Full text of The Employment Situation : April 2000

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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information:
USDL 00-126
Household data: (202) 691-6378

Establishment data:
Media contact:

691-6555
691-5902

Transmission of material in this release is
embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Friday, May 5, 2000.

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:

APRIL 2000

Employment rose in April, and the unemployment rate edged down to
3.9 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of
Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 340,000;
this includes 73,000 temporary workers added to assist with the decennial
census. Average hourly earnings rose by 6 cents in April and by 3.8 percent
over the year.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The unemployment rate, which has been below 4.2 percent since October,
edged down to 3.9 percent in April. This is the first time the rate has
been below 4.0 percent since January 1970. The jobless rate for Hispanics
decreased to 5.4 percent in April. The unemployment rates for the other
major worker groups--adult men (3.2 percent), adult women (3.5 percent),
teenagers (12.7 percent), whites (3.5 percent), and blacks (7.2 percent)-were about unchanged over the month. The number of unemployed persons was
5.5 million. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force increased by 363,000 over the month to 141.2
million. The labor force participation rate was 67.5 percent, little
changed from March. (See table A-1.)
Total employment rose by 547,000 in April to 135.7 million. The
employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and
older with jobs--increased to 64.9 percent, a record high.
About 7.7 million workers (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in April, about the same as a year earlier. These multiple jobholders
represented 5.7 percent of total employment. (See table A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in April. These people wanted and were
available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months.
They were not counted as unemployed, however, because they had not actively
searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of
discouraged workers was 330,000, up from 245,000 a year earlier.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not
currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were
available for them. (See table A-10.)

- 2 Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
|
Quarterly
|
Monthly data
|
|
averages
|
|
|_________________|__________________________| Mar.Category
| 1999 | 2000 1/|
2000
| Apr.
|_________________|_________________ ________|change
|
IV
|
I
| Feb. | Mar. | Apr. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA
|
Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,880| 140,981| 141,165| 140,867| 141,230|
363
Employment..........| 134,153| 135,247| 135,362| 135,159| 135,706|
547
Unemployment........|
5,727|
5,733|
5,804|
5,708|
5,524|
-184
Not in labor force....| 68,780| 67,933| 67,742| 68,187| 67,986|
-201
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........|
4.1|
4.1|
4.1|
4.1|
3.9|
-0.2
Adult men...........|
3.4|
3.3|
3.4|
3.3|
3.2|
-.1
Adult women.........|
3.6|
3.6|
3.5|
3.6|
3.5|
-.1
Teenagers...........|
13.8|
13.4|
14.1|
13.3|
12.7|
-.6
White...............|
3.5|
3.5|
3.6|
3.6|
3.5|
-.1
Black...............|
8.1|
7.8|
7.8|
7.3|
7.2|
-.1
Hispanic origin.....|
6.1|
5.9|
5.7|
6.3|
5.4|
-.9
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
|
Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 129,606|p130,463| 130,319|p130,777|p131,117|
p340
Goods-producing 2/..| 25,246| p25,421| 25,382| p25,471| p25,431|
p-40
Construction......|
6,359| p6,521|
6,484| p6,574| p6,519|
p-55
Manufacturing.....| 18,359| p18,368| 18,366| p18,361| p18,372|
p11
Service-producing 2/| 104,360|p105,042| 104,937|p105,306|p105,686|
p380
Retail trade......| 22,922| p23,025| 23,016| p23,041| p23,160|
p119
Services..........| 39,548| p39,869| 39,822| p39,980| p40,101|
p121
Government........| 20,274| p20,429| 20,382| p20,540| p20,647|
p107
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........|
34.5|
p34.5|
34.5|
p34.5|
p34.6|
p0.1
Manufacturing.......|
41.7|
p41.7|
41.8|
p41.7|
p42.1|
p.4
Overtime..........|
4.6|
p4.7|
4.8|
p4.6|
p4.9|
p.3
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........|
149.1| p150.4|
150.1| p150.7| p151.5|
p0.8
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
|
Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, |
|
|
|
|
|
total private.......| $13.41| p$13.54| $13.54| p$13.58| p$13.64| p$0.06
Avg. weekly earnings, |
|
|
|
|
|
total private.......| 462.65| p467.46| 467.13| p468.51| p471.94| p3.43
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 2000, household data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.

- 3 Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 340,000 in April to 131.1 million.
This follows an increase of 458,000 (as revised) in March. Job gains in
both months reflect, in part, the hiring of temporary workers for Census
2000--117,000 in March and 73,000 in April. Among private-sector
industries, large job gains occurred in services and retail trade in April,
while construction employment declined. (See table B-1.)
Employment in the services industry grew by 121,000 in April, in line
with its average monthly gain for the prior 12 months. Business services
added 55,000 jobs in April, following a similarly strong gain in March.
Within business services, help supply services added 46,000 jobs over the
month, bringing its total gain since January to 94,000. Employment in
computer services grew by 8,000; while still adding jobs at a rapid pace,
the industry has experienced smaller employment gains since August 1999.
Motion pictures rebounded from losses in the prior 2 months by adding 9,000
jobs. Employment also rose over the month in amusement and recreation
services and in hotels. Engineering and management services employment
showed little change in April.
Retail trade added 119,000 jobs in April. The largest employment gains
were in eating and drinking places (80,000) and food stores (20,000).
Eating and drinking places had shown virtually no change in employment
during the first quarter of the year; employment in food stores has had
almost no growth for several years. Building materials and garden supplies
stores lost 8,000 jobs in April, following an above-average gain in March.
Employment in wholesale trade was little changed in April.
Transportation added 27,000 jobs over the month, with the largest
increases in trucking and warehousing, local and interurban transit, and
transportation services. The gain of 10,000 jobs in trucking follows
relatively weak growth in the first quarter.
Finance, insurance, and real estate employment was up by 7,000 in
April. In finance, security brokerages added 8,000 jobs, while employment
declines continued in mortgage brokerages. Since May 1999, mortgage
brokerages have lost 33,000 jobs. In April, employment in both insurance
and real estate was about unchanged.
Government added 107,000 jobs in April, largely due to the hiring of an
additional 73,000 temporary workers by the federal government for Census
2000. Employment in local education increased by 33,000 in April, after
seasonal adjustment, following little growth in the first quarter.

- 4 In the goods-producing sector, construction employment declined by
55,000 in April, seasonally adjusted, following a substantial rise in
March. Because the March survey reference period was relatively late in
the month, some of the spring hiring that usually occurs between March and
April was captured in March this year instead of April. Taking March and
April together, construction employment rose by an average of 18,000 a
month.
Manufacturing employment was up by 11,000 in April, following a
somewhat larger loss in March (after adjustment for the return of 15,000
workers from strike). In April, the largest employment increase was in
electrical equipment (8,000), which has added 21,000 jobs thus far in 2000.
Fabricated metals and food products each added 5,000 jobs in April.
Aircraft manufacturing employment continued on its downward trend with the
loss of 4,000 jobs.
Mining added 4,000 jobs, as employment in oil and gas extraction
continued to rise. Since its most recent low point in August 1999, oil and
gas employment has grown by 20,000.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour in April to 34.6 hours,
seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek increased by 0.4 hour to
42.1 hours. Manufacturing overtime rose by 0.3 hour to 4.9 hours.
(See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.5 percent to 151.5
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was up by 1.1
percent to 107.2. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls rose by 6 cents in April to $13.64, seasonally
adjusted. Over the month, average weekly earnings increased by 0.7 percent
to $471.94. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.8 percent and
average weekly earnings grew by 4.4 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for May 2000 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, June 2, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
------------------------------------------------------------------|
Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data
|
|
|
|
With the release of May data in June, BLS will introduce
|
|revisions in the establishment-based series on nonfarm payroll
|
|employment, hours, and earnings to reflect the annual benchmark
|
|adjustments for March 1999 and updated seasonal adjustment factors.|
|Unadjusted data since April 1998 and seasonally adjusted data since|
|January 1995 are subject to revision. Seasonal adjustment factors |
|for March through October 2000 will be available on the Internet
|
|on May 26, one week prior to the release of the May estimates
|
|(http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm).
|
|
|
|
Concurrent with the release of the March 1999 benchmark revi- |
|sions, BLS also will begin implementation of a new probability|
|based sample design for the establishment survey. Only wholesale |
|trade will incorporate the new sample design with this release.
|
|Further information on these revisions is available by calling
|
|(202) 691-6555.
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------

- 5 Explanatory Note

This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall
need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.

- 6 Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication
individuals are counted only once, even if
the establishment survey, employees working
appearing on more than one payroll would be
appearance.

of individuals, because
they hold more than one job. In
at more than one job and thus
counted separately for each

Other differences between the two surveys are described in
"Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major agesex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December

- 7 period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the

- 8 monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $16.00 per issue or
$40.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

207,236
139,086
67.1
133,054
64.2
3,341
129,713
6,032
4.3
68,150
4,740

208,832
140,108
67.1
134,420
64.4
3,279
131,141
5,688
4.1
68,724
4,467

208,782
140,910
67.5
135,221
64.8
3,371
131,850
5,689
4.0
67,872
4,252

208,907
141,165
67.6
135,362
64.8
3,408
131,954
5,804
4.1
67,742
4,374

209,053
140,867
67.4
135,159
64.7
3,359
131,801
5,708
4.1
68,187
4,594

209,216
141,230
67.5
135,706
64.9
3,355
132,351
5,524
3.9
67,986
4,352

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................
Not in labor force..............................
Persons who currently want a job..............

207,236
138,240
66.7
132,552
64.0
3,320
129,232
5,688
4.1
68,996
4,797

209,053
140,501
67.2
134,494
64.3
3,079
131,415
6,007
4.3
68,552
4,461

209,216
140,403
67.1
135,215
64.6
3,330
131,885
5,188
3.7
68,813
4,422

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................

99,465 100,405 100,487
73,837 74,790 74,747
74.2
74.5
74.4
70,877 71,613 71,979
71.3
71.3
71.6
2,959
3,177
2,768
4.0
4.2
3.7

99,465 100,264 100,266 100,330 100,405 100,487
74,270 74,930 75,304 75,594 75,198 75,189
74.7
74.7
75.1
75.3
74.9
74.8
71,208 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307
71.6
71.7
72.2
72.2
72.0
72.0
3,062
3,003
2,946
3,121
2,885
2,882
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.8

91,302
69,848
76.5
67,463
73.9
2,339
65,124
2,385
3.4

91,302
69,992
76.7
67,562
74.0
2,305
65,257
2,430
3.5

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................

92,145
70,689
76.7
68,057
73.9
2,073
65,984
2,632
3.7

92,303
70,616
76.5
68,389
74.1
2,252
66,136
2,227
3.2

92,052
70,529
76.6
68,197
74.1
2,227
65,970
2,332
3.3

92,057
70,917
77.0
68,585
74.5
2,303
66,282
2,332
3.3

92,092
71,120
77.2
68,691
74.6
2,309
66,382
2,429
3.4

92,145
70,822
76.9
68,480
74.3
2,232
66,249
2,342
3.3

92,303
70,761
76.7
68,481
74.2
2,213
66,269
2,280
3.2

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 107,771 108,649 108,729 107,771 108,569 108,516 108,577 108,649 108,729
Civilian labor force............................ 64,403 65,711 65,656 64,816 65,178 65,606 65,572 65,668 66,041
Participation rate........................
59.8
60.5
60.4
60.1
60.0
60.5
60.4
60.4
60.7
Employed...................................... 61,675 62,881 63,236 61,846 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399
Employment-population ratio...............
57.2
57.9
58.2
57.4
57.6
57.9
57.9
57.8
58.3
Unemployed....................................
2,729
2,830
2,420
2,970
2,685
2,743
2,683
2,823
2,642
Unemployment rate.........................
4.2
4.3
3.7
4.6
4.1
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................

99,923 100,713 100,809
60,604 61,892 61,790
60.7
61.5
61.3
58,354 59,593 59,785
58.4
59.2
59.3
777
831
867
57,577 58,762 58,917
2,250
2,298
2,005
3.7
3.7
3.2

99,923 100,666 100,579 100,666 100,713 100,809
60,765 61,154 61,576 61,575 61,671 61,920
60.8
60.7
61.2
61.2
61.2
61.4
58,336 58,958 59,280 59,398 59,422 59,757
58.4
58.6
58.9
59.0
59.0
59.3
803
791
826
871
894
899
57,533 58,167 58,454 58,526 58,528 58,858
2,429
2,196
2,297
2,178
2,249
2,163
4.0
3.6
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.5

16,011
7,787
48.6
6,735
42.1
204
6,531
1,052
13.5

16,011
8,329
52.0
7,156
44.7
233
6,923
1,173
14.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population.............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio...............
Agriculture.................................
Nonagricultural industries..................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate.........................

16,196
7,921
48.9
6,844
42.3
175
6,669
1,077
13.6

16,104
7,998
49.7
7,042
43.7
210
6,832
956
12.0

16,114
8,425
52.3
7,265
45.1
261
7,004
1,160
13.8

16,147
8,416
52.1
7,356
45.6
242
7,114
1,060
12.6

16,149
8,470
52.4
7,273
45.0
228
7,046
1,197
14.1

16,196
8,374
51.7
7,257
44.8
233
7,024
1,117
13.3

16,104
8,549
53.1
7,467
46.4
243
7,224
1,082
12.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin

(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 172,730 173,983 174,092 172,730 173,821 173,812 173,886 173,983 174,092
Civilian labor force............................ 115,633 117,451 117,281 116,344 117,008 117,716 117,821 117,832 117,988
Participation rate..........................
66.9
67.5
67.4
67.4
67.3
67.7
67.8
67.7
67.8
Employed...................................... 111,439 113,006 113,458 111,886 112,951 113,704 113,634 113,630 113,915
Employment-population ratio.................
64.5
65.0
65.2
64.8
65.0
65.4
65.3
65.3
65.4
Unemployed....................................
4,194
4,446
3,823
4,458
4,057
4,011
4,187
4,202
4,073
Unemployment rate...........................
3.6
3.8
3.3
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.5
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

59,548
77.1
57,758
74.8
1,790
3.0

60,123
77.2
58,131
74.6
1,993
3.3

59,958
76.9
58,327
74.8
1,631
2.7

59,651
77.2
57,834
74.9
1,817
3.0

59,889
77.0
58,221
74.8
1,668
2.8

60,179
77.3
58,487
75.2
1,693
2.8

60,387
77.6
58,631
75.3
1,756
2.9

60,282
77.4
58,541
75.1
1,742
2.9

60,048
77.0
58,386
74.9
1,662
2.8

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

49,486
59.8
47,862
57.8
1,624
3.3

50,622
60.7
48,966
58.7
1,656
3.3

50,532
60.6
49,101
58.9
1,431
2.8

49,674
60.0
47,885
57.8
1,789
3.6

50,011
60.1
48,486
58.2
1,525
3.0

50,404
60.5
48,857
58.7
1,547
3.1

50,335
60.4
48,792
58.6
1,544
3.1

50,448
60.5
48,820
58.6
1,628
3.2

50,726
60.8
49,150
58.9
1,576
3.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................
Men.......................................
Women.....................................

6,599
52.1
5,819
45.9
780
11.8
12.2
11.4

6,706
52.7
5,909
46.5
797
11.9
12.1
11.7

6,791
53.4
6,030
47.4
761
11.2
12.6
9.7

7,019
55.4
6,167
48.7
852
12.1
12.6
11.6

7,108
55.8
6,244
49.0
864
12.2
13.3
10.9

7,132
56.0
6,360
50.0
772
10.8
12.4
9.1

7,099
55.8
6,211
48.8
888
12.5
14.4
10.4

7,102
55.8
6,270
49.3
832
11.7
11.3
12.1

7,214
56.7
6,379
50.2
835
11.6
13.0
10.0

BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

24,765
16,159
65.2
14,979
60.5
1,180
7.3

25,105
16,466
65.6
15,231
60.7
1,236
7.5

25,135
16,504
65.7
15,412
61.3
1,092
6.6

24,765
16,288
65.8
15,011
60.6
1,277
7.8

25,051
16,513
65.9
15,204
60.7
1,309
7.9

25,047
16,622
66.4
15,254
60.9
1,368
8.2

25,076
16,785
66.9
15,471
61.7
1,314
7.8

25,105
16,572
66.0
15,356
61.2
1,216
7.3

25,135
16,636
66.2
15,444
61.4
1,191
7.2

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

7,092
71.7
6,661
67.4
431
6.1

7,252
72.2
6,762
67.3
490
6.8

7,324
72.8
6,858
68.1
467
6.4

7,118
72.0
6,670
67.5
448
6.3

7,273
72.6
6,766
67.5
507
7.0

7,386
73.7
6,839
68.2
547
7.4

7,441
74.2
6,910
68.9
532
7.1

7,300
72.6
6,830
68.0
469
6.4

7,351
73.0
6,864
68.2
487
6.6

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

8,222
66.3
7,681
61.9
541
6.6

8,333
66.2
7,815
62.1
518
6.2

8,293
65.8
7,830
62.2
463
5.6

8,223
66.3
7,657
61.7
566
6.9

8,260
65.8
7,706
61.4
554
6.7

8,315
66.3
7,715
61.5
600
7.2

8,344
66.4
7,805
62.1
539
6.5

8,314
66.1
7,808
62.1
506
6.1

8,291
65.8
7,807
62.0
484
5.8

845
34.1
637
25.7
208
24.6
30.2
19.7

881
35.6
653
26.4
228
25.9
22.6
29.3

886
35.8
724
29.3
162
18.3
18.4
18.2

947
38.3
684
27.6
263
27.8
32.0
23.8

980
39.5
732
29.5
248
25.3
27.5
23.0

921
37.2
701
28.3
220
23.9
24.0
23.8

999
40.4
756
30.6
243
24.3
22.3
26.6

958
38.7
718
29.0
240
25.1
21.3
28.9

993
40.2
773
31.3
220
22.2
22.0
22.4

21,483
14,434
67.2
13,474
62.7
960
6.7

22,166
15,304
69.0
14,283
64.4
1,021
6.7

22,231
15,268
68.7
14,466
65.1
802
5.3

21,483
14,535
67.7
13,541
63.0
994
6.8

22,008
14,984
68.1
14,095
64.0
889
5.9

22,047
15,251
69.2
14,395
65.3
856
5.6

22,108
15,249
69.0
14,382
65.1
868
5.7

22,166
15,313
69.1
14,355
64.8
958
6.3

22,231
15,355
69.1
14,524
65.3
831
5.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................
Men.......................................
Women.....................................
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population..............
Civilian labor force............................
Participation rate..........................
Employed......................................
Employment-population ratio.................
Unemployed....................................
Unemployment rate...........................

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted(1)

Educational attainment
Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

27,991
11,971
42.8
11,170
39.9
802
6.7

27,523
11,801
42.9
10,896
39.6
905
7.7

28,069
12,007
42.8
11,286
40.2
721
6.0

27,991
11,896
42.5
11,092
39.6
804
6.8

28,144
11,956
42.5
11,243
39.9
713
6.0

27,995
11,895
42.5
11,106
39.7
789
6.6

27,376
11,971
43.7
11,257
41.1
714
6.0

27,523
11,726
42.6
10,918
39.7
808
6.9

28,069
11,945
42.6
11,218
40.0
727
6.1

57,945
37,551
64.8
36,253
62.6
1,297
3.5

58,033
37,742
65.0
36,364
62.7
1,377
3.6

58,015
37,699
65.0
36,474
62.9
1,226
3.3

57,945
37,508
64.7
36,173
62.4
1,335
3.6

57,590
37,362
64.9
36,071
62.6
1,291
3.5

57,768
37,617
65.1
36,305
62.8
1,311
3.5

57,471
37,603
65.4
36,294
63.2
1,309
3.5

58,033
37,671
64.9
36,401
62.7
1,270
3.4

58,015
37,666
64.9
36,401
62.7
1,265
3.4

43,059
31,889
74.1
30,953
71.9
936
2.9

44,225
32,898
74.4
31,929
72.2
969
2.9

43,896
32,522
74.1
31,684
72.2
838
2.6

43,059
32,051
74.4
31,111
72.3
940
2.9

44,069
32,404
73.5
31,586
71.7
818
2.5

43,689
32,397
74.2
31,564
72.2
833
2.6

44,486
32,544
73.2
31,595
71.0
949
2.9

44,225
32,967
74.5
32,090
72.6
878
2.7

43,896
32,684
74.5
31,843
72.5
841
2.6

44,289
35,418
80.0
34,776
78.5
642
1.8

44,838
36,017
80.3
35,446
79.1
572
1.6

44,864
36,074
80.4
35,581
79.3
493
1.4

44,289
35,467
80.1
34,745
78.5
722
2.0

44,821
35,824
79.9
35,186
78.5
638
1.8

45,058
36,205
80.4
35,540
78.9
665
1.8

45,247
36,265
80.1
35,678
78.9
587
1.6

44,838
36,060
80.4
35,481
79.1
579
1.6

44,864
36,099
80.5
35,545
79.2
553
1.5

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population......
Civilian labor force....................
Percent of population...............
Employed..............................
Employment-population ratio.........
Unemployed............................
Unemployment rate...................
1
and
2
3

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
seasonally adjusted columns.
Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Category

Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,552 134,494 135,215 133,054 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706
Married men, spouse present..................... 43,104 43,081 43,186 43,210 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272
Married women, spouse present................... 33,351 33,915 33,944 33,284 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877
Women who maintain families.....................
8,163
8,187
8,382
8,081
8,375
8,362
8,220
8,082
8,307
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty...........
Technical, sales, and administrative support....
Service occupations.............................
Precision production, craft, and repair.........
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............
Farming, forestry, and fishing..................

40,526
38,711
17,779
14,533
17,550
3,454

40,717
39,549
18,636
14,491
17,965
3,135

40,745
39,561
18,734
14,530
18,212
3,432

40,458
38,816
17,904
14,508
17,775
3,508

40,800
39,311
17,706
14,940
18,299
3,367

40,924
39,614
18,155
14,610
18,385
3,574

40,806
39,703
18,344
14,681
18,279
3,630

40,595
39,510
18,711
14,520
18,334
3,562

40,665
39,680
18,885
14,501
18,453
3,477

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.......................
1,925
1,841
2,048
1,930
2,018
2,024
2,025
2,043
2,054
Self-employed workers.........................
1,367
1,202
1,247
1,399
1,211
1,320
1,344
1,292
1,272
Unpaid family workers.........................
28
36
36
33
36
38
51
42
43
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 120,331 122,709 122,992 120,925 122,426 122,823 123,166 123,169 123,623
Government.................................. 18,952 19,677 19,434 18,778 18,959 19,013 19,394 19,598 19,280
Private industries.......................... 101,379 103,032 103,558 102,147 103,467 103,810 103,772 103,571 104,343
Private households........................
899
1,002
982
935
948
952
1,016
998
1,019
Other industries.......................... 100,479 102,030 102,576 101,212 102,519 102,858 102,756 102,573 103,324
Self-employed workers.........................
8,839
8,600
8,794
8,801
8,662
8,802
8,793
8,704
8,750
Unpaid family workers.........................
62
106
99
65
98
92
74
107
103
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................
Slack work or business conditions...........
Could only find part-time work..............
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............

3,316
1,926
1,082
19,788

3,306
1,955
1,029
19,540

3,043
1,827
986
19,509

3,403
1,937
1,117
18,752

3,320
1,951
1,025
18,618

3,219
1,893
1,012
18,889

3,139
1,807
1,023
19,031

3,124
1,820
953
18,770

3,124
1,844
1,016
18,474

Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................
Slack work or business conditions...........
Could only find part-time work..............
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............

3,130
1,835
1,051
19,181

3,169
1,888
1,008
19,002

2,933
1,768
957
18,948

3,225
1,845
1,087
18,159

3,157
1,843
1,018
18,061

3,066
1,801
986
18,347

2,985
1,705
1,005
18,406

3,003
1,766
922
18,184

3,021
1,782
989
17,943

NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates(1)

Category
Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Total, 16 years and over.........................
Men, 20 years and over.........................
Women, 20 years and over.......................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................

6,032
2,430
2,429
1,173

5,708
2,342
2,249
1,117

5,524
2,280
2,163
1,082

4.3
3.5
4.0
14.1

4.1
3.3
3.6
13.8

4.0
3.3
3.7
12.6

4.1
3.4
3.5
14.1

4.1
3.3
3.6
13.3

3.9
3.2
3.5
12.7

Married men, spouse present....................
Married women, spouse present..................
Women who maintain families....................

1,004
981
614

865
955
591

776
897
559

2.3
2.9
7.1

2.2
2.5
6.2

2.0
2.6
6.2

2.1
2.6
6.1

2.0
2.7
6.8

1.8
2.6
6.3

Full-time workers..............................
Part-time workers..............................

4,807
1,221

4,489
1,243

4,427
1,093

4.2
5.0

3.9
4.9

3.9
4.6

3.9
4.9

3.8
5.1

3.8
4.6

787
1,542
575
1,228
270

732
1,435
570
1,245
193

685
1,373
525
1,313
262

1.9
3.8
3.8
6.5
7.1

1.7
3.6
4.0
6.1
5.8

1.8
3.4
3.7
6.1
4.7

1.6
3.7
4.2
6.1
5.7

1.8
3.5
3.8
6.4
5.1

1.7
3.3
3.5
6.6
7.0

4,688
1,278
50
520
708
401
307
3,410
220
1,455
261
1,474
455
203

4,695
1,328
13
505
810
381
429
3,366
244
1,485
195
1,443
337
121

4,375
1,232
17
383
832
499
333
3,144
224
1,369
211
1,340
327
189

4.4
4.5
8.4
7.3
3.4
3.2
3.9
4.3
2.9
5.4
3.2
4.1
2.4
9.5

4.1
4.4
4.1
6.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
4.0
3.0
5.2
2.1
3.8
2.1
7.1

4.2
4.1
2.6
6.4
3.2
2.8
3.9
4.3
3.7
5.1
2.5
4.2
2.1
5.0

4.2
4.4
4.0
7.5
3.3
3.0
3.8
4.1
3.2
5.3
2.9
3.7
2.2
6.5

4.3
4.6
2.5
6.9
3.9
3.0
5.2
4.2
3.1
5.4
2.4
4.0
1.7
5.6

4.0
4.3
2.8
5.2
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
2.9
4.9
2.6
3.7
1.7
8.4

CHARACTERISTIC

OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty..........
Technical, sales, and administrative support...
Precision production, craft, and repair........
Operators, fabricators, and laborers...........
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers
Goods-producing industries...................
Mining.....................................
Construction...............................
Manufacturing..............................
Durable goods............................
Nondurable goods.........................
Service-producing industries.................
Transportation and public utilities........
Wholesale and retail trade.................
Finance, insurance, and real estate........
Services...................................
Government workers.............................
Agricultural wage and salary workers...........
1 Unemployment as a percent of the
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment
is small relative to the trend-cycle
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000,

civilian labor force.
data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Duration
Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Less than 5 weeks................................
5 to 14 weeks....................................
15 weeks and over................................
15 to 26 weeks................................
27 weeks and over.............................

2,378
1,671
1,638
928
711

2,527
2,003
1,478
815
663

2,139
1,666
1,383
778
605

2,741
1,868
1,474
794
680

2,620
1,694
1,388
693
695

2,447
1,754
1,372
667
705

2,603
1,864
1,277
673
604

2,824
1,719
1,295
657
637

2,455
1,868
1,250
670
580

Average (mean) duration, in weeks................
Median duration, in weeks........................

14.0
7.4

13.2
7.0

13.1
7.3

13.2
6.1

12.8
5.9

13.2
5.7

12.5
6.1

12.8
6.0

12.4
6.0

100.0
41.8
29.4
28.8
16.3
12.5

100.0
42.1
33.3
24.6
13.6
11.0

100.0
41.2
32.1
26.7
15.0
11.7

100.0
45.1
30.7
24.2
13.1
11.2

100.0
45.9
29.7
24.3
12.2
12.2

100.0
43.9
31.5
24.6
12.0
12.7

100.0
45.3
32.5
22.2
11.7
10.5

100.0
48.4
29.4
22.2
11.3
10.9

100.0
44.1
33.5
22.4
12.0
10.4

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................
Less than 5 weeks..............................
5 to 14 weeks..................................
15 weeks and over..............................
15 to 26 weeks...............................
27 weeks and over............................
NOTE:

Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Reason
Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

2,633
835
1,797
1,263
534
754
1,874
427

2,769
983
1,787
1,224
562
837
2,019
382

2,248
692
1,556
1,081
475
778
1,802
361

2,695
843
1,852
(1)
(1)
810
2,039
473

2,401
795
1,606
(1)
(1)
825
2,036
453

2,477
739
1,739
(1)
(1)
776
2,043
393

2,616
838
1,778
(1)
(1)
759
1,975
387

2,541
781
1,759
(1)
(1)
824
1,979
434

2,306
703
1,602
(1)
(1)
833
1,961
408

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

46.3
14.7
31.6
13.3
33.0
7.5

46.1
16.4
29.7
13.9
33.6
6.4

43.3
13.3
30.0
15.0
34.7
6.9

44.8
14.0
30.8
13.5
33.9
7.9

42.0
13.9
28.1
14.4
35.6
7.9

43.5
13.0
30.6
13.6
35.9
6.9

45.6
14.6
31.0
13.2
34.4
6.7

44.0
13.5
30.5
14.3
34.3
7.5

41.9
12.8
29.1
15.1
35.6
7.4

1.9
.5
1.4
.3

2.0
.6
1.4
.3

1.6
.6
1.3
.3

1.9
.6
1.5
.3

1.7
.6
1.5
.3

1.8
.6
1.4
.3

1.9
.5
1.4
.3

1.8
.6
1.4
.3

1.6
.6
1.4
.3

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs...........................................
On temporary layoff.............................
Not on temporary layoff.........................
Permanent job losers..........................
Persons who completed temporary jobs..........
Job leavers.......................................
Reentrants........................................
New entrants......................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed..................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs...........................................
On temporary layoff............................
Not on temporary layoff........................
Job leavers......................................
Reentrants.......................................
New entrants.....................................
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs...........................................
Job leavers......................................
Reentrants.......................................
New entrants.....................................

1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)

Not seasonally
adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Measure

Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force...................

1.9

2.0

1.6

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)......................

4.1

4.3

3.7

4.3

4.1

4.0

4.1

4.1

3.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....

4.3

4.5

3.9

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................

5.0

5.1

4.5

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers.............................

7.4

7.4

6.7

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates(1)

Age and sex

Apr.
1999

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000

Apr.
2000

Total, 16 years and over..........................
16 to 24 years..................................
16 to 19 years................................
16 to 17 years..............................
18 to 19 years..............................
20 to 24 years................................
25 years and over...............................
25 to 54 years................................
55 years and over.............................

6,032
2,211
1,173
557
612
1,038
3,822
3,286
507

5,708
2,199
1,117
510
607
1,082
3,531
3,044
498

5,524
2,115
1,082
481
597
1,033
3,411
2,964
427

4.3
10.0
14.1
16.6
12.4
7.5
3.3
3.3
2.9

4.1
9.8
13.8
16.5
12.1
7.4
3.0
3.0
2.7

4.0
9.3
12.6
14.0
11.4
7.4
3.0
3.1
2.8

4.1
10.0
14.1
15.9
12.8
7.5
3.0
3.0
3.0

4.1
9.7
13.3
15.3
12.1
7.6
3.0
3.0
2.7

3.9
9.3
12.7
14.6
11.4
7.2
2.9
3.0
2.4

Men, 16 years and over..........................
16 to 24 years................................
16 to 19 years..............................
16 to 17 years............................
18 to 19 years............................
20 to 24 years..............................
25 years and over.............................
25 to 54 years..............................
55 years and over...........................

3,062
1,195
632
316
321
563
1,871
1,597
265

2,885
1,106
543
269
274
563
1,781
1,500
278

2,882
1,153
603
270
337
550
1,735
1,462
268

4.1
10.5
14.8
18.3
12.6
7.9
3.0
3.0
2.7

4.0
10.6
15.2
17.7
13.5
7.8
2.8
2.8
2.5

3.9
9.7
14.0
14.3
13.7
7.2
2.8
2.9
2.5

4.1
10.3
15.5
17.3
13.9
7.3
2.9
2.9
2.8

3.8
9.2
12.4
15.1
10.5
7.4
2.8
2.8
2.8

3.8
9.6
13.6
15.8
12.4
7.3
2.7
2.7
2.7

Women, 16 years and over........................
16 to 24 years................................
16 to 19 years..............................
16 to 17 years............................
18 to 19 years............................
20 to 24 years..............................
25 years and over.............................
25 to 54 years..............................
55 years and over...........................

2,970
1,016
541
241
291
475
1,951
1,689
242

2,823
1,093
574
241
334
520
1,751
1,544
219

2,642
962
479
211
260
483
1,676
1,502
159

4.6
9.5
13.4
14.8
12.1
7.1
3.6
3.7
3.1

4.1
8.9
12.2
15.1
10.5
7.0
3.2
3.2
2.9

4.2
8.9
11.1
13.7
8.9
7.6
3.2
3.3
3.1

4.1
9.6
12.6
14.3
11.6
7.8
3.0
3.0
3.3

4.3
10.2
14.4
15.4
13.7
7.7
3.2
3.3
2.7

4.0
8.9
11.6
13.3
10.4
7.2
3.0
3.2
2.0

1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Men

Women

Category
Apr.
1999

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Apr.
2000

Apr.
1999

Apr.
2000

68,996
4,797
1,257

68,813
4,422
1,215

25,628
2,052
625

25,740
1,907
597

43,368
2,745
632

43,073
2,515
618

245
1,012

330
885

156
468

198
399

88
544

132
486

Total multiple jobholders(4)......................................
Percent of total employed.....................................

7,648
5.8

7,737
5.7

4,012
5.7

4,060
5.6

3,635
5.9

3,677
5.8

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.....................
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.....................
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................

4,269
1,615
282
1,446

4,256
1,596
348
1,501

2,442
496
214
841

2,453
509
228
859

1,827
1,119
67
605

1,803
1,087
120
642

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force......................................
Persons who currently want a job................................
Searched for work and available to work now(1)...............
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2)....................
Reasons other than discouragement(3)....................
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
Apr.
1999

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Total1........................ 127,990 128,778 129,807 130,940 128,134 129,898 130,292 130,319 130,777 131,117
Total private.................... 107,522 108,090 108,863 109,914 108,035 109,583 109,927 109,937 110,237 110,470
Goods-producing.........................

25,043

24,768

24,956

25,208

25,288

25,283

25,410

25,382

25,471

25,431

Mining................................
Metal mining........................
Coal mining.........................
Oil and gas extraction..............
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels..

532
48.7
85.9
289.1
108.4

521
47.5
79.7
293.7
100.4

526
47.4
79.2
296.2
103.0

533
47.2
79.4
299.1
107.7

538
49
86
294
109

529
48
82
291
108

530
49
81
292
108

532
48
80
296
108

536
48
79
301
108

540
48
79
305
108

Construction..........................
6,104
5,976
6,141
6,369
General building contractors........ 1,393.0 1,400.2 1,421.2 1,448.0
Heavy construction, except building.
845.8
753.1
798.7
869.6
Special trade contractors........... 3,865.0 3,822.5 3,920.8 4,051.7

6,277
1,428
874
3,975

6,393
1,454
878
4,061

6,504
1,474
900
4,130

6,484
1,480
881
4,123

6,574
1,492
903
4,179

6,519
1,482
889
4,148

Manufacturing.........................
Production workers................

18,407
12,650

18,271
12,549

18,289
12,558

18,306
12,570

18,473
12,696

18,361
12,613

18,376
12,627

18,366
12,617

18,361
12,602

18,372
12,612

Durable goods........................
Production workers................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Computer and office equipment.....
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Electronic components and
accessories....................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Aircraft and parts................
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

10,982
7,518
814.1
536.3
568.7
690.4

10,930
7,481
816.6
544.9
555.8
687.2

10,955
7,496
814.5
545.3
564.0
688.6

10,972
7,512
816.6
545.9
573.8
686.7

10,993
7,519
824
536
570
691

10,960
7,485
828
543
574
687

10,973
7,505
827
543
577
686

10,973
7,507
830
545
574
687

10,977
7,501
827
545
577
689

10,987
7,509
826
546
575
688

221.7
220.5
221.5
220.6
1,486.5 1,492.8 1,495.9 1,499.9
2,136.8 2,119.0 2,115.2 2,113.3
359.3
353.2
350.3
347.2

(2)
1,489
2,132
361

(2)
1,489
2,120
359

(2)
1,491
2,115
357

(2)
1,493
2,118
356

(2)
1,496
2,111
352

(2)
1,501
2,112
350

1,654.6 1,675.5 1,676.4 1,680.5

1,658

1,664

1,671

1,679

1,677

1,685

633.9
650.8
652.2
654.9
1,865.1 1,824.0 1,837.1 1,834.8
997.8 1,009.0 1,008.7 1,011.9
502.1
447.0
459.4
455.0
842.1
828.0
829.9
831.3
387.6
386.3
387.7
389.0

635
1,864
996
503
842
387

645
1,831
1,001
464
833
391

647
1,841
1,010
463
830
392

652
1,828
1,014
447
829
390

652
1,835
1,009
460
831
389

656
1,832
1,010
456
832
390

7,425
5,132
1,649.0
36.4
566.8
696.1
658.6
1,552.7
1,034.2
137.9
1,018.5
75.1

7,480
5,177
1,689
38
567
698
662
1,555
1,038
139
1,019
75

7,401
5,128
1,686
38
551
662
655
1,547
1,030
135
1,026
71

7,403
5,122
1,689
38
549
657
654
1,550
1,034
136
1,025
71

7,393
5,110
1,680
38
550
657
653
1,551
1,034
136
1,024
70

7,384
5,101
1,679
35
549
657
652
1,551
1,033
136
1,022
70

7,385
5,103
1,684
38
548
655
651
1,552
1,034
135
1,019
69

Nondurable goods.....................
Production workers................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

7,341
5,068
1,647.8
39.0
547.4
651.7
651.3
1,546.9
1,031.2
131.8
1,024.1
69.9

7,334
5,062
1,643.1
34.8
547.3
653.9
649.5
1,547.7
1,031.4
132.6
1,023.2
70.0

7,334
5,058
1,643.6
35.5
546.9
654.5
648.6
1,549.1
1,031.8
134.0
1,021.0
69.1

Service-producing1...................... 102,947 104,010 104,851 105,732 102,846 104,615 104,882 104,937 105,306 105,686
Transportation and public utilities...
6,719
6,835
6,866
6,905
Transportation......................
4,371
4,445
4,469
4,511
Railroad transportation...........
234.1
222.8
220.6
222.7
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................
493.6
501.1
503.7
510.5
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,775.6 1,801.0 1,811.7 1,831.8
Water transportation..............
177.5
176.1
178.1
183.7
Transportation by air............. 1,211.4 1,260.4 1,267.9 1,270.6
Pipelines, except natural gas.....
13.4
12.8
12.8
12.9
Transportation services...........
465.6
470.3
473.9
478.6
Communications and public utilities.
2,348
2,390
2,397
2,394
Communications.................... 1,505.9 1,555.8 1,562.6 1,560.4
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services.......................
841.8
834.4
834.0
833.1

6,750
4,397
234

6,897
4,501
227

6,902
4,507
226

6,898
4,499
226

6,914
4,512
222

6,937
4,539
223

483
1,800
180
1,220
14
466
2,353
1,508

487
1,845
182
1,273
13
474
2,396
1,553

491
1,849
181
1,277
13
470
2,395
1,552

490
1,841
185
1,271
13
473
2,399
1,561

489
1,848
185
1,280
13
475
2,402
1,565

495
1,858
187
1,283
13
480
2,398
1,562

845

843

843

838

837

836

7,126
4,225
2,901
22,892

6,965
4,113
2,852
22,724

7,088
4,204
2,884
22,973

7,108
4,211
2,897
23,018

7,121
4,218
2,903
23,016

7,142
4,228
2,914
23,041

7,145
4,232
2,913
23,160

992.8
960.7
996.2 1,037.8
2,702.0 2,674.1 2,668.7 2,679.2
2,409.9 2,380.5 2,376.0 2,381.7
3,447.2 3,450.8 3,432.4 3,454.6

982
2,799
2,499
3,492

1,007
2,793
2,479
3,482

1,012
2,798
2,477
3,481

1,017
2,775
2,470
3,484

1,030
2,766
2,461
3,478

1,022
2,766
2,463
3,498

2,388.9 2,412.4 2,432.2 2,447.4
1,072.5 1,097.9 1,104.5 1,108.1
1,135.0 1,154.3 1,158.6 1,170.6

2,399
1,074
1,163

2,432
1,097
1,177

2,445
1,100
1,178

2,442
1,103
1,193

2,454
1,108
1,195

2,455
1,109
1,204

1,069.3 1,103.0 1,105.3 1,107.0
7,852.6 7,720.4 7,850.0 8,028.2
2,887.9 2,990.3 2,955.5 2,967.1

1,081
7,863
2,945

1,102
7,986
2,994

1,102
7,987
3,015

1,107
7,980
3,018

1,115
7,981
3,022

1,119
8,061
3,035

Finance, insurance, and real estate...
7,583
7,633
7,640
7,664
Finance.............................
3,688
3,719
3,717
3,721
Depository institutions........... 2,043.4 2,031.7 2,030.0 2,029.6
Commercial banks................ 1,462.3 1,452.4 1,451.4 1,449.3
Savings institutions............
257.2
248.4
246.9
247.2
Nondepository institutions........
715.3
705.3
700.6
698.8
Mortgage bankers and brokers....
370.1
348.6
343.4
342.3
Security and commodity brokers....
665.4
708.0
712.7
719.4
Holding and other investment
offices........................
264.2
274.2
273.8
273.6
Insurance...........................
2,392
2,405
2,406
2,407
Insurance carriers................ 1,629.1 1,630.2 1,629.5 1,629.2
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................
762.6
774.8
776.2
777.3
Real estate.........................
1,503
1,509
1,517
1,536

7,611
3,697
2,050
1,467
257
716
370
668

7,685
3,727
2,040
1,458
252
713
357
702

7,685
3,726
2,040
1,458
251
708
353
705

7,698
3,732
2,038
1,457
250
708
352
712

7,689
3,726
2,034
1,456
247
701
344
717

7,696
3,732
2,036
1,455
247
699
341
725

263
2,395
1,631

272
2,416
1,639

273
2,406
1,632

274
2,412
1,636

274
2,410
1,633

272
2,412
1,634

764
1,519

777
1,542

774
1,553

776
1,554

777
1,553

778
1,552

38,697
755
1,791
1,204
9,010
978
3,350
2,975

39,657
765
1,807
1,225
9,392
1,000
3,513
3,108

39,804
788
1,800
1,231
9,416
999
3,505
3,100

39,822
782
1,805
1,228
9,424
1,003
3,523
3,119

39,980
799
1,822
1,234
9,482
1,008
3,556
3,148

40,101
798
1,835
1,235
9,537
1,004
3,613
3,194

Wholesale trade.......................
Durable goods.......................
Nondurable goods....................
Retail trade..........................
Building materials and garden
supplies.........................
General merchandise stores..........
Department stores.................
Food stores.........................
Automotive dealers and service
stations.........................
New and used car dealers..........
Apparel and accessory stores........
Furniture and home furnishings
stores...........................
Eating and drinking places..........
Miscellaneous retail establishments.

Services3.............................
Agricultural services...............
Hotels and other lodging places.....
Personal services...................
Business services...................
Services to buildings.............
Personnel supply services.........
Help supply services............

6,948
4,111
2,837
22,476

38,753
760.2
1,744.0
1,266.8
8,923.1
977.3
3,289.2
2,912.5

7,064
4,197
2,867
22,466

39,324
663.5
1,712.6
1,298.5
9,227.2
989.9
3,357.0
2,961.4

7,101
4,213
2,888
22,599

39,701
711.2
1,745.4
1,295.3
9,344.4
1,000.6
3,445.3
3,042.6

40,119
807.2
1,788.6
1,300.0
9,424.6
1,001.5
3,519.2
3,107.6

Computer and data processing
services.......................
Auto repair, services, and parking..
Miscellaneous repair services.......
Motion pictures.....................
Amusement and recreation services...
Health services.....................
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................
Nursing and personal care
facilities.....................
Hospitals.........................
Home health care services.........
Legal services......................
Educational services................
Social services.....................
Child day care services...........
Residential care..................
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens...........................
Membership organizations............
Engineering and management services.
Engineering and architectural
services.......................
Management and public relations...
Services, nec.......................
Government1...........................
Federal1............................
Federal, except Postal Service1...
State...............................
Education.........................
Other State government............
Local...............................
Education.........................
Other local government............

1,750.8
1,177.5
396.0
584.9
1,648.8
9,937.7

1,876.5
1,196.9
406.3
612.1
1,744.0
10063.8

1,749
1,178
396
587
1,668
9,951

1,842
1,198
405
609
1,725
10,038

1,852
1,202
403
616
1,759
10,057

1,859
1,202
406
609
1,762
10,059

1,868
1,196
407
608
1,763
10,071

1,876
1,196
407
617
1,778
10,078

1,852.4 1,892.0 1,902.1 1,907.1

1,856

1,886

1,895

1,898

1,907

1,912

1,748.5
3,959.8
655.9
992.4
2,398.1
2,771.2
646.4
772.1

1,757.8
3,982.8
653.4
1,005.0
2,481.3
2,913.3
677.4
814.9

1,753
3,966
656
998
2,254
2,755
628
772

1,759
3,985
659
1,015
2,304
2,850
650
801

1,760
3,992
658
1,017
2,297
2,872
657
803

1,762
3,989
656
1,014
2,298
2,876
655
807

1,763
3,990
653
1,014
2,321
2,889
660
810

1,763
3,987
654
1,010
2,332
2,900
659
816

92.8
87.3
90.9
96.0
2,380.3 2,398.0 2,409.3 2,408.1
3,386.1 3,537.5 3,565.1 3,573.0

94
2,392
3,370

95
2,418
3,515

96
2,420
3,532

95
2,420
3,544

96
2,422
3,558

98
2,420
3,561

929.8
962.6
966.9
973.9
1,132.5 1,209.7 1,218.9 1,224.0
55.7
59.6
59.2
60.8

939
1,133
(2)

964
1,213
(2)

973
1,220
(2)

976
1,218
(2)

977
1,225
(2)

980
1,226
(2)

20,099
2,688
1,809
4,688
1,955
2,733
12,723
7,206
5,517

20,315
2,645
1,780
4,730
1,969
2,761
12,940
7,351
5,589

20,365
2,665
1,799
4,727
1,967
2,760
12,973
7,365
5,608

20,382
2,702
1,836
4,725
1,962
2,763
12,955
7,347
5,608

20,540
2,818
1,953
4,733
1,967
2,766
12,989
7,365
5,624

20,647
2,887
2,022
4,739
1,969
2,770
13,021
7,398
5,623

20,468
2,681
1,810.0
4,809
2,085.5
2,723.5
12,978
7,555.8
5,421.9

1,859.9
1,196.6
401.2
610.8
1,547.1
10031.2

1,755.3
3,983.0
652.4
1,008.1
2,434.7
2,872.1
667.7
803.9

20,688
2,688
1,827.3
4,822
2,078.9
2,742.7
13,178
7,695.7
5,481.8

1,870.4
1,194.8
403.6
608.3
1,603.8
10055.7

1,758.9
3,986.1
652.5
1,008.7
2,468.7
2,899.4
677.3
808.8

20,944
2,808
1,947.8
4,859
2,110.0
2,749.2
13,277
7,762.1
5,514.9

21,026
2,881
2,021.8
4,869
2,111.7
2,757.7
13,276
7,743.3
5,533.0

1 Current employment levels in these series are affected by the hiring of temporary workers for Census 2000. Estimates
of these workers are 32,000, 72,000, 189,000, and 262,000 in January, February, March, and April 2000, respectively.
Preliminary estimates for these series may be subject to larger than normal revisions.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
Apr.
1999

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Total private....................

34.3

34.2

34.2

34.6

34.4

34.5

34.6

34.5

34.5

34.6

Goods-producing.........................

40.9

40.8

40.9

41.1

40.9

40.9

41.1

41.3

41.2

41.4

Mining................................

43.3

44.2

43.9

44.7

43.8

44.2

44.9

44.7

44.7

45.0

Construction..........................

38.6

38.6

38.8

39.1

38.6

38.9

39.4

39.9

39.6

39.4

Manufacturing.........................
Overtime hours....................

41.6
4.5

41.5
4.5

41.5
4.5

41.7
4.6

41.6
4.3

41.6
4.6

41.7
4.7

41.8
4.8

41.7
4.6

42.1
4.9

Durable goods........................
Overtime hours....................

42.2
4.6

42.1
4.7

42.2
4.7

42.4
4.8

42.1
4.3

42.1
4.8

42.3
4.8

42.4
4.9

42.3
4.8

42.7
5.1

Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

41.2
40.2
43.2
44.1

40.4
39.8
42.4
44.4

40.4
40.0
42.5
44.3

41.0
40.1
43.1
44.4

41.2
40.4
43.1
44.0

40.9
40.0
43.3
44.4

41.1
40.2
43.6
44.5

41.0
40.4
43.5
44.5

40.8
40.3
43.3
44.4

40.9
40.8
43.4
44.8

44.6
42.1
42.2

45.3
42.2
42.4

44.9
42.1
42.5

44.9
42.4
42.5

44.5
41.8
41.9

45.5
41.9
42.2

45.1
42.3
42.5

45.5
42.5
42.4

45.0
42.4
42.4

44.7
43.0
42.9

41.1
44.2
45.6
41.5
39.9

41.4
44.0
45.0
41.3
39.3

41.7
43.9
45.0
41.2
39.5

41.8
44.1
45.5
41.2
39.5

41.1
44.0
45.1
41.6
39.6

41.2
43.3
44.4
41.6
39.9

41.4
43.7
45.1
41.2
39.4

41.6
44.1
45.1
41.2
39.5

41.9
43.8
44.7
41.1
39.4

42.3
44.3
45.5
41.5
39.8

Nondurable goods.....................
Overtime hours....................

40.7
4.2

40.6
4.1

40.6
4.1

40.8
4.2

40.9
4.2

40.9
4.5

40.9
4.4

41.0
4.5

40.8
4.3

41.3
4.6

Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

41.2
38.4
40.9
37.6
43.6
38.1
42.7
42.7
41.8
37.9

40.9
39.3
41.3
37.6
43.0
38.0
42.6
43.4
41.3
37.5

40.9
38.9
41.4
37.7
42.9
38.1
42.5
43.9
41.3
37.8

41.0
39.6
41.6
37.8
43.1
38.3
42.7
43.4
41.7
38.2

41.9
38.6
41.0
37.5
43.6
38.1
43.0
(2)
41.5
38.1

41.6
43.5
41.2
37.4
43.2
38.2
43.1
(2)
41.3
36.8

41.6
40.4
40.9
37.6
43.3
38.3
43.0
(2)
41.7
37.5

41.5
40.7
41.8
37.8
43.5
38.3
42.8
(2)
41.5
38.1

41.5
39.8
41.5
37.7
43.2
38.1
42.5
(2)
41.3
38.0

41.9
40.4
41.8
38.1
43.6
38.6
42.9
(2)
42.1
38.7

Service-producing.......................

32.6

32.6

32.6

33.0

32.8

32.9

32.9

32.8

32.9

32.9

Transportation and public utilities...

38.6

38.1

38.0

38.7

39.0

38.5

38.4

38.3

38.3

38.6

Wholesale trade.......................

38.3

38.2

38.2

38.9

38.4

38.5

38.6

38.4

38.5

38.8

Retail trade..........................

28.7

28.5

28.6

29.0

29.0

29.1

29.2

29.0

29.1

29.0

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

35.9

36.1

35.9

36.7

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Services..............................

32.4

32.6

32.5

32.9

32.5

32.7

32.7

32.7

32.7

32.8

1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry

Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry
Apr.
1999

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Total private....................
Seasonally adjusted.............

$13.16
13.14

$13.58
13.54

$13.60
13.58

$13.71
13.64

$451.39
452.02

$464.44
467.13

$465.12
468.51

$474.37
471.94

Goods-producing.........................

14.64

15.04

15.12

15.24

Mining................................

16.93

17.13

17.17

17.22

598.78

613.63

618.41

626.36

733.07

757.15

753.76

769.73

Construction..........................

16.85

17.37

17.48

17.60

650.41

670.48

678.22

688.16

Manufacturing.........................

13.80

14.19

Durable goods........................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

14.27
11.37
11.14
13.75
15.62

14.73
11.62
11.50
14.00
16.30

14.22

14.30

574.08

588.89

590.13

596.31

14.76
11.62
11.57
14.06
16.36

14.83
11.72
11.61
14.23
16.55

602.19
468.44
447.83
594.00
688.84

620.13
469.45
457.70
593.60
723.72

622.87
469.45
462.80
597.55
724.75

628.79
480.52
465.56
613.31
734.82

18.59
13.36
14.85

19.40
13.65
15.40

19.59
13.67
15.42

19.86
13.69
15.44

829.11
562.46
626.67

878.82
576.03
652.96

879.59
575.51
655.35

891.71
580.46
656.20

13.31
17.88
18.31
14.07
11.25

13.70
18.65
19.10
14.41
11.55

13.68
18.77
19.23
14.42
11.57

13.78
18.87
19.38
14.47
11.63

547.04
790.30
834.94
583.91
448.88

567.18
820.60
859.50
595.13
453.92

570.46
824.00
865.35
594.10
457.02

576.00
832.17
881.79
596.16
459.39

Nondurable goods.....................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

13.09
12.07
19.99
10.68
8.83
15.83
13.73
17.27
21.49
12.23
9.59

13.37
12.24
17.40
10.85
9.02
16.02
14.13
17.78
22.08
12.51
9.86

13.40
12.29
18.83
10.86
9.05
16.04
14.19
17.75
22.27
12.52
9.91

13.49
12.42
19.05
10.93
9.04
16.19
14.21
17.96
21.94
12.63
10.05

532.76
497.28
767.62
436.81
332.01
690.19
523.11
737.43
917.62
511.21
363.46

542.82
500.62
683.82
448.11
339.15
688.86
536.94
757.43
958.27
516.66
369.75

544.04
502.66
732.49
449.60
341.19
688.12
540.64
754.38
977.65
517.08
374.60

550.39
509.22
754.38
454.69
341.71
697.79
544.24
766.89
952.20
526.67
383.91

Service-producing.......................

12.69

13.13

13.13

13.23

413.69

428.04

428.04

436.59

Transportation and public utilities...

15.57

16.02

16.01

16.14

601.00

610.36

608.38

624.62

Wholesale trade.......................

14.48

14.95

14.94

15.13

554.58

571.09

570.71

588.56

Retail trade..........................

9.03

9.34

9.36

9.42

259.16

266.19

267.70

273.18

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

14.61

14.92

14.96

15.15

524.50

538.61

537.06

556.01

Services..............................

13.32

13.80

13.81

13.89

431.57

449.88

448.83

456.98

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.

Apr.
1999

Feb.
2000

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Apr.
1999

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

Feb.
2000

Total private:
Current dollars..............
Constant (1982) dollars2.....

$13.14
7.83

$13.44
7.87

$13.49
7.88

Goods-producing...............
Mining......................
Construction................
Manufacturing...............
Excluding overtime4.......

14.67
16.87
16.97
13.79
13.09

15.03
17.01
17.42
14.09
13.35

Service-producing.............
Transportation and public
utilities................
Wholesale trade.............
Retail trade................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate...................
Services....................

12.65

Percent
change
from:
Mar. 2000Apr. 2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

$13.54
7.87

$13.58
7.84

$13.64
N.A.

0.4
(3)

15.10
17.01
17.44
14.15
13.42

15.17
17.04
17.55
14.21
13.45

15.21
17.14
17.62
14.22
13.48

15.28
17.21
17.72
14.30
13.51

.5
.4
.6
.6
.2

12.95

12.98

13.03

13.07

13.13

.5

15.60
14.44
9.03

15.94
14.88
9.26

15.87
14.99
9.26

15.98
14.94
9.31

16.04
15.01
9.34

16.11
15.00
9.39

.4
-.1
.5

14.58
13.28

14.75
13.60

14.88
13.64

14.85
13.69

14.94
13.73

14.98
13.79

.3
.4

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was -.4 percent from February 2000 to March 2000, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)

Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Industry
Apr.
1999

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Apr.
1999

Feb.
2000

Mar.
2000p

Apr.
2000p

Total private....................

145.6

146.0

147.2

150.5

150.3

150.1

150.7

151.5

Goods-producing.........................

113.1

111.3

112.5

114.5

116.2

116.2

116.4

116.8

Mining................................

49.1

49.4

50.4

50.8

51.4

51.3

51.5

52.4

Construction..........................

164.8

Manufacturing.........................

106.2

174.7

169.2

174.5

181.4

181.1

184.0

180.8

105.8

106.5

105.7

106.3

106.4

106.0

107.2

Durable goods........................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.....
Primary metal industries............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products.......................
Fabricated metal products...........
Industrial machinery and equipment..
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................
Transportation equipment............
Motor vehicles and equipment......
Instruments and related products....
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

110.3
142.1
136.4
112.3
90.7

111.0
145.0
136.9
116.4
90.6

110.4
147.5
135.6
116.2
89.9

109.8
146.6
135.8
117.0
90.4

110.7
147.6
136.2
118.9
90.6

111.0
147.2
137.2
117.5
90.8

110.7
146.0
136.8
117.3
90.9

112.0
146.4
139.2
117.5
91.4

69.9
117.7
105.3

69.7
118.0
105.1

69.5
119.1
104.9

69.1
116.2
104.1

70.2
116.5
103.8

70.0
117.8
104.6

70.2
118.5
104.9

69.9
118.6
104.4

69.4
120.7
105.5

105.3
126.5
167.5
75.6
101.2

106.3
124.7
168.1
73.5
98.5

107.4
124.6
167.9
73.3
99.4

108.0
125.2
170.5
73.5
99.7

105.6
125.5
164.8
75.8
100.3

105.0
122.2
164.1
74.5
101.8

106.0
124.4
169.4
73.5
100.5

106.7
125.3
169.1
73.1
100.0

107.8
123.9
166.1
72.9
99.4

109.4
125.0
169.8
74.0
100.4

Nondurable goods.....................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products...............
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products.......
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products........

99.9
113.4
51.4
81.5
61.4
105.9
121.8
101.3
74.2
149.6
32.6

98.3
113.0
54.5
79.4
57.2
103.7
120.8
102.2
65.1
149.6
29.2

98.2
112.4
45.1
79.6
57.8
103.0
121.6
102.0
65.1
149.3
29.5

98.6
112.6
48.0
80.0
58.0
103.2
122.1
102.1
64.5
150.4
29.5

101.2
118.9
55.4
81.6
61.4
106.7
121.9
102.4
74.5
148.5
32.8

100.1
118.3
58.2
79.8
57.7
105.1
121.4
103.4
72.0
149.5
29.4

100.2
118.3
52.0
78.9
57.7
104.9
121.8
103.7
70.0
150.9
30.0

100.1
117.2
54.4
80.8
57.9
105.4
122.1
102.8
69.0
150.0
29.9

99.4
117.0
47.3
80.0
58.0
104.3
121.8
101.9
66.6
149.1
29.8

100.6
118.7
54.0
80.4
58.5
105.0
123.5
102.7
66.7
151.6
29.7

Service-producing.......................

160.2

161.6

162.7

166.6

161.6

165.0

165.6

165.3

166.0

167.0

Transportation and public utilities...

131.3

132.0

132.4

135.7

133.6

134.0

134.5

134.0

134.8

136.3

Wholesale trade.......................

130.9

132.2

133.0

136.0

131.6

134.0

134.7

134.4

135.2

136.1

Retail trade..........................

139.5

138.4

139.7

143.4

142.6

144.7

145.5

144.6

145.4

145.5

Finance, insurance, and real estate...

137.8

138.6

138.0

141.3

139.1

140.6

140.7

140.0

139.8

140.8

Services..............................

198.8

202.4

204.0

208.7

198.9

204.8

205.5

205.8

206.6

208.0

1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.

Dec.
1999

Jan.
2000

147.0

149.4

114.6

114.2

49.5

51.1

159.1

165.4

105.1

105.2

110.8
145.3
135.1
116.2
90.1

110.0
142.4
135.5
110.2
90.5

68.9
116.9
105.4

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Time span

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

49.6
56.2
63.8
54.4
57.7

64.9
61.0
57.9
58.3
54.1

59.4
61.9
58.8
52.1
p57.2

55.1
62.8
60.5
58.8
p55.3

61.9
58.8
55.9
51.5

60.8
56.3
57.9
57.0

57.0
60.7
58.0
57.6

62.5
61.0
55.8
50.0

57.3
59.4
54.6
55.1

63.5
65.4
52.9
57.2

59.7
63.6
59.1
57.9

61.2
62.1
58.6
57.7

Over 3-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

62.6
63.8
66.7
60.7
60.5

62.5
63.6
66.2
55.9
p61.5

63.3
67.7
64.5
59.6
p60.3

63.1
67.3
63.9
54.6

63.1
62.6
61.4
56.3

64.3
61.7
58.7
56.2

64.3
61.4
60.0
56.2

62.2
66.2
58.4
59.0

64.6
67.3
57.6
57.4

64.2
69.9
57.6
59.6

66.2
70.8
59.0
60.8

63.2
71.2
60.4
60.5

Over 6-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

62.6
67.4
70.6
61.1
p64.3

65.2
68.3
66.9
58.8

64.5
65.6
65.9
57.3

65.2
67.0
62.4
59.0

64.7
65.6
62.6
55.2

64.6
64.9
61.1
57.4

67.0
66.3
58.0
56.9

65.4
68.4
59.8
61.5

65.9
69.7
60.0
61.0

66.7
71.3
60.8
59.7

66.9
71.3
60.8
62.9

66.7
71.9
58.0
p64.2

64.5
69.0
70.4
60.1

66.7
67.3
68.3
57.3

64.5
68.3
67.1
57.0

65.6
69.7
64.0
57.6

68.5
69.5
62.1
58.7

67.3
70.1
61.7
59.0

67.7
70.1
61.8
58.8

66.4
70.4
63.8
57.9

68.0
70.5
59.8
p61.9

69.9
69.7
59.0
p62.5

68.7
69.8
59.3

66.9
71.3
58.6

Over 12-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1

Over 1-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

42.4
50.0
58.6
40.3
51.1

55.4
52.9
51.8
42.4
49.3

46.8
53.6
50.4
39.6
p45.0

41.0
56.1
50.4
44.6
p52.5

55.8
52.2
40.6
36.3

51.4
53.2
46.8
45.3

47.1
51.1
40.3
57.2

56.5
55.4
45.3
38.5

48.9
53.6
42.1
42.8

55.0
62.2
36.3
48.9

50.7
61.2
39.9
50.7

54.0
55.4
45.0
49.3

Over 3-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

46.8
51.8
59.4
37.4
49.6

46.0
51.4
57.9
31.7
p49.6

43.5
57.6
51.8
37.1
p48.2

46.0
56.8
44.2
30.2

48.2
54.3
41.7
33.8

51.1
51.8
34.9
43.9

51.8
53.6
37.4
43.2

49.6
55.4
37.1
44.6

53.2
59.7
38.1
38.5

52.5
68.3
34.2
46.4

55.0
65.8
35.6
50.0

50.7
64.4
35.3
50.4

Over 6-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

41.4
54.7
59.7
33.1
p52.5

46.0
54.0
49.3
29.1

45.7
51.4
48.2
28.1

47.1
54.3
36.7
36.0

46.0
52.5
36.7
30.9

48.6
52.2
36.7
34.5

52.9
55.4
28.4
36.3

50.4
61.2
31.3
44.6

51.8
61.5
33.5
45.7

51.4
64.7
35.3
41.4

52.5
66.2
32.7
47.8

51.8
65.1
28.1
p50.7

43.5
54.7
54.0
32.7

47.5
52.5
49.3
25.9

45.3
54.0
46.0
28.4

45.3
54.0
40.6
29.5

50.4
55.4
35.6
29.9

49.6
56.8
33.8
31.7

50.4
57.2
30.9
34.9

48.6
57.9
32.0
32.7

51.1
58.3
26.6
p40.3

55.0
56.5
26.6
p40.6

54.3
55.4
25.5

50.7
57.2
26.3

Over 12-month span:
1996..............
1997..............
1998..............
1999..............
2000..............

1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.