
246

7.1
13.1
18.0
21.2
16.4
10.6
5.9
6.1
3.9

6.3
11.8
16.5
18.1
15.1
9.4
5.3
5.5
3.5

6.3
11.6
16.4
17.8
15.5
9.1
5.3
5.6
3.9

6.4
11.9
17.3
19.4
16.0
9.0
5.4
5.7
4.2

6.4
11.7
16.5
19.2
14.9
9.3
5.3
5.6
3.8

6.2
11.3
16.1
18.1
15.1
8.8
5.2
5.5
3.6

1
Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December 1993.

Table A-9. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force

Veteran status
and age

Civilian
noninstitutional
population

Unemployed
Total

Employed

Number

Percent of
labor force

Dec
1992

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Dec.
1993

7,890
6,126
842
2,487
2,797
1,764

7,919
5,746
635
2,100
3,011
2,173

7,006
5,665
766
2,283
2,616
1,341

7,008
5,340
586
1,943
2,810
1,668

6,590
5,309
691
2,129
2,490
1,280

6,676
5,070
546
1,819
2,705
1,606

416
356
75
154
127
61

332
270
40
125
105
62

5.9
6.3
9.8
6.8
4.8
4.5

4.7
5.1
6.8
6.4
3.7
3.7

19,849
8,871
6,495
4,483

20,866
9,106
7,053
4,707

18,508
8,362
6,060
4,087

19,294
8,501
6,503
4,290

17,463
7,825
5,769
3,869

18,337
8,067
6,189
4,081

1,045
537
290
218

957
433
314
210

5.6
64
4.8
5.3

5.0
5.1
4.8
4.9

Dec.
1992

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Dec
1993

VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS
Total, 35 years and over
35 to 49 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 years and over

NONVETERANS
Total, 35 to 49 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years

NOTE: Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces
between August 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who have




never served in the Armed Forces,

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Employment status of the civilian population for 11 large states

(Numbers in thousands)
Seasonally adjusted 2

Not seasonally ad usted 1
State and employment status

Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

23,167
15,311
13,886
1,425
9.3

23,463
15,269
13,954
1,314
8.6

23,483
15,277
14,006
1,272
8.3

23,167
15,366
13,862
1,503
9.8

23,397
15,186
13,814
1,372
9.0

23,419
15,300
13,867
1,433
9.4

23,442
15,378
13,878
1,500
9.8

23,463
15,228
13,918
1,310
8.6

23,483
15,294
13,969
1,325
8.7

10,710
6,540
6,129
411
6.3

10,857
6,743
6,335
408
6.1

10,867
6,766
6,357
409
6.0

10,710
6,586
6,109
477
7.2

10,823
6,581
6,112
469
7.1

10,835
6,635
6,210
425
6.4

10,846
6,620
6,153
467
7.1

10,857
6,762
6,323
438
6.5

10,867
6,835
6,357
478
7.0

8,992
6,177
5,730
447
7.2

9,046
6,124
5,783
342
5.6

9,050
6,174
5,813
361
5.8

8,992
6,205
5,773
432
7.0

9,029
6,131
5,663
468
7.6

9,035
6,092
5,575
516
8.5

9,041
6,091
5,618
473
7.8

9,046
6,136
5,775
361
5.9

9,050
6,192
5,846
346
5.6

4,635
3,135
2,887
248
7.9

4,627
3,140
2,948
192
6.1

4,626
3,132
2,950
181
5.8

4,635
3,139
2,868
271
8.6

4,630
3,145
2,925
220
7.0

4,629
3,168
2,940
229
7.2

4,629
3,179
2,959
220
6.9

4,627
3,158
2,951
207
6.6

4,626
3,136
2,939
197
6.3

7,051
4,611
4,281
331
7.2

7,079
4,670
4,366
305
6.5

7,082
4,704
4,384
320
6.8

7,051
4,608
4,239
369
8.0

7,070
4,687
4,381
306
6.5

7,073
4,664
4,352
312
6.7

7,077
4,692
4,370
322
6.9

7,079
4,658
4,331
326
7.0

7,082
4,700
4,350
351
7.5

6,030
4,009
3,696
313
7.8

6,040
3,978
3,741
237
5.9

6,041
3,983
3,716
267
6.7

6,030
4,008
3,676
332
8.3

6,036
3,942
3,662
280
7.1

6,038
3,935
3,632
303
7.7

6,039
3,937
3,681
256
6.5

6,040
4,008
3,759
249
6.2

6,041
3,979
3,698
281
7.1

13,820
8,540
7,845
695
8.1

13,828
8,442
7,831
611
7.2

13,827
8,407
7,779
628
7.5

13,820
8,584
7,858
726
8.5

13,824
8,482
7,814
668
7.9

13,825
8,372
7,777
596
7.1

13,827
8,512
7,843
669
7.9

13,828
8,474
7,835
639
7.5

13,827
8,460
7,814
646
7.6

California
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Florida
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Illinois
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Massachusetts
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Michigan
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

New Jersey
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

New York
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

See footnotes at end of table.




HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Employment status of the civilian population for 11 large states — Continued

(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally ad usted
State and employment status

Seasonally adjusted 2

1

Dec.
1992

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993

Dec.
1993

5,160
3,494
3,310
184
5.3

5,234
3,517
3,380
137
3.9

5,241
3,486
3,355
132
3.8

5,160
3,521
3,324
197
5.6

5,212
3,448
3,290
158
4.6

5,220
3,449
3,303
146
4.2

5,227
3,493
3,323
169
4.8

5,234
3,497
3,360
137
3.9

5,241
3,512
3,368
144
4.1

8,360
5,405
5,024
381
7.1

8,414
5,491
5,166
325
5.9

8,420
5,516
5,178
339
6.1

8,360
5,439
5,043
395
7.3

8,396
5,502
5,193
309
5.6

8,402
5,442
5,043
399
7.3

8,409
5,453
5,096
358
6.6

8,414
5,491
5,132
359
6.5

8,420
5,563
5,216
347
6.2

9,462
5,995
5,589
407
6.8

9,495
6,063
5,657
406
6.7

9,498
5,997
5,650
346
5.8

9,462
6,031
5,588
442
7.3

9,485
6,087
5,632
454
7.5

9,488
6,053
5,637
417
6.9

9,492
6,015
5,593
422
7.0

9,495
6,025
5,591
433
7.2

9,498
6,020
5,642
378
6.3

12,781
8,762
8,112
650
7.4

12,970
9,071
8,442
629
6.9

12,987
8,971
8,405
566
6.3

12,781
8,798
8,124
674
7.7

12,913
8,928
8,284
644
7.2

12,932
8,968
8,372
596
6.6

12,951
9,093
8,412
681
7.5

12,970
9,091
8,468
624
6.9

12,987
8,994
8,414
580
6.4

North Carolina
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Ohio
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Pennsylvania
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

Texas
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

1
These are the official Bureau of Labor Statistics' estimates used in the
administration of Federal fund allocation programs.
2
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore,
identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and the seasonally adjusted




columns.
NOTE: Revised seasonal adjustment factors are not yet available for State
data. The seasonally adjusted series will be revised for the release of January
data on February 4.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and race, quarterly averages
(In thousands)

Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally
adjusted
Reason, sex, and race

1993

1992

1993

1992

IV

IV

IV

I

II

III

IV

65,374

TOTAL
65,825

65,089

65,441

65,398

65,618

65,602

59,349
8,320
5,170
21,100
20,657
4,102

59,833
8,434
5,639
20,282
21,289
4,189

58,930
6,827
5,171
21,233
20,853
4,846

59,023
6,785
5,367
21,273
20,848
4,750

59,222
6,949
5,427
21,257
20,937
4,652

59,151
6,928
5,602
20,645
21,207
4,770

59,395
6,935
5,627
20,426
21,483
4,924

6,025
1,557
1,150
1,159
1,063
689
374
1,096

5,993
1,462
1,059
1,223
1,075
690
385
1,173

6,258
1,586
1,195
1,217
1,109
713
396
1,151

6,302
1,531
1,094
1,324
1,124
781
343
1,230

6,387
1,514
1,168
1,328
1,183
760
423
1,194

6,473
1,712
1,142
1,314
1,106
743
364
1,199

6,220
1,504
1,079
1,287
1,126
716
409
1,224

Total, not in labor force

22,982

23,558

22,618

22,843

22,849

23,035

23,242

Do not want a job now

20,831

21,208

20,378

20,405

20,597

20,646

20,708

2,150
690
528
448
483

2,350
773
581
466
530

2,222
706
525
496
495

2,355
733
558
527
536

2,409
742
552
546
569

2,389
785
552
521
532

2,437
802
574
516
544

42,392

42,267

42,471

42,598

42,550

42,583

42,359

38,625

38,505

38,687

Total not in labor force
Do not want a job now
Current activity: Going to school
Ill, disabled
Keeping house
Retired
Other activity
Want a job now
Reason not looking: School attendance
Ill health, disability
Home responsibilities
Think cannot get a job
Job-market factors
Personal factors
Other reasons1

Men

Want a job now
Reason not looking: School attendance
Ill health, disability
Think cannot get a job
Other reasons1

Women
Total, not in labor force

38,518

38,625

38,551

38,618

3,875
867
622
1,158
615
613

3,642
689
478
1,223
609
643

4,036
880
670
1,217
613
656

3,948
797
536
1,324
597
693

3,978
772
616
1,328
637
625

4,084
927
590
1,314
585
667

3,783
702
505
1,287
609
680

Total, not in labor force

54,714

54,708

54,446

54,622

54,618

54,568

54,472

Do not want a job now

50,310

50,250

49,922

50,015

50,009

49,943

49,854

4,356
1,081
872
837
710
856

4,400
1,045
766
899
752
938

4,564
1,162
902
885
707
908

4,565
1,018
795
966
774
1,012

4,634
1,023
895
945
820
951

4,657
1,124
824
945
794
971

4,609
1,132
782
952
749
994

Total, not in labor force

8,200

8,503

8,165

8,288

8,370

8,429

8,470

Do not want a job now

6,807

7,204

6,726

6,874

6,969

6,966

7,109

Want a job now
Reason not looking: School attendance
Ill health, disability
Home responsibilities
Think cannot get a job
Other reasons1

1,393
372
244
282
300
195

1,299
326
254
289
259
171

1,403
376
248
275
303
201

1,428
374
250
313
298
193

1,396
392
218
314
307
166

1,505
454
286
332
263
170

1,318
331
258
276
276
177

Do not want a job now
Want a job now
Reason not looking: School attendance
Ill health, disability
Home responsibilities
Think cannot get a job
Other reasons

White

Want a job now
Reason not looking: School attendance
Ill health, disability
Home responsibilities
Think cannot get a job
Other reasons1

Black

1
Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home
responsibilities."




NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience
through December 1993.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employ*** on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

109,079 110,305

110,502

110,664

110,866

111,049

90,313

91,478

91,580

91,761

91,961

92,108

22,927

22,985

22,903

22,886

22,934

22,992

23,002

598
351.2

604
347.1

613
341

592
351

596
352

596
351

594
348

603
343

4,874
1,101.8

4,775
1,092.0

4,578
1,072.1

4,459
1,047

4,593
1,050

4,592
1,050

4,629
1,062

4,663
1,077

4,662
1,082

17,928
12,188

17,835
12,207

17,803
12,184

17,745
12,130

17,913
12,183

17,718
12,071

17,698
12,074

17,709
12,091

17,735
12,125

17,737
12,125

10,152
6,767

10,044
6,749

10,052
6,759

10,041
6,761

10,136
6,757

9,974
6,668

9,974
6,682

9,988
6,702

10,013
6,724

10,027
6,749

676.9
478.8
507.3
684.4
243.5
1,316.5
1,912.9
1,518.0
1,791.8
822.4
583.2
904.8
360.6

698.5
485.5
522.3
673.6
236.0
1,318.5
1,888.2
1,514.7
1,705.7
827.0
521.2
869.1
368.1

695.5
486.5
519.7
675.0
236.9
1,320.2
1,895.5
1,520.8
1,707.0
834.2
515.6
865.6
366.1

691.3
486.6
510.8
676.3
237.2
1,321.1
1,900.9
1,526.6
1,707.1
844.1
508.9
862.5
357.9

683
477
511
683
243
1,310
1,909
1,514
1,784
818
579
903
362

680
479
511
670
236
1,303
1,891
1,506
1,700
812
528
874
360

683
479
512
671
236
1,304
1,893
1,507
1,696
814
527
869
360

690
480
513
672
236
1,307
1,892
1,509
1,697
823
521
868
360

694
482
514
675
237
1,312
1,897
1,515
1,699
828
514
865
360

696
485
515
676
236
1,315
1,897
1,522
1,700
839
505
862
359

7,776
5,421

7,791
5,458

7,751
5,425

7,704
5,369

7,777
5,426

7,744
5,403

7,724
5,392

7,721
5,389

7,722
5,401

7,710
5,376

1,635.8
51.5
670.3
994.5
686.1
1,511.0
1,079.6
154.0
876.1
117.1

1,696.1
48.0
665.9
971.4
677.0
1,503.2
1,067.3
155.8
889.7
116.5

1,659.5
47.7
663.4
966.8
675.8
1,510.8
1,064.2
155.1
891.6
116.3

1,631.6
48.9
660.9
954.8
675.5
1,512.2
1,062.6
151.7
890.6
115.1

1,650
48
670
992
686
1,501
1,080
156
876
118

1,651
45
663
973
678
1,507
1,072
154
886
115

1,640
45
662
969
678
1,507
1,072
154
883
114

1,652
45
663
962
676
1,503
1,068
154
883
115

1,650
47
661
959
675
1,505
1,066
155
889
115

1,645
46
661
954
676
1,503
1,064
154
891
116

86,932

88,222

88,627

88,876

86,094

87,402

87,616

87,730

87,874

88,047

5,759
3,549
1,658.0
729.5
2,210

5,748
3,558
1,658.7
732.4
2,190

5,745
3,559
1,666.0
733.0
2,186

5,767
3,583
1,684.5
736.9
2,184

5,707
3,495
1,611
730
2,212

5,690
3,497
1,631
728
2,193

5,692
3,503
1,630
732
2,189

5,693
3,505
1,631
729
2,188

5,703
3,517
1,640
731
2,186

5,716
3,530
1,637
738
2,186

6,068
3,467
2,601

6,146
3,502
2,644

6,148
3,509
2,639

6,145
3,517
2,628

6,062
3,464
2,598

6,107
3,488
2,619

6,117
3,497
2,620

6,122
3,499
2,623

6,128
3,505
2,623

6,138
3,513
2,625

Retail trade1
General merchandise stores
Food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Apparel and accessory stores
Eating and drinking places

20,020
2,657.3
3,236.5
1,984.4
1,237.0
6,654.7

19,866
2,386.1
3,234.1
2,063.7
1,128.0
6,893.9

20,131
2,509.4
3,249.0
2,061.6
1,171.9
6,889.2

20,421
2,589.4
3,276.3
2,062.6
1,239.7
6,919.3

19,460
2,402
3,175
1,996
1,134
6,703

19,795
2,359
3,226
2,040
1,145
6,902

19,836
2,364
3,220
2,046
1,143
6,927

19,846
2,365
3,228
2,053
1,135
6,929

19,833
2,354
3,214
2,062
1,128
6,945

19,865
2,341
3,215
2,075
1,137
6,968

Finance, insurance, and real estate
Finance
Depository institutions
Insurance
Real estate

6,559
3,175
2,103.5
2,115
1,269

6,613
3,229
2,113.8
2,105
1,279

6,628
3,245
2,119.3
2,111
1,272

6,651
3,263
2,129.0
2,116
1,272

6,575
3,177
2,104
2,116
1,282

6,602
3,215
2,116
2,114
1,273

6,616
3,226
2,117
2,113
1,277

6,654
3,255
2,126
2,115
1,284

6,668
3,266
2,129
2,118
1,284

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

Dec.
1992

Oct.
1993

Total

109,856

111,531

Total private

90,783

92,374

92,494

92,550

22,924

23,309

23,176

613
344.3

600
351.8

Construction1
General building contractors

4,383
1,039.1

Manufacturing
Production workers
Durable goods
Production workers

Goods-producing industries
Mining1
Oil and gas extraction

Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces and basic steel products ...
Fabricated metal products
Industrial machinery and equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Aircraft and parts
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Production workers
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and misc. plastics products
Leather and leather products
Service-producing industries
Transportation and public utilities
Transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Transportation by air
Communications and public utilities
Wholesale trade
Durable goods
Nondurable goods

See footnotes at end of table.




111,803 111,803

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

6,632
3,242
2,122
2,111
1,279i

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Tibia B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by Industry - Continued
(In thousands)
Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Services1
Agricultural services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal sen/ices
Business services
Personnel supply services
Auto repair, services, and parking
Miscellaneous repair services
Motion pictures
Amusement and recreation services
Health services
Hospitals
Legal services
Educational services
Social services
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens
Membership organizations
Engineering and management services
Government
Federal
State
Local

1

Dec.
1992

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

29,453
449.7
1,513.0
1,103.3
5,538.0
1,819.6
883.7
346.4
424.6
1,061.6
8,702.7
3,799.7
919.6
1,814.1
2,016.0

30,692
544.6
1,586.2
1,099.9
6,020.1
2,193.7
944.4
362.4
418.1
1,113.4
8,960.5
3,818.4
928.5
1,875.9
2,092.4

30,666
528.2
1,543.8
1,103.5
6,013.9
2,170.2
952.0
361.3
423.1
1,056.7
8,984.4
3,817.6
930.9
1,908.5
2,109.5

30,639
487.8
1,540.7
1,109.0
6,014.1
2,179.5
957.7
361.2
428.2
1,060.1
9,011.4
3,819.1
931.4
1,879.0
2,113.7

29,524
494
1,566
1,105
5,506
1,791
888
347
421
1,154
8,698
3,800
921
1,717
2,006

30,381
516
1,577
1,123
5,800
2,012
937
355
421
1,212
8,902
3,820
930
1,747
2,110

30,433
524
1,584
1,114
5,814
2,015
942
356
428
1,194
8,933
3,821
933
1,757
2,092

30,534
527
1,596
1,116
5,902
2,085
942
358
426
1,172
8,961
3,818
932
1,755
2,086

30,651
536
1,588
1,116
5,943
2,109
952
360
422
1,175
8,984
3,818
933
1,770
2,099

30,719
535
1,593
1,113
5,978
2,145
963
362
421
1,168
9,002
3,819
933
1,779
2,105

71.9
1,939.8
2,485.0

78.7
1,954.2
2,528.7

75.2
1,956.9
2,534.2

74.9
1,952.7
2,533.6

74
1,950
2,494

77
1,963
2,527

77
1,962
2,540

78
1,964
2,536

78
1,969
2,542

77
1,963
2,544

19,073
2,965
4,513
11,595

19,157
2,886
4,596
11,675

19,309
2,879
4,619
11,811

19,253
2,902
4,578
11,773

18,766
2,968
4,431
11,367

18,827
2,906
4,471
11,450

18,922
2,901
4,507
11,514

18,903
2,901
4,488
11,514

18,905
2,893
4,489
11,523

18,941
2,902
4,497
11,542

Includes other industries, not shown separately.




P > preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
1

Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Dec.
1992

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

34.5

34.6

34.5

34.7

34.3

34.7

34.3

34.5

34.6

34.6

Mining

44.4

45.5

44.6

45.0

43.7

44.6

44.1

45.1

44.1

44.3

Construction

37.2

39.3

38.6

38.3

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Manufacturing
Overtime hours

41.9
4.2

41.8
4.5

42.0
4.6

42.4
4.8

41.2
3.9

41.4
4.1

41.5
4.1

41.6
4.3

41.7
4.4

41.7
4.4

Durable goods
Overtime hours

42.6
4.3

42.5
4.7

42.8
4.9

43.3
5.2

41.8
3.9

42.2
4.2

42.3
4.2

42.4
4.5

42.5
4.7

42.5
4.7

40.8
41.2
42.1
43.8
44.1
42.7
43.7
42.6
43.0
43.7
42.1
40.4

41.4
40.7
43.5
43.6
43.6
42.6
43.2
42.1
43.8
45.4
41.0
40.2

41.4
40.9
43.6
44.1
44.0
42.9
43.4
42.5
44.0
45.6
41.3
40.6

41.6
41.3
43.1
44.2
43.7
43.4
44.3
43.0
44.8
46.4
42.2
40.7

40.5
40.0
42.2
43.3
43.7
41.8
42.6
41.4
42.4
43.4
41.1
39.8

40.8
40.5
42.9
43.5
43.7
42.1
43.0
42.0
43.1
44.4
41.0
39.7

41.1
39.9
42.8
43.4
44.4
42.0
42.8
42.1
43.8
45.1
41.1
39.9

41.2
40.5
42.7
43.6
43.7
42.3
43.2
42.1
43.5
44.8
41.1
39.6

41.5
40.7
43.3
44.0
44.0
42.5
43.2
41.9
43.8
45.7
40.8
39.9

41.3
40.1
43.2
43.8
43.3
42.5
43.2
41.8
44.1
46.1
41.3
40.1

41.1
4.1

40.9
4.3

41.1
4.3

41.3
4.3

40.5
3.9

40.5
3.9

40.5
4.0

40.7
4.1

40.7
4.1

40.7
4.1

41.3
39.5
41.7
37.8
44.3
38.7
43.7
43.9
42.4
39.1

41.4
38.5
41.7
37.2
44.0
38.6
43.2
45.8
41.9
38.7

41.5
37.6
42.2
37.6
44.1
38.8
43.4
43.7
42.3
38.8

41.3
38.9
42.2
37.7
44.5
38.9
44.2
43.8
42.7
38.7

40.6
(2)
41.4
37.4
43.5
38.1
42.8
(2)
41.9
38.7

40.6
(2)
41.4
37.3
43.5
38.1
43.2
(2)
41.8
38.3

40.6
(2)
41.5
36.8
43.8
38.2
43.1
(2)
41.6
38.8

41.0
(2)
41.3
36.9
43.8
38.5
43.4
(2)
41.8
38.7

40.8
(2)
41.9
37.3
43.7
38.4
43.0
(2)
42.1
38.6

40.6
(2)
41.9
37.3
43.7
38.3
43.3
(2)
42.2
38.2

Transportation and public utilities

39.2

39.9

39.9

39.6

39.1

40.1

39.6

39.9

39.8

39.5

Wholesale trade

38.2

38.3

38.2

38.3

38.0

38.3

37.9

38.2

38.2

38.1

Retail trade

29.2

28.8

28.6

29.2

28.8

28.9

28.8

28.9

28.8

28.8

Finance, insurance, and real estate

35.6

35.7

35.7

35.8

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Services

32.3

32.4

32.5

32.5

32.3

32.7

32.2

32.5

32.5

32.6

Total private

Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal products
Industrial machinery and equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Overtime hours
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and misc. plastics products
Leather and leather products

1
Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing;
construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in
transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance,
insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for
approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.




2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted since the
seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle and/or irregular
components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient
preasion.
P = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry
Average weekly earnings

Average hourly earnings
Industry

Dec.
1992

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

$10.97
10.95

$369.15
366.32

$378.52
376.74

$378.12
378.18

$380.66
378.87

14.43

14.66

647.35

657.93

643.58

659.70

14.53

14.45

14.44

530.84

571.03

557.77

553.05

11.64

11.81

11.88

12.00

487.72

493.66

498.96

508.80

Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, day, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal products
Industrial machinery and equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing

12.22
9.51
9.19
11.64
13.81
16.10
11.60
12.63
11.13
15.57
15.75
12.12
9.32

12.41
9.71
9.40
11.92
14.02
16.45
11.74
12.82
11.27
16.03
16.38
12.34
9.40

12.49
9.66
9.45
11.98
14.10
16.55
11.83
12.88
11.35
16.19
16.59
12.37
9.45

12.60
9.69
9.44
11.93
14.22
16.67
11.95
12.98
11.45
16.33
16.74
12.52
9.57

520.57
388.01
378.63
490.04
604.88
710.01
495.32
551.93
474.14
669.51
688.28
510.25
376.53

527.43
401.99
382.58
518.52
611.27
717.22
500.12
553.82
474.47
702.11
743.65
505.94
377.88

534.57
399.92
386.51
522.33
621.81
728.20
507.51
558.99
482.38
712.36
756.50
510.88
383.67

545.58
403.10
389.87
514.18
628.52
728.48
518.63
575.01
492.35
731.58
776.74
528.34
389.50

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and misc. plastics products
Leather and leather products

10.90
10.36
16.35
8.76
7.04
13.27
11.88
14.78
18.11
10.54
7.50

11.04
10.36
16.10
8.96
7.14
13.55
12.04
14.89
18.59
10.63
7.67

11.09
10.54
16.47
8.99
7.19
13.55
12.02
14.95
18.75
10.65
7.79

11.21
10.64
17.10
9.01
7.25
13.65
12.13
15.10
18.92
10.73
7.87

447.99
427.87
645.83
365.29
266.11
587.86
459.76
645.89
795.03
446.90
293.25

451.54
428.90
619.85
373.63
265.61
596.20
464.74
643.25
851.42
445.40
296.83

455.80
437.41
619.27
379.38
270.34
597.56
466.38
648.83
819.38
450.50
302.25

462.97
439.43
665.19
380.22
273.33
607.43
471.86
667.42
828.70
458.17
304.57

Transportation and public utilities

13.58

13.68

13.71

13.77

532.34

545.83

547.03

545.29

Wholesale trade

11.52

11.80

11.79

11.85

440.06

451.94

450.38

453.86

7.20

7.36

7.36

7.35

210.24

211.97

210.50

214.62

Finance, insurance, and real estate

11.03

11.48

11.53

11.60

392.67

409.84

411.62

415.28

Services

10.76

10.89

10.95

10.99

347.55

352.84

355.88

357.18

Dec.
1992

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

$10.70
10.68

$10.94
10.92

$10.96
10.93

Mining

14.58

14.46

Construction

14.27

Manufacturing

Total private
Seasonally adjusted

Retail trade

1

p

See footnote 1, table B-2.




- preliminary.

Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Total private:
Current dollars
Constant (1982) dollars2
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Excluding overtime4
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services

1

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

Percent
change
from:
Nov. 1993Dec. 1993

$10.68
7.40
14.57
14.21
11.58
11.06
13.55
11.46
7.21
10.99
10.67

$10.86
7.39
14.53
14.39
11.77
11.22
13.65
11.80
7.30
11.48
10.83

$10.86
7.39
14.50
14.39
11.84
11.27
13.63
11.76
7.29
11.38
10.84

$10.92
7.40
14.61
14.41
11.83
11.26
13.67
11.84
7.35
11.51
10.89

$10.93
7.40
14.49
14.45
11.88
11.29
13.68
11.78
7.34
11.54
10.91

$10.95
NA
14.66
14.38
11.94
11.33
13.74
11.79
7.36
11.55
10.89

0.2
(3)
1.2
-.5
.5
.4
.4
.1
.3
.1
-.2

See footnote 1, table B-2.
The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this
series.
3
Change was .0 percent from October 1993 to
2

November 1993, the latest month available.
4
Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at
the rate of time and one-half.
N.A.« not available.
P - preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory worksrs1 on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry
(1982*100)
Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Dec.
1992

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

Dec.
1992

Aug.
1993

Sept.
1993

Oct.
1993

Nov.
1993P

Dec.
1993P

Total private

123.2

126.0

125.9

126.5

121.7

124.8

123.7

124.9

125.1

125.3

Goods-producing industries

102.1

106.0

105.2

104.3

101.4

102.4

102.1

102.8

103.7

103.7

55.0

55.1

53.9

54.9

54.1

53.1

53.0

53.9

52.6

54.0

Construction

113.0

136.3

130.3

122.5

116.9

124.9

123.3

124.5

127.9

127.1

Manufacturing

103.0

102.9

103.3

103.8

101.2

100.9

100.9

101.5

102.0

102.0

Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, day, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal products
Industrial machinery and equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing

100.6
119.9
122.3
99.3
86.3
73.2
102.8
92.7
102.2
112.9
133.4
80.0
98.1

100.1
126.3
123.0
106.2
85.1
70.7
103.2
91.3
101.2
109.9
138.5
74.2
100.2

101.0
125.5
124.0
106.0
86.2
71.3
104.3
92.4
102.7
111.0
140.3
74.6
100.0

102.2
125.4
125.1
102.6
86.6
70.9
106.0
94.9
104.5
113.6
144.9
76.0
97.9

98.5
120.3
118.2
100.8
85.2
72.2
99.9
90.2
99.2
110.5
132.2
77.8
97.0

98.2
120.6
120.0
101.9
84.1
70.2
100.6
90.7
99.8
107.8
132.9
74.7
96.0

98.5
122.1
118.8
101.9
84.1
71.7
100.5
90.6
100.3
109.6
135.2
74.5
96.9

99.1
124.0
120.6
102.2
84.6
71.0
101.5
91.8
100.8
108.8
135.4
74.3
96.2

99.7
125.5
122.2
103.9
85.9
71.5
102.6
92.1
100.6
109.8
139.2
73.4
96.5

100.1
125.3
121.0
103.9
85.7
70.3
103.0
92.3
101.4
110.8
143.1
74.2
97.0

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and misc. plastics products
Leather and leather products

106.4
110.9
77.4
99.3
92.3
111.6
125.1
100.0
83.7
129.9
56.6

106.7
116.6
70.2
98.3
88.9
109.7
123.1
100.7
88.8
130.4
55.6

106.5
113.8
68.0
98.9
89.6
109.7
124.5
101.3
84.2
132.2
55.4

105.9
109.9
71.6
98.5
88.5
110.8
124.5
103.1
81.3
133.5
54.4

105.0
110.2
69.3
98.4
91.3
109.4
122.1
98.3
85.5
128.3
56.5

104.6
110.3
60.5
96.8
89.0
108.6
122.4
100.1
85.6
129.5
54.1

104.2
109.3
62.3
97.1
87.7
109.1
122.5
100.6
84.1
128.7
54.2

104.7
111.4
63.2
96.8
87.2
108.9
123.1
101.3
86.3
128.6
54.7

105.0
111.0
67.1
97.8
88.1
108.7
122.6
100.9
82.8
131.0
54.6

104.5
109.2
64.3
97.8
87.6
108.7
121.5
101.2
83.7
131.9
54.0

132.6

135.0

135.2

136.5

130.8

134.9

133.4

134.7

134.8

135.0

Transportation and public utilities

115.9

117.9

117.4

117.1

114.3

116.8

115.3

116.5

116.2

115.6

Wholesale trade

114.3

116.5

116.4

116.3

113.7

115.7

114.6

115.6

115.8

115.6

Retail trade

127.3

124.0

124.9

129.3

121.5

124.0

123.6

124.2

123.7

123.6

Finance, insurance, and real estate

116.8

118.5

118.8

119.6

116.7

120.7

118.4

119.7

119.7

119.8

Services

151.0

158.0

158.1

157.9

151.3

157.7

155.5

157.6

158.0

158.8

Mining

Service-producing industries

1

See footnote 1, table B-2.




P * preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1

Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries

Over 1-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

59.0
39.2
41.9
58.1

57.4
39.9
45.6
59.7

52.1
40.2
51.1
51.0

49.2
36.7
55.9
53.8

49.9
50.0
52.5
56.9

51.3
43.7
45.2
46.5

45.9
47.6
52.2
57.9

44.1
52.9
45.5
44.4

42.7
48.0
52.7
57.2

40.9
46.9
52.4
53.9

41.7
46.1
52.0
P60.1

40.3
45.2
54.8
P56.9

Over 3-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

59.0
33.8
40.7
61.8

59.8
32.4
44.5
60.8

53.9
32.0
51.8
58.7

48.9
39.0
56.0
56.2

48.0
38.9
52.9
52.4

47.2
43.8
50.4
55.1

46.2
48.0
44.8
46.5

40.6
49.4
47.8
52.8

36.9
50.3
47.3
51.8

35.5
44.5
52.0
P61.1

35.5
42.6
54.2
P59.6

35.3
40.3
57.2

Over 6-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

58.7
30.2
45.4
59.7

55.2
33.0
47.1
58.3

55.3
31.9
47.5
58.3

51.3
33.7
51.7
57.7

46.9
39.3
51.3
49.7

43.4
43.7
48.9
51.1

40.4
46.2
47.3
52.9

38.6
45.2
45.6
P56.0

36.0
46.9
48.9
P57.9

33.3
43.8
51.8

32.0
41.6
57.7

31.0
41.2
56.6

Over 12-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

55.5
31.0
47.8
52.5

52.7
31.0
43.0
52.4

51.7
31.7
42.3
53.4

48.5
31.9
42.7
56.6

45.4
31.7
45.8
P58.4

42.6
33.8
47 2
P57.2

39.3
35.8
49.3

36.1
37.5
54.2

35.8
40.0
53.1

33.0
44.9
51.3

33.0
45.5
52.1

30.6
46.3
51.5

Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

48.9
33.8
37.4
53.2

48.6
34.2
41.4
54.7

44.6
33.5
47.8
47.5

47.5
36.3
49.6
36.3

40.3
46.4
45.7
50.7

44.6
42.1
41.0
38.5

40.3
45.3
50.4
50.7

39.6
51.8
37.1
37.1

35.6
41.7
46.8
48.2

38.1
47.1
39.6
49.3

29.1
41.4
50.4
P56.1

34.5
40.3
47.1
P51.1

Over 3-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

45.7
23.7
33.5
55.0

47.1
22.3
38.5
57.6

46.4
19.8
43.5
45.7

39.6
33.5
45.0
42.1

40.3
35.6
41.7
34.2

38.1
38.8
44.6
44.2

36.0
45.7
35.6
32.4

29.1
46.0
37.1
39.2

29.1
48.6
29.9
38.8

22.7
38.8
39.9
P53.6

23.0
37.4
42.8
P54.7

22.3
33.1
51.4

Over 6-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

46.0
14.7
34.9
50.7

41.4
20.9
34.5
46.0

42.4
21.6
36.0
45.0

41.7
25.5
42.8
43.9

35.6
34.5
39.6
32.7

32.4
38.8
36.0
29.9

28.1
42.4
30.2
38.5

25.2
40.3
31.7
P41.4

21.9
41.0
34.2
P48.2

212
38.1
37.4

18.3
34.5
48.6

17.6
34.2
49.6

Over 12-month span:
1990
1991
1992
1993

37.8
16.5
41.0
36.3

35.3
16.2
33.5
37.4

33.5
17.3
31.3
36.0

33.1
18.0
27.7
41.4

28.1
20.9
31.3
P42.8

26.3
24.1
34.5
P44.6

23.7
26.3
35.6

20.5
30.6
41.4

19.4
32.7
41.7

16.5
37.8
37.1

16.2
36.7
38.1

15.8
36.7
36.3

Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans
and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within
the span.
P * preliminary.




NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment
increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment,
where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with
increasing and decreasing employment.