Full text of The Employment Situation : April 2024

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 3, 2024

USDL-24-0796

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2024
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, and the unemployment rate
changed little at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in
health care, in social assistance, and in transportation and warehousing.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
April 2022 – April 2024

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
seasonally adjusted, April 2022 – April 2024

Percent

Thousands

5.5

800
700

5.0

600

4.5

500
400

4.0

300

3.5

200
100

3.0

0

2.5
Apr-22

-100
Jul-22

Oct-22

Jan-23

Apr-23

Jul-23

Oct-23

Jan-24

Apr-24

Apr-22

Jul-22

Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23

Jul-23

Oct-23 Jan-24 Apr-24

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
Both the unemployment rate, at 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.5 million,
changed little in April. The unemployment rate has remained in a narrow range of 3.7 percent to 3.9
percent since August 2023. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (3.6 percent) increased in
April. The rate for Blacks (5.6 percent) decreased, offsetting an increase in the prior month. The jobless
rates for adult women (3.5 percent), teenagers (11.7 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Asians (2.8 percent),
and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.3 million, was
essentially unchanged in April. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.6 percent of all
unemployed people. (See table A-12.)
The labor force participation rate held at 62.7 percent in April, and the employment-population ratio
was little changed at 60.2 percent. These measures have shown little change over the year. (See table
A-1.)
The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.5 million, changed little in April.
These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because
their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
In April, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.6 million, was
little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively
looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table
A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the
labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in April. These individuals wanted and were available for
work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4
weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached
who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over the month at 362,000. (See
Summary table A.)
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, lower than the average monthly
gain of 242,000 over the prior 12 months. In April, job gains occurred in health care, in social
assistance, and in transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1.)
Health care added 56,000 jobs in April, in line with the average monthly gain of 63,000 over the prior
12 months. In April, employment continued to increase in ambulatory health care services (+33,000),
hospitals (+14,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000).
Employment in social assistance increased by 31,000 in April, led by a gain in individual and family
services (+23,000). Social assistance had added an average of 21,000 jobs per month over the prior 12
months.
In April, transportation and warehousing added 22,000 jobs, with gains in couriers and messengers
(+8,000) and warehousing and storage (+8,000). Over the prior 12 months, employment in
transportation and warehousing had shown little net change.
Employment in retail trade continued to trend up in April (+20,000). Over the prior 12 months, the
industry had added an average of 7,000 jobs per month. In April, employment increased in general
-2-

merchandise retailers (+10,000), building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers (+7,000),
and health and personal care retailers (+5,000). Electronics and appliance retailers lost 3,000 jobs.
Construction employment changed little in April (+9,000), following an increase of 40,000 in March.
Over the prior 12 months, construction had added an average of 22,000 jobs per month.
Employment in government changed little in April (+8,000). Over the prior 12 months, government had
added an average of 55,000 jobs per month. In April, local government employment was unchanged,
following an increase of 51,000 in March.
Employment was little changed over the month in other major industries, including mining, quarrying,
and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; information; financial activities;
professional and business services; leisure and hospitality; and other services.
In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 7 cents,
or 0.2 percent, to $34.75. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 3.9
percent. In April, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees
edged up by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.83. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
In April, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour
to 34.3 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and overtime was
also unchanged at 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down by 34,000, from
+270,000 to +236,000, and the change for March was revised up by 12,000, from +303,000 to +315,000.
With these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 22,000 lower than previously
reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 7, 2024, at 8:30
a.m. (ET).

-3-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Change from:
Mar. 2024Apr. 2024

Apr.
2024

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

266,443
166,678
62.6
160,962
60.4
5,715
3.4
99,766

267,711
167,426
62.5
160,968
60.1
6,458
3.9
100,285

267,884
167,895
62.7
161,466
60.3
6,429
3.8
99,989

268,066
167,982
62.7
161,491
60.2
6,492
3.9
100,083

182
87
0.0
25
-0.1
63
0.1
94

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

3.4
3.3
3.1
9.3
3.1
4.8
2.8
4.4

3.9
3.5
3.5
12.5
3.4
5.6
3.4
5.0

3.8
3.3
3.6
12.6
3.4
6.4
2.5
4.5

3.9
3.6
3.5
11.7
3.5
5.6
2.8
4.8

0.1
0.3
-0.1
-0.9
0.1
-0.8
0.3
0.3

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

2.9
5.4
3.9
2.9
1.9

3.2
6.1
4.2
3.1
2.2

3.1
4.9
4.1
3.4
2.1

3.2
6.0
4.0
3.3
2.2

0.1
1.1
-0.1
-0.1
0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

2,676
786
1,778
519

3,216
711
1,946
611

3,042
823
1,920
678

3,241
785
1,929
574

199
-38
9
-104

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

1,867
1,920
748
1,089

2,326
1,933
974
1,203

2,189
1,979
982
1,246

2,262
1,987
869
1,250

73
8
-113
4

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

3,896
2,764
836
21,753

4,376
2,863
1,104
22,309

4,308
2,972
999
22,902

4,469
3,058
1,134
22,253

161
86
135
-649

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,503
366

1,558
425

1,595
337

1,565
362

-30
25

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

278
231
33
4
20
9
10
9.0
-1
198
-1.0
6.4
7.2
1.9
-1
29
30
-18.3
79
66.5
42
4
47

236
181
15
0
24
-9
-3
-3.1
-6
166
-3.6
23.4
31.3
3.0
-3
-7
6
-16.2
80
88.9
26
10
55

315
243
39
3
40
-4
2
3.8
-6
204
10.4
15.1
5.9
-0.9
4
5
10
-2.7
88
86.9
53
13
72

175
167
14
-3
9
8
1
-2.1
7
153
10.1
20.1
21.8
0.0
-8
6
-4
-16.4
95
87.0
5
7
8

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

237
183

261
197

269
207

242
197

Category

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

49.8
48.3
81.4

34.3
$33.44
$1,146.99
114.4
-0.1
182.9
0.3

60.4
43.1

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.3
$34.56
$1,185.41
115.9
0.4
191.5
0.6

54.0
47.2

Mar.
2024p

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.4
$34.68
$1,192.99
116.4
0.4
193.1
0.8

59.6
38.2

Apr.
2024p

49.9
48.4
81.4

34.3
$34.75
$1,191.93
116.3
-0.1
193.1
0.0

60.4
54.2

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than
sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses
into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance
on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive
pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures.
For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a
measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad
weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 629,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and
unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or
unemployed are not in the labor force. The

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People
are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data
are produced for the private sector for all employees and for
production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and
nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and
related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging,
construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory
employees in private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:
•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes
in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the
past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

266,443
166,221
62.4
161,075
60.5
5,146
3.1
100,222
5,145

267,884
167,960
62.7
161,356
60.2
6,604
3.9
99,924
5,110

268,066
167,484
62.5
161,590
60.3
5,894
3.5
100,582
5,502

266,443
166,678
62.6
160,962
60.4
5,715
3.4
99,766
5,286

267,991
167,451
62.5
161,183
60.1
6,268
3.7
100,540
5,671

267,540
167,276
62.5
161,152
60.2
6,124
3.7
100,265
5,793

267,711
167,426
62.5
160,968
60.1
6,458
3.9
100,285
5,672

267,884
167,895
62.7
161,466
60.3
6,429
3.8
99,989
5,443

268,066
167,982
62.7
161,491
60.2
6,492
3.9
100,083
5,637

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130,234
88,437
67.9
85,534
65.7
2,903
3.3
41,797

130,605
88,892
68.1
85,253
65.3
3,639
4.1
41,713

130,694
88,472
67.7
85,187
65.2
3,285
3.7
42,222

130,234
88,621
68.0
85,521
65.7
3,100
3.5
41,613

130,985
89,250
68.1
85,794
65.5
3,456
3.9
41,735

130,436
88,507
67.9
85,034
65.2
3,473
3.9
41,929

130,520
88,391
67.7
84,993
65.1
3,398
3.8
42,129

130,605
88,812
68.0
85,490
65.5
3,323
3.7
41,793

130,694
88,708
67.9
85,208
65.2
3,500
3.9
41,986

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

121,488
85,396
70.3
82,743
68.1
2,653
3.1
36,092

121,685
85,656
70.4
82,457
67.8
3,199
3.7
36,029

121,763
85,347
70.1
82,424
67.7
2,923
3.4
36,416

121,488
85,393
70.3
82,596
68.0
2,797
3.3
36,095

122,187
86,007
70.4
82,958
67.9
3,050
3.5
36,180

121,539
85,364
70.2
82,304
67.7
3,060
3.6
36,175

121,611
85,180
70.0
82,178
67.6
3,002
3.5
36,431

121,685
85,398
70.2
82,543
67.8
2,855
3.3
36,287

121,763
85,382
70.1
82,318
67.6
3,064
3.6
36,381

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136,209
77,784
57.1
75,541
55.5
2,243
2.9
58,425

137,279
79,068
57.6
76,103
55.4
2,965
3.7
58,211

137,372
79,011
57.5
76,403
55.6
2,609
3.3
58,361

136,209
78,057
57.3
75,441
55.4
2,615
3.4
58,152

137,006
78,201
57.1
75,389
55.0
2,811
3.6
58,805

137,104
78,768
57.5
76,118
55.5
2,650
3.4
58,336

137,191
79,035
57.6
75,975
55.4
3,060
3.9
58,156

137,279
79,083
57.6
75,976
55.3
3,106
3.9
58,197

137,372
79,274
57.7
76,283
55.5
2,991
3.8
58,098

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127,761
74,818
58.6
72,824
57.0
1,994
2.7
52,943

128,659
75,945
59.0
73,304
57.0
2,642
3.5
52,714

128,742
75,901
59.0
73,579
57.2
2,322
3.1
52,841

127,761
74,920
58.6
72,597
56.8
2,324
3.1
52,841

128,513
75,047
58.4
72,587
56.5
2,460
3.3
53,466

128,503
75,529
58.8
73,144
56.9
2,385
3.2
52,974

128,581
75,835
59.0
73,182
56.9
2,653
3.5
52,746

128,659
75,792
58.9
73,061
56.8
2,731
3.6
52,867

128,742
75,989
59.0
73,334
57.0
2,655
3.5
52,753

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,194
6,007
34.9
5,508
32.0
499
8.3
11,187

17,540
6,359
36.3
5,595
31.9
764
12.0
11,181

17,561
6,236
35.5
5,587
31.8
649
10.4
11,326

17,194
6,365
37.0
5,770
33.6
595
9.3
10,830

17,291
6,396
37.0
5,638
32.6
758
11.9
10,895

17,498
6,383
36.5
5,704
32.6
679
10.6
11,115

17,519
6,411
36.6
5,608
32.0
803
12.5
11,108

17,540
6,704
38.2
5,862
33.4
842
12.6
10,835

17,561
6,611
37.6
5,839
33.2
772
11.7
10,950

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

204,261
126,873
62.1
123,300
60.4
3,574
2.8
77,388

204,752
127,640
62.3
123,175
60.2
4,465
3.5
77,112

204,831
127,369
62.2
123,298
60.2
4,071
3.2
77,463

204,261
127,241
62.3
123,263
60.3
3,978
3.1
77,021

205,022
127,226
62.1
122,802
59.9
4,424
3.5
77,796

204,608
126,962
62.1
122,663
60.0
4,299
3.4
77,646

204,677
127,040
62.1
122,685
59.9
4,356
3.4
77,637

204,752
127,596
62.3
123,286
60.2
4,310
3.4
77,156

204,831
127,708
62.3
123,229
60.2
4,479
3.5
77,123

66,340
70.2
64,496
68.2
1,844
2.8

66,098
70.0
63,906
67.7
2,193
3.3

65,960
69.8
63,887
67.6
2,073
3.1

66,361
70.2
64,399
68.1
1,962
3.0

66,405
70.0
64,208
67.7
2,197
3.3

65,869
69.8
63,674
67.5
2,195
3.3

65,685
69.6
63,658
67.4
2,027
3.1

65,963
69.8
64,029
67.8
1,933
2.9

65,982
69.8
63,801
67.5
2,181
3.3

55,825
57.4
54,463
56.0
1,361
2.4

56,614
58.0
54,849
56.2
1,765
3.1

56,561
57.9
54,995
56.3
1,565
2.8

55,904
57.5
54,331
55.9
1,573
2.8

55,844
57.2
54,175
55.5
1,669
3.0

56,219
57.6
54,615
56.0
1,604
2.9

56,454
57.9
54,646
56.0
1,808
3.2

56,489
57.9
54,677
56.0
1,811
3.2

56,622
58.0
54,843
56.2
1,779
3.1

4,709
37.7
4,340
34.7
369
7.8

4,928
38.8
4,420
34.8
508
10.3

4,848
38.2
4,416
34.8
433
8.9

4,976
39.8
4,533
36.2
443
8.9

4,976
39.7
4,418
35.3
558
11.2

4,874
38.4
4,374
34.5
500
10.3

4,902
38.6
4,381
34.5
520
10.6

5,145
40.5
4,580
36.1
565
11.0

5,103
40.2
4,584
36.1
519
10.2

34,583
21,756
62.9
20,809
60.2
947
4.4
12,827

34,883
22,124
63.4
20,689
59.3
1,435
6.5
12,759

34,918
22,021
63.1
20,892
59.8
1,128
5.1
12,897

34,583
21,763
62.9
20,713
59.9
1,050
4.8
12,820

34,853
22,094
63.4
20,952
60.1
1,143
5.2
12,759

34,813
22,051
63.3
20,887
60.0
1,164
5.3
12,762

34,849
22,190
63.7
20,950
60.1
1,240
5.6
12,659

34,883
22,170
63.6
20,746
59.5
1,424
6.4
12,713

34,918
22,051
63.2
20,812
59.6
1,239
5.6
12,867

9,986
67.6
9,540
64.6
447
4.5

10,303
69.5
9,624
64.9
679
6.6

10,187
68.6
9,670
65.2
517
5.1

9,978
67.6
9,519
64.5
458
4.6

10,294
69.2
9,821
66.0
473
4.6

10,266
69.4
9,717
65.7
548
5.3

10,344
69.8
9,709
65.5
636
6.1

10,317
69.6
9,677
65.3
640
6.2

10,194
68.7
9,661
65.1
533
5.2

11,082
64.1
10,658
61.6
423
3.8

11,014
63.1
10,416
59.7
598
5.4

11,012
63.0
10,538
60.3
474
4.3

11,051
63.9
10,557
61.1
495
4.5

11,014
63.2
10,486
60.2
528
4.8

10,967
62.9
10,445
59.9
521
4.8

11,050
63.4
10,568
60.6
482
4.4

10,999
63.0
10,387
59.5
612
5.6

10,991
62.9
10,442
59.8
548
5.0

688
27.2
611
24.2
77
11.2

807
31.0
649
24.9
159
19.6

822
31.5
684
26.2
138
16.8

734
29.0
636
25.2
97
13.2

786
30.7
644
25.2
142
18.0

819
31.6
724
27.9
95
11.6

796
30.7
673
25.9
122
15.4

854
32.8
682
26.2
171
20.1

867
33.2
709
27.2
158
18.2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Apr.
2023
17,557
11,319
64.5
11,017
62.7
302
2.7
6,238

Mar.
2024
17,781
11,442
64.3
11,157
62.7
285
2.5
6,339

Apr.
2024
17,816
11,485
64.5
11,182
62.8
302
2.6
6,331

Apr.
2023
17,557
11,374
64.8
11,053
63.0
321
2.8
6,183

Dec.
2023
17,896
11,436
63.9
11,084
61.9
353
3.1
6,459

Jan.
2024
17,930
11,559
64.5
11,223
62.6
336
2.9
6,372

Feb.
2024
17,784
11,472
64.5
11,081
62.3
390
3.4
6,312

Mar.
2024
17,781
11,403
64.1
11,113
62.5
290
2.5
6,379

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Apr.
2024
17,816
11,536
64.7
11,214
62.9
322
2.8
6,280

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

47,288
31,506
66.6
30,234
63.9
1,273
4.0
15,782

48,565
32,459
66.8
30,948
63.7
1,510
4.7
16,106

48,667
32,757
67.3
31,296
64.3
1,462
4.5
15,910

47,288
31,587
66.8
30,183
63.8
1,403
4.4
15,702

48,068
32,081
66.7
30,480
63.4
1,602
5.0
15,986

48,364
32,318
66.8
30,700
63.5
1,618
5.0
16,046

48,467
32,499
67.1
30,883
63.7
1,616
5.0
15,967

48,565
32,442
66.8
30,994
63.8
1,448
4.5
16,123

48,667
32,777
67.3
31,187
64.1
1,589
4.8
15,890

16,970
79.0
16,316
75.9
654
3.9

17,512
79.8
16,781
76.4
732
4.2

17,548
79.8
16,821
76.5
727
4.1

16,963
78.9
16,267
75.7
695
4.1

17,261
79.1
16,438
75.3
824
4.8

17,372
79.5
16,519
75.6
852
4.9

17,415
79.5
16,720
76.3
695
4.0

17,455
79.5
16,800
76.5
654
3.7

17,532
79.7
16,765
76.2
766
4.4

13,071
61.0
12,583
58.7
489
3.7

13,473
61.1
12,847
58.3
627
4.7

13,655
61.8
13,078
59.2
577
4.2

13,102
61.1
12,568
58.6
534
4.1

13,346
61.3
12,746
58.5
601
4.5

13,336
60.7
12,759
58.1
577
4.3

13,535
61.5
12,860
58.4
675
5.0

13,483
61.1
12,870
58.4
612
4.5

13,638
61.7
13,016
58.9
623
4.6

1,465
33.6
1,335
30.6
130
8.9

1,473
32.3
1,321
29.0
152
10.3

1,554
34.0
1,397
30.5
157
10.1

1,522
34.9
1,348
30.9
174
11.4

1,474
33.2
1,296
29.2
177
12.0

1,610
35.5
1,422
31.3
188
11.7

1,549
34.0
1,304
28.6
246
15.9

1,504
33.0
1,323
29.0
181
12.0

1,607
35.1
1,406
30.7
200
12.5

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,194
46.9
8,705
44.4
489
5.3

8,864
46.0
8,349
43.4
514
5.8

9,117
47.5
8,578
44.6
539
5.9

9,067
46.2
8,575
43.7
492
5.4

9,384
47.5
8,819
44.6
564
6.0

9,271
47.1
8,715
44.3
556
6.0

9,192
48.3
8,626
45.4
565
6.1

8,916
46.3
8,483
44.1
433
4.9

8,990
46.8
8,451
44.0
539
6.0

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,840
56.5
34,491
54.4
1,349
3.8

36,504
57.5
34,889
54.9
1,615
4.4

36,273
56.8
34,890
54.6
1,383
3.8

35,792
56.5
34,379
54.2
1,413
3.9

35,748
57.1
34,247
54.7
1,501
4.2

35,927
57.0
34,385
54.6
1,543
4.3

36,474
57.0
34,948
54.7
1,526
4.2

36,364
57.3
34,866
54.9
1,498
4.1

36,208
56.7
34,757
54.4
1,451
4.0

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,685
63.0
34,730
61.3
955
2.7

36,198
63.3
34,934
61.1
1,264
3.5

36,251
63.0
35,114
61.0
1,137
3.1

35,680
63.0
34,659
61.2
1,020
2.9

35,737
62.4
34,623
60.4
1,114
3.1

36,205
62.6
35,020
60.6
1,184
3.3

36,322
63.5
35,178
61.5
1,144
3.1

36,147
63.2
34,918
61.1
1,229
3.4

36,225
62.9
35,017
60.8
1,208
3.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64,050
73.2
62,929
71.9
1,120
1.7

64,820
72.8
63,469
71.2
1,351
2.1

64,406
72.8
63,127
71.3
1,279
2.0

64,080
73.3
62,834
71.8
1,246
1.9

64,297
72.3
62,933
70.8
1,364
2.1

64,195
72.7
62,836
71.2
1,359
2.1

63,965
72.1
62,527
70.5
1,438
2.2

64,478
72.4
63,095
70.8
1,383
2.1

64,449
72.8
63,047
71.2
1,402
2.2

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Apr.
2023

Men
Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Women
Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,961
8,672
48.3
8,488
47.3
184
2.1
9,289

17,631
8,516
48.3
8,254
46.8
262
3.1
9,115

15,923
7,497
47.1
7,350
46.2
146
2.0
8,426

15,584
7,341
47.1
7,087
45.5
254
3.5
8,243

2,038
1,175
57.7
1,138
55.8
38
3.2
863

2,047
1,175
57.4
1,167
57.0
8
0.7
872

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,034
4,077
81.0
3,980
79.1
97
2.4
957

5,350
4,290
80.2
4,140
77.4
150
3.5
1,060

4,129
3,375
81.7
3,298
79.9
77
2.3
754

4,409
3,584
81.3
3,440
78.0
143
4.0
826

906
702
77.6
682
75.3
20
2.9
203

940
706
75.1
700
74.4
6
0.9
234

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,929
2,059
70.3
2,016
68.8
43
2.1
870

2,761
1,906
69.0
1,860
67.4
45
2.4
856

2,473
1,763
71.3
1,724
69.7
39
2.2
710

2,309
1,622
70.3
1,577
68.3
45
2.8
686

455
296
64.9
292
64.2
4
1.2
160

453
284
62.6
284
62.6
0
0.0
169

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,032
793
13.1
773
12.8
20
2.5
5,239

5,704
716
12.5
692
12.1
23
3.2
4,988

5,776
777
13.5
760
13.2
17
2.2
4,999

5,463
692
12.7
670
12.3
22
3.2
4,771

256
15
6.0
13
5.0
3
–
241

241
23
9.7
22
9.2
1
–
218

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,966
1,743
43.9
1,719
43.3
24
1.4
2,223

3,816
1,605
42.0
1,561
40.9
43
2.7
2,211

3,545
1,581
44.6
1,568
44.2
13
0.8
1,964

3,403
1,443
42.4
1,400
41.1
43
3.0
1,960

421
162
38.5
151
35.8
11
6.9
259

413
162
39.2
161
39.1
0
0.3
251

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

239,186
155,317
64.9
150,560
62.9
4,757
3.1
83,869

241,318
156,752
65.0
151,386
62.7
5,366
3.4
84,566

109,666
79,845
72.8
77,177
70.4
2,668
3.3
29,821

110,563
80,055
72.4
77,159
69.8
2,896
3.6
30,508

129,521
75,472
58.3
73,383
56.7
2,088
2.8
54,049

130,755
76,697
58.7
74,228
56.8
2,470
3.2
54,058

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

Persons with no disability
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

32,818
7,551
23.0
7,078
21.6
473
6.3
25,267

34,003
8,341
24.5
7,814
23.0
526
6.3
25,663

233,625
158,670
67.9
153,996
65.9
4,674
2.9
74,955

234,062
159,143
68.0
153,776
65.7
5,368
3.4
74,919

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,051
39.1
2,838
36.4
213
7.0
4,756

3,420
40.6
3,198
38.0
222
6.5
5,007

79,363
82.5
76,798
79.8
2,565
3.2
16,886

78,835
82.8
75,965
79.7
2,870
3.6
16,426

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,126
37.6
2,905
35.0
221
7.1
5,181

3,407
40.6
3,172
37.8
235
6.9
4,985

69,589
72.3
67,676
70.3
1,913
2.7
26,664

70,386
72.9
68,138
70.5
2,247
3.2
26,227

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,374
8.2
1,336
8.0
38
2.8
15,330

1,513
8.8
1,445
8.4
69
4.6
15,670

9,717
23.6
9,522
23.2
196
2.0
31,405

9,922
23.5
9,672
22.9
250
2.5
32,266

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Apr.
2023

Men
Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Women
Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

46,328
30,912
66.7
29,962
64.7
950
3.1
15,416

48,089
31,726
66.0
30,482
63.4
1,244
3.9
16,363

22,732
17,595
77.4
17,121
75.3
474
2.7
5,137

23,675
18,132
76.6
17,468
73.8
664
3.7
5,544

23,596
13,317
56.4
12,841
54.4
476
3.6
10,279

24,414
13,594
55.7
13,014
53.3
580
4.3
10,819

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

220,115
135,309
61.5
131,113
59.6
4,196
3.1
84,806

219,976
135,758
61.7
131,108
59.6
4,650
3.4
84,219

107,503
70,842
65.9
68,413
63.6
2,429
3.4
36,660

107,019
70,341
65.7
67,720
63.3
2,621
3.7
36,678

112,612
64,467
57.2
62,700
55.7
1,767
2.7
48,146

112,958
65,417
57.9
63,388
56.1
2,028
3.1
47,541

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

2,231
1,472
713
46
158,844
149,752
21,893
127,860
613
127,247
9,035
57

2,099
1,427
627
44
159,258
149,720
21,866
127,854
679
127,175
9,487
51

2,187
1,496
657
34
159,403
150,119
21,883
128,236
620
127,616
9,241
43

2,295
1,538
713
–
158,615
149,451
21,643
127,774
–
127,116
9,076
–

2,205
1,520
680
–
158,993
149,702
21,700
128,086
–
127,414
9,335
–

2,184
1,489
687
–
158,735
149,741
21,490
128,407
–
127,521
9,087
–

2,201
1,524
649
–
158,601
149,321
21,142
128,256
–
127,392
9,377
–

2,217
1,507
654
–
158,970
149,513
21,436
128,092
–
127,331
9,522
–

2,246
1,555
657
–
159,161
149,831
21,616
128,170
–
127,493
9,295
–

3,692
2,612
823
22,453

4,422
3,051
1,053
23,416

4,267
2,910
1,146
22,913

3,896
2,764
836
21,753

4,211
2,960
964
22,458

4,422
2,994
1,026
22,156

4,376
2,863
1,104
22,309

4,308
2,972
999
22,902

4,469
3,058
1,134
22,253

3,627
2,570
813
22,058

4,343
3,010
1,033
23,054

4,200
2,856
1,146
22,575

3,834
2,726
826
21,353

4,138
2,913
953
22,060

4,371
2,959
1,018
21,793

4,300
2,803
1,098
21,951

4,255
2,949
980
22,523

4,404
3,010
1,132
21,906

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

161,075
5,508
2,027
3,481
155,567
14,711
140,856
103,484
35,957
35,385
32,142
37,372

161,356
5,595
1,946
3,650
155,761
14,121
141,641
103,766
35,696
36,185
31,885
37,875

161,590
5,587
1,949
3,637
156,003
14,295
141,709
104,119
35,732
36,319
32,069
37,589

160,962
5,770
2,191
3,582
155,193
14,818
140,479
103,208
35,847
35,290
32,071
37,271

161,183
5,638
2,194
3,446
155,545
14,756
140,617
103,161
35,859
35,546
31,757
37,455

161,152
5,704
2,292
3,428
155,448
14,562
140,972
103,489
35,700
35,818
31,970
37,484

160,968
5,608
2,035
3,595
155,360
14,192
141,300
103,717
35,672
36,117
31,928
37,582

161,466
5,862
2,146
3,756
155,604
14,287
141,485
103,669
35,667
36,123
31,879
37,816

161,491
5,839
2,116
3,727
155,652
14,419
141,328
103,832
35,638
36,197
31,997
37,497

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85,534
2,791
1,007
1,784
82,743
7,424
75,319
55,247
19,148
19,036
17,062
20,072

85,253
2,796
922
1,874
82,457
7,116
75,341
55,060
18,945
19,288
16,827
20,282

85,187
2,763
942
1,822
82,424
7,315
75,109
55,093
18,914
19,271
16,908
20,016

85,521
2,925
1,063
1,863
82,596
7,481
75,187
55,165
19,112
19,001
17,052
20,023

85,794
2,836
1,033
1,807
82,958
7,432
75,397
55,178
19,104
19,108
16,966
20,219

85,034
2,730
1,063
1,679
82,304
7,320
75,093
55,008
18,948
19,109
16,951
20,085

84,993
2,815
939
1,900
82,178
7,107
75,239
55,126
18,945
19,266
16,916
20,112

85,490
2,947
1,022
1,964
82,543
7,222
75,496
55,179
18,957
19,332
16,890
20,316

85,208
2,890
1,000
1,901
82,318
7,381
75,012
55,027
18,893
19,234
16,900
19,985

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75,541
2,716
1,020
1,696
72,824
7,287
65,537
48,237
16,808
16,349
15,080
17,300

76,103
2,799
1,023
1,776
73,304
7,005
66,299
48,706
16,751
16,896
15,059
17,593

76,403
2,823
1,008
1,815
73,579
6,980
66,599
49,026
16,818
17,048
15,161
17,573

75,441
2,845
1,128
1,719
72,597
7,337
65,292
48,043
16,735
16,289
15,019
17,249

75,389
2,802
1,162
1,639
72,587
7,324
65,220
47,983
16,755
16,438
14,791
17,237

76,118
2,974
1,229
1,749
73,144
7,241
65,879
48,480
16,752
16,709
15,019
17,399

75,975
2,793
1,096
1,694
73,182
7,085
66,061
48,591
16,727
16,851
15,013
17,470

75,976
2,915
1,124
1,793
73,061
7,065
65,989
48,490
16,710
16,791
14,989
17,500

76,283
2,949
1,116
1,827
73,334
7,038
66,316
48,805
16,745
16,963
15,096
17,511

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46,330
37,358
9,648

46,100
37,358
9,785

45,700
37,117
9,935

46,099
37,139
–

46,392
36,790
–

45,672
37,033
–

45,387
36,822
–

45,962
37,069
–

45,547
36,906
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

133,886
27,189

132,070
29,287

133,351
28,239

134,446
26,673

133,196
27,794

133,133
27,890

132,946
27,941

132,940
28,632

133,889
27,718

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,676
4.8

8,637
5.4

8,349
5.2

7,709
4.8

8,565
5.3

8,272
5.1

8,259
5.1

8,476
5.2

8,383
5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,404
9,748

6,637
10,114

6,686
9,897

–
9,789

–
10,014

–
9,774

–
10,026

–
10,176

–
9,952

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,715
595
234
380
5,120
854
4,195
3,290
1,430
1,063
798
909

6,429
842
353
490
5,587
1,091
4,499
3,466
1,518
982
967
1,016

6,492
772
306
474
5,720
1,033
4,630
3,462
1,424
1,104
935
1,163

3.4
9.3
9.6
9.6
3.2
5.4
2.9
3.1
3.8
2.9
2.4
2.4

3.7
11.9
13.1
11.2
3.4
6.4
3.2
3.3
4.2
2.9
2.6
2.8

3.7
10.6
10.0
10.8
3.4
5.9
3.2
3.3
3.9
3.0
2.7
2.9

3.9
12.5
12.5
12.2
3.5
7.2
3.2
3.3
4.3
2.9
2.6
2.8

3.8
12.6
14.1
11.5
3.5
7.1
3.1
3.2
4.1
2.6
2.9
2.6

3.9
11.7
12.6
11.3
3.5
6.7
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.0
2.8
3.0

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,100
303
103
215
2,797
486
2,271
1,790
811
559
420
481

3,323
467
167
298
2,855
549
2,329
1,779
813
436
529
550

3,500
436
159
279
3,064
524
2,516
1,882
785
598
499
633

3.5
9.4
8.8
10.3
3.3
6.1
2.9
3.1
4.1
2.9
2.4
2.3

3.9
12.5
15.2
11.3
3.5
6.4
3.3
3.5
4.4
3.2
2.7
2.9

3.9
13.2
15.1
12.1
3.6
7.0
3.3
3.4
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.2

3.8
12.3
11.6
12.5
3.5
7.9
3.2
3.3
4.2
3.0
2.6
2.8

3.7
13.7
14.1
13.2
3.3
7.1
3.0
3.1
4.1
2.2
3.0
2.6

3.9
13.1
13.8
12.8
3.6
6.6
3.2
3.3
4.0
3.0
2.9
3.1

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,615
291
131
165
2,324
367
1,924
1,501
619
505
378
418

3,106
375
186
193
2,731
542
2,170
1,687
704
546
437
463

2,991
336
147
195
2,655
509
2,114
1,580
639
505
436
524

3.4
9.3
10.4
8.8
3.1
4.8
2.9
3.0
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.4

3.6
11.1
11.2
11.1
3.3
6.4
3.0
3.0
3.9
2.7
2.5
2.7

3.4
8.2
5.0
9.6
3.2
4.9
3.0
3.1
3.9
2.7
2.8
2.5

3.9
12.7
13.1
11.8
3.5
6.4
3.2
3.3
4.4
2.8
2.6
2.9

3.9
11.4
14.2
9.7
3.6
7.1
3.2
3.4
4.0
3.1
2.8
2.6

3.8
10.2
11.6
9.6
3.5
6.7
3.1
3.1
3.7
2.9
2.8
2.9

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

826
766
489

831
860
550

979
890
506

1.8
2.0
4.8

2.1
2.2
4.7

2.1
2.0
5.4

1.9
2.0
5.5

1.8
2.3
5.3

2.1
2.4
4.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,707
998

5,090
1,329

5,257
1,222

3.4
3.6

3.8
3.8

3.6
4.2

3.9
3.9

3.7
4.4

3.8
4.2

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

2,391
568
1,824
1,391
433
746
1,581
428

3,295
938
2,357
1,719
639
811
1,916
582

2,973
688
2,286
1,728
558
744
1,723
453

2,676
760
1,916
1,426
490
786
1,778
519

3,058
917
2,140
1,543
597
833
1,741
609

3,028
876
2,151
1,556
595
794
1,834
550

3,216
827
2,389
1,730
659
711
1,946
611

3,042
779
2,263
1,655
607
823
1,920
678

3,241
871
2,370
1,756
615
785
1,929
574

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

46.5
11.0
35.4
14.5
30.7
8.3

49.9
14.2
35.7
12.3
29.0
8.8

50.5
11.7
38.8
12.6
29.2
7.7

46.5
13.2
33.3
13.6
30.9
9.0

49.0
14.7
34.3
13.4
27.9
9.8

48.8
14.1
34.7
12.8
29.5
8.9

49.6
12.8
36.8
11.0
30.0
9.4

47.1
12.1
35.0
12.7
29.7
10.5

49.6
13.3
36.3
12.0
29.5
8.8

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

1.4
0.4
1.0
0.3

2.0
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.8
0.4
1.0
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.8
0.5
1.0
0.4

1.8
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.9
0.4
1.2
0.4

1.8
0.5
1.1
0.4

1.9
0.5
1.1
0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,484
1,607
2,055
958
1,098

1,909
2,141
2,554
1,195
1,359

1,888
1,670
2,336
1,064
1,271

1,867
1,920
1,837
748
1,089

2,191
1,791
2,350
1,104
1,245

2,140
1,848
2,144
867
1,277

2,326
1,933
2,176
974
1,203

2,189
1,979
2,228
982
1,246

2,262
1,987
2,119
869
1,250

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.4
10.5

22.3
10.7

21.4
10.5

20.8
8.7

22.3
9.7

20.8
9.6

20.9
9.3

21.6
9.5

19.9
8.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28.8
31.2
39.9
18.6
21.3

28.9
32.4
38.7
18.1
20.6

32.0
28.3
39.6
18.1
21.6

33.2
34.1
32.7
13.3
19.4

34.6
28.3
37.1
17.4
19.7

34.9
30.1
35.0
14.1
20.8

36.1
30.0
33.8
15.1
18.7

34.2
30.9
34.8
15.3
19.5

35.5
31.2
33.3
13.6
19.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

161,075
70,403

161,590
70,548

5,146
1,153

5,894
1,399

3.1
1.6

3.5
1.9

30,517
39,886
26,224
30,534
14,377
16,157

30,172
40,376
26,430
30,037
14,410
15,627

571
582
1,122
917
438
480

743
656
1,162
1,061
543
518

1.8
1.4
4.1
2.9
3.0
2.9

2.4
1.6
4.2
3.4
3.6
3.2

14,214
873
8,506
4,834

14,501
831
8,662
5,009

586
67
443
76

749
59
545
144

4.0
7.1
5.0
1.6

4.9
6.7
5.9
2.8

19,700
8,143
11,557

20,074
8,069
12,005

935
308
627

1,057
419
638

4.5
3.6
5.1

5.0
4.9
5.0

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

5,146
4,062
11
424
429
240
190
644
298
38
214
684
494
686
139
68
343
244

5,894
4,795
8
555
416
281
134
725
358
128
280
746
559
784
235
83
267
296

3.1
3.1
1.8
4.1
2.8
2.4
3.4
3.3
3.6
1.4
2.1
3.7
1.9
5.0
2.1
4.6
1.5
2.4

3.5
3.6
1.3
5.2
2.7
2.9
2.4
3.8
4.4
5.0
2.7
4.0
2.1
5.7
3.5
5.4
1.2
2.9

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Dec.
2023

Jan.
2024

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024

Apr.
2024

1.2

1.5

1.4

1.1

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.4

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.9

3.1

3.9

3.5

3.4

3.7

3.7

3.9

3.8

3.9

3.3

4.1

3.7

3.6

3.9

3.9

4.1

4.0

4.1

3.9

4.7

4.4

4.3

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.8

6.1

7.4

6.9

6.6

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.3

7.4

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Apr.
2023

Men
Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Women
Apr.
2024

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

100,222
5,145
1,461
386
1,075

100,582
5,502
1,519
380
1,139

41,797
2,418
775
250
524

42,222
2,717
771
210
561

58,425
2,727
686
136
550

58,361
2,786
748
170
578

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,676
4.8
4,388
1,808
424
1,001

8,349
5.2
4,844
2,091
376
984

3,765
4.4
2,369
643
213
517

3,986
4.7
2,560
713
215
473

3,911
5.2
2,018
1,164
210
483

4,363
5.7
2,284
1,378
161
511

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

155,201
132,239
21,403

156,551
133,098
21,399

157,213
133,636
21,514

158,016
134,421
21,680

155,484
132,831
21,541

157,796
134,605
21,768

158,111
134,848
21,807

158,286
135,015
21,821

Change
from:
Mar.2024 Apr.2024p
175
167
14

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

633
42.1
590.7
115.8
186.0
42.8
43.5

632
41.8
590.2
118.2
184.5
42.9
43.4

639
41.4
597.6
118.6
186.2
42.9
42.9

635
39.3
595.4
117.4
188.3
44.1
42.9

639
44.9
593.8
116.9
187.2
42.8
43.5

641
41.9
599.0
119.0
189.2
43.0
43.4

644
42.3
601.8
119.2
189.8
42.9
43.1

641
42.2
598.3
118.5
189.7
44.1
42.9

-3
-0.1
-3.5
-0.7
-0.1
1.2
-0.2

99.7
288.9

98.2
287.5

100.4
292.8

101.3
289.7

101.0
289.7

102.8
290.8

103.8
292.8

102.7
290.1

-1.1
-2.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

7,874
1,772.5
912.0
860.5
1,093.0
5,008.5
2,334.9
2,673.6

7,860
1,809.7
915.2
894.5
1,055.7
4,994.8
2,314.4
2,680.4

7,972
1,831.2
929.5
901.7
1,083.3
5,057.8
2,342.4
2,715.4

8,132
1,847.9
940.1
907.8
1,134.7
5,149.8
2,380.9
2,768.9

7,961
1,792.6
923.3
869.3
1,104.3
5,064.5
2,358.5
2,706.0

8,170
1,850.0
936.7
913.3
1,142.7
5,177.6
2,396.7
2,780.9

8,210
1,863.6
947.2
916.4
1,146.0
5,200.2
2,409.1
2,791.1

8,219
1,867.3
950.0
917.3
1,146.3
5,205.1
2,407.4
2,797.7

9
3.7
2.8
0.9
0.3
4.9
-1.7
6.6

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . .
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

12,896

12,907

12,903

12,913

12,941

12,957

12,953

12,961

8

8,063
417.6

8,118
412.4

8,120
412.6

8,120
414.5

8,084
418.5

8,141
414.7

8,143
414.3

8,144
415.7

1
1.4

415.5
372.3
1,446.8
1,129.2

411.3
370.5
1,470.1
1,135.5

415.2
370.0
1,467.4
1,132.3

418.3
369.5
1,466.2
1,136.0

418.9
373.2
1,450.2
1,132.3

420.3
371.1
1,471.4
1,137.6

421.6
370.5
1,469.3
1,136.0

422.0
370.7
1,469.6
1,139.4

0.4
0.2
0.3
3.4

1,105.3

1,102.9

1,099.6

1,098.8

1,108.7

1,105.7

1,103.3

1,102.3

-1.0

163.2

161.4

159.6

160.2

164.0

161.9

160.7

161.0

0.3

85.4

86.0

85.4

85.2

85.4

86.2

85.5

85.4

-0.1

395.3

391.5

390.9

391.3

396.5

392.7

391.7

392.1

0.4

430.7

433.6

433.2

431.5

431.5

434.1

434.5

432.9

-1.6

30.7

30.4

30.5

30.6

31.2

30.8

30.9

31.0

0.1

412.8
1,773.6
1,036.9

412.0
1,831.7
1,061.9

411.6
1,838.3
1,067.7

409.6
1,837.1
1,064.3

414.1
1,775.8
1,034.0

413.5
1,831.6
1,062.2

412.3
1,840.1
1,066.0

411.1
1,841.0
1,063.9

-1.2
0.9
-2.1

361.9
627.7

346.2
625.6

347.5
625.7

344.9
625.0

363.0
629.0

347.4
627.4

347.6
627.6

345.9
626.5

-1.7
-1.1

4,833
1,714.2
92.4
99.9
92.6
358.3
373.5

4,789
1,725.6
89.2
95.5
85.6
350.9
362.6

4,783
1,719.3
89.0
94.8
83.5
349.6
364.4

4,793
1,721.2
88.9
95.5
83.6
349.7
366.1

4,857
1,728.2
92.1
99.7
91.5
359.0
374.9

4,816
1,731.8
89.7
95.5
85.9
350.3
365.4

4,810
1,730.8
89.2
94.4
84.1
349.6
365.7

4,817
1,735.5
88.7
95.4
83.4
350.3
366.7

7
4.7
-0.5
1.0
-0.7
0.7
1.0

108.0
900.5

107.1
895.9

108.1
900.4

108.6
896.6

108.6
902.2

110.7
895.3

110.6
900.0

109.2
898.2

-1.4
-1.8

739.1

726.0

724.6

726.8

740.5

728.1

726.0

728.1

2.1

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Change
from:
Mar.2024 Apr.2024p

Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

354.5

350.7

349.4

355.6

360.6

363.1

359.2

361.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

110,836

111,699

112,122

112,741

111,290

112,837

113,041

113,194

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,544

28,686

28,701

28,747

28,834

28,928

28,959

29,011

2.7
153
52

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . .
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . .

6,078.6
3,371.4
2,197.5
509.7

6,112.6
3,409.1
2,196.0
507.5

6,133.3
3,414.4
2,208.8
510.1

6,155.1
3,417.2
2,226.6
511.3

6,095.2
3,379.7
2,203.4
512.1

6,149.2
3,419.4
2,219.4
510.4

6,159.6
3,422.8
2,223.6
513.2

6,169.7
3,425.3
2,230.8
513.6

10.1
2.5
7.2
0.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. .
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . .
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . .
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . .
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . .

15,420.9
2,025.3
1,266.2
178.5

15,482.3
2,057.1
1,288.6
165.5

15,492.9
2,065.3
1,294.8
168.4

15,531.6
2,069.2
1,297.5
170.6

15,586.0
2,027.2
1,267.0
178.1

15,642.7
2,072.8
1,292.4
173.0

15,657.8
2,073.1
1,296.3
172.3

15,677.9
2,072.7
1,298.6
170.9

20.1
-0.4
2.3
-1.4

580.6

603.0

602.1

601.1

582.2

607.4

604.5

603.2

-1.3

1,435.1
3,206.5

1,339.9
3,253.9

1,360.0
3,243.6

1,400.4
3,239.7

1,405.6
3,231.5

1,379.6
3,258.2

1,369.1
3,262.3

1,375.6
3,264.4

6.5
2.1

847.0
429.5
417.5
3,156.6
931.4

825.6
425.4
400.2
3,213.1
940.0

819.6
422.4
397.2
3,221.2
939.5

813.5
421.6
391.9
3,226.1
941.2

856.6
434.4
422.2
3,227.5
973.0

825.1
424.6
400.5
3,252.1
962.0

823.0
423.8
399.2
3,271.7
969.5

821.7
425.5
396.2
3,281.2
974.7

-1.3
1.7
-3.0
9.5
5.2

2,225.2
1,088.6
1,048.6

2,273.1
1,099.0
1,063.3

2,281.7
1,090.9
1,066.7

2,284.9
1,090.7
1,072.8

2,254.5
1,097.3
1,057.5

2,290.1
1,095.9
1,075.1

2,302.1
1,094.7
1,077.7

2,306.5
1,099.6
1,080.6

4.4
4.9
2.9

1,111.5

1,115.8

1,110.0

1,100.0

1,150.1

1,142.9

1,141.5

1,137.8

-3.7

1,501.7

1,514.6

1,515.6

1,519.2

1,532.7

1,541.0

1,544.7

1,544.3

-0.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,472.1
543.8
152.9
67.1
1,560.8

6,505.4
568.7
153.6
68.8
1,527.3

6,488.1
571.7
153.2
71.6
1,532.3

6,474.2
572.1
153.2
74.0
1,539.7

6,579.1
544.9
152.8
68.2
1,578.4

6,548.1
572.3
153.3
72.1
1,554.0

6,554.0
572.6
153.2
73.8
1,558.1

6,575.8
573.9
153.4
74.9
1,557.8

21.8
1.3
0.2
1.1
-0.3

425.2
52.1
27.2
815.1
1,016.3
1,811.6

447.0
52.9
26.7
836.6
1,053.0
1,770.8

447.0
53.0
27.2
837.2
1,031.2
1,763.7

448.3
53.8
29.0
834.2
1,013.7
1,756.2

412.3
52.1
30.3
819.9
1,086.4
1,833.8

433.2
53.0
32.3
837.3
1,072.8
1,767.8

433.2
53.0
32.0
837.8
1,072.3
1,768.0

435.1
53.6
31.9
839.7
1,079.9
1,775.6

1.9
0.6
-0.1
1.9
7.6
7.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

572.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,035

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

585.6
2,997

586.4
3,004

585.9
2,993

573.5
3,053

588.3
3,017

587.4
3,021

587.4
3,013

0.0
-8

422.0
947.2
350.0
650.5

428.7
919.1
345.2
631.7

434.0
922.6
341.2
632.7

429.5
921.7
340.5
627.9

426.9
955.2
350.6
653.1

441.4
927.1
343.8
631.7

442.7
931.0
341.1
631.3

434.4
932.4
341.1
630.0

-8.3
1.4
0.0
-1.3

485.7

494.6

496.2

497.1

487.2

495.2

497.9

498.8

0.9

179.9

177.6

177.3

176.3

179.5

178.2

177.3

176.4

-0.9

9,137
6,703.0
22.5

9,167
6,709.3
22.5

9,169
6,707.9
22.5

9,186
6,709.5
22.5

9,179
6,725.1
22.6

9,222
6,724.4
22.6

9,227
6,725.9
22.6

9,233
6,732.5
22.6

6
6.6
0.0

2,636.0

2,592.3

2,590.1

2,582.2

2,641.5

2,592.1

2,591.4

2,587.7

-3.7

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Change
from:
Mar.2024 Apr.2024p

1,802.9
1,399.6
537.5
295.6

1,782.1
1,373.5
525.0
285.2

1,781.3
1,371.7
523.6
285.2

1,774.6
1,365.1
523.4
284.2

1,806.0
1,401.7
539.4
296.0

1,780.3
1,371.2
527.3
284.4

1,780.0
1,369.9
526.2
285.2

1,777.5
1,366.7
525.7
284.5

-2.5
-3.2
-0.5
-0.7

1,088.2
2,956.3
2,433.7
1,845.6
565.4

1,102.7
2,991.8
2,457.2
1,856.4
577.7

1,101.5
2,993.8
2,461.3
1,858.3
579.9

1,105.0
2,999.8
2,476.0
1,867.1
585.6

1,094.6
2,966.4
2,454.3
1,854.9
576.5

1,110.0
2,999.7
2,497.1
1,876.1
597.6

1,110.4
3,001.5
2,501.1
1,880.2
597.4

1,112.6
3,009.6
2,500.9
1,878.8
598.6

2.2
8.1
-0.2
-1.4
1.2

Credit intermediation and related Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

22.7

23.1

23.1

23.3

22.9

23.4

23.5

23.5

0.0

22,767

22,691

22,724

22,891

22,827

22,936

22,946

22,942

-4

10,799.3
1,171.7

10,983.8
1,184.7

10,966.5
1,177.2

11,020.1
1,181.7

10,767.1
1,179.6

10,966.4
1,190.3

10,978.4
1,187.1

10,995.5
1,190.3

17.1
3.2

1,221.2

1,235.7

1,242.0

1,239.5

1,144.6

1,160.0

1,162.3

1,164.0

1.7

1,636.7
151.8

1,668.0
153.2

1,665.6
152.3

1,672.0
153.8

1,652.2
152.4

1,690.4
155.0

1,688.9
154.5

1,688.8
154.6

-0.1
0.1

2,489.5

2,531.3

2,515.8

2,542.6

2,490.5

2,533.8

2,538.7

2,544.3

5.6

1,844.7

1,880.5

1,880.0

1,886.1

1,852.4

1,889.3

1,895.3

1,896.4

1.1

923.0

947.4

948.8

950.6

929.3

952.9

955.6

957.1

1.5

501.1

517.8

517.7

521.3

502.7

520.0

520.4

522.9

2.5

859.6
2,549.3

865.2
2,554.6

867.1
2,548.3

872.5
2,545.8

863.5
2,558.3

874.8
2,561.2

875.7
2,557.0

877.1
2,555.7

1.4
-1.3

9,418.3
8,922.9
614.2
166.0
3,620.5
2,860.1
749.0

9,153.0
8,646.9
628.6
175.4
3,485.3
2,719.4
716.9

9,209.5
8,700.8
628.1
176.2
3,481.0
2,712.4
710.1

9,325.4
8,810.4
628.8
176.6
3,459.6
2,688.6
706.5

9,501.6
9,002.1
615.2
166.6
3,694.1
2,922.1
753.1

9,408.8
8,895.3
633.6
175.4
3,533.3
2,755.8
716.9

9,410.2
8,895.1
633.8
175.9
3,531.3
2,753.1
714.7

9,390.3
8,872.4
631.4
176.7
3,516.5
2,736.7
709.8

-19.9
-22.7
-2.4
0.8
-14.8
-16.4
-4.9

186.7
999.5
2,252.4
334.6

194.3
1,012.8
2,095.8
337.8

194.6
1,012.6
2,158.5
339.7

193.5
1,013.9
2,288.7
342.8

187.4
1,000.5
2,249.0
336.1

196.9
1,019.8
2,274.4
345.0

196.4
1,017.2
2,281.7
344.2

194.4
1,015.2
2,284.0
344.4

-2.0
-2.0
2.3
0.2

495.4

506.1

508.7

515.0

499.5

513.5

515.1

517.9

2.8

25,208
3,950.0
21,257.9
16,740.0
8,360.7
2,882.1
1,021.0
1,139.6
1,052.1
321.3
1,600.1

26,116
3,999.9
22,116.2
17,387.5
8,677.4
2,996.4
1,029.6
1,192.0
1,075.6
322.2
1,707.5

26,187
3,993.4
22,193.2
17,455.3
8,702.6
2,999.1
1,030.3
1,189.6
1,079.6
322.4
1,725.7

26,293
4,017.9
22,275.1
17,504.1
8,740.0
3,004.5
1,032.8
1,202.4
1,079.6
323.4
1,741.5

25,109
3,806.4
21,302.5
16,785.0
8,377.0
2,887.4
1,024.4
1,142.0
1,053.6
320.0
1,604.1

26,011
3,860.9
22,150.4
17,418.9
8,692.1
3,000.8
1,034.0
1,192.1
1,074.0
322.3
1,714.4

26,099
3,861.2
22,237.3
17,493.3
8,721.3
3,007.0
1,034.6
1,195.3
1,078.4
323.1
1,727.3

26,194
3,869.3
22,324.3
17,549.5
8,754.7
3,012.6
1,036.3
1,203.6
1,081.9
322.5
1,741.2

95
8.1
87.0
56.2
33.4
5.6
1.7
8.3
3.5
-0.6
13.9

344.5
5,274.1

354.1
5,478.6

355.9
5,507.0

355.8
5,509.3

345.5
5,290.4

354.4
5,486.4

355.6
5,513.9

356.7
5,527.4

1.1
13.5

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Change
from:
Mar.2024 Apr.2024p

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,105.2
1,392.7

3,231.5
1,448.2

3,245.7
1,454.3

3,254.8
1,457.3

3,117.6
1,401.4

3,240.4
1,453.7

3,258.1
1,462.9

3,267.4
1,466.6

9.3
3.7

625.7

658.2

660.6

664.5

628.0

660.2

663.2

666.9

3.7

932.0
154.8
4,517.9
2,987.1

966.0
159.1
4,728.7
3,153.0

969.0
161.8
4,737.9
3,161.6

970.8
162.2
4,771.0
3,187.8

931.8
156.3
4,517.5
2,989.5

967.1
159.4
4,731.5
3,156.0

970.2
161.8
4,744.0
3,167.1

970.8
163.2
4,774.8
3,189.6

0.6
1.4
30.8
22.5

216.5
278.4
1,035.9

225.7
285.7
1,064.3

225.4
287.4
1,063.5

228.0
289.4
1,065.8

216.6
279.4
1,032.1

224.8
288.0
1,062.7

224.4
288.3
1,064.2

227.8
289.9
1,067.4

3.4
1.6
3.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

16,358
2,433.6

16,221
2,398.3

16,483
2,486.0

16,739
2,580.2

16,489
2,492.0

16,839
2,621.5

16,892
2,644.4

16,897
2,641.4

5
-3.0

584.0

566.9

592.4

638.1

565.4

616.4

625.5

621.4

-4.1

166.0

163.6

168.5

175.2

170.4

177.4

178.3

179.4

1.1

1,683.6
13,924.8
1,825.8
12,099.0

1,667.8
13,822.7
1,827.0
11,995.7

1,725.1
13,997.1
1,849.7
12,147.4

1,766.9
14,159.1
1,870.2
12,288.9

1,756.2
13,997.4
1,874.0
12,123.4

1,827.7
14,217.6
1,921.4
12,296.2

1,840.6
14,247.4
1,922.7
12,324.7

1,840.6
14,255.2
1,923.9
12,331.3

0.0
7.8
1.2
6.6

5,787
1,442.7
1,525.7

5,821
1,461.5
1,530.5

5,854
1,474.4
1,534.6

5,892
1,481.1
1,554.4

5,799
1,442.7
1,524.4

5,884
1,477.5
1,548.3

5,897
1,481.9
1,549.3

5,904
1,482.2
1,553.8

7
0.3
4.5

Industry

Health care - Continued

1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,818.4

2,829.1

2,844.7

2,856.5

2,831.6

2,857.8

2,865.4

2,867.8

2.4

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

22,962
2,899
2,289.5
609.7
5,404
2,702.0
2,702.0
14,659
8,194.3
6,464.9

23,453
2,970
2,363.3
607.1
5,563
2,795.0
2,768.4
14,920
8,318.4
6,601.9

23,577
2,978
2,370.2
608.2
5,586
2,808.5
2,777.9
15,013
8,360.3
6,652.5

23,595
2,983
2,372.3
610.8
5,603
2,824.2
2,778.7
15,009
8,337.4
6,671.4

22,653
2,908
2,302.3
606.1
5,263
2,558.5
2,704.6
14,482
7,935.2
6,546.7

23,191
2,981
2,375.1
606.2
5,434
2,653.7
2,780.6
14,776
8,057.6
6,718.3

23,263
2,991
2,384.0
607.0
5,445
2,661.6
2,783.6
14,827
8,075.1
6,751.8

23,271
2,993
2,386.7
606.2
5,451
2,669.1
2,781.5
14,827
8,078.4
6,748.2

8
2
2.7
-0.8
6
7.5
-2.1
0
3.3
-3.6

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.3
39.8
45.5
38.9
40.1
40.6
39.4
33.3
33.9
38.8
29.9
37.9
42.2
36.5
37.4
36.5
33.3
25.3
32.2

34.3
39.7
45.0
38.9
40.0
40.5
39.1
33.3
33.9
39.1
29.8
38.0
42.1
36.5
37.5
36.4
33.3
25.6
32.3

34.4
39.9
45.3
39.3
40.0
40.5
39.2
33.3
33.9
39.1
29.7
38.4
42.0
36.5
37.5
36.5
33.2
25.5
32.4

34.3
39.7
44.3
38.7
40.0
40.5
39.2
33.3
33.8
39.1
29.6
38.0
42.1
36.2
37.5
36.6
33.2
25.4
32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.0
3.1
2.8

3.0
3.1
2.7

2.9
3.0
2.8

2.9
3.0
2.8

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$33.44
33.72
37.70
36.13
32.06
33.59
29.43
33.37
28.85
36.50
23.80
29.02
49.57
47.81
42.73
40.21
32.96
21.07
30.03

$34.56
35.16
39.38
37.57
33.44
35.27
30.25
34.43
29.75
37.37
24.32
30.47
50.78
49.17
44.95
41.50
33.83
21.77
31.18

$34.68
35.37
39.23
37.79
33.65
35.52
30.36
34.52
29.82
37.57
24.31
30.53
50.80
49.35
45.14
41.67
33.84
21.89
31.04

$34.75
35.43
39.73
38.02
33.61
35.46
30.39
34.60
29.84
37.72
24.25
30.54
50.99
49.42
45.30
41.82
33.88
21.92
31.12

$1,146.99
1,342.06
1,715.35
1,405.46
1,285.61
1,363.75
1,159.54
1,111.22
978.02
1,416.20
711.62
1,099.86
2,091.85
1,745.07
1,598.10
1,467.67
1,097.57
533.07
966.97

$1,185.41
1,395.85
1,772.10
1,461.47
1,337.60
1,428.44
1,182.78
1,146.52
1,008.53
1,461.17
724.74
1,157.86
2,137.84
1,794.71
1,685.63
1,510.60
1,126.54
557.31
1,007.11

$1,192.99
1,411.26
1,777.12
1,485.15
1,346.00
1,438.56
1,190.11
1,149.52
1,010.90
1,468.99
722.01
1,172.35
2,133.60
1,801.28
1,692.75
1,520.96
1,123.49
558.20
1,005.70

$1,191.93
1,406.57
1,760.04
1,471.37
1,344.40
1,436.13
1,191.29
1,152.18
1,008.59
1,474.85
717.80
1,160.52
2,146.68
1,789.00
1,698.75
1,530.61
1,124.82
556.77
1,005.18

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2024 Apr.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114.4
97.7
91.4
106.8
93.4
92.4
95.5
119.3
106.8
104.3
94.8
143.3
104.7
101.8
112.5
130.3
136.5
119.0
107.7

115.9
98.5
90.6
109.6
93.2
92.8
94.0
121.0
107.1
106.1
94.9
143.0
107.2
100.6
113.3
130.6
141.4
123.0
109.6

116.4
99.1
91.7
111.2
93.2
92.9
94.1
121.2
107.3
106.2
94.6
144.6
106.7
100.7
113.3
131.0
141.5
122.9
110.2

116.3
98.7
89.2
109.6
93.3
92.9
94.3
121.4
107.1
106.4
94.4
143.6
107.0
99.6
113.4
131.4
142.0
122.5
110.0

-0.1
-0.4
-2.7
-1.4
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
-0.2
0.2
-0.2
-0.7
0.3
-1.1
0.1
0.3
0.4
-0.3
-0.2

1

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2024 Apr.
2024p

182.9
148.9
138.3
167.6
139.2
137.8
142.6
193.5
166.2
159.3
149.3
211.5
171.5
173.3
187.4
212.3
216.5
202.3
177.2

191.5
156.5
143.3
178.8
145.0
145.4
144.3
202.4
171.9
165.8
152.6
221.6
179.8
176.1
198.6
219.6
230.2
216.0
187.3

193.1
158.5
144.4
182.6
145.9
146.5
145.0
203.3
172.5
167.0
152.1
224.6
179.2
177.0
199.6
221.2
230.3
217.1
187.4

193.1
158.0
142.3
181.1
145.8
146.2
145.3
204.1
172.4
167.9
151.5
223.1
180.3
175.3
200.4
222.5
231.4
216.6
187.5

0.0
-0.3
-1.5
-0.8
-0.1
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-0.1
0.5
-0.4
-0.7
0.6
-1.0
0.4
0.6
0.5
-0.2
0.1

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

77,432
64,215
4,969
82
1,121
3,766
2,017
1,749
59,246
11,339
1,871.7
7,533.1
1,784.3
150.1
1,231
5,105
10,513
19,301
8,668
3,089
13,217

78,675
65,134
5,012
86
1,165
3,761
2,023
1,738
60,122
11,273
1,871.0
7,514.6
1,730.9
156.0
1,215
5,134
10,552
19,978
8,831
3,139
13,541

78,824
65,244
5,012
86
1,169
3,757
2,021
1,736
60,232
11,274
1,871.0
7,522.3
1,725.3
155.3
1,215
5,133
10,557
20,057
8,851
3,145
13,580

78,913
65,317
5,016
87
1,173
3,756
2,017
1,739
60,301
11,287
1,876.1
7,526.0
1,730.6
154.0
1,213
5,132
10,554
20,127
8,835
3,153
13,596

49.8
48.3
23.1
12.8
14.1
29.1
25.0
36.0
53.2
39.3
30.7
48.3
27.1
26.2
40.3
55.6
46.1
76.9
52.6
53.3
58.3

49.9
48.4
23.0
13.4
14.3
29.0
24.8
36.1
53.3
39.0
30.4
48.0
26.4
26.5
40.3
55.7
46.0
76.8
52.4
53.3
58.4

49.9
48.4
23.0
13.4
14.2
29.0
24.8
36.1
53.3
38.9
30.4
48.0
26.3
26.4
40.2
55.6
46.0
76.8
52.4
53.3
58.4

49.9
48.4
23.0
13.6
14.3
29.0
24.8
36.1
53.3
38.9
30.4
48.0
26.3
26.2
40.3
55.6
46.0
76.8
52.3
53.4
58.4

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

108,117
15,449
482
5,865
9,102
5,600
3,502
92,668
24,299
4,828.8
13,271.8
5,741.6
456.8
2,437
6,900
18,083
21,854
14,381
4,714

109,596
15,527
502
5,972
9,053
5,571
3,482
94,069
24,417
4,855.5
13,370.4
5,721.1
469.6
2,425
6,957
18,094
22,676
14,720
4,780

109,790
15,537
507
5,994
9,036
5,560
3,476
94,253
24,442
4,861.9
13,384.8
5,726.9
468.0
2,424
6,965
18,110
22,754
14,770
4,788

109,947
15,538
499
6,001
9,038
5,556
3,482
94,409
24,499
4,871.5
13,413.4
5,745.5
468.3
2,409
6,967
18,128
22,837
14,768
4,801

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

33.8
40.5
47.5
39.5
40.7
40.9
40.3
32.7
34.0
38.9
30.3
37.6
42.5
36.1
37.1
36.3
32.5
24.2
31.2

33.7
40.4
47.4
39.5
40.5
40.8
40.1
32.7
33.9
39.2
30.2
37.3
42.2
35.7
36.9
36.3
32.5
24.3
31.3

33.8
40.6
47.5
40.0
40.6
40.9
40.1
32.7
34.0
39.1
30.3
37.5
42.3
36.0
36.9
36.4
32.4
24.3
31.4

33.7
40.3
46.7
39.4
40.6
40.9
40.2
32.6
33.9
39.1
30.2
37.3
42.4
35.7
37.0
36.4
32.4
24.1
31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.6
3.7
3.4

3.6
3.6
3.5

3.6
3.6
3.5

3.5
3.5
3.6

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$28.68
29.24
34.07
33.90
26.03
27.19
24.15
28.56
25.12
30.26
20.43
27.67
44.20
39.40
33.26
33.98
30.05
18.41
25.81

$29.70
30.67
36.59
35.23
27.35
28.73
25.10
29.51
25.87
31.08
20.77
29.11
44.67
40.44
35.26
34.94
30.93
19.28
27.01

$29.77
30.81
36.25
35.40
27.45
28.87
25.13
29.56
25.94
31.22
20.89
29.04
45.06
40.70
35.41
35.08
30.90
19.31
26.82

$29.83
30.87
36.56
35.47
27.54
29.02
25.14
29.62
25.98
31.37
20.86
29.06
45.30
40.66
35.46
35.13
30.93
19.40
26.99

$969.38
1,184.22
1,618.33
1,339.05
1,059.42
1,112.07
973.25
933.91
854.08
1,177.11
619.03
1,040.39
1,878.50
1,422.34
1,233.95
1,233.47
976.63
445.52
805.27

$1,000.89
1,239.07
1,734.37
1,391.59
1,107.68
1,172.18
1,006.51
964.98
876.99
1,218.34
627.25
1,085.80
1,885.07
1,443.71
1,301.09
1,268.32
1,005.23
468.50
845.41

$1,006.23
1,250.89
1,721.88
1,416.00
1,114.47
1,180.78
1,007.71
966.61
881.96
1,220.70
632.97
1,089.00
1,906.04
1,465.20
1,306.63
1,276.91
1,001.16
469.23
842.15

$1,005.27
1,244.06
1,707.35
1,397.52
1,118.12
1,186.92
1,010.63
965.61
880.72
1,226.57
629.97
1,083.94
1,920.72
1,451.56
1,312.02
1,278.73
1,002.13
467.54
842.09

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2024 Apr.
2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

121.8
95.6
121.7
116.0
85.0
86.0
83.2
129.1
115.6
111.5
102.0
163.4
99.3
100.4
120.5
146.5
151.4
127.5
103.1

123.1
95.9
126.4
118.1
84.2
85.4
82.3
131.1
115.9
113.0
102.4
161.5
101.3
98.8
120.8
146.6
157.1
131.0
104.9

123.7
96.4
128.0
120.0
84.2
85.4
82.1
131.3
116.3
112.8
102.8
162.5
101.2
99.6
121.0
147.2
157.2
131.5
105.4

123.5
95.7
123.8
118.4
84.2
85.4
82.5
131.1
116.3
113.0
102.7
162.2
101.5
98.2
121.3
147.3
157.8
130.4
105.1

-0.2
-0.7
-3.3
-1.3
0.0
0.0
0.5
-0.2
0.0
0.2
-0.1
-0.2
0.3
-1.4
0.2
0.1
0.4
-0.8
-0.3

1

Apr.
2023

Feb.
2024

Mar.
2024p

Apr.
2024p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2024 Apr.
2024p

233.4
171.2
241.1
212.3
144.8
146.1
141.9
252.9
207.6
199.1
178.6
287.8
183.2
195.9
246.5
296.2
300.4
266.5
194.0

244.3
180.0
269.1
224.7
150.5
153.2
145.9
265.3
214.2
207.2
182.3
299.2
189.0
197.8
262.1
304.7
320.8
286.9
206.5

246.0
181.8
269.8
229.5
151.2
154.0
145.8
266.3
215.7
207.9
184.2
300.4
190.4
200.7
263.5
307.0
320.6
288.3
206.0

246.2
180.9
263.3
226.7
151.7
154.7
146.5
266.4
215.9
209.3
183.7
300.0
192.0
197.6
264.7
307.8
322.1
287.2
206.6

0.1
-0.5
-2.4
-1.2
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.7
-0.3
-0.1
0.8
-1.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
-0.4
0.3

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.