Full text of The Employment Situation : April 1977

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News—
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact:

J. Bregger (202)
K. Hoyle
home:

(202)

Washington, D.C. 20212

523-1944
523-1371
523-1913
523-1208
333-1384

^

USDL 77-412
TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS RELEASE IS
EMBARGOED UNTIL 10:00 A. M. (EDT), FRIDAY,
MAY 6, 1977

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:

APRIL 1977

Employment in April continued its recent pattern of strong growth and unemployment
declined, it was reported today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor.

The overall unemployment rate fell from 7.3 percent in March to 7.0 per-

cent, its lowest level in 29 months.

The rate has decreased 1 full percentage point in

the last 5 months and 2 percentage points from its May 1975 recession peak.
Total employment—as measured by the monthly survey of households—rose by more than
half a million for the second month in a row, reaching a milestone of 90 million persons.
Employment growth has been especially sharp since last October, totaling nearly 2.3 million, or an average of 380,000 a month.
Nonagricultural payroll employment—as measured by the monthly survey of establishments—also continued to exhibit marked growth with an increase of 270,000 in April to
81.6 million.

Payroll jobs have expanded by almost 1.8 million since last October.

Unemployment
The number of persons unemployed declined by 330,000 in April to 6.7 million,
seasonally adjusted.

This decrease took place primarily among persons who had lost their

last job (including many who were recalled from layoff), and to a lesser extent among
job leavers.

(See tables A-l and A-5.)

Total unemployment has declined by more than

900,000 since its 1976 peak level reached last November, with nearly all of the improvement occurring among persons who had lost their last job.
The overall rate of unemployment declined from 7.3 to 7.0 percent over the month
and was down a full percentage point from last November.

In 1976, the rate had moved

up from a low of 7.3 percent in May to the year's high of 8.0 percent during the second
half "pause" in the economic expansion.




-

2

-

Although nearly every .worker group shared in the March—April downturn in unemployment,
most of the reduction took place among adult men, whose jobless rate, at 5.0 percent, was
also at its lowest point in 29 months.

In addition, teenage unemployment showed its

first sign of improvement in over a year, as the jobless rate moved down from 18.8 to
17.8 percent.

The rate for adult women, on the other hand, was little changed over the

month, at 7.0 percent.

Among other worker categories, unemployment declined for male

heads of households and white workers.

The jobless rate for workers in the construction

industry fell by more than 2 percentage points to 12.0 percent in April, its lowest level

Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
Monthly data

Quarterly averages
1977

1976

Selected categories
I

II

III

I

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

Thousands of persons

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Civilian labor force
Total employment
Unemployment
Not in labor force
Discouraged workers

IV

1977

93,644
86,514
7,130
59,327
940

94,544
87,501
7,043
59,032
903

95,261
87,804
7,457
58,963
827

95,711
88,133
7,578
59,132
992

96,067
88,998
7,068
59,379
929

96,145 96,539
88,962 89,475
7,064
7,183
59,302 59,104
N.A.
N.A.

96,760
90,023
6,737
59,094
N.A.

7.3
5.4
7.2
18.8
6.6
12.7
4.6
6.7

7.0
5.0
7.0
17.8
6.3
12.3
4.4
6.5

Percent of labor force
Unemployment rates:
All workers
Adult men
Adult women
Teenagers
White
Black and other
Household heads
Full-time workers

7.6
5.8
7.4
19.2
6.9
13.1
5.0
7.1

7.4
5.7
7.1
18.8
6.8
12.9
4.9
7.0

7.8
6.0
7.7
18.8
7.1
13.1
5.3
7.4

7.4
5.6
7.1
18.6
6.7
12.8
4.8
6.8

7.5
5.8
7.2
18.5
6.7
13.1
4.9
6.9

Thousands of jobs

P lM
tEoC T1 A
AR
D IL I IoCn U
l VMI C
M T1 RUAATI AM

Nonfarm payroll employment . . .
Goods-producing industries. . .
Service-producing industries . .

7.9
6.2
7.6
19.1
7.2
13.4
5.3
7.5

78,674
23,142
55,532

79,333
23,380
55,953

79,683
23,372
56,311

80,090
23,440
56,650

80,919p
23,758p
57,161p

80,824 81,372p
23,701 23,985p
57,123 57,387p

81,644p
24,151p
57,493p

36.2p
40.4p
3 . 3p

36.2p
40.2p
3 . 4p

Hours of work
Average weekly hours:
Total private nonfarm
Manufacturing
Manufacturing overtime
p=prelim»nary.




36.3
40.3
3.1

36.2
40.0
3.0

36.1
39.9
3.0

36.2
40.0
3.1

36.lp
40. lp
3 . 3p
N . A . = n o t available.

36.3
40.3
3.3

in 2% years; the rate had been over 21 percent at the trough of the recent recession.
Among the major occupational groups, the decline in unemployment was greatest for bluecollar workers.

(See table A-2.)

The number of persons looking for work for 15 or more w e e k s — t h e long-term
unemployed—continued the decline that began in January, dropping by 100,000 to 1.8
million.

However, because there was an even larger decrease (over 200,000) among

those unemployed from 5 to 14 weeks, there was a slight increase in the average (mean)
duration of joblessness over the month, from 14.0 to 14.3 weeks.

(See table A-4.)

In addition to the drop in total unemployment, there was also a small reduction in
the number of persons working part time for economic reasons.

With the exception of the

weather-energy related upturn in February, their number has also trended downward since
reaching a November 1976 high of 3.5 million.

(See table A-3.)

Total Employment and Labor Force
Total employment rose for the sixth consecutive month, advancing by 550,000 in
April to 90.0 million, seasonally adjusted.

All three of the major age-sex categories

shared in the expansion, with the largest gain taking place among adult women.
table A-l.)

(See

Over the past year, employment has grown by 2.7 million, more than half

of it in the last 3 months.
The employment-population r a t i o — t h e proportion of the total noninstitutional population that is employed—sustained its recent steady rise and in April stood at 57.0 percent.

This was only 0.4 percentage point below the alltime high last reached in

March 1974.
The civilian labor force increased by 220,000 in April.

The labor force has risen

by 2.4 million since last April with adult women accounting for 60 percent of this growth.
The civilian labor force participation r a t e — t h e proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is either working or looking for work—continued to rise.

It

was at an alltime high in A p r i l — 6 2 . 1 percent—well above the year-earlier level of
61.5 percent.

(See table A-l.)

The over-the-year increase has been dominated by the

pronounced upsurge of adult women into the labor market.

Adult men, on the other hand,

have resumed their very gradual long-term downtrend in recent months, such that their




-

4 -

rate of participation in April was below that of a year ago.
Industry Payroll Employment
Total nonagricultural payroll employment also increased for the sixth consecutive
month, advancing by 270,000 in April to 81.6 million, seasonally adjusted.

Over-the-

month gains occurred in 75 percent of the industries that comprise the BLS diffusion
index of nonagricultural payroll employment.

Since last April, payroll employment has

grown by 2.3 million, with over three-quarters of the increase occurring in the past
6 months*.

(See tables B-l and B-6.)

The largest over-the-month increases occurred in manufacturing
construction (75,000).

(80,000) and contract

Unlike recent months when there were strong gains in durable

goods industries, most of the April advance in manufacturing took place in the nondurable
goods sector, with the increases widespread throughout.
540,000 since last October.

Factory jobs have risen by

The increase in contract construction marked the third

straight month of substantial growth, bringing employment in the industry to 3.8 million,
415,000 above its June 1975 recession low.
In the service-producing sector, employment in services rose by nearly 50,000,
while*gains of about 20,000 each were posted in wholesale trade and finance, insurance,
and real estate.
Hours
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls was 36.2 hours in April, seasonally adjusted, unchanged from the revised
March level.

The manufacturing workweek moved down 0.2 hour to 40.2 hours, while factory

overtime edged up 0.1 hour to 3.4 hours.

(See table B-2.)

Reflecting the increase in employment, the index of aggregate hours of private
nonagricultural production or nonsupervisory workers rose to new high of 115.4 in April
(1967=100), 3.5 percent above its year-earlier level.

The factory index edged up to

97.3 in April and was up 4.6 percent from last April.

(See table B-5.)

Hourly and Weekly Earnings
Both average hourly and weekly earnings of private nonagricultural production or
nonsupervisory workers increased 0.8 percent in April, seasonally adjusted.




Since last

April, hourly and weekly earnings have risen 7.7 percent and 8.0 percent, respectively.
Before adjustment for seasonality, average hourly earnings were $5.14, up 3 cents
from March.

Hourly earnings were 36 cents above the April 1976 level.

Average weekly

earnings rose $1.08 over the month to $184.53 and have risen $13.41 since April a year
ago.

(See table B-3.)

The Hourly Earnings Index
The Hourly Earnings Index—earnings adjusted for overtime in manufacturing,
seasonality, and the effects of changes in the proportion of workers in high-wage
and low-wage industries—was 195.2 (1967=100) in April, 0.6 percent higher than in
March.

The index was 7.0 percent above April a year ago.

During the 12-month period

ended in March, the Hourly Earnings Index in dollars of constant purchasing power
rose 0.6 percent.

(See table B-4.

Several data series presented in the table have been

revised slightly as a result of corrections in the computerized data file and the introduction of more precision in the processing system.)




Explanatory Note
This release presents and analyzes statistics from two
major surveys. Data on labor force, total employment, and
unemployment (A tables) are derived from the Current
Population Survey, a sample survey of households conducted
by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The sample consists of about 47,000 households
selected to represent the U.S. civilian noninstitutional
population 16 years of age and over.
Statistics on nonagricultural payroll employment, hours,
and earnings (B tables) are collected by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies, from payroll
records of a sample of approximately 165,000 establishments. Unless otherwise indicated, data for both series
relate to the week containing the 12th day of the specified
month.

includes all persons who satisfactorily meet the above
criteria, regardless of their eligibility for unemployment
insurance benefits or any kind of public assistance. The
unemployment rate represents the unemployed as a proportion of the civilian labor force (the employed and unemployed combined).
To meet the extensive needs of data users, the Bureau
regularly publishes data on a wide variety of labor market
indicators—see, for example, the demographic, occupational, and industry detail in tables A-2 and A-3. A special
grouping of seven unemployment measures is set forth in
table A-7. Identified by the symbols U-1 through U-7,
these measures represent a range of possible definitions of
unemployment and of the labor force, extending from the
most restrictive (U-1) to the most comprehensive (U-7). The
official rate of unemployment appears as U-5.

Comparability of household and payroll employment
statistics
Employment data from the household and payroll surveys differ in several basic respects. The household survey
provides information on the labor force activity of the
entire population 16 years of age and over, without duplication, since each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.
The payroll survey relates only to paid wage and salary
employees (regardless of age) on the payrolls of nonagricultural establishments. The household survey counts employed persons in both agriculture and in nonagricultural
industries and, in addition to wage and salary workers (including private household workers), includes the selfemployed, unpaid family workers, and persons "with a
job but not at w o r k " and not paid for the period absent.
Persons who worked at more than one job during the survey week or otherwise appear on more than one payroll are
counted more than once in the establishment survey. Such
persons are counted only once in the household survey and
are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest
number of hours.
Unemployment
T o be classified in the household survey as unemployed
an individual must: (1) have been without a job during the
survey week, (2) have made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4 weeks, and (3) be
presently available for work. In addition, persons on layoff and those waiting to begin a new job (within 30 days)
are also classified as unemployed. The unemployed total




Seasonal adjustment
Nearly all economic phenomena are affected to some
degree by seasonal variations. These are recurring, predictable events which are repeated more or less regularly
each year—changes in weather, school vacations, major
holidays, industry production schedules, etc. The cumulative
effects of these events are often large. For example, on average over the year, they explain about 9 0 percent of the
month-to-month variance in the unemployment figures.
Since seasonal variations tend to be large relative to the
underlying cyclical trends, it is necessary to use seasonallyadjusted data to interpret short-term economic developments. A t the beginning of each year, current seasonal
adjustment factors for unemployment and other labor force
series are calculated taking into account the prior year's
experience, and revised data are introduced in the release
containing January data.
All seasonally-adjusted civilian labor foroe and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment
and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating
independently adjusted series. The official unemployment
rate for all civilian workers is derived by dividing the estimate for total unemployment (the sum of four seasonallyadjusted age-sex components) by the civilian labor force'
(the sum of 12 seasonally-adjusted age-sex components).
Several alternative methods for seasonally adjusting the
overall unemployment rate are also used on a regular basis
in order to illustrate the degree of uncertainty that arises
because of the seasonal adjustment procedure. Among these
alternative methods are five different age-sex adjustments,

including a concurrent adjustment and one based on stable
factors and four based on other unemployment aggregations.
Alternative rates for 1976 are shown in the table at the end
of this note. (Current alternative rates and an explanation of
the methods may be obtained from BLS upon request.)
For establishment data, the seasonally-adjusted series
for all employees, production workers, average weekly
hours, and average hourly earnings are adjusted by aggregating the seasonally-adjusted data from the respective
component series. These data are revised annually, usually
in conjunction with the annual benchmark adjustments
(comprehensive counts of employment).
Sampling variability
Both the household and establishment survey statistics
are subject to sampling error, which should be taken into
account in evaluating the levels of a series as well as changes
over time. Because the household survey is based upon a
probability sample, the results may differ from the figures
that would be obtained if it were possible to take a complete
census using the same questionnaire and procedures. The
standard error is the measure of sampling variability, that is,
the variations that might occur by chance because only a

sample of the population is surveyed. Tables A-E in the
"Explanatory Notes" of Employment and Earnings provide
standard errors for unemployment and othe'r labor force
categories.
Although the relatively large size of the monthly establishment survey assures a high degree of accuracy, the estimates derived from it also may differ from the figures
obtained if a complete census using the same schedules
and procedures were possible. Moreover, since the estimating procedures employ the previous month's level as
the base in computing the current month's level of employment (link-relative technique), sampling and response
errors may accumulate over several months. To r:- .vs
this accumulated error, the employment estimates ars adjusted to new benchmarks, usually annually. In addition
to taking account of sampling and response errors, the
benchmark revision adjusts the estimates for changes in
the industrial classification of individual establishments.
Employment estimates are currently projected from March
1974 benchmark levels. Measures of reliability for employment estimates are provided in the "Explanatory Notes" of
Employment and Earnings, as are the actual amounts of
revisions due to benchmark adjustments (tables G-L).

Unemployment rate by alternative seasonal adjustment methods

Month

Unadjusted
rate

Alternative age-sex procedures
Official
AdAll
All
justed
Stable
YearConmultipliaddiRate
ahead current 1967-73
cative
tive

(1)

(2)

(3)

8.8
8.7
8.1
7.4
6.7
8.0
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7.4
7.4

7.8
7.6
7.5
7.5

7.8
7.6

1976
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
A^ust
September
October
November
December




Other aggregations
(all multiplicative)

Direct
adjust- Composite
Resid- ment
ual

Range
(cols.
2-13)

(14)

Duration

Reasons

Total

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

7.8

7.8
7.6

8.2
7.7
7.6
7.4

7.9
7.6
7.5
7.5
75
7.3
7.7
8.0
7.8
7.9
8.0
7.9

7.9
7.6
7.5
75
7.3
7.5
7.7
7.9
7.8
7.9
ao
7.8

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

8.0
7.8
7.6
7.5
7.2
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.7
7.8
7.8
7.8

7.8
7.6
7.57.4

7.8
7.6
7.5
7.4

8.0
7.5

7.2
7.5
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.1
7.9

7.2
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.0

8.1
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

i

7.3
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.0
7.8

7.5
7 J5
7.4
7.5
7.8
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.0
7.9

7.8

7.3
7.4
7.2
7.5
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
7.9

7.5
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.8
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
7.8

7.5
7.5
7.5
7.3
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.0
7.8

7.2
7.4
7.7
7 JB
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.8

0.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DXTA

Table A-1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

SaaaonaNy adfuslad

Employment status
Apr.
1976

Mar.
1977

Apr.
1977

Apr.
1976

Dec.
1976

Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Mar.
1977

Apr.
1977

155,516
2,144
153,371
93,474
60.9
86,584
55.7
3,273
83,311
6,890
7.4
59,898

157,782
2,138
155,643
95,771
61.5
88,215
55.9
2,804
85,411
7,556
7.9
59,872

157,986
2,132
155,854
95,826
61.5
89,258
56.5
3,140
86,118
6,568
6.9
60,028

155,516
2,144
153,371
94,376
61.5
87,329
56.2
3,398
83,931
7,047
7.5
58,995

157,176
2,146
155,031
95,960
61.9
88,441
56.3
3,257
85,184
7,519
7.8
59,071

157,381
2,133
155,248
95,516
61.5
88,558
56.3
3,090
85,468
6,958
7.3
59,732

157,584
2,137
155,447
96,145
61.9
88,962
56.5
3,090
85,872
7,183
7.5
59,302

157,782
2,138
155,643
96,539
62.0
89,475
56.7
3,116
86,359
7,064
7.3
59,104

157,986
2,132
155,854
96,760
62.1
90,023
57.0
3,260
86,763
6,737
7.0
59,094

67,114
65,423
51,925
79.4
48,599
72.4
2,106
46,494

66,002
64,311
51,277
79.7
48,455
73.4
2,401
46,054

3,325
6.4
13,498

67,209
65,522
51,909
79.2
49,114
. 73.1
2,259
46,855
2,795
5.4
13,614

2,822
5.5
13,034

66,835
65,140
52,078
79.9
48,859
73.1
2,273
46,586
3,219
6.2
13,062

66,930
65,250
51,842
79.5
48,961
73.2
2,209
46,752
2,881
5.6
13,408

67,025
65,342
52,092
79.7
49,091
73.2
.2,230
46,861
3,001
5.8
13,250

67,114
65,423
52,061
79.6
49,267
73.4
2,2b8
47,059
2,794
5.4
13,362

67,209
65,522
52,089
79.5
49,465
73.6
2,280
47,185
2,624
5.0
13,433

72,737
72,653
33,959
46.7
31,625
43.5
487
31,138
2,334
6.9
38,695

73,852
73,757
35,433
48.0
32,856
44.5
402
32,448
2,583
7.3
38,323

73,958
73,863
35,418
48.0
33,080
44.7
511
32,570
2,337
6.6
38,446

72,737
72,653
34,013
46.8
31,546
43.4
550
30,996
2,467
7.3
38,640

73,535
73,445
34,938
47.6
32,340
44.0
573
31,767
2,598
7.4
38,507

73,642
73,550
34,740
47.2
32,331
,43.9
488
31,843
2,409
6.9
38,810

73,746
73,654
34,982
47.5
32,477
44.0
485
31,992
2,505
7.2
38,672

73,852
73,757
35,295
47.9
32,750
44.3
496
32,254
2,545
7.2
38,462

73,958
. 73,86-3
35,455
48.0
32,985
44.6
577
32,408
2,470
7.0
38,408

16,776
16,407
8,381
51.1
6,830
40.7
407
6,423
1,551
18.5
8,026

16,816
16,464
8,414
51.1
6,766
40.2
297
6,469
1,648
19.6
8,050

16,819
16,468
8,499
51.6

16,776
16,407
9,086
' 55.4
7,328
43.7
447
6,881
1,758
19.3
7,321

16,806
16,446
8,944
54.4
7,242
43.1
411
6,831
1,702
19.0
7,502

16,810
16,448
8,934
54.3
7,266
43.2
393
6,873
1,668
18.7
7,514

16,813
16,451
9,071
55.1
7,394
44.0
375
7,019
1,677
18.5
7,380

16,816
16,464
9,183
55.8
7,458
44.4'
4*2
7,046
1,725
18.8
7,281

136,928
135,141
82,727
61.2
77,189
56.4
5,537
6.7
52,414

138,732
136,972
84,792
61.9
78,685
56.7
6,107
7.2
52,180

138,894
137,139
84,890
61.9
79,618
57.3
5,273
6.2
52,249

136,928
135,141
83,469
61.8
77,818
56.8
5,651
6.8
51,672

138,253
136,475
84,854
62.2
78,828
57.0
6,026
7.1
51,621

138,415
136,654
84,616
61.9
78,923
57.0
5,693
6.7
52,038

138,575
136,810
85,086
62.2
79,365
57.3
5,721
6.7
51,724

138,732
136,972
85,482
62.4
79,832
57.5
5,650
6.6
51,490

138,894
137,139
85,642
62.4
80,^49
57.8
5,393
6.3
51,497

18,587
18,230
10,747
59.0
9,394
50.5
1,352
12.6
7,483

19,050
18,672
10,979
58.8
9,530
50.0
1,449
13.2
7,692

19,091
18,714
10,935
58.4
9,640
50.5
1,295
11.8
7,779

18,587
18,230
10,876
59.7
9,466
50.9
1,410
13.0
7,354

18,923
18,555
11,109
59.9
9,623
50.9
1,486
13.4
7,446

18,966
18,594
11,030
59.3
9,648
50.9
1,382
12.5
7,564

19,009
18,637
11,163
59.9
9,697
51.0
1,466
13.1
7,474

19,050
18,672
11,104
59.5
9,690
50.9
1,414
12.7
7,568

19,091
18,714
11,071
59.2
9,711
50.9
1,360
12.3
7,643

TOTAL
Total noninstitutional population1
Armed Forces1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Men, 20 years and over
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

66,002
64,311
51,134
79.5
. '48,129
72.9
2,379
45,750
3,005
5.9,
13,177

Women, 20 years and over
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Agriculture :
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Both sexes, 16-19 years
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force

.

7,063J
42.0 i
370
6,693
1,436
16.9
7,969

16,819
16,468
9,216
56.0 •
7,573
45.0
403
7,170
1,643
17.8
7,252

WHITE
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
• Unemployed
Unemployment rate
BLACK AND OTHER
Total noninstitutional population1
Civilian noninstitutional population1
Civilian labor force
Participation rate
Employed
Employment-population ratio3
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
..;

1
The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variations;
therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.




3
Civilian employment as a percent of the total noninstitutional population (including
Armed Forces).

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA .

Table A-2. Major unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed peraom
(In thousands)

Selected categories
a

Onemptoyanent fates

Apr.
1976

Apr.
1977

Apr.
1976

Dec. ' '
1976

Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Kar.
1977

Apr.
1977

7,047
2,622
2,467
1,758

6,737
2,624
2,470
1,643

7.5
5.5
7.3
19.3

7.8
6.2
7.4
19.0

"7.3
5.6
6.9
18.7

7.5
5.8
7.2
18.5

7.3
5.4
7.2
18.8

7.0
5.0
7.0
17.8

White, total
Mt-n, 20 years and over
Women. 20 years and over
Both sexes, 16-19 years

5,651
2,295
1,950
1,406//

5,393
2,166
1,882
1,345

6.8
5.0
6.6
17.2

i
|

7.1
5.5
6.8
J7.2

6.7
5.0
6.3
18.1

6.7
5.2
6.4
16.3

6.6
4.9
6.5
16.6

6.3
4.6
6.1
16.1

Black and other, total
Men, 20 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 16-19 years

1,410
531
512
367

• i 1,360
460
;
587
|
!
313

13.0
10.0
n . i
38.5

|
]
!
!

13.4
11.3
11.5
34.8

12.5
10.2
10.8
36.1

13.1
9.9
12.4
37.2

12.7
9.4
11.6
40.1

Household heads, total
Men
With relatives
Without relatives
Women
With relatives
Without relatives

2,602
2,004
1,576
428
607
393
214

j 2,382
1,762
1,409
! ' 353
632
394
1
238

4.8
4.4
3.9
9.0
7.0
9.5
4.7

!
;
!
«
j

5.1
4.8
4.3
8.4
7.6
10.2
5.1

4.9
4.5
4.0
8.2
7.1
9.4
4.9

4.6
4.2
3.7
7.8
7.2
* 9.6
5.0

Married men, spouse present
Married women, spouse present
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Unemployed 15 weeks and over1
Labor force time lost2

1,576
1,477
5,626
1,473
2,103

j
|
|
|1
|
1i

1,426
1,491
5,343

1
it
1i

""

4.1
6.7
6.9
10.7
2.3
7.9

3.7
6.7
6.7
11.1
2.0
7.8

3.6
6.6
6.5
9.9
1.9
7.4

4.7
3.1
3.4
5.5
6.5
8.3c
6.0
9.2
6.9
13.2
7.9
5.4

4.4
3.2
2.9
5.1
6.0
7.8
4.9
9.3
6.0
12.6
8.1
4.8

Total, 16 years and owe*
Men. 20 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 16-19 years

OCCUPATION'
White-collar workers
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators, except farm
Sales workers
Qerical workers
Blue-collar workers
Craft and kindred workers
Operatives, except transport
Transport equipment operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers
Farm workers

|

4

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Finance and service industries
Government workers
Agricultural wage and salary workers

.,
i>
1
ii

1,816

'
1

1 2,161

ji 2 , 0 6 7

i
442
j
270
'
286
| M63
! 2,839
i
828
1 1,125
1
221
|
665
j 1,082
|
138

'
||

455
286
307
1,019
1 2,541
616
||
1,064
223
638
1,086
|
141

i
!
:
'
I
j
i

•
|

4.8
4.3
3.8
8.2
7.0
9.0
5.1

j
!
i
j

4.3
7.0
7.5
9.8
2.6
8.4

-j:
;

3.8
6.5
6.7
10.2
2.4
11
8.0

Male non veterans:
20 to 34 years
20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
30 to 34 yean

1

^

12.3
8.5
12.3
36.2

|

4.4
3.9
3.5
6.9
7.0
9.2
5.0

|

j
j

.

i
i
4.7
4.5
5.3
ii
3.3
1
3.1
2.8
5.0
5.0
6.1
7.0
8.9
9.6
6.9
II
7.0
9.9
|> 1 1 . 0
6.3
13.9
13.0
9.0
6.3 .
6.1
4 , 5

!

l

i
i

1

!

4.5
3.3
3.0
5.7
6.0
8.4
6.1
9.2
7.2
12.9
8.6
4.8

:

I
11

i
1

4.6
3.3
2.8
5.6
6.4
8.7
6.5
9.6
7.7
12.8
8.4
6.7

!

.

;
!

i
i

i

5,167
654
- l,6lf
949
668
202
1,436
1,229
742
174

4,684
548
1,445
768
677
219
1,396
1,238
621
164

7.6
15.2
7.6
7.5
7.7
4.2
8.3
6.3
4.8
11.4

7.9
14.1
8.2
6.&
8.6
5.2
8.2
6.8
4.4
14.0

7.4
14.9
6.9
6.5
7.4
4.7
6.4
6.2
4.3
12.6

7.6
15.2
7.1
7.0
7.3
4.6
8.7
6.2
4.5
13.4

1
I
j
|
!
!
!
j

7.4
14.2
6.6
6.1
7.3
5.1
8.4
6.4
4.0
13.2

7.0
12.0
6.7
6.0
7.7
4.4
7.8
6.1
4.0
12.3

_

203
64

474
138
222
114

6.9
15.4
6.4
3.9

8.3
16.8
8.7
4.7

7.6
16.8
7.9
. 3.6

7.0
15.8
6.7
3.9

6.8
17.1
6.6
3.3

7.3
14.4
7.7
4.3

1,190
725
269
176

1,135
669
266
160

6.0
10.8
6.3
4.8

9.1
12.4
7.2
5.4

8.2
10.6
7.7
4.2

6.6
11.6
7.3
4.8

7.9
10.4
7.0
4.3

6.6
10.1
5.7
4.2

436

Unemployment n t t calculated as a percent of civilian tabor force.
* Aggregate hours tost by tiw unemployed and parsons on part time for economic masons
m a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
1
Unemployment by occupation includes all experienced unemployed persons. whereas that




i!
j
j

i

VETERAN STATUS
Male Vietnam-era veterans:'
20 to 34 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 yean
30 to 34 years

i

1
4.0
6.8
7.0
10.6
2.2
8.1

1

i

INDUSTRY 1

|

j

I
j

by industry covers only unemployed wage and salary workers.
4
Includes mining, not shown separately.
Vietnam-era veterans are thoee who served between August 5.1064. and April 30.1975.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA .

Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
[Number* in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Selected categories

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
1976

Apr.
1977

Apr.
1976

Dec.
1976

Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Mar.
1977

Apr.
1977

86,584
51,812
34,772
50,960
38,014
20,113

89,258
52,955
36,303
52,021
38,305
21,076

87,329
52,397
34,932
51,151
38,225

20413

88,441
52,799
35,642
51,525
37,998
20,498

88,558
52,918
35,640
51,710
38,195
20,511

88,962
53,046
35,916
51,729
38,159
20,756

89,475
53,270
36,205
51,970
38,294
20,963

90,023
53,575
36,448
52,230
38,536
21,076

43,360
13,134
9,237
5,483
15,507
28,470
10,'982
10,006
3,259
4,223
11,924
2,830

44,791
13,659
9,292
5,794
16,045
29,521
11,670
10,207
3,440
4,204
12,252
2,694

43,431
13,067
9,382
5,458
15,524
29,118
11,189
10,190
3,299
4,440
11,930
2,918

44,648
13,544
9,564
5,815
15,725
29,150
11,302
10,231
3,283
4,334
11,880
2,791

44,521
13,444
9,613
5,633
15,831
29,634c
11,626
10,341
3,358
'4,309
11,874
2,624

44,451
13,408
9,502
5,815
15,726
29,917
11,668
10,351
3,448
4,450
12,017
2,663

44,495
13,439
9,543
5,617
15,896
30,025c
11,709
10,574
3,487
4,255
12,272
2,652

44,851
13,591
9,434
5,765
16,061
30,193
11., 896
10,394
3,482
4,421
12,254
2,779

1,294
1,626
353

1,252
1,534
355

1,354
1,641
364

1,380
1,530
340

1,246
1,490
354

1,280
1,511
338

1,282
1,513
319

1,310
1,548
366

77,311
14,988
62,323
1,348
60,975
5,524
476

79,753
15,140
64,613
1,331
63,282
5,853
511

77,823
14,806
63,017
1,337
61,680
5,617
465

78,957
14,967
63,990
1,384
62,606
5,798
460

79,205
15,013
64,192
1,391
62,801
5,853
419

79,520
14,913
64,607.
1,317
63,290
5,854
516

79,869
14,923
64,946
1,313
63,633
5,919
536

80,306
14,960
65,346
1,320
64,026
5,954
499

78,337
63,835
• 2,937
1,330
1,607
11,565

81,788
66,436
2,897
1,187
1,710
12,455

77,632
63,853
3,194
1,307
1,887
10,585

80,369
65,846
3,454
1,234
2,220
11,069

79,832
65,700
3,320
1,112
2,208
10,812

81,330
66,659
3,276
1,212
2,064
11,395

81,005
66,436
3,174
1,167
2,007
11,395

CHARACTERISTICS
Total employed, 16 years and over
Men
Women
Household heads
Married men, spouse present
Married women, spouse present
OCCUPATION
White-collar workers
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators, execpt farm
Sales workers
Clerical workers
Blue-collar workers
Craft and kindred workers
Transport equipment operatives
Nonfarm laborers

MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers
Government
Private industries
Private households
Other industries
Self-employed workers
PERSONS AT WORK 1
Nonagricultural industries
Full-time schedules
Part time for economic reasons
Usually work full time
Usually work part time
Part time for noneconomic reasons

80,837
66,144
3,438
1,335
2,103
11,255

1
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such
reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
c=corrected.

Table A-4. Duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Weeks off unemployment

Apr.
1976

Apr.
1977

Apr.
1976

Dec.
1976

Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Mar.
1977

Apr.
1977

2,455
1,706
2,729
1,194
1,534

2,545
1,666
2,357
1,140
1,217

2,988
1,902
2,103
715
1,388

2,765
2,319
1,130
1,384

2,762
2,083
2,283
1,038
1,245

2,804
2,107
2,182
947
1,235

3,005
2,098
1,923
777
1,146

3,100
1,857
T7516
715
1,101

18.0

16.3

15.8

15.6

15.5

14.7

14.0

14.3

100.0
35.6
24.8
39.6
17.3
22.3

100.0
38.8
25.4
35.9
17.4
18.5

100.0
42.7
27.2
30.1
10.2
19.8

100.0
36.4
30.5
33.1
14.9
18.2

100.0
38.7
29.2
32.0
14.6
17.5

100.0
39.5
29.7
30.8
13.4
17.4

100.0
42.8
29.9
27.4
11.1
16.3

100.0
4518
27.4
26.8
10.6
16.3

DURATION
Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks
15 weeks and over
15 to 26 weeks
27 weeks and over
Average (mean) duration, in weeks
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks
15 weeks and over
15 to 26 weeks




•

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA .

Table A-5. Reasons for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted

Not seasonally adjusted
Reasons

Apr.
1976

Apr.
1977

Apr.
1976

Dec.
1976

Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Mar f
1977

Apr.
1977

3,768
1,109
2,659
769
1,595
758

3,216
844
2,372
774
1,735
842

3,461
990
2,471
841
1,840
888

3,736
1,057
2,679
831
1,957
942

3,207
791
2,416
932
1, '01
905

3,396
1,001
2,395
852
1,963
936

3,143
865
2,278
919
2,013
1,003

2,953
754
2,199
846
2,001
972

100.0
54.7
16.1
38.6
11.2
23.1
11.

100.0
49.0
12.9
36.1
11.8
26.4
12.8

100.0
49.2
14.1
35.1
12.0
26.2
12.6

100.0
50.0
14.2
35.9
11.1
26.2
12.6

100.0
45.6
11.
34.3
13.2
28.3
12.9

100.0
47.5
1' .
33.5
11.9
27.5
13.1

100.0
44.4
12.2
32.2
13.0
28.4
14.2

100.0
43.6
11.1
32.5
12.5
29.5
14.4

4.0
.8
1.7
.3

3.4
.8
1.8
.9

3.7
.9
1.9
.9

3.9
.9
2.0
1.0

3.4
1.0
2.1
.9

3.5
.9
2.0
1.0

3.3
1.0
2.1
1.0

3.1
.9
2.1
1.0

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Left last job
Seeking first job
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed
Job losers
On layoff
Other job losers

New entrants
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

New entrants

*.

Table A-6. Unemployment by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

Sex and age

16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 years and over
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men, 16 years and over
16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years

16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years




Number of
unemployed persons
(In thousands)

Unemployment rates
Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Mar.
1977

Apr.
1977

19.0
20.7
17.7
12.5
5.5
5.9
4.2

7.3
18.7
21.1
17.0
11.4
5.1
5.3
4.1

7.5
18.5
19.8
17.5
12.0
5.2
5.3
4.8

7.3
18. 0
22.2
16.6
11.4
5.1
5.2
4.3

7.0
17.8
19.2
16.8
10.8
4.9
5.1
4.1

6.8
20.1
21.1
19.0
11.3
4.5
4.6
4.3

7.3
19.1
21.0
17.4
12.9
5.0
5.2
3.9

6.6
17.4
19.5
16.1
11.3
4.6
4.7
4.0

6.9
18.6
19.3
17.9
12.1
4.6
4.6
4.7

6. 5
18.7
22.2
16.1
11.2
4.3
4.3
4.4

6.1
17.0
17.9
16.0
10.5
4.1
4.3
3.7

8.5
18.5
20.7
17.3
12.5
6.1
6.4
4.9

8.6
18.9
20.2
18.0
11.9
6.4
6.9
4.7

8.3
20.1
23.0
18.1
11.4
5.9
6.2
4.3

8.4
18.4
20.4
16.9
11.9
6.1
6.3
4.9

8.5
18.9
22.2
17.1
11.7
6.1
6.6
4. 2.

8.2
18.8
20.8
17.7
11.2
6.0
6.5
4.6

Apr.
1976

Apr.
1977

Apr.
1976

Dec.
1976

7,047
1,758
798
969
1,654
3,673
3,049
640

6,737
1,643
736
916
1,545
3,580
3,039
579

7.5
19.3
20.9
18.2
11.9
5.1
5.3
4.6

3,812
990
447
540
866
1,987
1,606
379

3,466
842
374
465
819
1,835
1,517
328

3,235
768
351
429
788
1,686
1,443
261

3,271
801
362
451
726
1,745
1,522
251

.

HOUSEHOLD DATA

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Range of unemployment measures based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force,
seasonally adjusted
{Percent1

Quarterly averrger

;

Monthly data
1977

1977

1976

U-1 —Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the
civilian labor force

2.7

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.2

2.3

2.0

U-2—Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force

3.8

3.7

3.9

3.9

3.4

3.5

3.3

U-3—Unemployed household heads as a percent of the household head
labor force

5.0

A. 9

5.3

5.3

4.8

4.9

4.6

U-4—Unemployed full-time jobseekers as a percent of the full-time labor
force

6.9

7.0

U-5—Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force
(official measure)
U-6—Total full-time Jobseekers plus V4 part-time jobseekers plus % total
on part time for economic reasons as a percent of the civilian
labor force less % of the pert-time labor force

9.3

U-7 —Total full-time jobseekers plus % part-time jobseekers plus % total
on part time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less
% of the part-time labor force

10.2

=-not avali«.ola.




9. 5

10.0

10.3

7.9

7.5

9.7

9.1

10.7

9.9

8.9

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
1976

Feb.
1977

Mar.
1977p

Apr.
1977p

Apr.
1976

78,976

79,734

80,527

81, 293

79,312

80,344

80,561

23, 047

23,063

23,442

23, 783

23,403

23,508

23,589

766

807

825

839

775

808

817

823

840

848

3,468

3, 251

3,439

3, 661

3, 620

3, 605

3, 561

3,645

3, 746

3, 822

MANUFACTURING
Production workers

18,813
13,529

19,005
13,600

19,178
13,766

19.283
13,863

19,008
13,700

19,095
13,691

19,211
13,801

19.233
13,810

19,399
13,964

19,481
14,039

DURABLE GOODS
Production workers

10,945
7, 814

11,108
7, 899

11, 246
8, 026

11,318
8, 092

11,016
7, 871

11,158
'7, 955

11, 236
8, 026

11,230
8,011

11,369
8, 131

11, 392
8, 153

159.3
587.5
487.4
618.3
1,184.3
1,377.6
2,057.9
1,813.8
1,735.3 *
505.6
417.7

155. 8
606.0
493. 7
597. 6
1,170.6
1, 397.7
2, 140.6
1, 878.9
1,735.8
521. 1
409. 7

155. 2
615.0
500.5
626.7
1, 191.0
1,416. 1
2, 141.3
1,890.2
1,775.5
521. 1
413. 3

155. 7
623. 3
502. 1
639.9
I, 207.2
1,425.8
2, 146.2
1,899.9
1,785.1
516.8
416.0

160
600
493
626
1, 187
1, 387
2,056
1, 830
1, 742
509
426

156
626
493
629
1, 182
1,404
2, 107
1,863
1, 766
517
415

156
625
494
631
1, 183
1,413
2, 125
1, 874
1, 790
521
424

156
626
497
620
1, 178
1,416
2, 134
1,888
1,766
524
425

156
634
505
642
1, 199
1,432
2, 135
1,909
1, 8 0 8
- 525
424

157
636
508
648
1, 210
1,436
2, 144
1, 917
1,792
520
424

7, 897
5, 701

7,932
5, 740

7, 965
5, 771

7,992
5,829

7, 937
5,736

7, 975
5, 775

8,003
5,799

8,030
5,833

8, 089
5, 886

1, 653.8
66.3
980.5
1, 289.3
689.7
1,096.3
1,049.5
207.9
665.7
265.8

1, 707
76
973
1, 322
677
1,076
1,036
205
641
279

1, 710
75
957
1, 271
680
1,089
1,041
204
647
263

1, 721
74
958
1,278
684
1,090
1,044
205
656
265

1, 727
73
964
1,280
688
1,095
1,050
205
656
265

1, 729
72
973
1, 284
689
1,098
1,048
206
665
266

1, 732
73
983
1, 294
697
1, 097
1, 056
212
678
267

57,510

55,909

56, 836

56, 972

57,123

57,387

TOTAL
GOODS-PRODUCING
MINING
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

Ordnance and accessories
Lumber arid wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing
NONDURABLE GOODS
Production workers
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products .
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec..
Leather and leather products
SERVICE-PRODUCING
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE . .
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND
REAL ESTATE

7,868
5, 715
1,630.2
68.9
969.8
1, 316. 7
669. 1
1,075.1
1,029.8
201. 1
629.4
277.9

1, 652.5
71.4
962. 8
1, 277. 8
680.3
1,094.2
1,041.0
198.9
655.8
262.4

1, 656.6
67.5
970.0
1,287.8
683.4
1,096.9
1, 044.8
200.7
660.6
264. 1

55,929

56, 671

57,085

Dec.
1976

Jan.
1977

Mar.
1977p

Apr.
1977p

80,824

81,372

81, 644

23,701

23,985

24,151

Feb.
1977

57,493

4,474

4,494

4, 521

4, 538

4,510

4, 553

4, 549

4,553

4, 567

4, 575

17,490

17,653

17,783

18, 019

17,662

17,898

17,981

18,067

18,172

18,196

4, 212
13,278

4,291
13,362

4, 306
13,477

4, 331
13,688

4, 250
13,412

4, 304
13,594

4, 323
13,658

4,334
13,733

4, 349
13,823

4, 370
13, 826

4,276

4, 391

4,419

4,454

4, 289

4,403

4,423

4,431

4,450

4,467

SERVICES

14,536

14,887

15,032

15,200

14,536

14,936

15,010

15,068

15,153

15,200

GOVERNMENT

15,153

15,246

15,330

15,299

14,912

15,046

15,009

15,004

15,045

15,055

2, 730
12,423

2, 705
12,541

2, 714
12,616

2, 721
12,578

2, 733
12,179

2, 720
12,326

2, 721
12,288

2, 721
12,283

2, 725
12,320

2, 724
12,331

FEDERAL
STATE AND LOCAL

p=prfeliminary.




ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers' on private nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry

Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Apr.
1976

Feb.
1977

Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

Apr.

Apr.

1977

1977?

1976

Dec.
1976

Jan.
1977

Feb.
1977

Mar.

Apr

1977p

1977P

35. 8

35. 9

35.9

35.9

36. 1

36. 2

35, 8

36. 3

36. 2

36. 2

MINING

42. 3

43. 3

43. 5

43. 2

42. 8

43. 7

42. 9

43. 6

44. 2

43. 7

CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

37. 1

36. 6

36. 6

36. 8

37.4

37. 3

35.4

37. 8

36. 9

37. 1

MANUFACTURING
Overtime hours

39. 2
2.4

39. 9
3. 0

40. 2
3. 2

40. 0
3. 1

39.4
2.6

40. 0
3. 2

39. 5
3. 2

40. 3
3. 3

40. 4
3. 3

40. 2
3.4

DURABLE GOODS
Overtime hours

39.6
2. 3

40. 4
3. 1

40. 8
3. 3

40. 7
3. 3

39. 8
2.5

40. 5
3. 3

40. 0
3.4

40. 8
3. 3

41. 0
3. 4

40. 8
3. 6

39.5
40. 0

40.
40.
37.
40.
40.
40.
41.
40.
41.
40.

40. 8

41. 1

39.9
42.4
40. 3
38. 6

3
6
2
1
5
2
2
1
7

39.9
37. 0

39. 1
39.8
39.6
38.0

41.
40.
38.
41.
40.
40.
41.
40.
41.
40.
38.

40. 5

39. 7
37. 8
41.4
41. 2
40. 6
41. 1

39. 7
40.0
38.4
41. 1
40. 6
39.6
40.2

0

39. 8
38. 2
41. 1
41. 1
40. 8
41. 5
40. 2
42.4
40. 2

40.
40.
38.
41.
40.
40.
41.
40.
41.

40.
40.
38.
41.
41.
41.
41.
40.
42.

39. 1
2.9

38.9
2.8

39. 3
3. 1

39.6
37. 8
40.4
35. 5
42.4
37. 6
• 41. 7
42. 3
41.2
36. 4

39.4
37. 5
40. 3
35.0
42. 5
37. 1
41.8
42. 5
40. 9
36.4

40. 1
38. 6
39.3
34. 9
42. 1
37. 2
41. 7
42.2
39.6
37. 7

40.
37.
40.
35.
42.
37.
41.
42.
41.
36.

TOTAL PRIVATE

Ordnance and accessories .
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products. . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing

37.9
40. 8
40. 5
39.4
40. 0
39. 0
39.-9
39.5
38. 0

6
2
5
7
4
4
3
3

0

6
39. 3

39. 3

,

38. 5
2. 5

39. 1
2. 9

39.4
38. 1
38. 9
34. 8
41. 6
36. 9
41. 7
42. 2
39.4
37. 0

39.
38.
40.
35.
42.
37.
41.
41.
41.
36.

TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES

39. 6

40.

2

39.9

40. 0

39. 8

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE . . . .

33. 5

33.

0

33. 1

33. 1

33. 9

38. 6
32. 1

38. 8
31. 3

38. 7
31.4

38. 6
31.5

38. 9
32. 5

FINANCE, INSURANCE, A N D
REAL ESTATE

36. 6

36. 7

36. 6

36. 6

SERVICES

33. 3

33. 4

33. 2

33. 3

NONDURABLE GOODS
Overtime hours
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products . .
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec . . .
Leather and leather products

WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE

7
5
2
3
1
5
5
8
3
5

39.2
2.9

.

9

1
5
1
3
6
7
7
5
5 '
5

39.9
40. 0
39.9
40. 6
39.4
41.4
39.8
38. 2
38. 7

3. 0

6
5
1
4
6
8
3
6
4
40. 8
39. 5
39. 6
3. 2

6
1
7
3
2

0
5
3
8
3

40.
* 39. 3
39. 5

3. 1

40.

41.3
39. 7
38. 3
41. 7
41.3
40. 8
41. 3
40. 0
42. 3

40.4

38. 6
39.4
3. 2

40. 1

41.9
37.4
41.6
42. 3
40. 9
35. 3

40. 3
39. 4
40. 5
35. 7
42. 7
37. 9
41. 7
42. 5
41. 4
36. 7

40. 5

39. 8

40. 5

40,. 3

40. 2

33.6

33.2

33.4

33.,

5

33. 5

38. 6
32. 2

38. 7
31. 6

39. 1
31. 8

3 8 . ,9
3 1 . .9

38. 9
31.9

36. 6

36. 7

36. 8

36. 6

3 6 ., 7

36. 6

33.5

33. 5

33. 5

33. 6

33.4

33. 5

39. 5
36. 1
39. 7
34. 2

38.
40.
35.
42.
37.
41.
42.
41.
36.

2
5
7
6
8
7
8
7
2
5

38. 0
40. 7
35. 1
43. 0
37.4
41. 8
42. 5
41. 1
37. 1

1
Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing: t o construction workers in contract construction: and to nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
p=prelimir»ary.




ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B - 3 . Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers' on private
fionagricultural payrolls* by industry
Average we*kJy Mrntng:

Av«rapt hourly earnings
4mdunry

Apr.
1976

Feb.
1977

Apr.
1976

Mar.
1977?

1977?

$ 5 . 14 $171. 12
172.92
5. i t

Feb.
1977

Mar.
1977 ?

A

$ 182.73 m : . 4 £
184.77
J65. 34

P

r

-p

$4.78
4.79

$5.09
5.09

$ 5 . 11
5. 12

6.33

6.76

6.77

I . £1

267.76

292.71

2 94.50

294.19

CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

7.50

7. 88

7. 85

7.64

276.25

288.41

287.31

288.51

MANUFACTURING

5.07

5.43

5.49

5.52

198. 74

216.66

220.70

220. 80

5.41

T O T A L PRIVATE

« 184.53
lfci.79

. 5.79

5. 85

5. 88

214.24

233.92

238.68

239.32

5.59
4.52
3.91
5.20
6.77
5.27
5.62
4.76
6.31
4.77
3. 95

6.06
4.91
4. 16
5.54
7.0fc
5.57
6.02
5. 17
6. 87
5.10
4.25

6.14
4.88
4.18
5.57
7.14
5.64
6.04
5.19
7. 05
5.10
4.28

6.14
4.90
4.16
5.61
7.21
5.67
6.05
5.23
7.03
5.10
4.28

220. 81
1 80. 80
148.19
212. 16
274.19
207.64
224. 80
185.64
251.77
188.42
150.10

246. 04
197. 38
156.00
225.48
285. 22
225.03
246.63
208. 35
281.67
207.06
167.03

250.51
194.22
159.68
228.93
293. 45
230. 11
250.66
208. 64
298. 92
205. 02
1681.20

252. 35
194.53
158.00
232.25
297.05
230.20
248.66
208.68
298.07
205.53
165.21

4.59

4.93

4.95

4.98

176.72

192.76

194. 04

194. 72

4.68
5.12
3.52
3.37
5.26
5.60
5.77
7.12
4.50
3.41

5.22
5.37
3.84
3.55
5.69
5.93
6.18
7.63
5.03
3.60

5.23
5*46
3. 85
3.57
5.72
5.97
6.21
7.67
5.04
3.61

5.28
5.56
3. 87
3.57
5.77
5.97
6.25
7.E3

207.23
206.75
154.37
125.32
239.55
222.38
256.47
318.93
207.74
131.40

207.11
206.39
155.54
126.74
242.53
224.47
258.96

208.03
209.25
155.96
124.95
245.23
221.49
261.25

324. 44

33;.78

3. 60

192.27
195.07
136.93
117.28
218. 82
206.64
240.61
300.46
177.30
126.17

2C7. 65
131.40

207.77
131.04

TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC l/TIUTIES

6.35

6.74

6.72

6.78

251.46

270. 95

268.13

271.20

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE

3.91

4.20

4.20

<4.22

130. 99

138-60

139.02

139.68

209.52
117.69

209.37
1 ) c. O t

211.53
11 8.76

DURABLE GOODS
Ordmna and tLXJOtorim

Machinery. except tioahctl
Eltcmca' equipment

HONOURABLE GOODS
Food and kindred products

Piper and iliisd products

Printing and publishing
Chtmictii and allied products
Prtroieunr. end ooa> products
ftobbr and plastics products, nac
Lesther and ksttw products

WHOLESALE TRADE
flETAIL TRADE

5. 0 8

5.10
3.50

5.40
3.76

5.41
3.76

5.48
3.77

196.86
112.35

FINANCE. INSURANCE. AND REAL ESTATE

4. 34

4. 52

4.51

4.

158. 84

Itb.

SERVICES

4.30

4.61

4.62

4.64

143. 19

153.97

1

' Sot footnote I,tttoteB-2.
fj-prrfimirwy.




: 65.43

88
15 3 . 3 8 j

154.51

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4.
Hourly earnings index for production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry division, seasonally adjusted
11967=1001
Percent change from
Industry

Apr.
1976

Nov.
1976

182.4
108.4

189.7
109.3

195.7
183.3

205.0
189.2

181.9
195.7
176.0
169.1
185.9

189.8
203.7
183.4
173.1
193.0

Jan,
1977

Feb.
1977

190.6
109.4

192.5
109.5

193.2
109.0

194.1
108.8

195.2
N.A.

7.0

0.6

(2)

(3)

206.8
189.5
191.0
203.1
184.5
172.9
194.6

207.8
192.4
192.3
205.1
185.8
176.5
197.7

210.4
190.8
193.2
206.2
187'.6
175.7
197.7

210.0
191.1
194.5
207.0
188.3
175.9 '
199.0

211.9
191.9
195.4
208.9
189.4
176.7
200.0

8.3
4.7
7.4
6.8
7.6
4.5
7.6

.9
.4
.5
.9
.6

Dec.
1976

Mar.p
1977

Apr .p
1977

Mar.
Apr.

A p r , . 1976A p r , . 1977

19771977

TOTAL PRIVATE NONFARM:
Current dollars
Constant (1967) dollars
MINING
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
FINANCE. INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
SERVICES
1

ii

.4
.5

See footnote 1, table B-2.

2 P e r c e n t change was 0 . 6 f r o m March 1976 t o March 1977, t h e l a t e s t month a v a i l a b l e .
a P e r c e n t change was - 0 . 2 f r o m F e b r u a r y 1977 t o March 1977, t h e l a t e s t month a v a i l a b l e .
N.A. = not available.
p= preliminary.
NOTE: All series are in current dollars except where indicated. The index excludes effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: Fluctuations in over- time premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries.

Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted
11967 - 100]

Industry division and group

1976
Apr.

May

June

July

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

111. 8

112.2

112.2

112.8

113. 3 112. 3 114. 2

111. 5

112. 0

MINING

95. 6
125. 9

97. 2
96. 8 96. 5 95. 7
124. 7 125. 0 127. 7 115. 6

CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

105. 0 104. 0

TOTAL
GOODS-PRODUCING

MANUFACTURING
DURABLE GOODS
Ordnance and accessories
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment and supplies . . . .
ransportation equipment
Instruments and related products . . . .
r.'.iscellaneous manufacturing, Ind
NONDURABLE GOODS
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products . . .
Paper and allied products
• Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec . . .
Leather and leather products

SERVICE-PRODUCING
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
TRADE
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL TRADE

93. 0

95. 1

111. 6 111.8

1977

Aug.

96. 0 9712
95.9
131. 7 131. 1 132.6

104. 0 103. 7 102. 5

99.4

104.2

94.2

94. 0

93.2

94. 6

93. 9

90. 9
94. 0
93. 5 93. 6
93. 2
93.8
41. 0
40. 7 40. 0
38. 6
39. 9
39. 8
96. 0
96. 6
96.1
98.6
97. 6
98.2
102. 7 105. 1 103. 3 102. 3 101. 2 102.4
99.2
99.7
98. 6
98. 6 98.9
99. 5
89.2
86. 8
90. 1 89. 8
88. 3
88.8
94. 9
98.4
98.0
98.6
98. 7
98. 6
95. 9 95.9
94. 9
94. 5 95.9
91. 7
92. 2
91.5
89. 0
91. 9 90. 5 92. 2
92. 8
96. 9
92. 6 90. 3 90. 7
89. 1
105. 7 109. 6 1Q9. 1 110. 3 108. 1 107. 2
93. 1 95. 4
94. 7
93. 1 91. 8
92.2
96. 0
96.6
95. 8 95.2
94. 2
95.2
96. 1 96. 6
97. 0 96. 5 96.4
96.8
85. 4
85. 4
82. 1
83. 4 82. 3 84. 0
96. 1
98. 6 98. 0 95. 5 95.2
99. 9
92. 0
86.2
89. 3
91. 4 88. 9 87. 6
95. 9
96. 1
96. 5
98. 1 97. 3 96.9
92. 3
93. 6
93. 1 93.6
92. 9
93. 1
100. 1 100. 0
99.8 100. 3
99. 0 99.4
115. 6 113. 9 111. 6 112. 2 112. 4 112. 2
121. 3 108. 8 107. 0 106.2 105. 2 124. 3
76. 0 74. 7 72. 5
72. 1
78. 4
79. 8

92. 0
38. 5
99.4
102.2
99.7
86. 2
96.5
94. 0
92. 1
86. 1
107. 9
92. 0

105.7
94. 5

96. 9 95.2
134. 0 130.7
104. 3
94.4

115. 0

115.4

98. 3
99. 8
134. 6 <140. 4

100.4
140.4

107. 0

110. 6

97. 2

97. 3

94. 8
39. 1
103. 0
102. 7
97. 1
85. 5
100. o.
97. 7
95. 5
91. 3
112. 4
96. 8
97. 1
97. 5
83. 0
97. 9
88. 0
98. 0
94.8
101. 8
114. 7
129. 6
71. 9
125. 3

96. 9
. 39. 1
103. 6
106. 1
101. 5
88. 7
101. 6
98. 2
96. 2
96. 7
111. 3
95. 7

96.6
40. 9
102. 7
106. 0
103. 3
89.9
101. 5
98.3
96.2
94. 3
109. 9
94. 3

97.6
97. 6
79. 8
99.4
88. 1
98. 6
94. 5
102. 1
117. 0
131. 9
71. 8

98. 2
97. 5
80. 1
100. 5
87. 5
100. 6
93.6
103.2
120.8
134. 6
73. 3

122. 6

122. 3

121. 8 122. 5 123. 0

123.6

102. 4

101. 9

101. 6 102. 1 102. 5

102. 9 102. 0 103.2

105. 0 102. 7 104. 4

125. 6 125. 9
104. 0

104.0
121. 5

119. 8

118. 9

118. 1 118.9

119. 0

119. 7 119. 3 118.9

120. 0 119. 1 120. 7

121. 4

114. 3
121. 8

114. 3
120. 6

114. 1 115. 3 114. 7
119. 6 120. 3 120. 6

114. 9 114. 8 114.8
121.6 121. 0 120.4

114. 8 115.4
122. 0 120.4

117. 0
122. 1

116. 8 117. 5
123. 1 122. 9

130.6

130. 2

131. 0

131.0

138. 4 138.8

139. 7

139. 7

140. 5

126. 1 126. 3

126. 3 126.6

127. 3

127. 7 128. 3 129. 1 129.8

134. 6

135. 3

135. 0 135.4

136. 6

137.2




M a r . 1 Apr. ^

95. 7

93.8

95. 0 95. 4 95. 5 94. 7
96.2
95. 5 95. 1
96.6
83. 0 81. 6 81. 6 76. 1
95. 0 95.6
96. 1 95.4
85. 7 86. 1 86. 3 84. 1
95. 7 97. 0 97. 2 96.2
93.4
93.6
93. 7 93. 0
99.4 100. 0 100. 0 L00» 4
112. 5 113. 1 114. 7 115. 0
125. 6 12 5. 7 127.6 127.7
71. 0 70. 4 70. 5 69.1
123. 5 123. 5 124. 6 124. 1

SERVICES
See footnote 1, table B-2.
preliminary.

Feb.

96. 4 105. 9

93. 6 93.2
93.8
38. 5 39. 5 39. 0
100.8 101. 9 101. 1
102.8 103. 5 98.5
100.2
99. 1 96. 1
85.7
85. 0 84.8
98. 1 98. 1 97. 6
96.7
96. 0 95.7
93.4
93. 1 91.7
91. 5 90. 6 93. 3
108. 5 110. 4 108. 9
92. 1 91.6
93. 1

FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND
REAL ESTATE

1

Jan.

137. 6 137.7

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Indexes of diffusion:

Ywr and month

ESTABLISHMENT

PRESS R E L E A S E

DAT/

Percent of industries in which employment1 increased

Over 1-month span

Over 3-month span

Over 6-month span

Over 12-month span

1974
JWHiary
February
March

58. 7
55. 8
48. 0

61. 6
55. 2
54. 7

64. 8
56. 4
54. 7

63. 1
59.6
54. 9

April
May
lune

54.7
54. 7
54. 4

52. 3
57. 0
50. 9

51. 5
50. 3
44. 5

50. 0
40. 1
28.2

July
August
September

49. 1
42. 2
32. 6

44. 2
36. 0
35. 5

35. 8
32. 0
21. 8

26.7
22. 1
20. 6

October
November
December

35. 5
19. 8
19. 8

26. 2
21. 8
12. 8

15. 7
16. 0
13. 7

18.6
16. 6
14. 0

January
February
March

16. 9
16. 9
27. 3

12. 5
14. 0
22. 7

13. 7
12. 8
18. 9

16.3
17.4
17.2

April
May
June

44. 2
51. 2
39. 8

34. 6
43. 6
47. 7

29. 1
40. 7
59. 0

20. 3
25. 6
40. 1

July
August
September

57. 3
72. 4
81. 4

55. 5
75. 0
78. 8

63. 4
66. 6
72. 4

50. 3
61.9
71. 5

October
November
December

64. 0
59. 6
69. 2

7 0. 6
69. 2
75. 0

78. 8
79. 4
77. 6

75. 9
79. 1
81.4

January
February
March

7 6 ., 7
7 4 ., 4
7 7 ., 9

82. 0
8 4 ., 3
84. 9

82. 8
8 3 ., 1
7 7 ., 0

84. 6
82. 8
79.4

April
May
June

7 7 .. 9
6 3 ., 4
4 7 .. 1

8 1 ., 1
7 0 ., 6
5 7 ., 0

7 7 ., 0
7 1 .. 5
70. 9

73. 5
79. 7
79.4

July
August
September

5 2 ,. 9
4 9 .• 1
6 8 .. 9

4 7 ., 4
6 5 ., 1
54. 9

55 . 2
55 . 2
61 . 9

75. 3
74. 1
7 7 . Op

October
November
December

39,. 0
6 4 ,. 2
6 8 ,. 3

59. 9
5 3 ., 8
7 5 ., 9

70. 1
69 . 8
74 . 4 p

7 5 . Op

January
February
March

71 . 5
61 . 6
76. 7p

7 6 ., 7
8 2 ., 6 p
83. 7p

88 . l p

April
May
June

75 . 3 p

1975

1976

1977

July
August
September
October
November

1
Number of employees, seasonally adiusted, on payrolls of 172 private nonagricultural industries,
p • preliminary.