Full text of The Employment Situation : August 1998
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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 98-364 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, September 4, 1998. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: AUGUST 1998 Payroll employment rose, and unemployment was unchanged in August, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 365,000, in part because workers who were off payrolls in July due to strikes and plant shutdowns in automobile-related manufacturing returned to their jobs. The jobless rate remained at 4.5 percent. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) Since June, the number of unemployed persons has remained essentially unchanged at 6.2 million, and the unemployment rate has held at 4.5 percent. Among the major demographic groups, the jobless rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women (4.1 percent), teenagers (15.0 percent), whites (4.0 percent), blacks (9.0 percent), and Hispanics (7.5 percent) were little changed in August. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons declined by 320,000 to 3.5 million. (See table A-4.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was about unchanged over the month at 131.2 million. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 63.8 percent, likewise little changed from the previous month. (See table A-1.) About 7.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in August. These multiple jobholders comprised 5.6 percent of the total employed, compared with 5.8 percent a year earlier. (See table A-10.) The civilian labor force, 137.4 million in August, has remained about unchanged since April. The labor force participation rate—66.9 percent in August--also has remained little changed over this period. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in August. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. - 2 Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| JulyCategory | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | Aug. |_________________|__________________________|change | I | II | June | July | Aug. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 137,524| 137,351| 137,447| 137,296| 137,415| 119 Employment..........| 131,080| 131,349| 131,209| 131,067| 131,168| 101 Unemployment........| 6,444| 6,002| 6,237| 6,230| 6,247| 17 Not in labor force....| 66,871| 67,554| 67,639| 67,973| 68,064| 91 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| .0 Adult men...........| 3.8| 3.6| 3.7| 3.9| 3.7| -0.2 Adult women.........| 4.3| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| .1 Teenagers...........| 14.6| 14.0| 14.6| 13.8| 15.0| 1.2 White...............| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| .2 Black...............| 9.4| 8.7| 8.2| 9.7| 9.0| -.7 Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 6.9| 7.6| 7.2| 7.5| .3 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 124,795| 125,516| 125,751|p125,819|p126,184| p365 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,296| 25,315| 25,304| p25,118| p25,227| p109 Construction......| 5,881| 5,931| 5,946| p5,967| p5,983| p16 Manufacturing.....| 18,825| 18,804| 18,780| p18,580| p18,675| p95 Service-producing 2/| 99,500| 100,201| 100,447|p100,701|p100,957| p256 Retail trade......| 22,274| 22,402| 22,448| p22,545| p22,561| p16 Services..........| 37,019| 37,347| 37,494| p37,580| p37,715| p135 Government........| 19,711| 19,802| 19,813| p19,827| p19,884| p57 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.7| 34.6| 34.6| p34.6| p34.6| p.0 Manufacturing.......| 42.0| 41.7| 41.8| p41.7| p41.7| p.0 Overtime..........| 4.8| 4.6| 4.6| p4.7| p4.4| p-0.3 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 144.3| 144.6| 144.8| p145.2| p145.3| p0.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.59| $12.73| $12.76| p$12.79| p$12.86| p$0.07 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 436.75| 440.46| 441.50| p442.53| p444.96| p2.43 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--totaled 280,000 in August, essentially unchanged from a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 365,000 in August to 126.2 million, seasonally adjusted, following a gain of only 68,000 in July. Part of the August rebound reflected the return of workers to their jobs after strikes and associated plant shutdowns in auto-related manufacturing industries. The average monthly increase in payroll employment in July and August was 217,000. (See table B-1.) Manufacturing employment rose by 95,000 in August, following a loss of 200,000 in July, much of which was strike related. (Persons on strike or on layoff for the entire reference period are not on payrolls and, thus, are not counted as employed in the establishment survey.) In August, employment in motor vehicles and equipment was up by 117,000, largely representing a return to work of persons who were either on strike or on layoff due to strike-related plant shutdowns. Other over-the-month gains at least partly attributable to the settlement of strikes occurred in primary metals (11,000), fabricated metals (7,000), and rubber and miscellaneous plastics (8,000). Despite the return of nearly all of the workers in autos and related industries, manufacturing employment overall was down by 105,000 from its June level. In August, employment in apparel and other textile products declined by 18,000. Other manufacturing industries that experienced over-the-month job losses included electronic components (-6,000), food and kindred products (-4,000), and textile mill products (-3,000). Construction employment continued to grow in August (up 16,000); the industry has added 261,000 jobs since last October. Employment in services rose by 135,000 in August. Help supply services increased by 42,000 jobs, following a decrease of similar magnitude in July. At least some of this movement was attributable to the strikes in auto-related industries. After showing no growth in July, health services rebounded in August with a gain of 24,000 jobs. Nevertheless, average monthly growth in the industry this year has been sharply lower than in 1997. Social services employment increased by 15,000, and the industry has added 75,000 jobs since April. In August, computer and data processing services had a job gain (11,000) that was below the monthly average (17,000) this year. Employment in engineering and management services was little changed, following 3 months of strong gains. Transportation and public utilities added 24,000 jobs in August. Most of the gain was in transportation (23,000), with about half of that increase (12,000) in trucking and warehousing. Employment growth in communications has slowed since April. Employment in retail trade, and in eating and drinking places in particular, was little changed in August, following a substantial gain in July. Employment in wholesale trade increased by 11,000, entirely in durable goods. Employment growth in finance, insurance, and real estate in August (13,000) was well below the average (23,000) for the prior 12 months. Almost all of the August gain was in finance (12,000), led by mortgage brokerages (5,000) and security brokerages (3,000). Employment in real estate did not grow for only the second time this year, and growth in insurance was sluggish, following 4 months of strong gains. Government added 57,000 jobs in August, nearly all in local government (55,000). Local government education increased by 38,000. In contrast, employment in the federal government continued to decline. - 4 Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in August at 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. It has been at this level since June. The manufacturing workweek also was unchanged at 41.7 hours. Factory overtime decreased over the month by 0.3 hour to 4.4 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was little changed in August at 145.3 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.6 percent to 107.9, reflecting the returns from strikes and layoffs in auto-related industries. The manufacturing index in August was 1.0 percent lower than in June. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 7 cents in August to $12.86, seasonally adjusted. This follows increases of 3 cents an hour in each of the prior 3 months. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.5 percent in August to $444.96. Over the year, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 4.2 and 3.9 percent, respectively. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for September 1998 is scheduled to be released on Friday, October 2, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication individuals are counted only once, even if the establishment survey, employees working appearing on more than one payroll would be appearance. of individuals, because they hold more than one job. In at more than one job and thus counted separately for each Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major agesex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. HOUSEHOLD DATA Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate...................... Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate....................... Not in labor force............................ 203,364 137,460 67.6 130,865 64.4 3,661 127,205 6,594 4.8 65,904 205,270 139,336 67.9 132,769 64.7 3,866 128,903 6,567 4.7 65,934 205,479 138,379 67.3 132,206 64.3 3,818 128,388 6,173 4.5 67,100 203,364 136,404 67.1 129,747 63.8 3,379 126,368 6,657 4.9 66,960 204,731 137,242 67.0 131,383 64.2 3,350 128,033 5,859 4.3 67,489 204,899 137,364 67.0 131,453 64.2 3,335 128,118 5,910 4.3 67,535 205,085 137,447 67.0 131,209 64.0 3,343 127,867 6,237 4.5 67,639 205,270 137,296 66.9 131,067 63.9 3,441 127,626 6,230 4.5 67,973 205,479 137,415 66.9 131,168 63.8 3,529 127,640 6,247 4.5 68,064 97,838 74,149 75.8 70,890 72.5 3,259 4.4 98,785 75,467 76.4 72,049 72.9 3,418 4.5 98,892 74,540 75.4 71,537 72.3 3,003 4.0 97,838 73,265 74.9 69,748 71.3 3,517 4.8 98,503 73,799 74.9 70,831 71.9 2,969 4.0 98,591 73,783 74.8 70,685 71.7 3,098 4.2 98,691 73,818 74.8 70,570 71.5 3,249 4.4 98,785 74,027 74.9 70,605 71.5 3,422 4.6 98,892 73,695 74.5 70,441 71.2 3,253 4.4 89,982 69,571 77.3 67,000 74.5 2,424 64,576 2,571 3.7 90,802 70,202 77.3 67,619 74.5 2,586 65,034 2,582 3.7 90,889 69,823 76.8 67,464 74.2 2,556 64,908 2,359 3.4 89,982 69,198 76.9 66,386 73.8 2,311 64,075 2,812 4.1 90,580 69,697 76.9 67,301 74.3 2,420 64,881 2,396 3.4 90,622 69,624 76.8 67,190 74.1 2,324 64,866 2,434 3.5 90,700 69,545 76.7 66,950 73.8 2,333 64,617 2,595 3.7 90,802 69,790 76.9 67,040 73.8 2,394 64,646 2,750 3.9 90,889 69,490 76.5 66,901 73.6 2,443 64,457 2,589 3.7 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate...................... Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............. Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate....................... Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate...................... Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate....................... Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 105,527 106,484 106,587 105,527 106,228 106,308 106,394 106,484 106,587 Civilian labor force.......................... 63,311 63,869 63,839 63,139 63,443 63,581 63,628 63,270 63,721 Participation rate...................... 60.0 60.0 59.9 59.8 59.7 59.8 59.8 59.4 59.8 Employed.................................... 59,976 60,720 60,669 59,999 60,553 60,768 60,640 60,462 60,727 Employment-population ratio............. 56.8 57.0 56.9 56.9 57.0 57.2 57.0 56.8 57.0 Unemployed.................................. 3,335 3,149 3,170 3,140 2,890 2,813 2,989 2,808 2,994 Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.7 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate...................... Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate....................... 98,000 59,123 60.3 56,311 57.5 888 55,423 2,811 4.8 98,778 59,101 59.8 56,569 57.3 868 55,701 2,532 4.3 98,901 59,426 60.1 56,786 57.4 883 55,903 2,639 4.4 98,000 59,362 60.6 56,789 57.9 824 55,965 2,573 4.3 98,583 59,486 60.3 57,075 57.9 705 56,370 2,411 4.1 98,668 59,573 60.4 57,253 58.0 755 56,499 2,320 3.9 98,735 59,599 60.4 57,172 57.9 747 56,424 2,427 4.1 98,778 59,359 60.1 57,000 57.7 793 56,207 2,359 4.0 98,901 59,712 60.4 57,286 57.9 819 56,468 2,426 4.1 15,382 8,765 57.0 7,554 49.1 348 7,205 1,212 13.8 15,690 10,033 63.9 8,580 54.7 412 8,168 1,453 14.5 15,689 9,130 58.2 7,955 50.7 379 7,577 1,175 12.9 15,382 7,844 51.0 6,572 42.7 244 6,328 1,272 16.2 15,569 8,059 51.8 7,007 45.0 225 6,782 1,052 13.1 15,609 8,166 52.3 7,010 44.9 256 6,754 1,156 14.2 15,651 8,302 53.0 7,088 45.3 262 6,826 1,215 14.6 15,690 8,147 51.9 7,027 44.8 254 6,773 1,120 13.8 15,689 8,213 52.4 6,981 44.5 267 6,715 1,232 15.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate...................... Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate....................... 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. HOUSEHOLD DATA Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 170,148 171,513 171,655 170,148 171,141 171,257 171,387 171,513 171,655 Civilian labor force.......................... 115,365 116,570 115,959 114,669 115,057 115,309 115,137 114,975 115,275 Participation rate........................ 67.8 68.0 67.6 67.4 67.2 67.3 67.2 67.0 67.2 Employed.................................... 110,654 112,047 111,511 109,832 110,859 111,025 110,535 110,630 110,708 Employment-population ratio............... 65.0 65.3 65.0 64.6 64.8 64.8 64.5 64.5 64.5 Unemployed.................................. 4,711 4,523 4,448 4,837 4,198 4,284 4,602 4,346 4,567 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.8 4.0 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... 59,307 77.6 57,418 75.2 1,889 3.2 59,768 77.7 57,953 75.3 1,816 3.0 59,515 77.3 57,787 75.0 1,728 2.9 59,118 77.4 57,011 74.6 2,107 3.6 59,307 77.2 57,562 74.9 1,745 2.9 59,366 77.2 57,516 74.8 1,850 3.1 59,257 77.0 57,302 74.5 1,955 3.3 59,403 77.2 57,436 74.6 1,967 3.3 59,314 77.0 57,385 74.5 1,929 3.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... 48,677 59.7 46,699 57.3 1,978 4.1 48,445 59.0 46,711 56.9 1,734 3.6 48,763 59.4 46,861 57.1 1,902 3.9 48,910 60.0 47,122 57.8 1,788 3.7 48,955 59.7 47,300 57.7 1,654 3.4 49,019 59.8 47,416 57.8 1,603 3.3 48,886 59.6 47,197 57.5 1,688 3.5 48,705 59.3 47,087 57.4 1,618 3.3 49,013 59.7 47,287 57.6 1,726 3.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... Men..................................... Women................................... 7,382 60.5 6,538 53.6 843 11.4 12.1 10.7 8,356 67.0 7,384 59.2 972 11.6 12.9 10.2 7,681 61.5 6,863 54.9 818 10.7 11.4 9.9 6,641 54.4 5,699 46.7 942 14.2 15.1 13.1 6,795 54.9 5,996 48.5 799 11.8 12.7 10.7 6,924 55.8 6,093 49.1 831 12.0 14.0 9.8 6,994 56.2 6,036 48.5 958 13.7 14.7 12.6 6,867 55.1 6,107 49.0 760 11.1 13.1 8.9 6,949 55.6 6,036 48.3 913 13.1 14.3 11.9 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... 24,043 15,953 66.4 14,409 59.9 1,544 9.7 24,381 16,413 67.3 14,708 60.3 1,706 10.4 24,418 16,129 66.1 14,663 60.1 1,466 9.1 24,043 15,728 65.4 14,237 59.2 1,491 9.5 24,289 15,907 65.5 14,499 59.7 1,408 8.9 24,317 15,756 64.8 14,344 59.0 1,412 9.0 24,349 16,013 65.8 14,700 60.4 1,313 8.2 24,381 16,059 65.9 14,508 59.5 1,551 9.7 24,418 15,907 65.1 14,476 59.3 1,431 9.0 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... 7,077 73.7 6,554 68.3 523 7.4 7,173 73.7 6,537 67.2 636 8.9 7,055 72.4 6,548 67.2 507 7.2 7,035 73.3 6,480 67.5 555 7.9 7,097 73.2 6,573 67.8 524 7.4 7,009 72.2 6,536 67.4 473 6.7 7,088 73.0 6,599 67.9 489 6.9 7,120 73.2 6,485 66.7 635 8.9 7,017 72.0 6,470 66.4 547 7.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... 7,793 64.8 7,081 58.8 712 9.1 7,910 64.8 7,238 59.3 673 8.5 7,912 64.7 7,267 59.5 645 8.2 7,771 64.6 7,115 59.1 656 8.4 7,822 64.3 7,182 59.0 640 8.2 7,787 64.0 7,130 58.6 657 8.4 7,866 64.5 7,256 59.5 609 7.7 7,921 64.9 7,296 59.8 625 7.9 7,894 64.6 7,296 59.7 597 7.6 1,083 44.9 774 32.1 309 28.5 32.7 24.4 1,330 54.3 933 38.1 397 29.9 31.8 27.7 1,161 47.3 848 34.6 313 27.0 28.8 25.3 922 38.3 642 26.6 280 30.4 33.9 27.2 988 40.6 744 30.6 244 24.7 23.9 25.3 960 39.4 678 27.8 283 29.4 30.2 28.8 1,060 43.4 846 34.6 214 20.2 20.4 20.1 1,018 41.6 727 29.7 291 28.6 30.6 26.4 996 40.6 709 28.9 287 28.8 29.7 28.1 20,407 14,028 68.7 13,014 63.8 1,014 7.2 21,097 14,438 68.4 13,351 63.3 1,087 7.5 21,159 14,420 68.2 13,349 63.1 1,071 7.4 20,407 13,886 68.0 12,867 63.1 1,019 7.3 20,915 14,369 68.7 13,434 64.2 935 6.5 20,975 14,458 68.9 13,480 64.3 978 6.8 21,036 14,420 68.5 13,328 63.4 1,092 7.6 21,097 14,240 67.5 13,219 62.7 1,022 7.2 21,159 14,277 67.5 13,203 62.4 1,074 7.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... Men..................................... Women................................... HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ Civilian labor force.......................... Participation rate........................ Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio............... Unemployed.................................. Unemployment rate......................... 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 29,314 12,460 42.5 11,589 39.5 872 7.0 29,027 12,269 42.3 11,426 39.4 842 6.9 29,204 12,402 42.5 11,602 39.7 800 6.5 29,314 12,534 42.8 11,573 39.5 961 7.7 29,638 12,664 42.7 11,773 39.7 891 7.0 29,931 12,690 42.4 11,839 39.6 851 6.7 30,064 12,888 42.9 11,963 39.8 925 7.2 29,027 12,548 43.2 11,648 40.1 901 7.2 29,204 12,450 42.6 11,567 39.6 883 7.1 57,607 37,798 65.6 36,262 62.9 1,535 4.1 57,374 36,912 64.3 35,408 61.7 1,504 4.1 57,729 37,305 64.6 35,898 62.2 1,407 3.8 57,607 37,842 65.7 36,225 62.9 1,617 4.3 57,484 37,340 65.0 35,885 62.4 1,454 3.9 57,706 37,496 65.0 36,114 62.6 1,383 3.7 57,446 37,096 64.6 35,602 62.0 1,494 4.0 57,374 37,219 64.9 35,694 62.2 1,525 4.1 57,729 37,381 64.8 35,898 62.2 1,483 4.0 42,401 31,689 74.7 30,673 72.3 1,016 3.2 42,293 31,448 74.4 30,496 72.1 952 3.0 41,842 31,106 74.3 30,227 72.2 879 2.8 42,401 31,445 74.2 30,438 71.8 1,007 3.2 42,303 31,517 74.5 30,669 72.5 848 2.7 42,024 31,408 74.7 30,437 72.4 971 3.1 41,880 31,227 74.6 30,333 72.4 894 2.9 42,293 31,174 73.7 30,224 71.5 950 3.0 41,842 30,863 73.8 29,987 71.7 876 2.8 41,232 32,986 80.0 32,135 77.9 852 2.6 43,309 34,481 79.6 33,839 78.1 643 1.9 43,431 34,504 79.4 33,757 77.7 747 2.2 41,232 33,290 80.7 32,592 79.0 698 2.1 42,197 33,989 80.5 33,419 79.2 571 1.7 42,090 33,920 80.6 33,364 79.3 556 1.6 42,464 34,274 80.7 33,674 79.3 600 1.7 43,309 34,721 80.2 34,146 78.8 575 1.7 43,431 34,847 80.2 34,236 78.8 611 1.8 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population.... Civilian labor force.................. Percent of population............. Employed............................ Employment-population ratio....... Unemployed.......................... Unemployment rate................. High school graduates, no college (2) Civilian noninstitutional population.... Civilian labor force.................. Percent of population............. Employed............................ Employment-population ratio....... Unemployed.......................... Unemployment rate................. Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population.... Civilian labor force.................. Percent of population............. Employed............................ Employment-population ratio....... Unemployed.......................... Unemployment rate................. College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population.... Civilian labor force.................. Percent of population............. Employed............................ Employment-population ratio....... Unemployed.......................... Unemployment rate................. 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 130,865 132,769 132,206 129,747 131,383 131,453 131,209 131,067 131,168 Married men, spouse present................... 42,740 42,794 42,875 42,680 42,865 42,471 42,539 42,837 42,833 Married women, spouse present................. 32,472 32,266 32,238 32,861 32,973 32,805 32,805 32,658 32,597 Women who maintain families................... 7,854 7,752 7,900 7,892 7,813 7,848 7,922 7,846 7,932 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... Technical, sales, and administrative support.. Service occupations........................... Precision production, craft, and repair....... Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 37,407 38,475 18,041 14,349 18,754 3,839 38,620 38,923 18,111 14,584 18,431 4,098 38,558 39,045 18,081 14,360 18,138 4,023 37,765 38,334 17,713 14,038 18,452 3,442 38,643 38,585 17,478 14,673 18,447 3,495 38,641 38,401 17,749 14,853 18,322 3,479 38,732 38,567 17,873 14,509 18,120 3,503 39,011 38,500 17,584 14,312 18,145 3,503 38,916 38,889 17,727 14,079 17,866 3,618 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 2,001 2,285 2,315 1,853 1,987 1,871 1,841 2,018 2,165 Self-employed workers....................... 1,597 1,543 1,466 1,477 1,324 1,395 1,470 1,383 1,345 Unpaid family workers....................... 63 38 37 50 28 51 48 30 28 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 118,116 119,638 119,366 117,372 118,774 119,013 118,654 118,543 118,676 Government................................ 17,706 17,905 17,782 18,203 18,202 18,034 18,497 18,364 18,257 Private industries........................ 100,409 101,733 101,584 99,169 100,571 100,979 100,157 100,179 100,419 Private households...................... 1,005 1,021 914 935 1,014 1,015 961 974 853 Other industries........................ 99,404 100,712 100,670 98,234 99,557 99,964 99,195 99,205 99,566 Self-employed workers....................... 8,959 9,167 8,938 8,955 9,069 9,023 8,969 9,094 8,947 Unpaid family workers....................... 130 98 84 126 124 97 100 91 83 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. Slack work or business conditions......... Could only find part-time work............ Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 4,036 2,078 1,518 15,398 4,025 2,344 1,383 16,168 3,508 1,908 1,201 15,851 3,988 2,164 1,487 18,096 3,735 2,074 1,300 18,084 3,772 2,104 1,344 18,662 3,837 2,230 1,246 18,665 3,783 2,372 1,192 18,584 3,463 1,989 1,175 18,648 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. Slack work or business conditions......... Could only find part-time work............ Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 3,877 1,972 1,479 14,839 3,882 2,256 1,339 15,528 3,350 1,813 1,164 15,229 3,832 2,066 1,455 17,521 3,608 1,998 1,276 17,470 3,630 2,024 1,315 18,067 3,676 2,151 1,199 18,019 3,632 2,261 1,162 17,972 3,307 1,900 1,143 18,001 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates(1) Category Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Total, 16 years and over....................... Men, 20 years and over....................... Women, 20 years and over..................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 6,657 2,812 2,573 1,272 6,230 2,750 2,359 1,120 6,247 2,589 2,426 1,232 4.9 4.1 4.3 16.2 4.3 3.4 4.1 13.1 4.3 3.5 3.9 14.2 4.5 3.7 4.1 14.6 4.5 3.9 4.0 13.8 4.5 3.7 4.1 15.0 Married men, spouse present.................. Married women, spouse present................ Women who maintain families.................. 1,135 1,019 689 998 947 576 1,038 1,070 575 2.6 3.0 8.0 2.2 2.8 7.6 2.4 2.8 7.7 2.2 2.9 6.9 2.3 2.8 6.8 2.4 3.2 6.8 Full-time workers............................ Part-time workers............................ 5,305 1,346 4,957 1,285 4,941 1,301 4.7 5.5 4.2 4.8 4.2 4.7 4.4 5.2 4.4 5.3 4.4 5.4 754 1,655 698 1,507 268 676 1,522 655 1,354 263 745 1,497 680 1,286 212 2.0 4.1 4.7 7.6 7.2 1.9 3.7 3.7 6.1 5.8 1.7 3.9 4.4 6.5 6.4 1.7 3.9 4.3 6.9 6.5 1.7 3.8 4.4 6.9 7.0 1.9 3.7 4.6 6.7 5.5 5,195 1,524 33 618 873 431 442 3,671 274 1,637 236 1,524 491 180 4,863 1,408 24 452 932 555 377 3,455 246 1,482 151 1,575 464 181 4,991 1,380 24 520 835 470 365 3,611 269 1,503 213 1,627 408 164 5.0 5.3 4.9 9.0 4.1 3.5 5.0 4.9 3.7 6.2 3.0 4.5 2.6 8.9 4.3 4.4 2.3 6.3 3.9 3.5 4.4 4.3 3.1 5.2 2.2 4.3 2.0 8.0 4.5 4.6 1.3 8.0 3.6 3.0 4.6 4.5 3.0 5.1 2.0 4.8 2.4 7.9 4.7 4.7 3.9 8.0 3.6 2.9 4.6 4.7 3.6 5.7 2.1 4.7 2.0 8.1 4.6 4.9 3.7 6.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.5 3.4 5.6 2.0 4.5 2.5 8.2 4.7 4.8 3.9 7.4 3.9 3.7 4.4 4.7 3.7 5.6 2.7 4.7 2.2 7.0 CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ Technical, sales, and administrative support. Precision production, craft, and repair...... Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... Farming, forestry, and fishing............... INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... Goods-producing industries................. Mining................................... Construction............................. Manufacturing............................ Durable goods.......................... Nondurable goods....................... Service-producing industries............... Transportation and public utilities...... Wholesale and retail trade............... Finance, insurance, and real estate...... Services................................. Government workers........................... Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Less than 5 weeks.............................. 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 15 weeks and over.............................. 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 27 weeks and over........................... 2,409 2,322 1,863 780 1,084 2,845 2,179 1,543 685 858 2,509 2,150 1,514 679 835 2,564 2,121 2,027 950 1,077 2,632 1,901 1,417 584 833 2,634 1,954 1,462 656 806 2,519 2,084 1,621 852 769 2,625 1,983 1,600 793 807 2,675 1,960 1,647 820 827 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. Median duration, in weeks...................... 16.0 8.0 13.7 6.3 13.7 7.0 15.8 7.9 14.3 6.4 14.6 5.9 13.8 6.6 14.3 6.6 13.5 6.9 100.0 36.5 35.2 28.3 11.8 16.4 100.0 43.3 33.2 23.5 10.4 13.1 100.0 40.6 34.8 24.5 11.0 13.5 100.0 38.2 31.6 30.2 14.2 16.0 100.0 44.2 31.9 23.8 9.8 14.0 100.0 43.5 32.3 24.2 10.8 13.3 100.0 40.5 33.5 26.0 13.7 12.4 100.0 42.3 31.9 25.8 12.8 13.0 100.0 42.6 31.2 26.2 13.0 13.2 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... Less than 5 weeks............................ 5 to 14 weeks................................ 15 weeks and over............................ 15 to 26 weeks............................. 27 weeks and over.......................... NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 2,859 716 2,143 1,438 705 958 2,217 561 2,847 935 1,912 1,316 596 817 2,173 731 2,715 782 1,932 1,342 590 795 2,157 506 3,010 891 2,119 (1) (1) 894 2,173 554 2,631 696 1,935 (1) (1) 625 2,096 511 2,772 786 1,986 (1) (1) 748 2,033 493 2,819 841 1,978 (1) (1) 766 2,096 532 2,908 966 1,941 (1) (1) 799 2,042 463 2,852 978 1,874 (1) (1) 740 2,132 503 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 43.4 10.9 32.5 14.5 33.6 8.5 43.3 14.2 29.1 12.4 33.1 11.1 44.0 12.7 31.3 12.9 34.9 8.2 45.4 13.4 32.0 13.5 32.8 8.4 44.9 11.9 33.0 10.7 35.7 8.7 45.8 13.0 32.8 12.4 33.6 8.2 45.4 13.5 31.8 12.3 33.7 8.6 46.8 15.6 31.3 12.9 32.9 7.5 45.8 15.7 30.1 11.9 34.2 8.1 2.1 .7 1.6 .4 2.0 .6 1.6 .5 2.0 .6 1.6 .4 2.2 .7 1.6 .4 1.9 .5 1.5 .4 2.0 .5 1.5 .4 2.1 .6 1.5 .4 2.1 .6 1.5 .3 2.1 .5 1.6 .4 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... On temporary layoff........................... Not on temporary layoff....................... Permanent job losers........................ Persons who completed temporary jobs........ Job leavers..................................... Reentrants...................................... New entrants.................................... PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... On temporary layoff.......................... Not on temporary layoff...................... Job leavers.................................... Reentrants..................................... New entrants................................... UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... Job leavers.................................... Reentrants..................................... New entrants................................... 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Measure Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force.............................................. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force..................................... 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)............................. 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.................... 5.0 5.0 4.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................ 5.7 5.6 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers......................... 8.6 8.5 7.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates(1) Age and sex Aug. 1997 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998 Aug. 1998 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 16 to 24 years.................................. 16 to 19 years................................ 16 to 17 years.............................. 18 to 19 years.............................. 20 to 24 years................................ 25 years and over............................... 25 to 54 years................................ 55 years and over............................. 6,657 2,393 1,272 559 722 1,121 4,296 3,778 504 6,230 2,230 1,120 494 637 1,109 3,940 3,460 479 6,247 2,417 1,232 557 678 1,185 3,853 3,391 450 4.9 11.3 16.2 17.9 15.4 8.4 3.7 3.8 3.0 4.3 9.5 13.1 15.2 11.6 7.4 3.2 3.3 2.5 4.3 10.0 14.2 15.8 13.2 7.6 3.3 3.4 2.4 4.5 10.6 14.6 18.2 12.3 8.1 3.4 3.5 2.5 4.5 10.3 13.8 15.2 12.9 8.2 3.4 3.5 2.8 4.5 11.1 15.0 17.1 13.8 8.7 3.3 3.4 2.6 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 16 to 24 years................................ 16 to 19 years.............................. 16 to 17 years............................ 18 to 19 years............................ 20 to 24 years.............................. 25 years and over............................. 25 to 54 years.............................. 55 years and over........................... 3,517 1,334 705 295 417 629 2,220 1,921 284 3,422 1,293 672 294 371 621 2,104 1,816 283 3,253 1,301 664 311 357 637 1,979 1,729 241 4.8 11.9 17.3 18.1 17.3 8.8 3.6 3.6 3.1 4.0 9.7 14.0 14.9 13.3 7.3 3.0 3.0 2.6 4.2 11.0 16.0 17.9 14.8 8.1 3.0 3.1 2.4 4.4 10.8 15.3 21.0 11.8 8.2 3.2 3.3 2.5 4.6 11.4 15.9 17.3 14.6 8.7 3.4 3.4 2.9 4.4 11.4 15.8 18.6 14.2 8.9 3.2 3.3 2.5 Women, 16 years and over........................ 16 to 24 years................................ 16 to 19 years.............................. 16 to 17 years............................ 18 to 19 years............................ 20 to 24 years.............................. 25 years and over............................. 25 to 54 years.............................. 55 years and over........................... 3,140 1,059 567 264 305 492 2,076 1,857 220 2,808 937 448 200 266 489 1,836 1,644 196 2,994 1,116 568 246 322 548 1,874 1,663 209 5.0 10.6 15.0 17.7 13.3 7.9 3.9 4.0 3.0 4.6 9.2 12.1 15.5 9.8 7.5 3.6 3.7 2.4 4.4 9.0 12.3 13.5 11.4 6.9 3.5 3.8 2.4 4.7 10.3 13.9 15.1 12.7 8.0 3.6 3.8 2.6 4.4 9.1 11.5 12.9 11.2 7.7 3.5 3.6 2.6 4.7 10.7 14.2 15.5 13.3 8.6 3.5 3.6 2.8 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Aug. 1997 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Aug. 1998 65,904 5,030 1,298 67,100 5,180 1,251 23,688 1,899 575 24,352 1,992 580 42,216 3,132 723 42,748 3,188 671 311 987 280 971 175 400 168 412 136 586 112 559 Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... Percent of total employed................................... 7,583 5.8 7,462 5.6 4,123 5.8 4,015 5.6 3,460 5.8 3,447 5.7 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 4,313 1,437 258 1,528 4,344 1,408 271 1,384 2,584 447 161 909 2,541 469 184 796 1,730 990 97 618 1,803 939 87 588 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... Persons who currently want a job.............................. Searched for work and vailable to work now(1).............. Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. 1997 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Total......................... 122,711 126,873 125,795 125,998 122,894 125,234 125,562 125,751 125,819 126,184 Total private.................... 104,292 106,982 106,994 107,308 103,285 105,470 105,734 105,938 105,992 106,300 Goods-producing......................... 25,437 25,632 25,436 25,696 24,972 25,339 25,301 25,304 25,118 25,227 Mining................................ Metal mining........................ Coal mining......................... Oil and gas extraction.............. Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 602 54.8 95.5 340.0 112.0 585 51.7 91.2 331.0 111.4 583 51.4 89.4 330.6 111.8 581 51.4 88.5 328.5 112.1 592 54 95 336 107 582 51 92 332 107 579 51 92 329 107 578 51 90 330 107 571 50 89 325 107 569 50 88 323 108 Construction.......................... 6,039 6,175 6,301 6,335 General building contractors........ 1,379.9 1,442.2 1,471.3 1,473.9 Heavy construction, except building. 865.8 878.3 895.3 904.5 Special trade contractors........... 3,793.4 3,854.0 3,934.7 3,956.1 5,699 1,318 791 3,590 5,930 1,385 819 3,726 5,917 1,388 819 3,710 5,946 1,401 821 3,724 5,967 1,406 828 3,733 5,983 1,409 829 3,745 Manufacturing......................... Production workers................ 18,796 13,005 18,872 13,014 18,552 12,698 18,780 12,916 18,681 12,908 18,827 13,007 18,805 12,971 18,780 12,943 18,580 12,753 18,675 12,830 Durable goods........................ Production workers................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Computer and office equipment..... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Electronic components and accessories.................... Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Aircraft and parts................ Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11,046 7,579 809.5 508.1 564.0 710.5 11,205 7,681 811.3 526.3 573.2 718.9 10,931 7,417 814.1 519.2 570.0 696.9 11,105 7,579 818.6 522.4 575.2 713.2 11,028 7,573 794 509 552 712 11,170 7,666 802 524 561 718 11,156 7,642 803 526 559 716 11,144 7,626 801 524 562 717 10,978 7,476 802 527 562 705 11,095 7,580 803 524 564 716 234.8 236.0 234.1 234.0 1,478.2 1,497.0 1,463.3 1,483.0 2,166.1 2,213.5 2,185.1 2,179.6 380.6 377.2 375.7 372.8 (1) 1,478 2,172 379 (1) 1,498 2,201 377 (1) 1,495 2,201 376 (1) 1,490 2,202 375 (1) 1,478 2,191 374 (1) 1,485 2,190 372 1,693.2 1,716.3 1,694.8 1,692.9 1,694 1,720 1,716 1,714 1,699 1,694 661.1 674.4 667.8 662.3 1,858.5 1,892.0 1,741.9 1,873.3 997.1 1,002.0 852.4 988.2 506.7 523.7 524.0 522.7 865.9 866.6 861.5 860.2 391.8 389.4 384.6 386.8 660 1,862 998 508 865 390 678 1,890 1,004 525 867 389 677 1,886 998 524 866 388 672 1,882 993 524 864 388 667 1,765 872 526 861 388 661 1,876 989 526 858 385 Nondurable goods..................... 7,750 7,667 7,621 7,675 Production workers................ 5,426 5,333 5,281 5,337 Food and kindred products........... 1,758.4 1,703.9 1,728.0 1,766.2 Tobacco products.................... 40.7 36.7 36.5 39.7 Textile mill products............... 616.2 603.0 590.3 590.3 Apparel and other textile products.. 824.5 783.1 759.1 760.1 Paper and allied products........... 688.6 687.4 682.7 682.7 Printing and publishing............. 1,554.7 1,572.2 1,570.8 1,567.7 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,037.0 1,043.7 1,043.3 1,042.6 Petroleum and coal products......... 142.8 139.2 138.9 138.6 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 997.7 1,014.0 992.0 1,006.5 Leather and leather products........ 89.5 83.3 79.5 80.8 7,653 5,335 1,682 41 613 822 684 1,556 1,032 139 995 89 7,657 5,341 1,708 42 605 787 686 1,565 1,035 137 1,008 84 7,649 5,329 1,710 41 603 780 685 1,566 1,039 136 1,006 83 7,636 5,317 1,706 40 599 776 682 1,570 1,037 137 1,006 83 7,602 5,277 1,696 40 592 772 680 1,571 1,038 135 997 81 7,580 5,250 1,692 39 589 754 680 1,569 1,037 135 1,005 80 Service-producing....................... 97,274 101,241 100,359 100,302 97,922 99,895 100,261 100,447 100,701 100,957 Transportation and public utilities... 6,255 6,572 6,545 6,564 Transportation...................... 3,946 4,218 4,187 4,205 Railroad transportation........... 226.7 233.2 234.4 235.6 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 391.8 459.0 403.9 401.3 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,702.1 1,722.9 1,733.9 1,749.7 Water transportation.............. 190.2 190.3 197.5 197.7 Transportation by air............. 976.9 1,150.2 1,154.5 1,156.0 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.6 14.5 14.6 14.5 Transportation services........... 443.9 447.7 447.9 450.6 Communications and public utilities. 2,309 2,354 2,358 2,359 Communications.................... 1,439.9 1,493.6 1,495.5 1,499.3 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 869.0 860.8 862.6 859.9 6,264 3,973 225 6,513 4,173 231 6,534 4,191 232 6,538 4,196 232 6,556 4,214 232 6,580 4,237 233 455 1,675 181 981 14 442 2,291 1,430 453 1,702 181 1,147 14 445 2,340 1,484 459 1,703 185 1,151 14 447 2,343 1,486 458 1,709 183 1,154 14 446 2,342 1,488 467 1,712 188 1,155 14 446 2,342 1,488 466 1,724 191 1,160 14 449 2,343 1,490 861 856 857 854 854 853 6,700 3,975 2,725 22,209 6,864 4,093 2,771 22,643 6,875 4,101 2,774 22,662 6,868 4,096 2,772 22,715 6,671 3,959 2,712 22,043 6,798 4,050 2,748 22,335 6,815 4,059 2,756 22,423 6,821 4,067 2,754 22,448 6,825 4,071 2,754 22,545 6,836 4,082 2,754 22,561 961.8 2,688.3 2,361.6 3,520.8 1,023.7 2,724.2 2,401.6 3,558.0 1,013.6 2,735.3 2,411.7 3,571.8 1,000.1 2,760.1 2,433.7 3,572.3 940 2,723 2,393 3,503 971 2,784 2,447 3,533 972 2,788 2,462 3,542 975 2,784 2,457 3,538 976 2,791 2,455 3,550 978 2,796 2,469 3,557 2,343.2 2,371.9 2,383.5 2,385.2 1,056.2 1,065.4 1,069.7 1,069.3 1,095.8 1,095.8 1,104.4 1,112.3 2,317 1,052 1,098 2,337 1,058 1,105 2,345 1,060 1,106 2,351 1,064 1,108 2,353 1,066 1,113 2,355 1,065 1,113 1,003.5 1,047.4 1,055.5 1,060.6 7,825.3 7,962.7 7,939.9 7,959.4 2,770.1 2,859.5 2,857.9 2,864.8 1,013 7,633 2,816 1,045 7,681 2,879 1,055 7,714 2,901 1,058 7,726 2,908 1,064 7,780 2,918 1,072 7,775 2,915 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,192 7,402 7,457 7,464 Finance............................. 3,446 3,567 3,592 3,598 Depository institutions........... 2,043.7 2,054.6 2,060.6 2,057.9 Commercial banks................ 1,472.2 1,468.9 1,472.8 1,470.8 Savings institutions............ 263.1 266.1 267.0 265.6 Nondepository institutions........ 572.8 619.4 626.0 630.5 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 253.9 287.8 292.2 297.0 Security and commodity brokers.... 606.5 651.1 660.6 663.4 Holding and other investment offices........................ 222.7 242.2 245.1 245.8 Insurance........................... 2,271 2,336 2,347 2,347 Insurance carriers................ 1,543.5 1,591.1 1,600.8 1,601.7 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 727.9 745.0 745.9 745.0 Real estate......................... 1,475 1,499 1,518 1,519 7,110 3,423 2,028 1,460 261 571 253 602 7,289 3,521 2,041 1,463 263 605 278 636 7,311 3,536 2,044 1,463 264 611 281 641 7,333 3,547 2,042 1,459 264 616 284 648 7,368 3,566 2,044 1,460 265 623 290 655 7,381 3,578 2,046 1,461 264 628 295 658 222 2,265 1,538 239 2,312 1,574 240 2,320 1,579 241 2,328 1,586 244 2,336 1,593 246 2,338 1,595 727 1,422 738 1,456 741 1,455 742 1,458 743 1,466 743 1,465 36,225 685 1,740 1,180 8,055 937 2,991 2,657 37,196 706 1,767 1,186 8,422 965 3,140 2,806 37,350 700 1,769 1,190 8,491 975 3,156 2,818 37,494 706 1,773 1,186 8,556 975 3,189 2,853 37,580 713 1,781 1,184 8,560 980 3,152 2,816 37,715 719 1,785 1,185 8,624 976 3,188 2,858 Wholesale trade....................... Durable goods....................... Nondurable goods.................... Retail trade.......................... Building materials and garden supplies......................... General merchandise stores.......... Department stores................. Food stores......................... Automotive dealers and service stations......................... New and used car dealers.......... Apparel and accessory stores........ Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... Eating and drinking places.......... Miscellaneous retail establishments. Services2............................. Agricultural services............... Hotels and other lodging places..... Personal services................... Business services................... Services to buildings............. Personnel supply services......... Help supply services............ 36,499 749.7 1,877.5 1,138.3 8,129.1 944.3 3,055.6 2,727.5 37,869 788.4 1,874.6 1,158.2 8,592.7 985.9 3,197.4 2,856.6 38,019 792.3 1,921.5 1,142.0 8,602.9 986.8 3,168.9 2,834.1 38,001 786.7 1,914.7 1,142.0 8,712.2 987.3 3,268.0 2,925.2 Computer and data processing services....................... Auto repair, services, and parking.. Miscellaneous repair services....... Motion pictures..................... Amusement and recreation services... Health services..................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ Nursing and personal care facilities..................... Hospitals......................... Home health care services......... Legal services...................... Educational services................ Social services..................... Child day care services........... Residential care.................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... Membership organizations............ Engineering and management services. Engineering and architectural services....................... Management and public relations... Services, nec....................... Government............................ Federal............................. Federal, except Postal Service.... State............................... Education......................... Other State government............ Local............................... Education......................... Other local government............ 1,434.6 1,132.9 381.8 567.2 1,839.7 9,769.1 1,628.7 1,172.5 390.4 568.3 1,961.6 9,946.2 1,433 1,127 378 554 1,580 9,749 1,561 1,146 383 563 1,660 9,873 1,578 1,153 385 567 1,662 9,887 1,601 1,159 387 554 1,670 9,905 1,619 1,162 385 553 1,691 9,904 1,630 1,166 386 558 1,689 9,928 1,753.4 1,818.1 1,827.2 1,832.3 1,747 1,801 1,806 1,813 1,818 1,826 1,765.0 3,882.0 715.4 955.8 1,831.6 2,497.2 528.0 727.7 1,764.7 3,973.5 668.6 992.6 1,892.8 2,642.7 533.8 758.0 1,757 3,878 716 949 2,128 2,532 578 720 1,760 3,938 687 972 2,192 2,595 577 746 1,762 3,945 684 977 2,195 2,609 575 749 1,761 3,953 683 980 2,200 2,627 581 747 1,756 3,963 672 983 2,189 2,655 582 749 1,758 3,968 671 985 2,199 2,670 583 752 96.7 98.4 99.8 98.9 2,291.0 2,306.3 2,344.6 2,310.0 3,046.9 3,253.8 3,278.4 3,273.7 90 2,252 3,032 92 2,265 3,178 91 2,266 3,212 91 2,270 3,234 91 2,275 3,258 92 2,271 3,262 886.7 932.6 939.2 940.5 964.8 1,046.5 1,058.7 1,058.0 50.4 52.6 52.8 52.1 873 959 (1) 910 1,011 (1) 913 1,029 (1) 921 1,037 (1) 927 1,050 (1) 928 1,052 (1) 19,609 2,691 1,833 4,602 1,917 2,685 12,316 6,933 5,383 19,764 2,674 1,814 4,620 1,925 2,695 12,470 7,023 5,447 19,828 2,671 1,810 4,637 1,932 2,705 12,520 7,053 5,467 19,813 2,674 1,813 4,632 1,933 2,699 12,507 7,045 5,462 19,827 2,677 1,811 4,653 1,943 2,710 12,497 7,067 5,430 19,884 2,672 1,804 4,660 1,944 2,716 12,552 7,105 5,447 18,419 2,705 1,851.7 4,361 1,640.4 2,720.7 11,353 5,763.4 5,589.4 1,598.9 1,166.5 390.5 558.7 1,935.8 9,926.8 1,762.3 3,959.5 684.7 994.9 2,004.5 2,622.8 567.0 753.9 19,891 2,695 1,839.6 4,493 1,759.0 2,733.7 12,703 7,078.6 5,624.0 1,617.9 1,169.4 390.8 562.4 2,011.5 9,943.1 1,762.9 3,977.0 672.0 999.6 1,912.8 2,651.6 532.1 757.2 18,801 2,693 1,834.7 4,431 1,661.1 2,769.8 11,677 5,928.0 5,749.4 18,690 2,683 1,821.6 4,412 1,656.6 2,755.0 11,595 5,918.9 5,676.1 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. 1997 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Total private.................... 35.0 34.7 34.8 35.2 34.7 34.5 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.6 Goods-producing......................... 41.5 41.2 40.9 41.3 41.3 40.8 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1 Mining................................ 45.6 44.0 44.1 44.2 45.6 44.1 44.6 43.8 44.9 44.0 Construction.......................... 39.7 39.1 40.1 40.1 38.8 38.7 38.6 38.4 39.2 39.1 Manufacturing......................... Overtime hours.................... 42.0 4.9 41.8 4.6 41.1 4.4 41.7 4.6 41.9 4.8 41.4 4.5 41.8 4.6 41.8 4.6 41.7 4.7 41.7 4.4 Durable goods........................ Overtime hours.................... 42.7 5.2 42.4 4.8 41.5 4.4 42.2 4.6 42.8 5.1 41.9 4.6 42.4 4.8 42.3 4.8 42.2 4.8 42.2 4.6 Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 41.3 40.5 43.8 44.7 41.6 40.8 43.8 44.4 41.2 40.2 43.7 43.2 41.7 41.0 44.2 43.5 41.0 40.2 43.1 45.0 41.2 40.7 43.3 43.9 41.2 40.7 43.5 44.5 41.3 41.0 43.2 44.4 41.2 40.6 43.5 43.7 41.3 40.7 43.7 43.8 44.8 42.5 43.1 45.0 42.6 43.2 43.9 41.5 42.2 43.8 42.2 42.5 45.1 42.5 43.5 44.9 41.8 42.6 45.6 42.6 43.0 45.1 42.5 43.2 43.8 42.3 42.9 44.1 42.3 43.0 41.7 44.3 44.7 42.1 40.3 41.4 42.9 42.7 41.3 39.9 40.7 41.0 39.7 40.7 39.2 41.5 42.5 42.0 41.1 39.7 41.9 44.4 44.9 42.2 40.2 41.1 42.1 42.0 41.3 40.1 41.4 43.3 43.3 41.4 40.0 41.4 42.7 42.4 41.3 40.0 41.4 42.6 41.9 41.5 40.0 41.7 42.4 41.8 41.4 39.9 Nondurable goods..................... Overtime hours.................... 40.9 4.6 40.9 4.3 40.6 4.3 41.0 4.5 40.7 4.3 40.7 4.2 41.0 4.4 40.9 4.4 41.0 4.4 40.9 4.3 Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 41.8 37.8 41.6 37.4 43.4 38.6 43.0 43.0 41.7 38.4 41.5 39.9 41.5 37.8 43.5 37.9 43.2 43.2 42.0 38.1 41.7 39.2 40.4 36.9 42.9 38.1 42.7 44.6 41.1 36.5 42.2 39.4 41.1 37.5 43.0 38.5 43.0 42.5 41.4 38.0 41.2 38.0 41.3 37.1 43.5 38.3 43.3 (2) 41.8 38.1 41.3 38.2 41.0 37.7 43.0 38.2 43.1 (2) 41.7 37.3 41.8 39.3 41.3 37.4 43.5 38.4 43.1 (2) 42.1 37.3 41.7 39.0 41.1 37.4 43.6 38.2 43.2 (2) 42.0 37.6 42.1 40.5 41.0 37.3 43.4 38.4 43.0 (2) 42.1 36.6 41.8 39.7 40.9 37.4 43.2 38.5 43.3 (2) 41.6 37.8 Service-producing....................... 33.3 33.0 33.2 33.5 32.9 32.9 33.0 32.9 33.0 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 40.5 39.6 39.7 40.2 40.1 39.6 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.6 Wholesale trade....................... 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.7 38.4 38.3 38.5 38.2 38.4 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 29.7 29.3 29.8 29.9 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.1 36.0 36.1 36.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.9 32.7 32.9 33.2 32.7 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Aug. 1997 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Aug. 1997 Total private.................... Seasonally adjusted............. $12.22 12.34 $12.66 12.76 $12.66 12.79 $12.75 12.86 $427.70 428.20 Goods-producing......................... 13.96 14.27 14.34 14.42 Mining................................ 15.98 16.73 16.77 Construction.......................... 16.12 16.44 Manufacturing......................... 13.14 13.43 Durable goods........................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 13.70 10.81 10.59 13.21 15.16 Nondurable goods..................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p $439.30 441.50 $440.57 442.53 $448.80 444.96 579.34 587.92 586.51 595.55 16.93 728.69 736.12 739.56 748.31 16.63 16.76 639.96 642.80 666.86 672.08 13.38 13.46 551.88 561.37 549.92 561.28 13.94 11.10 10.81 13.58 15.53 13.79 11.20 10.93 13.62 15.58 13.95 11.24 10.98 13.63 15.46 584.99 446.45 428.90 578.60 677.65 591.06 461.76 441.05 594.80 689.53 572.29 461.44 439.39 595.19 673.06 588.69 468.71 450.18 602.45 672.51 18.00 12.75 14.03 18.53 13.00 14.40 18.54 12.88 14.42 18.35 13.05 14.39 806.40 541.88 604.69 833.85 553.80 622.08 813.91 534.52 608.52 803.73 550.71 611.58 12.75 17.43 17.83 13.48 10.57 13.08 17.45 17.84 13.71 10.82 13.16 16.92 16.96 13.74 10.84 13.23 17.39 17.72 13.77 10.84 531.68 772.15 797.00 567.51 425.97 541.51 748.61 761.77 566.22 431.72 535.61 693.72 673.31 559.22 424.93 549.05 739.08 744.24 565.95 430.35 12.33 11.51 19.86 10.02 8.23 15.11 13.07 16.57 19.97 11.57 8.90 12.69 11.76 20.89 10.36 8.50 15.45 13.33 17.05 20.71 11.81 9.35 12.79 11.77 20.69 10.36 8.48 15.62 13.43 17.22 20.84 11.91 9.25 12.75 11.76 18.98 10.41 8.54 15.57 13.44 17.18 20.71 11.83 9.43 504.30 481.12 750.71 416.83 307.80 655.77 504.50 712.51 858.71 482.47 341.76 519.02 488.04 833.51 429.94 321.30 672.08 505.21 736.56 894.67 496.02 356.24 519.27 490.81 811.05 418.54 312.91 670.10 511.68 735.29 929.46 489.50 337.63 522.75 496.27 747.81 427.85 320.25 669.51 517.44 738.74 880.18 489.76 358.34 Service-producing....................... 11.64 12.13 12.13 12.21 387.61 400.29 402.72 409.04 Transportation and public utilities... $15.04 $15.22 $15.34 $15.32 $609.12 $602.71 $609.00 $615.86 Wholesale trade....................... 13.48 13.89 13.99 14.12 518.98 531.99 537.22 546.44 Retail trade.......................... 8.30 8.70 8.71 8.73 246.51 254.91 259.56 261.03 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.38 13.93 13.93 14.14 483.02 501.48 502.87 521.77 Services.............................. 12.12 12.70 12.67 12.76 398.75 415.29 416.84 423.63 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent change from: July 1998Aug. 1998 Aug. 1997 Apr. 1998 May 1998 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Total private: Current dollars.............. Constant (1982) dollars2..... $12.34 7.58 $12.70 7.74 $12.73 7.73 $12.76 7.75 $12.79 7.75 $12.86 N.A. 0.5 (3) Goods-producing............... Mining...................... Construction................ Manufacturing............... Excluding overtime4....... 13.95 16.16 16.06 13.20 12.49 14.25 16.72 16.45 13.44 12.76 14.27 16.77 16.46 13.47 12.78 14.28 16.73 16.51 13.46 12.76 14.31 16.84 16.64 13.43 12.72 14.41 17.09 16.69 13.54 12.84 .7 1.5 .3 .8 .9 Service-producing............. Transportation and public utilities................ Wholesale trade............. Retail trade................ Finance, insurance, and real estate................... Services.................... 11.80 12.19 12.23 12.26 12.30 12.36 .5 15.02 13.56 8.37 15.32 13.88 8.70 15.31 14.00 8.72 15.29 13.98 8.73 15.36 14.07 8.78 15.34 14.15 8.82 -.1 .6 .5 13.51 12.35 14.00 12.76 14.03 12.81 14.07 12.87 14.09 12.90 14.19 12.96 .7 .5 Industry 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .0 percent from June 1998 to July 1998, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. 1997 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Aug. 1997 June 1998 July 1998p Aug. 1998p Total private.................... 144.8 146.9 147.4 149.3 144.9 144.8 145.2 145.3 Goods-producing......................... 117.8 117.3 115.2 114.9 115.3 114.9 114.2 114.6 Mining................................ 59.4 55.8 58.1 55.4 56.0 54.7 55.6 54.0 Construction.......................... 171.0 Manufacturing......................... 110.1 180.7 155.7 161.5 160.5 160.5 164.4 164.1 108.5 109.2 108.7 109.4 109.0 107.3 107.9 Durable goods........................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products..... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... Fabricated metal products........... Industrial machinery and equipment.. Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment...... Instruments and related products.... Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 107.3 146.2 130.4 117.6 88.8 111.5 148.7 133.8 120.5 92.0 113.0 141.6 128.0 112.3 95.2 112.2 143.8 133.7 114.1 93.7 113.1 143.8 134.0 114.7 94.6 112.7 143.7 134.4 114.4 94.4 110.0 143.8 134.0 115.4 91.1 111.7 144.3 133.4 116.2 93.1 73.9 119.4 111.4 71.5 113.1 106.7 71.3 116.9 107.3 73.3 117.8 109.8 73.4 117.5 109.1 74.5 119.2 110.1 73.7 118.4 110.9 71.6 116.9 109.4 72.0 117.2 109.7 110.6 129.7 170.2 76.5 104.3 110.2 126.4 160.1 76.5 102.3 106.2 107.0 121.1 74.7 98.7 108.5 122.1 152.3 75.6 100.7 111.3 130.5 171.6 76.7 103.7 110.1 124.6 158.9 76.6 103.4 110.7 127.0 161.8 76.6 102.0 110.3 124.7 157.2 76.1 101.6 108.8 113.2 131.7 76.5 102.0 109.3 122.2 151.7 76.1 101.0 Nondurable goods..................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products........... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products....... Petroleum and coal products......... Rubber and misc. plastics products.. Leather and leather products........ 106.1 124.1 57.9 90.2 73.6 111.1 126.4 100.7 77.7 146.1 40.0 104.3 118.1 53.9 88.4 69.9 111.0 124.1 103.5 75.5 149.6 37.0 102.4 120.3 52.5 83.7 65.8 108.6 124.1 101.9 78.2 142.7 33.5 104.5 125.5 60.1 85.1 66.8 109.1 125.3 102.5 74.7 146.3 35.9 103.9 115.9 56.5 88.9 73.0 110.3 125.5 100.8 75.6 146.0 39.2 104.0 118.3 62.5 87.4 70.0 109.9 124.7 102.7 73.1 148.1 36.7 104.4 119.9 62.3 87.7 68.8 110.7 125.6 102.8 73.9 148.9 36.1 104.0 119.3 59.9 86.9 68.5 110.5 125.0 103.1 73.1 148.4 35.8 103.5 119.1 60.2 85.5 68.1 109.2 125.3 102.8 75.1 147.0 34.9 102.6 117.6 59.0 84.5 66.3 109.1 125.4 102.6 72.2 146.8 35.4 Service-producing....................... 156.9 160.2 161.9 163.4 154.0 157.0 158.2 158.2 159.1 159.1 Transportation and public utilities... 128.7 131.8 131.7 134.1 127.5 130.2 131.5 130.5 131.4 132.4 Wholesale trade....................... 127.3 129.3 129.6 130.4 126.4 127.9 128.8 127.9 128.8 128.6 Retail trade.......................... 142.9 143.6 146.3 146.9 138.4 139.8 141.1 140.7 141.9 141.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 131.3 135.7 137.1 140.0 129.8 134.2 134.9 134.8 136.0 136.2 Services.............................. 191.2 196.3 198.5 200.2 187.9 192.3 193.7 194.5 195.0 195.3 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. Apr. 1998 May 1998 141.7 144.0 118.0 114.4 55.9 55.5 171.0 179.3 109.7 105.2 113.0 145.7 128.6 116.8 94.2 113.7 146.9 134.4 118.7 94.9 72.8 117.7 108.2 ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. ESTABLISHMENT DATA Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 59.3 62.5 50.8 58.0 63.8 60.5 60.0 64.6 61.4 58.7 67.0 54.9 59.6 59.8 59.6 64.5 55.6 56.6 63.6 56.9 58.6 47.8 62.8 60.1 56.6 63.3 55.6 61.0 54.6 59.0 63.8 54.8 57.3 61.1 p53.5 61.7 59.0 61.5 59.1 p54.8 61.5 58.0 56.0 60.0 60.4 55.8 62.5 64.3 64.0 54.5 62.2 62.4 61.7 58.8 60.7 64.9 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 64.5 63.6 61.9 64.9 68.4 69.2 61.4 62.8 63.3 67.3 69.9 59.4 64.0 65.6 64.2 68.4 53.1 63.8 66.2 61.7 66.6 55.2 63.5 63.9 60.4 67.1 53.2 64.9 61.2 p57.7 69.0 59.7 64.2 60.1 p58.0 69.5 60.1 61.5 65.9 66.2 59.1 63.9 67.4 65.6 58.0 64.2 68.1 66.6 56.6 67.0 70.8 66.3 54.6 66.6 71.9 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 70.9 66.4 62.8 67.6 72.1 69.9 60.1 65.4 67.0 70.9 69.7 59.1 64.7 65.3 69.4 71.2 57.3 65.7 64.9 p63.6 70.2 59.0 66.2 65.6 p63.5 69.8 60.1 65.0 67.3 69.8 57.6 66.4 68.0 70.2 60.4 66.0 67.3 68.7 59.7 66.2 70.6 67.4 59.3 67.6 72.3 66.7 61.1 66.9 73.3 65.4 63.2 66.3 72.6 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 70.2 63.6 64.5 69.8 p70.9 71.6 62.4 66.7 67.6 p70.5 71.8 62.6 64.5 69.2 71.8 63.3 65.6 70.1 72.1 61.7 68.5 69.8 71.8 61.9 67.3 69.8 71.5 58.7 67.7 71.2 72.1 62.2 66.4 71.2 70.1 62.2 68.0 71.1 69.5 61.5 69.9 73.0 66.6 63.5 69.1 72.9 65.0 65.4 68.3 72.3 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 56.8 54.7 42.8 49.3 55.8 56.5 54.3 54.7 54.3 51.8 60.1 46.4 48.2 50.0 52.5 59.0 53.2 42.1 56.8 48.6 53.6 42.4 55.4 51.4 45.0 58.3 44.2 50.7 52.2 47.8 59.0 46.4 47.1 50.4 p39.6 55.8 49.6 55.4 48.9 p47.1 53.6 48.6 47.8 56.5 56.5 52.2 52.9 57.2 58.3 45.3 54.3 56.1 56.8 48.2 55.4 60.8 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 60.4 56.8 43.9 54.3 60.1 63.7 50.0 46.8 49.3 59.0 63.7 47.8 46.0 54.3 50.7 60.4 42.1 47.5 54.0 46.4 57.6 43.2 46.4 55.4 43.2 59.7 38.8 49.3 50.4 p38.8 61.9 40.6 51.4 47.5 p37.8 56.8 43.5 50.0 52.2 54.3 48.2 53.6 57.9 55.4 47.1 51.1 62.6 60.8 45.3 57.6 64.7 59.0 39.9 54.7 65.5 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 60.4 55.4 42.1 54.3 61.5 62.9 46.4 45.3 54.3 56.8 61.2 42.8 46.4 51.4 52.2 62.6 40.3 47.1 52.9 p40.6 59.4 41.4 48.2 51.4 p41.4 57.2 42.4 48.6 55.0 57.6 41.0 51.1 56.8 58.6 41.0 50.4 57.6 58.6 43.9 52.9 60.4 54.7 43.2 52.9 64.4 57.2 43.2 53.2 67.6 55.0 45.3 52.2 65.8 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 57.9 46.0 43.5 57.2 p51.1 58.6 44.2 47.5 52.5 p54.0 60.8 46.0 45.3 54.7 60.8 47.8 45.3 56.5 60.8 41.0 50.4 57.9 63.3 41.7 49.6 57.6 59.4 38.5 50.4 58.6 60.1 38.8 48.6 58.6 57.2 36.3 51.1 60.4 56.5 38.5 55.0 60.4 50.4 39.9 54.0 59.4 49.6 44.6 51.8 58.3 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
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