Full text of The Employment Situation : April 1981

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News
Bureau of Labor Statistics

- 2 -

United States
Department
of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20212

The number of job losers (persons on layoff and those permanently separated from their jobs)
was

unchanged

year.

Debbie Sprinkle
Nona Bowers
Kathryn Hoyle

(202)

USDL 81-233
TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS RELEASE IS
EMBARGOED UNTIL 9:00 A.M. (EDT), FRIDAY,
MAY 8, 1981

523-1371
523-1944
523-1913
523-1208

(202)

April

at 3.8 million and has hovered around that mark since the turn of the

weeks.

In

April,

the

average

(27

weeks

or

longer)

affected

by

changes

in

(See table A-6.)

row

there

were

Civilian labor force
Total employment

I Quarterly averages
I
Monthly data
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
1 Mar. 1
1980
I 1981 |
1981
t Apr.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 change
1
I
1
IV |
I
| Feb. | Mar. | Apr. |
|
|
Thousands of persons
1104, 2171105,1731105,800| 105, 6811106,177| 106, 722 |
545
1 97,7181 97,2761 98,012f 97,927l 98,412| 98,976]
564

movements in the two major employment series, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the

U.S. Department of Labor reported today.

The Nation's unemployment rate was

7.3

percent,

the

Not in labor force
Discouraged workers

same as It was in both February and March.
The series on total employment—derived from the monthly
increase

unemployment

Table A. Major Indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted

HOUSEHOLD DATA

contrasting

long-term

However, the median duration of unemployment, which Is little

APRIL 1981

a

very

(mean) duration of unemployment was about unchanged, at 13.7

very long-term joblessness, increased 0.7 week to 7.7 weeks.

Category

Unemployment remained unchanged in April, while for the second month in

who

(See table A-7.)

Although the number of workers 'With
declined

Advance copies of this release are made available to the press with
the explicit understanding that, prior to 9 a.m. Eastern time: (1)
Wire services will not move over their wires copy based on information
in this release, (2) electronic media will not feed such information to
member stations, and (3) representatives of news organizations will not
contact anyone outside the Bureau of Labor Statistics to ask questions
or solicit comments about information in this release.

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:

number

became unemployed as a result of entry into the labor market have also been little changed since
January.

Contact:

in

The number of unemployed persons who left their last job voluntarily and the

of

560,000

In April.

survey

of

households—showed

an

In contrast, the series on nonfarm payroll employment—derived

from the monthly survey of establishments—declined by 220,000 over the month,

though

most

Unemployment rates:
All workers
Adult men

1 58,999 | 59,9061 59,820| 59,946| 59,5981 59,2191
1
949[ 1,0551 1,115|
N.A.J
N.A.|
N.A.|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
1
I
I

1
6.21
4.8]

1
7.5|
6.3|

5.8|
1

7.3|
1

Percent of labor force
1
1
1
7.4|
7.3|
7.3|
6.0(
6.0|
5.9|

1
7.3|
5.8|

-379
N.A.

0
-0.1

of

this drop resulted from a strike in the mining industry.
Unemployment

Full-time workers....

Unemployment declined in line with seasonal expectations in April, and, after adjustment for
seasonality,

Unemployment

rates

from

their

1980

for

adult

men

highs
(5.8

but

7.1|
1

7.1|
1

6.9|
1

-0.2

Indeed, both have been relatively stable since

Goods-producing industries
Service-producing industries

| 26,6051 25,780J26,013p| 25,987I26,010p|25,831p|
| 64,516| 65,152|65,603p| 65,665|65,704pJ65,663p|
1
1
I
1
1
1
1

-179p
-41p

Thousands of jobs

remained

well

above

pre-recession

levels.

Average weekly hours:

other

workers

(13.2

percent)

were

all

about
p-preliminary.

from

March

to

April.

In

contrast,

joblessness among married men (3.8 percent),

full-time workers (6.9 percent), Hispanics (9.1 percent),
were

down over the month.

percentage points since July.




1
1

1

1

1

1

1

Hours of work
1
1

1

I

percent), adult women (6.6 percent), teenagers (19.1

percent), whites (6.5 percent), and black and

percent)

7.1|
1

In April, the overall jobless rate and the rates for most of the major worker groups

were down somewhat

unchanged

|
1
1
I

both the number of unemployed workers, 7.7 million, and the unemployment rate, 7.3

percent, were unchanged from their March levels.
December.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

and

workers

in

manufacturing

(7.4

The unemployment rate for factory workers has declined 2.4

(See tables A-l, A-2, A-5, and A-9.)

1

1
1
I
N.A.-not available.

- 3 - 4 The number of involuntary part-time workers who usually work full time decreased by

120,000
Hours of Work

in

April.

(See

table

A-3.) At 1.5 million, they totaled nearly half a million less than the
The average workweek of production or

nonsupervisory

workers

on

private

nonagricultural

1980 high.
payrolls

was

unchanged from March at 35.3 hours.

Hours in manufacturing were up a tenth of an

Total Employment and the labor Force
hour to 40.1 hours, returning to the December level.
Total employment grew by 560,000 over the
numbered

99.0 million in April.

month

by

1.8

adjustment

for

seasonality)

Since

April

1980,

total

employment

million, with over half of the increase attributable to adult women.

employment declined by 240,000 over the year.

has

Teenage

(See table A-l.)

The civilian labor force rose by nearly 550,000 in April.
three major worker groups.

and

Gains

were

registered

by

The civilian labor force participation rate

reached

Most

of

Prior

this
to

million
decline,

March,

in

April,

down

220,000

from

March,

after

total

Jobs

increased

has

payroll

employment

were

still

had

100,000

Manufacturing employment edged up over the month.

pre-recession levels.

increased

for

7

considerably

since

the

July

low,

the

above

last

July's

While the number of factory

April

level

was

still

below

Industries showing improvement over the month included fabricated metals,

electrical equipment, transportation equipment, and rubber and plastic products.
There was little employment change In the service-producing industries, as a
In

retail

services.

trade

nonsupervisory

payrolls

increased

0.3

was

nearly

offset

by

increases

elsewhere

large

decline

in the sector, most notably in

Since April 1980, jobs in the service-producing industries have Increased by 900,000.




hours,

workers

on

private

The manufacturing index
(See table B-5.)

on

private

percent over the month (seasonally adjusted).

adjustment for seasonality, average hourly earnings edged up by 1 cent In

April

to

Before

$7.11,

58

Average weekly earnings were $249.56, little different from

The Hourly Earnings Index
The Hourly Earnings Index—earnings adjusted for overtime In manufacturing, seasonality, and
the

effects

of

changes in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage

269.2 (1967-100) in April, 0.3 percent higher than in March.

Construction jobs declined by 80,000 in April but
low.

or

Both average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers
nonagricultural

however, was accounted for by the coal miners'

consecutive months.

recession

2.9

March but $21.01 higher than in April 1980.

Nonfarm payroll employment was 91.5

(See table B-l.)

production

rose 0.6 percent over the month; it was 6.8 percent above last July's low.

cents above the year-earlier level.

Industry Payroll Employment

strike.

The Index of aggregate weekly hours of

nonagricultural payrolls fell 0.3 percent to 126.0 (1967-100) In April.

all

an all-time high of 64.3 percent in April.

adjustment.

Overtime in manufacturing, at

(See table B-2.)

Hourly and Weekly Earnings

As in the case of employment, adult women have accounted for most of

the labor force growth over the past year.

seasonal

was also up 0.1 hour.

As in March, adult men were the biggest job gainers, but there

were also advances among adult women and teenagers.
advanced

(after

April

a

year

ago.

In

The Index was

9.3

industries—was
percent

above

dollars of constant purchasing power, the Index decreased 1.0 percent

during the 12-month period ended in March.

(See table B-4.)

Chart 1. Civilian labor force and employment
(Seasonally adjusted)

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1978

1977

Explanatory Note

1978

This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics Survey
(establishment survey). The household survey provides
the information on the labor force, total employment,
and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
65,000 households that is conducted by the Bureau of
the Census with most of the findings analyzed and
published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on
the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonagricultural payrolls that appears in the B tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This informationis collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation
with State agencies. The sample includes approximately
166,000 establishments employing about 35 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month are actually collected for and relate to a particular week. In
the household survey, unless otherwise indicated, it is
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the
month, which is called the survey week. In the establishment survey, the reference week is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond
directly to the calendar week.
The data in this release are affected by a number of
technical factors, including definitions, survey differences, seasonal adjustments, and the inevitable
variance in results between a survey of a sample and a
census of the entire population. Each of these factors is
explained below.

V.

1979

Chart 2. Unemployment rate—all civilian workers

f

1

• - SwMonoly odjust«d
— — • Not ••csonaly adjusted

•'.^>.

IT*
7.0

''.'*•''.

J-?
'.''•'•'

.""""'••"""'•••I?

Aii^.'\ i

'fist-

L i i i .1 i i i 1 i i i
1971 1972 1973

Llii-L'

1
1970
-i-La.

*\%J i

1974

*

,

•' t

' ^ V Lk f l

Tx

J

t%

'

1 1 . 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-Ull
1976 1977 1978 1979 I960 1991

• 1 1 1 11

1975

Chart 3. Civilian labor force participation rate
and total employment-population ratio
(Seasonally adjusted)
PERCENT
70.0

- Participation r a t t
• Employrrwnt-populotion ratio •••...'*•

1969 1970
1971 1972
1973
t974
1975
1976 1977
1978 1979 I960
1961
N o t « Th« ahod«d ar*ca (topict th« business cycls p*oka and troughs as designated by the
Notional Bureau of Economic Research.




PERCENT
70.0

Coverage, definitions and differences between surveys
The sample households in the household survey are
selected so as to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and older. Each person in a household is classified as employed,
unemployed, or not in the labor force. Those who hold
more than one job are classified according to the job at
which they worked the most hours.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid civilians; worked in their own business or
profession or on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or
more in an enterprise operated by a member of their
family, whether they were paid or not. People are also
counted as employed if they were on unpaid leave
because of illness, bad weather, disputes between labor
and management, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed, regardless of
their eligibility for unemployment benefits or public
assistance, if they meet all of the following criteria:
They had no employment during the survey week; they
were available for work at that time; and they made
specific efforts to find employment sometime during the
prior 4 weeks. Also included among the unemployed are
persons not looking for work because they were laid off

and waiting to be recalled and those expecting to report
to a job within 30 days.
The civilian labor force equals the sum of the number
employed and the number unemployed. The unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed people in the
civilian labor force. Table A-4 presents a special grouping of seven measures of unemployment based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force.
The definitions are provided in the table. The most
restrictive definition yields LM, and the most comprehensive yields U-7. The official unemployment rate
is U-5.
Unlike the household survey, the establishment
survey only counts wage and salary employees whose
names appear on the payroll records of nonagricultural
firms. As a result, there are many differences between
the two surveys, among which are the following:
—The household survey, although based on a
smaller sample, reflects a larger segment of the population; the establishment survey excludes agriculture, the
self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private
household workers;
—The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed; the establishment survey
does not;
—The household survey is limited to those 16 years
of age and older; the establishment survey is not limited
by age;
—The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because each individual is counted only once;
in the establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job or otherwise appearing on more than one
payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are
described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from
Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from the BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over a course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events
as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing
of schools. For example, the labor force increases by a
large number each June, when schools close and many
young people enter the job market. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large; over the course of a
year, for example, seasonality may account for as much
as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in
unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical
trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from
month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or

increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. To return to the school's-out example, the large number of people entering the labor
force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place since May, making it difficult to
determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students
finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics
for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is
made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more
useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
Measures of civilian labor force, employment, and
unemployment contain components such as age and sex.
Statistics for all employees, production workers,
average weekly hours, and average hourly earnings include components based on the employer's industry. All
these statistics can be seasonally adjusted either by adjusting the total or by adjusting each of the components
and combining them. The second procedure usually
yields more accurate information and is therefore
followed by BLS. For example, the seasonally adjusted
figure for the civilian labor force is the sum of eight
seasonally adjusted employment components and four
seasonally adjusted unemployment components; the
total for unemployment is the sum of the four
unemployment components; and the official unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of
total unemployment by the estimate of the civilian labor
force.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated regularly. For the household
survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June
period and again for the July-December period. The
January revision is applied to data that have been
published over the previous 5 years. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment
are calculated only once a year, along with the introduction of new benchmarks which are discussed at the end
of the next section.
Sampling variability

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to sampling error, that is, the
estimate of the number of people employed and the
other estimates drawn from these surveys probably differ from the figures that would be obtained from a complete census, even if the same questionnaires and procedures were used. In the household survey, the amount
of the differences can be expressed in terms of standard
errors. The numerical value of a standard error depends
upon the size of the sample, the results of the survey,
and other factors. However, the numerical value is
always such that the chances are 68 out of 100 that an
estimate based on the sample will differ by no more than
the standard error from the results of a complete census.
The chances are 90 out of 100 that an estimate based on
the sample will differ by no more than 1.6 times the




standard error from the results of a complete census. At
the 90-percent level of confidence-the confidence limits
used by BLS in its analyses-the error for the monthly
change in total employment is on the order of plus or
minus 279,000; for total unemployment it is 194,000;
and, for. the overall unemployment rate, it is 0.19
percentage point. These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes but, rather,
that the chances are 90 out of 100 that the "true" level
or rate would not be expected to differ from the
estimates by more than these amounts.
Sampling errors for monthly surveys are reduced
when the data are cumulated for several months, such
as quarterly or annually. Also, as a general rule,
the smaller the estimate, the larger the sampling
error. Therefore, relatively speaking, the estimate
of the size of the labor force is subject to less
error than is the estimate of the number unemployed.
And, among the unemployed, the sampling error for the
jobless rate of adult men, for example, is much smaller
than is the error for the jobless rate of teenagers.
Specifically, the error on monthly change in the jobless
rate for men is .24 percentage point; for teenagers, it is
1.06 percentage points.
In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most
current months are based on incomplete returns; for this
reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. When all the returns in the sample have been
received, the estimates are revised. In other words, data
for the month of September are published in
preliminary form in October and November and in final
form in December. To remove errors that build up over
time, a comprehensive count of the employed is conducted each year. The results of this survey are used to
establish new benchmarks—comprehensive counts of
employment—against which month-to-month changes
can be measured. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries and allow for
the formation of new establishments.
Additional statistics and other information

In order to provide a broad view of the Nation's
employment situation, BLS regularly publishes a wide
variety of data in this news release. More comprehensive
statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $2.75
per issue or $22.00 per year from the U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20204. A check or
money order made out to the Superintendent of
Documents must accompany all orders.
Employment and Earnings also provides approximations of the standard errors for the household survey
data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, the standard errors appear
in tables B through J of its "Explanatory Notes."
Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the
establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision
due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables
M, P, Q, and R of that publication.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the population by sax and age

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the population by race, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted

Employment status, race, sex, and age
Apr.
1980

Har.
1981

Apr.
1981

Apr.
1980

Dec.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

Har.
1981

Apr.
1981

WHITE
Total noninstitutional population1.
Armed Forces'
Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . .
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio2 ,
Unemployed
*.....
Unemployment rate

144,870
1,616
143,254
91,245
63.7
85,886
59.3
5,359
5.9

146,515
1,633
144,882
92,814
64.1
86,454
59.0
6,360
6.9

146,640
1,634
145,005
93,029
64^2
87,262
59.5
5,767
6.2

144,870
1,616
143.254
92,044
64.3
86,389
59.6
5,655
6-1

146,140
1,640
144.500
92.383
63.9
86,377
59.1
6,006
6.5

146,284
1,633
144,651
92.832
64.2
86,620
59.2
6,213
6.7

146,403
1,629
144,774
93,035
64.3
86,940
59.4
6,095
6.6

146,515
1,633
144,882
93,313
64.4
87,291
59-6
6.022
6.5

146,640
1,634
145,006
93,860
64.7
87,791
59.9
6,069
6.5

Men, 20 yeert and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio*
Unemployed.
Unemployment rate

48,955
79.7
46,377
73.9
2,578
5.3

49,632
79.6
46,5b0
73.2
3,072
6.2

49,708
79.6
47,046
73-8
2,662
5.4

49,192
80.1
46,651
74.4
2.541
5.2

49,449
79.6
46.728
73.7
2,721
5.5

49,426
79.4
46,704
73.6
2.722
5.5

49,420
79.3
46,757
73.6
2,664
5.4

49,695
79.7
47,030
73.9
2,664
5.4

49,947
80.0
47,330
74.3
2.618
5.2

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

34,658
50.9
32,921
48.3
1,737
5.0

35,740
51.7
33,774
48.8
1,966
5.5

35,759
51.7
33,881
48.9
1,878
5-3

34.606
50.8
32.710
48.0
1.896
5.5

34.910
50.7
32.858
47.7
2.052
5-9

35.313
51.2
33,180
48. 1
2.133
6.0

35,423
51.3
33,421
48.4
2.002
5.7

35.529
51.4
33,539
49.5
1,990
5.6

35,727
51.7
33,679
48.6
2.048
5.7

7,632
55.5
6,589
47.2
1,043
13.7
14.1
13. 1

7,442
55.3
6,120
44.7
1,322
17.8
19.5
15.8

7,562
56.3
6,336
46.4
1,227
16.2
16.5
15.9

8.246
60.0
7,028
50.3
1,218
14.8
15.0
14.5

8,024
59.2
6,791
49.2
1,233
15.4
16.4
14.2

8,093
59.9
6,735
48.9
1,358
16.8
17.9
15.5

8.191
60.7
6,762
49.2
1,429
17.4
18.2
16.6

8,089
60.1
6.721
49.1
1,368
16.9
18.0
15.7

8,186
60.9
6,782
49.6
1,404
17.2
17.2
17.1

20,822
476
20,346
1 2 , 168
59.8
10,680
51.3
1,487
12.2

21,387
495
20,892
12,591
60.3
10,865
50.8
1,727
13.7

21,431
495
20,936
12,649
60.4
11,020
51.4
1,629
12.9

20,822
476
20,346
12,401
61.0
10,838
52-1
1,563
12.6

21,255
484
20.771
12.668
61.0
10,895
51.3
1,773
14.0

21,301
492
20,809
12,684
61.0
11,051
51.9
1,634
12.9

21,344
491
20,853
12,598
60.4
10,942
51.3
1,655
13. 1

21,387
495
20,892
12.765
61.1
11,020
51.5
1,745
13.7

21,431
495
20,936
12,899
61.6
11,193
52.2
1,706
13.2

Man, 20 yean and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed .
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate.

5,886
74.4
5,228
63.2
658
11.2

6,060
74.4
5,338
62.6
722
11.9

6,025
73-8
5,366
62.8
659
10.9

5,934
75-0
5,291
64.0
643
10.8

6,015
74.4
5,315
62.8
700
11.6

5.996
73.9
5,367
63.3
628
10.5

6,007
73.9
5,355
63.0
651
10.8

6,072
74.6
5,414
63.5
658
10.8

6,081
74.5
5,437
63.6
644
10.6

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force
Participation rata
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

5,453
55. 1
4,867
49.0
586
10.8

5,671
55.6
4,988
48.7
683
12.0

5,713
55.9
5,058
49.3
655
11.5

5,495
55.5
4,884
49.2
611
11.1

5,654
55.9
4,956
48.8
698
12-3

5.638
55.6
5,016
49.3
621
11.0

5,645
55.5
4,976
48.7
669
11.9

5,708
56.0
4,988
48.7
720
12.6

5,764
56.4
5.083
49.6
681
11.8

828
32.5
585
22.3
243
29.3
27.7
31.2

861
33.6
539
20.5
322
37.4
34.6
40.5

911
35.6
597
22.7
315
34.6
37.3
31.3

972
38.2
663
25-3
309
31.8
29.1
34.8

999
39.0
624
23.7
375
37.5
38.8
36.1

1,051
41.2
667
25.3
384
36.5
39.2
33.3

946
37.1
611
23.2
335
35.4
35.5
35.3

985
38.5
618
23.5
367
37.3
33.5
41.4

1,054
41.2
673
25.6
381
36-1
37.5
34.6

Both sexes, 16-19 years
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio*
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
•
Women .
BLACK AND OTHER
Total noninstitutional population1
Armed Forces1
Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . .
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio1 .
Unemployed.
Unemployment rate

Both aaxee, 16-19 years
Civilian labor force
Participation rate.
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Men
Women

1
The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal varUtions; therefore,
identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.




3
Civilian employment as a percent of the total noninstitutional population (mdudfeg Armed
Forces).

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)

Seasonally adjusted

adjusted

Apr.
1980

Apr.
1991

APT.

Dec.

1480

mo

9o , 5o6

9 9 , 2-U

39.227

3 d , 3 56
2 1,647
4,991

97,225
38,373
23,094
4,661

97,2^2
38,231
23,063
4,716

50,46 5
15.5^6
10,773
t»,04 8

51.065
15.810
11.009
6,175
18,071
3 0,373
12.337
10.194
3.402
4.440
12,982

Jan.
19<31

Foh.
19H1

fi*r.
198 1

97,696
38.182
21,352
4,787

97.927
38.113
23.356
4,852

98.412
38.365
23.513
4.878

99,976
38.510
23.529
4,971

51.594
15.965
11.3b3
6.265
18.0C1
30.338
12.306
10,331
3 , 322
4.380
12.946
2. I T

51.698
15.813
11,488
6,271
18,125
30,446
12,386
10,3 90
3,3f 1
4,3 09
13,070
2.662

51,746
15,827
11.565

2.6T9

5 1 . 8 01
15.754
11.444
6.145
18.457
31.156
12.624
10.524
3 . 4 11
4.596
1 3.255
2.C34

1,465
1.616

1,336
1,610

284

J 2b

1.338
1,615
312

1,524
1,648
290

87,970
15,685
72,135
1.235
70.949
6.996
354

98.195
15.628
72.567
1,241
71.327
7.021
306

89.583

89.202

72,875
4.227

72,761
4,044
1,517
2.527
12.397

•M>r.
1 >a 1

CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over
Married men, spouse present
Married women, spouse present
Women who maintain families

2.3.21 8
4,632

OCCUPATION
White-collar workers
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators, except farm
Sales workers
Clerical workers
Blue-collar workers
Craft and kindred workers
Operatives, except transport
Transport equipment operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers
Farm workers

, 4 74
,775
,352
,036
,111
,550
,591
,221
,46 9
,280
,013
,527

51,784
16,022
11.204
6 , 120
18,439
30,572
12.498
10,282
3 , 3c34.
4,408
13.268

2,658

18, 116
31.120
12.713
10,45)
3.4*5
4,4b2
13,009
2,b82

2,804

6.220
18.135
30.594
12.605
10. W9
3.36 3
4 . 4 37
13.279

MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
AgricultureWage and salary workers .
Self-employed workers. .
Unpaid family workers. .

1,297
1,529
253

1,431
1,5o9
257

1,377
1.602
287

1,411
1,655
305

Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers .
Government
Private industries. . . .
Private households.
Other industries . .
Self-employed workers. .
Unpaid family workers. .

66,358
15,825
70,533
1,095
>J9,439
6,745
382

87,739
15,831
7 1 . 9 03
1 , 176
7 0,73 2
6,9b5
^22

86,739
15.635
71.154

87,125
15.73P
71.387

1.151
70.003
b,994
363

36.513
15.653
70,860
1 , 1 U
69,750
6,9-»2
3 96

1 . 19"
70,190
6,839
422

87,2J6
15,5*9
71,64-?
1, 176
70,471
6,973
371

98.242
7 1,59 2
3,54 2
1,665
1,877
13,108

8 9 , 100
72,324
3,743
1,509

88.04 1
71.986
1,803
1,680
2.123
12.252

83,468
T2.131
4.218
1.6*7
2.571
12,119

89.49"
72.807
4.474
1.698
2.776
12.218

99,441
72.945
4, 145
1,622
2.52J
12.351

PERSONS AT WORK1
Nonagricultural industries
Full-time schedules
Part time for economic reasons . . .
Usually work full time
Usually work part time
Part time for noneconomic reasons.

2 , 2 39
13,228

1.638
2.5R9
12,481

Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as
vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.

Table A-4. Range of unemployment measures based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force,
seasonally adjusted
(Percent)

Quarterly average*
Measures

1980

I

II

Monthly data

1981

I I I

IV

I

1991

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

U-1

Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian labor forca

1.3

1.6

2.0

2.2

2. 1

2.1

2.1

2.0

U-2

Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force

2.9

3.9

4. 1

4.0

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.6

U-3

Unemployed persons 25 years and over as a percent of the civilian labor force 25 years and over

4.3

5.2

5.5

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.2

5.0

U-4

Unemployed full-time jobseekers as a percent of the full-tima labor forca

5.8

7.0

7.3

7. 3

7.1

7.1

7.1

6.9

U-6

Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force (official measure)

6.2

7.3

7.5

7.5

7.4

7.3

7.3

7.3

U-6

Total full-time jobseekers plus % part-time jobseekers plus V4 total on part time for economic
9. 2

9.6

9.6

9.4

9.4

9.4

10. 1

10.5

10.5

10.5

N.A.

N.A.

7.9

U-7

9.1

Total full-time jobseekers plus % part-time jobseekers plus % total on part time for
economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a percent of the civilian labor force plus


N.A. - not available.


9.8

K.rV.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Major unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Unemployment ratai

unamptoyad persons
On thousands)
Catagory
Apr.

1980

Apr.
1981

Apr.
1980

Dec.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

Bar.
1981

Apr.
1981

CHARACTERISTIC
Total. 16 yean and ovar
Man, 20 years and over
Women, 20 yean and over
Both taxes. 16-19 years
Married men, spouse present
Married women, spouse present
Women who maintain families
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Labor force time lost'

,

7,202
3,192
2,501
1,509

7,746
3,262
2,721
1,763

6.9
5.8
6.2
16.4

7.4
6.2
6.8
17.8

7.4
6.0
6.7
19.0

7.3
6.0
6.5
19.3

7.3
5.9
6.6
19.1

7.3
5.8
6.6
19.1

1.619
1,396
459

1,507
1.477
542

4.0
5.7
9.0

4.3
5.8
10.4

4.2
6.2
10.5

4.1
5.8
9.6

4.1
6.0
9.4

3.8
5.9
9.8

5,825
1,352

6,293
1,429

7.3
8.2
8.2

7. 1
9.2
8.2

7.-1
9.1
8.1

7.1
9.0
8.1

6.9
9.0
8.2

1,920
387
282
285
96b
3,302
882
1,369
321
730
1, 101
136

2, 15b
518
2 82
254
1,102
3,320
914
1,365
302
739
1.230
110

3-7
2.4
2.6
4.5
5.1
9.6
b.5
11.6
8.4
14.1
7.8

4.0
2.6
2.5
4.7
5.8
10.5
7.1
12.9
8.8
14.3
7.8
4.0

3.9
2.8
2.4
4.4
5.7
10.2
6.8
12- 1
9.1
15.0
8.0
5.0

3.7
2.6
2.4
4.0
5.3
10.1
7.2
11.9
8.3
14.9
8.7
4.7

3.9
2.7
2.6
3.8
5.9
9.8
7.1
11.3
9.3
14.1
8. 1
5.1

4.0
3.2
2.4
4.0
5.6
9.6
6.8
11.5
8.1
13.8
8.5
3.7

5,373
738
1,837
1,157
680
261
1,316
1,173
704
182

5.629
737
1,694
996
698
318
1,436
1,398
811
153

7.0
14.5
7.9
8.3
7.3
4.7
7.0
5. 1
4.3
11.7

7.7
13.8
8.8
9.0
8.5
4.9
8.3
5.5
4. 1
10.6

7.5
13.3
8.4
8.3
8.5
5.8
7.6
5-8
4.4
11.5

7.5
13.2
8.4
8.5
8.2
5.5
7.6
6.0
4.3
12.1

7.3
14.7
8.0
7.9
8.3
6.4
7.3
5.6
4.6
11.9

7.2
14.4
7.4
7.3
7.6
5.7
7.3
5.9
4.9
9.1

OCCUPATION*
White-cottar workers
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators, except farm . . . .
Sales workers
Clerical workers
Blue-collar workers
Craft and kindred workers
Operatives, except transport
Transport equipment operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers
Farm workers
INDUSTRY 1
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers* .
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public utilitiat
Wholesale and retail trade
Finance and service industries
Government workers
Agricultural wage and salary workers

1
Aggregate hours lost by tht unamptoyad and persons on part time for aconomic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
1
Unemployment by occupation include* all experienced unemployed persons, whareea that by

industry coven only unemployed wage and salary
* Includes mining, not shown separately.

Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers In thousands)

Weeks of unemployment
Apr.
1980

Apr.
1981

Apr.
1980

Dec.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

Har.
1981

Apr.
1981

2.872
2,004
1,970
1.228
742

2,717
2,083
2,596
1,368
1,228

3,258
•2,373
1.599
931
668

3,115
2,217
2,378
1,231
1,147

3,259
2,264
2,358
1,079
1,279

3,203
2,3 24
2.250
992
1,257

3.209
2,356
2,192
1.013
1.179

3.074
2.462
2.105
1.001
1,104

12.7
6.8

15.5
8.9

11.2
5.9

13.5
7.3

14.4
7.4

14.0
7.0

13.7
7.7

100.0
42.0
29.3
28.8
17.9
10.8

100.0
36.7
28.2
35.1
18.5
16.6

100.0
45. 1
32.8
22-1
12.9
9-2

100.0
40.4
28.8
30.8
16.0
14.9

100.0
41.3
28.7
29.9
13.7
16.2

100.0
41.4
30.4
28.3
13.1
15.2

100.0
40.2
32.2
27.6
13.1
14.5

DURATION
Lass than 6 weeks
BtoHwMki
15 weeks and over
15 to 26 weeks
27 weeks and ovar
Average (mean) duration. In weeks
Median duration, in weeks
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed
Lata than 6 weeks
5to14wHkt
15 weeks and ovar
1Sto26waeki
27 weeks and ovar




100.0
41-2
29.9
28.9
12.8
16.2

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not*
adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
1981

flar.
1981

Apr.
1981

,847
253
590
907
039
000

3.896
1.267
2,629

3.846
1.299
2,547

884
1.970
928

863
2,040

3.819
1,280
2,539
854
2,017

986

9 87

100.0
5U.3
Id.9
35.4
10.5
24.0
11.2

00.0
49.4
16.1
33.2
11.6
26.2
12. R

100.0
50.7
16.5
34.2
11.5
25.7
12. 1

100
49
16
32 9
11.2
26.4
12.7

100.0
49.7
16.7
33.1
11.1
26.3
12.9

4.0
.8
1.8

3.6
-9
1-9
.9

3.7
.8

3.6
.8

1.9
.9

1-9
.9

Jan.
1981

Apr.
1980

Apr.
1981

Apr.
1980

Dec.
1980

3,687
1,415
2,272
«23
1,705
63 1

3,945
1.295
2,6b0
780
1,805
865

3,58
1,42
2.15
90
1, JO
75

4,226
1,470
2,756
813
1,869
8b8

100.0
53.9
20.7
33.2

12.0
24.9
9.2

100.0
53.4
17. 4
36.0
10.5
24.4
11.7

100.
50
19.
30.
12.
26.
10.

3.6
.8
1.6
.6

3.7
.7
1.7
.8

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Loit lest job
On layoff
Other job losers
Left last job
Reentered labor force
Seeking first job
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed
Job losers.
On layoff
Other job losers.
Job leavers
Reentrants
New entrants
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers
Job leavers
Reentrants
New entrants .

3.4
.9
1.8
.7

1.9
.9

Table A-8. Unemployment by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed person*
(in thousands)

Unetnptoymant rates

Sax and age

Apr.
1980

Men, 16 years and over
16 to 24 yean




Apr.
1981

Apr.
1980

Des.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

Bar.
1981

Apr.
1931

7,202
3,240
1.509
718
788
1,731
3,961
3,456
487

7,746
3,653
1,763
834
929
1,890
4,101
3,587
496

6.9
13.2
16.4
19.0
14.5
11.3
5.0
5-3
3.3

7.4
14.0
17.8
19.9
16.4
11.7
5.3
5.8
3.5

7.4
14.5
19.0
21.0
17.5
11.9
5.3
5.7
3.5

7.3
14.6
19.3
21.4
17.9
11.8
5.1
5.5
3.6

7.3
14.4
19.1
21.3
17.7
11.7
5.2
5.5
3.7

7.3
14.7
19.1
22.0
17.2
12.1
5.0
5.4
3.3

3,994
1.819
802
385
41 1
1,017
2,178
1.857
300

4,205
2,040
943
455*
485
1.097
2,175
1,874
280

6.7
13.8
16.3
18.8
14.4
12.3
4.7
4.9
3.3

7.2
14.9
19.0
20.5
17.8
12.5
4.9
5.4
3.3

7.2
15.6
20.3
23.0
18.5
12.8
4.9
5.2
3.4

7.1
15.4
20.1
22.1
18-7
12.7
4.8
5.2
3.4

7.0
15.4
19.5
21.1
18.6
13.0
4.7
5. 1
3.2

6.9
15.4
19.3
22.7
17.0
13.2
4.6
4.9
3.1

3,208
1.421
707
333
377
714
1.783
1.599
187

3,541
1.613
820
379
444
793
1.926
1.712
216

7.2
12.5
16.5
19.3
14.8
10. 1
5.4
5.8
3.3

7.7
13.0
16.5
19.3
14.8
10.8
5.9
6.3
3.9

7.7
13.3
17.5
18.7
16.4
10.8
5.8
6.3
3.6

7.6
13.6
18-4
20.5
17.0
10.8
5.6
5.9
3.9

7.7
13.3
18.7
21.6
16.5
10.1
5.9
6.2
4.5

7.7
13.9
18.9
21.1
17.4
10.9
5.6
6.0
3.7

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Employment status of the black and Hispanic-origin population
( N u m b e r s In t h o u s a n d s )

Not
seasonally
adjusted

Employment itatut

Apr.
1980

Seasonally adjusted

hvr.
1981

kpc.
1980

Dec.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

rtar.
1981

Apr.
1981

17,723
10,678
60.2
9,180
1,499
14.0
7,044

17,331
10,511
60.6
9,089
1,422
13.5
6,820

17,610
10,693
60.7
9,072
1.621
15.2
6,917

17,636
10,725
60.8
9.234
1.491
13.9
6,911

17.667
10,646
60.3
9.129
1,516
14.2
7.021

17,694
10.763
60.8
9,154
1,608
14.9
6.931

17.723
10,888
61.4
9,310
1.578
14.5
6.835

8,804
5,636
64.0
5,126
511
9. 1
3,168

8,362
5,375
64.3
4,846
529
9.8
2,987

8,764
5,668
64.7
5,114
554
9.8
3.096

8,843
5,817
65.8
5, 170
648
11. 1
3,026

8,835
5,827
66.0
5,128
699
12.0
3,008

8.724
5,547
63.6
4,956
592
10.7
3,177

8,804
5.691
64.6
5,173
519
9. 1
3,113

1

BLACK
Civilian noninttitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed .
Unemployed. .
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

17,331
10,310
59.5
1
8,966
1,343
13.0
7,021

HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninttitutional population
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate.
Not in labor force

1

8,362 ,
5,317
63.6
4.795
522
9.8
3,045

3

Data relate to black workers only. In the 1970 census, thay constituted about 8 0 percent of the

Data on persons of Hispanic ethnicity are collected Independently of racial data. In the 1970

census, approximately 96 percent of their population was white.

"black and other" population group.

Table A-10. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, not seasonally adjusted
( N u m b e r s In thousands)

Civilian labor force

tutlonai
Veteran status

Employed

population

and ago

Apr.
1980

Apr.
1981

Apr.
1980

Apr.
1981

Apt.
1980

Apr.
1981

8,206
7,243
1,763
3,595
1,885
963

8,507
7,325
1,535
3,396
2,394
1,182

7,783
6,952
1,646
3.481
1,825
831

8.071
7,041
1,417
3,282
2,342
1,030

7,353
6,543
1,493
3.303
1,747
810

7.607
6,608
1.285
3,095
2,228
999

430
409
153
178
78
21

15,288
7,000
4,487
3,801

16,159
7,332
5,113
3,714

14,496
6,601
4,287
3,60 8

15,335
6,897
4,890
3.548

13,579
6,061
4,044
3,474

14,420
6,393
4,657
3,370

917
540
243
134

Apt.
1980

Apr.
1981

Apt.
1980

Apt.
1981

464
433
132
187
114
31

5.5
5.9
9.3
5.1
4.3
2.5

5.7
6.1
9.3
5.7
4.9
3.0

915
504
233
178

6.3
8.2
5.7
3.7

VETERANS
Total, 25 years and o v e r . . . . . . . .
25 to 39 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 years and over

->

NONVETERANS
Total, 25 to 39 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years.
35 to 39 years

N O T E : Vietnam-era veterans are males who served In the Armed Forces between August 5, 1964

6.0
7.3
4.8
5.0

Vietnam-era veteran population. Data for 20-to-24-year-old veterans are no longer thown on the table,

and Mey 7, 1975. Nonveterans are mates who have never served In the Armed Forces; published data era

because the group Is rapidly disappearing (into the 25-29 age category) and tha numbers remaining are

limited to those 25 to 3 9 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the

not large enough to warrant their continued publication.




HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11.

Employment status of the noninstitutional population for the ten largest States

[Numbers in thousands)
Seasoned* adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Stats and employment statin

Apr.
1980

Har.
1981

Apr.
1981

Apr.
1380

Dec.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

Har.
1981

Apr.
1981

17,034
11,107
10,329
778
7.0

17,335
11,311
10,470
840
7.4

17,360
11,358
10,546
813
7.2

17,034
11,208
10,426
782
7.0

17,264
11,204
10,470
734
6.6

17,290
11,346
10,493
853
7.5

17,314
11,352
10,493
859
7.6

17,335
11,345
10,523
822
7.2

17,360
11,462
10,647
815
7. 1

Civilian noninstitutionat population'
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

6,920
3,923
3,7 32
192
4.9

7,108
4,021
3,761
259
6.4

7,124
4,018
3,800
218
5.4

6,920
3,915
3,694
221
5.6

7,061
4,038
3,819
219
5.4

7,077
3,938
3,698
240
6.1

7,093
4,035
3,766
269
6.7

7,108
4,002
3,721
281
7.0

7 , 124
4,005
3,757
248
6.2

Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

8,305
5,373
4,984
388
7.2

8,359
5,447
4,938
510
9.4

8,363
5,468
5,021
447
8.2

8,305
5,443
5,030
413
7.6

8,349
5,481
4,969
512
9.3

8,353
5,441
4,954
487
9.0

8,357
5,453
5,002
451
8.3

8,359
5,504
5,010
49 4
9.0

8,363
5,539
5,069
4 70
8.5

Civilian noninstitutional population'
Civilian labor force
Employed
,
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

4,403
2,831
2,690
1H1
5.0

4,442
2,942
2,759
183
6.2

4,444
2,876
2,726
150
5.2

4,403
2,860
2,706
154
5.4

4,434
2,968
2,822
146
4.9

4,437
2,917
2,764
153
5.2

4,439
2,968
2,797
171
5.8

4,442
2,954
2,777
177
6.0

4,444
2,904
2,741
163
5.6

Civilian noninstitutional population'
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

6,781
4,232
3.710
522
12.3

6,852
4,258
3,695
564
13.2

6,858
4,327
3,799
528
12.2

6,781
4,272
3,757
515
12. 1

6,837
4,293
3,726
567
13.2

6,843
4,293
3,736
557
13.0

6,848
4,259
3,685
574
13.5

6,852
4,28 1
3,742
539
12.6

6,953
4,371
3,851
520
11.9

5,549
3,513
3,287
2 26
6.4

5,597
3,S85
3,277
308
8.6

5,601
3,561
3,294
268
7.5

5,549
3,587
3,343
244
6.8

5,588
3,560
3,276
284
8.0

5,592
3,583
3,316
267
7.5

5,595
3,531
3,288
243
6.9

5,597
3,636
3,324
312
8.6

5,601
3,639
3,351
288
7.9

13,304
7,815
7,269
545
7.0

13,329
8,015
7,337
678
8.5

13,330
8,026
7,391
636
7.9

13,304
7,837
7,253
584
7.5

13,330
7,920
7,335
585
7.4

13,332
8,032
7,395
607
7.6

13,332
8,110
7,492
618
7.6

13,329
8,040
7,38 2
658
8.2

13,330
8,050
7,375
675
8.4

7,964
4,971
4,600
372
7.5

8,022
5,054
4,584
470
9.3

8,025
5,076
4,691
385
7.6

7,964
5,068
4,682
386
7.6

8,010
5,018
4,542
476
9.5

8,015
5,048
4,558
490
9.7

8,019
5,031
4,558
473
9.4

8,022
5,134
4,677
457
8.9

8,025
5, 175
4,776
399
1.1

8,938
5,301
4,921
381
7.2

8,987
5,420
4,993
426
7.9

8,990
5,344
4,975
370
6.9

8,938
5,363
4,956
407
7.6

8,978
5,343
4,913
430
B.O

8,982
5,402
4,933
469
8.7

8,985
5,370
4,942
428
8.0

8,987
5,427
5,036
391
7,2

8,990
5,409
5,013
396
7.3

9,690
6,266
5,959
307
a.9

9,889
6,597
6,281
312
4.7

9,905
6,621
6,342
280
4.2

9,690
6,340
6,001
339
5.3

9,840
6,457
6,114
343
5.3

9r858
6,577
6,237
340
5.2

9,874
6,612
6,320
292
4.a

9,889
6,648
6,326
322
q.8

9,905
6,699
6,389
310
4.6

California
Civilian noninstitutional population'
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Florida

Massachusetts

New Jersey
Civilian noninstitutional population'.
Civilian labor force .
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate .
New York
Ovilian noninstitutional population'
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Ohio
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
•
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Pennsylvania
Civilian noninstitutional population'
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate . . . . . . . . .
Taws
Civilian noninstitutional population'
Gvitian labor fotce
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate

1
Th* population figures art not adjusted for seasonal variitiont; therefore, identical numban
appear in the unadjusted and the atasonaHy adjusted columns.
* Thatt are the official Bureau of Labor Sutistio' estimates used in the administration of
Fedarat fund allocation programs.




ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by industry
I In thousands j
N o t seasonally adjusted

TOTAL
OODS-PRODUCING
MINING

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
1980

Feb.
1981

Mar.
1981

Apr. ,
1981

90,761

90,245

90,828

91,365

25,850

25,207

25,471

25,560 26,121

1,006

1,073

1,088

944

CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
Production

workers

D U R A B L E GOODS
Production

workers

Lumber a n d w o o d products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, a n d glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related produc**
Miscellaneous manufacturing
N O N D U R A B L E GOODS
Production workers

,

Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufacturers
Textile m i l l products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and misc. plastics products
Leather and leather products

Dec.
1980

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

91,481

91,652

1,095

1,012

1,072

1,086

4,467

4,508

4,610

Mar.
1981

20,533
14,466

20,149
14,046

20,254
14,138

20,345 20,642
14,228 14,550

20,312
14,195

20,345
14,219

20,374
14,240

20,400
14,266

12,414
8,672

12,082
8,317

12,165
8,389

12,234 12,442
8,461
8,686

12,160
8,386

12,188
8,408

12,196
8,411

12,226
8,441

78.4
88.7
75.5
93.8
71.4
23.5
56.2
91.1
02.2
33.0

67.8
76.9
32.9
25.7
96.8
98.2
38.5
40.8
97.9
06.3

688
472
660
1, 133
1,608
2,480
2,135
1,868
701
415

693
475
663
1,133
1,608
2,484
2,147
1,866
702
417

692
477
661
1,134
1,610
2,491
2,149
1,865
700
417

690
477
663
1,135
1,612
2,495
2,157
1,880
702
415

8,119
5,794

8,067
5,729

8,152
5,809

8,157
5,811

8, 178
5,829

8,174
5,825

1,690
69
884
1,302
702
1,272
1,123
175
740
243

1,684
70
857
1,291
693
1,284
1,112
210
711
240

1,680
70
858
1,289
694
1,284
1,115
213
713
241

1,685
71
856
1,292
696
1,289
1,118
213
716
242

1,671
72
855
1,297
695
1,294
1,118
213
717
242

65,805 64,830

65,233

65,440

65,665

65,704

1,62
6
8
1,30
69
1,27
1, 12
17
73
24

SERVICE-PRODUCING
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES

Apr.
1980

17.3
70.4
53.0
84.6
87.9
86.8
08.8
06.6
11.2
39.9
65,038

676.2
689
670.2
481.2
477.4
491
654.6
642.2
680
[, 129.5 1,133.7 1,193
[,605.2 1,614. 1 1,678
!,505.l 2,506.1 2,518
!,148. 1 2,160.3 2,167
1,878.5 1,897.4 1,885
698.3
699.6
703
412.5
409.1
438
8,089
5,749
1,609.0
68.0
853.5
1,299.6
689.0
[,291.9
[,1 13. 1
208.5
714.5
241.4
65,357

8, 111 8,200
5,767 5,864
1,605.7
66.3
856.0
1,306.9
690.7
1,292.5
1,114.9
209.9
722.8
244.9

5, 147

5,089

5, 101

5,137

5,142

5,156

5,158

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE

20,373

20,396

20,494

20,710 J 20,531 20,638

20,762

20,885

20,932

WHOLESALE TRADE

5,265
15,108

5,275
15,121

5,295
15,199

5,321
5,286
15,389 15,245

5,302
15,336

5,315
15,447

5,328
15,557

5,327
15,605

5,104

5,235

5,253

5,119

5,245

5,268

5,277

5,285

17,636

17,945

18,107

18,296 17,618

18,068

18,133

18,181

18,216

16,651

16,373

16,402

16,401 16,384

16,145

16,135

16,166

16,113

3,103
13,548

2,774
13,599

2,772
13,630

2,776 3,115
13,625 13,269

2,789
13,356

2,801
13,334

2,794
13,372

2,789
13,324

RETAIL TRADE
FINANCE. INSURANCE. AND REAL ESTATE
SERVICES
GOVERNMENT
FEDERAL

STATE AND LOCAL
p-preliminary.




5, 114

5,284

5,178

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonagricultural payrolls by industry

Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr.
1980

T O T A L PRIVATE
MINING

Feb.
1981

! Mar.
1981 p

Apr.
1981 P

Apr.
1980

Dec.
1980

35.4

35.0

34.9

35.2

.35.1

35.3

42.8

42.8

42.1

43.0

(2)

36.8

36.7

37,1

2

()

Jan.
1981

Feb.
1981

Mar.
1981 P

Apr.
1981

35.3

35.5

35.3

35.3

(2)

(2)

(2)

38.5

36.8

(Z) 1

CONSTRUCTION

36.7

35.0

37.2

36.3

37.6

MANUFACTURING

39.4
2.7

39.5
2.8

39.9
2.8

39.7
2.6

39.8
3.0

40.1
3.1

40.4
3.1

39.8
2.9

40.0
2.8

40.1
2.9

39.9
2.7

39.9
2.8

40.5
2.8

40.2
2.7

40.3
3.0

40.6
3.2

40.9
3.1

40.2
2.9

40.5
2.9

40.7
3.0

37.1
37.9
40.4
40,6
40.2
41.0
39.6
39.8
40.4
38.4

38.4
38.2
39.6
40.7
40.0
40.8
39.6
40.1
40.5
38.4

39.1
38.8
40.7
41.1
40.5
41.2
40.2
41.1
40.6
38.9

39.1
38.1
40.7
40.9
40.2
40.8
39.9
41.1
39.9
38.3

37.3
38.5
40.6
40.6
40.8
41.5
39.9
40.5
40.7
38.5

39.4
38.6
41.3
41.4
40.6
41.0
40.2
41.3
40.5
39.0

40.1
38.9
41.6
41.2
40.7
41.3
40.4
41.9
41.0
39.0

38.9
38.8
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.8
39.7
40.5
40.6
38.8

39.5
38.8
40.9
41.1
40.6
41.0
40.2
41.1
40.4
38.7

39.3
38.7
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.3
40.2
41.9
40.2
38.4

38.7
2.7

38.8
2.8

39.0
2.7

38.8
2.6

39.1
3.0

39.3
3.0

39.7
3. 1

39.3
3.0

39.1
2.8

39.2
2.9

38.9
38.2
39.9
35.3
42.2
36.8
41.6
41.1
39.7
36.7

39.3
38.4
39.8
35.3
42.3
36.8
41.5
42.5
40. 1
36.6

39.2
37.2
40.0
35.8
42.4
37.0
41.5
42.5
40.7
37.0

39.4
37.0
39.5
35.0
42.4
36.8
41.4
43. 1
40.4
36.5

39.6
38.2
40.3
35.8
42.5
37.2
41.5
41.1
40.1
37,3

39.8
37.2
40.3
35.6
43.0
37.4
41.7
43.2
40.9
36.6

40.3
39.7
40.5
36.0
43.1
37.7
41.8
43.4
41.3
37. 1

39.9
39.4
40.1
35.8
42.8
37.2
41.8
43.5
40.1
37.0

39.6
37.2
39.9
35.7
42.7
37.0
41.5
42.8
40.6
37.5

40.1
37.0
39.9
35.5
42.7
37.2
41.3
43. 1
40.8
37. 1

39.5

39.5

39.4

39.3

<2)

(2)

, <*>

(2)

DURABLE GOODS

Electric and electronic equipment

NONDURABLE GOODS

Rubber and misc. plastics products

TRANSPORTATION A N D PUBLIC
UTILITIES

(2) '

<2)

31.8

31.7

31.8

32.0

32.0

32.1

32,3

32.2

32.1

32.2

WHOLESALE T R A D E
RETAIL T R A D E

38.4
29.7

38.3
29.6

38.5
29.7

38.5
29.9

38.5
30.0

38.7
30.0

38.8
30.2

38.7
30.2

38.6
30.1

38. 6
30.2

FINANCE, INSURANCE, A N D
REAL ESTATE

36.2

36.4

36.3

36.1

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

SERVICES

32.4

32.6

32.6

32.6

32.6

32.6

32.7

32.8

32.8

32.8

WHOLESALE A N D RETAIL T R A D E

1

1
Data relate to production workers In mining and manufacturing; to construction
workers in construction; and to nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public
utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services.
These Qroups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on
private nonagricultural payrolls.




__J

p

•This series is not seasonally adjusted since the seasonal component is small
relative to the trend-cycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be
separated with sufficient precision.
p a preliminary.

E S T A B L I S H M E N T DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonagricultural payrolls by industry
Average hourly earning
Industry

TOTAL PRIVATE

Ap r .
1980

Feb.
1981

Mar.
1981

$6.53
6.54

$7.07
7.06

$7.10
7.10

P

Average weekly earnings

Apr.
1981

Ap r .
1980

Mar.
1981

Feb.
1981

P

Apr.
1981

$ 7 . 11
7.12

$228.55
230.86

$246.74
249.22

$249.92
250.63

$249.56
251.34
417.53

MINING

9.10

9.87

9.86

9.71

389.48

422.44

415.11

CONSTRUCTION

9.69

10.42

10.43

10.44

355.62

364.70

388.00

3 8 4 . 19

MANUFACTURING

7.09

7.74

7.79

7.86

279.35

305.73

310.82

312.04

Lumljct <iiid wood pioducts

7.56

8.27

8.33

8.39

301.64

329.97

337.37

337.28

6.28
5.39
7.34
9.53
7.27
7.81
6.79
9.04
6.63
5.37

6.84
5.73
7.89
10.56
7.90
8.63
7.45
9.94
7.20
5.81

6.81
5.76
7.92
10.55
7.98
8.66
7.49
10.09
7.24
5.84

6.86
5.81
8.03
10.68
8.03
8.71
7.53
10.14
7 . 28
5.89

232.99
204.28
296.54
386.92
292.25
320.21
268.88
359.79
267.85
206.21

262.66
218.89
312.44
429.79
316.00
352.10
295.02
398.59
291.60
2 2 3 . 10

266.27
223.49
322.34
433.61
323.19
356.79
3 0 1 . 10
414.70
293.94
2 2 7 . 18

268.23
221.36
326.82
436.81
322.81
355.37
300.45
416.75
290.47
225.59

6.36

6.95

6.98

7.04

246.13

269.66

272.22

2 7 3 . 15

6.75
7.79
4.91
4.46
7.63
7.34
8 . 12
9.83
6.30
4.52

7.25
8.47
5.34
4.87
8.28
7.96
8.79
11.32
6.95
4.87

7.30
8.54
5.35
4 . 94
8.29
8.02
8.81
11.20
6.98
4.89

7.37
8.76
5.34
4.97
8.37
8.02
8.90
11.28
7.07
4.90

262.58
297.58
195.91
157.44
321.99
270.11
337.79
404.01
250.11
165.88

284.93
325.25
212.53
171.91
350.24
292.93
364.79
4 8 1 . 10
278.70
178.24

286.16
317.69
214.00
176.85
351.50
296.74
365.62
476.00
284.09
180.93

290.38
324.12
210.93
173.95
354.89
295.14
368.46
486.17
285.63
178.85
3 7 4 . 14

TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES

8.71

9.46

9.42

9.52

344.05

373.67

371.15

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE

5.40

5.84

5.85

5.86

171.72

185.13

186.03

187.52

WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE

6.87
4.80

7.39
5.20

7.43
5.20

7.44
5.22

263.81

283.04
153.92

286.06
154.44

236.44
156.08

FINANCE, INSURANCE. AND REAL ESTATE

5.68

6.21

6 . 18

6 . 12

142.56
226.04 !

224.33

220.93

204.73

205.05

205.05

205.62
SERVICES

, ...

5.75

6.28

6.29

6.29
186.30

See footnote 1, table B 2.




ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Hourly earnings index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonagricuttural payrolls

by industry division, seasonally adjusted

[1967M001
Percent change f r o m —
Industry

1980

NOV.
1980

DEC.
1980

JAN.
1981

FEB.
1981

MAR. P
1981

APR. P
1981

246.2
101.5

260.9
101.5

261.9
100.8

264.4
101.0

266.6
100.9

268.5
101.0

269.2
N.A.

9.3
(2)

283.7
233.0
252.4
267.2
238.0
224. 9
243.0

298.7
243.0
268.9
283.4
250.9
239.3
258. 5

302. 3
245.3
270.4
284. 1
250.9
238.0
259.4

306.6
247.8
272.6
285.9
254.6
240.2
261.3

309.2
248.1
274.6
289.6
256.7
244.1
263.9

311.0
249.8
276.7
291.1
258.6
245.2
265.7

309.1
250.2
279.2
292.7
258.4
241.9
265.6

8.9
7.4
10.6
9.6
8.6
7.5
9.3

APR.

APR. 1 9 8 0 APR. 1 9 8 1

MAR. 1 9 8 1
APR. 1 9 8 1

TOTAL PRIVATE NONFARM:

Constant (1967) dollars
MINING
CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S
WHOLESALF AND RETAIL T R A D E
F I N A N C E . I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L ESTATE
SERVICES

0.3
(3)
-.6
. 2
.9
.5
-. 1
-1.4
(4)

1 SEE FOOTNOTE 1, TABLE B-2.
2 PERCENT CHANGE WAS -1.0 FROM MARCH 1980 TO MARCH 1981, THE LATEST MONTH AVAILABLE.
3 PERCENT CHANGE WAS .1 FROM FEBRUARY 1981 TO MARCH 1981, THE LATEST MONTH AVAILABLE.
4 LESS THAN 0.05 PERCENT.
N.A. = NOT AVAILABLE.
P=PRELIMINARY.
N O T E : AH series are in current dollars except where indicated. The index excludes effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: Fluctuations in overtime
premiums m manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries.

Table B-5.

Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers, on private

nonagricultural payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
11967=1001

1980

1981

Industry division and group
Apr.

TOTAL PRIVATE
GOODS-PRODUCING
MINING
CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
DURABLE GOODS

NONDURABLE GOODS

SERVICE-PRODUCING
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
TRADE

May

June

July

Aug .

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.p

Apr.

124.8

123.4

122.5

121.9

123.0

123.7

124.5

125.2

125.5

126.8

126.1

126.4

126.0

105.2

102.2

100.3

98.5

100.0

101.5

102.3

103.7

104.4

106.4

103.8

104.8

103.7

161.7

163.2

166.4

158.7

162.4

166.7

168.0

170.4

175.6

175.4

173.7

172.7

149.3

124.7

124.3 | 123.7

120.6

120.5

124.7

124.5

126.0

126.8

135.3

124.6

128.6

122.4

92.5

94.2

95.2

96.1

97.4

98.0

98.9

97.7

98.2

98.8

94.1
95.3
94.8
96.5
75.4
92.3
108.6
99.8
82.4
124.1
88.5

95.5

96.6

95.3
106.1
103.5
89.9
102.1
116.1
108. 1
85.0
128.4
95.8

92.4
96.6 1 94.0
91.5
90.4 | 8 9 . 6
91.0
9
4
.
6
99.0
95.1
96.7
99.4
82.4 1 7 7 . 4 73.4
89.9
95.3 j 9 2 . 5
114. 1j 110.8 108.8
98.5
1
0
0
.
1
103.8
79.8
79.6
79. I
1
2
5
.
1
123.8
126.0
89.0
88.5
91.6

96.8
98.4
99.3
77.7
94.5
110.1
100.5
82.5
123.8
88.9

97.0
99.0
99.5
80.5
95.1
110.2
102.1
84.7
124.2
87.6

98.5
99.4
99.5
101.0
84.3
96.5
111.0
103.3
88.2
125.7
88.2

98.9
100.7
101.9
101.3
86.6
96.7
110.8
104.8
85.7
126.0
90.3

99.8
103.0
103.2
102.4
86.3
96.8
112.1
105.9
86.9
127.2
90.9

98.2
99.4
103.7
99.8
85.5
96.2
111.1
104.3
83.9
125.1
90.2

99.3
100.6
103.5
100.5
86.1
97.0
1 12.0
106.2
86.2
125.1
89.6

100.1
99.9
104.6
99.9
85.6
97.9
112.9
107.0
89.2
124.2
89.5

97.2
94.4
72.4
89.4
89.3
100.4
104.8
107.4
91.6
139.9
66.0

95.4
95.1
73.8
86.4
87.2
96.7
103.6
106.0
113.8
128.5
63.6

93.5
93.2
72.1
82.2
86.7
94.7
103.1
104.4
113.3
123.6
63.3

92.5
93.9
73.0
80.5
86. 1
93.6
102.9
102. 1
113.9
119.2
59.5

94.3
94.8
68.1
83.3
87.2
95.0
103.8
102.4
114.8
127.5
63.9

94.7
93.2
71.1
84.5
87.3
96.5
103.8
103.9
116. 1
130.1
63.7

95.4
93.7
74.9
85.3
87.5
97.3
104. 1
104.1
117.2
132.8
64.2

95.8
94.6
75.1
85.6
86.7
98.6
103.8
105.5
117.5
135.1
63.7

96.7
94.4
70.5
86.4
88.1
99.9
106.2
105.7
118.4
137.0
64.1

97.6
95.4
75.3
86.7
89.0
100.3
106.9
106.5
120.7
138.8
65.3

97.0
94.7
76.1
85.8
88.6
99.6
106.0
107.0
121.9
135.5
65.4

96.5
93.2
71.8
85.2
88.7
99.6
105.7
106.4
119.9
137.2
66.3

96.9
94.1
74.1
85.5
88.5
99.4
105.8
106.0
1 19.0
1 39.8
66.3

138.3

138. 1

137.9

138.2

139.0

139.2

139.9

140.2

140.2

140.9

141.6

141.5

113.5

112.6

112.6

112.8

112.6

112.7

113.5

112.8

113.8

111.9

112.5

112.0

99.8
101.6

96. 1

93.8

141.5

111.6

132.3

130.4

130.3

129.1

128.9

130.4

130.9

131.4

131.6

130.9

132.3

132.8

132.7

WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE

134.1
128.9

133.7
129.0

130.8
128.5

131.0
128.0

131.9
129.8

133.3
130.0

133.6
130.6

134.0
130.6

134.5
129.4

135.0
131.3

134.9
132.1

134.5
132.0

FINANCE, INSURANCE, A N D
REAL ESTATE

149.4

149.7

151.2

151. 1

151.8

151.1

152.4

152.6

153.2

153.7

154.3

154.0

153.8

SERVICES

157.6 1 1 5 7 . 4

1 5 7 . 8 | 159. 1

159.4

159.3

160.0

161.2

161.4

162.4

163.3

163.5

164.4

See footnote 1. table B-2.




1 35.0
131.3

p

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Indexes of diffusion: Percent of industries in which employment 1 increased

Yet* and month

Over 1 -month span

Over 3-month span

Over 6-month span

January
February.
March

68.6
68.6
71.8

80.8
77.3
80.2

82.
82.
79.

79.7
82.3
81. 1

April
Ma y
June

69.8
61.9
64.2

74,
73.
66.

74,
75.
74,

84,
83.
82.

68.
70.
74.1

73.
77.
80.

81. 1
79.9
79.1

68.0
75.3
74.7

78.
81.
81.

82.0
79.1
78.2

74.1
76.7
74.4

January
February.•
March

66.
66.
62.

75.9
70.3
64.0

74.7
71.8
64.0

73.
70.
69.

April
May
June

49.7
58. 1
57.8

60,
54,
59.

60.5
53.8
51.5

67.
63.
58.

July
August
Septenber

57.0
54.4
52.9

53.
52.
57.

58.
55.
55.

59.
54.
50.

Occober
Noveaber
Deceaber

65.1
55.2
53.5

61.
61.
57,

59.3
63.1
56.4

46.5
39.5
37.8

January
February
March

60.2
54.9
45.9

57,
52,
39.

45.3
36.9
32.3

33.4
33.1
35.2

April
May
June

34.6
28.8
30.2

29. 1
25.0
23.8

24.
26.
25.

33.
35,
35.

July
August
Septenber

36.3
62.8
62.8

34.
54.
68.

32.3
46.8
68.6

33.
32.
36.3p

October
Noveaber
Deceaber........

64.0
66.9
64.0

74.1
71.2
73.0

78.8
76.7
75.Op

44.5p

January
February
March

64.5
56.7
54.4p

67.4
64.Op
61. 3p

70.6p

April
May
June.

56. 7p

Ov«r 12-montn ipan

1978

July
Augus t
Septeober
Occober
Noveaber
December
1979

1980

1981

July
August
Sepceaber
October
Noveaber
Deceaber.
1

Number of employe**, seasonally adjusted, on payroll of 172 private nonagricuitural industries,

p - preliminary.




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