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Employment Projections
fo r1995
U.S. D epartm ent of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
M arch 1984
Bulletin 2197
9
Employment Projections
for1995
U.S. D epartm ent of Labor
Raym ond J. Donovan, S e cre ta ry
Bureau of Labor S ta tistics
Janet L. N orw ood, C om m issioner
M arch 1984
B ulletin 2197
F o r sale by th e S u p erin te n d en t of D ocum ents, U.S. G overnm ent P rin tin g Office, W ashington, D.C. 20402
Pr@fa©@
The bulletin presents the latest Bureau o f Labor
Statistics employment projections for the year 1995, in
cluding the economic and labor force estimates on
which they are based. It consists o f four articles from
the November 1983 issue of the M onthly L abor Review
and supplementary tables containing additional data
that are frequently requested.
These projections are part of a program initiated 20
years ago to study alternative patterns o f economic
growth and their effects on employment. Earlier
employment projections in this series cover the years
1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. Further background
data and descriptions o f the models and analytical
systems used can be obtained from the Office of
Economic Growth and Employment Projections.
The authors are cited at the beginning o f each article.
The appendix tables were compiled and prepared for
publication by David Frank using photocom position
systems developed by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
M aterial in this publication is in the public domain and,
with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without
permission.
Contents
Page
The 1995 labor force: a second l o o k ......................................................................................................
1
Economic outlook for the 1990’s: three scenarios for economic g r o w t h ......................................
9
The j ob outlook through 1995: industry output and employment proj ections.............................. 22
Occupational employment projections through 1995 .......................................................................... 35
Appendix tables:
Civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95:
A -l. Middle growth p a th ..................................................................................................................
A-2. High growth path ....................................................................................................................
A-3. Low growth p a t h .......................................................................................................................
A-4. Black civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and growth
path, 1986-95..............................................................................
A-5. Labor force and participation rates by sex and growth path, 1986-95 ..........................
48
52
56
60
64
Selected aggregate economic assum ptions, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1982, and projected
1990 and 1995:
B -l. V a lu e s.......................................................................................................................................... 65
B-2. Rates o f c h a n g e ......................................................................................................................... 66
Gross national product and m ajor components by industry:
C -l. 1972..............................................................................................................................................
C-2. 1977..............................................................................................................................................
C-3. 1995 low alternative..................................................................................................................
C-4. 1995 m oderate alternative........................................................................................................
C-5. 1995 high altern ativ e................................................................................................................
67
73
79
85
91
O utput and employment by industry, 1958-95:
D -l. Gross output ............................................................................................................................. 97
D-2. Total em ploym ent......................................................................................................................109
D-3. Total hours paid ........................................................................................................................121
E -l. Emplyment inselected industries and occupations, 1982 and
projected 1995 alternatives...................................................................................................................... 133
iv
The 1995 labor force:
a second look
About 131A million persons are expected to be
in the 1995 labor force, 3.8 million more
than projected earlier; alternative projections
use various demographic and, for the first time,
economic assumptions about the laborforce
How ard
N
F u l l e r t o n , Jr .
and
Jo h n T s c h e t t e r
sensitivity of labor force changes to assumptions about real
earnings and the employment rate.
During the 1982-95 period, the number of persons of prime
working age (25-54) in the labor force is expected to grow
considerably faster than the total labor force. Young workers
will decline in absolute numbers as the rate of growth of
the total labor force slows markedly. These growth trends
reflect the aging of the baby-boom generation and a sub
sequent sharp decline in birth rates.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has revised its labor force
projections for the 1982-95 period.1 For the middle scen
ario, which assumes that labor force participation of women
will accelerate then taper off, the civilian labor force is
projected to reach 131.4 million persons by 1995, 3.8 mil
lion more than projected earlier.2The labor force is expected
to grow 1.6 percent per year over the 1982-90 period,
slowing to 1.0 percent per year during 1990-95, thus con
tinuing the slow growth which began in the late 1970’s.
Nearly two-thirds of the growth will be among women;
nearly one-fourth will be among the black and other group.3
This article presents new projections for the 1995 labor
force with alternative demographic and, for the first time,
economic assumptions. The demographic alternatives illus
trate the sensitivity of the size of the projected labor force
to various assumptions regarding the behavior of age, sex,
and racial groups.4 The economic alternatives explore the
Methodology
Labor force projections require population projections.
The latter have been prepared by the Bureau of the Census
by age, sex, and race, based on trends in birth rates, death
rates, and net migration.5 Once the population projections
are prepared, b l s can project labor force participation rates—
the percent of each group in the population who will be
working or seeking work— for 64 age, sex, and race groups.
To develop labor force participation rates for each group,
rates of growth over the 1962-81 period (or subperiods) are
analyzed using the most appropriate time period for each
group. If past trends are deemed not likely to continue
throughout the projection period, the rates are modified.
The rate of change in labor force participation was modified
for several groups: women ages 20-44 and 45 and over,
and men ages 55 and over. The rates of change in partici
pation for all groups are tapered so that the annual changes
would be zero after the year 2004.
For women ages 20 to 44, it is assumed that the rate of
change in participation will accelerate during the 1982-85
period to allow some partial recovery from the 1980-82
economic slowdown. These projections assume that some
of the 1980-82 slowdown in female participation rates are
permanent, particularly when compared with the trends of
the early and mid-1970’s.
Howard N Fullerton, Jr. and John Tschetter are economists in the Office
of Economic Growth and Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics.
1
For the older labor force, the participation rates have been
declining over the 1962-81 period. It is assumed that these
declines will moderate. If the historical trends for some older
groups continue, the resulting participation rates would ap
proach zero. These modifications for women and older workers
were made to each age group within these broad groups.
The historical rates of change in participation for all re
maining labor force groups are assumed to continue.
The levels of anticipated labor force are calculated by
applying projected participation rates to the Bureau of the
Census’ population projections.
slower, rise in participation among women ages 20 to 44.
(See tables 1 and 2.) In contrast, the increases in the labor
force during the 1970’s were influenced by the initial en
trance of the baby-boom generation, and by the very rapid
increases in the.labor force activity of women, particularly
married women ages 20 to 44. As a consequence of these
changing influences, labor force growth is expected to slow
in the late 1980’s and the 1990’s.
The following tabulation shows labor force growth from
1950 to 1982 and projected growth from 1983 to 1995, by
Middle growth scenario
195060
Age 16 and over . . 1.3
.0
16 to 24 ...............
25 to 54 ............... . 1.3
1.6
55 and o v e r.........
age group:
The overall growth in the labor force over the next 8 to
12 years will be influenced by the baby-boom generation,
which will attain those ages at which both men and women
have their highest participation; and by the continued, but
196070
1.7
4.51.0
1.4
197082
2.4
2.7
2.3
.3
198290
1.6
- 1.3
2.9
- .7
199095
1.0
- .8
1.6
- .2
The uncertainty of projections
partment of Defense and some of the defense industries have
said there is a critical shortage of engineers that should be
reflected in our publications. During the same period, we
have had three groups representing the engineering profes
sions say that b l s has been painting such a rosy picture for
engineers that we are causing a flood in the market and that
their member engineers cannot find jobs.
Which of these groups is correct? We examined this
dilemma and concluded that there probably are two distinct
markets for engineers. One is new college graduates who
are currently in short supply— in at least some engineering
disciplines— and these are principally among the engineer
ing categories used by defense contractors. But 45 year-old
engineers who are working on a product or product line that
has been cancelled are in a tough job market because they
are not always able to compete with the young engineer.
The important point here is that if this situation is true for
engineers, it may also be true for accountants and auditors,
lawyers, and many other occupations.
Economists and others involved in forecasting economic
activity understand the uncertain nature of projections.
However, others, including those who are primary users of
the information, may not. Thus, the development of nu
merical projections is only the first task in presenting in
formation on economic trends or employment growth, it is
just as important to present the data in a meaningful way.
Unfortunately, this task is neither simple nor straight for
ward. Despite b l s ’ experience with and concern about the
subject, we still are not sure our users understand the un
certainty attached to our projected data. The Bureau hopes
that by indicating the factors underlying growth, preparing
evaluation of previous projections, and discussing alterna
tives and assumptions, we will provide users with some idea
of the uncertainties.
Knowledge or insights concerning future employment
trends is very valuable. . . . Such information is used to
plan careers and training programs, and develop business
expansion plans and public policy. However, information
about future employment growth is clouded by uncer
tainty. . . . It is very important for users to understand the
imprecise nature of projections so they can deal with the
information properly.
Although virtually no data about changes in the economy
over a 10-year period can be anticipated with absolute cer
tainty, there are differing degrees of uncertainty. To illus
trate, I would say with relative certitude that the younger
labor force is going to decline in this decade. The population
which will be 16 years or older in 1990 is bom and unless
there are truly revolutionary changes in labor force partic
ipation rates for young people along with dramatic infusions
through immigration of young people, the young labor force
will decline. Perhaps, at the other end of the scale the
uncertainty would be a projection of employment in the oil
and gas well drilling industry. If I knew what the price of
oil would be in 1990 or 1995, perhaps I could come close
to projecting the level of employment in that industry. But
the factors that will determine the price of oil in 1990 are
themselves subject to great variances and uncertainty.
For much of the information on projections, the uncer
tainty lies between these two extremes. For example, the
occupation “ computer service technician’’ is projected to
grow very rapidly. From 1982 to 1995, its projected growth
is 97 percent. I am confident that employment in this oc
cupation will grow rapidly, certainly much faster than the
average growth of the economy over this period. However,
I am not certain that the growth rate will be 97 percent or
even fall within the 94-98 percent range shown in our
alternatives. The growth rate could be significantly greater.
Some occupations of this size, 55,000 in 1982, have grown
much faster in the past. Still, a growth rate of only 50 percent
is not beyond the realm of impossibility.
Concerns received from the public have led us to think
and probe further in terms of asking questions about our
projections. For example, in the last 6 months, the De
— Ronald E. Kutscher
Associate Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Remarks before a Labor Market Information
Conference in Atlanta, Ga., June 1983
2
T able 1.
C ivilian labor force, by sex, age, and race, 1 9 7 0 -8 2 , and m iddle grow th projection to 1995
P articip atio n rate
Labor force (in thousands)
Labor group
197 0
1 982
1 980
199 0
1 99 5
1970
1 98 0
1 98 2
1 99 0
1S05
Total, age 16 and over................................
82,771
106,940
110,204
124,951
131,387
60.4
63.8
64.0
66.9
67.8
Men ........................................................
16 to 2 4 ..............................................
16 to 1 9 ..........................................
20 to 24
25 to 5 4 ..............................................
25 to 34 ..........................................
35 to 44 ..........................................
45 to 54 ..........................................
55 and over .......................................
55 to 64 ................................
65 and over .....................................
51,228
9,725
4,008
5,717
32,213
11,327
10,469
10,417
9,291
7,126
2,165
61,453
13,606
4,999
8,607
38,712
16,971
11,836
9,905
9,135
7,242
1,893
62,450
13,074
4,470
8,604
40,357
17,793
12,781
9,784
9,019
7,174
1,845
67,701
11,274
4,123
7,151
48,180
19,569
17,469
11,142
8,247
6,419
1,828
69,970
10,573
4,043
6,530
51,358
18,105
19,446
13,807
8,039
6,311
1,728
79.7
69.4
56.1
83.3
95.8
96.4
96.9
94.3
55.7
83.0
26.8
77.4
74.4
60.5
85.9
94.2
95.2
95.5
91.2
45.6
72.1
19.0
76.6
72.6
56.7
84.9
94.0
94.7
95.3
91.2
43.8
70.2
17.8
76.5
74.7
62.3
84.4
93.8
93.7
95.6
91.3
37.4
65.5
14.9
76.1
74.5
62.9
84.1
93.4
93.1
95.3
91.1
35.3
64.5
13.3
Women ...................................................
16 to 2 4 ..............................................
16 to 1 9 ..........................................
20 to 24 ..........................................
25 to 5 4 ..............................................
25 to 34 ..........................................
35 to 4 4 ..........................................
45 to 5 4 ..........................................
55 and over .......................................
55 to 64 ..........................................
65 and over .....................................
31,543
8,121
3,241
4,880
18,208
5,708
5,968
6,532
5,213
4,157
1,056
45,487
11,696
4,381
7,315
27,888
12,257
8,627
7,004
5,904
4,742
1,161
47,755
11,533
4,056
7,477
30,149
13,393
9,651
7,105
6,073
4,888
1,185
57,250
10,813
3,778
7,035
40,496
16,804
14,974
8,718
5,941
4,612
1,329
61,417
10,557
3,761
6,796
44,852
16,300
17,427
11,125
6,008
4,671
1,337
43.3
51.3
44.0
57.7
50.1
45.0
51.1
54.4
25.3
43.0
9.7
51.5
61.9
52.9
68.9
64.0
65.5
65.5
59.9
22.8
41.3
8.1
52.6
62.0
51.4
69.8
66.3
68.0
68.0
61.6
22.7
41.8
7.9
58.3
69.1
56.8
78.1
75.6
78.1
78.6
67.1
20.5
41.5
7.4
60.3
71.6
58.2
82.0
78.7
81.7
82.8
69.5
19.9
42.5
7.0
W hite..........................................................
Men .......................................................
16 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 5 4 ..............................................
55 and over .......................................
Women ...................................................
16 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 5 4 ..............................................
55 and over .......................................
73,556
46,035
8,540
29,000
8,494
27,521
7,141
15,690
4,690
93,600
54,473
11,902
34,224
8,345
39,127
10,179
23,723
5,226
96,143
55,133
11,371
35,565
8,197
41,010
10,013
25,619
5,378
107,734
59,201
9,854
41,864
7,483
48,533
9,285
34,081
5,167
112,393
60,757
9,271
44,232
7,254
51,636
9,025
37,433
5,178
60.2
80.0
70.2
96.3
55.8
42.6
52.1
48.9
24.9
64.1
78.2
76.7
95.0
46.1
51.2
64.4
63.4
22.4
64.3
77.4
74.9
94.9
44.2
52.4
64.7
66.1
22.4
67.3
77.4
78.5
94.8
37.8
58.1
72.5
75.6
20.1
68.1
77.0
79.1
94.5
35.6
60.0
75.4
78.7
19.5
Black and other .........................................
Men .......................................................
16 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 5 4 ..............................................
55 and over .......................................
Women............................: ....................
16 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over .......................................
9,218
5,194
1,185
3,212
796
4,024
982
2,517
524
13,340
6,980
1,702
4,488
790
6,359
1,516
4,164
678
14,062
7,317
1,702
4,792
822
6,745
1,520
4,529
695
17,217
8,500
1,420
6,316
764
8,717
1,528
5,415
774
18,994
9,213
1,302
7,126
785
9,781
1,532
7,419
830
61.8
76.5
64.5
91.9
54.7
49.5
46.3
59.2
30.0
61.7
71.5
61.6
88.6
40.8
53.6
49.3
67.0
26.4
61.6
71.0
60.0
88.0
40.5
53.9
48.8
67.9
25.5
64.8
71.0
55.9
87.6
34.3
59.7
53.7
75.8
23.5
65.7
70.6
52.7
87.2
32.6
61.7
55.3
78.7
22.8
The slowdown actually began in 1979. The peak labor force
growth, 3.0 percent per year, occurred between 1976 and
1979. Over the 1979-82 period, growth was only 1.6 per
cent per year, reflecting the slowing of long-term growth,
as well as the repercussions of 3 years of flat economic
growth.
Over the 1982-95 period, there will be a pronounced
shift in the age structure of the labor force. The 25- to 54year-old labor force is expected to grow considerably faster
Tab le 2.
than the total labor force, 1.3 percentage points per year
faster during the 1982-90 period. At the same time, the
number of 16- to 24-year-old participants is projected to
decline in absolute numbers. During the 1960’s and 1970’s,
the labor force growth of younger workers was by far the
fastest of any age group, reflecting the baby-boom gener
ation initially entering and then maturing in the labor force.
As this young generation ages in the 1990’s, the number of
persons ages 25 to 34 will decline. A shift from a young
B lack civilian labor force, by sex and age, 1 9 7 2 -8 2 , and m iddle grow th projection to 1995
Participation rate
Labor force (in thousands)
Labor group
197 2
1980
1982
1990
1995
1972
Blacks, age 16 and over..............................
8,707
10,865
11,331
13,600
14,833
59.9
61.0
61.6
64.5
65.4
Men ........................................................
16 to 2 4 ............................................
25 to 5 4 ............................................
55 and over ........................................
4,816
1,214
2,917
687
5,612
1,414
3,551
647
5,804
1,401
3,745
660
6,687
1,156
4,939
592
7,297
1,055
5,549
583
73.7
63.9
90.0
49.1
70.6
62.0
88.4
39.3
70.1
60.3
87.7
39.0
70.4
55.9
87.4
33.2
70.5
54.0
87.0
■ 31.3
Women...................................................
16 to 2 4 ............................................
25 to 5 4 ............................................
55 and over ........................................
3,890
967
2,421
503
5,253
1,279
3,387
588
5,527
1,272
3,660
595
6,913
1,210
5,073
630
7,646
1,180
5,805
661
48.7
45.0
60.0
27.8
53.2
48.9
67.6
26.1
53.7
48.4
68.8
25.3
59.0
51.8
75.7
23.6
61.2
53.2
78.6
22.9
3
1980
1982
19S0
1095
Women and minorities. During the 1982-95 period, the
number of women and minorities in the labor force are
projected to grow faster than the overall labor force. The
following tabulation shows total labor force growth and
growth for women, blacks, and black and other minorities
for the 1950-82 period, and projected growth, 1982-95:
to a prime working-age population in itself induces an in
crease in the overall participation rate, as prime-age persons
are more likely to be in the labor force.
The population ages 55 and older will continue to in
crease. However, the participation rates for this group are
projected to continue declining. For men, the increased pop
ulation and declining participation have resulted in absolute
declines in their number in the labor force. For women, this
combination is expected to result in a relatively constant
number in the labor force over the next decade. It is assumed
that the new social security laws will not affect the trend of
labor force participation for the population 55 and older
between now and 1995.
These variations in growth rates by age groups mean that
persons ages 25 to 54 will account for a much greater share
of the 1995 labor force than the 1982 labor force. Prime
working-age persons (25 to 54) are expected to account for
about 73 percent of the 1995 labor force, up from 61 percent
in 1970, and 64 percent in 1982. The growing proportion
of prime-age participants could favorably affect productivity
because of the greater continuity of participation by women
and because of the higher educational attainment of ail par
ticipants. This continuity and educational attainment imply
that the future labor force will be more experienced and
better trained, compared with the 1970’s when younger
workers (ages 16 to 24) accounted for a large share of labor
force growth. The maturing of the labor force in the 1980’s
and 1990’s means that employers may have difficulties find
ing young workers. The decline in the number of youths
will be particularly important to the Armed Forces, the
single largest employer of young men.
Total .....................
W o m en .................
Black and other ..
Blacks .............
1960
1970
1982
1990
1995
All participants .. 38.6
40.5
Men ........................
39.3 40.5
Women ..................
36.7 40.4
White .......................
— 40.7
Black and other...
—
38.2
39.0
39.4
38.3
39.3
36.6
34.8
35.3
34.2
35.0
32.8
35.9
36.4
35.3
36.1
34.8
37.3
37.8
36.8
37.5
36.3
197082
198290
199095
1.3
2.4
—
—
1.7
3.1
1.8
—
2.4
3.5
3.6
—
1.6
2.3
2.6
2.3
1.0
1.4
2.0
1.8
Economic dependency. Around 1986, more of the popula
tion should be in the labor force than not in the labor force.
The economic dependency ratio, the number of persons not
in the labor force divided by those in the labor force, was
high in the 1960’s, but declined sharply through the 1970’s
as the baby-boom generation and women entered the labor
force in large numbers. During the 1980’s and 1990’s, the
ratio should continue to decline, but at a considerably more
moderate pace, reflecting only the continued increases in
participation rates for women.
The numerator of the economic dependency ratio can be
disaggregated into all persons who are (1) under age 16,
(2) between ages 16 and 64, and (3) age 65 and over. The
denominator of the ratio in each instance is the total labor
force. The following tabulation shows the economic de
pendency ratio for 1960 to 1982 and projected for 1990 and
1995 for these age groups.
The differences in median age between men and women
and between whites and black and other minorities reflect
the age mix of the respective labor forces. For example, in
1982, men ages 55 and over accounted for 14.4 percent of
the male labor force; women ages 55 and over accounted
for only 12.7 percent of the female labor force. These me
dian age differences between the two groups are projected
to continue.
196070
Women, both white and black, will account for about
two-thirds of the labor force growth during the 1980’s and
1990’s, about the same proportion as in the 1950’s. During
the 1960’s and 1970’s, when men of the baby-boom gen
eration entered the labor force, the proportion of growth
attributed to women dropped despite rapid increases in their
participation rates. With the young men of the baby-boom
generation now in the labor force, the share of labor force
growth attributed to women will be greater over the next
decade.
The black and other group, should account for slightly
more than 21 percent of the additions to the labor force
during the 1982-90 period, increasing to nearly 28 percent
in the 1990-95 period. Since 1960, this group’s proportion
of overall growth has been growing despite the continuing
drop in participation by black men. The black labor force
is projected to grow at almost twice the white rate, reflecting
the younger age structure of the black population.
The two groups just discussed overlap. White women and
black and other men and women together will account for
72.4 percent of the 1982-90 labor force growth, and 75.8
percent of the 1990-95 growth. These two groups accounted
for only 66.8 percent of the 1970-82 labor force growth.
Median age. The median age of the labor force will rise
slightly over the next 10 to 15 years. The median age was
fairly constant between 1950 and 1970, but dropped sharply
between 1970 and 1980 when the baby-boom generation
entered the labor force. The following tabulation shows the
median age of the labor force for 1950 to 1980 and the
projected median age for 1990 and 1995, by sex and race:
1950
195060
4
1960
1970
Total population ..
150.4
138.5
Underage 16 ............
81.45
72.1
50.2 46.8
Age 16.to 64 ............
Age 65 and over ..
18.7
19.6
1982
106.5
48.9
36.0
21.6
1990
96.4
45.2
28.4
22.5
1995
94.1
45.2
26.0
22.9
only through the mid-1980’s) the 1995 participation rate and
labor force for these women would be considerably higher
than in the middle scenario, about 9.6 million more persons,
or 7.3 percent. (See table 3.)
On the other hand, it is possible that the participation
rates for women ages 20 to 44 will not accelerate and instead
will continue the modest upward trend shown during the
1979-82 period. If this occurs, there would be 6.3 million
fewer persons (4.8 percent) in the 1995 labor force.
The two differences between the low, middle, and high
assumptions concerning female participation rates, are sub
stantial. The high scenario reflects female participation rates
nearly converging to the higher male participation rates.
The low scenario reflects a sharp deceleration from the trends
of the T970’s. Over the 1979-82 period, the growth of
female rates slowed, possibly in response to the 1980 and
1981-82 recessions. However, it might also reflect a change
in the long-run trend. The low scenario, in essence, assumes
that the recent trends reflect new secular trends for women.
The low-growth path assumes a more modest growth
which is not a reversal of the upward growth in female
participation rates or shifts in marital status. For example,
regardless of which scenario is used, women should account
for 65 to 66 percent of increases in the labor force. This
stability occurs because increases in female participation
will be 4he greatest source of labor force growth over the
next decade.
A second demographic assumption in the middle scenario
concerns the relative trends in black-white participation.
Over the past two decades, the rates for black and white
men have been diverging. (The rates for black and white
women, on the other hand, appear to have converged, if
not crossed.) The low and middle scenarios assume these
respective trends will continue. The high scenario assumes
that the rates for black and white men will converge to the
higher white male rates. In the low scenario, black and other
minorities account for 25.8 percent of the increase in the
labor force over the 1982-95 period; in the high scenario,
23.9 percent; and in the middle scenario, 23.3 percent.
The drop (from 50 to 36 persons per hundred workers) in
the ratio attributed to the 16- to 64-year-olds reflects the
steady entry of women into the work force. The economic
dependency ratio for persons under age 16 has declined over
the 1960 to 1980 period, as the baby-boom generation and
women entered the labor market. During the next decade,
the ratio should be unchanged despite the “ echo” of the
baby boom, that is, the increase in the population attributed
to the children of the baby-boom generation. The ratio for
older workers is expected to rise slightly over the next de
cade, and should continue to rise into the middle of the next
century; currently, their ratio is the lowest of the three groups.
These projected economic dependency ratios have several
implications. There will be fewer children per labor force
participant in the future, hence providing for primary and
secondary education should be less of a burden. On the
other hand, there will be more older persons not in the labor
force per labor force participant, therefore, providing for
retirement and the care of older workers should be slightly
more of a burden.
Alternative assumptions
The middle scenario just discussed reflects underlying
assumptions and could be significantly affected by changes
in these assumptions, b l s developed alternative projections
to examine the range of outcomes attached to any projection.
Two sets of alternative projections were developed for the
current projection: demographic alternatives and economic
alternatives. The following tabulations show the size of the
civilian labor force during 1970, 1980, and 1982
Civilian labor force (in millions)
Total .............
1970
1980
1982
82.8
106.9
110.2
and the projected size under each scenario for 1990 and
1995:
Economic alternatives. Labor force projections are only one
segment of the b l s projections program. The program in
cludes gross national product projections, in total and by
major demand and income components; industry output and
employment projections; and occupational requirements
projections. To emphasize the uncertainty of these varied
projections, b l s traditionally develops several scenarios which
cover a number of alternative assumptions yielding a rea
sonably broad span of employment and gross national prod
uct level. The alternative projections of the economy as a
whole use different assumptions for fiscal policy, produc
tivity growth, the unemployment rate, and the price level.
At issue in these alternatives is the relationship between
earnings and unemployment rates and labor force trends.
Would alternative economic trends imply substantially or
Civilian labor force (in millions)
1990
High demographic ..
131.3
High economic ........
125.3 to 125.4
Middle .................................
125.0
Low econom ic..........
123.7 to 124.9
Low demographic . . .
120.3
1995
141.0
131.9 to 132.8
131.4
130.0 to 131.0
125.1
Demographic alternatives. One assumption in the middle
scenario is that the growth in participation rates of women
ages 20 to 44 will accelerate in the near term (that is, recover
from the effects of the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions) before
tapering off. If the rate of female labor force participation
continues to accelerate through the late 1980’s (rather than
5
modestly different labor force trends? According to the mod
els, modest changes in the unemployment rate for all work
ers and in real earnings of workers lead to relatively small
changes in the total labor force. (See table 4.)
Alternative projections of labor force trends have been
made with two econometric models. One, labeled the mar
ital status model, focuses on the behavior of detailed labor
force trends.6 The second model, labeled the macro labor
force model, focuses solely on total labor force trends in
the context of a broader economic model.7 The methodology
for these economic scenarios is substantially different from
that used in other b l s labor force projections. The assump
tions here are based on ecohometric models, while the other
alternatives were based on a demographic methodology.
The marital status model relates participation rates for 16
age, sex, and marital status groups to real earnings of full
time workers by sex, and the overall unemployment rate.
The model was estimated with Standard Metropolitan Sta
tistical Area data for 34 cities during the 1973—80 period.
The data are constructed from the micro files of the Bureau
of the Census’ Current Population Survey. The following
tabulation shows the unemployment rate and annual earn
ings data used in the model.
Table 3.
Unemployment rate:
All workers
High .........................
Middle .....................
Low .........................
Real annual earnings
(1972 dollars):
Men
High .........................
Middle .....................
Low .........................
Women
High .........................
Middle .....................
Low .........................
1982
1990
1995
9.7
9.7
9.7
5.4
6.3
6.5
5.2
6.0
6.8
$7,497
7,497
7,497
$8,698
8,905
8,941
$9,074
9,804
10,148
4,441
4,441
4,44 i
5,152
5,275
5,296
5,375
5,807
6,011
Developing the alternative scenarios with the marital sta
tus model required two steps. First, a middle scenario of
labor force growth was developed for the 16 groups. This
middle scenario for the 16 marital status groups was con
strained to replicate the middle scenario described earlier.
It was developed as in previous projections— extrapolating
historical trends. Second, the differences in the two ex
planatory variables among scenarios were multiplied by the
Projections of the civilian labor force in 1995, by alternative dem ographic scenarios
Labor force (in thousands)
Labor group
P articip a tio n rate
scenario
M id d le
scenario
Low
scenario
Total, age 16 and over ..............................................
140,973
131,387
125,058
M e n........................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ........................................................
Women ...................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over .......................................................
73,005
11,321
52,545
9,139
67,968
69,970
10,573
51,358
8,039
61,417
1 1 ,1 5 5
1 0 ,5 5 7
49,525
7,288
White ........................................................................
M en........................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ........................................................
Women ...................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ........................................................
High
scenario
M id d le
scenario
Low
scenario
72.7
67.8
64.5
44,852
6,008
67,541
10,013
50,130
7,398
57,517
9,792
41,964
5,761
79.4
79.8
95.5
40.1
66.7
75.7
86.9
24.2
76.1
74.5
93.4
35.3
60.3
71.6
78.7
19.9
73.5
70.6
91.2
32.5
56.5
66.4
73.6
19.1
119,560
62,451
9,463
44,815
8,173
57,109
9,330
41,384
6,395
112,393
60,757
9,271
44,232
7,254
51,636
9,025
37,433
5,178
107,170
58,839
8,755
43,406
6,678
48,331
8,316
35,097
4,918
72.5
79.2
80.8
95.7
40.2
66.4
77.9
87.0
24.1
68.1
77.0
79.1
94.5
35.6
60.0
75.4
78.7
19.5
65.0
74.6
74.7
92.7
32.8
56.2
69.5
73.8
18.6
Black and o th e r..........................................................
M e n........................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ........................................................
Women ...................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ........................................................
21,413
10,554
1,858
7,730
966
10,859
1,825
8,141
893
18,994
9,213
1,302
7,126
785
9,781
1,532
7,419
830
17,889
8,709
1,253
6,725
722
9,182
1,471
6,863
847
74.8
80.0
75.9
94.6
40.3
68.7
65.7
86.8
24.5
65.1
70.2
52.7
87.1
32.8
61.2
78.7
22.9
61.9
66.7
50.9
82.3
29.9
58.0
53.2
72.9
23.1
Black..........................................................................
M en........................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ............ ..........................................
Women...................................................................
16 to 24 ............................................................
25 to 54 ............................................................
55 and over ........................................................
16,517
8,125
1,432
5,974
719
8,392
1,407
6,311
674
14,833
7,297
1,055
5,549
583
7,646
1,180
5,805
661
13,984
6,775
, 984
5,246
549
7,217
1,148
5,413
650
72.5
79.4
73.9
93.4
38.2
67.0
63.8
85.7
23.6
65.6
70.7
54.3
87.1
31.0
61.7
53.8
78.1
22.3
61.7
66.4
50.4
82.2
29.1
57.8
51.8
73.2
22.7
High
6
-
55.4
Table 4.
Civilian labor fore© by alternative economic scenarios, 1982 and projected to 1995
Participation rate
Labor force (in thousands)
Labor group
1982
High
scenario
kiddie
scenario
Low
scenario
130,977
64.0
68.0
67.8
67.6
69,867
4,047
24,619
11,062
13,557
19,401
14', 937
4.463
13,784
11,523
2,261
8,017
76.6
56.7
90.8
97.1
85.3
95.3
96.8
89.4
91.2
93.4
80.8
43.8
76.2
62.8
90.5
95.6
86.7
95.5
97.0
90.9
91.4
93.8
81.0
35.5
76.1
62.9
62.9
90.4
95.6
75.9
63.0
90.4
95.6
61,417
3,761
23,096
11,087
12,009
17,427
11,932
5,495
11,125
7,798
3,327
6,008
61,110
3,749
22,975
11,021
11,954
17,350
11,902
5,448
11,015
7,708
3,307
8,017
52.6
51.4
68.8
61.6
77.7
68.0
64.1
79.0
61.6
57.9
72.3
22.7
131,387
130,000
64.0
1982
High
scenario
Middle
scenario
Low
scenario
"total..........................................................................
110,204
131,887
131,387
Men .....................................................................
16 to 19 ............................................................
20 to 34 ............................................................
Married ..........................................................
Other ..............................................................
35 to 44 ............................................................
Married ..........................................................
Other ..............................................................
45 to 54 ............................................................
Married .........................................................
Other ..............................................................
55 and over .......................................................
62,450
4,470
21,385
14.212
12,185
12,781
10,321
2,460
9,784
8,320
1,464
9,019
70,101
4,032
24,647
11,071
13,576
19,497
14,971
4,527
13,847
11,553
2,295
8,076
69,970
4,043
24,635
11,071
13,564
19,446
14,956
4,490
13,807
11,531
2,276
8,039
Women ................................................................
16 to 19 ............................................................
20 to 34 ............................................................
Married .........................................................
Other ..............................................................
35 to 44 ............................................................
Married “......................................... ................
Other..............................-...............................
45 to 54 ............................................................
Married .........................................................
Other ..............................................................
55 and over .......................................................
47,755
4,056
17,128
10,592
10,279
9,651
6,723
2,928
7,105
4,993
2,111
6,073
61,786
3,777
23,224
11,160
12,064
17,526
11,968
5,557
11,282
7,927
3,356
5,976
Macro labor force model:
T o tal..........................................................................
110,204
132,800
Marital status model:
respective coefficients; then the products were added to ob
tain the differences from the middle scenario.
For the marital status model, the range between the high
and low scenarios is only 900,000 persons in the total labor
force and .4 percentage points in participation rates. (See
table 4.) The groups most affected by the changes between
the scenarios are married women ages 45 to 54, nonmarried
women ages 35 to 44, married women ages 20 to 34, and
nonmarried men ages 45 to 54 and ages 35 to 44. The finding
that these groups are more sensitive than others to the changes
in economic trends is consistent with the slower trends in
participation rates during the 1979-82 period. The projected
labor force participation rates for these five groups are all
projected to change by between 1.0 and 1.7 percentage
points between the high and low economic scenario.
The macro labor force model relates the labor force par
ticipation rate of all workers to the unemployment rate and*
real wages. As noted, the macro labor force model is part
of a large-scale quarterly macroeconometric model that al
lows for interaction of labor force trends with employment,
labor productivity, and other trends.
For the macro labor force model, the range between the
high and low scenarios is 2.8 million persons and 1.4 per
centage points in the total participation rates. The difference
between the high and low scenarios for the macro labor
force model, when compared to the marital status model,
reflects, in part, the interaction of labor force trends with
economic trends in the context of a macroeconometric mode!
86.6
86.6
95.1
96.8
89.6
90.9
93.5
79.8
35.2
60.7
58.5
82.3
80.8
83.6
83.2
81.8
86.5
70.5
68.4
76.0
19.9
60.3
58.3
81.8
80.3
83.2
82.8
81.5
85.6
69.5
67.3
75.3
20.0
60.0
58.1
81.4
79.8
82.9
82.4
81.3
84.8
68.8
66.5
74.9
20.0
66.9
67.8
67.1
95.3
96.9
90.2
91.1
93.6
80.3
35.3
and, in part, the structural differences between the two labor
force models.8
A comparison of the low and high economic scenarios
with the middle scenario indicates that changes in economicassumptions do not result in substantial changes in labor
force projections.
The most important finding across the four economic
scenarios is that projections with two strikingly different
labor force models yield small differences between the scen
arios. By contrast, the difference between the high and low
demographic scenarios is 15.9 million in 1995. Thus, the
key factors in the size of the future labor force are demo
graphic in nature.
Revisions reflect 198© census
Several factors necessitated updating the projections pub
lished in 1980: revisions in the historical labor force esti
mates, revisions in the projected population (which are used
in determining the size of the future labor force), and avail
ability of labor force participation rates for the 1979—82
period.9 The historical labor force data were revised to in
corporate the 1980 census. The revised population projec
tions reflect incorporation of the 1980 population estimates
and new, higher assumptions about life expectancy and net
migration, and new, lower assumptions about fertility lev
els. These changes resulted in a larger projected population
for 1995, with 8.8 million more persons over age 16. The
new population projection alone would have raised the 1995
7
labor force orojections by 5.3 million persons (after ac
counting for population shifts by age, sex, and race).
Offsetting the population growth is a lower projected change
in labor force participation rates. This reflects the 1979-82
changes in participation which were lower than those of
1962-79. The 1979-82 changes reflect both cyclical factors
and trend factors, such as an increased fertility after years
of steady decline. If the previously projected participation
rates were applied to the new population projections, the
1995 labor force would have been 132.4 million persons,
1 million more than the current projection. The most notable
change in projected participation rates occurred for women
ages 25 to 34, a group for which bls has consistently un
derprojected participation. The rate for this group was low
ered 2 percentage points in the current projection to 81.7
percent, compared with 83.7 percent in the previous pro
jection. Still, participation for this group is expected to grow
13.7 percentage points over the 1982-95 period, the largest
projected increase for any labor group. Projected partici
pation rates for several groups have been revised upward,
notably for men ages 35 to 54, and women 35 and older.
The following tabulation compares the previous and the
revised projections of the 1995 labor force:
1980
projection
1983
projection
Difference
127,542
67,611
59,931
109,292
18,250
131,387
69,970
61,417
112,393
18,994
3,845
2,359
1,486
3,101
744
Civilian labor force
(in thousands)...............
Men ..........................
Women ....................
White ........................
Black and o th e r___
1These projections replace those in Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “ The 1995
labor force: a first l o o k Monthly Labor Review, December 1980, pp. 1121. For an evaluation o f earlier projections, see Howard N Fullerton, Jr.,
“ How accurate were the 1980 labor force projections?” Monthly Labor
Review, July 1982, pp. 15-21.
2The labor force (civilian labor force and resident Armed Forces) is
projected to be 126,577,000 in 1990 and 133,018,000 in 1995. Of these,
57,415,000 will be women in 1990 and 61,582,000 will be women in
1995. Because there is no age or race detail in the resident Armed Forces
measure o f the labor force, this article is based on the civilian labor force.
3 As with other current bls presentations of data by race, this article
presents data for blacks; however, for historical comparison, data are also
presented for the black and other group, which also includes American
Indians, Eskimos, and other minorities.
Participation rate ........
Men .........................
Women ...................
White .......................
Black and other . . . .
1980
projection
1983
projection
68.6
76.8
61.2
68.8
67.0
67.8
76.1
60.3
68.1
65.7
Difference
- .8
- .7
- .9
- .7
- 1.3
B ased on bls ’ projections, several significant changes
in labor force trends are expected during the next decade:
The total labor force will grow more slowly during the
next decade than during the past decade.
© Women will account for a greater proportion of labor
force growth in the decade ahead (nearly two-thirds) than
they did over the past decade;
© Blacks and other minority groups will account for a greater
proportion of overall labor force growth, about one-quarter
during the next decade;
© The younger members of the labor force, ages 16 to 24,
will decline in absolute numbers.
© The number of prime-age members of the labor force,
those ages 25 to 54, will grow faster than the total labor
force, 1.0 percentage point per year faster.
o
These projections reflect the changing demographic struc
ture of the U.S. population: the aging of the baby-boom
generation and the growth of the black population. These
general conclusions hold for several scenarios concerning
future trends in labor force participation for detailed groups,
although the specific projections differ.
□
Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 922 (Bureau of the Census,
1982).
6For illustrations of other uses of the marital status model, see James
E. Duggan, “ Labor force participation of older workers” Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, forthcoming; and James E. Duggan, “ Relative
price variability and the labor supply of married persons.” Both papers
are available from the Office of Economic Growth and Employment Pro
jections, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
7 The macro labor force model is the labor force equation in the Chase
Econometric Model. For a description of the model, see Arthur J. Andreassen and others, “ Economic outlook for the 1990’s; three scenarios
for economic growth,” pp. 9-21.
4 For a short description o f the bls demographic labor force projection
methodology, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau
o f Labor Statistics, 1982), Chapter 18; for a complete description, see BLS
Economic Growth Model System Used for Projections to 1990, Bulletin
2112 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), Chapter 2.
8 bls’ alternative scenarios of gross national product, industry output
and employment trends and occupational requirements use the macro labor
force model’s projections of total labor force. This was done because of
the small differences between the economic scenarios of labor force trends
and because the macro labor force is part of the macroeconometric model
of the economic projections.
5 Among the assumptions o f the Census Bureau’s projections of the
population is that the total fertility rate will rise from 1.83 in 1980 to 1.96
in 2000, and then will decrease to 1.90 in 2050; and that life expectancy
will rise from 78.3 in 1981 to 81.3 in 2005 for women, 70.7 to 73.3 for
men. See Projections of the Population of the United States: 1982 to 2050,
9 For a discussion of the revisions in labor force estimates due to the
1980 Census of the Population, see Kenneth D. Buckley, Jennifer Marks,
and Ronald J. Statt, “ Revisions in the Current Population Survey Begin
ning in January 1982,” Employment and Earnings, February 1982, pp. 7 15.
Economic outlook for the 1990’s:
three scenarios for economic growth
Alternative monetary andfiscal assumptions
suggest quite different trends
in GNP and employment through 1995;
in all versions, growth tapers after 1988, reflecting
slower rates of population and laborforce increase
A rthur J. A ndreassen , N orman C. S aunders ,
B etty W. S u
and
spread in gross national product (gnp) and employment growth
to 1995.
By 1995, real gnp is projected to range between $2.1
and $2.3 trillion, with total employment between 123.6 and
134.1 million jobs. In all three versions, job and production
growth tapers during the latter part of the period, primarily
in response to slower projected rates of growth of the pop
ulation and labor force.2 Following are historical and pro
jected rates of growth for real gnp , real disposable income,
and employment:
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has prepared trend projec
tions of growth in aggregate and industry demand for the
1982-95 period, updating prior projections to 1990 and
extending the analysis to 1995.1 The projections are part of
a Bureau program of studies aimed at analyzing mediumterm economic growth and the implications for the structure
of employment by industry and occupation. The new esti
mates consist of a moderate-growth case, and high-growth
and low-growth alternatives, which examine the effects of
alternate policies on U.S. econom ic growth, distribution of
demand, and employment.
It should be noted that none of the three projections should
be favored as the most likely. The intent in preparing them
was not to forecast future economic performance but, rather,
to examine the implications of a reasonable range of demand
growth over the projection period. The projections represent
only three of many possible responses of the economy to
differing fiscal and monetary stimulae. A different perspec
tive on the inner workings of the U.S. aggregate economy
could easily lead one to arrive at completely different results.
For this reason, the high-growth and low-growth alternatives
should not be viewed as the “ good” forecast and the “ bad”
forecast, but rather as vehicles for generating a reasonable
Disposable
income
Employment
.
.
.
.
3.7
3.5
2.2
1.6
3.9
4.3
2.2
2.4
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
Low growth:
1982-90 ............. .
1990-95 ............. .
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.7
1.4
1.6
Moderate growth:
1982-90 ............. .
1990-95 ............. .
3.2
2.5
2.8
2.6
1.8
1.5
High growth:
1982-90 ............. .
1990-95 ............. .
3.8
2.5
3.2
2.7
2.3
1.7
Historical:
1955-68
1968-73
1973-77
1977-82
The authors are economists in the Office of Economic Growth and Em
ployment Projections, Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
GNP
9
.............
.............
.............
.............
box on pages 10-11 for a discussion of the model used to
develop the aggregate projections.)
In terms of the real rate of growth, the low-trend projections
are comparable to the 1973-82 experience, and the hightrend projection corresponds more to that of the 1960’s.
Following is a detailed discussion of the assumptions and
results of the moderate-growth alternative, both in terms of
aggregate economic activity and industry demand patterns.
A summary of the low-trend and high-trend results is in
cluded. Other articles in this issue examine the b l s projec
tions of labor force, industry output and employment, and
occupational demand.
Demographic. The middle-growth projections of U.S. pop
ulation, developed by the Census Bureau, were chosen for
the moderate-growth scenario. The population age 16 and
over is projected to increase by 21.6 million between 1982
and 1995, an average annual rate of growth of 0.9 percent.
As in prior projections, the population rate of growth slows
over the projection horizon, dropping from 1.1 percent an
nually between 1982 and 1988 to 0.8 percent each year
between 1988 and 1995.
The civilian labor force grows somewhat more rapidly
during the projection period, reflecting generally increasing
participation rates and the shift of persons into age categories
with traditionally higher labor force participation. The ci-
Moderate growth assumptions
To develop the moderate-growth projections, assump
tions were made concerning demographics, fiscal and mon
etary policy, foreign economic conditions, energy, and
miscellaneous items.3 Those variables having the largest
impact on the projections are discussed below. (Refer to the
BLS projections procedures
cification and expansion. After studying the problem, the deci
sion was made to look to the private sector for a macro model
that would satisfy the needs of Bureau economists and that would,
at the same time, remove the burden of periodic data base main
tenance and model reestimation from the Bureau staff. A model
of the size and complexity deemed necessary for an effective
evaluation of U.S. economic growth potential had required that
a significant proportion of staff time be allocated to such routine
maintenance. For this reason and because of staff and other re
source limitations, a competitive procurement process was ini
tiated in January 1982 and a contract was awarded to Chase
Econometrics Associates, Inc., in October 1982. Under the terms
of this agreement, the Bureau now uses the Chase macro model
to develop its projections.
The Chase model is a quarterly model of the U.S. economy,
and is composed of 312 behavioral equations and 275 identities,
thus determining 587 endogenous variables. In addition, the model
contains 110 exogenous variables. The model can be conve
niently decomposed into 13 sectors: (1) consumption, (2) business
fixed investment, (3) residential investment, (4) change in busi
ness inventories, (5) foreign trade, (6) Federal government,
(7) State and local government, (8) employment and hours,
(9) financial, (10) income, (11) wages and prices, (12) industrial
production, and (13) energy.
Assumptions are specified for the 110 exogenous variables.
The model is simulated and the results are analyzed for consis
tency and reasonableness. Modifications to the exogenous var
iables and to the behavioral relationships are incorporated into
the model until a reasonable set of results has been obtained.
For the industry output projections, the U.S. economy is dis
aggregated to 156 producing sectors, an exhaustive grouping
which combines both the public and private sectors. The frame
work for this procedure is an input-output model that is prepared
for a base period by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the
U.S. Department of Commerce. The first step at the industry
level is to disaggregate the g n p estimate from the aggregate
projections to a set of demands by industry. This projected in-
The Bureau of Labor Statistics prepares projections on a 2year cycle, using the Economic Growth Model System. This
system is composed of a group of separate but not unrelated
processes. Projections are produced in the following areas: (1) labor
force; (2) aggregate economic performance; (3) industry final
demand and total industry production; (4) industry employment
levels; and (5) occupational employment by industry. Each block
of the projections depends upon inputs from an earlier stage and
feeds logically into the next.
The labor force projections use Bureau of the Census popu
lation projections by age, sex, and race, based on trends in birth
rates, death rates, and net migration. With the population pro
jections in hand, b l s projects labor force participation rates—
the percent of each group in the population who will be working
or seeking work— for 64 age, sex, and race groups. The labor
force participation rate projection for each group is developed
by: (a) analyzing past rates of growth over the 1962-81 period
or for selected subperiods; (b) selecting the rate for a period
deemed most appropriate for each group; and (c) modifying that
rate if past trends are judged not likely to continue throughout
the entire projection period. The levels of anticipated labor force
are then calculated by applying the projected participation rates
to the Bureau of the Census population projections.
The aggregate economic projections or gross national prod
uct, in total and by major demand and income category, use the
b l s labor force and Census population projections as inputs.
Consistent economic scenarios are developed to provide aggre
gate controls for the various categories of demand and employ
ment. These scenarios are selected to encompass a band around
likely growth of the economy in the future. Later stages of the
projection process develop industry-level projections consistent
with these aggregate data.
jj
The Bureau’s aggregate economic projections have, in the
past, been prepared with a modified version of the Thurow econo
metric model of the U.S. economy. Following the last round of
projections, it was determined that the b l s macro model was
[ inadequate for further projections studies without major respe
10
Nondefense purchases of goods and services in real terms
are expected to decline in the 1983-87 period, reaching
$35.8 billion in 1987, $1.8 billion below the 1982 level.
This reflects some employment declines, as well as general
cutbacks in operating funds for many programs. Nondefense
purchases are then assumed to grow, in real terms, by about
0.5 to 1.0 percent each year to 1990, and to accelerate
somewhat to the 2.5- to 3.0-percent range during the first
half of the next decade.
Social security benefit payments are expected to grow in
nominal terms at an annual rate of 7.2 percent in the 1982—
88 period, and by 7.1 percent each year between 1988 and
1995. No real benefit increases are assumed through 1988.
The growth in social security payments is generated by
inflation and by expanding client population only. After
1988, some resumption of real benefit growth is assumed,
on the order of 0.5 percent to 1 percent annually.
vilian labor force is projected to attain a level of 131.4
million by 1995, an increase of just under 20 million from
1982. This represents average annual growth of 1.6 percent,
1982-88, and 1.0 percent between 1988 and 1995. The
moderate-growth alternative uses the medium-growth pro
jection of the civilian labor force discussed on pages 1-8
of this issue. The labor force projections in the low-trend
and high-trend versions were generated by the macro model
described on page 7.
Federal receipts and expenditures. General fiscal restraint
throughout the remainder of this decade is the basic char
acteristic of the moderate-growth government expenditure
and tax policies. Federal defense purchases of goods and
services are assumed to increase at a real rate of 4.1 percent
each year between 1982 and 1986. Thereafter, growth is
assumed to drop to the 0.5- to 1.0-percent range to 1995.
dustry demand, in conjunction with a projected input-output ta
ble, is used to calculate total industrial production. The projected
changes in input-output coefficients in the input-output model
capture— among other factors— expected changes in technology.
Finally, the employments necessary to produce those levels of
output are estimated through use of projected industry produc
tivity.
Aggregate demand projections are available from the macro
model for 15 categories of consumption, 8 types of investment,
15 end-use categories of foreign trade, and 3 categories of gov
ernment spending. Where possible, a further disaggregation of
the control values is undertaken: Purchases of producers’ durable
equipment is divided into 23 types of capital equipment. Gov
ernment spending is grouped into 12 categories.
To allow for shifts in the composition of aggregate demand
and in the industrial makeup of a given demand category, “ bridge
tables” are projected. The bridge table is a set of percent dis
tributions for each given demand category, such as one of the
consumption groups or investment, among each of the 156 in
dustries in the b l s input-output model.
The projection of the input-output table accounts for the changes
in the input pattern for each industry. In general, two types of
changes are made: (a) those made to the inputs of a specific
industry after an industry study (as for the changes in inputs in
the aluminum industry); and, (b) those made to the inputs of all
industries for a specific commodity (as for increased use of busi
ness services across a wide spectrum of industries). Output re
quirements by industry are the result of multiplying the projected
input-output table by projected changes in level and distribution
of final demand.
The projected changes in industry output are important factors
determining the projections o f industry employment. However,
converting output projections into employment estimates requires
productivity-by-industry projections and measures of changes in
average hours by industry. This is accomplished using a regres
sion model with an equation for each industry that estimates
worker-hours as a function of the following variables: (1) the
industry’s output, (2) capacity utilization, (3) the relative price
of labor, and (4) a technology variable as approximated by the
output/capital ratio. Worker-hours are then converted into jobs
by dividing by average annual hours, which are projected using
time trends. The sum of employment by industry is controlled
to total employment as estimated in the macro model. Several
iterations are usually necessary for a reasonable balance to be
achieved.
Projections of employment for the 156 sectors in the Economic
Growth Model are disaggregated to 372 industries corresponding
to the 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (sic). This is done
to match the industry mix of the industry-occupation matrix de
scribed later. The disaggregation is accomplished via a timeseries regression model. The disaggregated 3-digit sic industry
employment projections are reviewed in light of a broad range
of economic information. When the industry projections are con
sidered final, they are used as inputs to the process of projecting
occupational employment.
One of the main resources in making occupational employment
projections is the industry-occupation matrix. This matrix is pro
duced from data collected by State employment agencies and
brought together by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to produce
national estimates. The data are collected from employers on a
3-year cycle— manufacturing one year, nonmanufacturing the
next year, and the balance of nonmanufacturing (trade, trans
portation, communications, and utilities) the final year. The data
from the 3-year cycle are put on the same employment basis to
form annual average estimates for occupational employment in
each of the 3-digit sic industries. The matrix contains over 1,500
detailed occupations, although most industries do not have em
ployment in many of these occupations.
The major occupational cells of the industry-occupation matrix
for the base year are reviewed and adjustments are made to the
cells in the projected matrix to account for changes expected to
take place in the industries because of technological change,
product mix shifts, and other factors. The changes introduced
into the input-output model for expected technological change
may also change the staffing patterns in industries using the new
technology. (For example, one would expect greater general
employment of computer specialists as computer technology spreads
across industries.) The projected industry employment data are
applied to the projected industry occupational employment pat
terns and the new cell employment is aggregated across all in
dustries to yield total occupational employment for the projected
year.
11
Medicare payments, on the other hand, are expected to
grow at a 10.1-percent nominal rate over the 1982-88 pe
riod, reflecting client population growth, higher-than-average medical care cost inflation, and some real benefit
increases, on the order of about 1 percent annually. After
1988, the medicare rate of growth drops to 8 percent an
nually as inflation continues to moderate.
Unemployment insurance benefits decline sharply through
1990 as the economy recovers from the 1982 recession and
the number of unemployed drops. Some slight growth is
apparent after 1990 as the unemployment rate stabilizes.
Other transfer payments, including Federal retirement pro
grams and veterans’ benefits, are expected to increase at a
nominal rate of 8.5 percent annually between 1982 and
1988, and at 7.9 percent during the 1988-95 period. Finally,
grants to State and local governments are assumed to grow
only with inflation during the entire period.
On the revenue side of the Federal government books,
projected personal tax rates reflect currently mandated tax
cuts and the indexation of personal taxes for the remainder
of the period. Corporate profits taxes are assumed to stabilize
at about 26 percent of profits for the entire projection period.
Indirect business taxes are expected to increase annually by
about 5.8 percent, while social insurance contributions are
governed by the currently mandated tax rates and income
base determination methods.
The net effect of these policies is a Federal budget deficit
(nipa basis) that declines steadily from $180 billion in 1983
to about $70 billion by 1990, and then remains at roughly
that level for the remainder of the projection period.
of our major trading partners. The following table sum
marizes the assumed annual percentage rates of growth of
the variables in the macro model that reflect these consid
erations:
M onetary policy. In the financial sector, 10 interest rates
E nergy. Domestic oil production, currently running at about
are derived, with the Federal funds rate providing the key
to the overall term structure of rates. The major assumption
affecting the determination of the Federal funds rate is the
rate of growth of the nonborrowed monetary base, excluding
currency. It is assumed that this variable will grow at a rate
close to 10 percent during 1983, dropping to about 7 percent
during the 1984-87 period, and then to the 5.5- to 6-percent
range for the remainder of the projection period. This reflects
an assumed willingness on the part of the Federal Reserve
Board to loosen up somewhat on monetary controls as t^e
economy recovers from the 1982 recession.
Also affecting the financial sector is the assumption con
cerning the rate of growth of money-market related mutual
funds. This variable affects the distribution of the money
stock between the aggregate money supply measures Ml
and M2. Money-market funds are expected to increase at a
strong pace during the mid-1980’s (about 12 to 15 percent
annually), but this will taper in the late 1980’s and early
1990’s to about a 10-percent average rate of growth.
10 million barrels per day (mbpd ), is assumed to decline to
9.5 mbpd by 1987 and to remain at that level thereafter.
Petroleum imports, on the other hand, are expected to in
crease steadily from 5.1 mbpd in 1982 to 7.8 mbpd in 1990
and 8 mbpd in 1995. The price of imported oil is assumed
to rise from the 1983 price of $28 per barrel to $41 in 1990
and to $52 by 1995. This rise is consistent with overall
inflation but does not reflect any real increase in the barrel
price of imported crude oil.
Affecting transportation-related demand for petroleum are
assumptions concerning the average miles-per-gallon of new
domestically produced autos, and the ratio of imports to
domestic autos. Mileage figures are assumed to improve
from the 1982 level of 26.7 mpg to 37.8 by 1990 and 41.7
by 1995. After declining to a more normal share of 24
percent in 1983, imported autos are expected to capture
more of the U.S. auto market, accounting for 30 percent of
domestic sales by 1990. The share is assumed to stabilize
through 1995 at that level.
Foreign econom ic conditions. Exports of domestically pro
Implications off moderate growth
duced goods and services are influenced primarily by in
ternational financial markets and by the economic condition
Real gnp is projected to increase at an average annual
rate of 3.2 percent over the 1982-90 period, reflecting re
Industrial
production,
world
Wholesale
price index,
rest-of-world
Average
value
o f the
U.S. dollar4
Historical:
1968-73 .......
1973-77 .......
1977-82 ........
0.9
0.7
11.8
10.0
- 3 .0
2.4
3.3
Low growth:
1982-90 ........
1990-95 .......
3.0
2.9
8.8
7.9
1.6
0.0
Moderate growth:
1982-90 .......
1990-95 ........
3.2
3.1
8.3
6.9
2.1
1.3
High growth:
1982-90 .......
1990-95 .......
3.3
3.4
8.5
7.3
2.2
1.5
—
—
The assumed growth rates for industrial production appear
high from a historical perspective. The table is deceptive,
however, because the selected historical years are repre
sentative of peak-to-peak periods in this country. The world
economy tends to lag the U.S. business cycle and, as a
result, the historical growth rates presented above are not
truly representative of long-term trend growth patterns. Gen
erally, world industrial production has tended to increase at
a 2.5- to 3.5-percent rate during trend growth periods.
12
Over the coming decade, many of the factors that con
tributed to the productivity slowdown are expected to im
prove. As a result, the projections for productivity are quite
optimistic when compared to more recent experience. Pro
ductivity in the private nonfarm sector is expected to in
crease at a rate of 1.7 percent annually between 1982 and
1990 and by 1.4 percent each year during the 1990-95
period. Increases in manufacturing labor productivity are
expected to average 2.2 percent annually over the entire
period.
Developments related to employment and labor produc
tivity are discussed by Valerie Personick elsewhere in this
issue.
covery from the 1982 recession. After 1990, gnp growth
moderates somewhat to an annual rate of 2.5 percent be
tween 1990 and 1995 (table 1). This assumes a return to
the long-term trend growth path following the recovery and
the continuing slowdown in the rate of growth of the civilian
labor force. Following is a summary of the projection results
for each major sector of the economy.
Prices. Projections for price change are truly optimistic in
the moderate-growth scenario— at least compared to the
more recent experience:
Annual change, in percent
deflator
Personal
consumption
expenditures
deflator
Gross
private
domestic
investment
deflator
.......
.......
.......
.......
2.4
5.1
7.3
8.1
2.1
4.6
7.1
8.1
1.7
5.1
9.4
7.1
Moderate growth:
1982-90 .......
1990-95 .......
5.4
3.3
5.2
3.6
5.8
2.7
GNP
Historical:
1955-68
1968-73
1973-77
1977-82
Personal consumption. Consumer spending is the largest
component of gnp . In 1968, personal consumption expen
ditures (pce) accounted for 60.0 percent of real gnp . The
share increased to 63.2 percent in 1981 and to 65.3 percent
in 1982. It should be noted that personal consumption ex
penditures accounted for a large proportion of gnp in 1982
because of the rapid relative increase in the purchase of
services during a recessionary period. After returning to a
more normal share of gnp after 1983, consumer expendi
tures are still expected to show a long-term upward trend,
reaching 65.2 percent of gnp in 1995. The increase is due
primarily to relatively higher disposable income and a slightly
lower savings rate, as well as to the smaller share of gnp
accounted for by government expenditures. Table 3 details
the projections of 15 major categories of consumer spend
ing.
Because of price effects, new technology, the shifting
population mix, and new household formation, consumers'
behavior will exhibit some changes over the next decade.
Purchases of consumer durables are projected to grow very
strongly over the period— 5.1-percent average annual growth
from 1982 to 1990 and 2.9 percent each year, 1990-95.
All categories of durables are expected to increase strongly
in the early period of the projections, but the largest growth
is attributable to motor vehicles and to household appli
ances. Generally speaking, durables purchases react quite
sharply to increasing inflation and to swings in the business
cycle because such purchases are easily put off until “ better
times.’’ Two major reasons for the strong durables growth
over the projection period are the greatly improved inflation
situation and the lack of business-cycle swings built into
the projection methods.
Purchases of motor vehicles and parts dropped dramati
cally during the 1982 recession. Sales of new motor vehicles
were down 18 percent to 11.4 million units in 1980 and
dipped to 10.4 million units in 1982, the worst slump in 20
years. The drop in new-car sales was largely accounted for
by domestic autos, as imports continued to increase their
share of the market during the 1982 recession.
With cut-rate financing luring buyers, sales rebounded
sharply in the final months of 1982. Demand for motor
The moderation in inflation expectations is based on the
relatively modest rate of recovery projected from the 1982
recession. Demand growth accelerates at a pace readily
matched by production capacity, thus averting much of the
demand pressure on prices apparent during recoveries from
the 1969-70 and 1973-75 recessions. The 1981-82 reces
sion also significantly dampened wage rate growth, a major
impetus to renewed inflation during earlier recoveries.
Employment and productivity. Civilian household employ
ment is projected to increase by just over 24 million jobs
between 1982 and 1995, as the unemployment rate declines
from 9.7 percent in 1982 to 6.3 percent in 1990 and to 6.0
percent in 1995. (See table 2.) This represents average an
nual growth in employment of 2 percent between 1982 and
1990 and of 1.1 percent between 1990 and 1995. There are
6.5 million new jobs in the goods-producing sector, and
17.3 million in the private service-producing industries.
For the private nonfarm sector, the long-term average
annual rate of productivity growth was 2.6 percent between
1955 and 1968. Between 1968 and 1973, this rate dropped
to 2.1 percent annually and even further, to 0.2 percent,
during the 1973-82 period. The slowdown in productivity
growth over the past decade has been attributed to many
factors, including the influx of new workers into the labor
force; slowing in capital accumulation per worker; emphasis
on nonproductive types of investment, such as pollution
control investment; and the remarkable increase in energy
prices since 1973.
13
Table 1.
G ross national product, 1968, 1 9 7 3 ,1 9 7 7 , 1982, and projected to 1990 and 1995
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
199 0
Item
1968
1973
197 7
1 99 5
1 982
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
Gross national product.................................
51,058.1
$1,255.0
$1,369.7
$1,485.4
$2,004.2
$1,915.5
$1,857.S
$2,264.6
$2,166.9
$2,126.7
Personal consumption................................
Durables .................................................
Nondurables............................................
Services .................................................
634.4
88.3
270.5
275.6
768.5
121.3
308.0
339.2
864.3
138.0
333.4
393.0
970.2
139.8
364.2
466.2
1,296.0
236.0
447.2
612.8
1,240.2
208.8
436.2
595.2
1,196.8
190.1
423.7
583.0
1,491.4
277.4
481.2
732.9
1,412.4
240.4
468.0
704.0
1,349.1
223.8
438.4
686.9
Gross private investment ............................
Equipment..............................................
Structures ..............................................
Residential..............................................
Inventory change.....................................
161.6
66.8
42.8
43.1
9.0
217.5
90.7
47.4
62.3
17.2
214.2
99.9
40.4
60.7
13.3
194.5
112.7
53.4
37.8
-9 .4
342.1
166.2
62.8
97.8
15.3
305.7
149.1
61.5
80.5
14.6
250.1
132.4
45.0
63.6
9.0
405.0
202.8
76.9
113.1
12.2
337.2
177.2
70.1
78.1
11.9
285.7
159.6
44.6
69.6
11.9
Net exports.................................................
Exports...................................................
Im ports...................................................
1.9
61.2
59.3
15.5
97.3
81.8
22.0
112.9
90.9
28.9
147.3
118.4
34.1
206.7
172.6
48.8
202.3
153.5
83.0
206.5
123.5
22.8
261.7
238.9
85.9
260.0
174.1
148.4
267.9
119.4
Government.................................................
Federal ...................................................
State and local .......................................
260.2
128.2
132.0
253.5
95.9
157.6
269.2
100.5
168.8
291.8
116.6
175.2
332.0
136.8
195.2
320.9
132.4
188.5
327.9
144.3
183.6
345.4
144.6
200.7
331.4
139.2
192.2
343.5
157.0
186.5
Gross national product................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Personal consumption................................
Durables .................................................
Nondurables............................................
Services .................................................
60.0
8.3
25.6
26.0
61.2
9.7
24.5
27.0
63.1
10.1
24.3
28.7
65.3
9.4
24.5
31.4
64.7
11.8
22.3
30.6
64.7
10.9
22.8
31.1
64.4
10.2
22.8
31.4
65.9
12.2
21.2
32.4
65.2
11.1
21.6
32.5
63.4
10.5
20.6
32.3
Gross private investment ............................
Equipment..............................................
Structures ..............................................
Residential...............................................
Inventory change.....................................
15.3
6.3
4.0
4.1
0.9
17.3
7.2
3.8
5.0
1.4
15.6
7.3
2.9
4.4
1.0
13.1
7.6
3.6
2.5
-0 .6
17.1
8.3
3.1
4.9
.8
16.0
7.8
3.2
4.2
.8
13.5
7.1
2.4
3.4
.5
17.9
9.0
3.3
5.0
.5
15.6
8.2
3.2
3.6
.5
13.4
7.5
2.1
3.3
.6
Net exports.................................................
Exports...................................................
Im ports...................................................
.2
5.8
5.6
1.2
78
6.5
1.6
82
6.6
1.9
99
8.0
1.7
10 3
8.6
2.5
10 6
8.0
4.5
11 1
6.6
1.0
11 6
10.5
40
1? 0
8.0
7.0
12 6
5.6
Government.................................................
Federal ...................................................
State and local .......................................
24.6
12.1
12.5
20.2
7.6
12.6
19.7
7.3
12.3
19.6
7.8
11.8
16.6
6.8
9.7
16.8
6.9
9.8
17.6
7.8
9.9
15.3
6.4
8.9
15.3
6.4
8.9
16.2
7.4
8.8
P ercent distribution
A verage annual rate of change (in percent)
Hiah
1 9 6 8 -7 3
1 9 7 3 -7 7
Low
M oderate
1977 82
Gross national product ................................
3.5
2.2
1.6
3.8
2.5
3.2
2.5
3.0
2.8
1990-95
2.7
Personal consumption ................................
Durables ................................................
Nondurables ...........................................
Services..................................................
3.9
6.5
2.6
4.2
3.0
3.3
2.1
3.7
2.3
0.3
1.8
3.5
3.7
6.8
2.6
3.5
2.8
3.3
1.5
3.6
3.1
5.1
2.3
3.1
2.6
2.9
1.4
3.4
2.9
4.3
1.9
3.2
2.7
3.9
1.9
2.8
2.4
3.3
0.7
3.3
Gross private
Equipment
Structures
Residential
investment..............................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
6.1
6.3
2.1
7.6
-0.4
2.4
-3.9
-0.6
-1.9
2.4
5.7
-9.0
7.3
5.0
2.1
12.6
3.4
4.1
4.1
2.9
5.8
3.6
1.8
9.9
2.0
3.5
2.7
-0 .6
4.3
3.5
2.1
5.7
3.2
2.0
-2.1
7.4
2.7
3.8
-0.2
1.8
Exports .......................................................
Imports.......................................................
9.7
6.6
3.8
2.7
5.5
5.4
4.3
4.8
4.8
6.7
4.1
3.3
5.2
2.6
4.5
3.0
4.3
0.5
5.3
-0 .7
Government ................................................
Federal ...................................................
State and local.........................................
-0.5
-5.6
3.6
1.5
1.2
1.7
1.6
3.0
0.8
1.6
2.0
1.4
0.8
1.1
0.6
1.2
1,6
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.4
1.0
1.4
0.7
1.5
2.7
0.6
0.9
1.7
0.3
S
ource
:
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 9 0 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 9 0 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 0
Historical data, Bureau of Economic Analysis; projected data, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
down from the long-term trends is caused by continuing
relative price increases, a projected decline in the entry of
new drivers into the marketplace, and the assumption that
imports will continue to improve their competitive position
in this country. The following table summarizes purchase
data for motor vehicles, historically and projected.
vehicles and parts is expected to increase at a robust rate,
averaging 5.8-percent growth between 1982 and 1990. This
represents an increase in new domestic car sales to 8.6
million units by 1990. Although low by the standards of
the 1960’s and 1970’s, this is still well above the average
sales rate of 5.7 million domestic cars in 1982. The slow
14
V eh icles and parts as
a percent o f pce
(1 9 7 2 dollars) .........
N e w -v e h ic le s sales
(m illio n s o f units) . . .
N ew -ca r sales .........
D o m estic .............
Im ported ..............
N ew -ligh t-truck
sa les ......................
P ercent im port share,
n ew c a r s ....................
1968
1973
1977
1982
1990
1995
6 .3
7 .4
7 .3
5 .9
7 .3
7 .0
13.6
11.4
9 .6
1.8
14.6
11.1
9 .0
2.1
10.4
8 .0
5 .7
2 .3
16.6
12.4
8 .6
3 .7
16.1
12.0
8 .4
3 .6
2 .3
3 .5
2 .4
4 .2
4.1
15.5
18.7
2 8 .3
3 0 .0
3 0 .0
—
9 .6
8 .6
1.0
—
10.7
are also expected to become increasingly important. Thus,
considerable growth of 4.2 percent annually in the 1982—
95 period is projected, much higher than the growth rate of
2.9 percent for total consumption during the same period.
Consumer purchases of nondurables are expected to ac
count for progressively smaller shares of g n p throughout
the projection period. Nondurables accounted for 25.6 per
cent of g n p in 1968. The share dropped to 24.5 percent in
1982 and is projected to decline further to 22.8 percent and
21.6 percent of g n p in 1990 and 1995, as nondurables grow
more in line with population than they did during the 1970’s.
Food consumption has been declining as a proportion of
total p c e over time, and it is expected to continue to do so
through 1995. As a family’s real income increases, the
percentage spent on food decreases. In 1982, purchases of
food accounted for 19.0 percent of p c e , while by 1995,
they are expected to decline to 15.8 percent. Particularly,
demand for restaurant meals is projected to grow more slowly
in the period than in recent years. During the last decade,
a rapid increase in the number of working wives helped to
boost restaurant sales. Female labor force participation is
projected to continue to rise over the projection period but
at a slower pace than during the last 10 years. Consequently,
purchased restaurant meals are projected to grow only at a
rate of 1.1 percent per year in the 1982-95 period, compared
with 2.8 percent between 1973 and 1979.
Average growth of 2.3 percent annually is projected for
purchases of clothing and shoes between 1982 and 1995,
compared with rates of 3.9 percent per year in the 1968—
Like the case for motor vehicles, the projected surge in
purchases of furniture and household appliances is attrib
utable to recovery. With the expected upturn in construction
of new homes, demand for housing-linked items is expected
to increase rapidly, at a rate of 4.6 percent per year, between
1982 and 1990.
In addition to the housing-related demand growth, a new
boom in household appliances and furnishings, largely par
alleling the 1950’s television experience, will feature con
sumer electronics and a new wave of replacement demand.
Purchases of home computers and supplemental equipment,
such as printers and software, have exploded in the U.S.
marketplace; demand for such popular new products is fore
seen to grow strongly in the next decade. Other new elec
tronic products, such as compact audiodiscs, video cassette
recorders, and sophisticated electronic telephone systems,
Table 2.
Selected m acroeconom ic variables, 1963, 1973, 1977, 1982 and projected to 1990 and 1995
1 990
Item
197 7
1973
1968
1 99 5
1932
High
M oderate
Low
High
M o d erate
Low
GNP deflator (1972 = 100) .......................
82.5
105.7
140.0
206.9
341.1
315.9
303.5
483.7
372.1
341.8
Private nonfarm productivity.......................
Unemployment rate.....................................
86.6
3.6
95.2
4.9
100.1
7.1
100.0
9.7
116.1
5.4
114.6
6.3
114.0
6.5
125.3
5.2
122.7
6.0
120.9
6.8
Total employment (in millions) ..................
Government............................................
Private ...................................................
Farm ...................................................
Manufacturing.....................................
Service-producing ..............................
Other ...................................................
83,549
14,092
69,457
3,662
20,065
37,363
8,367
91,735
15,506
76,229
6,220
20,438
43,567
9,004
97,539
16,783
80,756
2,950
20,017
48,796
8,993
105,555
17,471
88,084
2,815
19,223
56,721
9,325
121,869
17,891
106,978
2,672
22,635
67,828
10,843
120,830
17,658
103,172
2,652
22,236
67,533
10,751
119,735
17,993
101,742
2,630
21,686
66,559
10,867
132,843
18,482
114,361
2,595
24,132
75,596
12,038
130,260
18,203
112,057
2,550
23,491
74,157
11,859
128,250
18,532
109,718
2,500
22,963
72,673
11,582
Average annual rate of change (in percent)
High
1 9 6 8 -7 3
1 9 7 3 -7 7
M o d erate
1 9 7 7 -8 2
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 9 0 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 9 0 -9 5
Low
1 9 8 2 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 9 0 -9 5
GNP deflator (1972 = 100) .......................
5.1
7.3
8.1
6.5
7.2
5.4
3.3
4.6
4.9
3.4
Private nonfarm productivity.......................
1.9
1.3
0.0
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.2
Total employment.......................................
Government............................................
Private ...................................................
Farm ...................................................
Manufacturing.....................................
Service-producing ..............................
Other ...................................................
1.9
1.9
1.9
-2 .5
0.4
3.1
1.5
1.5
2.0
1.2
-2 .2
-0 .5
2.9
1.6
0.8
1.8
-0 .9
-0 .8
3.1
0.7
1.8
0.3
2.1
-0 .6
2.1
2.3
1.9
1.7
0.7
1.9
-0 .6
1.3
2.2
2.1
1.7
0.1
2.0
-0 .7
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.5
0.6
1.7
-0 .8
1.1
1.9
2.0
1.4
0.3
1.6
-0 .7
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.6
0.4
1.8
-0 .8
1.5
2.0
1.9
1.4
0.6
1.5
-1 .0
1.2
1.8
1.3
S
ource
:
-
0.0
Historical and projected employment data and projected price deflator, Bureau of Labor Statistics; historical price deflator, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
15
T able 3.
Personal consum ption expenditures by m ajor categories, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1982, and projected to 1990 and 1995
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
1 990
Category
Total ..............................................
1968
$634.4
1973
$768.5
197 7
1 99 5
198 2
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
$864.3
$970.2
$1,296.0
$1,240.2
$1,196.8
$1,491.4
$1,412.4
$1,349.1
107.0
52.5
41.5
35.0
236.0
90.3
48.3
37.5
32.7
208.8
80.7
43.8
34.6
31.0
190.1
118.1
64.6
51.2
43.5
277.4
98.2
57.4
45.1
39.7
240.4
87.1
55.1
43.8
37.8
223.8
Motor vehicles and parts ............................
Household appliances ................................
Household furnishings................................
Other durable goods ...................................
Total durables ................................
40.3
14.2
20.5
13.4
88.3
56.5
21.2
25.1
18.5
121.3
63.5
26.3
26.6
21.5
138.0
57.4
33.0
26.7
22.7
139.8
Food and beverages ...................................
Clothing and shoes.....................................
Gasoline and oil .........................................
Fuel oil and coal.........................................
Other nondurable goods..............................
Total nondurables............................
142.4
49.0
19.9
5.3
53.9
270.5
153.6
59.3
26.2
5.4
63.5
308.0
170.6
67.5
27.7
4.4
63.2
333.4
184.0
84.4
25.6
3.5
66.6
364.2
216.6
106.9
29.7
3.7
90.3
447.2
213.2
103.9
28.8
3.7
86.6
436.2
207.1
100.8
27.9
3.6
84.3
423.7
228.7
117.0
30.5
4.4
100.6
481.2
223.8
113.7
28.9
4.4
97.2
468.0
208.9
105.3
26.8
4.1
93.3
438.4
Housing services .......................................
Household electricity..................................
Household natural g a s ................................
Other household operations .......................
Transportation services ..............................
Other services ............................................
Total services...................................
93.5
9.6
5.9
23.4
23.4
119.7
275.6
118.2
13.0
6.4
28.0
28.5
145.1
339.2
141.3
16.0
6.5
32.6
32.7
163.9
393.0
171.3
18.3
6.6
38.6
31.7
199.6
466.2
215.2
25.5
5.3
55.0
45.0
266.7
612.7
212.7
24.6
5.1
52.9
42.4
257.5
595.2
209.8
24.1
5.0
51.4
41.0
251.8
583.1
249.3
30.0
5.2
68.9
55.1
324.3
732.8
247.7
28.4
4.7
64.0
50.1
309.1
704.0
245.1
27.2
4.5
61.3
47.9
300.9
686.9
Total ..............................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Motor vehicles and parts ............................
Household appliances ................................
Household furnishings................................
Other durable goods ...................................
Total durables ................................
6.4
2.2
3.2
2.1
13.9
7.4
2.8
3.3
2.4
15.8
7.3
3.0
3.1
2.5
16.0
5.9
3.4
2.8
2.3
14.4
8.3
4.1
3.2
2.7
18.2
7.3
3.9
3.0
2.6
16.8
6.7
3.7
2.9
2.6
15.9
7.9
4.3
3.4
2.9
18.6
7.0
4.1
3.2
2.8
17.0
6.5
4.1
3.2
2.8
16.6
Food and beverages ...................................
Clothing and shoes.....................................
Gasoline and o i l ..........................................
Fuel oil and coal..........................................
Other nondurable goods..............................
Total nondurables............................
22.4
7.7
3.1
0.8
8.5
42.6
20.0
7.7
3.4
0.7
8.3
40.1
19.7
7.8
3.2
0.5
7.3
38.6
19.0
8.7
2.6
0.4
6.9
37.5
16.7
8.2
2.3
0.3
7.0
34.5
17.2
8.4
2.3
0.3
7.0
35.2
17.3
8.4
2.3
0.3
7.0
35.4
15.3
7.8
2.0
0.3
6.7
32.3
15.8
8.1
2.0
0.3
6.9
33.1
15.5
7.8
2.0
0.3
6.9
32.5
Housing services .......................................
Household electricity...................................
Household natural g a s ................................
Other household operations .......................
Transportation services ..............................
Other services ............................................
Total services...................................
14.7
1.5
0.9
3.7
3.7
18.9
43.4
15.4
1.7
0.8
3.6
3.7
18.9
44.1
16.3
1.9
0.8
3.8
3.8
19.0
45.5
17.7
1.9
0.7
4.0
3.3
20.6
48.0
16.6
2.0
0.4
4.2
3.5
20.6
47.3
17.2
2.0
0.4
4.3
3.4
20.8
48.0
17.5
2.0
0.4
4.3
3.4
21.0
48.7
16.7
2.0
0.3
4.6
3.7
21.7
49.1
17.5
2.0
0.3
4.5
3.5
21.9
49.8
18.2
2.0
0.3
4.5
3.6
22.3
50.9
Percent distribution
Average annual rate of change (in percent)
High
1 968
73
1973-
77
M oderate
Low
19 7 7 -
82
198290
199095
198290
199095
198295
198290
199095
Total ..............................................
3.9
3.0
2.3
3.7
2.8
3.1
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.4
Motor vehicles and parts ............................
Household appliances ................................
Household furnishings................................
Other durable goods ..................................
Total durables ................................
7.0
8.4
4.1
6.7
6.6
3.0
5.5
1.5
3.8
3.3
-2 .0
4.6
0.1
1.1
0.3
8.1
6.0
5.6
5.6
6.8
2.0
4.2
4.3
4.4
3.3
5.8
4.9
4.3
4.7
5.1
1.7
3.5
3.8
4.0
2.9
4.2
4.4
4.1
4.4
4.3
4.3
3.6
3.3
4.0
3.9
1.5
4.7
4.8
4.0
3.3
Food and beverages ...................................
Clothing and shoes.....................................
Gasoline and oil ..........................................
Fuel oil and coal.........................................
Other nondurable goods..............................
Total nondurables............................
1.5
3.9
5.7
0.4
3.3
2.6
2.7
3.3
1.4
-5 .0
-0.1
2.0
1.5
4.6
-1 .5
-4 .5
1.1
1.8
2.1
3.0
1.9
0.6
3.9
2.6
1.1
1.8
0.5
3.5
2.2
1.5
1.9
2.6
1.5
0.6
3.3
2.3
1.0
1.8
0.1
3.5
2.3
1.4
1.5
2.3
0.9
1.7
2.9
1.9
1.5
2.3
1.1
0.2
3.0
1.9
0.2
0.9
-0 .8
2.6
2.0
0.7
Housing services .......................................
Household electricity..................................
Household natural g a s ................................
Other household operations .......................
Transportation services ..............................
Other services ............................................
Total services...................................
4.8
6.3
1.6
3.7
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.6
5.3
0.4
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.8
3.9
2.8
0.1
3.5
-0 .6
4.0
3.5
2.9
4.2
-2 .7
4.5
4.5
3.7
3.5
3.0
3.3
-0 .4
4.6
4.1
4.0
3.6
2.7
3.7
-3.1
4.0
3.7
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.9
-1 .6
3.9
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.9
3.4
-2 .5
4.0
3.6
3.4
3.2
2.6
3.5
-3 .4
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.5
-2 1
3.6
3.2
3.6
3.3
S
ource
:
Historical data are from table 2.5 of the National Income and Product Accounts Tables, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
16
trast, demand for natural gas has continued to decrease.
This shift reflects diminished natural gas supplies and price
hikes that have caused electricity to become the principal
alternative energy source. During the past 2 years, retail
natural gas prices rose by 40 percent (in nominal terms) in
some parts of the Nation, and industry experts predict a
sharp rise of 16 percent for the 1984 winter heating season.
These trends of increased availability of electricity and de
creased use of natural gas are expected to continue through
1995. Demand for electricity will grow 3.4 percent per year
in the 1982-95 period, while demand for natural gas will
fall at a rate of - 2 .5 percent.
Purchases of telephone and telegraph services by con
sumers are expected to grow substantially over the projec
tion span. This reflects the increased use of modern
communication systems, such as call-waiting and call-for
warding services, long-distance calling and related telecom
munication systems, and the computerized telephone. In
addition, cable television services have been expanding rap
idly during recent years; spending on cable television ser
vices in 1982 was more than triple that in 1977. This trend
is expected to continue in the next decade. Also contributing
to increasing relative expenditures for communications ser
vices is the divestiture proceeding currently underway for
the major supplier of these services. Communications ser
vices are projected to grow at an annual rate of 5.2 percent
between 1982 and 1995.
The large increases projected in medical care services are
affected by continued growth in the percentage of the pop
ulation over age 65, who need more health care than the
general population, and by the increasing availability of
new, sophisticated, and expensive medical treatment equip
ment. In addition, demand for medical services seems to be
relatively immune to the effects of price increases. Medical
spending is projected to grow to 8.3 percent of p c e in 1995,
compared to 7.0 percent in 1977.
73 period and 4.0 percent in the 1973-82 span. This rep
resents real spending of $438 per person for clothing and
shoes in 1995, compared with $280 in 1973 and $363 in
1982. The baby boom of the fifties powered much of the
demand for clothing purchases of the sixties and seventies.
The baby bust of the sixties will mean, for the nineties, a
smaller proportion of the population in the 16- to 44-yearold group, accounting for 43 percent in 1995 versus 46
percent in 1982; individuals in this age group are major
purchasers of clothing and shoes.
Due to continuing conservation, the downsizing of cars,
and expected increases in relative energy prices, energy
consumption stays at low levels through 1995. In 1982, the
average miles-per-gallon for new domestic cars was 26.7,
while by 1995, this figure is expected to jump to 41.7.
Thus, only slight growth of 0.9 percent per year is projected
for gasoline and oil purchases in the 1982-95 period. Since
the energy crisis of the 1970’s, consumption of fuel oil and
coal for household heating and cooling has dropped sub
stantially in response to relative price increases. Although
the downward trend is expected to reverse in 1984, con
sumption will probably not return to its previous levels, at
least not in the projection period. Average annual growth
of 1.7 percent is projected for fuel oil and coal during the
1982-95 period.
Drugs and medical sundries is the only category of non
durables expected to show rapid growth during the projec
tion period. Because of continued demand growth and the
introduction of new kinds of products, a strong increase of
6.0 percent per year is projected between 1977 and 1995.
Consumer purchases of services have been becoming a
more important budget item historically, and this trend is
expected to continue to 1995. The growth of services pur
chases is broadly based; with the exception of natural gas
purchases, ail categories of services are expected to increase
by at least 2.9 percent per year between 1982 and 1995
Consumer expenditures for housing, which include rent
paid by tenants and an imputed rental value of owner-oc
cupied housing, have been an increasing share of total p c e
over time, rising from 14.7 percent in 1968 to 16.3 percent
in 1977, and to 17.7 percent in 1982. By 1995, housing
expenditures are expected to exceed food expenditures and
become the largest consumption category. The increase in
housing demand is in response to changes in household
formation rates— a trend toward single-person households,
and a decrease in family size from 3.0 persons in 1973 to
2.6 in 1982, and to 2.4 in 1995. Stable growth of 2.9 percent
per year in housing expenditures is projected for the 1982—
95 period.
Since the early 1970’s, demand for electric power has
increased, consistently outpacing growth in g n p . In con
Investment. Gross investment is expected to continue to
exhibit its traditional volatility during the projection period.
Accounting for 17.3 percent of g n p in 1973, gross private
domestic investment ( g p d i ) accounted for only 13.1 percent
by 1982, primarily because of the disastrous effects of high
inflation and the recessions of the 1970’s and early 1980’s
on housing construction. By 1990, investment accounts for
16.0 percent of g n p , reflecting growing expenditures for
equipment and the projected housing recovery. The share
declines slightly to 15.6 percent of g n p by 1995 as housing
construction hits a plateau.
Equipment purchases are expected to grow at a 3.5-per
cent rate between 1982 and 1995, well above the 2.4-percent
rate of the 1973-82 period. Although still well below the
17
tween 1982 and 1990, accelerating to 5.2 percent each year,
1990-95. By end-use categories, the expected growth is
broadly based, as depicted in table 4.
Merchandise exports are expected to grow at an annual
rate of 5.3 percent over the projection period, led by con
sumer goods with average growth of 6.9 percent. In dollar
values, capital goods are expected to show the largest in
creases— $24.2 billion, or nearly one-third of the total in
crease. Growth in exports of consumer goods and capital
goods reflects the expectation that U.S. trade will move
toward developing countries in the long run because those
countries tend to require goods with higher technological
inputs, such as electronic computers and parts, aircraft and
parts, telephonic and other electrical apparatus, and medic
inal and pharmaceutical preparations. By 1995, computers
are expected to be the leading export industry, reaching 5.3
percent of total exports with a growth rate of 8.4 percent
per year from 1977 to 1995. Exports of telephone and tel
egraph apparatus show the highest annual rate of increase—
10.9 percent— over the 1977-95 period. The category of
food, feeds, and beverages will continue to account for a
sizable share of U.S. exports in coming years, but it will
grow at a slower rate. The following table highlights those
industries with the best expected export performance:
rate of growth of producers’ durable equipment ( p d e ) pur
chases during the 1960’s, this has important implications
for productivity.
In terms of industries, computers and peripheral equip
ment are projected to rise from 8 percent of producers’
durable equipment expenditures in 1977 to 20 percent in
1995. Despite the rapid growth by the computer industry
during the 1970’s, more is still expected, brought on by
advances in microchip technology. These developments
should continue to bring down the price of computers, mak
ing them available to even the smallest businesses. Large
computers with speeds many times faster than the fastest
now available will find expanded uses, and will also be
purchased by large companies to replace existing equip
ment.
Investment spending on motor vehicles and aircraft is
projected to grow less rapidly than total outlays for pro
ducer’s durables as companies do little more than replace
equipment that wears out. Moderate growth in the agricul
tural sector translates into moderate investment in farm ma
chinery. D evelopm ents such as laser system s, data
communications, and electronic mail will result in rapid
growth in investment in radio and telephone equipment.
The nonresidential construction market suffered its set
back in the mid-1970’s and has, to some extent, already
anticipated the recovery foreseen for the residential market.
Growth in nonresidential construction is expected to average
2.1 percent each year between 1982 and 1995. Growth of
expenditures for industrial structures is expected to exceed
5.0 percent annually over the entire period, more than off
setting the very slow growth expected for commercial office
buildings.
Computers ..........................................
Food and feed grains .......................
A ircraft..........................................................
Electronic components ................................
Motor vehicles ..................................
The five fastest growing export
industries, 1977-95:
Housing. The residential construction market is projected
to recover strongly from its depressed condition of the last
several years. Private housing starts are expected to rise
from the 1982 level of 1.06 million units to a peak of 2.16
million in 1988. Thereafter, growth moderates and housing
starts stabilize at about 1.9 million units annually to 1995.
Hardest hit during the last several years have been single
family housing starts. In 1982 and 1983, government sub
sidy programs encouraged multifamily construction projects
and, as a result, multifamily starts constituted almost 37
percent of total starts in 1982. Projected stronger growth in
the single-family construction area means that one-unit houses
will account for 66.5 percent of starts, with multifamily
units dropping to 33.8 percent, by 1988. By 1995, single
family starts are 65.8 percent of total starts. Mobile homes
are projected to grow at a rate of 5.9 percent annually,
1982-90, and at a 2.5-percent rate between 1990 and 1995.
5.3
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.3
Annual percent
growth rate
Telephone and telegraph apparatus.
Communications ..............................
Floor covering mills ....................................
Furniture and fixtures ..................................
Computers .....................................................
10.9
10.3
8.9
8.5
8.4
Imports are projected to grow at an average rate of 3.0
percent annually between 1982 and 1995. Merchandise im
ports will exhibit more rapid growth of 3.8 percent. Over
the 1980-82 period, petroleum imports dropped by $1.8
billion, or 14 percent, as a result of both the U.S. recession
and continuing efforts to conserve energy. Increasing im
ports of petroleum during the projection period result from
falling domestic production and some increase in demand.
Domestic oil production is expected to continue to decline
somewhat, dropping from 9.9 million barrels per day in
1982, and stabilizing at 9.5 million by 1990. In real terms,
the barrel price of oil is assumed to reach $52 by 1995, a
price rise which is accounted for by general inflationary
expectations. Thus, overall demand for petroleum tends to
increase without the price constraints evident during the
Exports and imports. The assumption that our major trading
partners will recover strongly from the current worldwide
recession underlies the strong growth projected for U.S.
exports of goods and services— 4.1 percent annually be
Percent
o f total
exports
The five largest export industries,
1995:
18
TabS© 4.
Foreign trade by end-use categories, 1068,1973,1977,1982, and projected to 1990 and 1995
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
<0
1968
1973
1977
1982
Net exports .......................................................
Net merchandise ............................................
Net services ...................................................
$ 1.9
-1 .9
3.8
$15.5
1.5
14.0
$ 22.0
$ 28.9
1.7
27.2
$ 34.1
Total exports .....................................................
Merchandise ...................................................
Foods, feeds, and beverages.......................
Industrial supplies and materials ................
Capital goods, excluding autos.....................
Automobiles................................................
Consumer goods.........................................
Other goods ................................................
Services.........................................................
61.2
39.0
5.5
12.3
13.3
4.1
2.7
97.3
61.2
9.7
17.1
21.3
6.4
4.4
2.3
36.1
112.9
Total imports .....................................................
Merchandise ..................................................
Foods, feeds, and beverages.......................
Industrial supplies, excluding petroleum . . . .
Petroleum and petroleum products..............
Capital goods, excluding autos....................
Automobiles and parts ................................
Consumer goods.........................................
Other goods................................................
Services.........................................................
59.3
40.9
6.5
14.0
2.8
3.9
5.4
90.9
67.1
6.9
17.8
9.0
9.0
1.4
18.5
81.8
59.7
7.4
16.5
6.6
7.2
8.9
11.4
1.7
22.1
Total exports .....................................................
Merchandise ...................................................
Foods, feeds, and beverages.......................
Industrial supplies and materials ................
Capital goods, excluding autos.....................
Automobiles................................................
Consumer goods.........................................
Other goods................................................
Services..........................................................
100.0
63.7
9.0
20.1
21.7
6.7
4.4
1.6
36.4
100.0
62.9
10.0
17.6
21.9
6.6
4.5
2.4
37.1
100.0
Total imports .....................................................
Merchandise ...................................................
Foods, feeds, and beverages.......................
Industrial supplies, excluding petroleum . . . .
Petroleum and petroleum products..............
Capital goods, excluding autos.....................
Automobiles and p a rts ................................
Consumer goods..........................................
Other goods.................................................
Services..........................................................
100.0
69.0
11.0
23.6
4.7
6.6
9.1
11.5
2.4
31.2
100.0
73.0
9.0
20.2
8.1
100.0
73.8
7.6
19.6
1.0
22.3
6.8
0.9
21.1
68.0
10.5
16.8
24.1
7.9
6.1
2.6
44.9
10.6
12.5
1.5
23.8
1995
1990
Category
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
-8.2
$ 83.0
35.8
47.2
$ 22.8
42.3
$ 48.8
7.7
41.1
-21.5
44.3
$ 85.9
28.9
57.0
$148.4
72.9
75.6
147.3
81.4
14.5
21.7
28.4
5.4
7.4
4.0
65.9
206.7
118.7
202.3
119.8
206.5
125.7
33.8
39.6
1.3
12.9
4.0
34.6
40.9
7.9
12.5
3.9
82.5
35.3
43.6
9.7
13.1
3.9
80.9
261.7
146.5
30.1
41.3
45.4
7.2
17.5
4.9
115.2
260.0
158.7
28.3
45.1
52.6
10.5
17.6
4.6
101.3
267.9
171.9
28.4
45.9
59.5
13.9
19.6
4.6
96.0
118.4
79.7
7.2
16.3
5.1
18.9
11.5
17.9
2.9
38.7
172.6
126.9
12.5
25.8
9.5
28.3
17.0
30.1
3.7
45.7
153.5
123.5
89.9
10.3
20.4
8.4
16.9
12.5
17.8
3.7
33.6
238.9
168.0
14.7
29.0
13.3
44.1
174.1
129.8
13.2
23.3
12.7
29.6
17.1
29.7
4.2
44.3
119.4
99.0
10.7
20.7
12.5
19.2
16.1
15.6
4.2
20.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
61.0
10.9
17.3
100.0
21.1
88.0
20.1
112.1
11.5
22.8
8.9
24.9
14.9
25.4
3.7
41.4
20.1
20.1
42.6
4.2
70.9
Percent distribution
S
ource
:
60.2
9.3
14.9
21.3
7.0
5.4
2.3
39.8
8.8
9.9
9.9
10.9
13.9
2.1
27.0
11.7
13.8
1.7
26.2
100.0
55.3
9.8
14.7
19.3
3.7
5.0
2.7
44.7
100.0
100.0
67.3
6.1
13.8
4.3
16.0
9.7
15.1
2.4
32.7
100.0
73.5
7.2
14.9
57.4
10.2
16.4
19.2
3.5
6.2
1.9
42.6
5.5
16.4
9.8
17.4
2.1
26.5
100.0
59.2
9.9
17.1
20.2
3.9
6.2
1.9
40.8
100.0
73.0
7.5
14.9
5.8
16.2
9.7
16.5
2.4
27.0
60.9
9.7
17.1
21.1
4.7
6.3
1.9
39.2
100.0
72.8
8.3
16.5
6.8
13.7
10.1
14.4
3.0
27.2
56.0
11.5
15.8
17.3
2.8
6.7
1.9
44.0
100.0
70.3
6.2
12.1
5.6
18.4
8.4
17.8
1.8
29.7
64.2
10.6
17.1
22.2
5.2
7.3
1.7
35.8
20.2
4.0
6.8
1.8
39.0
100.0
74.6
7.6
13.4
7.3
17.0
9.8
17.1
2.4
25.4
100.0
82.9
9.0
17.3
10.5
16.1
13.5
13.1
3.5
17.1
Historical data are from tables 4.2 and 4.4 of the National Income and Product Accounts Tables, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
1970’s. Petroleum imports are projected to grow at a rate
of 7.3 percent per year between 1982 and 1995.
Imported cars held their own during the 1981-82 reces
sion. Sales of imports were at 2.3 million units in 1982,
accounting for 28 percent of all new-car sales. By 1995,
annual automobile imports are projected to reach 3.6 million
units, or 30 percent of all domestic sales. Average growth
of 3.1 percent per year is expected over the 1982-95 period.
Two other categories of imports— capital goods, except
autos, and consumer goods— are expected to grow at rates
of 3.5 percent and 4.0 percent respectively from 1982 to
1995. In capital goods, electronic equipment and compo
nents and business equipment will contribute most of the
increase; in consumer goods, nondurable goods imports such
as apparel will strengthen total growth. Imported apparel is
expected to reach 22 percent of total output (domestic output
plus imports) in 1995 versus 11 percent in 1977. Industrial
supplies, however, are expected to grow more slowly,
achieving a yearly rate of 2.8 percent in the 1982-95 period.
The net result of these projections is a steady increase in
real net exports over the period, from $29 billion in 1982
to $86 billion in 1995, boosting the gnp share of net exports
from 1.9 percent to 4.0 percent between those years.
Government. More than half of government purchases are
from the service industries, as indicated in the following
distribution of 1977 government purchases less sales, by
industry:
Source industry
Total ...................
Agriculture, mining,
and maintenance
construction.......
M anufacturing........
Transportation,
communications,
and public
utilities ...............
Trade .......................
Other services ........
19
Federal
government
Defense Nondefense
State and local
government
Education
Other
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.5
34.1
- 1 .7
27.2
4.2
11.2
5.2
13.5
4.0
0.9
59.5
3.6
2.3
68.6
3.5
- 2 .7
83.7
5.6
2.3
73.4
100.0
rate of 7.8 percent each year between 1982 and 1995 as
compared to the moderate-growth expenditures increase of
6.7 percent.
Real g n p grows at an average annual rate of 3.9 percent
during 1982-85, a 0.6-percent higher rate than in the mod
erate version. Between 1990 and 1995, g n p rises at the
same rate in both the moderate- and high-growth alterna
tives— 2.5 percent annually. This is due primarily to the
much higher rate of import growth in the high-trend version
which tends to mask greater increases in the other categories
of g n p . The g n p in 1995 is about $98 billion higher than
in the moderate-growth case.
Major demand differences are in purchases of consumer
durables ($37 billion higher), producers’ durable equipment
($25 billion higher), and in residential investment ($35 bil
lion higher). As noted above, greater income growth in this
version leads to higher levels of imports, while exports are
virtually unchanged. Net exports are therefore lower by $63
billion than in the moderate-growth projection. Finally, higher
rates of income growth mean greater government revenues,
which lead to a balanced Federal budget in 1990.
In the high-trend alternative, the distribution of demand
as compared to the moderate version shows no change in
the share going to government. Personal consumption ex
penditures at the total level show little difference, masking
the fact that durables increase at the expense of nondurables
and services. This follows from the assumption of easier
money and lower interest rates, which are major induce
ments to purchase durables. Lower interest rates also lead
to a larger share of g n p going to equipment investment and
construction. Increased purchases from manufacturing as a
result of higher government, durable goods, equipment, and
construction purchases are more than cancelled by the large
increase assumed for imports. The drop in the export share
of g n p is partially reflected in a slight decline in the agri
cultural industries share.
Federal employment in both the defense and nondefense
areas is assumed to show little growth through 1995. With
a steady level of armed forces, compensation falls from one
half of defense purchases in 1977 to little more than onethird in 1995. The remainder of defense purchases are mainly
from manufacturing industries, and it is in this area that
healthy growth is expected. Computers and peripheral
equipment purchases will more than triple, while those for
radio and communications equipment (which includes las
ers) are projected to more than double. Other defense-related
industries such as ordnance, missiles, aircraft, ships, and
electronic components will account for much of the rest of
the purchases.
Only moderate growth is expected in State and local gov
ernment purchases between 1977 and 1995 as a result of
the completion of the highway construction program; the
slowdown in Federal grants-in-aid, outside of health; slower
growth in the school-age population compared to the in
crease through the early 1970’s; and diminished citizen ex
pectations from government. Because most State and local
purchases are for compensation, the expected moderate growth
has only minor impacts on other industries. In general, State
and local government purchases are expected to mirror the
rest of the economy in the industries affected.
Alternatives to moderate growth
The high-growth and low-growth versions of the projec
tions vary the assumptions regarding fiscal and monetary
policy. By 1995, real g n p ranges between a low of $2,127
billion and a high of $2,265 billion, accompanied by un
employment rates of 6.8 percent and 5.2 percent for the low
and high, respectively. Each of the alternatives is summa
rized below and estimates from these scenarios are presented
with the moderate-growth projections in tables 1 and 2.
High growth. The major assumption in the high scenario is
that the Federal Reserve Board pursues a less restrictive
monetary policy than in the moderate growth projections.
The assumption is that the Board of Governors allows more
rapid monetary growth in order to bolster recovery from the
1981-82 recession and to sustain a higher trend growth over
the long run.
This less-restrictive monetary policy, coupled with stronger
demand growth, leads to somewhat different inflation ex
pectations. The implicit g n p deflator increases at an annual
rate of 6.5 percent between 1982 and 1990, 1.1 percent
faster than in the moderate-growth version. However, in
stead of decelerating after 1990, implicit deflator growth
begins to pick up, running at 7.2 percent annually to 1995.
This is comparable with the rate of inflation during the
1973-77 period.
No real differences were assumed for fiscal policy in the
high-growth projection. The higher inflation rates do, how
ever, result in government expenditures growing more rap
idly throughout the period. Federal expenditures rise at a
Low growth. This alternative simulation assumes higher
levels of government spending, especially in defense, but
also in transfers and grants. Federal expenditures grow at a
rate of 9.4 percent each year between 1982 and 1990 and
at. 7 percent during the 1990-95 period. This compares to
7.5-percent and 6.1-percent growth over the same periods
in the moderate-growth scenario. Defense growth is about
1.5 percent higher each year between 1982 and 1988, re
flecting somewhat higher staff levels and greater expendi
tures on goods. Transfer payments are higher in every
category, with the major increase in social security and
medicare. As a result of the more aggressive (or less con
trolled) fiscal policy, the Federal Government runs deficits
of about $200 billion for the remainder of the decade, with
only modest tapering after 1990 to about $160 billion by
1995.
In addition, the monetary authorities are assumed to be
generally more restrictive in order to hold down inflation.
20
Both Ml and M2 grow at about 0.6-percent-lower rates than
in the moderate-growth projections. As a result, both short and long-term interest rates are pushed higher, remaining
in the double-digit range over the entire forecast period.
The high interest rates and severe competition for funds
in the credit markets limits the growth of demand, especially
for durable items. Real g n p is $40 billion lower in 1995
than in the moderate-growth case. Personal consumption
expenditures are lower by $63 billion and gross private
investment is off by $52 billion from the 1995 moderategrowth levels. In a situation analogous to that in the highgrowth case, the slower growth in income lowers imports
by $55 billion, thus masking, to some extent, the full impact
on the domestic economy. Reduced income growth only
exacerbates the Federal deficit situation, despite assumed
personal tax hikes during the mid- and late-1980’s. Damp
ened capital goods spending leads to lower productivity and
job growth over the entire period.
Different assumptions in the low-growth case cause minor
variations in the level of g n p , but large internal shifts, as
compared to the base case. Tight monetary policy leads to
higher interest rates with the expected retarding effect on
consumers’ and producers’ durable goods and on construc
tion— sectors that purchase heavily from manufacturing.
However, because imports are assumed to grow at a much
slower rate, and defense spending at a faster rate, than g n p ,
the adverse impact of low demand on manufacturing is
alleviated. And lower consumer expenditures and invest
ment do cause trade to represent a larger share of g n p . [ j
1
As part of a continuing program to assess the validity o f bls projections,
a future article will evaluate the projections of the U.S. economy for 1980.
For previous articles see Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “ The 1995 labor force:
a first look,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , December 1980, pp. 11-21; Norman
C. Saunders, “ The U.S. economy through 1990— an update,” M o n th ly
L a b o r Review , August 1981, pp. 18-27; Valerie A. Personick, “ The out
look for industry output and employment through 1990,” M o n th ly L a b o r
R eview , August 1981, pp. 28-41; Max L. Carey, “ Occupational em
ployment growth through 1990,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , August 1981,
pp. 4 2 -55; and Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “ How accurate were the 1980
labor force projections?,”
21
M o n th ly L a b o r R eview .
July 1982, pp. 15-21.
2P r o je c tio n s o f the P o p u la tio n o f the U n ite d States: 1982 to 2050.
C u rre n t P o p u la tio n Reports,
Series P-25, No. 922 (U.S. Bureau o f the
Census, 1982).
3 Tables detailing the major assumptions underlying the aggregate pro
jections will be included with reprints of this article.
4 Trade-weighted average value of the dollar
major U.S. trading partners.
vis-a-vis
the currencies of
The job outlook through 1995:
industry output and employment projections
Recovery is expected in construction and
durable goods, but services will continue
to lead job growth; several heavy industries
will not reach past peaks because changing
markets and technologies will dampen expansion
V a l e r ie
A.
P e r s o n ic k
duction in these sectors, but productivity improvements and
technological change will limit job expansion.
Despite manufacturing’s gains, most new job growth is
projected to take place in service-producing industries, as
it has in the past. Service-producing industries— broadly
defined as transportation, communications, public utilities,
trade, finance, insurance, real estate, other services, and
government— are projected to account for almost 75 percent
of all new jobs between 1982 and 1995.
Within the service-producing sector, the miscellaneous
or other service component is projected to continue to grow
the fastest. Industries such as medical care, business ser
vices, professional services, hotels, personal services, and
nonprofit organizations are projected to account for more
than 1 of 3 new jobs over the projection span, compared
with 1 of 6 for manufacturing industries. In addition, the
miscellaneous service sector is expected to have smoother
job growth than manufacturing. Because miscellaneous ser
vice industries were less impacted by the cyclical downturn,
they will not be as dramatically affected by the anticipated
economic upswing, leading to smoother employment growth.
These findings are from the Bureau’s most recent eco
nomic and employment projections for the years through
1995. This study of industry output and employment is one
in a series of four; the others describe projections of the
labor force, gross national product and the distribution of
final demand, and employment by occupation.1
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ latest projections of industry
output and employment indicate that contrary to several
popular reports the decade of the 1990’s will not see the
demise of America’s smokestack industries. A sizable por
tion of the recent factory job loss can be attributed to the
1980-82 recessionary period, and as the economy recovers,
heavy manufacturing industries should increase employ
ment. Job gains in manufacturing will account for almost
1 of 6 new jobs between 1982 and 1995. (See table 1.)
Manufacturing, which represented 25 percent of all jobs in
1959 but less than 19 percent in 1982, is projected to main
tain this steady share throughout the 1982-95 period. (See
table 2.)
Because manufacturing job gains primarily reflect a re
bound from the low recession levels, much of the growth
occurs in the early part of the projection span. About 3
million jobs are projected to be added to factory employment
by 1990, but only about 1.3 million between 1990 and 1995.
Furthermore, despite the recovery, employment in several
key manufacturing industries (for example, autos and steel),
is not expected to reach previous peaks, at least not by
1995. A turnaround in demand is projected to boost pro-
Valerie A. Personick is an economist in the Office of Economic Growth
and Employment Projections. Karen J. Horowitz, an economist in the same
Office, contributed the section on technology and changing demand.
22
Tafole 1.
Projected job growth, 1982-95
[ In t h o u s a n d s ]
Because of the unlimited range of actual outcomes in the
future, three alternative projections to 1995 were prepared
with an eye to suggesting a range of possibilities. These
three scenarios, characterized as low growth, moderate
growth, and high growth, assume various patterns of eco
nomic change. Because they are based on a few specific
assumptions about macroeconomic variables, they do not
represent the actual bounds to output and employment in
1995. Rather, they show what might happen under alter
native responses of the economy to changes in fiscal and
monetary policies.2
Unless otherwise noted, this article discusses the mod
erate growth projection. This case is marked by a period of
recovery from the 1982 recession, followed by stable eco
nomic growth through the mid-1990’s. The civilian un
employment rate, which was 9.7 percent in 1982, is projected
to fall to 6.3 percent by 1990, and then dip slightly to 6.0
percent by 1995. Total employment is expected to rise from
102.3 million in 1982 to 127.6 million by 1995, a gain of
more than 25 million new jobs. Growth is projected to be
faster in the earlier years, as industries rebound from the
recent economic downturn. Employment, which expanded
by 3.6 percent a year between 1975 and 1979, showed very
few gains during the business slump of 1980 or the brief
recovery period thereafter. The more severe recession of
1981-82 brought an additional 1.3-percent decline in total
jobs. Employment is projected to rebound, averaging growth
of 1.8 percent a year from 1982 to 1990, then slow to 1.5
percent annually through 1995.
The slowdown in employment reflects not only the di
minishing of the initial surge caused by recovery but, even
more significantly, a continuing slowdown in the rate of
growth of the labor force.3 Following the rapid expansion
of the 1970’s, labor force growth has begun to taper as the
last members of the baby-boom generation reach working
age. The slowdown is projected to continue through the
1980’s and 1990’s, as the decrease in births between 1960
and 1975 will cause an absolute decline in the number of
potential new workers ages 16 to 24. The labor force, which
grew 2.3 percent a year between 1970 and 1982, is projected
to grow 1.6 percent a year to 1990, and 1.0 percent a year
thereafter.
Workn’eek. Somewhat offsetting the effects of slower labor
force growth on job creation is the projection of the work
week. Average weekly hours are projected to continue their
long-term downward trend. In the short run, average weekly
hours, especially in manufacturing, are used to respond to
the pressures of the business cycle. At the beginning of an
economic downturn, employers cut back on overtime hours
before laying off workers, and as the economy improves,
overtime hours are added and the workweek extended before
new employees are hired. This recovery will be no excep
23
Industry
1982-95
New
Percent
jobs
of total
Total new
jo b s................... 25,248
1982-90
New
Percent
jobs
of total
1990-95
New
Percent
jobs
of total
100.0
16,000
100.0
9,248
100.0
6,548
-265
122
2,434
4,257
3,170
1,087
25.9
-1 .0
.5
9.6
16.9
12.6
4.3
4,350
-163
39
1,472
3,002
2,224
778
27.2
-1 .0
.2
9.2
18.8
13.9
4.9
2,198
-102
83
962
1,255
946
309
23.8
-1.1
.9
10.4
13.6
10.2
3.3
Service-producing: 18,700
Transportation,
public utilities
1,094
Trade ................ 6,009
Finance,
insurance, and
real estate. . . . 1,786
Services........... 8,673
Private
households. . . -289
Government. . . . 1,427
74.1
11,650
72.8
7,050
76.2
4.3
23.8
659
3,819
4.1
23.9
435
2,190
4.7
23.7
7.1
34.4
1,214
5,246
7.6
32.8
572
3,427
6.2
37.1
-1.1
5.7
-235
947
-1 .5
5.9
-5 4
480
- .6
5.2
Goods-producing:
Farm...................
M ining..............
Construction. . . .
Manufacturing. . .
Durable.........
Nondurable. . .
tion. The factory workweek is projected to expand from
38.9 hours in 1982 to 39.8 hours by 1984; thereafter, the
long-term decline will resume, with manufacturing hours
averaging 38.8 by 1995. Hours in nonmanufacturing will
drop even more rapidly, reflecting both declines in the full
time workweek as well as increases in part-time employ
ment. For the private nonfarm economy as a whole, average
weeklv hours are projected to fall from 35.1 in 1982 to 33.1
in 1995.
Productivity. Output per worker hour, or productivity, is
projected to return to rates of growth more characteristic of
the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. Between 1968 and 1973,
output per hour in the private nonfarm sector grew by 2.0
percent a year. Over the same span, employment and real
gross national product also enjoyed rapid growth— 2.1 per
cent for jobs and 3.5 percent for g n p . This period of ex
pansion was followed by years of declining productivity.
Between 1973 and 1979, productivity grew by only .9 each
year, and between 1979 and 1982 the rate dropped further,
to .4 percent. This decline is expected to be reversed, how
ever, as new capital investment, strong demand growth, and
more efficient utilization of the slowly growing labor force
all contribute to a resurgence in productivity. Output per
hour is expected to climb to a 1.6-percent annual growth
rate during the 1982-90 period, and then grow at a 1.3percent annual pace between 1990 and 1995.
For manufacturing alone, productivity gains are projected
to be just as dramatic. A 2.2-percent annual rise is projected
between 1982 and 1995, compared with 1.5 percent over
the 1973-79 period and .7 percent during 1979-82.
It should be noted that rising productivity does not nec
essarily mean layoffs— as noted, 4.3 million new factory
jobs will be added between 1982 and 1995. Productivity
advances can be accompanied by employment growth, as
the general level of production expands, g n p is projected
Table 2.
Actual and projected employment by major sectors, 1959-95
E m ploym ent (in thousands)
1 990
Sector
195 9
196 9
1 995
1982
197 9
Low
M oderate
High
Low
M o d erate
High
T o tal..............................................
Farm ..........................................
Nonfarm.....................................
67,705
5,491
62,214
82,401
3,495
78,906
102,211
2,861
99,350
102,315
2,815
99,500
116,943
2,630
114,313
118,315
2,652
115,663
119,399
2,672
116,727
125,251
2,500
122,751
127,563
2,550
125,013
130,299
2,595
127,704
Government............................
Federal ..............................
State and local ..................
Private ...................................
Mining................................
Construction.......................
Manufacturing.....................
Durable .........................
Nondurable.....................
Transportation and public
utilities............................
Trade ................................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate..............................
Services..............................
Private households..............
8,083
2,233
5,850
54,131
612
3,825
16,985
9,560
7,425
12,195
2,758
9,437
66,711
501
4,386
20,469
12,081
8,388
15,947
2,773
13,174
83,403
704
5,903
21,406
12,989
8,417
15,803
2,739
13,064
83,697
742
5,491
19,234
11,326
7,908
16,830
3,202
13,628
97,483
775
7,020
21,686
13,218
8,468
16,750
2,989
13,761
98,913
781
6,963
22,236
13,550
8,686
17,060
3,096
13,964
99,667
760
7,052
22,635
13,871
8,764
17,180
3,163
14,017
105,571
842
7,798
22,963
14,286
8,696
17,230
2,960
14,270
107,783
864
7,925
23,491
14,496
8,995
17,760
3,139
14,621
109,944
844
8,004
24,132
14,965
9,167
4,304
13,245
4,718
16,704
5,534
22,352
5,543
22,536
6,152
25,885
6,202
26,355
6,287
26,649
6,488
27,764
6,637
28,545
6,746
28,859
2,923
9,663
2,574
3,864
13,747
2,322
5,523
20,258
1,723
5,899
22,617
1,635
7,021
27,501
1,443
7,113
27,863
1,400
6,667
28,225
1,392
7,607
30,814
1,295
7,685
31,290
1,346
7,788
32,203
1,368
Percent distribution
1990
1959
196 9
1 99 5
1982
1979
Low
M oderate
High
Low
M od e ra te
High
Total..............................................
Farm ..........................................
Nonfarm.....................................
100.0
8.1
91.9
100.0
4.2
95.8
100.0
2.8
97.2
100.0
2.8
97.2
100.0
2.2
97.8
100.0
2.2
97.8
100.0
2.2
97.8
100.0
2.0
98.0
100.0
2.0
98.0
100.0
2.0
98.0
Government............................
Federal ..............................
State and local ..................
Private ...................................
Mining................................
Construction.......................
Manufacturing.....................
Durable .........................
Nondurable .....................
Transportation and public
utilities............................
Trade ................................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate ..............................
Services..............................
Private households..............
11.9
3.3
8.6
80.0
.9
5.6
25.1
14.1
11.0
14.8
3.3
11.5
81.0
.6
5.3
24.8
14.7
10.2
15.6
2.7
12.9
81.6
.7
5.8
20.9
12.7
8.2
15.4
2.7
12.8
81.8
.7
5.4
18.8
11.1
7.7
14.4
2.7
11.7
83.4
.7
6.0
18.5
11.3
7.2
14.2
2.5
11.6
83.6
.7
5.9
18.8
11.5
7.3
14.3
2.6
11.7
83.5
.6
5.9
19.0
11.6
7.3
13.7
2.5
11.2
84.3
.7
6.2
18.3
11.4
6.9
13.5
2.3
11.2
84.5
.7
6.2
18.4
11.4
7.1
13.6
2.4
11.2
84.4
.6
6.1
18.5
11.5
7.0
6.4
19.6
5.7
20.3
5.4
21.9
5.4
22.0
5.3
22.1
5.2
22.3
5.3
22.3
5.2
22.2
5.2
22.4
5.2
22.1
4.3
14.3
3.8
4.7
16.7
2.8
5.4
19.8
1.7
5.8
22.1
1.6
6.0
23.5
1.2
6.0
23.5
1.2
5.6
23.6
1.2
6.1
24.6
1.0
6.0
24.5
1.1
6.0
24.7
1.0
Average annual rate of change
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 5 9 -6 9
1 9 6 9 -7 9
1 9 9 0 -9 5
1 97 9 82
Low
M oderate
High
1 9 8 2 -9 5
Low
M oderate
High
Low
M od e ra te
High
Total ..............................................
Farm ..........................................
Nonfarm.....................................
2.0
-4 .4
2.4
2.2
-2 .0
2.3
.0
- .5
.1
1.7
- .8
1.7
1.8
- .7
1.9
1.9
- .6
2.0
1.4
-1 .0
1.4
1.5
- .8
1.6
1.8
- .6
1.8
1.6
- .9
1.6
1.7
- .8
1.8
1.9
- .6
1.9
Government ............................
Federal................................
State and local.....................
Private ...................................
M ining................................
Construction .......................
Manufacturing .....................
Durable............................
Nondurable .....................
Transportation and public
utilities ............................
Trade...................................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate ..............................
Services..............................
Private households..............
4.2
2.1
4.9
2.1
-2 .0
1.4
1.9
2.4
1.2
2.7
.1
3.4
2.3
3.5
30
.4
.7
.0
- .3
- .4
- .3
.1
1.8
-2 4
-3.5
-4.5
-2.1
.8
2.0
.5
1.9
.6
31
1.5
1.9
.9
.7
1.1
.7
2.1
.7
30
1.8
2.3
1.2
1.0
1.5
.8
2.2
.3
32
2.1
2.6
1.3
.4
- .2
.6
1.6
1.7
2J
1.2
1.5
.5
.6
- .2
.7
1.7
2.0
2.6
1.1
1.4
.7
.8
.3
.9
2.0
2.1
26
1.3
1.5
.9
.6
1.1
.5
1.8
1.0
.7
.6
.7
2.0
1.2
.9
11
.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
1.8
.7
1.5
1.9
1.0
1.8
2.2
11
.9
2.3
1.6
3.0
.1
.3
1.3
1.7
1.4
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.5
19
2.8
3.6
-1 .0
3.6
4.0
-2 .9
2.2
3.7
-1 .7
2.2
2.5
-1 .6
2.4
2.6
-1 .9
1.5
2.8
-2 .0
1.6
2.3
-2.1
1.6
2.3
- .8
3.2
2.7
-.3
2.0
2.4
-1 .8
2.1
2.5
-1 .5
22
28
-1 .4
N
o te:
Data include wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers.
to grow 2.9 percent a year between 1982 and 1995, com
pared with 3.1 percent during the 1969-79 period, and .1
percent during the 1979-82 period. However, it is expected
that new labor-saving technologies will cause shifts to occur
among industries, with many of the old-line factory jobs
giving way to new industries and occupations.
Technology and changing demand. Labor-saving technol
ogies are not the only cause of employment shifts among
industries. Another determinant obviously is the demand for
an industry’s products. It is useful to separate aggregate
demand into two categories— final demand and intermediate
demand. Final demand includes consumer expenditures,
24
Most machinery is becoming smaller and being built with
less steel. This change is reflected in the inputs to most
industries, but causes a secondary impact on the demand
for iron ore and coal.
Other changes in intermediate demand are not expected
to be as large as those just described. The age structure of
the population and health concerns are likely to cause some
changes in the kinds of foods consumed and how they are
packaged— less sugar and salt, more microwave and frozen
foods. Food and beverages will be packaged more in plastic
and paper products, less in metal cans. Plastics are likely
to become even more commonplace and used in a multitude
of new ways, as their cost comes down and durability im
proves. The radial tire and lower annual car mileage should
slow down the domestic tire industry. As consumers keep
their cars longer, maintenance and repair of vehicles will
increase.
A continuation in the substitution of synthetic fibers for
natural fibers (cotton and wool) in clothing and textile prod
ucts is projected, although this trend is expected to slow.
Also projected is a change in how the advertising dollar
is spent in the future. There will be a drop in the proportion
spent on newspaper advertising, and an increase in that spent
on radio and on commercial and cable television. This goes
along with the closing of many afternoon newspapers, as
the trend to watching news on television increases.
government purchases, investment in capital equipment and
structures, exports, and imports. Intermediate demand refers
to purchases necessary in the production process; for ex
ample, final demand by consumers for cars leads to inter
mediate demand by auto producers for steel, glass, plastic,
and so forth.
Intermediate demand changes over time for several rea
sons. New technology is but one. Other reasons include
substitutions necessitated by the changing relative prices of
inputs, or scarcity of inputs, or changes in the relative dis
tribution of goods which the industry produces.
Many times, a large increase or decline in demand for
one product of an industry can have an impact on the sup
plying industries, even when the technology is not changing.
When this demand change is coupled with a change in the
production process, the impact can be even larger.
The energy crisis of the 1970’s has led to some of these
changes. As gasoline became more expensive, and the Con
gress mandated better fuel efficiency in domestic cars, the
inputs to the production of autos changed. Cars became
smaller, taking less steel (and lighter weight steel). Spare
tires were replaced with smaller tires, and electronic ignition
systems and “ computers” were added to make cars more
fuel efficient. Also, businesses were forced to be more en
ergy efficient. Over time, they reduced their demand for
electricity, gas, and oil by replacing older machines with
more efficient models, renovating heating systems, and in
creasing building insulation.
Some changes occurred because of new technologies, and
because these technologies were becoming more affordable.
Advances in electronic components and computer chips made
small business computers more prevalent and personal com
puters and video games quite common in private homes.
Although this is reflected mainly as a final demand change,
these same electronic components led to “ smarter” ma
chinery, which can do more. This trend will accelerate in
the 1980’s— most types of machinery are projected to in
clude electronic components in the future.
Changing intermediate demand also affects the projection
of miscellaneous business services. Many firms contract out
for the services of this industry—computer software and
services, mailing and reproduction services, building ser
vices, and personnel, management, and public relations ser
vices. As the demand for computers grows, obviously the
demand for software will also grow. Businesses are finding
that it is more efficient to get specialized services from
professionals, instead of trying to do everything in-house.
Another growing component in business overhead is tele
phone communications. Firms have become increasingly
dependent on telephone communication as business travel
became more expensive and establishments more geograph
ically spread out. As the capability of computers to “ talk”
to one another expands, this should become even more
important. We have only begun to see the advances which
are possible in this industry.
Output and employment: selected industries
Many industries are projected to show very rapid output
and employment growth over the next several years but, for
a lot of them, growth mainly represents a catchup following
the severe 1980-82 recessionary period. (See table 3.) A
list of the top 10 growth industries for the 1982-95 period
illustrates how the recession and its subsequent recovery
can impact the long-range growth outlook. (See table 4.)
Several industries are on the list solely because their 1982
level of output or employment was so drastically reduced,
and not because they are expected to be the high-growth
industries of the I980’s. Examples are iron and ferroalloy
ores mining (1982 output was half the 1981 level and em
ployment less than two-thirds), and new construction. In
addition, other industries not on the fastest-growing list may
have faster growth rates projected for the years from 1982
to 1990 as they recover from recession, but their overall
1982-95 rate is projected to be lower than those industries
on the list. Examples are chemical and fertilizer mining,
fabricated metal stampings, engines and turbines, material
handling equipment, household appliances, and miscella
neous transportation equipment.
New construction, along with the motor vehicle industry,
actually led the recent downturn, as high inflation and in
terest rates constricted purchases of new homes and new
cars. As the recession spread to supplier industries and to
other areas of the economy, high unemployment and re
sulting concern over job security added to consumers’ re-
25
Table 3.
Gross product by major sector, actual and projected, 1959-95
B illio ns of 1 9 7 2 dollars
1995
199 0
Sector
195 9
196 9
197 9
198 2
otal private .....................................................
Farm ............................................................
Nonfarm ........................................................
$629.5
27.8
601.7
$951.9
29.5
922.4
$1,326.4
34.2
1,292.2
Mining........................................................
Construction..............................................
Manufacturing............................................
Durable .................................................
Nondurable............................................
Transportation and public utilities ..............
Transportation.......................................
Communications ...................................
Public utilities .......................................
Trade . .'...................................................
Wholesale..............................................
Retail.....................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...........
Services.....................................................
Government enterprises ............................
Private households.....................................
Rest of world and statistical discrepancy . .
13.3
45.5
171.2
100.9
70.3
55.4
29.9
11.5
14.0
115.4
42.0
73.4
98.5
76.9
11.8
6.7
7.0
18.2
55.8
277.2
170.3
106.8
92.6
43.4
23.8
25.3
173.6
70.6
103.0
152.9
121.4
16.8
5.8
8.1
20.8
58.2
367.0
223.4
143.6
140.0
56.3
49.0
34.7
250.7
106.5
144.2
229.4
184.1
21.2
3.6
17.2
Low
M o d erate
High
Low
M o d erate
H igh
$1,329.4
39.0
1,290.4
$1,690.0
40.6
1,649.4
$1,753.8
41.6
1,712.2
$1,838.4
41.9
1,796.5
$1,976.8
41.8
1,935.0
$2,001.3
43.1
1,958.2
$2,113.3
43.4
2,069.9
21.6
47.7
336.1
197.4
138.7
138.9
46.8
57.2
34.9
248.0
106.3
141.7
251.0
205.6
21.6
3.1
16.8
24.3
56.3
448.4
280.7
167.7
192.8
60.7
91.2
40.9
297.8
126.5
171.3
325.4
260.4
23.2
2.8
18.0
25.1
64.3
470.4
296.1
174.3
203.3
63.6
97.5
42.2
314.9
132.6
182.3
340.9
270.7
24.0
2.9
-4 .3
25.3
73.2
490.7
312.3
178.4
213.0
66.0
103.5
43.5
332.4
140.0
192.4
351.5
283.5
24.9
3.0
-1 .0
26.4
63.1
535.5
344.8
190.7
234.3
71.4
117.5
45.4
336.2
142.4
193.8
384.6
303.3
24.5
2.6
24.5
27.0
73.8
548.7
353.4
195.3
239.7
73.0
120.3
46.4
353.1
147.8
205.3
391.4
307.8
25.3
2.8
-11.4
27.3
86.5
572.6
372.7
199.9
251.9
76.1
127.8
48.0
376.3
157.6
218.7
405.5
323.9
26.6
3.0
-3 .7
A verage annual rate of change
1 9 9 0 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 5 9 -6 9
Total private .....................................................
Farm ............................................................
Nonfarm .......................................................
Mining.......................................................
Construction..............................................
Manufacturing............................................
Durable ................................................
Nondurable............................................
Transportation and public utilities ..............
Transportation.......................................
Communications ...................................
Public utilities .......................................
Trade .......................................................
Wholesale..............................................
Retail.....................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...........
Services.....................................................
Government enterprises ............................
Private households.....................................
Rest of world and statistical discrepancy . .
1Not computable.
S ource:
Historical data are from the
U .S .
1 9 6 9 -7 9
Low
M oderate
High
Low
M od e ra te
High
Low
M o d erate
High
4.2
.6
4.4
3.4
1.5
3.4
0.1
4.5
- .0
3.0
.5
3.1
3.5
.8
3.6
4.1
.9
4.2
3.2
.6
3.2
2.7
.7
2.7
2.8
.7
2.9
3.1
.6
3.2
3.2
.7
3.3
3.6
.8
3.7
3.2
2.1
4.9
5.4
4.3
5.3
3.8
7.5
6.1
4.2
5.3
3.4
4.5
4.7
3.6
-1.4
1.5
1.3
.4
2.8
2.8
3.0
4.2
2.6
7.5
3.2
3.7
4.2
3.4
4.1
4.3
2.4
-4 .7
7.8
1.3
-6 .4
-2 .9
-4 .0
-1 .2
- .3
-6 .0
5.3
.2
- .4
-.1
- .6
3.0
3.8
.6
-4 .9
- .8
1.5
2.1
3.7
4.5
2.4
4.2
3.3
6.0
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.4
3.3
3.0
.9
-1.1
.9
1.9
3.8
4.3
5.2
2.9
4.9
3.9
6.9
2.4
3.0
2.8
3.2
3.9
3.5
1.3
- .9
(1)
2.0
5.5
4.8
5.9
3.2
5.5
4.4
7.7
2.8
3.7
3.5
3.9
4.3
4.1
1.8
- .3
(1)
1.7
2.3
3.6
4.2
2.6
4.0
3.3
5.2
2.1
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.4
3.1
1.1
-1 .4
6.4
1.5
2.8
3.1
3.6
2.3
3.3
2.8
4.3
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.8
2.6
1.1
- .8
-21.3
1.5
3.4
3.1
3.6
2.3
3.4
2.9
4.3
2.0
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
1.3
- .3
-29.9
1.6
2.2
3.6
4.4
2.5
4.1
3.3
5.7
2.0
2.4
2.3
2.4
3.3
3.0
1.0
-1 .2
2.9
1.8
3.4
3.8
4.6
2.7
4.3
3.5
5.9
2.2
2.8
2.5
2.9
3.5
3.2
1.2
- .9
(1)
1.9
4.7
4.2
5.0
2.8
4.7
3.8
6.4
2.5
3.3
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.6
1.6
- .3
(1)
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
taper to 1.9 million by 1995.
While new housing construction was in a severe slump,
maintenance and repair construction was buoyant. As one
might expect, the inability to purchase a new house led
many consumers to renovate their present dwellings. In
addition, high oil prices and energy tax credits resulted in
substantial investments in energy conservation measures.
The output of maintenance and repair construction (almost
two-thirds of which is for residences) rose 4.6 percent a
year from 1979 to 1981, more than three times as fast as
its long-term expansion rate of 1.5 percent. Employment
dropped in 1982 as the industry succumbed to the general
economic recession. A turnaround is projected, with the
output of maintenance and repair construction projected to
grow 2.2 percent a year through 1995.
Unlike new residential construction, nonresidential con
struction suffered a setback in the mid-1970’s, and has al
ready begun the recovery anticipated for homebuilding. A
2.1-percent growth rate is projected for nonresidential con
struction between 1982 and 1995. Growth of industrial
luctance to make major spending commitments. Investment
in residential construction and motor vehicle production each
dropped by almost a third between 1979 and 1982.
Employment is projected to fare better in 1983 and suc
ceeding years. As unemployment falls and the economy
recovers, many durable goods industries will at first rebound
strongly and then eventually resume long-term growth pat
terns. Some sectors, however, will not be able to recover
to long-term growth paths, as changing markets and tech
nologies crimp expansion. (See table 5 for employment by
industry.)
Recovery in construction. Housing starts plunged from 2
million units in 1978 to fewer than 1.1 million in 1982, the
result of high interest rates which drove many families out
of the market for a new home. Pent-up demand will spur
new home sales as interest rates fall, but by the late 1980’s,
a slowdown in the rate of new household formation will
dampen these demand pressures. New housing starts are
projected to climb steadily to 2.2 million by 1988, but then
1 9 8 2 -9 5
1 9 7 9 -8 2
26
at 3.6 million units, or 30 percent of all new car sales after
1989, as more foreign automakers open plants in the United
States.
Flat demand after the recovery period, foreign competi
tion, and new automated methods of production do not bode
well for employment in the auto industry. Only 127,000 of
the 284,000 jobs lost between 1979 and 1982 are projected
to be recovered by 1990. After 1990, employment increases
will be moderate through 1995. The projected 1995 level
of 860,000 jobs for the motor vehicle industry falls short
of the 1 million peak recorded in 1978.
structures such as plants and utilities will exceed 5 percent
a year, while commercial buildings and other structures will
grow much more slowly.
Total employment in new and repair construction peaked
at 5.9 million in 1979, but fell to 5.5 million in 1982. The
job picture will brighten as the industry recovers, with em
ployment projected to reach 7.9 million by 1995. Growth
will be faster between 1982 and 1990, rising 3.0 percent a
year, then taper to a 2.6-percent annual rate between 1990
and 1995.
Construction-related industries. Output and employment
trends in many construction-related industries mirror the
patterns just described. Logging, sawmills, planing mills,
and other wood product industries, which are heavily de
pendent on residential construction, suffered sizable output
and employment losses between 1979 and 1982. These in
dustries as a group took a 20-percent job cutback over that
period. As residential construction improves, jobs in wood
products industries should reappear. Employment is pro
jected to grow 2.0 percent a year from 1982 to 1990 and
.6 percent a year during the 1990-95 period. Almost all the
growth is projected to be in millwork and plywood shops.
Employment in logging, sawmills, and planing mills, which
had been declining slightly even before the recession, will
hold about level.
Most other construction-related industries will also show
recovery from 1982’s depressed levels. Included in this
group are stone and clay products, fabricated structural metal,
electric lighting and wiring, household appliances, furni
ture, and mobile homes. Most of the rebound occurs by
1988 or 1989, after which growth tapers off.
High-tech industries, b l s has developed three definitions of
high technology industries based on the utilization of work
ers in technology-oriented occupations and on expenditures
for research and development.4 In addition, some judgments
were made to include or exclude industries based on the
major product or activity of the industry. Whichever defi
nition is used, employment in high technology industries is
projected to increase faster than total employment between
1982 and 1995; however, the contribution of high-tech in
dustries to total job growth will be relatively small. Under
the broadest of the three definitions, high-tech industries
account for 17 percent of all new jobs between 1982 and
1995; under the second definition, they account for 8 per
cent; while under the narrowest definition, they represent
slightly more than 3 percent. These ratios are about in line
with the industries’ share of new jobs over the previous
decade.
Projected employment growth rates vary widely among
high-technology industries. Computer and data processing
services and research and development laboratories, the only
nonmanufacturing industries in the group, will show some
Motor vehicles. Like home construction, the motor vehicle
industry was hit especially hard by high inflation and interest
rates. The value of domestic production was cut by onefourth in 1980, followed by an additional 10-percent drop
in 1982. Workers in the industry suffered massive layoffs—
284,000 jobs were lost over the 3-year span, with employ
ment falling to a level of 707,000 by 1982 from 991,000
in 1979.
Consumers are projected to increase demand for motor
vehicles as interest rates fall. New car sales are expected to
climb to more than 12 million vehicles per year by 1988,
compared with just 8 million in 1982.
After the catchup from 1982’s depressed sales levels,
however, new car sales are projected to plateau because of
long-term demographic shifts which have already begun.
The large numbers of new car buyers who flooded show
rooms in the 1970’s to purchase their first cars are now in
older age groups. This surge of first-time buyers will not
be seen again, at least not for several decades.
Imported autos held steady throughout the recession at
2.3 million units, as the drop in purchases occurred solely
among domestic models. Imports are projected to stabilize
27
Table 4. Projected e m ploym ent changes for selected
industries, 1 9 8 2 -9 5
Average inn ual rate of change
Industry
1 9 8 2 -9 5
1 9 8 2 -9 0
1 9 9 0 -9 5
4.3
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.2
4.1
5.7
4.0
4.2
3.6
4.1
3.2
3.6
3.3
6.1
3.6
1.1
3.4
3.0
4.0
2.4
3.7
2.7
2.8
-3 .3
-2 .3
-2 .3
-2 .2
-2.1
-2 .0
-1 .6
-1 .5
-1 .5
-1 .3
-2 .3
-2.1
-2 .3
-2.4
-1 .2
-1 .0
-1 .8
-1 .5
-1 .9
-1 .4
-4 .9
-2 .6
-2 .2
-1 .9
-3 .4
-3 .7
-1 .2
-1 .5
- .8
-1 .3
Fastest grow ing:
, Medical and dental instruments ..........................
Business services...............................................
Iron and ferroalloy ores mining ..........................
Computers and peripheral equipment ................
Radio and television broadcasting .....................
Other medical services........................................
Plastic products .................................................
Scientific and controlling instruments ................
Electronic components........................................
New construction ...............................................
M ost rap id ly declining:
Leather tanning and industrial leather ................
Dairy products (processed).................................
Wooden containers............................................
Leather products, including footwear ................
Tobacco manufacturers .....................................
Bakery products . . . ........................................
Railroad transportation........................................
Cotton ...............................................................
Private households ............................................
Dairy and poultry products (farm) .....................
N
o te
:
workers.
Data include wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family
T able 5.
A ctual and projected em ploym ent by industry, 1 9 5 9 -9 5
[In thousands]
Actual
Industry
Projected
1 990
1959
196 9
1979
1 99 5
1982
Low
Moderate
High
Low
High
Moderate
Agriculture:
Dairy and poultry products............................................
Meat animals and livestock .........................................
Cotton ..........................................................................
Food and feed grains ...................................................
Other agricultural products............................................
1,551
979
565
960
1,436
813
756
172
635
1,119
463
544
60
602
1,192
429
524
61
603
1,198
378
474
55
585
1,138
384
473
54
589
1,151
387
475
55
593
1,162
344
439
50
571
1,096
360
445
50
577
1,118
367
450
51
585
1,141
Mining:
Iron and ferroalloy ores m ining.....................................
Copper ore mining .......................................................
Nonferrous metal ores mining, except copper ..............
Coal mining .................................................................
Crude petroleum and natural gas (except drilling) .........
Stone and clay mining and quarrying ............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining .........................
33
23
31
201
200
105
19
30
34
25
138
157
99
18
31
33
38
261
212
104
25
16
25
34
242
311
90
24
25
27
34
299
275
85
31
25
27
34
286
291
87
31
22
26
33
275
282
92
31
25
33
35
310
332
72
35
26
35
34
317
338
77
35
23
36
34
322
307
87
35
Construction:
New construction (including oil well drilling) ................
Maintenance and repair construction ............................
3,163
662
3,594
792
4,679
1,224
4,067
1,424
5,242
1,778
5,263
1,700
5,366
1,685
5,936
1,861
6,043
1,882
6,091
1,912
Manufacturing:
Durable goods:
Ordnance .....................................................................
Complete guided missiles and space vehicles................
Logging ........................................................................
Sawmills and planing m ills............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products ..............
Wooden containers.......................................................
Household furniture .....................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household.......................
Glass ............................................................................
Cement and concrete products .....................................
50
94
143
305
261
43
259
124
153
209
175
107
138
230
310
36
316
153
188
228
73
81
150
237
394
19
329
176
202
255
79
105
126
179
317
15
270
180
173
209
90
130
130
192
400
12
334
193
198
222
87
130
131
196
406
12
346
199
201
240
88
127
133
210
416
13
368
205
205
250
88
149
124
206
414
10
346
200
211
215
85
140
128
209
419
11
357
206
212
240
90
143
130
215
427
12
392
208
214
257
Structural clay products................................................
Pottery and related products..........................................
Other stone and clay products .....................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products .......................
Iron and steel foundries and forgings............................
Primary copper and copper products ............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products ..................
Primary nonferrous metals and products.......................
Metal containers ..........................................................
Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures.......................
78
49
125
588
269
137
111
78
75
71
64
45
140
644
312
160
153
93
87
76
52
52
165
571
324
161
170
93
80
76
34
40
132
394
221
135
140
80
64
61
35
44
156
420
247
157
167
83
67
72
37
45
164
435
255
160
174
84
69
73
39
46
173
430
258
164
175
86
70
80
29
46
175
433
264
166
168
83
61
77
30
49
182
447
270
170
178
85
62
78
33
50
191
444
275
178
183
90
66
88
Fabricated structural metal products..............................
Screw machine products ..............................................
Metal stampings ..........................................................
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware .....................
Other fabricated metal products.....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators ................................
Farm machinery............................................................
Construction, mining, and oilfield machinery ................
Material handling equipment..........................................
Metalworking machinery ..............................................
344
88
189
135
231
90
128
162
65
251
440
114
255
165
315
112
141
202
95
347
535
117
245
185
376
145
184
276
106
379
461
92
187
143
331
113
139
254
87
319
537
112
234
177
388
151
164
315
110
371
572
115
249
184
414
152
170
321
113
388
598
117
253
188
413
152
173
325
120
393
563
118
236
198
399
165
167
343
123
373
619
121
252
200
430
167
172
357
125
400
664
122
259
204
436
170
178
368
136
415
Special industry machinery............................................
General industrial machinery.........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery.......................................
Computers and peripheral equipment............................
Typewriters and other office equipment.........................
Service industry machines ............................................
Electric transmission equipment ...................................
Electrical industrial apparatus .......................................
Household appliances ...................................................
Electric lighting and w irin g............................................
164
221
166
111
28
97
157
176
157
134
206
291
246
224
52
147
207
223
187
205
205
329
313
339
59
188
221
251
178
225
176
288
292
428
47
159
215
206
142
187
206
336
323
586
55
190
235
255
175
229
207
342
331
586
60
199
245
261
183
239
211
343
341
593
64
211
246
275
193
246
210
350
339
665
67
208
246
284
185
251
213
356
345
694
69
214
256
288
188
253
221
362
362
706
73
232
263
313
202
253
Radio and television receiving sets................................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus ..............................
Radio and communication equipment............................
Electronic components ................................................
Other electrical machinery and equipment.....................
Motor vehicles..............................................................
Aircraft ........................................................................
Ship and boat building and repair ................................
Raiiroad equipment.......................................................
Motorcycles, bicycles, and pa rts...................................
114
105
252
213
111
696
722
151
41
9
156
146
409
394
125
912
805
193
51
14
116
165
357
525
176
991
632
230
74
20
93
148
424
561
153
707
629
223
37
14
95
177
452
725
162
794
716
260
45
17
106
185
433
745
170
834
680
254
47
18
110
199
440
793
180
828
664
248
47
19
106
208
532
862
192
847
761
277
47
19
113
209
460
850
194
860
709
270
50
20
116
230
463
855
209
871
701
263
52
21
Other transportation equipment.....................................
Scientific and controlling instruments............................
Medical and dental instruments.....................................
Optical and ophthalmic equipment..............: ................
Photographic equipment and supplies............................
Watches, clocks, and clock-operated devices................
Jewelry and silverware ..............................................
Musical instruments and sporting goods................
23
166
45
85
69
30
67
116
89
195
82
75
111
35
78
149
103
215
144
81
134
28
92
145
74
226
158
77
140
18
76
130
87
294
205
83
167
22
75
134
96
292
203
86
169
22
82
140
108
292
210
89
173
23
88
144
104
345
270
88
175
23
96
143
109
349
272
92
177
21
98
146
121
359
274
98
184
22
109
150
28
.
Tab le S .C o n iin u e d — A ctual aod projected em ploym ent by industry, 1 9 5 9 -9 5
[ In t h o u s a n d s ]
Actual
Projected
industry
1 99 0
1 959
1 969
1 979
199 5
1 982
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
229
233
245
218
210
214
224
216
218
238
Nondurable goods:
Meat products..............................................
Dairy products..............................................
Canned and frozen fo ods..............................
Grain mill products.......................................
Bakery products............................................
Sugar ..........................................................
Confectionery products ................................
Alcoholic beverages .....................................
Soft drinks and flavorings ............................
Other food products .....................................
324
326
249
139
313
38
79
107
111
144
344
260
291
137
286
36
87
97
142
151
363
189
316
147
238
31
80
86
153
160
352
171
293
135
227
29
73
87
145
152
359
137
331
143
203
30
77
83
164
171
357
144
335
145
210
30
78
86
168
171
359
156
341
145
209
31
80
85
169
168
368
119
336
140
164
27
69
76
159
177
372
127
341
144
174
28
71
80
167
182
380
131
353
147
177
30
76
83
171
182
Tobacco manufacturing ................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .......................
Floor covering mills .....................................
Other textile mill products ............................
Hosiery and knit goods ................................
Apparel .......................................................
Other fabricated textile products ..................
Paper products ............................................
Paperboard ...................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing ..............
95
619
39
74
221
1,100
143
415
175
328
83
616
58
82
251
1,244
182
483
231
376
70
531
61
71
227
1,125
198
494
214
432
68
442
49
60
205
1,009
171
475
189
445
61
448
52
69
207
1,056
220
513
190
492
62
461
56
72
218
1,074
223
516
201
494
64
457
63
75
218
1,061
228
524
209
491
52
474
58
67
236
1,125
238
533
192
535
58
482
62
74
240
1,093
243
551
208
543
Periodical and book printing and publishing . .
Other printing and publishing .......................
Industrial inorganic and organic chemicals . .
Agricultural chemicals..................................
Other chemical products ..............................
Plastic materials and synthetic rubber...........
Synthetic fibers ............................................
Drugs ..........................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................
Paints and allied products ...........................
156
446
260
54
82
81
79
106
89
62
210
550
296
65
124
108
132
143
123
72
230
640
328
70
99
100
112
193
140
69
248
668
329
65
95
89
97
199
147
62
296
733
362
81
107
110
110
253
166
68
298
758
358
84
111
114
116
254
168
71
304
751
353
84
121
119
124
252
166
72
330
745
371
82
116
113
121
276
167
65
338
789
379
88
120
116
124
281
176
70
344
803
381
93
121
124
134
284
178
73
Petroleum refining and related products
Tires and inner tubes ..................................
Rubber products except tires and tubes
Plastic products............................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........
Leather products including footwear..............
217
105
178
94
36
341
182
119
162
320
29
316
210
127
167
494
20
232
202
105
140
460
19
206
185
100
147
565
15
166
183
102
151
636
16
170
182
104
157
653
16
172
179
101
146
654
11
147
182
104
150
716
12
154
183
108
159
741
14
144
Transportation:
Railroad transportation ................................
Local transit and intercity buses ..................
Truck transportation .....................................
Water transportation.....................................
Air transportation..........................................
Pipeline transportation...................................
Transportation services ................................
930
311
1,001
239
184
24
70
651
315
1,214
234
357
18
111
559
303
1,555
222
443
20
198
433
314
1,454
206
450
22
224
353
345
1,720
197
522
22
261
373
341
1,701
210
532
24
269
429
345
1,702
214
528
25
250
327
350
1.750
204
561
24
295
351
361
1,774
214
568
24
302
377
385
1,793
216
573
27
302
Communications:
Radio and television broadcasting ................
Communications except radio and television .
90
749
131
919
191
1,121
221
1,199
301
1,384
308
1,379
292
1,434
355
1,543
357
1,593
359
1,603
Public utilities:
Electric utilities, public and private................
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.......................
Water and sanitary services, except public . .
430
215
61
460
220
88
608
220
94
684
230
106
686
220
140
712
218
133
714
219
135
730
205
144
740
207
147
746
211
154
Trade:
Wholesale tra de............................................
Eating and drinking places............................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking places
3,349
1,960
7,936
4,163
2,812
9,729
5,507
4,864
11,981
5,585
5,159
11,792
6,162
5,908
13,815
6,298
5,951
14,106
6,387
5,959
14,303
6,622
6,669
14,473
6,734
6,742
15,070
6,745
6,772
15,342
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking .......................................................
Credit agencies and financial brokers ...........
Insurance.....................................................
Real estate ...................................................
644
389
1,137
753
987
652
1,370
855
1,498
901
1.750
1,374
1,655
1,038
1,870
1,336
1,954
1,313
2,187
1,567
1,954
1,350
2,169
1,640
1,968
1,364
2,168
1,168
2,098
1,507
2,237
1,764
2,120
1,518
2,272
1,774
2,146
1,549
2,307
1,787
Services:
Hotels and lodging places ...........................
Personal and repair services.........................
Barber and beauty shops..............................
Miscellaneous business services ..................
Advertising ...................................................
Miscellaneous professional services..............
Automobile repair.........................................
Motion pictures ............................................
Amusements and recreation services ...........
Doctors’ and dentists' services ....................
Hospitals .....................................................
Medical services, except hospitals................
868
1,157
538
814
121
746
422
228
372
605
974
303
1,065
1,232
634
1,691
134
1,046
569
248
497
806
1,776
672
1,549
1,239
632
3,178
165
1,814
839
311
769
1,351
2,614
1,431
1,693
1,305
624
3,743
186
2,147
910
310
870
1,503
3,016
1,664
1,914
1,466
652
4,951
213
2,573
965
325
1,035
1,876
3,895
2,089
1,915
1,519
660
5,172
218
2,640
1,029
315
1,059
1,897
3,963
2,208
1,891
1,621
685
5,331
221
2,620
1,101
316
1,082
2,036
3,889
2,279
2,004
1,547
707
6,148
228
2,916
1,113
323
1,173
1,971
4,471
2,649
2,010
1,592
733
6,183
234
3,004
1,141
326
1,193
2,005
4,477
2,688
2,034
1,734
760
6,229
238
3,099
1,186
337
1,248
2,095
4,665
2,744
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d
p ro d u c ts
29
50
471
57
65
224
1,117
234
526 ■
179
517
Table 5 .C o n tin u ed — A ctual and projected em ploym ent by industry, 1 9 5 9 -9 5
[ In t h o u s a n d s ]
Projected
Actual
Industry
1959
196 9
197 9
198 2
Educational services (private) .......................................
Nonprofit organizations .................................................
Private households........................................................
Forestry and fishery products.......................................
Agricultural, forestry, and fishery services.....................
839
1,331
2,574
60
285
1,229
1,764
2,322
55
329
1,721
2,073
1,723
83
489
1,882
2,095
1,635
84
585
2,447
2,387
1,443
73
640
Government enterprises:
Post office ...................................................................
Other federal enterprises ..............................................
Local government passenger transit..............................
Other state and local government enterprises................
574
104
71
225
732
152
87
351
661
155
130
541
662
150
173
496
629
182
207
610
N
o te:
1 99 5
199 0
Low
Moderate
H igh
High
Low
2,157
2,406
1,400
79
623
2,001
2,449
1,392
89
613
2,311
2,455
1,295
96
704
2,396
2,505
1,346
92
711
2,411
2,606
1,368
99
716
597
178
209
623
595
182
215
649
537
182
228
700
581
189
233
723
594
198
251
781
Moderate
Data include wage and salary workers, the selt-employed, and unpaid family workers.
Communication equipment. Demand for communication
equipment such as radios, televisions, telephone apparatus,
radar, laser systems, satellites, and similar items will almost
double between 1982 and 1995. New telecommunications
services required by businesses and consumers will be aug
mented by increasing defense expenditures, at least in the
earlier years. Imports are not expected to make additional
inroads into the market but rather are projected to hold a
smaller share of total output by 1995.
Employment, on the other hand, will not rise as rapidly
as output. Productivity gains have typically been rapid in
the manufacture of communications equipment, and this
trend will hold. Employment in radio and television set
production, which had suffered because of import compe
tition and slack demand for all consumer durables during
the recession, is projected to rebound and grow 1.5 percent
a year between 1982 and 1995. The 1995 level, however,
will still fall far short of the previous peak. Jobs in telephone
apparatus manufacturing are projected to grow 2.7 percent
a year, while in radio and other communications equipment,
productivity advances will limit job gains to .6 percent a
year.
of the highest annual rates of increase, 5.2 percent and 3.9
percent respectively. Other rapid gainers are medical and
dental instruments (4.2 percent), office and computing ma
chines (3.7 percent), electronic components (3.2 percent),
and engines and turbines (3.1 percent). On the other hand,
the chemical industries as a group and petroleum refining
are projected to have much lower growth rates because of
oil price effects. In fact, employment in petroleum refining
is projected to decline 1.6 percent a year.
Computers. Demand for computers and related equipment
such as data storage devices, printers, calculators, and sim
ilar items is projected to continue to boom through the
1990’s. Computer process control and computer-assisted
design and manufacture will be widespread. Purchases of
computer equipment will represent about one-fifth of all
capital expenditures by businesses, by far their largest item
of durable equipment spending. Investment, export, and
government demand for computers will soon be supple
mented by personal consumption expenditures. Foreign
competition, although projected to rise, is not expected to
significantly hamper the expansion of domestic output. Im
ports will continue to represent about 7 percent of total
output. The value of domestic production of computers and
peripheral equipment is projected to post a 6.9-percent yearly
growth rate, ranking it among the top five output gainers.
Employment in computer manufacturing is projected to
grow 3.8 percent a year. Productivity gains have typically
been very rapid in this industry, and this will continue.
Aerospace. Defense demand is also expected to boost pro
duction in the aircraft and guided missiles and space vehicles
industries. Most of this growth will occur by the mid-1980’s,
after which real defense expenditures are projected to mod
erate sharply. Commercial aircraft manufacturers are ex
pected to meet serious competition from foreign producers,
both in their domestic and overseas markets. Output of the
aircraft industry is projected to expand 1.8 percent a year
during 1982-95, while employment grows at a .9 percent
rate.
Electronic components. Electronic components are expected
to become an even more integral part of consumer and
capital goods than they are now. Domestic production will
expand by 7.6 percent a year between 1982 and 1995. Im
ports are projected to grow at about the same rate, keeping
the import share of total output of electronic components at
about 14 percent. Employment is projected to rise from
561,000 in 1982 to 850,000 by 1995, a 3.2-percent yearly
gain.
Machinery. Other nonelectrical machinery (besides com
puters, typewriters, and other office equipment) is projected
to experience a strong rebound in demand as businesses
begin to invest in new capital equipment. The sector is
projected to enjoy a 4.3-percent average rate of output growth
30
between 1982 and 1995 (4.8 percent in the early years).
Growth of domestic production occurs despite substantial
import gains, because projected demand is so strong. Im
ports are expected to account for larger shares of most
nonelectrical machinery industries than they do now, but
for no industry will the share top 15 percent.
Leading the gains in domestic output will be engines and
turbines and construction, mining, and oilfield machinery.
Output of engines and turbines grows rapidly because of
expected strong export demand, while the projected rebound
in construction spurs demand for construction machinery.
The metalworking machinery industry, which produces in
dustrial robots, is projected to expand production by 3.5
percent a year through 1995, compared with declines or
marginal growth since the mid-1960’s.
Employment in nonelectrical machinery industries is pro
jected to recover from 1982’s cutbacks and resume long
term trends. Productivity gains are expected to be more rapid
than for the durable goods sector as a whole, but because
output also grows faster, there are opportunities for em
ployment recovery. Most nonelectrical machinery industries
will record new employment peaks by 1995.
employment from the 1982 level. Some food industries (dairy
products, bakery products, sugar, confectionery products,
and alcoholic beverages) will actually lose jobs, while others
(canned and frozen foods, soft drinks, meat products, grain
mill products, and other miscellaneous food items) are pro
jected to post slight job gains.
Clothing purchases are projected to grow 2.6 percent a
year between 1982 and 1995, but the share accounted for
by imports will almost double, from 11 percent in 1977 to
almost 22 percent by 1995. This shift in the site of pro
duction will limit employment gains in the industry. Jobs
are projected to increase from 1.0 million in 1982 to only
1.1 million in 1995.
Some nondurable sectors are expected to enjoy consid
erable output growth, such as drugs, chemicals, synthetic
fibers, and plastics. Output in each of these industries is
projected to grow by more than 4 percent a year. Employ
ment growth in these sectors shows a wider range because
of differing projections of productivity—jobs grow by 3.5
percent a year in plastic products (the seventh fastest of all
industries studied), but only by 1.4 percent in chemicals.
Steel and other primary metals. Because of the strong growth
projected for new construction, autos, nonelectrical ma
chinery, and other industrial apparatus, the primary metals
industries are expected to expand production over the next
several years following the 1980-82 recession. However,
recovery is not expected to be complete. Competition from
foreign suppliers as well as continued substitution of alter
native materials, such as plastics or ceramics, will limit the
markets for domestic primary metals producers.
In the steel industry, which once employed 726,000 work
ers, output dropped by half over the late 1970’s and early
1980’s, and employment declined to 394,000 by 1982. Many
steel mills were closed during the 1975-82 period. Recovery
is expected, but neither production nor employment are
projected to reach prerecession levels by 1995. Further, the
gains in employment are projected to be less rapid than the
gains in output, as it is assumed that production can only
expand if new technologies such as continuous casting, the
direct reduction of iron ore, and the electric arc furnace are
used. Minimills which can specialize and use the latest
technologies will become more important. Employment in
the steel industry is projected to reach 447,000 by 1995.
Two primary metals, copper and aluminum manufactur
ing, have a better outlook than iron and steel. Demand for
copper will be boosted by the rebound in residential con
struction, while aluminum will enjoy growth as a substitute
for steel.
The miscellaneous service sector will provide the most
new job opportunities over the next decade and a half, with
about twice as many new jobs as manufacturing. These jobs
will be spread among various service industries, from med
ical care to business and professional services to amuse
ments and recreation. In sum, miscellaneous or “ other
service” industries will account for more than 31 million
jobs in 1995, almost one-fourth of total employment.
Service industries are least affected by cyclical move
ments, and the recent recession was no exception. While
declines in employment were reported for almost every other
sector, jobs in the other services sector expanded 3.7 percent
a year throughout the 1979-82 recessionary period. Of course,
job growth might have been even stronger without the eco
nomic downturn, but almost 2.4 million jobs were added
in these service industries during the period in which other
sectors experienced layoffs.
Miscellaneous services—most new jobs
Business services. The largest industry in the “ other ser
vice” category, miscellaneous business services, will have
the most new jobs between 1982 and 1995. Employment is
projected to grow from 3.7 million in 1982 to 6.2 million
in 1995. A wide variety of services are included in this
sector, such as personnel supply, business consuF-^ts (pro
viding management services or public relations advice), jan
itorial and protective services, and computer and data
processing services. All are expected to show rapid growth.
Total output for the industry is projected to grow 5.3 percent
a year and employment, 3.9 percent. These rates, although
among the highest of all industries studied, are still lower
than the historical growth rates for the industry. Since 1958,
output growth in business services has averaged 9.4 percent
Nondurable goods. Nondurable manufactured goods are
projected to experience modest growth over the next decade
and a half. Food products industries can expect a 1.9-percent
annual rate of increase in output, but little change in total
31
Growth slows in trade, government
a year and employment, 7.0 percent. The slowdown is pro
jected to occur as the industry matures and the shift from
in-house services to contracting-out by businesses reaches
a saturation point.
Employment in wholesale and retail trade is projected to
grow along with the rest of the economy, increasing from
22.5 million in 1982 to 28.5 million in 1995. Because total
employment growth is slowing down, the rate of job growth
in trade is also slower than it has been historically. Retail
trade employment is projected to grow 2.0 percent a year,
compared with 2.4 percent between 1958 and 1982; jobs in
wholesale trade are projected to expand 1.4 percent an
nually, compared with 2.5 percent in the past.
The largest number of new job openings, about 1.6 mil
lion, will be in eating and drinking establishments. Other
retail firms posting large gains will be department stores,
grocery stores, new car dealers, miscellaneous shopping
goods stores (such as jewelry, books, cameras, and sporting
goods), and drug and proprietary stores. Retail shops pro
jected to actually lose jobs include mobile home dealers,
variety stores, general merchandise stores, candy stores,
dairy products stores, women’s accessory stores (such as
millinery shops), children’s wear stores, and fur shops.
In wholesale trade, the largest employment increases will
be found in establishments selling machinery and equip
ment, motor vehicles, miscellaneous nondurable goods, and
electrical goods.
Professional services. A related industry, miscellaneous
professional services, is expected to follow the same trends.
More than 850,000 jobs will be added to the sector between
1982 and 1995, but the rate of growth of both output and
employment is projected to be smaller than the historical
rates. This industry provides legal, engineering, architec
tural, accounting, and other professional services to busi
nesses. Employment is projected to top 3 million in 1995.
Medical care. A very significant sector in terms of both
number of jobs and rate of expansion has been the health
field. Jobs in doctors’ and dentists’ offices more than dou
bled during the 1960’s and 1970’s, rising 4.2 percent a year
to 1.5 million in 1982. Hospital employment tripled, grow
ing 5.1 percent a year between 1958 and 1982 to 3 million
jobs. The other medical services industry had the most rapid
growth—jobs in nursing homes and personal care facilities,
outpatient clinics run by health maintenance organizations
or group health associations, and drug or alcohol rehabili
tation centers, increased more than five times, with em
ployment reaching 1.7 million in 1982.
Growth in health care employment was the result of many
factors, chief among them the more widespread coverage
of private medical insurance and the introduction of gov
ernment health benefits programs such as medicare and med
icaid. The projections assume no change in current law—
that government funding will be maintained at its present
level, except for changes stemming from inflation.
Inflation in medical care costs poses the greatest uncer
tainty in the projections of medical services output and em
ployment. While the overall consumer price index has tripled
since 1965, the index for medical care services has quad
rupled. Despite these sharply increased costs, demand is
projected to be even stronger in the projection period, as
the population ages and as new, expensive technologies are
used in life-saving treatments.
Because of higher costs and the assumption of no new
government programs, it is expected that output and em
ployment in medical care services will slow from historical
rates. Doctors’ and dentists’ office jobs are projected to grow
2.2 percent a year over the 13 years through 1995, or an
increase of 500,000. By comparison, over the previous 13year period (1969-82), 700,000 jobs were added in medical
offices. Hospital employment is projected to grow 3.1 per
cent a year, from 3 million in 1982 to 4.5 million in 1995.
Jobs in other medical services will expand by 3.8 percent
a year to almost 2.7 million in 1995. Overall, the 3 million
new health care jobs projected to be added between 1982
and 1995 represent almost 12 percent of the total number
of new jobs.
Government. Employment in government is projected to
grow more slowly than private sector jobs, as has been true
since 1975, but the opposite of the expansionary 1950’s and
1960’s. The state and local sector represents most of the
slowdown, as only 1.2 million new jobs will be added over
the next 13 years, compared with 3.6 million during the
preceding 13-year period.
Although job growth is slower than in the 1960’s, it still
represents a reversal from the actual declines of the late
1970’s. In addition to tight budgets during the recession,
declining school enrollments caused many state and local
governments to reduce hiring. Beginning in 1984, however,
enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools is
projected to turn up again as the children of the baby-boom
generation advance through school, leading to a slight up
turn in employment.
Banking and transportation and utilities
The output of financial and banking services is projected
to show very large gains over the next decade and a half
with the introduction of new consumer services such as
automatic funds transfers and the more widespread use of
investment counseling. The output of the banking industry
and of credit agencies and financial brokers is projected to
grow by 4.1 percent a year.
Employment growth, on the other hand, will be very
modest. Automatic teller machines and computerized bank
ing and stock transactions will limit job gains to 1.9 percent
a year. By comparison, employment in banking grew 4.4
32
percent through the 1960’s and 1970’s, as the expanding
use of checking accounts created the need for large numbers
of new hires for check processing. That impetus will not
be repeated, however, as checking account use is now com
monplace, and as automatic transfers replace manual check
processing.
The transportation, communications, and public utilities
sector is not projected to contribute significantly to overall
job growth, only adding slightly more than 1 million extra
workers. However, output of this sector is projected to lead
all other sectors in growth, reflecting the strong demand for
new telecommunications services, as well as the divestiture
of the telephone company. Output of the communications
sector, which indudes radio and television broadcasting in
addition to telephone and telegraph communications, is pro
jected to expand by 5.9 percent a year, compared with 2.9
percent for the economy as a whole.
Tab le 6. G ross national product, m oderate grow th path
and high and low alternatives
[ In b ill io n s o f 1 9 7 2 d o l la r s ]
1982
Low
Low and high alternative projections
Different industry employment levels in the low and high
alternatives are primarily the result of two factors— (1) the
unemployment rate and the size of the labor force are dif
ferent in each case than in the moderate growth projection,
leading to different levels of total employment, and (2) the
distribution of final demand is markedly different, causing
output and, therefore, employment at the industry level to
vary significantly from the base case. (See table 6.)
In the low-growth alternative, a smaller labor force and
more unemployment results in 2.3 million fewer jobs. Al
though total employment is only about 2 percent lower, at
the industry level the difference between the base case and
the low trend alternative ranges over a much broader band.
For some industries, employment is almost 10 percent lower,
while in others, it is actually higher than in the base case.
This span results from the sharp differences in final demand
and in projections of productivity.
A disproportionate share of the job difference occurs in
durable manufacturing industries because interest rates are
higher than in the base case. Only manufacturing industries
dependent on defense demand do not show this drop; defense
expenditures, as well as other federal government pur
chases, are actually higher in the low-growth scenario than
in the bas.e case because it is assumed that the federal gov
ernment increases spending to try to stimulate the sluggish
economy. Examples of defense demand boosting output and
employment to higher levels than in the base projection are
in ordnance, guided missiles, radio and communication
equipment, electronic components, aircraft, and shipbuild
ing industries.
Percent
difference
from moderate
1995
C om ponent
M oderate
High
Low
High
Gross national product . . . . $1,485.4 $2,148.7 $2,166.9 $2,284.6 -0 .8
5.4
1,504.6 -2 .9
279.8 -6 .9
485.4 -4 .0
739.4 - .9
6.5
16.4
3.7
5.0
1,371.1 1,412.4
223.8
240.4
449.4
468.0
697.9
704.0
Personal consumption . .
Durables ..................
Nondurables ..............
Services.....................
970.2
139.8
364.2
466.2
Gross private investment
Equipment................
Structures ................
Residential................
Inventory change . . .
194.5
112.7
53.4
37.8
-9 .4
285.7
159.6
44.6
69.6
11.9
337.2
177.2
70.1
78.1
11.8
408.6
204.6
77.6
114.1
12.3
Net exports...................
Exports.....................
Imports.....................
28.9
147.3
118.4
148.4
267.9
119.4
85.9
260.0
174.1
23.0 72.8 -73.2
3.0
1.5
264.0
241.0 -31.4 38.4
Government.
Federal .....................
Defense................
Nondefense .........
State and local .........
291.8
116.6
78.8
37.8
175.2
343.5
157.0
113.2
43.8
186.5
331.4
139.2
98.9
40.3
192.2
348.4
3.7
145.9 12.8
103.9 14.5
8.7
41.9
202.5 -3 .0
S
ource
:
-15.3
-9 .9
-36.4
-10.9
.8
21.2
15.5
10.7
46.1
4.2
5.1
4.8
5.1
4.0
5.4
1982 data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Analysis.
In addition, lower income growth results in much lower
imports, leading to instances where domestic production of
import-sensitive industries is higher in the low-growth al
ternative than in the base case. This occurs in forestry and
fishery products, nonferrous metal ores mining, chemical
and fertilizer mining, and watches and clocks.
In the high-growth alternative, many of these assumptions
are reversed. Total employment in 1995 is 2.7 million higher
than in the moderate case, based on a larger labor force and
less unemployment. Like the low-growth alternative, al
though total employment varies from the base case by about
2 percent, jobs at the industry level have a much broader
range, in some instances topping the base case by as much
as 13 percent.
Monetary policy is assumed to be less restrictive in the
high-growth alternative, resulting in a higher rate of infla
tion. Inflation, however, contributes to making imports more
attractive, and the rise in imports more than offsets increased
domestic demand in several industries. Because of imports,
domestic production in the high alternative is lower than in
the base case for iron mining, crude petroleum, sugar, con
fectionery products, apparel, leather tanning, leather prod
ucts, and steel. Employment is also correspondingly lower;
however, for sugar and confectionery products, lower pro
ductivity keeps employment levels higher than in the base
case.
□
33
FO O TN O TES
2 See Andreassen and others, “ The economic outlook for the !990’s ”
for specific assumptions.
'S ee the following articles in this issue: Howard N Fullerton, Jr. and
John H. Tschetter, “ The 1995 labor force: a second lo o k ” , pp. 1-8;
Arthur J. Andreassen, Norman C. Saunders, and Betty U. Su, “ The eco
nomic outlook for the 1990’s: three scenarios for economic growth” ;
pp. 9-21; and G eorge Silvestri, John M . Lukasiewicz, and Marcus E.
Einstein, “ Occupational employment projections through 1995” , pp. 3547.
3See Fullerton and Tschetter, "The 1995 labor force".
4See Richard Riche. Daniel Hecker, and John Burgan, “ High technol
ogy today and tom orrow; a small slice o f the em ploym ent p ie ,”
M onthly L abor Review, Novem ber 1983, pp. 50— 58.
34
Occupational employment projections
through 1995
During 1982-95, health care will continue
to be an expanding field of work, typists
are apt to decline due to word processors,
and high technology should spur the growth of
occupations such as engineers and computer personnel
but dim the outlookfor others, especially drafters
G e o r g e T . S i l v e s t r i , Jo h n M . L u k a s i e w i c z ,
and
M a r c u s E . E in s t e in
The most recent occupational projections by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics suggest that a wide range of job skills will
be needed in 1995. Employment in jobs requiring a college
education or specialized post-secondary technical training
are expected to increase significantly between 1982 and
1995. However, many jobs that do not require post-sec
ondary training are also expected to expand significantly.
For example, the projected rapid increase in demand for
medical services will require large numbers of nursing aides
and orderlies in addition to highly trained medical practi
tioners.
On the other hand, employment growth in many occu
pations will be affected by technological change through the
mid-1990’s. For example, word processing equipment will
slow the employment growth of typists, and industrial robots
will reduce the growth in employment of welders, produc
tion painters, and material moving occupations. However,
despite widespread technological advances, employment will
continue to advance in most traditional fields from 1982 to
1995. More workers will be needed to drive trucks to deliver
goods, to clean a growing number of buildings, to perform
health and personal services and provide police and fire
protection for our increasing population, and to maintain
and repair a larger stock of automobiles, appliances, and
factory equipment.
Rapid expansion of high technology will spur the growth
of scientists, engineers, technicians, and computer special
ists. They will be required to design, develop, and use hightechnology products such as computers, scientific and med
ical instruments, communication equipment, and robots.
Employment in these occupations has generally grown faster
than the economy as a whole and most are expected to
continue to do so. However, even in some of these fields,
technological advances will have an impact on reducing
employment needs. For example, advances in computeraided design technology are expected to severely limit the
employment growth of drafters.
The pattern of industrial employment growth also has an
important impact on expected changes in occupational struc
ture, because many occupations are concentrated by indus
try. Therefore, the information on occupational growth
patterns presented in this article cannot be fully understood
apart from the data and analyses dealing with economic and
industry growth trends presented elsewhere in this issue of
the Review. Indeed, the methodologies used to develop both
the industry and occupational projections are very closely
related.1
The authors are economists in the Division of Occupational Outlook, Bu
reau o f Labor Statistics.
35
Table 1.
Civilian employment in occupations with 25,000 workers or more, actual 1979, 1982, and projected 1995
Total e m ploym ent (in thousands)
P ercent change
1995
Occupation
1 979
1882
Low
trend
Total, all occupations................................................................... 101,206 101,510 124,846
Professional, technical, and related workers ............................ 15,758 16,584 21,545
1,204
1,787
1,177
Engineers ............................................................................
44
44
65
Aero-astronautic engineers ..............................................
79
56
58
Chemical engineers ..........................................................
156
155
226
Civil engineers .................................................................
300
320
531
Electrical engineers ..........................................................
171
160
226
Industrial engineers..........................................................
209
314
216
Mechanical engineers.......................................................
31
26
Petroleum engineers .......................................................
16
1 9 7 9 -9 5
Moderate
trend
High
trend
Low
trend
127,110
21,775
1,788
62
80
228
528
227
318
32
129,902
22,325
1,831
62
82
236
540
232
327
30
23
37
52
47
37
45
77
32
45
95
M oderate
trend
1 9 8 2 -9 5
High
trend
Low
trend
26
38
52
39
40
46
76
32
47
98
28
42
56
41
43
51
80
36
51
89
23
30
48
49
41
45
66
41
50
19
25
31
49
41
43
47
65
42
52
22
28
35
52
42
47
52
69
45
56
16
M oderate
trend
High
trend
Life and physical scientists...................................................
Biological scientists..........................................................
Chemists..........................................................................
Geologists ........................................................................
Mathematical specialists.......................................................
Engineering and science technicians.....................................
Civil engineering technicians ............................................
Drafters............................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians...................................
Industrial engineering technicians.....................................
Mechanical engineering technicians...................................
Surveyors ........................................................................
247
47
87
38
48
1,227
32
307
350
33
47
55
271
52
89
49
48
1,243
35
302
366
27
48
44
343
71
107
60
63
1,649
56
309
585
36
72
61
342
70
108
60
62
1,661
58
318
589
35
72
62
348
73
111
59
63
1,705
60
327
602
37
74
64
39
50
22
60
31
34
77
1
67
9
54
11
38
48
24
60
29
35
82
3
68
7
55
13
41
53
27
57
32
39
88
7
72
11
58
17
27
38
21
24
31
33
59
2
60
31
51
40
26
36
22
24
29
34
64
5
61
29
52
43
29
41
25
21
32
37
69
8
64
33
55
47
Medical workers, except technicians.....................................
Chiropractors ...................................................................
Dentists............................................................................
Dietitians..........................................................................
Nurses, registered............................................................
Optometrists.....................................................................
Pharmacists.....................................................................
Physicians........................................................................
Therapists ........................................................................
Respiratory therapists...................................................
Occupational therapists .................................................
Physical therapists.......................................................
Speech pathologists and audiologists...........................
Veterinarians ...................................................................
2,231
22
161
41
1,165
32
143
436
186
42
22
37
40
34
2,463
25
173
44
1,312
28
151
479
202
46
25
43
42
36
3.471
33
213
61
1,943
35
188
640
291
67
40
68
53
48
3,491
32
213
62
1,954
34
192
642
294
67
40
69
54
48
3,600
32
218
64
2,022
35
196
663
302
70
41
70
55
48
56
46
32
48
67
9
31
47
56
61
85
84
31
42
56
45
33
50
68
8
34
47
58
62
86 s
85
33
41
61
45
36
55
74
9
37
52
62
68
92
89
36
43
41
28
23
38
48
26
24
34
44
44
58
57
27
31
42
27
24
40
49
25
27
34
45
45
60
58
29
30
46
27
27
44
54
26
30
38
50
50
64
62
32
32
Health technologists and technicians.....................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ..............
Medical laboratory technicians .....................................
Medical laboratory technologists ..................................
Dental hygienists..............................................................
Physical therapy assistants ..............................................
Radiologic technologists...................................................
Radiologic technologists and nuclear medicine
technicians ..............................................................
X-ray technicians ..........................................................
Surgical technicians..........................................................
574
195
60
92
58
27
97
627
209
57
103
69
33
110
891
291
70
150
97
55
156
898
292
71
150
99
55
157
932
303
73
156
104
56
164
55
49
16
63
69
103
61
57
50
18
64
72
104
63
62
55
22
70
81
109
69
42
. 39
22
46
40
67
42
43
40
23
46
43
68
43
49
45
28
52
50
72
49
32
65
31
36
74
35
50
106
48
50
107
49
52
111
51
60
62
58
60
64
58
66
70
65
40
43
39
39
45
40
45
51
45
Technicians, excluding health, science, and engineering . . . .
Airplane pilots...................................................................
Library technicians............................................................
Computer specialists............................................................
Programmers...................................................................
Systems analysts..............................................................
Social scientists...................................................................
Economists .....................................................................
Psychologists...................................................................
338
78
28
447
231
216
175
29
69
364
80
29
521
266
254
206
30
83
451
102
32
935
465
469
267
39
109
453
103
32
943
471
471
267
38
110
465
104
33
960
480
480
273
39
112
33
31
15
109
101
118
52
35
59
34
32
16
111
104
119
52
32
60
38
34
19
115
107
123
56
36
63
24
28
9
79
75
85
30
29
32
24
29
10
81
77
85
30
27
33
28
31
13
84
80
89
33
30
36
Teachers ...............................................................................
Adult education teachers...................................................
College and university faculty............................................
Dance instructors ............................................................
Graduate assistants ..........................................................
Preschool, kindergarten, elementary schoolteachers.........
Preschool teachers.......................................................
Kindergarten and elementary schoolteachers ................
Secondary schoolteachers.................................................
Vocational education teachers ..........................................
3,967
107
686
23
138
1,668
285
1,383
1,083
99
3,980*
125
744
27
140
1,647
281
1,366
1,024
98
4.612
164
619
35
122
2,226
387
1,839
1,128
139
4,706
165
632
35
124
2,274
397
1,877
1,152
143
4,806
170
646
36
127
2,322
404
1,918
1,177
146
16
53
-1 0
51
-1 2
33
36
33
4
41
19
54
-8
52
-1 0
36
39
36
6
45
21
58
-6
57
-8
39
42
39
9
48
16
31
-1 7
31
-1 3
35
38
35
10
42
18
32
-1 5
32
-11
38
41
37
13
46
21
36
-1 3
36
-9
41
44
40
15
49
Selected writers, artists, and entertainers ............................
Actors.............................................................................
Commercial and graphic artists and designers..................
Designers ......................................................................
Musicians ......................................................................
Painters, artistic ..........................................................
Photographers ...............................................................
Public relations specialists..........................................
Radio and TV announcers and newscasters...........
Announcers..............................................
Reporters and correspondents ...................................
Sports instructors ..........................................
Writers and editors .................................................
251
301
34
133
180
124
25
86
90
55
46
51
53
120
398
48
166
247
153
29
101
14
70
58
64
63
160
406
49
167
253
155
29
102
115
70
58
66
64
162
417
52
169
258
160
29
104
118
70
58
67
66
165
58
62
(1)
41
52
16
42
18
36
47
45
34
(1)
42
66
d)
42
55
19
42
21
39
48
46
36
(1)
45
32
40
25
38
23
17
18
35
43
26
41
25
16
18
38
51
27
44
28
16
21
27
25
26
20
34
28
26
29
21
35
(D
119
166
134
21
86
85
48
40
49
(D
114
36
(D
40
49
15
43
18
35
46
44
30
0)
40
uC
29
27
31
25
38
Table 1.
C ontinued-C ivilian employment in occupations
Total em ploym ent (In thousands)
Occupation
Percent change
199 5
1979
Other professional and technical workers..............................
Accountants and auditors ................................................
Architects ........................................................................
Assessors ........................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale trade.....................................
Clergy..............................................................................
Cost estimators.................................................................
Counselors........................................................................
Directors, religious education and activities.......................
Employment interviewers ................................................
4,389
830
75
29
251
1982
Low
trend
Moderate
trend
1 9 7 9 -9 5
High
trend
Low
trend
(D
(D
(D
46
19
28
47
20
60
57
150
13
33
26
20
15
63
59
158
15
34
26
22
21
70
62
168
18
38
30
26
14
37
33
88
11
23
27
21
9
39
34
94
13
23
27
23
15
45
37
102
15
27
31
27
30
32
22
95
13
75
28
19
19
17
43
16
38
19
21
21
20
45
10
43
21
24
24
24
48
16
52
23
33
31
31
12
5
-1 4
-4 7
35
34
21
17
35
25
36
34
34
15
10
-1 2
-4 3
35
35
23
20
37
26
26
37
39
17
9
-2 0
-3 6
23
30
15
14
26
20
28
42
44
17
7
-1 4
-3 2
24
33
18
16
30
22
31
45
47
21
11
-1 2
-2 7
25
35
20
19
32
23
26
35
37
35
53
42
26
24
21
77
74
29
36
37
35
54
43
30
28
26
78
78
31
37
38
37
56
45
31
30
28
81
78
23
33
28
34
48
24
24
25
19
36
40
26
33
28
34
49
25
27
29
23
36
43
28
34
29
35
51
27
28
31
26
39
43
24,538
50
703
81
622
2,027
895
1,132
2,362
27
26
47
55
46
13
19
9
47
30
30
49
57
48
16
21
11
52
33
33
51
59
50
18
24
14
56
24
34
27
18
29
13
14
13
42
26
38
29
19
30
16
16
16
47
29
40
30
21
32
18
18
18
50
101
95
63
641
137
30
78
125
109
55
116
33
329
3,113
145
98
65
485
228
257
47
42
56
42
51
2
52
40
31
4
27
-7
8
26
77
17
(1)
-1 9
-1 2
-2 4
47
41
59
45
53
3
54
44
32
6
30
-5
10
28
79
19
(1)
-1 2
-5
-1 8
51
45
62
47
55
6
57
45
34
8
33
-3
12
31
86
22
(1)
-1 0
-3
-1 6
49
41
29
32
42
6
53
35
22
10
23
0
7
27
60
16
40
-1 9
-1 2
-2 4
49
40
31
35
44
8
54
39
23
12
26
2
9
30
62
18
41
-1 2
-5
-1 8
53
44
34
37
46
11
57
40
25
14
29
5
12
33
69
21
44
-1 0
-3
-1 6
Foresters and conservationists .........................................
Law clerks.......................................................................
Lawyers ..........................................................................
Legal assistants ..............................................................
Librarians .......................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .........................
Purchasing agents and buyers .........................................
Group recreation workers ................................................
29
35
393
34
147
187
178
122
31
40
465
45
151
203
177
122
35
55
618
85
167
249
225
148
34
56
624
88
170
250
225
150
Social workers .................................................................
Caseworkers .................................................................
Community organization workers..................................
Special agents, insurance ................................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ................
Tax preparers...................................................................
Underwriters ...................................................................
328
275
53
23
48
28
73
345
292
52
31
47
32
76
409
348
61
44
54
45
90
416
353
63
44
52
46
92
428
364
65
45
54
49
93
25
26
15
90
13
60
24
Managers, officials, and proprietors.........................................
Auto parts department managers .........................................
Auto service department managers.......................................
Construction inspectors, public administration .....................
Health and regulatory inspectors .........................................
Postmasters and mail superintendents .................................
Railroad conductors ............................................................
Restaurant, cafe, and bar managers.....................................
Sales managers, retail trade ................................................
Assistant principals..............................................................
Principals ............................................................................
Store managers ...................................................................
Wholesalers..........................................................................
9,152
48
60
41
103
28
35
528
271
37
81
938
241
9,532
44
54
39
101
28
27
574
271
38
82
971
247
12,008
61
76
46
111
23
17
706
352
44
93
1,218
298
12,212
63
78
46
108
24
18
711
362
45
95
1,262
302
12,467
64
80
47
113
25
20
715
365
46
97
1,285
303
31
27
27
12
8
-2 0
-5 0
34
30
18
15
30
23
Salesworkers .............................................................. ...........
Real estate agents and brokers ............................................
Real estate brokers ..........................................................
Sales agents, sales representatives, real estate ................
Real estate appraisers ..........................................................
Sales agents and brokers, insurance.....................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical.......................................
Sales representatives, technical ............................................
Salesclerks ..........................................................................
Security salesworkers ..........................................................
Travel agents.......................................................................
6,780
332
39
293
31
316
573
1,329
2,867
60
50
6.967
337
42
296
32
361
583
1,320
2,916
78
62
8,535
449
53
396
47
447
724
1,652
3,472
106
86
8,771
450
53
396
47
452
743
1,707
3,601
107
88
8,911
453
53
400
48
458
749
1,730
3,670
109
88
Clerical workers.......................................................................
Adjustment clerks................................................................
Bank tellers..........................................................................
New accounts tellers .......................................................
Tellers..............................................................................
Bookkeepers and accounting clerks .....................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................
Bookkeepers-, hand ..........................................................
Cashiers...............................................................................
18,497
38
466
51
415
1,717
722
996
1,518
19,049
36
539
67
471
1,713
756
957
1,570
23,533
48
686
79
607
1,943
861
1,081
2,235
23,998
49
693
80
'6-43
1,985
876
1,109
2,314
Claims adjusters...................................................................
Claims clerks........................................................................
Claims examiners, insurance................................................
Clerical supervisors..............................................................
Collectors, bill and account...................................................
Court clerks..........................................................................
Credit clerks, banking and insurance.....................................
Customer service representatives.........................................
Desk clerks, except bowling flo o r.........................................
Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance..............................
Dispatchers, vehicle service or w o rk .....................................
Eligibility workers, welfare ...................................................
File clerks ............................................................................
General clerks, office............................................................
Insurance clerks, medical.....................................................
Library assistants .................................................................
Loan closers .......................................................................
Mail carriers and postal clerks..............................................
Postal mail carriers .........................................................
Postal service clerks .......................................................
67
66
39
434
88
28
50
86
82
51
87
34
293
2,377
78
80
66
66
47
467
94
27
50
89
88
48
90
32
295
2,348
86
81
45
541
234
307
99
94
61
618
133
29
76
120
107
52
111
32
316
2,990
137
94
63
439
206
233
98
93
62
628
135
29
76
124
107
53
113
32
321
3,044
139
96
64
474
223
252
37
29
44
43
14
31
8
48
12
9
55
High
trend
25
38
38
9
26
3
41
7
3
51
94
140
36
59
26
40
40
11
30
5
45
10
5
52
M oderate
trend
37
48
61
7
34
5,850
1.200
118
31
331
332
134
163
45
86
539
234
306
Low
trend
33
44
57
4
32
5,778
1,181
116
30
321
327
131
159
44
85
(D
1 9 8 2 -9 5
High
trend
32
42
55
3
28
4,636
856
84
28
256
317
92
148
43
57
(D
M oderate
trend
5,999
1,229
121
32
336
344
137
167
46
87
36
59
638
91
174
257
232
154
39
13
22
44
42
16
24
45
27
28
18
92 .
8
65
26
T a b l© 1 .
C © B ita n u © d — C i v i li a n © m p io y m e n fl in o c c u p a t io n s
Total em p lo ym en t (in thousands)
P ercent change
1995
Occupation
1979
1982
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
1979-95
High
trend
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
1982-95
High
trend
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
High
trend
Mail clerks ................................................... .......................
Messengers, except bank.....................................................
Meter readers, utilities..........................................................
Office machine operators .....................................................
Bookkeeping, billing machine operators .......................
Proof machine operators ..............................................
Computer operating pe^onnel ..........................................
Computer operators .....................................................
Data entry operators.....................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators ............................
Duplicating machine operators..........................................
88
42
29
893
174
46
548
190
319
40
31
100
47
31
936
172
47
580
211
320
49
38
132
60
37
1,179
218
59
727
366
282
79
44
131
61
38
1,196
223
59
737
371
286
80
45
135
63
38
1,220
227
60
752
378
292
82
46
51
42
30
32
25
28
33
93
-1 2
99
41
50
45
31
34
28
29
34
95
-1 0
102
43
54
48
33
37
31
31
37
99
-8
106
46
33
28
22
26
26
24
25
74
-1 2
61
16
31
31
24
28
29
25
27
76
-11
63
17
35
34
26
30
32
27
30
79
-9
66
19
Order clerks ........................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............................................
Personnel clerks...................................................................
Policy change clerks ............................................................
Procurement clerks...............................................................
Production clerks .................................................................
Raters .................................................................................
Receptionists........................................................................
258
175
98
25
49
212
53
362
265
202
103
28
47
201
53
387
329
265
132
30
60
260
68
565
337
269
131
31
60
262
69
576
342
277
135
31
62
268
70
594
28
51
35
18
23
23
28
56
31
54
34
20
22
24
30
59
33
58
38
22
27
27
32
64
24
31
29
8
27
29
29
46
27
34
28
10
26
30
31
49
29
37
32
12
31
33
33
54
Reservation agents and transportation ticket clerks ..............
Reservation agents ..........................................................
Ticket agents ...................................................................
Secretaries and stenographers..............................................
Secretaries........................................................................
Stenographers .................................................................
Typists.................................................................................
Shipping and receiving clerks ..............................................
Shipping packers .................................................................
Statement clerks...................................................................
112
55
52
2,624
2,342
283
980
380
356
32
108
53
49
2,711
2,441
270
990
365
340
34
108
54
48
3,355
3,108
247
1,136
420
394
44
110
55
49
3,410
3,161
250
1,145
431
403
44
112
56
50
3,498
3,243
256
1,175
439
410
45
-4
-2
-7
28
33
-1 3
16
11
11
39
-2
0
-5
30
35
-1 2
17
13
13
40
-1
-3
33
38
-1 0
20
16
15
42
0
2
-3
24
27
-8
15
15
16
30
2
4
-1
26
29
-7
16
18
19
32
4
5
1
29
33
-5
19
20
21
34
Statistical clerks...................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ..............................
Survey workers ...................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists .....................................
Teachers' aides ...................................................................
Telephone operators ............................................................
Switchboard operators .....................................................
Central office operators.....................................................
Directory assistance operators..........................................
Town clerks..........................................................................
83
831
42
217
442
319
175
107
37
28
98
831
53
107
463
318
172
109
38
26
112
961
78
279
579
337
211
84
42
29
114
987
78
285
593
343
213
87
43
29
116
1,005
79
292
606
349
218
87
43
30
36
16
86
29
31
5
20
-21
13
3
37
19
87
32
34
8
22
-1 9
17
5
41
21
89
35
37
9
24
-1 8
17
7
15
16
46
35
25
6
23
-2 3
11
10
16
19
46
38
28
8
24
-2 0
15
12
18
21
48
41
31
10
27
-2 0
16
14
Craft and related workers..........................................................
Construction craftworkers.....................................................
Insulation workers............................................................
Bricklayers........................................................................
Carpenters........................................................................
Cement masons ...............................................................
Dry wall applicators..........................................................
Electricians ......................................................................
Floor covering installers ...................................................
Carpet cutters, carpet layers..........................................
Floor layers...................................................................
12,359
3,163
43
150
1,008
107
53
556
80
54
26
11,591
2,895
47
111
863
87
53
542
79
53
26
14,476
3,725
66
148
1,095
122
73
704
100
66
33
14,769
3,777
67
150
1,110
125
74
715
101
67
34
15,099
3,841
68
153
1,128
127
75
730
103
68
35
17
18
53
-1
9
14
36
27
25
23
30
20
19
56
0
10
17
39
29
27
25
32
22
21
59
2
12
19
41
31
29
26
35
25
29
41
34
27
41
36
30
26
25
28
27
30
44
36
29
44
39
32
29
28
30
30
33
46
38
31
46
41
35
30
29
33
Glaziers ............................................................................
Ironworkers .....................................................................
Reinforcing-iron workers ..............................................
Structural steel workers.................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance............................
Plumbers and pipefitters...................................................
Roofers.............................................................................
37
105
34
71
369
398
111
41
93
33
61
362
388
102
53
126
44
83
443
512
128
55
130
45
85
444
518
129
56
133
46
87
449
528
131
44
20
29
16
20
29
15
48
23
32
19
21
30
16
51
26
35
22
22
33
18
31
35
33
36
22
32
25
35
39
36
40
23
34
27
37
42
39
44
24
36
28
Mechanics, repairers, and installers .....................................
Air conditioning, refrigeration, and heating mechanics . . . .
Aircraft mechanics............................................................
Gas and electric appliance repairers...................................
Automotive body repairers.................................................
Automotive mechanics .....................................................
Coin machine servicers and repairers................................
Central office repairers .....................................................
Computer service technicians............................................
Diesel mechanics...............................................................
Cable splicers...................................................................
Line installers, repairers ...................................................
4,039
175
107
61
159
871
27
49
5,004
220
132
71
191
1,134
38
47
106
216
59
154
5,107
223
128
72
196
1,168
39
49
108
222
60
157
5,223
228
131
74
201
1,195
40
49
108
226
61
159
24
25
23
17
20
30
43
-4
26
27
19
20
23
34
47
-1
29
30
22
23
26
37
52
0
175
47
113
3,936
168
108
62
155
844
31
50
55
173
48
127
(D
0)
0)
30
30
41
27
31
22
14
23
34
24
-6
93
25
24
21
30
33
19
17
26
38
28
-2
97
28
25
23
33
36
21
20
30
42
32
-2
98
31
27
25
Engineering equipment mechanics.....................................
Farm equipment mechanics..............................................
Instrument repairers..........................................................
Industrial machinery repairers ..........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................
Marine mechanics and repairers........................................
Millwrights........................................................................
Office machine repairers...................................................
77
25
40
366
733
26
108
53
83
26
41
330
694
26
91
56
93
27
50
416
870
36
118
94
94
27
51
425
887
36
121
95
96
28
53
438
908
36
124
96
21
8
25
14
19
36
10
78
22
10
27
16
21
36
12
82
24
10
31
20
24
36
15
83
12
4
22
26
25
35
30
68
13
5
24
29
28
35
33
72
15
6
27
33
31
36
36
73
(D
38
24
26
37
27
28
39
1
Table 1.
C o n tinued— C ivilian em ploym ent in occupations
P ercent change
Total em p lo ym en t (in thousands)
O ccupation
1 9 7 9 -9 5
199 5
197 9
198 2
Low
trend
Moderate
trend
High
trend
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
1 9 8 2 -9 5
High
trend
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
High
trend
Radio and television service technicians............................
Installers, repairers, section maintainers .........................
Station installers ..............................................................
71
73
58
80
75
59
101
97
69
102
100
72
105
100
72
42
33
20
45
37
24
48
38
25
25
28
18
27
32
21
30
33
22
Metalworking craftworkers, except mechanics.......................
Boilermakers ...................................................................
Machinists.......................................................................
Machine tool setters, metalworking..................................
Molders, m etal.................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tinsmiths ..................................
Tool and die makers .......................................................
941
45
239
65
34
213
176
818
40
220
55
25
188
152
995
42
271
67
29
248
179
1,019
43
278
68
29
252
184
1,051
44
287
70
30
260
190
6
-6
13
2
-1 4
16
2
8
-5
16
4
-1 2
18
5
12
-2
20
7
-9
22
8
22
6
23
22
13
32
18
25
8
26
25
16
34
21
29
11
30
28
20
38
25
Printing trades craftworkers ................................................
Bookbinders.....................................................................
Typesetters and compositors............................................
Lithographers and photoengravers ...................................
Letter press operators .....................................................
Offset lithographic press operators ..................................
Press operators and plate printers.....................................
382
29
103
66
33
86
37
393
30
104
67
34
88
42
429
34
99
83
34
107
44
447
36
97
87
36
113
45
457
37
99
89
37
115
47
12
16
-9
26
4
24
19
17
22
-6
33
9
30
23
20
24
-4
35
11
33
27
9
14
-1 0
23
1
22
5
14
20
-7
29
6
28
8
16
23
-5
32
8
31
12
Other craft and related workers ............................................
Bakers ............................................................................
Supervisors of blue-collar workers ..................................
Cabinetmakers ................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators..................................
Dental lab technicians.......................................................
Opticians, dispensing and optical mechanics.....................
Furniture upholsterers .....................................................
Heavy equipment operators..............................................
Inspectors.......................................................................
3,833
64
1,295
79
127
48
35
30
443
468
3,549
65
1,200
78
105
51
31
37
384
410
4,324
73
1,482
95
128
63
38
40
480
520
4,419
76
1,519
96
132
64
39
40
490
529
4,527
78
1,553
99
134
65
40
42
500
543
13
15
15
20
1
31
9
33
8
11
15
19
17
22
4
32
12
34
11
13
18
22
20
25
6
35
15
39
13
16
22
12
24
22
22
25
22
7
25
27
24
17
27
24
25
26
25
8
28
29
28
19
30
27
27
28
29
12
30
32
Jewelers ..........................................................................
Locomotive engineers.......................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers..................
Stationary engineers.........................................................
Alteration tailors ..............................................................
Testers ............................................................................
Sewage plant operators ...................................................
Water treatment plant operators.......................................
26
49
27
61
55
119
40
30
30
38
27
58
54
116
38
28
33
37
37
60
72
151
41
30
34
39
38
61
75
152
42
31
35
42
39
62
157
43
32
26
-2 6
38
-2
31
27
2
2
29
-21
43
-1
36
28
4
4
32
-1 5
45
2
40
31
7
7
11
-4
39
3
32
30
9
9
13
3
43
4
37
31
10
10
17
10
46
7
41
35
13
13
Operatives ..............................................................................
Assembler occupations .......................................................
Aircraft structure assemblers............................................
Assemblers .....................................................................
Electrical machinery equipment assemblers.......................
Electrical and electronic assemblers..................................
Instrument assemblers.....................................................
Machine assemblers..........................................................
Wirers, electronic ............................................................
14,039
1,459
33
361
99
281
29
202
38
12,995
1,313
33
307
99
286
29
170
37
15,044
1,625
28
363
131
365
43
210
50
15,419
1,646
26
379
133
362
43
214
50
15,809
1,702
26
398
137
371
44
222
52
7
11
-1 4
1
32
30
48
4
33
10
13
-1 9
5
34
29
49
6
31
13
17
-2 0
10
38
32
52
10
35
16
24
-1 5
18
33
28
45
23
36
19
25
-21
23
34
27
46
25
34
22
30
-21
30
38
30
49
30
39
Bindery workers, assembly...................................................
Laundry operators, small establishment................................
Pressers, hand .....................................................................
Pressers, machine ..............................................................
Pressers, machine laundry ...................................................
Washers, machine and starchers.........................................
Meatcutters and butchers.....................................................
Metalworking operatives.......................................................
Electroplators...................................................................
37
38
30
54
70
54
59
1,726
36
38
38
27
50
64
58
57
1,492
32
39
44
30
51
68
78
62
1,767
34
41
44
31
52
69
79
63
1,813
35
42
45
31
54
74
82
64
1,874
36
8
17
2
-6
-3
45
5
2
-4
13
17
4
-4
-1
47
6
5
-1
15
19
3
0
5
52
8
9
2
5
16
13
2
5
35
9
18
7
10
17
14
4
7
37
10
21
11
12
18
14
8
14
42
12
26
13
Machine tool operators.....................................................
Drill press and boring machine operators .....................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, metal .........
Lathe machine operators, metal ..................................
Milling and planing machine operators .........................
Machine too! operators, combination ............................
Machine tool operators, numerical control.....................
Machine tool operators, tool room ................................
Punch press operators, m etal.......................................
Power brake and bending machine operators, metal . , .
Shear and slitter operators, metal ................................
Welders and flamecutters ................................................
1,070
136
138
159
68
193
73
41
181
49
32
548
914
115
118
137
61
169
66
34
147
42
27
490
1,088
137
126
155'
68
217
94
43
167
51
32
579
1,114
139
129
159
69
220
95
44
173
53
33
595
1,153
144
133
164
71
229
99
45
180
55
34
615
2
1
-9
-2
-1
13
28
6
-8
4
-2
6
4
3
-7
0
1
14
30
8
-5
8
2
8
8
6
-4
3
4
19
35
11
-1
12
6
12
19
19
7
14
12
29
42
25
14
22
18
18
22
21
10
16
13
31
44
27
18
27
23
21
26
25
13
20
17
36
49
31
22
32
27
26
Roustabouts ........................................................................
Baggers ..............................................................................
Production packagers ..........................................................
Painters, automotive ............................................................
Painters, production .........................................................
Sawyers ............................................................................
Sewers and stitchers............................................................
Sewing machine operatives, regular equipment, garment
Sewing machine operatives, special equipment, garment
Sewing machine operatives, regular equipment,
nongarment .................................................................
Sewing machine operatives, special equipment,
nongarment ...................................................
67
224
560
41
118
89
902
594
88
94
242
548
36
101
75
804
533
78
78
219
616
51
115
91
869
561
84
80
229
637
53
118
93
882
567
85
80
234
654
55
122
96
873
556
83
17
-2
10
24
-3
2
-4
-5
-4
20
2
14
28
0
4
19
4
17
32
3
8
-3
-6
-5
-1 6
-9
12
41
14
21
8
5
8
-1 4
-5
16
46
17
24
10
7
9
-1 5
-4
19
51
21
28
9
4
7
145
128
152
155
158
4
7
8
19
22
24
47
42
48
50
51
4
7
9
16
19
21
39
77
-2
-4
-3
T a b le 1 .
C o n t i n u e J — C i v i li a n e m p l o y m e n t in o c c u p a t io n s
Total e m ploym ent (in thousands)
Occupation
P ercent change
1995
1979
1982
Textile operatives ................................................................
Spinners, frame ..............................................................
Weavers ..........................................................................
Transport equipment operatives............................................
Ambulance drivers and ambulance attendants ..................
Busdrivers.......................................................................
Busdrivers, local and intercity.......................................
Busdrivers, school .......................................................
368
31
36
3,694
26
443
216
226
312
26
30
3,551
28
473
229
244
345
25
31
4,181
34
537
249
288
352
25'
31
4,287
35
551
257
295
Chauffeurs.......................................................................
Forklift and tow motor operatives .....................................
Parking attendants............................................................
Railroad brake operators...................................................
Sailors and deckhands .....................................................
Taxi drivers .....................................................................
Truckdriving occupations ................................................
Delivery and route workers............................................
Truckdrivers ................................................................
42
421
36
78
33
72
2,506
813
1,693
48
376
37
60
32
64
2,402
797
1,604
61
433
37
50
33
52
2,909
924
1,985
All other operatives..............................................................
Dressmakers, except factory ............................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, and chippers..............................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators ..............................
Stationary boiler firers .....................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, meat and dairy
products .....................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, all other food products
Miscellaneous machine operatives, lumber and furniture . .
Miscellaneous machine operatives, paper and allied
products .....................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, chemicals and allied
products .....................................................................
Chemical operators-A ..................................................
Chemical operators-B ..................................................
4,145
54
130
406
46
3,805
61
107
388
44
45
73
47
42
71
39
Low
trend
Moderate
trend
1979-95
High
trend
1982-95
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
High
trend
Low
trend
359
25
31
4,387
36
572
271
301
-6
-21
-1 4
13
29
21
15
27
-5
-2 0
-1 3
16
32
24
19
30
-3
-1 8
-1 2
19
38
29
25
33
11
-5
3
18
23
13
9
18
13
-4
4
21
26
17
12
21
15
-2
6
24
32
21
18
23
63
445
38
54
34
52
2,980
951
2,029
65
458
40
58
35
53
3,035
967
2,068
44
3
3
-3 5
0
-2 8
16
14
17
48
6
6
-31
3
-2 8
19
17
20
53
9
10
-2 6
5
-2 6
21
19
22
27
15
1
-1 6
3.
-2 0
21
16
24
30
18
4
-1 0
7
-1 9
24
19
26
34
22
8
-4
8
-1 7
26
21
29
4,413
66
134
430
45
4,544
66
137
451
45
4,666
66
142
462
47
6
23
3
6
-2
10
22
6
11
-1
13
23
9
14
2
16
8
26
11
1
19
8
29
16
2
23
9
33
19
6
39
75
49
40
78
50
41
80
52
-1 4
3
4
-11
7
6
-9
9
10
-9
6
25
-6
10
28
-3
13
32
M oderate
trend
High
trend
99
92
97
100
105
-2
1
6
5
9
14
153
55
27
146
54
26
172
64
31
178
66
31
183
63
32
13
16
14
16
19
17
20
22
21
18
19
18
22
23
22
25
26
25
213
28
190
26
251
35
267
37
277
39
18
25
25
34
30
39
32
36
40
46
45
51
101
50
86
90
40
102
229
50
25
93
41
69
83
39
86
218
48
26
131
49
82
99
42
103
231
50
30
140
51
85
102
44
108
238
50
31
144
53
88
104
45
112
242
51
32
29
-3
-5
11
6
1
1
0
16
38
2
-1
13
10
5
4
1
23
42
6
2
16
12
10
6
3
25
41
20
18
20
7
19
6
4
14
50
25
22
23
11
25
9
6
20
55
31
26
26
13
30
11
8
22
Mixing operatives ............................................................
Oilers ..............................................................................
Photographic process workers.........................................
Rotary drill operators.......................................................
Rotary drill operator helpers ............................................
Shoemaking machine operators .......................................
Surveyor helpers..............................................................
Tire changers...................................................................
Coil winders.....................................................................
43
43
70
22
31
60
50
60
28
41
36
67
28
33
52
40
60
27
43
44
77
27
29
34
61
83
32
45
45
78
28
29
36
63
86
32
46
46
80
28
30
34
65
88
33
2
3
9
24
-6
-4 3
22
39
13
6
5
11
26
-4
-4 0
26
45
13
8
8
14
27
-3
-4 3
30
48
18
5
21
15
-2
-1 4
-3 3
54
39
19
9
24
17
-1
-1 2
-3 0
59
45
19
12
27
20
0
-11
-3 4
64
48
24
Service workers........................................................................
Building custodians..............................................................
Food service workers............................................................
Bakers, bread and pastry ................................................
Bartenders........................................................................
Butchers and meatcutters ................................................
Cooks and chefs ..............................................................
Cooks, institutional.......................................................
Cooks, restaurant.........................................................
Cooks, short order and specialty fast foods..................
15,660
2,796
5,906
35
364
184
1,161
406
330
424
16,241
2,828
6,204
36
384
191
1,211
423
351
437
20,416
3,554*
8,113
46
500
173
1,591
527
494
570
20,706
3,606
8,221
46
505
179
1,613
536
500
578
21,113
3,682
8,322
47
511
182
1,636
549
505
582
30
27
37
31
37
-6
37
30
50
34
32
29
39
32
39
-3
39
32
51
36
35
32
41
33
40
-1
41
35
53
37
26
26
31
27
30
-9
31
25
41
31
27
28
33
28
32
-6
33
27
42
32
30
30
34
30
33
-5
35
30
44
33
Food preparation and service workers, fast food
restaurants...................................................................
Flosts/hostesses, restaurant, lounge, coffee shop..............
Kitchen helpers.................................................................
Pantry, sandwich, and coffee makers ..............................
Waiters and waitresses.....................................................
Waiters assistants............................................................
All other food service workers .........................................
757
110
822
77
1,599
283
515
809
113
850
84
1,665
302
559
1 092
152
1,139
111
2,199
384
726
1 106
154
1,155
112
2,227
388
734
1 113
155
1,174
114
2,249
394
748
44
38
39
43
38
36
41
46
40
41
45
39
37
43
47
41
43
47
41
39
45
35
34
34
32
32
27
30
36
36
34
34
29
31
37
38
36
35
30
34
Selected health service workers............................................
Dental assistants............................................................
Licensed practical nurses .................. ...........................
1,980
129
524
2,240
153
594
3,038
3,066
218
815
3,166
229
841
53
65
54
55
69
55
60
77
60
36
39
36
37
42
37
41
49
41
Miscellaneous machine operatives, rubber and
miscellaneous plastics...................................................
Extruder operators, rubber or plastics .........................
Compression and injection mold machine operators,
plastics.....................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, stone, clay, and glass
Miscellaneous machine operatives, primary metals...........
Miscellaneous machine operatives, manufacturing, nec. . .
Miscellaneous machine operatives, nonmanufacturing . . . .
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, durable goods..................
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, nondurable goods ...........
Poultry dressers, eviscerators.......................................
Press assistants and feeders .......................................
213
40
Tab le 1.
C on tin u ed — C ivilian em ploym ent in occupations
P ercent change
Total e m ploym ent (in thousands)
Occupation
197 9
198 2
Medical assistants............................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants............................
Pharmacy helpers ............................................................
Psychiatric aides..............................................................
88
1,087
29
115
100
1,218
33
132
Selected personal service workers .......................................
Barbers ............................................................................
Bellhops, bag porters, and doorkeepers............................
Child-care attendants .....................................................
Child-care workers.....................................................
Cosmetologists/women’s hairstylists ................................
1,518
110
26
39
396
483
1,632
115
26
47
414
491
54
54
53
101
72
35
40
93
Flight attendants ..............................................................
Game and ride operators and concession workers ...........
Housekeepers, hotel and motel.........................................
Recreation facility attendants ............................................
Reducing instructors .......................................................
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers.......................
Welfare service aides .......................................................
Correction officials and jailers .........................................
Crossing or bridge tenders ..............................................
Crossing guards, school...................................................
Firefighters........................................................................
Fire officers .....................................................................
Guards and doorkeepers...................................................
Lifeguards ........................................................................
(D
(D
64
24
41
92
1,752
112
28
40
213
49
645
(D
1,707
111
27
38
201
46
635
34
Low
trend
809
146
1,628
45
1,930
126
28
56
495
577
68
62
130
87
44
38
116
2,121
145
29
42
214
51
925
43
M oderate
trend
1 9 8 2 -9 5
1 9 7 9 -9 5
199 5
High
trend
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
High
trend
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
High
trend
148
1,642
46
185
154
1,690
47
192
65
50
56
60
67
51
57
60
74
55
62
66
45
34
38
40
47
35
38
41
53
39
43
46
1,961
127
29
57
499
589
2,010
129
29
58
504
604
27
14
7
43
25
19
29
15
9
45
26
22
32
17
11
48
27
25
18
9
9
20
19
17
20
10
10
21
20
20
23
12
13
24
22
23
69
63
130
88
46
39
119
70
66
133
92
51
41
122
27
17
29
21
29
-4
26
29
19
29
23
34
-2
28
30
24
32
27
46
4
32
2,146
147
29
42
217
52
935
44
2,194
150
30
43
223
53
950
46
26
33
8
12
8
12
47
31
29
36
11
14
11
14
50
36
26
27
29
(D
(D
(D
(D
(D
(D
35
88
-6
27
37
96
-4
29
42
114
1
33
21
30
3
3
0
3
44
22
31
5
5
2
5
45
25
35
8
7
4
7
47
(D
(D
(D
24
31
6
10
7
10
46
29
608
71
110
400
864
285
1
12
4
0
-2 5
35
2
9
5
2
-2 2
37
5
14
8
4
-21
39
7
17
10
6
-2 0
31
8
14
10
7
-1 7
33
11
19
14
10
-1 6
36
Police and detectives, public service ................................
Police detectives ..........................................................
Police officers ..............................................................
Police patrolmen/women ..............................................
Private household workers ...................................................
Supervisors, nonworking, service.........................................
578
62
102
383
1,088
205
549
59
97
363
1,023
210
586
69
106
383
275
592
68
107
390
850
279
Laborers, except fa rm ..............................................................
Animal caretakers.................................................................
Cannery workers...................................................................
Cleaners, vehicle .................................................................
Conveyor operators and tenders............................................
Garbage collectors ..............................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................
Helpers, trades ...................................................................
Highway maintenance workers..............................................
Line service attendants .......................................................
Pipelayers............................................................................
Riggers ...............................................................................
Stock handlers................ .....................................................
Order fillers .....................................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r ...................................................
Fallers and buckers..............................................................
6,257
91
61
119
51
115
646
1,023
173
29
47
30
938
356
581
45
5,861
105
56
100
46
110
661
608
165
30
42
27
962
355
608
39
6,884
119
67
133
53
127
732
777
172
41
56
33
1,111
420
691
35
7,052
120
69
138
54
129
744
798
175
41
57
33
1,150
430
721
35
7,215
123
71
143
56
133
759
819
179
42
58
34
1,171
435
736
36
10
31
10
11
3
11
13
-2 4
0
39
18
11
18
18
19
-2 3
13
33
12
16
6
12
15
-2 2
1
41
21
12
23
21
24
-2 2
15
35
16
20
8
16
17
-2 0
4
42
23
15
25
22
27
-2 0
17
14
20
32
14
15
11
28
4
36
32
23
15
18
14
-1 0
20
15
23
38
18
17
13
31
6
38
35
24
20
21
19
-9
23
17
27
43
21
20
15
35
9
39
37
27
22
23
21
-7
Farmers and farmworkers .......................................................
Farmers and farm managers................................................
Farm owners and tenants ................................................
Farm managers.................................................................
Farm supervisors and laborers ............................................
Farm supervisors..............................................................
Farm laborers...................................................................
2,704
1,447
1,405
42
1,257
33
1,224
2,691
1,448
1,407
40
1,243
33
1,211
2,404
1,370
1,319
51
1,034
31
1,003
2,407
1,357
1,304
52
1,050
31
1,019
2,424
1,359
1,305
53
1,065
32
1,033
-11
-5
-6
21
-1 8
-7
-1 8
-11
-6
-7
24
-1 6
-5
-1 7
-1 0
-6
-7
26
-1 5
-3
-1 6
-11
-5
-6
27
-1 7
-6
-1 7
-11
-6
-7
30
-1 6
-4
-1 6
-1 0
-6
-7
32
-1 4
-2
-1 5
1Data not available.
The growth of occupations concentrated in the construc
tion and manufacturing industries, which was severely af
fected by jthe 1980-82 recession, includes recovery from
the trough of that period. As a result, the data on growth
patterns of occupations must be interpreted very carefully.
For this reason, the data on growth presented in table 1
include employment data for 1979 (prerecessionary) and
1979-95 growth rates.2
nomic and industry alternatives presented elsewhere in this
issue of the Review. Although the assumptions and analyses
that differentiate these scenarios result in different rates of
growth for most occupations, the basic changes in the oc
cupational composition from 1982 to 1995 are similar in all
versions. Thus, although this article focuses on the “ mod
erate” scenario, the discussion would be very similar if any
of the other scenarios were highlighted. However, the major
differences in trends between the alternate scenarios are
reported in the final section of this article. The alternative
projections are also shown in table 1 for all detailed oc
cupations.
Alternative sets of projections
The Bureau has developed three alternative sets of oc
cupational employment projections that are tied to the eco
41
maintain their relative share of total employment, a share
which has not changed significantly over the past two de
cades. On the other hand, operatives and laborers should
continue their long-term decline as a proportion of total
employment, as their growth is impacted by the effects of
technological change and the relatively faster growth of the
service sector. Private household workers are expected to
continue to decline numerically as well as in proportion to
total employment.
Major changes in long-term trends in the broad occupa
tional structure, however, are expected in clerical and in
farming occupations. Although the number of clerical work
ers is expected to continue to increase, the effects of office
automation should result in average growth rather than in
the faster than average growth which has occurred over the
past two decades. Farming occupations which have declined
significantly throughout the century are expected to continue
to decrease but somewhat more slowly than in the past.
However, farming occupations should drop significantly as
a proportion of total employment between 1982 and 1995.
Broad occupational trends tend to mask much of the dy
namic changes in occupational structures that have occurred
and are expected to occur over the projections period. Within
each broad occupational group, detailed occupational trends
will be affected by technological changes and by alterations
in the basic structure of industrial growth. The latter changes
are extremely important because occupational growth is very
closely related to changes in employment of industries in
which they are concentrated. The following sections of this
article discuss the growth of individual occupations and
highlight many of the basic changes in occupational em
ployment that are anticipated over the period.
Differences in the occupational projections among the
three alternatives should not be considered as the potential
range within which the projections are likely to fall because
the range for most occupations is much wider than that
shown. The majority of occupations are sensitive to a wide
variety of assumptions and economic factors and all of these
could not be considered in the three scenarios.
One should keep in mind that the development of pro
jections is not a precise statistical process. Despite the use
of sophisticated economic models and the use of data in
those models that are carefully developed by statistical tech
niques, the future cannot be precisely predicted. Too many
factors can alter economic activity over the 1982-95 period
to assure that the projections provide an exact picture of the
future. This is very evident if one reviews previous em
ployment projections developed by the Bureau or any other
organization.3
The projections developed by the Bureau reflect very
detailed analyses of the factors that are expected to affect
occupational trends in addition to those factors built into
the model. Thus, the occupational projections presented in
this article reflect the analyses and judgments of Bureau
staff who are involved in this development. Some of these
judgments are fairly subjective, and therefore, open to ques
tion. For example, in developing projected occupational
staffing patterns for automobile manufacturing, judgments
had to be made about the actual use of robots and other
production processes in the industry during 1982-95. Clearly,
at this stage of the development and use of robots in au
tomobile manufacturing, such judgments are highly subjec
tive.
Despite these analytical problems in developing precise
projections of the future, our experience has indicated that
basic trends in occupational structure can be approximated
through the types of analyses described. Growth trends have
proved to be correct for most occupations in previous sets
of projections. We are hopeful that our experience and im
proved techniques and data bases will result in projections
that present the general trends in employment by occupation
during 1982-95.
Detailed occupations
The economy is expected to generate an additional 25.6
million jobs between 1982 and 1995. About one-half of this
job growth is projected to occur in only 40 of the 1,700
occupations (see table 2) for which projections were de
veloped. Several points should be kept in mind in reviewing
these occupations which will account for the greatest number
of additional jobs. In general, the occupations are numer
ically large and all had more than 250,000 workers in 1982.
Occupations that require extensive training are not found to
any greater extent in table 2 than are those requiring little
formal training. Only one-fourth of the occupations gen
erally require a college degree.
Several of the occupations on the list reflect recovery
from very low 1982 employment levels caused by the reces
sion. For example, helpers, trade; supervisors of blue-collar
workers; and carpenters are on the list only because of the
sharp drop in employment experienced from 1979 to 1982.
Most of the employment growth reflects recovery to prerecessionary levels.
A list of the fastest growing occupations from 1982 to
Broad structural changes
The impact of technological change, differences in in
dustrial growth patterns, and other factors that have a sig
nificant impact on occupations will result in changes in the
broad occupational structure between 1982 and 1995. How
ever, the direction of these changes will be very similar to
changes that have occurred over the past several decades.
Professional and technical workers will continue to increase
faster than total employment and account for a greater share
of total employment in 1995 than in 1982. Service workers,
excluding private household workers, also will continue to
grow faster than average. Managers, salesworkers, and craftworkers will continue to increase at about average rates and
42
T a b le 2.
1 9 8 2 -9 5
in expenditures for health services, occupations in this field
have been among the fastest growing for many years. Even
during 1979-82, when total employment was virtually un
changed, employment in health occupations grew signifi
cantly. Continued population growth and expansion of health
care insurance coverage are primary reasons underlying the
expected continued growth. In addition, the aged, requiring
the most health care, are expected to increase their share of
the U.S. population. While the population is expected to
go up by only 14 percent between 1980 and 1995, those
over 65 years of age will increase by 26 percent.
The number of registered nurses is expected to grow by
49 percent between 1982 and 1995, an additional 642,000
jobs. Physicians are projected to increase by 34 percent,
faster than the average for all occupations, and add 163,000
jobs. Nursing aides and orderlies should add 423,000 new
jobs and licensed practical nurses, 220,000 jobs, both rep
resenting faster than average growth. Overall, these four
occupations are projected to account for almost 6 percent
of the total employment growth over the period.
Among the smaller and faster growing occupations, phys
ical therapy technicians are projected to increase by 68 per
cent, occupational therapists by 60 percent, physical therapists
by 54 percent, and medical assistants by 47 percent.
F o rty o c c u p a tio n s w ith la rg e s t jo b g ro w th ,
Change in
total employment
(in thousands)
779
744
719
696
685
642
562
Percent of
total
job growth
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.2
Percent
change
511
425
423
386
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.5
37.4
26.5
34.8
29.3
Accountants and auditors ................
Automotive mechanics .....................
Supervisors of blue-collar workers . .
Kitchen helpers................................
Guards and doorkeepers..................
Food preparation and service workers,
fast food restaurants.....................
Managers, store ..............................
Carpenters.......................................
Electrical and electronic technicians
Licensed practical nurses ................
344
324
319
305
300
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
40.2
38.3
26.6
35.9
47.3
297
292
247
222
220
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.9
36.7
30.1
28.6
60.7
37.1
Computer systems analysts..............
Electrical engineers .........................
Computer programmers ..................
Maintenance repairers, general utility
Helpers, trades................................
Receptionists ...................................
Electricians.......................................
Physicians .......................................
Clerical supervisors .........................
Computer operators.........................
Sales representatives, nontechnical . .
217
209
205
193
190
189
173
163
162
160
160
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
85.3
65.3
76.9
27.8
31.2
48.8
31.8
34.0
34.6
75.8
27.4
Lawyers............................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and
warehouse ...................................
Typists ............................................
Delivery and route workers ..............
Bookkeepers, hand .........................
Cooks, restaurants............................
Bank tellers .....................................
, Cooks, short order, specialty and fast
food ............................................
159
.6
34.3
156
155
153
152
149
142
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
18.8
15.7
19.2
15.9
42.3
30.0
141
.6
32.2
Occupation
Building custodians .........................
Cashiers ..........................................
Secretaries.......................................
General clerks, office .......................
Salesclerks.......................................
Nurses, registered............................
Waiters and waitresses.....................
Teachers, kindergarten and
elementary ...................................
Truckdrivers.....................................
Nursing aides and orderlies..............
Sales representatives, technical . . . .
27.5
47.4
29.5
29.6
23.5
48.9
33.8
Computer-related occupations. Computers are expected to
continue to have more widespread use throughout the econ
omy through the mid-1990’s. As a result, occupations that
are directly related to computer development and use will
be among the leaders in employment growth rates over the
period. The number of systems analysts and computer pro
grammers should expand at a very rapid rate through 1995.
As more uses are found for computers in business and ev
eryday life, software development will experience tremen
dous growth.
Most industry forecasts indicate that there will be more
than 10 times as many computers in use during the next
decade than exist today. This will translate into an increased
demand for additional computer service technicians to main
tain the equipment.
Recently, the focus has been on the micro- and mini
computers. Mainframe (large) computers have mostly been
overlooked. In 1982, mainframe sales stood at $10 billion
representing the largest segment of the computer machine
market. Fifth-generation machines are expected to be intro
duced in the early 1990’s, and sales are projected to grow
significantly by 1995. Therefore, this means strong growth
in the number of computer and peripheral equipment op
erators needed by 1995.
Note: Includes only detailed occupations with 1982 employment of 25,000 or more.
Data for 1995 are based on moderate-trend projections.
1995 is shown in table 3. Although the list is dominated by
occupations that are tied to continued growth of expanding
industries and which have been among the strongest in the
economy for the past decade, many reflect recovery from
the recession. It is also important to note that these fast
growing occupations generally are not found on the list of
occupations that will add the most jobs over the period.
Almost half of the 20 occupations in the list are either in
the computer or health fields, which are among the fields
with the strongest growth.
Some occupations are expected to decline over the period.
(See table 4.) In general, occupations on the list are con
centrated in industries that are contracting, or severely af
fected by technological change. For example, railroad
conductors are concentrated in a declining industry, while
data entry operators are affected by technological change.
Education-related occupations. The growth of employment
in many occupations in the education field is closely tied to
the size of the school-age population. Although births de
clined steadily during 1961-75, the number of children born
each year has grown steadily since 1976 and is expected to
Health-related, occupations. Health care will continue to be
an expanding field of work during 1982-95. Reflecting growth
43
Table 3.
mechanical engineers. More civil engineers will be needed
to meet the demands of a rejuvenated construction industry.
Petroleum engineers on the other hand should experience
average growth as oil supplies stabilize and new drilling
moderates.
Chemists will be affected by a diminished growth of the
chemical industry and geologists and geophysicists by a
slowdown in oil and gas extraction. Therefore, both oc
cupations are expected to grow only as fast as average. A
fairly strong demand for biological scientists is expected
due to the growth of the drug industry. Electrical and elec
tronic technicians, mechanical engineering technicians, and
civil engineering technicians should experience strong growth
similar to their engineer counterparts. Drafters is one im
portant occupation in this group to fall victim to new tech
nology. As computer-assisted design equipment gains more
widespread use, the growth of this occupation will be vir
tually nil.
T w en ty fastest grow ing occupations, 1 9 8 2 -9 5
Occupation
Percent growth in
em ploym ent
Computer service technicians
Legal assistants ...............................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................
Computer programmers...................................................
Computer operators ........................................................
Office machine repairers...................................................
Physical therapy assistants..............................................
Electrical engineers..........................................................
Civil engineering technicians............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................
96.8
94.3
85.3
76.9
75.8
71.7
67.8
65.3
63.9
63.5
Insurance clerks, medical.................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ................................
Occupational therapists ...................................................
Surveyor helpers ............................................................
Credit clerks, banking and insurance.................................
Physical therapists ..........................................................
Employment interviewers .................................................
Mechanical engineers .....................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians .................................
Compression and injection mold machine operators,
plastics........................................................................
62.2
60.7
59.8
58.6
54.1
53.6
52.5
52.1
51.6
50.3
Note: Includes only detailed occupations with 1982 employment of 25,000 or more.
Data for 1995 are based on moderate-trend projections.
Office clerical workers. Most office clerical occupations are
expected to grow more slowly during 1982-95 than in the
1970’s because of office automation. Nevertheless, signif
icant growth is expected in some of these occupations. Re
ceptionists should be among the fastest growing clerical
occupations, with a projected increase of 49 percent. Be
cause of the varied responsibilities and the need for human
interaction, it is difficult to replace this occupation with a
machine. Secretaries will increasingly use advanced office
equipment in the future, thereby becoming more productive.
This in turn will dampen demand for the occupation. Never
theless, secretaries are projected to grow at a rate that is
about average because of the growth of industries in which
they are concentrated.
continue until 1987. Because of this increase in births and
the expected continued growth in the labor force partici
pation of mothers of young children, employment of pre
school teachers is expected to surge during 1982-95,
increasing by more than 40 percent. Kindergarten and el
ementary schoolteachers as well as teachers’ aides are an
ticipated to grow substantially as growth in the youth
population works its way through the educational system.
The increase in the school-age population will not affect
secondary schools until early in the 1990’s. Therefore, sec
ondary schoolteachers are expected to decline in numbers
until 1990 and then turn around. Overall, between 1982 and
1995, this occupation should experience only minimal growth.
At the post-secondary level, vocational education teachers
can be expected to grow at a strong pace. Growth of job
training and retraining programs will be reflected in in
creased demand for this occupation. However, college and
university teachers are projected to decline during 1982-95
because of a drop in the college-age population and because
of higher tuition.
Tab le 4. Tw e n ty m ost rapidly declining occupations,
1 9 8 2 -9 5
Occupation
Scientific and technical occupations. Many scientific and
technical occupations are expected to grow rapidly over the
period, benefiting from the growth of high-technology in
dustries. However, some will be negatively affected by the
products of high technology and others will grow more
sluggishly than average because they are concentrated in
slowly growing industries.
Engineering occupations are expected to provide nearly
600,000 new jobs by 1995, as the occupation is expected
to grow much faster than average. As manufacturing in
dustries, primarily durable goods, rebound from the reces
sion and place new technologies into their production systems,
there will be heavy demands for electrical, industrial, and
Percent decline
in em p lo ym en t
Railroad conductors ........................................................
Shoemaking machine operatives .....................................
Aircraft structure assemblers............................................
Central telephone office operators ...................................
Taxi drivers......................................................................
Postal clerks ....................................................................
Private household workers ...............................................
Farm laborers .................................................................
College and university faculty ..........................................
-3 2 .0
Roustabouts .....................................................................
Postmasters and mail superintendents ............................
Rotary drill operator helpers ............................................
Graduate assistants..........................................................
Data entry operators ...................................................
Railroad brake operators .................................................
Fallers and buckers..........................................................
Stenographers .............................................................
Farm owners and tenants...............................................
Typesetters and compositors............................................
Butchers and meatcutters.................................................
-14.4
-13.8
-11.6
-11.2
-10.6
-9 8
-8 .7
-7 .4
-7 .3
-7 .3
-6 .3
-30.2
-21.0
-20.0
-18.9
-17.9
-16.9
-15.9
-15.0
N o te:
Includes only detailed occupations with 1982 employment of 25,000 or more.
Data for 1995 are based on moderate-trend projections.
44
Transportation occupations. As economic activity in
creases, so does the demand for transporting goods. Tech
nological change has not radically affected the trucking
industry, therefore, a rising demand for its services brings
about roughly proportional increases in the employment of
truckdrivers. Truckdrivers are projected to show average
growth but, because of its large size, add almost 424,000
jobs. Double trailers and larger trucks will dampen em
ployment growth among long-haul truckdrivers as will com
petition for long-haul business from railroad transportation.
Ambulance drivers are expected to have average em
ployment growth. Busdrivers and industrial truck operators
should experience below average growth rates. Technolog
ical change may have a greater impact on industrial truck
operators, who move materials from one location to another
within factories and warehouses. Industrial truck operators
are projected to increase by 70,000, which largely reflects
recovery from the decline in manufacturing employment
during 1980-82.
Most other office clerical occupations including typists
will be growing more slowly than the average rate for all
occupations. The expected increase in typing work will be
in significant part taken care of by the increased use of word
processing equipment. Stenographers is the one office oc
cupation which has been declining and should continue to
do so during the period.
Mechanics and repairers. The increasing complexity of
equipment used by industry and by consumers is expected
to provide continued steady growth for mechanics and re
pairers. Automotive mechanics are projected to grow faster
than average— about 38 percent from 1982 to 1995— and
because of the occupation’s large size it will add nearly
324,000 jobs. Refrigeration and air-conditioning mechanics
are expected to add 55,000 jobs. Office machine servicers
and cash register servicers should rise by 72 percent as
offices and stores are automated. This occupation will be
among the fastest growing during the period.
Construction trades. Employment fluctuations caused by
cyclical and seasonal factors characterize the construction
industry. As a result, construction-related employment pro
jections are difficult to develop accurately. Although em
ployment among construction trades is projected to increase
by more than 900,000 workers, much of this growth rep
resents a recovery from the severe downturn of the early
1980’s. If allowance is made for this recession, the growth
of the construction trade occupations may be seen as ap
proximating that of the rest of the economy.
Employment among the construction trades will also be
affected by technological changes within the industry. Dry
wall installers will benefit from the increased use of dry
wall. Modular construction will slow the employment growth
of carpenters. On the other hand, the increasing use of new
types of electrical equipment will continue to aid the em
ployment growth of electricians.
Production occupations. The recovery of manufacturing from
the recent recession and its projected employment increase
by 1995 will provide many additional jobs for production
workers performing precision tasks. Although growth rates
will only approximate the economy as a whole, supervisors
of blue-collar workers will gain 319,000 jobs; machinists,
58,000; press and plate printers, 35,000; tool and die mak
ers, 32,000; and millwrights, 30,000. The majority of ma
chinists, tool and die makers, and millwrights work in durable
goods manufacturing which declined during 1980-82 and
which is expected to recover and grow.
Some of the lesser skilled production occupations (such
as operatives) are threatened by the introduction of robots
and other automated equipment. Robots can perform weld
ing, machine loading and unloading, spray painting, and
certain types of assembly work, but their introduction is
currently hampered by factors such as the lack of visual
capabilities and by their purchase, installation, and main
tenance costs. If the robots’ capabilities can be improved
and their associated costs can be reduced through mass
production, we may see an occupational impact.
Among the fabricating, assembly, and handworking oc
cupations, the group of assembly occupations is anticipated
to grow by 332,000, primarily in electrical and electronic
components, machinery, and electrical equipment assem
bly. Welders and flamecutters are expected to increase by
105,000; however, they are expected to decline in the au
tomotive industry as more spot welding robots are used.
The number of filers, grinders, buffers, and chippers should
grow by about 3.0,000 jobs.
Some machine operators and tenders will experience the
impact of robots which can load materials into machinery.
However, increases are expected in some operator jobs,
including 52,000 combination machine tool operators and
Food and beverage service occupations. The trend toward
eating outside the home will result in continued employment
growth among food and beverage preparation and service
occupations. Sales in eating and drinking places nearly
quadrupled between 1967 and 1981,4 This trend is expected
to add 1.8 million jobs in eating and drinking places, an
increase of 38 percent during 1982-95. Much of this growth,
however, should be in fast food restaurants and therefore
food preparation and service workers in these establishments
would increase faster than other food service occupations.
They are expected to increase by 37 percent and add 297,000
jobs. Other food service occupations will also grow faster
than average including waiters and waitresses, up 562,000;
cooks, 402,000; and bartenders, 121,000. These four oc
cupations will account for more than 5 percent of the total
growth in jobs over the period.
45
39.000 power press operators. Sewers and stitchers should
gain 78,000 jobs, although the growth rate is expected to
be below average and employment is not even expected to
reach the 1977 level by 1995. Production inspectors, testers,
samplers, and weighers would be most affected by robotic
vision systems, but the use of these systems seems to be in
the distant future. Therefore, an increase of 119,000 in
specting jobs and 36,000 testing jobs is projected through
1995.
Tab le 5. P ercent distribution of em ploym ent
o ccupational group, 1932 and projected 1995
m ajor
199 5
O ccupational group
Total, all occupations.........................
Professional, technical, and related workers
Managers, officials, and proprietors .........
Salesworkers ............................................
Clerical workers..........................................
Craft and related workers ..........................
Operatives .•...............................................
Service workers..........................................
Laborers, except farm ..............................
Farmers and farmworkers .........................
Sales occupations. Salesworker employment growth trends
are generally tied to the growth of industries in which they
are employed. Thus, security and bond sales agents and real
estate agents should grow faster than average as do their
related industries. Salesclerks should increase about average
following the trend in retail trade where most are employed.
However, because of the very large size of this occupation,
it should be among the leaders in the number of jobs added
during 1982-95.
198 2
Low
trend
M oderate
trend
High
trend
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16.3
9.4
6.9
18.8
11.4
12.8
16.0
5.8
2.7
17.3
9.6
6.8
18.8
11.6
12.1
16.4
5.5
1.9
17.1
9.6
6.9
18.9
11.6
12.1
16.3
5.5
1.9
17.2
9.6
6.9
18.9
11.6
12.2
16.3
5.6
1.9
The following list identifies those occupations in which
the difference between the alternative (high or low) projected
employment is greater than 5 percent from the moderate
trend:
Postmasters and mail superintendents
Railroad conductors
Postal mail carriers
Postal service clerks
Bookbinders
Locomotive engineers
Railroad brake operators
Extruder operators, rubber or plastics
Compression and injection mold machine operators, plastics
Press assistants and feeders
Shoemaking machine operators
Low and high alternative projections
The percentage distribution of occupational employment
or staffing patterns within specific industries that was used
to develop the low- and high-projection alternatives was
identical to that used in the moderate-trend projections.
Therefore, occupations that are concentrated in industries
whose employment varies significantly are those which show
the greatest variability among the three alternatives.
Total employment in the moderate-trend alternatives var
ied by only about 2 percent from both the low and high
trends. Therefore, the distribution of employment by major
occupational group varies little among the alternatives. (See
table 5.)
In looking at specific occupations, significant differences
may exist between the moderate and either the low and high
Data uses
The current and projected occupational employment es
timates presented in this article are developed by industry
and are a part of a national industry-occupational employ
ment matrix. Data from the matrix will underlie information
in the 1984-85 edition of the Occupational Outlook Hand
book which will be issued in the Spring of 1984. In addition
to being used in the development of career guidance infor
mation, national occupational employment data and projec
tions are used at all levels of government, and by others,
to formulate education plans, including vocational educa
tion, and training requirements. State employment security
agencies utilize the national matrix as part of their own
programs of developing occupational projections. Other
government agencies and private organizations also use the
matrix for analytical purposes.
□
alternatives. In virtually all cases, em ploym ent levels are
small and the percent differences are relatively minor.
In a few instances, projected employment is greater in
the low alternative than in the moderate, or lower in the
high alternative than in the moderate. For example, em
ployment for aircraft structure assemblers is projected to be
28.000 in the low alternative and 26,000 in the moderate
and high alternatives. This is due to significantly higher
projected employment for aircraft manufacturing in the low
alternative which encompasses higher levels of defense ex
penditures.
by
46
■FOOTNOTES1See Handbook o f M ethods. Bulletin 2134 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1982) , chapters 18-21.
2Table 1 includes only 370 detailed occupations with employment of
25,000 or more in 1982. Projections developed in greater detail with
employment of 5,000 or more in 1982 will be published in the Spring of
1984 in O ccupational Projections and T raining D a ta , 1984 ed it ion. Current
and projected occupational employment estimates are developed by the
Bureau in the National Industry-Occupational Employment Matrix pro
gram. The national matrix is developed by applying data on occupational
staffing patterns o f industries collected in the Occupational Employment
47
Statistics Survey program to estimates of annual average industry em
ployment collected in the Current Employment Statistics program. These
surveys count jobs rather than people; therefore, the employment estimates
contained in this report are different from those derived from a count of
individuals in the Current Population Survey.
3 See Max L. Carey and Kevin Kasunic, “ Evaluating the 1980 projec
tions of occupational employment,” M o n tjilv L a b o r Review, July 1982,
pp. 2 2 -3 0 .
4U.S. Bureau of the Census, C urrent Business Report, Series BR. Monthly
Retail Trade.
A p p e n d ix T a b le s
A -1. C ivilian lab o r fore® and p articipation rats® by ag@, s e x , and pae®, 1986-95, m iddle g ro w th path
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r ..............
16 to 2 4 .....................................
20 and over ..............................
25 to 5 4 .....................................
55 and o v e r ..............................
118,693
23,605
110,557
80,261
14,827
120,421
23,326
112,170
82,442
14,653
122,002
22,920
113,715
84,578
14,504
123,563
22,503
115,360
86,728
14,332
124,951
22,087
117,050
88,676
14,188
65.9
70.0
66.6
83.0
29.8
66.1
70.2
66.8
83.4
29.3
66.4
70.7
67.0
83.8
28.8
66.7
71.3
67.3
84.1
28.3
66.9
71.8
67.5
84.5
27.8
Men, 16 and o v e r ...................
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over .........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and over ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 ........................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and o v e r .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 .......................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 74 ...................
75 and o v e r .................
65,480
12,294
4,274
1,850
2,424
61,206
8,020
44,438
19,154
9,892
9,262
15,334
8,751
6,583
9,950
5,375
4,575
8,748
6,899
4,148
2,751
1,392
1,359
1,849
1,042
508
240
268
299
66,112
12,086
4,330
1,894
2,436
61,782
7,756
45,414
19,406
9,879
9,527
15,857
8,703
7,154
10,151
5,554
4,597
8,612
6,762
4,058
2,704
1,362
1,342
1,850
1,046
502
234
268
302
66,678
11,818
4,344
1,820
2,524
62,334
7,474
46,369
19,541
9,842
9,699
16,304
8,870
7,434
10,524
5,875
4,649
8,491
6,647
3,979
2,668
1,342
1,326
1,844
1,040
499
233
266
305
67,238
11,545
4,293
1,713
2,580
62,945
7,252
47,334
19,625
9,759
9,866
16,867
9,069
7,798
10,842
6,104
4,738
8,359
6,523
3,905
2,618
1,316
1,302
1,836
1,030
498
235
263
308
67,701
11,274
4,123
1,664
2,459
63,578
7,151
48,180
19,569
9,557
10,012
17,469
9,281
8,188
11,142
6,299
4,843
8,247
6,419
3,842
2,577
1,308
1,269
1,828
1,019
498
236
262
311
76.7
74.2
60.2
49.7
72.0
78.2
84.6
94.1
94.2
93.4
95.1
95.9
96.6
94.9
91.4
93.5
89.0
40.6
67.5
79.4
55.1
67.6
46.3
16.3
25.3
16.0
17.3
15.0
7.4
76.6
74.0
60.5
50.1
72.2
78.0
84.5
94.0
94.1
93.3
95.0
95.8
96.5
94.9
91.3
93.4
88.9
39.7
66.9
79.1
54.4
67.0
45.7
16.0
24.8
15.7
17.0
14.7
7.3
76.5
74.2
61.3
50.4
72.7
77.9
84.5
93.9
93.9
93.1
94.8
95.7
96.4
94.9
91.3
93.4
88.8
38.9
66.4
78.7
53.8
66.5
45.1
15.6
24.3
15.4
16.6
14.5
7.1
76.5
74.5
62.1
50.7
73.0
77.8
84.4
93.9
93.8
93.0
94.6
95.6
96.3
94.8
91.3
93.4
88.7
38.1
65.9
78.4
53.3
66.0
44.6
15.3
23.7
15.2
16.4
14.3
7.0
76.5
74.7
62.3
51.0
73.2
77.7
84.4
93.8
93.7
92.9
94.5
95.6
96.2
94.8
91.3
93.4
88.7
37.4
65.5
78.1
52.8
65.6
44.0
14.9
23.3
15.0
16.0
14.1
6.9
Women, 16 and o v e r..............
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over ..........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and over ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 .......................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and o v e r .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 .......................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 7 4 ...................
75 and o v e r.................
53,213
11,311
3,862
1,611
2,251
49,351
7,449
35,823
15,764
8,189
7,575
12,526
7,037
5,489
7,533
4,100
3,433
6,079
4,819
2,937
1,882
937
945
1,260
778
320
145
175
162
54,309
11,240
3,921
1,650
2,271
50,388
7,319
37,028
16,149
8,267
7,882
13,126
7,091
6,035
7,753
4,265
3,488
6,041
4,759
2,893
1,866
922
944
1,282
797
321
143
178
164
55,324
11,102
3,943
1,587
2,356
51,381
7,159
38,209
16,444
8,329
8,115
13,660
7,314
6,346
8,105
4,539
3,566
6,013
4,712
2,856
1,856
914
942
1,301
811
323
144
179
167
56,325
10,958
3,910
1,500
2,410
52,415
7,048
39,394
16,680
8,355
8,325
14,296
7,565
6,731
8,418
4,747
3,671
5,973
4,659
2,821
1,838
904
934
1,314
822
323
145
178
169
57,250
10,813
3,778
1,461
2,317
53,472
7,035
40,496
16,804
8,290
8,514
14,974
7,829
7,145
8,718
4,926
3,792
5,941
4,612
2,791
1,821
899
922
1,329
829
328
149
179
172
56.1
66.1
54.3
44.6
64.3
56.3
74.5
72.3
74.8
75.0
74.5
74.5
74.1
75.0
64.6
67.2
61.8
21.6
41.3
50.4
32.2
39.5
27.2
7.7
15.1
7.3
7.9
6.9
2.3
56.7
66.6
54.7
45.0
64.8
56.8
75.4
73.2
75.6
75.9
75.4
75.6
75.1
76.1
65.3
67.8
62.5
21.3
41.3
50.6
32.2
39.5
27.2
7.6
15.1
7.3
7.8
7.0
2.3
57.2
67.4
55.6
45.4
65.5
57.4
76.3
74.0
76.5
76.8
76.2
76.6
76.1
77.2
65.9
68.3
63.2
21.0
41.3
50.8
32.1
39.6
27.2
7.6
15.1
7.3
7.8
7.0
2.3
57.8
68.3
56.5
45.8
66.0
57.9
77.2
74.8
77.3
77.7
77.0
77.6
77.1
78.2
66.5
68.7
63.8
20.8
41.4
50.9
32.1
39.6
27.2
7.5
15.1
7.2
7.7
6.9
2.2
58.3
69.1
56.8
46.2
66.5
58.4
78.1
75.6
78.1
78.5
77.8
78.6
78.0
79.2
67.1
69.2
64.5
20.5
41.5
51.1
32.1
39.6
27.1
7.4
15.1
7.2
7.7
6.9
2.2
48
A-1. Civilian labor fores and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, middle growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Sex, age, and race
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
103,064
104,388
105,571
106,726
107,734
66.3
66.5
66.8
67.0
67.3
Men, 16 and over ................
57,612
58,084
58,492
58,887
59,201
77.6
77.5
77.4
77.4
77.4
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and o v e r ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and over ..................
10,728
3,803
53,809
6,925
38,917
16,602
13,478
8,837
7,967
6,266
1,701
10,554
3,856
54,228
6,698
39,692
16,774
13,912
9,006
7,838
6,134
1,704
10,325
3,870
54,622
6,455
40,445
16,844
14,267
9,334
7,722
6,021
1,701
10,088
3,828
55,059
6,260
41,204
16,869
14,725
9,610
7,595
5,900
1,695
9,854
3,678
55,523
6,176
41,864
16,776
15,216
9,872
7,483
5,795
1,688
77.2
64.6
78.7
86.4
95.1
95.4
96.5
92.4
41.0
68.3
16.6
77.2
65.1
78.5
86.5
95.0
95.3
96.5
92.3
40.1
67.7
16.2
77.6
66.1
78.4
86.6
94.9
95.2
96.4
92.3
39.3
67.2
15.9
78.1
67.1
78.2
86.7
94.9
95.1
96.4
92.3
38.5
66.7
15.6
78.5
67.5
78.1
86.9
94.8
95.0
96.3
92.3
37.8
66.3
15.3
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
45,452
46,304
47,079
47,839
48,533
55.9
56.5
57.0
57.5
58.1
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and o v e r ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and over ..................
9,764
3,414
42,038
6,350
30,354
13,224
10,652
6,478
5,334
4,213
1,121
9,692
3,464
42,840
6,228
31,322
13,517
11,142
6,663
5,290
4,150
1,140
9,561
3,481
43,598
6,080
32,264
13,732
11,567
6,965
5,254
4,098
1,156
9,422
3,450
44,389
5,972
33,209
13,899
12,078
7,232
5,208
4,041
1,167
9,285
3,330
45,203
5,955
34,081
13,967
12,627
7,487
5,167
3,990
1,177
69.1
58.3
55.7
76.7
72.2
74.9
74.3
64.6
21.3
40.9
7.6
69.7
58.9
56.3
77.7
73.1
75.8
75.4
65.3
20.9
40.9
7.5
70.6
59.9
56.8
78.7
74.0
76.6
76.4
65.9
20.7
41.0
7.5
71.6
60.9
57.3
79.7
74.8
77.5
77.4
66.6
20.4
41.1
7.4
72.5
61.5
57.8
80.7
75.6
78.3
78.4
67.1
20.1
41.2
7.4
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
15,629
16,033
16,431
16,837
17,217
63.5
63.7
64.1
64.4
64.8
Men, 16 and over ................
7,868
8,028
8,186
8,351
8,500
71.0
70.9
70.8
70.9
71.0
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 .........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 .........................
65 and over ..................
1,566
471
7,397
1,095
5,521
2,552
1,856
1,113
781
148
1,532
474
7,554
1,058
5,722
2,632
1,945
1,145
774
628
146
1,493
474
7,712
1,019
5,924
2,697
2,037
1,190
769
626
143
1,457
465
7,886
992
6,130
2,756
2,142
1,232
764
823
141
1,420
445
8,055
975
6,316
2,793
2,253
1,270
764
624
140
58.6
39.1
74.9
74.5
87.9
87.3
91.2
84.1
36.8
60.5
13.7
57.5
38.5
74.8
73.7
87.8
87.2
91.1
84.1
36.1
60.1
13.3
56.8
38.5
74.7
72.9
87.7
87.0
91.0
84.1
35.4
59.6
12.7
56.4
38.5
74.6
72.1
87.6
86.8
90.9
84.1
34.8
59.2
12.3
55.9
37.9
74.6
71.4
87.6
86.7
90.8
84.1
34.3
58.9
12.0
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
7,761
8,005
8,245
8,486
8,717
57.3
57.9
58.5
59.1
59.7
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 .........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 .........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 .........................
65 and o v e r ..................
1,547
448
7,313
1,099
5,469
2,540
1,874
1,055
745
606
139
1,548
457
7,548
1,091
5,706
2,632
1,984
1,090
751
609
142
1,541
462
7,783
1,079
5,945
2,712
2,093
1,140
759
614
145
1,536
460
8,026
1,076
6,185
2,781
2,218
1,186
765
618
147
1,528
448
8,269
1,080
6,415
2,837
2,347
1,231
774
622
152
51.8
35.4
59.6
63.8
72.8
74.1
76.1
64.8
24.6
44.0
8.4
52.0
35.5
60.2
64.6
73.6
75.0
77.0
65.3
24.3
43.9
8.3
52.4
35.9
60.8
65.3
74.3
75.9
77.8
65.8
24.0
43.7
8.3
53.1
36.4
61.3
66.0
75.1
76.7
78.7
66.2
23.8
43.6
8.1
53.7
36.5
61.9
66.7
75.8
77.5
79.5
66.6
23.5
43.6
8.2
W hite
Black and o th e r
633
49
A -1. C ivilian iab or fo rc e and p articipation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, m iddle g ro w th p a th — C ontinued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r ..............
to 2 4 .....................................
and over ..............................
to 5 4 .....................................
and over ..............................
126,350
21,872
118,743
90,406
14,072
127,587
21,651
120,087
91,960
13,976
128,860
21,552
121,315
93,358
13,950
130,102
21,340
122,445
94,788
13,974
131,387
21,130
123,583
96,210
14,047
67.2
72.3
67.7
84.9
27.4
67.3
72.6
67.9
85.1
27.1
67.5
72.9
68.0
85.4
26.8
67.6
73.0
68.2
85.7
26.7
67.8
73.0
68.3
85.9
26.6
Men, 16 and o v e r ...................
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over ..........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 ......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and over ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 ........................
60 and 61 ............
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and over .....................
65 to 69 ........................
70 to 74 ........................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 7 4 ...................
75 and o v e r.................
68,170
11,113
3,959
1,665
2,294
64,211
7,154
48,908
19,389
9,221
10,168
18,105
9,467
8,638
11,414
6,442
4,972
8,149
6,339
3,814
2,525
1,281
1,244
1,810
998
500
238
262
312
68,590
10,953
3,896
1,681
2,215
64,694
7,057
49,571
19,098
8,936
10,162
18,343
9,740
8,603
12,130
6,994
5,136
8,066
6,273
3,823
2,450
1,225
1,225
1,793
975
505
240
265
313
69,035
10,860
3,915
1,707
2,208
65,120
6,945
50,148
18,751
8,625
10,126
18,702
9,927
8,775
12,695
7,264
5,431
8,027
6,252
3,859
2,393
1,195
1,198
1,775
955
505
236
269
315
69,479
10,713
3,968
1,745
2,223
65,511
6,745
50,749
18,420
8,377
10,043
19,075
10,099
8,976
13,254
7,612
5,642
8,017
6,267
3,924
2,343
1,183
1,160
1,750
931
502
230
272
317
69,970
10,573
4,043
1,790
2,253
65,927
6,530
51,358
18,105
8,262
9,843
19,446
10,253
9,193
13,807
7,987
5,820
8,039
6,311
4,006
2,305
1,180
1,125
1,728
909
499
229
270
320
76.4
74.8
62.2
51.4
73.3
77.5
84.3
93.7
93.6
92.7
94.4
95.5
96.1
94.9
91.2
93.3
88.6
36.8
65.1
77.8
52.3
65.1
43.5
14.6
22.8
14.7
15.7
13.9
6.7
76.4
74.9
62.2
51.8
73.6
77.4
84.3
93.6
93.5
92.6
94.2
95.5
96.0
94.8
91.2
93.3
88.6
36.2
64.8
77.5
51.6
64.6
43.0
14.3
22.4
14.5
15.5
13.7
6.6
76.3
74.8
62.5
52.1
73.8
77.3
84.3
93.5
93.4
92.5
94.1
95.4
96.0
94.8
91.2
93.3
88.5
35.8
64.6
77.2
51.1
64.2
42.5
13.9
22.0
14.3
15.2
13.5
6.5
76.2
74.7
62.7
52.4
74.1
77.2
84.2
93.5
93.2
92.4
94.0
95.4
95.9
94.8
91.1
93.2
88.4
35.5
64.5
77.0
50.8
63.8
42.0
13.6
21.6
14.0
14.9
13.3
6.4
76.1
74.5
62.9
52.7
74.4
77.1
84.1
93.4
93.1
92.3
93.9
95.3
95.8
94.8
91.1
93.2
88.4
35.3
64.5
76.7
50.5
63.4
41.7
13.3
21.2
13.8
14.7
13.1
6.3
Women, 16 and o v e r..............
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over .........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and over ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 .......................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and over .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 .......................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 7 4 ...................
75 and o v e r .................
58,180
10,759
3,648
1,464
2,184
54,532
7,111
41,498
16,812
8,106
8,706
15,691
8,074
7,617
8,995
5,069
3,926
5,923
4,587
2,786
1,801
891
910
1,336
829
333
151
182
174
58,997
10,698
3,604
1,481
2,123
55,393
7,094
42,389
16,717
7,949
8,768
16,055
8,395
7,660
9,617
5,527
4,090
5,910
4,571
2,810
1,761
857
904
1,339
824
340
154
186
175
59,825
10,692
3,630
1,506
2,124
56,195
7,062
43,210
16,569
7,760
8,809
16,519
8,635
7,884
10,122
5,765
4,357
5,923
4,581
2,850
1,731
839
892
1,342
821
344
153
191
177
60,623
10,627
3,689
1,540
2,149
56,934
6,938
44,039
16,431
7,620
8,811
16,981
8,848
8,133
10,627
6,067
4,560
5,957
4,618
2,912
1,706
835
871
1,339
814
346
151
195
179
61,417
10,557
3,761
1,581
2,180
57,656
6,796
44,852
16,300
7,582
8,718
17,427
9,034
8,393
11,125
6,390
4,735
6,008
4,671
2,985
1,686
836
850
1,337
808
348
151
197
181
58.8
69.9
57.0
46.6
67.0
58.9
79.0
76.4
78.9
79.3
78.6
79.5
78.9
80.2
67.6
69.7
65.1
20.3
41.6
51.3
32.2
39.7
27.1
7.4
15.2
7.2
7.5
6.9
2.2
59.2
70.4
57.2
47.0
67.5
59.3
79.8
77.0
79.7
80.1
79.3
80.4
79.8
81.1
68.1
70.1
65.7
20.1
41.7
51.5
32.0
39.7
27.1
7.3
15.2
7.2
7.5
6.9
2.1
59.6
71.0
57.6
47.3
68.0
59.7
80.6
77.6
80.4
80.9
80.0
81.2
80.6
82.0
68.6
70.5
66.2
20.0
41.9
51.6
32.0
39.7
27.1
7.2
15.2
7.1
7.5
6.9
2.1
60.0
71.3
57.9
47.7
68.4
60.1
81.4
78.1
81.1
81.6
80.7
82.0
81.3
82.8
69.1
70.9
66.8
19.9
42.2
51.8
32.0
39.7
27.0
7.1
15.2
7.1
7.4
6.9
2.1
60.3
71.6
58.2
48.0
68.9
60.4
82.0
78.7
81.7
82.2
81.3
82.8
82.0
83.5
69.5
71.3
67.3
19.9
42.5
51.9
32.1
39.7
27.0
7.0
15.2
7.1
7.3
6.9
2.0
16
20
25
55
50
A-1. Civilian labor fore® and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, middle growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Labor force participation rate
Civilian labor force
Sex, age, and race
Number
Percent
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
111,454
112,393
67.5
67.7
67.8
68.0
68.1
60,102
60,408
60,757
77.3
77.2
77.1
77.1
77.0
9,577
3,489
56,310
6,088
42,921
16,283
15,897
10,741
7,301
5,642
1,659
9,502
3,512
56,590
5,990
43,345
15,943
16,170
11,232
7,255
5,612
1,643
9,386
3,565
56,843
5,821
43,783
15,621
16,445
11,717
7,239
5,617
1,622
9,271
3,639
57,118
5,632
44,232
15,324
16,717
12,191
7,254
5,651
1,603
78.8
67.6
78.0
87.0
94.7
94.9
96.3
92.2
37.1
66.0
14.9
79.0
67.9
77.9
87.1
94.7
94.8
96.3
92.2
36.6
65.7
14.6
79.1
68.3
77.8
87.2
94.6
94.7
96.2
92.2
36.1
65.5
14.3
79.1
68.7
77.7
87.3
94.5
94.6
96.2
92.1
35.8
65.4
14.0
79.1
69.1
77.6
87.3
94.5
94.6
96.2
92.1
35.6
65.5
13.7
49,230
49,835
50,455
51,046
51,636
58.5
58.9
59.3
59.7
60.0
9,224
3,215
46,015
6,009
34,865
13,936
13,208
7,721
5,141
3,959
1,182
9,161
3,177
46,658
5,984
35,555
13,819
13,479
8,257
5,119
3,937
1,182
9,149
3,201
47,254
5,948
36,185
13,657
13,844
8,684
5,121
3,938
1,183
9,091
3,253
47,793
5,838
36,813
13,503
14,200
9,110
5,142
3,964
1,178
9,025
3,318
48,318
5,707
37,433
13,365
14,543
9,525
5,178
4,004
1,174
73.3
61.7
58.3
81.6
76.3
79.1
79.4
67.7
19.9
41.3
7.3
74.0
62.0
58.7
82.5
77.0
79.8
80.3
68.3
19.7
41.4
7.2
74.6
62.5
59.1
83.3
77.6
80.5
81.1
68.8
19.6
41.7
7.1
75.1
62.9
59.5
84.1
78.1
81.2
81.9
69.2
19.6
42.0
7.0
75.4
63.3
59.8
84.9
78.7
81.8
82.7
69.7
19.5
42.2
6.9
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
17,602
17,953
18,303
18,648
18,994
65.1
65.3
65.5
65.6
65.7
Men, 16 and over ................
8,652
8,791
8,933
9,071
9,213
71.0
70.9
70.8
70.7
70.6
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 .........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 .........................
55 and o v e r ......................
55 to 64 .........................
65 and over ..................
1,400
421
8,231
979
6,490
2,813
2,368
1,309
762
1,376
407
8,384
969
6,650
2,815
2,446
1,389
765
1,358
403
8,530
955
6,803
2,808
2,532
1,463
772
1,327
403
8,668
924
6,966
2,799
2,630
1,537
778
1,302
404
8,809
898
7,126
2,781
2,729
1,616
785
55.6
37.0
74.5
70.8
87.5
86.6
90.8
84.1
33.7
55.0
36.3
74.4
70.2
87.4
86.4
90.7
84.2
33.4
631
640
650
660
58.5
58.1
135
134
132
128
125
11.4
11.1
53.5
35.4
74.2
68.9
87.3
86.1
90.6
84.2
32.9
57.7
10.3
52.7
35.0
74.1
68.3
87.2
86.0
90.5
84.2
32.6
627
54.4
35.8
74.3
69.6
87.4
86.2
90.7
84.2
33.2
57.9
10.8
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
8,950
9,162
9,370
9,577
9,781
60.3
60.7
61.1
61.4
61.7
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 .........................
20 and o v e r ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and o v e r .......................
55 to 64 .........................
65 and o v e r ..................
1,535
433
8,517
1,102
6,633
2,876
2,483
1,274
782
628
154
1,537
427
8,735
1,110
6,834
2,898
2,576
1,360
791
634
157
1,543
429
8,941
1,114
7,025
2,912
2,675
1,438
802
643
159
1,536
436
9,141
1,100
7,226
2,928
2,781
1,517
815
654
161
1,532
443
9,338
1,089
7,419
2,935
2,884
1,600
830
667
163
54.4
36.4
62.4
87.4
76.5
78.3
80.3
66.9
23.3
43.6
8.0
54.7
36.3
62.8
68.1
77.1
79.1
81.1
67.4
23.1
43.5
8.0
55.1
36.3
63.1
68.7
77.7
79.8
81.8
67.7
22.9
43.5
7.9
55.2
36.5
63.5
69.3
78.2
80.5
82.5
68.1
22.8
43.6
7.8
55.3
36.6
63.8
69.8
78.7
81.1
83.1
68.4
22.8
43.7
7.7
1991
1992
1993
1994
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
108,748
109,634
110,557
Men, 16 and o v e r ................
59,518
59,799
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and o v e r ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and over ..................
9,713
3,538
55,980
6,175
42,418
16,576
15,737
10,105
7,387
5,712
1,675
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and o v e r ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and over ..................
W hite
Black and
o th e r
51
57.4
9.9
A -2. Civilian lab o r fore© and p articipation rates by ag@, sest, and race, 198S-SS, high g ro w th path
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r ..............
16 to 2 4 .....................................
20 and over ..............................
25 to 5 4 .....................................
55 and over ..............................
122,292
24,324
113,876
82,620
15,348
124,726
24,126
116,148
85,193
15,407
127,008
23,790
118,356
87,733
15,485
129,268
23,444
120,663
90,292
15,532
131,319
23,091
122,990
92,639
15,589
67.9
72.2
68.6
85.4
30.9
68.5
72.7
69.2
86.2
30.8
69.1
73.4
69.8
86.9
30.7
69.8
74.3
70.4
87.6
30.6
70.3
75.1
70.9
88.3
30.6
Men, 16 and over ...................
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over .........................
20 io 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and o v e r .........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 .......................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and over .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 ........................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 7 4 ...................
75 and over .................
66,529
12,594
4,420
1,921
2,499
62,109
8,174
44,758
19,295
10,035
9,260
15,457
8,846
6,611
10,006
5,400
4,606
9,177
7,142
4,246
2,896
1,453
1,443
2,035
1,154
553
263
290
328
67,397
12,444
4,509
1,982
2,527
62,888
7,935
45,830
19,604
10,052
9,552
16,004
8,818
7,188
10,222
5,586
4,636
9,123
7,049
4,172
2,877
1,433
1,444
2,074
1,180
556
261
295
338
68,205
12,229
4,552
1,919
2,633
63,653
7,677
46,888
19,806
10,045
9,781
16,475
9,005
7,470
10,607
5,914
4,693
9,088
6,978
4,111
2,867
1,423
1,444
2,110
1,198
564
266
298
348
68,996
12,007
4,529
1,822
2,707
64,467
7,478
47,953
19,946
9,989
9,957
17,066
9,225
7,841
10,941
6,151
4,790
9,036
6,894
4,053
2,841
1,405
1,436
2.142
1,213
571
272
299
358
69,674
11,782
4,380
1,783
2,597
65,294
7,402
48,894
19,943
9,809
10,134
17,696
9,461
8,235
11,255
6,352
4,903
8,998
6,827
4,004
2,823
1,406
1,417
2,171
1,223
581
279
302
367
77.9
76.0
62.3
51.6
74.2
79.4
86.2
94.8
94.9
94.8
95.1
96.6
97.7
95.3
91.9
93.9
89.6
42.6
69.9
81.3
58.0
70.5
49.1
17.9
28.0
17.4
19.0
16.2
8.1
78.1
76.2
63.0
52.4
74.9
79.4
86.5
94.9
95.1
94.9
95.2
96.6
97.8
95.3
92.0
94.0
89.6
42.1
69.8
81.3
57.9
70.5
49.2
17.9
28.0
17.4
18.9
16.2
8.1
78.3
76.7
64.2
53.1
75.8
79.5
86.8
95.0
95.2
85.1
95.4
96.7
97.9
95.3
92.1
94.1
89.6
41.7
69.7
81.3
57.8
70.6
49.1
17.9
28.0
17.4
19.0
16.2
8.1
78.5
77.5
65.5
53.9
76.6
79.6
87.0
95.1
95.4
95.2
95.5
96.8
98.0
95.4
92.1
94.1
89.7
41.2
69.7
81.4
57.8
70.5
49.2
17.8
28.0
17.4
19.0
16.2
8.1
78.7
78.0
66.2
54.7
77.3
79.7
87.3
95.2
95.5
95.3
95.7
96.8
98.1
95.4
92.2
94.2
89.7
40.8
69.7
81.4
57.9
70.5
49.1
17.7
28.0
17.5
19.0
16.3
8.1
Women, 16 and o v e r..............
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over .........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and o v e r ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 .......................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 64 ...................
65 and over .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 .......................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 74 ...................
75 and over .................
55,763
11,730
3,996
1,706
2,290
51,767
7,734
37,862
16,906
8,777
8,129
13,158
7,410
5,748
7,798
4,345
3,453
6,171
4,860
2,949
1,911
953
958
1,311
800
336
152
184
175
57,329
11,682
4,069
1,751
2,318
53,260
7,613
39,363
17,384
8,888
8,496
13,848
7,510
6,338
8,131
4,540
3,591
6,284
4,940
3,040
1,900
941
959
1,344
824
339
151
188
181
58,803
11,561
4,100
1,690
2,410
54,703
7,461
40,845
17,767
8,983
8,784
14,474
7,792
6,682
8,604
4,853
3,751
6,397
5,024
3,129
1,895
936
959
1,373
843
343
152
191
187
60,272
11,437
4,076
1,601
2,475
56.196
7,361
42,333
18,087
9,037
9,050
15,211
8,103
7,108
9,041
5,099
3,942
6,496
5,097
3,215
1,882
928
954
1,399
859
348
156
192
192
61,645
11,309
3,949
1,563
2,386
57,696
7,360
43,745
18,287
8,994
9,293
15,995
8,430
7,565
9,463
5,314
4,149
6,591
5,168
3,298
1,870
926
944
1,423
871
354
160
194
198
58.8
68.5
56.1
47.2
65.4
59.0
77.3
76.4
80.2
80.4
80.0
78.3
78.1
78.6
66.9
71.2
62.1
21.9
41.6
50.6
32.7
40.2
27.6
8.0
15.5
7.7
8.3
7.3
2.5
59.8
69.2
56.8
47.8
86.1
60.1
78.4
77.8
81.4
81.6
81.2
79.8
79.6
80.0
68.5
72.1
64.3
22.2
42.9
53.1
32.7
40.4
27.6
8.0
15.6
7.7
8.3
7.3
2.5
60.8
70.2
57.8
48.3
67.0
61.1
79.6
79.1
82.7
82.8
82.5
81.2
81.1
81.3
70.0
73.0
66.4
22.4
44.1
55.6
32.8
40.5
27.7
8.0
15.7
7.8
8.2
7.4
2.5
61.8
71.3
58.9
48.9
67.8
62.1
80.7
80.4
83.9
84.0
83.7
82.6
82.5
82.6
71.4
73.8
68.5
22.6
45.3
58.1
32.9
40.7
27.7
8.0
15.8
7.8
8.2
7.5
2.5
62.8
72.3
59.4
49.4
68.5
63.0
81.8
81.7
85.0
85.2
84.9
83.9
84.0
83.9
72.8
74.7
70.5
22.7
46.5
60.4
33.0
40.8
27.8
8.0
15.9
7.8
8.2
7.5
2.5
52
Civilian labor fore© and participation rates by ag@, s©x5 and race, 1©S6=S§, high growth path“-C©ntinued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
105,660
107,529
109,256
110,948
112,471
67.9
68.5
69.1
69.7
70.2
Men, 16 and over ................
58,215
58,827
59,378
59,906
60,344
78.4
78.4
78.6
78.7
78.9
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 .........................
55 and o v e r ......................
55 to 6 4 ........................
65 and over ..................
10,819
3,843
54,372
6,976
39,062
16,639
13,557
8,866
8,334
6,472
1,862
10,660
3,904
54,923
6,756
39,890
16,843
14,004
9,043
8,277
6,378
1,899
10,445
3,925
55,453
6,520
40,702
16,954
14,372
9,376
8,231
6,301
1,930
10,220
3,889
56,017
6,331
41,514
17,011
14,844
9,659
8,172
6,213
1,959
9,997
3,743
56,601
6,254
42,222
16,946
15,349
9,927
8,125
6,139
1,986
77.8
65.3
79.5
87.1
95.4
95.6
97.1
92.7
42.9
70.5
18.1
78.0
65.9
79.5
87.3
95.5
95.7
97.1
92.7
42.4
70.4
18.1
78.5
67.0
79.6
87.5
95.5
95.8
97.1
92.8
41.9
70.3
18.1
79.1
68.2
79.6
87.7
95.6
95.9
97.1
92.8
41.4
70.3
18.0
79.6
68.7
79.6
87.9
95.6
96.0
97.2
92.8
41.0
70.3
17.9
Women, 16 and o y e r...........
47,445
48,702
49,878
51,042
52,127
58.4
59.4
60.4
61.4
62.4
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 .........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 .........................
55 and o v e r ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and o v e r ..................
10,048
3,512
43,933
6,536
31,991
14,122
11,156
6,713
5,406
4,240
1,166
9,977
3,568
45,134
6,409
33,217
14,491
11,723
7,003
5,508
4,313
1,195
9,845
3,589
46,289
6,256
34,424
14,779
12,227
7,418
5,609
4,389
1,220
9,707
3,561
47,481
6,146
35,640
15,015
12,826
7,799
5,695
4,453
1,242
9,569
3,441
48,686
6,128
36,779
15,145
13,466
8,168
5,779
4,517
1,262
71.1
60.0
58.3
78.9
76.1
80.0
77.8
66.9
21.5
41.2
7.9
71.8
60.7
59.3
80.0
77.5
81.2
79.3
68.6
21.8
42.5
7.9
72.7
61.8
60.3
81.0
78.9
82.5
80.7
70.2
22.1
43.9
7.9
73.8
62.9
61.3
82.0
80.3
83.7
82.2
71.8
22.3
45.2
7.9
74.7
63.5
62.3
83.0
81.6
84.9
83.6
73.3
22.5
46.6
7.9
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
16,632
17,197
17,752
18,320
18,848
67.6
68.4
69.2
70.1
70.9
Men, 16 and o v e r ................
8,314
8,570
8,827
9,090
9,330
75.0
75.7
76.4
77.2
77.9
16 to 24 .............................
18 to 19 .........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 ..................... .
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and over ..................
1,775
577
7,737
1,198
5,696
2,656
1,900
1,140
843
670
173
1,784
605
7,965
1,179
5,940
2,761
2,000'
1,179
846
671
175
1,784
627
8,200
1,157
6,186
2,852
2,103
1,231
857
677
180
1,787
640
8,450
1,147
6,439
2,935
2,222
1,282
864
681
183
1,785
637
8,693
1,148
6,672
2,997
2,347
1,328
66.4
47.9
78.4
81.6
90.7
90.9
93.4
86.1
873
39.7
688
185
64.1
16.0
66.9
49.1
78.9
82.2
91.1
91.4
93.7
86.6
39.4
64.2
15.9
67.9
51.0
79.4
82.8
91.6
92.0
94.0
87.0
39.4
64.4
16.0
69.2
52.9
80.0
83.4
92.1
92.5
94.3
87.5
39.3
64.7
16.0
70.3
54.3
80.5
84.1
92.5
93.0
94.6
87.9
39.2
64.9
15.9
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
8,318
8,627
8,925
9,230
9,518
61.4
62.4
63.3
64.3
65.2
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 .........................
20 and o v e r .......................
20 to 24 .........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 .........................
55 and o v e r .......................
55 to 64 .........................
65 and over ..................
1,682
484
7,834
1,198
5,871
2,784
2,002
1,085
765
620
145
1,705
501
8,126
1,204
6,146
2,893
2,125
1,128
776
627
149
1,716
511
8,414
1,205
6.421
2,988
2,247
1,186
788
635
153
1,730
515
8,715
1,215
6,699
3,072
2,385
1,242
801
644
157
1,740
508
9,010
1,232
6,966
3,142
2,529
1,295
812
651
161
56.3
38.2
63.8
69.6
78.1
81.3
81.3
65.7
25.2
45.0
8.8
57.3
38.9
64.8
71.3
79.3
82.5
82.4
67.6
25.1
45.2
8.7
58.4
39.7
65.7
72.9
80.3
83.6
83.5
68.4
24.9
45.2
8.7
59.8
40.7
66.6
74.5
81.3
84.7
84.6
69.3
24.9
45.5
8.7
61.1
41.4
67.4
76.1
82.3
85.8
85.7
70.0
24.7
45.6
8.7
W hite
B lack and o th e r
53
A-2. Civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, high growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r ..............
16 to 2 4 .....................................
20 and over ..............................
25 to 5 4 .....................................
55 and over ..............................
133,388
22,948
125,327
94,760
15,680
135,288
22,796
127,302
96,709
15,783
137,205
22,769
129,135
98,486
15,950
139,085
22,623
130,861
100,292
16,170
140,973
22,476
132,557
102,070
16,427
70.9
75.9
71.5
89.0
30.5
71.4
76.5
72.0
89.5
30.6
71.9
77.0
72.4
90.1
30.7
72.3
77.4
72.9
90.6
30.8
72.7
77.7
73.3
91.1
31.1
Men, 16 and o v e r ...................
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over ..........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and o v e r ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 ........................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and o v e r .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 .......................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 7 4 ...................
75 and over .................
70,364
11,668
4,236
1,798
2,438
66,128
7,432
49,716
19,813
9,492
10,321
18,361
9,670
8,691
11,542
6,503
5,039
8,980
6,787
3,994
2,793
1,387
1,406
2,193
1,223
594
287
307
376
70,999
11,555
4,196
1,828
2,368
66,803
7,359
50,476
19,569
9,225
10,344
18,628
9.969
8,659
12,279
7,067
5,212
8,968
6,758
4,022
2,736
1,335
1,401
2,210
1,217
609
294
315
384
71,656
11,513
4,244
1,870
2,374
67,412
7,269
51,146
19,265
8,928
10,337
19,016
10,179
8,837
12,865
7,347
5,518
8,997
6,771
4,076
2,695
1,310
1,385
2,226
1,215
618
294
324
393
72,311
11,414
4,328
1,925
2,403
67,983
7,086
51,842
18,977
8,695
10,282
19,419
10,375
9,044
13,446
7,707
5,739
9,055
6,822
' 4,161
2,661
1,305
1,356
2,233
1,207
624
293
331
402
73,005
11,321
4,436
1,988
2,448
68,569
6,885
52,545
18,701
8,598
10,103
19,821
10,553
9,268
14,023
8,096
5,927
9,139
6,899
4,264
2,635
1,309
1,326
2,240
1,199
630
295
335
411
78.9
78.6
66.5
55.5
77.9
79.9
87.6
95.3
95.6
95.5
95.8
96.9
98.2
95.4
92.2
94.2
89.8
40.5
69.7
81.5
57.8
70.5
49.1
17.7
27.9
17.4
18.9
16.2
8.1
79.0
79.0
67.0
56.3
78.6
79.9
87.9
95.3
95.8
95.6
95.9
97.0
98.3
95.5
92.4
94.3
89.9
40.3
69.8
81.5
57.6
70.4
49.1
17.6
27.9
17.5
19.0
16.2
8.1
79.2
79.3
67.7
57.1
79.4
80.0
88.2
95.4
95.9
95.7
96.1
97.0
98.4
95.5
92.4
94.3
89.9
40.1
70.0
81.6
57.6
70.4
49.1
17.5
28.0
17.4
19.0
16.2
8.1
79.3
79.6
68.4
57.8
80.1
80.1
88.4
95.5
96.1
95.9
96.2
97.1
98.5
95.5
92.5
94.4
90.0
40.1
70.2
81.6
57.7
70.4
49.1
17.4
28.0
17.4
19.0
16.2
8.1
79.4
79.8
69.1
58.6
80.8
80.2
88.7
95.5
96.2
96.0
96.3
97.2
98.6
95.6
92.5
94.5
90.0
40.1
70.5
81.7
57.8
70.3
49.1
17.3
28.0
17.4
18.9
16.2
8.1
Women, 16 and o v e r..............
16 to 24 ................................
16 to 19 ............................
16 and 1 7 ....................
18 and 1 9 ....................
20 and over ..........................
20 to 24 ............................
25 to 54 ................................
25 to 34 ............................
25 to 29 .......................
30 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ............................
35 to 39 .......................
40 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ............................
45 to 49 .......................
50 to 54 .......................
55 and o v e r ..........................
55 to 64 ............................
55 to 59 .......................
60 to 64 .......................
60 and 61 ................
62 to 6 4 ...................
65 and over .....................
65 to 69 .......................
70 to 74 .......................
70 and 71 ................
72 to 74 ...................
75 and o v e r .................
63,024
11,280
3,825
1,570
2,255
59,199
7,455
45,044
18,357
8,819
9,538
16,822
8,736
8,086
9,865
5,490
4,375
6,700
5,259
3,405
1,854
921
933
1,441
875
363
165
198
203
64,289
11,241
3,790
1,592
2,198
60,499
7,451
46,233
18,311
8,671
9,640
17,279
9,127
8,152
10,643
6,010
4,633
6,815
5,358
3,540
1,818
888
930
1,457
875
375
170
205
207
65,549
11,256
3,826
1,621
2,205
61,723
7,430
47,340
18,203
8,486
9,717
17,835
9,426
8,409
11,302
6,293
5,009
6,953
5,483
3,691
1,792
873
919
1,470
876
381
170
211
213
66,774
11,209
3,896
1,661
2,235
62,878
7,313
48,450
18,101
8,353
9,748
18,389
9,697
8,692
11,960
6,647
5,313
7,115
5,638
3,867
1,771
871
900
1,477
872
387
169
218
218
67,968
11,155
3,980
1,709
2,271
63,988
7,175
49,525
18,000
8,329
9,671
18,921
9,934
8,987
12,604
7,023
5,581
7,288
5,806
4,052
1,754
875
879
1,482
868
391
170
221
223
63.7
73.2
59.8
50.0
69.2
64.0
82.8
82.9
86.2
86.3
86.1
85.2
85.4
85.1
74.1
75.5
72.5
22.9
47.7
62.7
33.1
41.0
27.8
7.9
16.0
7.8
8.2
7.5
2.5
64.5
74.0
60.2
50.5
69.9
64.8
83.9
84.0
87.3
87.4
87.2
86.5
86.7
86.3
75.4
76.2
74.4
23.2
48.9
64.8
33.1
41.1
27.9
7.9
16.1
7.9
8.3
7.6
2.5
65.3
74.7
60.7
51.0
70.6
65.6
84.8
85.0
88.3
88.4
88.2
87.7
88.0
87.4
76.6
77.0
76.1
23.5
50.2
66.9
33.1
41.3
27.9
7.9
16.2
7.9
8.3
7.6
2.5
66.0
75.2
61.2
51.4
71.2
66.4
85.8
86.0
89.3
89.4
89.2
88.8
89.1
88.5
77.7
77.7
77.8
23.8
51.5
68.7
33.3
41.4
28.0
7.8
16.3
7.9
8.3
7.7
2.5
66.7
75.7
61.6
51.9
71.8
67.1
86.6
86.9
90.2
90.3
90.2
89.9
90.2
89.4
78.8
78.3
79.3
24.2
52.8
70.4
33.4
41.5
28.0
7.7
16.3
7.9
8.3
7.7
2.5
54
A-2. Civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, high growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
113,997
115,387
116,795
118,173
119,560
70.8
71.2
71.7
72.1
72.5
Men, 16 and o v e r ................
60,784
61,180
61,592
62,006
62,451
79.0
79.0
79.0
79.1
79.2
16 to 24 ............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and o v e r ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 ............................
25 to 34 ................. .......
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and oyer ..................
9,868
3,607
57,177
6,261
42,824
16,773
15,883
10,168
8,092
6,087
2,005
9,741
3,561
57,619
6,180
43,374
16,504
16,057
10,813
8,065
6,045
2,020
9,677
3,590
58,002
6,087
43,841
16,185
16,344
11,312
8,074
6,041
2,033
9,570
3,648
58,358
5,922
44,325
15,886
16,632
11,807
8,111
6,073
2,038
9,463
3,728
58,723
5,735
44,815
15,608
16,916
12,291
8,173
6,130
2,043
80.0
69.0
79.7
88.2
95.7
96.0
97.2
92.8
40.7
70.3
17.9
80.3
69.3
79.7
88.4
95.7
96.1
97.2
92.9
40.4
70.3
17.8
80.6
69.8
79.7
88.6
95.7
96.2
97.3
92.8
40.2
70.5
17.7
80.7
70.3
79.7
88.8
95.7
96.2
97.3
92.8
40.1
70.7
17.5
80.8
70.8
79.8
88.9
95.7
96.3
97.3
92.9
40.2
71.0
17.4
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
53,213
54,207
55,203
56,167
57,109
63.3
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.4
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 ........................
35 to 44 ........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and over ..................
9,514
3,329
49,884
6,185
37,824
15,165
14,141
8,518
5,875
4,599
1,276
9,454
3,294
50,913
6,160
38,777
15,089
14,491
9,197
5,976
4,689
1,287
9,446
3,322
51,881
6,124
39,660
14,958
14,936
9,766
6,097
4,800
1,297
9,392
3,379
52,788
6,013
40,535
14,833
15,370
10,332
6,240
4,940
1,300
9,330
3,451
53,658
5,879
41,384
14,719
15,785
10,880
6,395
5,093
1,302
75.7
63.9
63.2
84.0
82.8
86.0
85.0
74.7
22.7
48.0
7.9
76.4
64.3
64.1
84.9
83.9
87.1
86.3
76.0
23.0
49.4
7.8
77.0
64.8
64.9
85.8
85.0
88.2
87.5
77.3
23.3
50.8
7.8
77.5
65.3
65.7
86.6
86.0
89.2
88.7
78.5
23.7
52.3
7.7
77.9
65.8
66.4
87.4
87.0
90.1
89.7
79.6
24.1
53.7
7.7
Total, 16 and o v e r ...........
19,391
19,901
20,410
20,912
21,413
71.7
72.4
73.0
73.6
74.1
Men, 16 and o v e r ................
9,580
9,819
10,064
10,305
10,554
78.6
79.2
79.8
80.4
80.9
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 ........................
55 and o v e r ...........................................
55 to 64 .........................
65 and o v e r..................
1,800
629
8,951
1,171
6,892
3,040
2,478
1,374
888
700
188
1,814
635
9,184
1,179
7,102
3,065
2,571
1,466
903
713
190
1,836
654
9,410
1,182
7,305
3,080
2,672
1,553
923
730
193
1,844
680
9,625
1,164
7,517
3,091
2,787
1,639
944
749
195
1,858
708
9,846
1,150
7,730
3,093
2,905
1,732
966
769
197
71.5
55.3
81.0
84.7
93.0
93.5
95.0
88.3
39.3
65.3
15.8
72.5
56.6
81.5
85.4
93.4
94.1
95.3
88.8
39.4
65.7
15.8
73.5
58.1
81.9
86.2
93.8
94.6
95.7
89.4
39.7
66.1
15.8
74.4
59.7
82.4
86.8
94.2
95.1
96.0
89.8
39.9
66.5
15.7
75.2
61.3
82.8
87.5
94.6
95.6
96.4
90.3
40.1
66.9
15.6
Women, 16 and o v e r...........
9,811
10,082
10,346
10,607
10,859
66.1
66.8
67.4
68.0
68.5
16 to 24 .............................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and over ......................
20 to 24 ........................
25 to 54 .............................
25 to 34 .........................
35 to 44 .........................
45 to 54 .........................
55 and over ......................
55 to 64 ........................
65 and o v e r ..................
1,766
496
9,315
1,270
7,220
3,192
2,681
1,347
825
660
165
1,787
496
9,586
1,291
7,456
3,222
2,788
1,446
839
669
170
1,810
504
9,842
1,306
7,680
3,245
2,899
1,536
856
683
173
1,817
517
10,090
1,300
7,915
3,268
3,019
1,628
875
698
177
1,825
529
10,330
1,296
8,141
3,281
3,136
1,724
893
713
180
62.5
41.7
68.2
77.7
83.3
87.0
86.7
70.8
24.6
45.8
8.6
63.6
42.1
68.9
79.2
84.2
87.9
87.8
71.7
24.5
45.9
8.7
64.6
42.7
69.5
80.6
84.9
88.9
88.7
72.4
24.5
46.2
8.6
65.3
43.2
70.1
81.9
85.7
89.8
89.6
73.1
24.5
46.5
8.5
65.8
43.6
70.6
83.1
86.4
90.7
90.4
73.7
24.5
46.8
8.5
W hite
Black and o th e r
55
A-3. Civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, low growth path
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r .............
16 to 2 4 ...................................
20 and over ............................
25 to 5 4 ...................................
55 and over ............................
115,649
23,014
107,876
78,166
14,469
116,973
22,622
109,157
80,122
14,229
118,161
22,118
110,372
82,033
14,010
119,334
21,615
111,679
83,947
13,772
120,349
21,129
113,029
85,658
13,562
64.2
68.3
65.0
80.8
29.1
64.2
68.1
65.0
81.0
28.4
64.3
68.2
65.1
81.2
27.8
64.4
68.5
65.1
81.4
27.2
64.5
68.7
65.2
81.6
26.6
Men, 16 and o v e r ..................
16 to 24 ..............................
16 to 19 ..........................
16 and 1 7 ...................
18 and 1 9 ...................
20 and over ........................
20 to 24 ..........................
25 to 54 ..............................
25 to 34 ..........................
25 to 29 ......................
30 to 3 4 ......................
35 to 44 ..........................
35 to 39 ......................
40 to 44 ......................
45 to 54 ..........................
45 to 49 ......................
50 to 54 ......................
55 and over ........................
55 to 64 ..........................
55 to 59 ......................
60 to 64 ......................
60 and 61 ...............
62 to 6 4 ..................
65 and o v e r....................
65 to 69 ......................
70 to 74 ......................
70 and 71 ...............
72 to 7 4 ..................
75 and o v e r................
64,464
12,042
4,081
1,751
2,330
60,383
7,961
43,939
18,860
9,823
9,037
15,252
8,723
6,529
9,827
5,325
4,502
8,483
6,705
4,084
2,621
1,357
1,264
1,778
1,036
464
222
242
278
64,915
11,784
4,097
1,774
2,323
60,818
7,687
44,833
19,074
9,797
9,277
15,756
8,670
7,086
10,003
5,493
4,510
8,298
6,534
3,984
2,550
1,321
1,229
1,764
1,036
451
214
237
277
65,311
11,475
4,078
1,688
2,390
61,233
7,397
45,709
19,182
9,747
9,435
16,181
8,831
7,350
10,346
5,800
4,546
8,127
6,384
3,894
2,490
1,295
1,195
1,743
1,029
439
209
230
275
65,701
11,167
4,000
1,574
2,426
61,701
7,167
46,587
19,229
9,650
9,579
16,722
9,022
7,700
10,636
6,017
4,619
7,947
6,228
3,811
2,417
1,263
1,154
1,719
1,018
429
207
272
66,006
10,871
3,813
1,516
2,297
62,193
7,058
47,348
19,141
9,437
9,704
17,302
9,229
8,073
10,905
6,198
4,707
7,787
6,094
3,737
2,357
1,249
1,108
1,693
1,005
418
204
214
270
75.5
72.6
57.5
47.0
69.2
77.2
84.0
93.1
92.8
92.8
92.8
95.4
96.3
94.1
90.2
92.6
87.6
39.3
65.6
78.2
52.5
65.9
43.1
15.7
25.1
14.6
16.0
13.5
6.9
75.2
72.1
57.2
46.9
68.9
76.8
83.8
92.8
92.5
92.5
92.5
95.2
96.2
94.0
90.0
92.4
87.2
38.3
64.7
77.6
51.3
65.0
41.8
15.2
24.5
14.1
15.5
13.0
6.7
75.0
72.0
57.6
46.7
68.8
76.5
83.6
92.6
92.2
92.2
92.2
95.0
96.0
93.8
89.8
92.2
86.8
37.2
63.8
77.0
50.2
64.2
40.7
14.8
24.0
13.6
14.9
12.5
6.4
74.8
72.0
57.9
46.6
68.7
76.2
83.4
92.4
91.9
92.0
91.9
94.8
95.8
93.7
89.6
92.1
86.5
36.3
62.9
76.5
49.2
63.4
39.5
14.3
23.5
13.1
14.4
12.0
6.2
74.6
72.0
57.6
46.5
68.4
76.0
83.3
92.2
91.7
91.7
91.6
94.7
95.7
93.5
89.3
91.9
86.2
35.3
62.2
76.0
48.3
62.6
38.4
13.8
23.0
12.6
13.9
11.5
6.0
Women, 16 and o v e r.............
16 to 24 ..............................
16 to 19 ..........................
16 and 1 7 ...................
18 and 1 9 ...................
20 and o v e r ........................
20 to 24 ..........................
25 to 54 ..............................
25 to 34 ..........................
25 to 29 ......................
30 to 34 ......................
35 to 44 ..........................
35 to 39 ......................
40 to 44 ......................
45 to 54 ..........................
45 to 49 ......................
50 to 54 ......................
55 and o v e r ........................
55 to 64 ..........................
55 to 59 ......................
60 to 64 ......................
60 and 61 ...............
62 to 6 4 ..................
65 and o v e r.....................
65 to 69 ......................
70 to 74 ......................
70 and 71 ...............
72 to 7 4 ..................
75 and over ................
51,185
10,972
3,692
1,526
2,166
47,493
7,280
34,227
14,959
7,843
7,116
11,959
6,721
5,238
7,309
3,989
3,320
5,986
4,754
2,889
1,865
914
951
1,232
764
322
145
177
146
52,058
10,838
3,719
1,547
2,172
48,339
7,119
35,289
15,313
7,909
7,404
12,494
6,756
5,738
7,482
4,129
3,353
5,931
4,683
2,838
1,845
897
948
1,248
781
321
142
179
146
52,850
10,643
3,711
1,473
2,238
49,139
6,932
36,324
15,579
7,959
7,620
12,966
6,954
6,012
7,779
4,372
3,407
5,883
4,623
2,792
1,831
885
946
1,260
792
322
143
179
146
53,633
10,448
3,655
1,379
2,276
49,978
6,793
37,360
15,789
7,973
7,816
13,532
7,176
6,356
8,039
4,551
3,488
5,825
4,558
2,750
1,808
870
938
1,267
800
323
145
178
144
54,343
10,258
3,507
1,331
2,176
50,836
6,751
38,310
15,893
7,903
7,990
14,132
7,409
6,723
8,285
4,701
3,584
5,775
4,501
2,713
1,788
862
926
1,274
806
325
147
178
143
54.0
64.1
51.9
42.2
61.8
54.2
72.8
69.1
70.9
71.8
70.0
71.2
70.8
71.6
62.7
65.4
59.8
21.3
40.7
49.5
31.9
38.6
27.4
7.5
14.8
7.4
7.9
7.0
2.1
54.3
64.2
51.9
42.2
62.0
54.5
73.4
69.8
71.7
72.6
70.8
72.0
71.6
72.4
63.0
65.6
60.1
20.9
40.6
49.6
31.8
38.5
27.3
7.4
14.8
7.3
7.8
7.0
2.0
54.7
64.6
52.3
42.1
62.2
55.0
65.1
52.8
42.1
62.4
55.3
65.6
52.8
42.1
62.5
54.8
55.2
55.5
73.9
70.4
72.5
73.4
71.6
72.7
72.4
73.1
63.3
65.7
60.3
20.6
40.5
49.6
31.7
38.3
27.3
7.3
14.8
7.3
7.7
7.0
2.0
74.5
71.0
73.2
74.1
72.3
73.5
73.1
73.8
63.5
65.9
60.7
20.2
40.5
49.7
31.6
38.1
27.3
7.2
14.7
7.2
7.7
6.9
1.9
75.0
71.5
73.9
74.8
73.0
74.2
73.8
74.5
63.7
66.0
60.9
19.9
40.5
49.7
31.6
38.0
27.3
7.1
14.7
7.2
7.6
6.9
1.8
222
56
A-3. Civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, low growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r..........
100,395
101,394
102,267
103,121
103,841
64.5
64.6
64.7
64.8
64.9
Men, 16 and o v e r ...............
56,775
57,106
57,382
57,648
57,843
76.4
76.2
75.9
75.8
75.6
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and o v e r.....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and over .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and over .................
10,496
3,619
53,156
6,877
38,546
16,377
13,419
8,750
7,733
6,093
1,640
10,276
3,634
53,472
6,642
39,268
16,526
13,840
8,902
7,562
5,932
1,630
10,009
3,617
53,765
6,392
39,973
16,585
14,179
9,209
7,400
5,787
1,613
9,740
3,549
54,099
6,191
40,676
16,589
14,622
9,465
7,232
5,638
1,594
9,482
3,382
54,461
6,100
41,281
16,479
15,097
9,705
7,080
5,507
1,573
75.5
61.5
77.7
85.8
94.2
94.1
96.1
91.5
39.8
66.4
16.0
75.2
61.3
77.4
85.8
94.0
93.9
96.0
91.3
38.7
65.5
15.5
75.2
61.8
77.1
85.8
93.8
93.7
95.8
91.1
37.7
64.6
15.1
75.4
62.3
76.9
85.8
93.6
93.5
95.7
90.9
36.7
63.8
14.7
75.5
62.1
76.6
85.8
93.5
93.3
95.6
90.7
35.8
63.0
14.2
Women, 16 and o v e r..........
43,620
44,288
44,885
45,473
45,998
53.7
54.0
54.3
54.7
55.0
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and over .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ................ ...........
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and over .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and over .................
9,442
3,257
40,363
6,185
28,951
12,498
10,161
6,292
5,227
4,138
1,089
9,312
3,276
41,012
6,036
29,811
12,773
10,601
6,437
5,165
4,064
1,101
9,130
3,266
41,619
5,864
30,646
12,973
10,979
6,694
5,109
3,999
1,110
8,944
3,212
42,261
5,732
31,483
13,128
11,438
6,917
5,046
3,930
1,116
8,766
3,077
42,921
5,689
32,244
13,189
11,928
7,127
4,988
3,869
1,119
66.8
55.7
53.5
74.7
68.9
70.8
70.8
62.7
20.8
40.2
7.4
67.0
55.7
53.9
75.3
69.6
71.6
71.7
63.1
20.4
40.1
7.3
67.4
56.2
54.2
75.9
70.2
72.4
72.5
63.4
20.1
40.0
7.2
68.0
56.7
54.6
76.5
70.9
73.2
73.3
63.7
19.7
39.9
7.1
68.5
56.8
54.9
77.1
71.5
73.9
74.1
63.9
19.4
39.9
7.0
Total, 16 and o v e r..........
15,254
15,579
15,894
16,213
16,508
62.0
61.9
62.0
62.0
62.1
Men, 16 and over ...............
7,689
7,809
7,929
8,053
8,163
69.4
68.9
68.6
68.4
68.2
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and over .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and over .......................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and over .................
1,546
462
7,227
1,084
5,393
2,483
T833
1,077
750
612
138
1,508
463
7,346
1,045
5,565
2,548
1^916
1,101
736
602
134
1,466
461
7,468
1,005
5,736
2,597
2'002
1,137
727
597
130
1,427
451
7,602
976
5,911
2,640
2’100
1,171
715
590
125
1,389
431
7,732
958
6,067
2,662
2 ’205
1,200
707
587
120
57.8
38.3
73.2
73.8
85.9
85.0
90.1
81.3
35.3
58.5
12.8
56.6
37.6
72.8
72.8
85.4
84.4
89.7
80.8
34.3
57.6
12.2
55.8
37.5
72.3
71.9
84.9
83.7
89.5
80.4
33.4
56.8
11.6
55.2
37.3
71.9
71.0
84.5
83.2
89.1
79.9
32.5
56.0
10.9
54.7
36.7
71.6
70.2
84.1
82.6
88.9
79.5
31.8
55.4
10.3
Women, 16 and o v e r..........
7,565
7,770
7,965
8,160
8,345
55.9
56.2
56.5
56.9
57.2
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and over .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and over .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and over .................
1,530
435
7,130
1,095
5,276
2,461
1,798
1,017
759
616
143
1,526
443
7,327
1,083
5.478
2,540
1,893
1,045
766
619
147
1,513
445
7,520
1,068
5,678
2,606
1,987
1,085
774
624
150
1,504
443
7,717
1,061
5,877
2,661
2,094
1,122
779
628
151
1,492
430
7,915
1,062
6,066
2,704
2,204
1,158
787
632
155
51.2
34.4
58.1
63.6
70.2
71.8
73.0
62.5
25.0
44.7
8.6
51.2
34.4
58.4
64.1
70.6
72.4
73.4
62.6
24.8
44.6
8.6
51.5
34.6
58.7
64.6
71.0
72.9
73.9
62.6
24.5
44.4
8.5
52.0
35.0
59.0
65.1
71.3
73.4
74.3
62.6
24.2
44.4
8.4
52.4
35.0
59.2
65.6
71.7
73.9
74.7
62.6
23.9
44.3
8.3
W hite
Black and oth er
57
A-3. Civilian labor fore© and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, tow growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r.............
16 to 2 4 ...................................
20 and over ............................
25 to 5 4 ...................................
55 and over ............................
121,378
20,839
114,388
87,150
13,389
122,265
20,547
115,420
88,486
13,232
123,180
20,366
116,342
89,661
13,153
124,095
20,083
117,197
90,881
13,131
125,053
19,805
118,063
92,094
13,154
64.5
68.9
65.2
81.8
26.1
64.5
68.9
65.2
81.9
25.6
64.5
68.9
65.2
82.0
25.3
64.5
68.7
65.2
82.1
25.0
64.5
68.5
65.2
82.2
24.9
Men, 16 and over ..................
16 to 24 ..............................
16 to 19 ..........................
16 and 1 7 ...................
18 and 1 9 ...................
20 and over ........................
20 to 24 ..........................
25 to 54 ..............................
25 to 34 ..........................
25 to 29 ......................
30 to 34 ......................
35 to 44 ..........................
35 to 39 ......................
40 to 44 ......................
45 to 54 ..........................
45 to 49 ......................
50 to 54 ......................
55 and o v e r ........................
55 to 64 ..........................
55 to 59 ......................
60 to 64 ......................
60 and 61 ...............
62 to 6 4 ..................
65 and o v e r....................
65 to 6 9 ......................
70 to 74 ......................
70 and 71 ...............
72 to 7 4 ..................
75 and o v e r................
66,318
10,680
3,628
1,502
2,126
62,690
7,052
47,989
18,931
9,093
9,838
17,911
9,407
8,504
11,147
6,329
4,818
7,649
5,985
3,700
2,285
1,218
1,067
1,664
984
413
203
210
267
66,587
10,491
3,544
1,504
2,040
63,043
6,947
48,572
18,616
8,800
9,816
18,130
9,673
8,457
11,826
6,862
4,964
7,524
5,893
3,700
2,193
1,159
1,034
1,631
962
406
199
207
263
66,879
10,364
3,535
1,515
2,020
63,344
6,829
49,068
18,249
8,483
9,766
18,469
9,854
8,615
12,350
7,114
5,236
7,447
5,844
3,723
2,121
1,126
995
1,603
944
397
192
205
262
67,182
10,184
3,560
1,537
2,023
63,622
6,624
49,594
17,901
8,229
9,672
18,821
10,019
8,802
12,872
7,445
5,427
7,404
5,836
3,777
2,059
1,110
949
1,568
922
386
184
202
260
67,536
10,013
3,606
1,566
2,040
63,930
6,407
50,130
17,573
8,108
9,465
19,170
10,166
9,004
13,387
7,802
5,585
7,393
5,855
3,847
2,008
1,102
906
1,538
903
376
180
196
259
74.4
71.9
57.0
46.4
68.0
75.7
83.1
92.0
91.4
91.5
91.3
94.5
95.5
93.4
89.1
91.7
85.9
34.5
61.5
75.5
47.3
61.9
37.3
13.4
22.5
12.1
13.4
11.1
5.8
74.1
71.7
56.6
46.3
67.8
75.4
83.0
91.8
91.1
91.2
91.0
94.4
95.4
93.2
89.0
91.6
85.6
33.8
60.9
75.0
46.2
61.2
36.3
13.0
22.1
11.6
12.9
10.7
5.6
73.9
71.4
56.4
46.2
67.6
75.2
82.8
91.5
90.9
91.0
90.8
94.2
95.3
93.1
88.7
91.4
85.3
33.2
60.4
74.5
45.3
60.5
35.3
12.6
21.7
11.2
12.4
10.3
5.4
73.7
71.0
56.3
46.2
67.5
75.0
82.7
91.3
90.6
90.7
90.5
94.1
95.1
93.0
88.5
91.2
85.1
32.8
60.1
74.1
44.6
59.9
34.4
12.2
21.4
10.8
11.9
9.9
5.3
73.5
70.6
56.1
46.1
67.3
74.8
82.5
91.2
90.4
90.5
90.3
94.0
95.0
92.9
88.3
91.0
84.8
32.5
59.8
73.7
44.0
59.2
33.6
11.8
21.1
10.4
11.6
9.5
5.1
Women, 16 and o v e r.............
16 to 24 ..............................
16 to 19 ..........................
16 and 1 7 ...................
18 and 1 9 ...................
20 and o v e r ........................
20 to 24 ..........................
25 to 54 ..............................
25 to 34 ..........................
25 to 29 ......................
30 to 34 ......................
35 to 44 ..........................
35 to 39 ......................
40 to 44 ......................
45 to 54 ..........................
45 to 49 ......................
50 to 54 ......................
55 and over ........................
55 to 64 ..........................
55 to 59 ......................
60 to 64 ......................
60 and 61 ...............
62 to 6 4 ..................
65 and o v e r....................
65 to 69 ......................
70 to 74 ......................
70 and 71 ...............
72 to 7 4 ..................
75 and o v e r................
55,060
10,159
3,362
1,322
2,040
51,698
6,797
39,161
15,883
7,717
8,166
14,769
7,624
7,145
8,509
4,817
3,692
5,740
4,466
2,702
1,764
851
913
1,274
804
329
150
179
141
55,678
10,056
3,301
1,328
1,973
52,377
6,755
39,914
15,778
7,558
8,220
15,076
7,912
7,164
9,060
5,231
3,829
5,708
4,439
2,718
1,721
814
907
1,269
798
332
151
181
139
56,301
10,002
3,303
1,339
1,964
52,998
6,699
40,593
15,625
7,370
8,255
15,474
8,122
7,352
9,494
5,434
4,060
5,706
4,440
2,750
1,690
795
895
1,266
794
335
150
185
137
56,913
9,899
3,338
1,360
1,978
53,575
6,561
41,287
15,483
7,230
8,253
15,874
8,308
7,566
9,930
5,699
4,231
5,727
4,467
2,804
1,663
789
874
1,260
786
338
149
189
136
57,517
9,792
3,384
1,386
1,998
54,133
6,408
41,964
15,347
7,186
8,161
16,260
8,470
7,790
10,357
5,981
4,376
5,761
4,509
2,869
1,640
787
853
1,252
778
340
149
191
134
55.7
66.0
52.5
42.1
62.6
55.9
75.5
72.1
74.6
75.5
73.7
74.8
74.5
75.2
63.9
66.2
61.2
19.7
40.5
49.8
31.5
37.9
27.2
7.0
14.7
7.1
7.5
6.8
1.7
55.9
66.2
52.4
42.1
62.7
56.1
76.0
72.5
75.2
76.2
74.3
75.5
75.2
75.8
64.2
66.3
61.5
19.4
40.5
49.8
31.3
37.7
27.2
6.9
14.7
7.0
7.4
6.7
1.7
56.1
66.4
52.4
42.1
62.8
56.3
76.5
72.9
75.8
76.8
75.0
76.1
75.8
76.4
64.4
66.5
61.7
19.3
40.6
49.8
31.3
37.6
27.2
6.8
14.7
6.9
7.3
6.7
1.6
56.3
66.4
52.4
42.1
63.0
56.5
76.9
73.3
76.4
77.4
75.5
76.7
76.4
77.0
64.5
66.6
62.0
19.2
40.8
49.8
31.2
37.5
27.1
6.7
14.7
6.9
7.3
6.6
1.6
56.5
66.4
52.4
42.1
63.1
56.7
77.3
73.6
76.9
77.9
76.1
77.2
76.9
77.5
84.7
66.7
62.2
19.1
41.0
49.9
31.2
37.4
27.1
6.5
14.6
6.9
7.2
6.6
1.5
58
A -3. Civilian lab or fore© and participation rates by age, sex, and race, 1986-95, low growth path—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Sex, age, and race
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r..........
104,576
105,193
105,838
106,481
107,165
64.9
64.9
64.9
65.0
65.0
Men, 16 and o v e r ...............
58,046
58,211
58,397
58,593
58,834
75.4
75.2
74.9
74.8
74.6
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and over .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and over .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and o v e r.................
9,316
3,224
54,822
6,092
41,782
16,264
15,600
9,918
6,948
5,400
1,548
9,153
3,154
55,057
5,999
42,234
15,959
15,748
10,527
6,824
5,307
1,517
9,047
3,151
55,246
5,896
42,609
15,611
16,008
10,990
6,741
5,254
1,487
8,900
3,177
55,416
5,723
43,001
15,283
16,269
11,449
6,692
5,239
1,453
8,755
3,223
55,611
5,532
43,406
14,982
16,527
11,897
6,673
5,250
1,423
75.6
61.6
76.4
85.8
93.3
93.1
95.4
90.5
34.9
62.4
13.8
75.5
61.4
76.2
85.8
93.2
92.9
95.3
90.4
34.2
61.8
13.3
75.3
-61.3
75.9
85.8
93.0
92.8
95.3
90.2
33.6
61.3
12.9
75.0
61.2
75.7
85.8
92.8
92.6
95.2
90.0
33.1
61.0
12.5
74.7
61.2
75.5
85.8
92.7
92.4
95.1
89.9
32.8
60.8
12.1
Women, 16 and o v e r..........
46,530
46,982
47,441
47,888
48,331
55.3
55.6
55.8
56.0
56.2
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and over .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and o v e r .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and o v e r.................
8,664
2,948
43,582
5,716
32,920
13,155
12,448
7,317
4,946
3,828
1,118
8,563
2,893
44,089
5,670
33,512
13,040
12,679
7,793
4,907
3,795
1,112
8,508
2,895
44,546
5,613
34,041
12,883
12,996
8,162
4,892
3,786
1,106
8,415
2,924
44,964
5,491
34,574
12,735
13,308
8,531
4,899
3,802
1,097
8,316
2,965
45,366
5,351
35,097
12,601
13,608
8,888
4,918
3,831
1,087
68.9
56.6
55.3
77.6
72.1
74.6
74.8
64.2
19.1
39.9
6.9
69.2
56.5
55.5
78.2
72.5
75.3
75.5
64.4
18.9
40.0
'6.8
69.4
56.5
55.7
78.6
73.0
76.0
76.2
64.6
18.7
40.1
6.6
69.5
56.5
56.0
79.1
73.4
76.6
76.8
64.8
18.6
40.2
6.5
69.5
56.5
56.1
79.6
73.8
77.2
77.4
65.0
18.6
40.4
6.4
Total, 16 and o v e r..........
16,802
17,072
17,342
17,614
17,888
62.1
62.1
62.0
62.0
61.9
Men, 16 and o v e r ...............
8,272
8,376
8,482
8,589
8,702
67.8
67.6
67.3
67.0
66.7
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 ........................
20 and over .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 ..... ..................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and over .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and over .................
1,364
404
7,868
960
6,207
2,667
2,311
1,229
701
585
116
1,338
390
7,986
948
6,338
2,657
2,382
1,299
700
586
114
1,317
384
8,098
933
6,459
2,638
2,461
1,360
706
590
116
1,284
383
8,206
901
6,593
2,618
2,552
1,423
712
597
115
1,258
383
8,319
875
6,724
2,591
2,643
1,490
720
605
115
54.1
35.5
71.2
69.5
83.7
82.1
88.6
79.0
31.0
54.6
9.8
53.5
34.8
70.8
68.7
83.3
81.6
88.3
78.7
30.6
54.0
9.5
52.7
34.1
70.5
68.0
82.9
81.0
88.1
78.3
30.4
53.4
9.5
51.8
33.6
70.2
67.2
82.6
80.6
87.9
78.0
30.1
53.0
9.3
50.9
33.2
70.0
66.5
82.3
80.1
87.7
77.6
29.9
52.7
9.1
Women, 16 and o v e r..........
8,530
8,696
8,860
9,025
9,186
57.5
57.6
57.8
57.9
58.0
16 to 24 ...........................
16 to 19 .......................
20 and o v e r .....................
20 to 24 .......................
25 to 54 ...........................
25 to 34 .......................
35 to 44 .......................
45 to 54 .......................
55 and o v e r .....................
55 to 64 .......................
65 and over .................
1,495
414
8,116
1,081
6,241
2,728
2,321
1,192
794
638
156
1,493
408
8,288
1,085
6,402
2,738
2,397
1,267
801
644
157
1,494
408
8,452
1,086
6,552
2,742
2,478
1,332
814
654
160
1,484
414
8,611
1,070
6,713
2,748
2,566
1,399
828
665
163
1,476
419
8,767
1,057
6,867
2,746
2,652
1,469
843
678
165
52.9
34.8
59.4
66.1
72.0
74.3
75.1
62.6
23.7
44.2
8.2
53.2
34.7
59.6
66.5
72.3
74.7
75.4
62.8
23.4
44.2
8.0
53.3
34.5
59.7
67.0
72.5
75.1
75.8
62.7
23.3
44.2
7.9
53.3
34.6
59.8
67.4
72.7
75.5
76.1
62.8
23.2
44.3
7.9
53.2
34.6
59.9
67.8
72.9
75.9
76.4
62.8
23.1
44.5
7.8
Whit©
Black and oth er
59
A-4. Black civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and growth path, 1986-95
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Growth path, sex, and age
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r .................................
12,476
12,767
13,040
13,324
13,600
62.6
62.9
63.2
63.7
64.1
Men, 16 and o v e r ......................................
6,245
6,358
6,464
6,577
6,687
70.1
70.0
70.1
70.2
70.4
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 3 4 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,296
369
5,876
927
4,323
2,071
1,404
848
626
505
121
1,262
370
5,988
892
4,480
2,143
1,473
864
616
497
119
1,223
367
6,097
856
4,635
2,200
1,542
893
606
490
116
1,187
358
6,219
829
4,791
2,250
1,624
917
599
485
114
1,156
346
6,341
810
4,939
2,286
1,712
941
592
481
111
58.2
36.8
74.3
75.8
87.6
88.4
89.8
82.3
35.8
59.3
13.5
57.1
36.3
74.3
75.0
87.5
88.3
89.8
82.3
35.1
58.8
13.1
56.5
36.3
74.2
74.2
87.5
88.1
89.8
82.3
34.4
58.3
12.6
56.1
36.3
74.2
73.4
87.4
87.9
89.8
82.3
33.8
57.9
12.2
55.9
36.3
74.1
72.7
87.4
87.8
89.8
82.3
33.2
57.5
11.7
Women, 16 and over ................................
6,231
6,409
6,576
6,747
6,913
56.5
57.1
57.7
58.4
59.0
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and over ........................................
1,262
358
5,873
904
4,353
2,056
1,461
836
616
505
111
1,256
363
6,046
893
4,536
2,132
1,542
862
617
505
112
1,239
360
6,216
879
4,716
2,197
1,623
896
621
506
115
1,223
351
6,396
872
4,899
2,254
1,719
926
625
507
118
1,210
340
6,573
870
5,073
2,296
1,821
956
630
509
121
50.4
33.7
58.9
62.6
72.6
74.1
76.0
64.2
24.4
44.6
8.0
50.5
33.7
59.5
63.3
73.4
75.0
76.9
64.8
24.1
44.5
7.8
50.8
33.7
60.2
64.0
74.2
75.9
77.7
65.2
23.9
44.5
7.9
51.2
33.7
60.8
64.7
74.9
76.7
78.6
65.6
23.7
44.6
7.9
51.8
33.7
61.4
65.5
75.7
77.5
79.4
66.0
23.6
44.6
7.9
Total, 16 and o v e r.................................
13,129
13,560
13,951
14,353
14,737
65.8
66.8
67.6
68.6
69.4
Men, 16 and o v e r ......................................
6,540
6,731
6,909
7,093
7,269
73.4
74.1
74.9
75.7
76.5
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,436
440
6,100
996
4,432
2,137
1,431
864
672
532
140
1,438
461
6,270
977
4,622
2,229
1,507
886
671
529
142
1,429
475
6,434
954
4,808
2,306
1,582
920
672
528
144
1,421
481
6,612
940
4,998
2,376
1,672
950
674
528
146
1,413
478
6,791
935
5,179
2,430
1,770
979
677
529
148
64.5
43.9
77.2
81.4
89.8
91.2
91.6
83.9
38.5
62.4
15.6
65.1
45.2
77.8
82.1
90.3
91.8
91.9
84.4
38.3
62.6
15.6
66.0
47.0
78.3
82.7
90.7
92.4
92.1
84.8
38.1
62.8
15.6
67.2
48.7
78.9
83.3
91.2
92.8
92.5
85.3
38.0
63.0
15.6
68.4
50.2
79.4
83.9
91.6
93.4
92.8
85.7
37.9
63.3
15.6
Women, 16 and over ................................
6,589
6,829
7,042
7,260
7,468
59.7
60.8
61.8
62.8
63.7
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and over ........................................
1,354
384
6,205
970
4,608
2,212
1,539
857
627
512
115
1,369
397
6,432
972
4,829
2,308
1,633
888
631
514
117
1,371
403
6,639
968
5,037
2,385
1,724
928
634
515
119
1,373
402
6,858
971
5,249
2,454
1,830
965
638
516
122
1,375
396
7,072
979
5,451
2,507
1,943
1,001
642
517
125
54.0
36.2
62.2
67.1
76.8
79.7
80.1
65.8
24.8
45.2
8.2
55.0
36.9
63.3
68.9
78.1
81.2
81.4
66.7
24.6
45.3
8.2
56.2
37.7
64.3
70.5
79.2
82.4
82.6
67.5
24.4
45.3
8.1
57.5
38.6
65.2
72.1
80.3
83.5
83.7
68.4
24.2
45.3
8.2
58.8
39.3
66.1
73.7
81.3
84.6
84.7
69.1
24.0
45.3
8.2
Middle
High
60
A-4. Black civilian labor force and participation rates by'age, sex, and growth path, 19®6"9i” Continu@d
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Growth path, sex, and age
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Total, 16 and o v e r.................................
12,222
12,452
12,657
12,874
13,078
61.3
61.3
61.4
61.5
61.6
Men, 16 and o v e r ......................................
6,126
6,207
6,279
6,359
6,431
68.8
68.4
68.1
67.9
67.7
16 to 24 ........................ .........................
16 to 1 9 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 4 4 ..............................................
45 to 5 4 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,280
362
5,764
918
4,241
2,028
1,387
826
605
490
115
1,244
362
5,845
882
4,373
2,087
1,450
836
590
479
111
1,200
356
5,923
844
4,502
2,130
1,513
859
577
470
107
1,161
345
6,014
816
4,634
2,169
1,588
877
564
462
102
1.122
326
6,105
796
4,756
2,191
1,670
895
553
455
98
57.5
36.1
72.9
75.1
85.9
86.6
88.7
80.2
34.6
57.5
12.8
56.3
35.5
72.5
74.1
85.4
86.0
88.4
79.6
33.7
56.7
12.2
55.4
35.2
72.1
73.1
85.0
85.3
88.1
79.2
32.7
55.9
11.6
54.9
35.0
71.7
72.3
84.5
84.8
87.8
78.7
31.8
55.1
10.9
54.3
34.2
71.4
71.5
84.1
84.2
87.6
78.3
31.0
54.4
10.3
Women, 16 and o v e r ................................
6,096
6,245
6,378
6,515
6,647
55.3
55.6
56.0
56.4
56.7
16 to 2 4 ..................................................
16 to 1 9 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and o v e r............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,252
352
5,744
900
4,232
2,005
1,416
811
612
503
109
1,243
357
5,888
886
4,388
2,071
1,487
830
614
502
112
1,223
354
6,024
869
4,539
2,125
1,557
857
616
501
115
1,205
346
6,169
859
4,691
2,171
1,640
880
619
502
117
1,188
334
6,313
854
4,835
2,203
1,729
903
624
504
120
50.0
33.2
57.6
62.3
70.6
72.3
73.7
62.3
24.2
44.4
7.8
50.0
33.2
58.0
62.8
71.0
72.8
74.1
62.4
24.0
44.3
7.8
50.1
33.1
58.3
63.3
71.4
73.4
74.6
62.4
23.7
44.1
7.9
50.4
33.2
58.7
63.8
71.8
73.9
75.0
62.4
23.5
44.1
7.8
50.8
33.1
59.0
64.3
72.1
74.4
75.4
62.4
23.3
44.2
7.8
Low
_____
61
A -4. Black civilian lab o r fo rc e a nd participation rates by age, sex, and g ro w th path, 1986-95— C ontinued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Growth path, sex, and age
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r.................................
13,877
14,119
14,361
14,593
14,833
64.5
64.8
65.0
65.2
65.4
Men, 16 and o v e r ......................................
6,800
6,895
6,990
7,086
7,187
70.5
70.6
70.5
70.5
70.5
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 1 9 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 3 4 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,140
332
6,468
808
5,073
2,302
1,807
964
587
479
108
1,121
326
6,569
795
5,190
2,301
1,870
1,019
584
478
106
1,105
326
6,664
779
5,304
2,293
1,941
1,070
581
478
103
1,077
329
6,757
748
5,428
2,281
2,024
1,123
581
481
100
1,055
333
6,854
722
5,549
2,261
2,109
1,179
583
485
98
56.0
36.3
74.1
72.1
87.3
87.7
89.8
82.3
32.6
57.2
11.2
55.7
36.3
74.0
71.4
87.2
87.5
89.8
82.3
32.3
56.9
10.9
55.3
36.3
74.0
70.9
87.1
87.3
89.8
82.3
31.8
56.6
10.5
54.6
36.3
73.9
70.2
87.1
87.2
89.8
82.3
31.5
56.3
10.1
54.0
36.3
73.9
69.6
87.0
87.1
89.8
82.3
31.3
56.2
9.8
Women, 16 and o v e r ................................
7,077
7,224
7,371
7,507
7,646
59.6
60.1
60.5
60.9
61.2
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and over ............................................
20 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 4 4 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..................................... .........
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r....................................... .
1,210
327
6,750
883
5,234
2,323
1,929
982
633
510
123
1,206
321
6,903
885
5,379
2,333
2,005
1,041
639
513
126
1,205
322
7,049
883
5,521
2,340
2,086
1,095
645
517
128
1,189
324
7,183
865
5,665
2,343
2,171
1,151
653
522
131
1,180
328
7,318
852
5,805
2,338
2,257
1,210
661
527
134
52.5
33.7
61.9
66.1
76.4
78.3
80.2
66.4
23.3
44.6
7.8
52.9
33.6
62.4
66.8
77.0
79.1
81.0
66.8
23.2
44.6
7.9
53.2
33.7
62.8
67.5
77.6
79.8
81.7
67.1
23.1
44.6
7.8
53.2
33.7
63.2
68.0
78.1
80.5
82.4
67.5
23.0
44.6
7.9
53.2
33.7
63.6
68.5
78.6
81.1
83.0
67.8
22.9
44.5
7.9
Total, 16 and o v e r.................................
15,126
15,476
15,832
16,174
16,517
70.3
71.0
71.7
72.3
72.8
Men, 16 and o v e r ......................................
7,448
7,612
7,783
7,953
8,125
77.2
77.9
78.5
79.1
79.7
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 1 9 ..............................................
20 and o v e r............................................
20 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and o v e r............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,417
469
6,979
948
5,348
2,465
1,874
1,009
683
533
150
1,421
472
7,140
949
5,502
2,484
1,946
1,072
689
538
151
1,431
486
7,297
945
5,655
2,494
2,028
1,133
697
544
153
1,429
505
7,448
924
5,815
2,497
2,123
1,195
709
554
155
1,432
525
7,600
907
5,974
2,492
2,220
1,262
719
563
156
69.6
51.3
80.0
84.6
92.1
93.9
93.1
86.2
38.0
63.7
15.6
70.7
52.6
80.5
85.3
92.5
94.4
93.5
86.6
38.1
64.0
15.6
71.6
54.1
81.0
86.0
92.9
95.0
93.8
87.2
38.2
64.4
15.6
72.4
55.7
81.4
86.7
93.3
95.5
94.2
87.6
38.4
64.9
15.6
73.2
57.3
81.9
87.4
93.7
96.0
94.5
88.1
38.6
65.2
15.6
Women, 16 and over ................................
7,678
7,864
8,049
8,221
8,392
64.7
65.5
66.1
66 7
67.2
16 to 24 .... ..............................................
16 to 1 9 ..............................................
20 and o v e r............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r.........................................
1,390
385
7,293
1,005
5,642
2,544
2,063
1,035
646
518
128
1,399
383
7,481
1,016
5,813
2,559
2,150
1,104
652
522
130
1,411
388
7,661
1,023
5,979
2,571
2,241
1,167
659
526
133
1,407
396
7,825
1,011
6,148
2,580
2,337
1,231
666
530
136
1,407
405
7,987
1,002
6,311
2,579
2,432
1,300
674
536
138
60.3
39.7
66.9
75.3
82.3
85.7
85.8
69.9
23.8
45.3
8.2
61.4
40.1
67.6
76.7
83.2
86.7
86.8
70.8
23.7
45.4
8.1
62.3
40.6
68.3
78.2
84.0
87.7
87.7
71.6
23.6
45.3
8.1
63.0
41.2
68.9
79.5
84.8
88.6
88.7
72.2
23.5
45.3
8.2
63.5
41.6
69.4
80.6
85.4
89.5
89.4
72.9
23.4
45.3
8.1
M iddle
High
62
A-4. Black civilian labor force and participation rates by age, sex, and growth path, 1986-95— Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Labor force participation rate
Number
Percent
Growth path, sex, and age
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Total, 16 and o v e r.................................
13,284
13,456
13,636
13,808
13,987
61.8
61.8
61.7
61.7
61.7
Men, 16 and o v e r ......................................
6,507
6,568
6,633
6,703
6,773
67.5
67.2
66.9
66.7
66.4
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and o v e r ............................................
20 to 2 4 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 4 4 ..............................................
45 to 5 4 ..............................................
55 and over ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and o v e r........................................
1,098
305
6,202
793
4,864
2,196
1,756
912
545
450
95
1,071
292
6,276
779
4,958
2,187
1,811
960
539
446
93
1,048
287
6,346
761
5,047
2,169
1,875
1,003
538
444
94
1,015
285
6,418
730
5,148
2,149
1,951
1,048
540
445
95
986
283
6,490
703
5,244
2,121
2,028
1,095
543
447
96
53.9
33.3
71.1
70.7
83.7
83.7
87.3
77.9
30.3
53.8
9.9
53.3
32.5
70.7
70.0
83.3
83.2
87.0
77.5
29.8
53.1
9.6
52.5
31.9
70.4
69.2
82.9
82.6
86.8
77.2
29.5
52.5
9.6
51.4
31.4
70.2
68.5
82.6
82.1
86.6
76.8
29.3
52.1
9.6
50.4
30.9
70.0
67.7
82.2
81.7
86.4
76.5
29.1
51.8
9.6
Women, 16 and over ................................
6,777
6,888
7,003
7,105
7,214
57.1
57.3
57.5
57.7
57.8
16 to 24 ..................................................
16 to 19 ..............................................
20 and o v e r ............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 54 ..................... .............................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 5 4 ..............................................
55 and o v e r ............................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................
65 and over ........................................
1,186
322
6,455
864
4,963
2,218
1,822
923
628
505
123
1,179
316
6,572
863
5,076
2,218
1,885
973
633
508
125
1,176
317
6,686
859
5,187
2,216
1,953
1,018
640
512
128
1,159
319
6,786
840
5,300
2,212
2,024
1,064
646
516
130
1,149
323
6,891
826
5,410
2,201
2,096
1,113
655
522
133
51.5
33.2
59.2
64.7
72.4
74.8
75.8
62.4
23.2
44.1
7.8
51.8
33.1
59.4
65.2
72.7
75.2
76.1
62.4
23.0
44.1
7.8
51.9
33.2
59.6
65.6
72.9
75.6
76.5
62.4
22.9
44.1
7.8
51.9
33.2
59.7
66.0
73.1
76.0
76.8
62.4
22.8
44.1
7.8
51.8
33.2
59.9
66.5
73.2
76.3
77.1
62.4
22.7
44.1
7.8
Low
63
A-5. Labor force and participation rates by sex and growth path, 1988-95
(Numbers in thousands)
Growth path and year
Labor force
Participation rate
Number
Percent
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
M iddle
1 9 8 6 ......................................
1987 ......................................
1 9 8 8 ......................................
1989 ......................................
1990 ......................................
1991 ......................................
1992 ......................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................
1995 ......................................
120,314
122,049
123,635
125,191
126,577
127,974
129,210
130,484
131,730
133,018
66,941
67,575
68,146
68,701
69,162
69,629
70,048
70,494
70,942
71,436
53,373
54,474
55,489
56,490
57,415
58,345
59,162
59,990
60,788
61,582
66.1
66.4
66.6
66.9
67.2
67.4
67.6
67.7
67.9
68.0
77.0
76.9
76.8
76.8
76.8
58.9
76.6
76.5
76.4
76.4
56.2
56.7
57.3
57.9
58.4
58.9
59.3
59.7
60.0
60.3
124,057
126,504
128,786
131,046
133,097
135,166
137,066
138,983
140,863
142,751
68,134
69,010
69,818
70,609
71,287
71,977
72,612
73,269
73,924
74,618
55,923
57,494
58,968
60,437
61,810
63,189
64,454
65,714
66,939
68,133
68.2
68.8
69.4
70.0
70.6
71.2
71.7
72.1
72.6
73.0
78.4
78.5
78.7
78.9
79.1
79.3
79.4
79.5
79.6
79.8
58.9
59.9
60.9
61.9
62.8
63.8
64.6
65.4
66.1
66.8
117,414
118,751
119,939
121,112
122,127
123,156
124,043
124,958
125,873
126,831
66,069
66,528
66,924
67,314
67,619
67,931
68,200
68,492
68,795
69,149
51,345
52,223
53,015
53,798
54,508
55,225
55,843
56,466
57,078
57,682
64.5
64.6
64.6
64.7
64.8
64.9
64.9
64.9
64.8
64.8
76.0
75.7
75.4
75.2
75.0
74.8
74.6
74.3
74.1
73.9
54.1
54.4
54.7
55.1
55.4
55.7
56.0
56.2
56.4
56.5
High
1986 ......................................
1987 ......................................
1 9 8 8 ......................................
1989 ......................................
1 9 9 0 ......................................
1991 ......................................
1 9 9 2 ......................................
1993 ......................................
1994 ......................................
1995 ......................................
Low
1 9 8 6 ......................................
1987 ......................................
1988 ......................................
1989 ......................................
1990 ......................................
1991 ......................................
1 9 9 2 ......................................
1993 ......................................
1994 ......................................
1995 ......................................
NOTE: Includes the resident Armed Forces.
64
i- 1 . Va!lu@g ©f s@S@e£©d aggregate economic assumptions, 1988, 1973, 1977, 1982, and projected 1990 and 1995
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Variable
1968
1973
1977
1982
Low
Moder
ate
High
Low
Moder
ate
High
D em ographic
Total population (m illions)....................................................
Civilian labor force (m illions)................................................
200.75
78.71
211.94
89.41
220.29
98.98
232.05
110.25
249.56
123.62
249.56
124.95
249.56
126.36
257.68
129.94
257.68
131.39
257.68
133.84
3.53
2.62
1.11
4.63
1.15
3.91
8.57
2.33
4.66
0.96
6.88
1.18
6.36
10.43
2.13
5.61
0.92
9.42
1.29
8.76
11.64
2.18
8.87
0.94
13.82
1.26
12.43
12.23
2.40
13.28
1.15
20.26
1.33
18.35
13.11
2.35
13.28
0.99
20.26
1.30
18.35
13.01
2.37
13.71
1.10
20.75
1.30
19.05
15.09
2.40
16.16
1.15
25.8(3
1.38
23.42
13.60
2.35
16.16
1.00
25.86
1.34
23.42
13.50
2.37
17.08
1.15
27.21
1.36
25.49
22.39
46.9
36.6
50.0
111.4
261.8
241.8
269.6
331.6
307.6
422.5
11.8
13.5
27.1
46.6
56.5
55.7
62.5
79.0
75.9
103.3
203.5
G overnm ent expenditures
Armed Forces (m illion s)................... ....................................
Implicit wage rate (dollars per hour) ..............................
Civilian defense employment (m illions)..............................
Implicit wage rate (dollars per hour) ..............................
Civilian nondefense employment (m illions)........................
Implicit wage rate (dollars per hour) ..............................
State and local government employment (m illion s).........
Defense purchases less compensation (billions of
current dollars) ................................................................
Nondefense purchases less compensation (billions of
current dollars) ................................................................
Grants-in-aid to State and local governments (billions of
current dollars) ................................................................
Federal health insurance transfers (billions of current
d o lla rs )..............................................................................
Federal retirement transfers (billions of current dollars) ..
Other assumed Federal transfers (billions of current
d o lla rs )..............................................................................
18.6
40.6
67.6
83.5
142.9
137.9
138.5
192.7
191.2
193.5
107.9
154.8
96.7
189.6
103.2
5.6
4.5
9.7
9.7
21.7
18.4
50.7
35.3
122.2
69.4
109.4
65.1
112.5
66.4
9.0
18.9
33.5
51.3
101.5
95.3
97.5
148.9
133.4
147.0
9.7
35.0
25.0
8.5
35.0
21.6
8.4
35.0
19.5
6.6
15.0
14.3
6.6
15.0
14.3
6.6
15.0
14.3
6.6
15.0
14.3
6.6
15.0
14.3
6.6
15.0
14.3
6.6
15.0
14.3
53.0
24.0
4.0
7,800
48.0
25.0
6.0
10,800
48.0
28.0
6.0
16,500
46.0
26.0
7.0
32,400
43.0
24.0
7.7
55,800
46.0
23.0
8.0
55,800
44.0
22.0
7.7
55,800
42.0
24.0
7.7
82,500
46.0
23.0
8.0
82,500
44.0
22.0
7.7
82,500
18.0
21.2
25.1
50.0
87.1
87.2
104.2
125.9
104.2
146.1
0.6
1.7
0
29.4
0.5
2.8
37.3
1.1
170.8
48.2
1.2
439.1
80.8
1.2
396.7
83.2
1.2
366.2
85.6
1.2
866.0
101.5
1.2
716.2
109.7
1.2
605.0
118.3
106.7
98.1
3.37
16.0
126.7
11.2
15.5
110.4
108.0
13.27
19.0
387.8
10.2
18.5
0.66
114.3
127.2
32.23
28.0
1,060.9
9.9
26.7
0.92
144.7
144.6
42.86
30.0
2,877.5
9.5
37.7
0.95
146.7
149.9
41.01
30.0
2,877.5
9.5
37.7
0.95
148.6
151.4
41.01
28.0
2,916.4
9.7
37.7
0.95
167.0
151.7
57.25
33.0
4,459.1
9.5
41.7
0.95
171.0
159.9
51.80
30.0
4,459.1
9.5
41.7
0.95
175.7
162.9
51.75
28.0
4,706.7
9.8
41.7
0.95
G overnm ent revenues
Tax life (years):
Equipm ent.......................................................................
Commercial structures...................................................
Other structures.......................... ....................................
Tax rate (percent):
Basic corporate t a x .......................................................
Average marginal personal ta x .....................................
Social security.................................................................
Tax base, social security (dollars) ......................................
Federal indirect business taxes (billions of current
d o lla rs)..............................................................................
M onetary
Borrowed reserves (billions of current d o lla rs ).................
Money market funds (billions of current d o lla rs )..............
Monetary base less currency (billions of current do lla rs).
O
22.6
O ther assum ptions
industrial production index, rest of world (index, 1975 =
1 0 0 )...................................................................................
Average value of the U.S. dollar (index, 1975 — 1 0 0 )....
Cost of imported oil (current dollars per barrel) ...............
Percent of new passenger cars im ported..........................
Producer Price Index for gas fuels (index, 1967 = 100) .
Domestic oil production (million barrels per d a y ).............
Average miles per gallon, new domestic c a r s ..................
Ratio of domestic to import oil p ric e ..................................
(1)
114.3
2.29
11.0
92.7
O
15.7
0
O
1 Not available.
65
B-2. Rates of change in selected aggregate economic assumptions, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1982, and projected 1990 and
1995
(Average annual percent change)
Low
Variable
196873
197377
197782
1.1
2.6
1.0
2.6
-8.0
12.2
-2.9
8.2
0.9
10.2
4.0
-4.8
2.7
16.9
11.6
16.6
22.1
High
Moderate
198290
199095
198290
199095
198295
198290
199095
1.0
2.2
0.9
1.4
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.6
0.6
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.7
0.8
1.2
-2.2
4.7
-1.1
8.2
2.3
8.3
2.8
8.1
19.0
13.6
22.3
17.4
23.8
0.5
9.6
0.4
8.0
-0.5
7.2
1.0
17.4
11.5
4.3
18.5
13.9
12.1
1.2
5.9
2.6
4.9
0.7
5.0
0.9
11.3
2.4
6.9
11.6
8.8
9.5
0.0
4.0
1.0
5.0
0.7
5.0
0.7
4.8
6.9
6.2
9.6
9.2
8.2
0.9
5.2
0.6
4.9
0.4
5.0
0.8
10.2
2.3
6.5
10.1
7.9
8.7
0.0
4.0
0.2
5.0
0.6
5.0
0.7
4.9
6.4
6.8
7.2
8.2
7.2
0.6
4.7
0.5
4.9
0.5
5.0
0.8
8.1
3.8
6.6
9.0
8.1
8.1
1.1
5.6
2.0
5.2
0.5
5.5
2.7
11.7
3.7
6.5
10.5
8.2
9.0
0.0
4.5
0.9
5.6
0.8
6.0
8.2
9.4
10.6
8.0
11.0
9.2
9.0
-2.6
0.0
-2.9
-0.3
0.0
-2.5
-4.7
-15.6
-6.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-2.0
0.8
8.4
3.3
6.7
0.0
2.9
0.0
3.4
11.2
-0.8
-1.5
3.1
14.8
14.4
0.0
-7.7
1.2
7.0
7.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
7.7
0.0
-1.5
1.7
7.2
7.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.6
8.1
0.0
-0.9
1.0
5.8
7.5
-0.6
-2.1
1.2
7.0
9.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
7.0
24.6
-27.6
1.1
12.5
6.7
0.0
14.5
4.7
1.7
11.1
7.1
0.0
12.5
5.7
1.0
11.7
6.5
1.1
10.0
7.4
0.0
10.6
6.7
3.0
1.6
3.6
0.9
13.3
-0.5
4.4
0.4
2.9
0.0
6.0
1.9
9.2
1.0
2.0
0.0
3.2
2.1
3.1
0.9
13.3
-0.5
4.4
0.4
3.1
1.3
4.8
0.0
9.2
0.0
2.0
0.0
3.1
1.8
3.7
0.5
11.7
-0.3
3.5
0.2
3.3
2.2
3.1
0.0
13.5
-2.0
4.4
0.4
3.4
1.5
4.8
0.0
10.0
0.2
2.0
0.0
Dem ographic
Total population....................................................................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ................................................................................
G overnm ent expenditures
Armed F o rc e s .......................................................................................
Implicit wage r a te .............................................................................
Civilian defense em ploym ent..............................................................
Implicit wage r a te .............................................................................
Civilian nondefense em ploym ent........................................................
Implicit wage r a te .............................................................................
State and local government em ploym ent.........................................
Defense purchases less compensation ............................................
Nondefense purchases less com pensation......................................
Grants-in-aid to State and local governm ents..................................
Federal health insurance tra n s fe rs ....................................................
Federal retirement transfers ...............................................................
Other assumed Federal transfers ......................................................
G overnm ent revenues
Tax life:
Equipm ent......................................................................................
Commercial stru cture s..................................................................
Other stru cture s............................... ..............................................
Tax rate:
Basic corporate ta x .......................................................................
Average marginal personal t a x ....................................................
Social secu rity................................................................................
Tax base, social secu rity.....................................................................
Federal indirect business ta x e s ..........................................................
M onetary
Borrowed re serves...............................................................................
Money market fu n d s ............................................................................
Monetary base less currency..............................................................
5.4
6.1
17.9
127.5
5.3
(1)
-3.0
8.0
7.8
6.4
0
-0.3
0
0.9
2.4
40.9
4.4
32.3
-2.3
4.5
(1)
0.7
3.3
19.4
8.1
22.3
-0.6
7.6
6.9
O
O
O ther assum ptions
Industrial production index, rest of w o rld ..........................................
Average value of the U.S. d o lla r........................................................
Cost of imported oil .............................................................................
Percent of new passenger cars im po rted.........................................
Producer Price Index for gas fuels ....................................................
Domestic oil production.......................................................................
Average miles per gallon, new domestic cars .................................
Ratio of domestic to import oil p r ic e .................................................
1 Not applicable.
66
C-1. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1972
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
T o ta l....................................................................................
1,185,934
737,055
78,389
44,840
61,575
10,225
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k.............................................
C o tto n ...................... ...........................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u cts..............................................
1,337
470
700
3,119
6,316
1,269
170
0
163
4,417
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
20
0
0
0
15
90
-20
459
289
1,318
447
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
-707
294
-533
-43
-120
844
117
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
199
0
13
0
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
18
0
8
23
4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
771
-2,633
921
26
9,441
125
0
5
3
0
0
53
0
0
0
0
0
244
0
9
0
0
152
0
18
81
75
23
-8
0
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance............................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...................... .........................
2,866
3,711
21,195
11,038
9,707
457
0
20,976
10,318
9,382
0
80
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
3
0
4
0
0
73
-9
289
69
134
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
4,361
6,903
60
2,710
7,471
3,525
6,762
1,021
2,703
8,105
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
8
188
14
12
28
241
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products.... .....................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
4,676
6,973
7,078
537
2,689
4,510
5,975
6,087
639
1,391
0
0
0
0
597
0
0
2
0
39
0
0
3
0
505
39
233
217
279
140
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel .......................... ....................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
-79
1,487
19,661
3,106
391
122
1,551
21,012
2,774
5
8
0
0
0
0
7
0
2
1
2
82
0
5
2
0
54
89
653
166
9
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers......... ......................... *.....................
Household furniture..................................................... .
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
1,969
6,430
15
6,753
3,456
0
379
0
5,706
257
0
5
0
680
2,388
232
1,031
0
4
109
2,334
4,861
0
83
104
265
358
3
356
78
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard....................................................................... .
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
2,741
254
1,958
4,138
2,275
2,389
106
1,949
2,901
880
0
0
0
0
0
67
1
0
2
5
255
2
0
3
10
180
61
14
92
158
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
1,792
475
1,323
562
-13
20
153
371
0
0
164
0
0
0
0
50
1
121
0
0
12
6
74
0
0
57
59
99
87
-14
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
5,695
7,580
919
14,896
2,668
4,175
7,068
123
13,503
2,587
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
178
577
51
0
0
266
344
59
212
169
116
42
178
See footnotes at end of table.
67
C-1. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1972—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
58.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
1,237
2,070
-40
4,122
906
1,079
688
0
4,923
563
33
12
0
0
0
10
239
0
1
84
59
557
0
2
49
48
310
45
206
156
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
6,872
860
555
1,639
-392
1
0
414
205
4
0
0
0
0
0
1,895
186
144
643
1,180
2,686
545
154
374
328
134
29
31
116
463
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
839
2,699
-310
-1,194
73
0
8
20
0
0
2
64
0
0
13
78
1,657
14
1
0
99
543
5
0
0
26
194
-29
107
32
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
1,371
11,835
123
1,025
1,840
80
49
40
421
849
0
1,197
0
0
30
282
5,030
22
8
216
736
2,130
14
0
388
121
407
55
148
207
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and genera tors.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
3,594
2,789
4,533
6,427
2,293
298
138
66
0
0
683
1,606
4,202
3,774
1,641
1,743
0
0
167
336
171
0
0
62
41
232
173
194
342
51
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery.............................. ...........
Other nonelectrical machinery...... .............................. .
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
4,627
4,772
3,298
432
5,322
168
45
0
17
12
3,878
4,261
2,170
39
3,713
4
0
150
3
0
8
0
195
6
0
126
121
138
59
25
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.............................. .......................
1,141
4,864
3,723
1,654
5,952
199
485
29
24
4,572
610
2,078
2,318
992
1,005
0
389
350
16
50
0
671
289
1
160
5
298
98
115
380
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ........ ......................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
3,113
3,501
3,100
7,309
1,410
925
4,816
17
78
319
82
220
2,748
1,444
14
958
1
0
33
0
413
3
0
51
0
179
262
149
6
-1
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad equipm ent.........................................................
1,874
43,118
12,771
3,978
1,747
1,140
28,507
106
973
0
414
16,286
1,981
1,145
1,491
16
13
0
0
0
29
13
0
0
0
121
851
203
230
1
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transoortation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
357
4,882
2,683
1,690
917
1,313
1,630
33
275
486
.46
184
1,146
973
393
0
0
235
0
0
0
2,922
87
0
0
85
190
44
68
66
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s .................................... ...................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
3,567
322
2,104
3,623
2,188
1,072
524
2,255
3,396
1,342
1,682
1
0
323
443
4
3
1
1
22
7
1
2
2
79
2
31
188
169
159
See footnotes at end of table.
68
C-1. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1972-—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
5,593
4,896
12,301
3,504
7,173
2,485
4,158
6,673
1,026
5,759
403
0
686
25
81
249
4
730
50
20
495
8
771
74
40
248
0
238
31
9
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..... .............................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
388
411
0
17,784
14,550
290
196
0
12,879
12,220
0
0
0
2,167
0
4
0
0
90
14
0
0
0
182
27
3
0
0
0
0
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and d rin k in g ......................
7,009
2,997
60,932
36,593
110,476
6,555
2,801
38,172
37,496
102,254
0
0
6,588
0
2,634
2
26
1,813
140
1,045
3
54
2,433
283
3,808
0
0
999
0
2
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
14,041
7,723
20,393
76,783
41,128
11,238
7,527
19,545
76,783
32,005
0
0
0
0
0
95
10
103
0
386
191
16
160
0
4,626
0
0
0
0
0
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s..................................
Advertising........................................................................
5,964
12,180
4,310
8,343
688
5,249
11,362
4,310
1,851
123
0
192
0
0
0
5
3
0
432
14
10
6
0
542
29
0
0
0
0
0
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s.....................................
14,398
14,697
2,061
6,941
23,305
5,350
13,779
1,672
7,360
21,676
0
0
0
0
0
2,346
141
0
3
0
2,167
178
0
6
0
0
0
-164
0
0
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
22,296
8,226
12,779
13,105
2,900
19,653
4,883
11,124
13,025
1,869
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
15
9
0
0
2
32
20
0
0
0
0
0
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terprises.......... ....................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
421
0
2,051
-5,062
0
300
0
1,987
6,550
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
2
11
0
0
0
4
23
0
0
0
0
4
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-1,670
55,090
132,652
11,064
4,631
-7,716
2,163
0
0
-3,524
4,631
0
-3,902
0
0
0
0
0
-207
18,315
0
0
0
0
-1,116
23,248
0
0
0
0
204
0
0
0
0
-7,716
See footnotes at end of table.
69
C-1. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1972—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
T o ta l....................................................................................
743
77,470
-76,727
253,107
101,686
151,421
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
15
-163
389
2,415
1,329
17
94
403
2,465
1,896
-2
-257
-14
-50
-567
72
4
22
-794
14
2
2
22
-815
-178
70
2
0
21
192
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
-1,047
18
-517
-66
-316
105
19
102
17
15
-1,152
-2
-619
-83
-331
-522
79
-24
0
-7
-530
16
-24
0
-7
7
63
0
0
0
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
495
-2,762
-89
-16
6
496
1
90
79
6
-1
-2,763
-179
-96
0
69
0
585
47
9,409
47
0
60
-2
2,067
22
0
525
49
7,342
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
233
11
-928
0
-225
314
11
569
187
339
-81
0
-1,496
-187
-564
2,095
3,629
853
651
415
2,077
3,629
28
191
11
18
0
825
461
404
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
545
-33
. -991
-94
-881
619
11
9
39
33
-75
-44
-1,000
-133
-913
104
160
19
71
-7
39
4
1
1
1
65
156
18
70
-9
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
70
542
767
-464
-65
85
971
839
432
33
-15
-428
-71
-895
-98
56
222
1
83
82
2
32
0
25
12
55
190
1
58
69
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
-365
-153
-2,225
-31
375
123
26
235
103
407
-488
-178
-2,460
-134
-32
14
0
214
194
1
8
0
130
144
0
5
0
84
50
0
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
-973
-624
-1
-183
-100
336
106
3
33
28
-1,310
-730
-4
-216
-128
111
421
13
107
620
16
81
13
64
130
95
339
0
42
491
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
-828
26
-8
107
35
957
33
4
276
91
-1,785
-6
-12
-169
-56
678
58
3
1,033
1,187
141
19
1
38
347
537
40
2
996
839
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
556
149
231
454
-14
1,569
329
400
576
188
-1,013
-181
-170
-122
-202
933
107
427
21
15
696
16
330
20
15
236
91
97
1
0
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s ......................................................
270
121
67
-2,161
-337
539
167
69
712
91
-269
-46
-2
-2,873
-428
1,039
222
169
2,592
129
153
48
20
898
70
886
174
149
1,694
60
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
See footnotes at end of table.
70
C-1. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1972—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
-257
21
-86
-1,028
-129
153
341
71
36
206
-410
-321
-157
-1,064
-336
266
243
1
18
184
143
70
1
8
36
123
173
0
9
148
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p roducts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
-82
-34
-236
-31
-2,813
12
40
36
167
624
-94
-74
-271
-197
-3,437
2,237
133
47
331
445
194
12
11
53
137
2,043
121
36
278
308
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p roducts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
115
-166
-346
-1,264
10
175
306
241
268
26
-60
-472
-587
-1,533
-16
519
399
26
-38
18
90
163
23
-38
8
429
236
3
0
10
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
-1
243
-92
413
-100
68
323
81
474
201
-68
-80
-173
-61
-301
153
2,779
84
36
249
24
586
71
9
73
129
2,193
12
27
176
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
-166
461
14
1,791
70
411
710
470
1,968
198
-577
-248
-456
-177
-128
633
411
58
291
154
225
325
14
139
84
408
86
44
152
71
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking machinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
285
264
343
72
977
582
1,139
876
79
1,525
-297
-875
-534
-7
-548
159
80
302
237
595
118
64
220
58
506
41
16
82
179
89
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household appliances .....................................................
-51
451
94
193
-289
135
528
410
418
216
-186
-77
-316
-224
-505
378
492
546
312
73
189
80
310
236
14
188
412
237
76
59
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
65
-1,924
-16
316
436
237
208
81
604
1,008
-172
-2,132
-97
-288
-572
490
124
204
5,380
642
97
70
203
5,227
621
393
53
1
153
21
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor vehicles ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad e q uipm e nt.........................................................
-19
-4,336
2,483
18
148
301
4,123
3,045
189
174
-321
-8,459
-562
-171
-26
173
1,783
7,999
1,611
107
124
640
7,994
1,594
3
49
1,143
4
17
104
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq uipm e nt...............................
-1,105
-67
454
143
-151
7
79
573
209
74
-1,112
-146
-119
-66
-225
19
22
684
231
123
1
3
496
105
100
18
18
188
126
23
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
192
-275
-338
-448
-309
575
14
226
257
204
-383
-289
-564
-705
-513
609
37
-2
181
452
278
29
-22
5
102
331
8
19
176
349
See footnotes at end of table.
71
C-1. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1972— Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Imports
Exports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
(11.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,085
1
887
1,690
128
1,142
1
887
1,838
1,075
-57
0
0
-148
-947
628
725
2,315
607
1,135
320
39
1,138
510
822
308
687
1,178
97
313
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
56
215
0
389
-29
56
215
0
389
38
0
0
0
0
-67
36
0
0
2,076
2,318
16
0
0
852
505
20
0
0
1,224
1,813
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
-237
11
6,973
0
118
110
11
3,980
0
118
-347
0
2,993
0
0
687
104
3,955
-1,326
615
79
55
1,354
366
8
607
49
2,601
-1,692
606
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
8
11
71
0
2,035
8
11
236
0
2,035
0
0
-165
0
0
2,509
159
513
0
2,076
752
-20
-3
0
442
1,758
179
516
0
1,634
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging p lace s..............................................
Personal and repair se rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
4
0
0
399
31
4
0
0
401
40
0
0
0
-2
-10
697
618
0
5,119
492
605
91
0
2,995
17
92
526
0
2,124
474
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
400
0
426
0
0
400
0
438
0
0
0
0
-12
0
0
4,136
600
128
-429
1,629
645
127
96
47
203
3,491
472
31
-476
1,426
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
0
0
0
23
21
0
0
0
53
21
o
0
0
-30
0
2,643
3,343
1,652
10
980
319
92
1,659
1
422
2,324
3,252
-7
9
558
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terprises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
118
0
0
-15,162
0
118
0
0
681
0
0
0
0
-15,843
0
3
0
58
3,508
0
3
0
17
3,496
0
0
0
42
12
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-210
10
0
14,790
0
0
919
10
0
18,841
0
0
-1,130
0
0
-4,050
0
0
1,398
13,517
132,652
-202
0
0
360
2,104
49,305
-202
0
0
1,038
11,413
83,347
0
0
0
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
72
/
0 2 . Gross national product and major components by industry, 1977
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
T o ta l....................................................................................
1,369,770
864,357
101,674
41,508
57,885
13,302
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
1,276
468
704
4,459
7,144
1,218
188
0
175
5,005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
0
0
0
12
75
-32
332
93
2,138
634
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
-297
302
-446
-10
-39
725
131
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
193
0
9
0
0
0
0
51
0
0
0
18
0
3
-4
4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
586
-6,130
1,166
23
9,341
68
0
7
1
0
0
129
0
0
0
0
0
333
0
7
0
0
191
0
19
7
67
50
-6
0
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
2,320
3,218
19,984
11,977
10,963
567
0
19,135
11,149
10,026
0
72
0
0
0
16
0
1
0
0
7
0
4
0
0
39
-35
170
49
284
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
5,455
6,468
-2
2,995
8,060
4,398
6,278
953
3,089
8,952
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
2
6
171
19
21
34
145
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
5,353
6,729
7,649
858
3,145
5,077
5,447
6,604
574
1,649
0
0
0
0
861
0
0
2
0
35
0
0
4
0
448
122
223
35
230
121
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
59
1,716
21,008
3,348
472
147
1,663
23,186
3,015
3
8
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
1
2
31
0
6
2
0
15
50
216
86
15
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
2,042
7,054
4
6,880
3,686
0
376
0
6,060
336
0
7
0
676
2,670
225
1,139
0
4
87
2,318
5,189
0
84
103
248
340
-5
102
79
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper products .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
3,462
241
2,000
4,866
2,383
2,844
105
1,994
3,249
914
0
0
0
0
0
50
1
0
1
4
211
2
0
3
11
289
17
19
78
54
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
1,578
505
1,441
648
229
166
0
0
0
0
83
1
166
0
0
10
4
69
0
0
27
96
47
177
22
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
7,317
8,346
894
17,509
2,984
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
158
610
61
0
0
245
371
55
135
82
100
285
174
19
103
454
0
0'
5,188
7,797
136
15,672
2,969
See footnotes at end of table.
73
C-2. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1977—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le ather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
1,265
2,364
7
3,874
1,161
1,238
828
0
5,162
710
33
12
0
0
0
9
208
0
1
69
63
555
0
2
59
46
405
23
60
53
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
6,505
778
540
1,904
-810
1
0
399
191
4
0
0
0
0
0
1,867
146
143
740
1,456
2,709
514
152
483
233
107
24
29
151
47
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p roducts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
854
2,516
-107
-926
170
0
20
14
0
0
2
82
0
0
11
49
1,613
26
1
0
65
593
5
0
0
37
122
176
44
137
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
1,349
12,057
54
1,025
1,960
188
37
41
453
1,040
0
1,622
0
0
42
220
5,110
23
6
153
704
2,042
9
0
377
40
465
64
102
171
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and ge nerators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
3,587
3,124
5,970
7,909
2,390
304
166
77
0
0
725
1,253
5,643
4,592
1,728
1,670
0
0
365
209
131
0
0
58
8
464
86
123
65
97
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking machinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
5,368
4,497
4,378
469
11,515
222
86
0
18
26
4,626
3,576
2,888
33
8,072
4
0
191
2
0
10
0
179
6
0
215
55
215
57
362
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines............ .................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
1,730
5,165
4,277
2,130
6,871
403
407
27
26
5,227
963
2,238
2,909
1,312
1,220
0
311
263
17
45
0
696
257
0
169
5
87
77
108
273
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
2,826
4,848
3,755
9,316
2,678
762
6,993
20
115
1,131
109
344
3,413
1,995
45
837
1
0
31
0
385
4
0
57
0
82
281
79
29
183
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm ent.........................................................
3,166
59,091
12,067
4,826
1,818
1,458
36,868
588
992
0
1,130
22,408
1,578
1,222
1,532
13
17
0
0
0
30
12
0
0
0
119
793
58
85
15
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
423
3,626
3,928
2,291
1,542
922
1,303
34
343
726
29
127
1,811
1,245
817
0
0
255
0
0
0
2,088
92
0
0
43
33
135
65
55
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
4,865
287
2,379
3,996
2,369
1,189
684
2,770
3,875
1,432
2,773
1
0
280
416
3
2
1
1
19
9
1
2
2
86
13
22
245
129
102
See footnotes at end of table.
74
C-2. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1977—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation................. ............................................
5,435
4,669
12,920
4,026
8,954
2,274
4,200
6,884
979
7,394
424
0
871
26
107
227
3
486
54
18
455
8
717
68
43
319
0
357
41
13
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and private................................
343
567
0
27,065
19,287
232
298
0
19,120
15,962
0
0
0
3,700
0
4
0
0
86
10
0
0
0
244
27
4
0
0
0
0
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and d rin k in g ......................
6,556
3,000
66,356
42,709
132,593
6,544
3,041
43,042
44,517
124,963
0
0
7,973
0
3,358
0
18
1,233
106
737
2
53
1,348
298
3,168
0
0
1,445
0
3
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
20,172
8,379
23,710
99,043
50,185
15,085
8,045
22,835
99,043
37,801
0
0
0
0
0
83
13
122
0
388
235
18
181
0
6,723
0
0
0
0
0
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business se rv ic e s ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
7,059
13,017
3,557
10,620
860
6,078
11,988
3,557
2,361
142
0
203
0
0
0
4
2
0
543
11
11
7
0
566
31
0
0
0
0
0
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
17,108
17,618
2,626
9,227
29,294
6,238
16,580
1,821
9,514
27,112
0
0
0
0
0
2,071
175
0
3
0
2,914
184
0
10
0
0
0
70
0
0
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
30,127
11,083
13,544
13,232
3,138
26,233
6,995
11,677
13,121
1,952
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
13
6
0
0
3
37
20
0
0
0
0
0
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
355
0
2,702
-5,565
0
188
0
2,624
5,400
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
6
0
0
0
4
18
0
0
0
0
4
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-1,672
46,022
143,982
15,711
3,826
-4,067
2,686
0
0
-5,162
3,826
0
-4,629
0
0
0
0
0
-145
16,108
0
0
0
0
-359
18,470
0
0
0
0
277
0
0
0
0
-4,067
See footnotes at end of table.
75
C -2. G ross rsationaS produ et and major components by industry, 1977—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State arid
local
government
T o ta l....................................................................................
22,006
112,877
-90,871
269,038
100,369
168,669
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k .............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
6
-58
589
3,800
1,493
11
273
592
3,853
2,243
-4
-331
-3
-53
-750
84
7
22
-1,670
-78
3
4
22
-1,696
-312
81
3
0
26
234
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c op per..............
-600
23
-431
-6
-231
249
24
155
9
42
-849
-2
-586
-15
-273
-439
87
-18
0
-4
-445
15
-18
0
-4
6
71
0
0
0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
443
-6,361
-52
-10
0
458
10
180
76
0
-15
-6,370
-231
-86
0
69
34
636
38
9,315
52
34
158
-1
2,127
17
0
478
39
7,188
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
348
64
-125
-45
153
415
64
1,019
128
618
-67
0
-1,144
-173
-465
1,343
3,118
799
823
500
1,331
3,118
32
214
14
11
0
768
609
486
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages ..........................................................
772
-23
-993
-212
-1,016
839
12
38
57
60
-66
-35
-1,031
-269
-1,075
114
195
17
82
-31
36
4
1
1
2
78
191
17
81
-32
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and flavorings ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills..........................................................
79
842
1,003
-42
-37
108
1,297
1,090
642
80
-29
-455
-87
-684
-117
76
216
1
95
69
2
38
0
22
13
74
178
0
73
56
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
hosiery and knit qoods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
-169
3
-2,625
62
451
163
47
470
211
486
-332
-44
-3,095
-150
-36
22
0
222
182
1
17
0
158
117
0
5
0
64
66
0
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing mills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
-849
-407
-1
-185
-87
411
209
2
89
59
-1,261
-616
-3
-274
-146
101
410
9
139
499
27
130
9
77
98
74
280
0
61
401
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
-771
49
-16
200
29
1,196
55
4
347
100
-1,966
-7
-20
-147
-71
838
67
4
1,335
1,372
193
18
1
55
348
645
49
3
1,280
1,024
46.
47.
48.
43.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical Droducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
274
190
374
453
189
1,403
487
552
586
332
-1,129
-297
-178
-134
-143
998
111
330
19
18
720
17
235
18
18
278
94
95
1
0
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations...................................
Paints and allied products..............................................
Petroleum refining and related products......................
Tires and inner tu b e s ......................................................
580
186
95
-1,460
-373
1,036
254
100
554
169
-456
-68
-5
-2,014
-542
1,414
282
160
2,030
98
177
58
33
937
56
1,238
224
127
1,093
42
See footnotes at end of table.
76
C-2. Gross national! product and major components by industry, 1977—Gontinued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le a th e r...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s..................................................................................
-446
105
-16
-1,373
24
245
546
99
73
359
-691
-441
-115
-1,446
-335
321
251
0
21
247
143
78
0
8
49
178
173
0
13
198
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p roducts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
-39
-41
-231
43
-2,904
33
42
46
236
656
-72
-83
-277
-193
-3,560
1,860
135
48
296
353
330
17
14
77
128
1,530
118
34
219
225
66.
87.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metais and products......................
Metai containers...............................................................
157
-292
-357
-969
5
242
329
277
208
33
-85
-622
-633
-1,178
-28
544
378
28
-1
18
71
159
24
-2
6
473
218
5
0
11
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
61
457
-162
420
-48
98
552
105
464
308
-37
-96
-268
-44
-356
135
2,324
79
44
225
24
705
67
9
71
111
1,619
12
35
154
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal products ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
-223
1,293
46
2,572
187
575
1,564
719
2,959
299
-798
-271
-673
-387
-112
516
325
81
257
160
177
288
17
124
104
339
37
65
133
56
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral eq uipm ent...........................
133
716
516
108
2,022
610
1,434
1,356
118
3,211
-477
-718
-840
-9
-1,189
158
64
389
245
1,033
122
41
282
45
903
35
24
107
200
130
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission e q uipm e nt....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
-126
855
269
357
-134
199
950
540
608
468
-325
-95
-271
-251
-602
485
571
474
308
71
180
103
275
243
13
305
468
199
65
58
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
234
-2,925
71
91
313
365
490
147
1,118
2,564
-131
-3,414
-76
-1,027
-2,251
416
148
172
6,997
1,006
119
109
171
6,766
958
297
39
1
231
49
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad eq uipm e nt.........................................................
181
597
-416
235
183
52
-3 ,3 4 4
6,151
-9 ,4 9 5
2,336
635
1,701
3,719
205
130
4,160
298
162
-441
-93
-32
6,125
2,322
141
6,118
2,289
3
7
33
138
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ....................................
Optical and ophthalmic equipment ...............................
-578
59
818
340
-249
25
91
987
462
178
-603
-32
-169
-122
-427
8
15
783
299
193
1
2
532
143
171
7
13
250
156
22
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s .......................... ..............................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go ods......................
Other manufactured products........................................
221
-454
-653
-526
-111
905
125
303
312
331
-684
-579
-957
-838
-441
658
30
14
236
425
261
24
-7
5
103
396
6
21
230
322
See footnotes at end of table.
77
C-2. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1977—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
*
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,301
12
1,276
2,498
219
1,353
12
1,276
2,280
1,518
-52
0
0
217
-1,299
434
446
2,329
361
1,160
247
43
948
272
847
186
403
1,381
89
313
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
69
270
0
635
-145
69
270
0
635
45
0
0
0
0
-190
33
0
0
3,279
3,434
14
0
0
879
531
19
0
0
2,401
2,902
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
-517
13
7,613
0
42
89
13
5,581
0
42
-605
0
2,032
0
0
526
-126
3,702
-2,212
322
55
50
1,083
267
43
471
-176
2,619
-2,480
279
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
12
15
-8
0
3,026
12
15
345
0
3,026
0
0
-354
0
0
4,757
288
579
0
2,248
1,161
-33
-21
0
609
3,596
321
601
0
1,638
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
6
1
0
537
39
6
1
0
540
52
0
0
0
-3
-14
960
817
0
6,613
638
626
122
0
3,380
16
334
695
0
3,233
622
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile repair ............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists' s e rv ic e s .....................................
622
0
589
0
0
622
0
615
0
0
0
0
-26
0
0
5,263
679
146
-299
2,183
797
97
104
453
221
4,466
583
42
-753
1,961
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
0
0
0
54
27
0
0
0
77
27
0
0
0
-24
0
3,895
4,089
1,863
8
1,132
724
173
1,868
0
439
3,171
3,916
-5
8
693
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
163
0
0
-13,774
0
163
0
0
696
0
0
0
0
-14,470
0
3
0
73
2,778
0
3
0
18
2,769
0
0
0
54
9
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-112
0
0
21,438
0
0
1,213
0
0
27,992
0
0
-1,325
0
0
-6,555
0
0
610
11,444
143,982
-565
0
0
214
2,352
47,793
-565
0
0
396
9,092
96,190
0
0
0
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
78
C-3. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 low alternative
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
T o ta l....................................................................................
2,126,746
1,349,086
162,499
45,600
65,702
11,900
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and liv e s to c k .............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
1,542
1,062
902
10,231
9,332
1,475
289
0
207
6,386
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
20
0
0
0
12
75
-28
297
83
1,913
567
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
-632
416
-148
21
-14
763
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
308
0
13
0
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
16
0
2
-4
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
1,266
-6,723
1,817
128
9,074
138
0
11
2
0
0
207
0
0
0
0
0
352
0
8
0
0
211
0
17
6
60
45
-6
0
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen foods ...............................................
4,557
5,847
24,911
13,024
15,027
865
0
22,217
12,275
13,615
0
113
0
0
0
20
0
2
0
0
8
0
4
0
0
35
-32
152
44
254
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
7,052
5,908
85
3,960
14,161
4,951
5,740
928
4,249
15,004
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
2
6
153
17
19
30
129
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco manufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
9,372
10,796
8,136
829
5,552
8,879
7,694
6,817
677
2,926
0
0
0
0
1,600
0
0
2
0
46
0
0
4
0
542
110
200
31
206
108
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
269
2,918
23,773
4,895
809
212
2,849
28,354
4,283
5
13
0
0
0
0
4
0
3
1
2
30
0
6
2
0
13
45
193
77
13
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
2,427
9,014
12
8,520
5,157
0
744
0
7,353
506
0
11
0
930
3,698
191
1,039
0
4
114
2,258
6,105
0
104
127
222
304
-4
92
70
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
8,171
375
2,021
7,513
2,928
5,135
147
2,021
5,733
1,358
0
0
0
0
0
52
1
0
2
5
236
2
0
3
10
259
15
17
70
48
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
2,108
1,353
3,137
869
612
27
187
797
0
0
265
0
0
0
0
103
1
212
0
0
10
4
96
0
0
24
86
42
158
19
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s.......................................................
18,928
12,218
1,098
18,467
1,669
14,310
11,091
202
15,328
2,602
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
172
656
71
0
0
321
377
55
121
73
89
255
156
See footnotes at end of table.
79
C-3. G ross natsonaS p ro d u c t and major components by industry, 1995 low alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
1,082
5,393
87
2,612
1,801
1,346
2,227
0
5,083
899
53
20
0
0
0
12
226
0
1
96
66
654
0
2
58
41
363
20
54
48
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related products..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
7,111
622
371
2,635
-763
2
0
406
332
6
0
0
0
0
0
1,975
62
123
729
1,149
2,867
435
164
530
267
96
21
26
135
42
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and forgings ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and p roducts......................
Metal containers...............................................................
1,166
2,725
338
-1,524
181
0
28
15
0
0
4
130
0
0
17
57
1,627
21
1
0
75
752
6
0
0
33
109
158
40
123
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated {structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
1,609
15,262
54
1,271
2,696
213
56
61
592
1,493
0
2,739
0
0
66
210
5,377
28
9
181
872
2,474
11
0
383
36
416
57
91
153
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and genera tors.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
5,190
6,267
7,190
12,769
3,587
374
426
134
0
0
1,398
1,250
6,155
5,079
2,533
1,555
0
0
462
252
179
0
0
57
14
415
77
110
58
87
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking machinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral eq uipm ent...........................
7,858
5,600
7,112
651
52,550
334
129
0
34
6,182
6,709
3,757
3,410
52
32,431
5
0
231
2
0
9
0
208
6
0
193
49
192
51
324
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission e q uipm e nt....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household appliances.....................................................
4,245
11,145
6,444
3,601
11,127
1,344
856
49
40
8,319
2,286
5,087
3,810
1,727
1,951
0
395
315
16
56
0
733
347
1
194
5
78
69
97
244
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
3,811
12,342
9,295
25,271
4,684
988
15,983
388
338
2,956
174
545
6,893
5,178
71
903
2
0
39
0
484
4
0
74
0
74
252
71
26
164
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
5,986
61,490
21,843
7,434
1,583
2,761
40,607
936
1,525
0
1,429
19,259
1,768
1,200
1,320
16
19
0
0
0
30
13
0
0
0
107
710
52
76
13
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts .................... ..............
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
355
4,365
5,343
4,545
3,746
1,160
1,679
53
776
1,566
46
202
2,140
2,363
1,829
0
0
251
0
0
0
2,275
103
0
0
39
30
121
58
49
106.
107.
108.
109
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s.....................
Other manufactured products.......................................
10,856
34
2,686
5,585
3,326
2,676
869
3,614
4,982
1,682
4,800
2
0
447
514
4
3
1
1
22
8
1
2
2
88
12
20
219
116
91
See footnotes at end of table.
80
0 3 . Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 low alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
6,975
4,540
18,640
5,416
17,936
3,189
4,080
9,033
1,106
14,422
448
0
1,450
41
170
248
4
501
60
20
479
8
771
67
41
286
0
319
36
12
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation services ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and te le visio n ..............
Electric utilities, public and private................................
438
1,054
0
71,270
30,721
222
443
0
48,795
27,200
0
0
0
11,473
0
4
0
0
107
12
0
0
0
224
25
3
0
0
0
0
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
4,302
3,913
100,498
50,839
201,459
4,500
3,911
63,990
52,467
191,748
0
0
13,352
0
5,090
0
23
1,246
132
798
2
49
1,502
274
3,385
0
0
1,293
0
3
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
38,150
20,386
41,418
179,783
76,602
33,308
20,026
40,139
179,783
58,390
0
0
0
0
0
104
15
141
0
270
216
17
178
0
9,344
0
0
0
0
0
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business se rv ic e s..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
13,102
14,235
4,040
19,857
1,020
11,525
12,956
4,040
5,944
269
0
324
0
0
0
5
3
0
877
13
10
6
0
560
28
0
0
0
0
0
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
23,279
24,393
3,594
20,016
51,661
10,813
23,248
2,308
19,952
48,672
0
0
0
0
0
2,350
200
0
4
0
3,061
181
0
9
0
0
0
63
0
0
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
53,287
22,978
18,355
22,061
3,598
48,053
17,849
16,459
21,857
2,178
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
17
8
0
0
3
34
19
0
0
0
0
0
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable im p o rts .................................................
0
656
0
3,421
-2,771
0
280
0
3,329
7,819
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
4
17
0
0
0
0
3
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-1,063
53,403
171,499
51,386
2,653
-3,639
4,984
0
0
-8,931
2,653
0
-7,838
0
0
0
0
0
-39
18,928
0
0
0
0
-526
20,590
0
0
0
0
247
0
0
0
0
-3,639
See footnotes at end of table.
81
C-3. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 low alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
T o ta l....................................................................................
148,499
267,898
-119,399
343,461
156,961
186,500
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
12
469
798
11,449
2,836
14
642
799
11,483
3,515
-2
-172
-2
-34
-679
84
7
22
-3,354
-553
3
4
22
-3,377
-769
81
2
0
24
217
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
-667
40
-110
25
-316
428
42
541
30
106
-1,095
-2
-651
-6
-421
-744
90
-41
0
-10
-751
27
-41
0
-10
6
62
0
0
0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except drillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
1,011
-7,023
360
98
0
1,037
24
597
207
0
-26
-7,048
-237
-108
0
111
34
839
34
9,049
96
34
251
-3
2,966
15
0
587
36
6,083
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
587
99
1,749
-89
664
641
99
2,631
90
1,114
-53
0
-881
-179
-450
3,041
5,666
787
793
494
3,025
5,666
36
213
14
16
0
751
580
480
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill p roducts...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
1,836
-34
-879
-393
-955
1,887
17
86
149
227
-51
-51
-965
-542
-1,182
113
186
17
71
-27
43
4
0
1
3
71
182
17
70
-30
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
308
2,691
1,281
-188
273
368
2,900
1,356
1,205
383
-60
-209
-75
-1,393
-110
76
210
0
134
58
2
35
0
49
18
74
176
0
85
40
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill p roducts...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
-28
24
-5,128
218
789
423
90
897
423
798
-451
-66
-6,024
-205
-9
24
0
344
314
1
19
0
255
240
0
5
0
89
73
1
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
-360
310
2
-115
147
720
869
7
212
265
-1,080
-559
-5
-327
-118
115
501
15
153
495
39
207
15
91
131
76
294
0
61
365
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
1,647
130
-21
565
63
3,184
136
2
709
171
-1,537
-7
-23
-143
-109
842
80
5
1,141
1,444
229
28
2
84
505
613
52
2
1,056
939
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
213
963
1,412
669
550
1,977
1,401
1,577
1,062
796
-1,764
-438
-165
-393
-246
1,465
111
578
42
42
1,193
24
481
41
42
273
87
97
1
0
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
2,439
746
141
-710
-1,361
2,933
830
147
830
269
-494
-84
-6
-1,540
-1,630
2,058
307
173
2,561
146
272
87
50
1,411
95
1,786
220
123
1,150
51
See footnotes at end of table.
82
0 3 . Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 low alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u c ts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
-959
1,594
66
-2,561
403
439
2,101
126
197
736
-1,397
-507
-60
-2,758
-332
522
311
1
33
299
293
136
1
14
81
230
174
0
20
218
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related products..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
-28
-27
-406
573
-2,621
105
35
106
733
771
-133
-62
-512
-160
-3,392
2,198
131
60
336
394
512
23
21
118
232
1,686
108
38
218
162
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
437
-382
81
-1,515
17
537
257
759
236
45
-99
-639
-678
-1,751
-28
560
461
58
-50
24
152
235
54
-50
14
407
226
4
0
9
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
139
1,367
-222
558
175
185
1,486
219
609
582
-46
-119
-442
-51
-406
138
2,834
120
22
244
37
1,149
109
14
106
101
1,685
11
8
138
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
574
3,961
699
6,722
491
1,517
4,725
1,501
7,227
748
-943
-764
-802
-504
-257
697
553
93
391
211
289
519
29
255
154
407
34
64
136
57
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
380
1,580
2,455
251
11,503
1,018
2,382
3,360
266
14,174
-639
-802
-906
-15
-2,671
230
85
616
254
2,110
198
66
508
83
1,998
32
20
108
171
112
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
131
3,397
1,147
1,212
284
525
3,537
1,553
1,530
984
-394
-140
-406
-318
-699
479
600
707
509
79
209
178
528
450
20
270
423
179
60
59
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
708
-4,611
892
2,235
-85
801
799
975
3,803
9,100
-93
-5,410
-83
-1,568
-9,185
481
168
1,051
17,381
1,579
178
135
1,050
17,147
1,525
303
33
1
234
54
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft................................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad e q uipm e nt.........................................................
1,279
-1,678
7,932
322
118
1,844
5,956
9,660
699
196
-564
-7,634
-1,728
-377
-79
365
2,560
11,156
4,312
133
307
852
11,145
4,262
5
58
1,707
11
50
128
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
-902
164
1,445
965
5
49
205
1,613
1,122
498
-952
-41
-168
-157
-493
13
14
1,231
383
297
3
3
963
193
275
10
11
268
190
22
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
2,493
-922
-1,190
-172
510
3,451
379
583
800
942
-958
-1,301
-1,773
-972
-433
862
60
40
209
420
456
54
21
10
146
406
6
19
198
274
See footnotes at end of table.
83
C-3. Gross national! product and major components by industry, 1995 low alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation.................................................. ......
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,682
28
3,311
3,392
1,406
1,802
28
3,311
3,254
3,511
-120
0
0
138
-2,105
644
421
3,255
713
1,864
449
79
1,798
618
1,569
195
342
1,457
95
295
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation ....................................................
Transportation services ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
157
611
0
4,093
-126
157
611
0
4,093
103
0
0
0
0
-229
51
0
0
6,578
3,611
30
0
0
3,410
978
21
0
0
3,168
2,633
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
-715
31
14,706
0
96
201
31
10,312
0
96
-916
0
4,395
0
0
515
-101
4,409
-2,034
340
95
110
1,787
438
-25
419
-211
2,622
-2,472
365
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
28
35
375
0
6,284
28
35
783
0
6,284
0
0
-408
0
0
4,494
293
585
0
2,313
1,163
-31
-1
0
781
3,331
324
586
0
1,532
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s ..................................
Advertising........................................................................
12
1
0
1,178
107
12
1
0
1,181
119
0
0
0
-3
-12
1,549
946
0
11,297
603
1,132
189
0
8,139
36
417
757
0
3,158
567
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile repair ............................................................
Motion, p ic tu re s................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ services .....................................
1,408
0
971
0
0
1,408
0
1,002
0
0
0
0
-31
0
0
5,647
764
252
52
2,989
1,297
171
214
667
508
4,349
592
38
-615
2,481
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
0
0
1
145
61
0
0
1
175
61
0
0
0
-31
0
5,234
5,129
1,892
9
1,332
1,219
176
1,876
2
603
4,015
4,953
16
7
729
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit C orp ora tion......................................
Other Federal en terprises..............................................
Local government passenger transit ............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
370
0
0
-14,100
0
370
0
0
1,287
0
0
0
0
-15,386
0
6
0
87
3,477
0
6
0
34
3,469
0
0
0
53
8
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
1,543
0
0
61,187
0
0
2,545
0
0
72,973
0
0
-1,002
0
0
-11,786
C
0
565
13,885
171,499
-870
0
0
236
3,984
60,059
-870
0
0
329
9,901
111,440
0
0
0
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
84
G-4. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 moderate alternative
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
T o ta l....................................................................................
2,166,782
1,412,389
180,099
71,100
74,200
11,800
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
1,649
872
874
10,133
9,460
1,580
297
0
222
6,802
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
29
0
0
0
14
88
-28
294
82
1,897
563
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
-709
433
-164
18
-29
808
228
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
342
0
18
0
0
0
0
60
0
0
0
16
0
2
-4
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
1,220
-7,014
1,883
103
8,857
148
0
11
2
0
0
229
0
0
0
0
0
526
0
11
0
0
241
0
20
6
59
45
-5
0
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
4,117
5,003
25,309
13,806
15,481
926
0
23,802
13,151
14,586
0
126
0
0
0
30
0
2
0
0
9
0
5
0
0
35
-31
151
44
252
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
7,128
6,300
72
4,014
14,538
5,304
6,149
994
4,552
16,074
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
2
7
151
16
19
30
128
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and flavorings ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
9,968
11,165
8,348
753
5,878
9,512
8,243
7,102
725
3,120
0
0
0
0
1,694
0
0
3
0
64
0
0
5
0
626
109
198
31
205
107
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
242
3,112
23,948
4,956
783
225
3,077
30,616
4,484
5
14
0
0
0
0
6
0
4
2
3
34
0
7
2
0
13
45
192
77
13
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
2,296
9,782
9
8,935
5,598
0
793
0
7,840
539
0
12
0
1,012
4,106
277
1,509
0
6
167
2,562
6,849
0
115
141
220
302
-4
91
70
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
7,558
373
2,095
7,832
2,892
5,379
154
2,105
6,114
1,415
0
0
0
0
0
76
2
0
2
7
264
3
0
4
12
256
15
17
69
48
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inoraanic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
1,893
1,266
3,116
796
557
28
195
847
0
0
295
0
0
0
0
160
2
320
0
0
12
5
108
0
0
24
85
42
157
19
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drucis ................................................ .................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
19,235
12,615
1,226
18,854
1,587
14,908
11,557
210
16,520
2,805
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
991
108
0
0
353
434
63
120
73
89
253
154
See footnotes at end of table.
85
C-4. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 moderate alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
1,094
5,256
70
2,623
1,728
1,445
2,367
0
5,488
956
58
22
0
0
0
17
328
0
1
134
76
728
0
2
66
41
359
20
53
47
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
8,378
686
390
3,051
-1,706
2
0
432
344
6
0
0
0
0
0
2,920
94
187
1,169
1,771
3,267
496
185
599
304
95
21
25
134
41
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and p roducts......................
Metal containers...............................................................
1,164
3,210
11
-1,594
166
0
30
16
0
0
4
144
0
0
19
86
2,491
34
1
0
85
827
7
0
0
33
108
156
39
122
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
1,786
18,366
-6
1,270
2,715
229
60
63
632
1,585
0
2,375
0
0
74
312
8,743
42
12
260
961
2,777
13
0
438
36
412
57
90
152
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts....................................
Engines, turbines, and ge nerators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
5,755
6,166
7,270
13,115
3,945
393
460
143
0
0
1,285
1,388
6,833
5,639
2,812
2,895
0
0
715
489
197
0
0
65
16
412
77
109
58
86
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
8,272
5,577
7,051
644
53,149
356
138
0
37
6,591
7,449
4,171
3,786
58
36,007
7
0
350
3
0
10
0
238
6
0
191
48
191
51
321
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office eq u ip m e n t.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission eq u ip m e n t....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household appliances .....................................................
4,371
11,414
6,740
3,546
11,243
1,433
918
51
42
8,685
2,538
5,381
4,230
1,918
2,003
0
579
462
25
81
0
835
380
1
219
5
77
69
96
242
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
4,339
12,732
9,855
23,129
4,584
1,042
17,867
413
362
3,165
194
596
7,653
5,749
78
1,388
2
0
57
0
533
4
0
81
0
73
249
70
26
163
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. Aircraft ...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad eq uipm e nt.........................................................
5,994
69,149
19,610
6,929
1,691
2,956
49,162
1,009
1,645
0
1,587
24,714
1,963
1,332
1,465
23
29
0
0
0
34
14
0
0
0
106
704
51
75
13
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
379
5,298
5,467
4,726
3,791
1,251
1,810
56
822
1,689
51
224
2,377
2,623
2,031
0
1
381
0
0
0
3,080
117
0
0
38
30
120
57
48
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and s u p p lie s .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
10,934
-4
2,746
5,601
3,263
2,815
933
3,894
5,237
1,778
5,330
2
0
496
571
6
5
1
1
32
9
2
2
2
100
12
19
218
115
90
See footnotes at end of table.
86
C-4. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 moderate alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
7,064
4,719
18,897
5,398
17,986
3,394
4,257
9,611
1,166
15,731
493
0
1,340
45
189
388
5
795
92
29
543
9
877
77
48
283
0
316
36
12
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
450
1,056
0
73,235
31,765
239
463
0
50,901
28,400
0
0
0
12,072
0
7
0
0
150
17
0
0
0
259
28
3
0
0
0
0
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
4,224
4,077
103,468
54,527
212,899
4,700
4,085
66,349
56,209
201,659
0
0
13,590
0
5,651
1
32
1,954
184
1,197
2
57
1,679
316
3,937
0
0
1,282
0
3
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
39,093
20,956
42,495
181,690
77,299
34,216
20,571
41,458
181,690
59,023
0
0
0
0
0
145
23
210
0
386
249
19
204
0
9,727
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair se rv ic e s .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
Advertising........................................................................
13,135
14,661
4,150
19,481
1,042
11,711
13,345
4,150
6,147
276
0
359
0
0
0
7
3
0
1,347
18
12
7
0
640
33
0
0
0
0
0
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion pictures ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ se rv ic e s .....................................
25,074
24,856
3,582
20,445
52,994
11,107
23,584
2,371
20,495
49,999
0
0
0
0
0
3,427
306
0
5
0
3,564
207
0
10
0
0
0
62
0
0
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
54,553
23,611
18,545
22,650
3,635
49,362
18,335
16,907
22,453
2,273
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
23
11
0
0
3
39
22
0
0
0
0
0
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
656
0
3,551
-7,662
0
291
0
3,460
8,071
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
3
11
0
0
0
4
20
0
0
0
0
3
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-2,905
66,664
171,095
34,281
2,769
-3,608
5,385
0
0
-9,178
2,769
0
-8,702
0
0
0
0
0
-61
29,643
0
0
0
0
-544
23,330
0
0
0
0
245
0
0
0
0
-3,608
See footnotes at end of table.
87
.
0
0
0
0
0
0-4. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 moderate alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
T o ta l....................................................................................
86,099
260,098
-173,999
331,099
139,199
191,900
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k .............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
10
275
774
10,905
2,423
13
526
776
10,955
3,412
-3
-251
-2
-50
-990
87
6
19
-2,910
-444
3
4
19
-2,934
-669
84
3
0
25
224
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
-888
38
-132
21
-366
416
41
526
30
103
-1,304
-3
-658
-8
-468
-646
88
-34
0
-9
-652
23
-34
0
-9
7
65
0
0
0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral m in in g ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
969
-7,332
234
72
0
1,007
24
580
201
0
-38
-7,356
-346
-129
0
97
29
825
35
8,826
81
29
218
-2
2,534
16
0
607
38
6,292
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
544
96
541
-174
135
622
96
1,971
87
790
-78
0
-1,430
-261
-656
2,572
4,812
808
785
508
2,555
4,812
31
185
12
17
0
777
600
496
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
1,563
-58
-958
-645
-1,648
1,638
16
84
145
221
-7 4
-74
-1,042
-790
-1,869
110
192
18
73
-28
37
3
0
1
2
73
189
17
72
-31
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
270
2,512
1,207
-306
212
358
2,816
1,317
1,170
372
-88
-304
-109
-1,476
-160
78
212
0
129
57
2
30
0
41
15
76
182
0
88
41
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill p roducts...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
-72
-9
-7,180
112
762
410
87
871
411
775
-482
-97
-8,051
-299
-13
22
0
310
279
1
16
0
218
204
0
6
0
92
76
1
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
-875
-165
1
-270
85
699
650
7
206
257
-1,574
-815
-6
-476
-172
112
482
13
142
489
33
177
13
79
112
79
305
0
63
377
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
851
122
-31
479
8
3,092
132
2
688
166
-2,240
-10
-33
-209
-158
831
77
4
1,165
1,403
197
24
2
72
432
634
54
2
1,093
971
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
78
868
1,291
604
502
1,919
1,360
1,531
1,031
773
-1,842
-492
-240
-427
-271
1,298
111
508
35
36
1,016
21
408
35
36
282
90
100
1
0
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
2,128
684
134
-1,729
-1,677
2,848
805
143
806
261
-720
-122
-9
-2,535
-1,939
2,079
302
170
2,386
134
232
74
43
1,197
81
1,847
228
127
1,190
52
See footnotes at end of table.
C-4. Gross national! product and major components by industry, 1995 moderate alternative-continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u c ts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
-1,027
1,155
50
-2,953
230
426
2,040
123
191
714
-1,453
-885
-73
-3,144
-484
485
297
1
32
294
248
116
1
11
69
238
180
0
21
225
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
-91
-56
-498
478
-4,195
102
34
103
712
749
-193
-90
-601
-233
-4,943
2,185
131
58
326
366
441
19
18
101
198
1,744
112
40
225
168
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
405
-827
-251
-1,593
3
521
250
737
229
43
-116
-1,077
-988
-1,823
-40
550
436
50
-41
22
123
202
45
-42
12
421
234
4
0
10
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
113
1,270
-285
516
-28
180
1,443
213
591
565
-67
-173
-498
-75
-592
136
2,730
104
20
233
32
987
93
12
91
105
1,743
11
9
142
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
-96
3,766
94
6,281
352
1,278
4,588
1,263
7,016
726
-1,374
-822
-1,169
-735
-374
669
476
91
357
191
248
441
25
216
132
421
36
66
141
59
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
58
1,144
1,943
241
8,411
989
2,312
3,262
259
13,761
-931
-1,168
-1,320
-18
-5,350
201
76
544
248
1,818
169
56
432
70
1,702
33
20
112
177
116
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
-64
3,036
916
1,021
-64
510
3,240
1,508
1,485
955
-574
-205
-592
-464
-1,019
460
588
633
444
78
180
151
447
382
17
280
437
185
62
61
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
642
-6,137
826
2,063
-179
777
1,747
947
3,692
8,835
-135
-7,884
-120
-1,629
-9,014
466
150
892
14,791
1,356
153
116
891
14,549
1,300
313
34
1
242
56
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor vehicles ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad eq uipm e nt.........................................................
968
-7,967
7,152
217
76
1,790
8,695
9,379
678
191
-822
-16,662
-2,227
-462
-115
321
2,493
9,435
3,661
136
261
727
9,424
3,609
4
60
1,766
11
52
132
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ....................................
Optical and ophthalmic equipment ...............................
-974
140
1,321
861
-235
48
199
1,566
1,089
484
-1,022
-60
-245
-228
-718
13
14
1,095
362
257
2
2
818
166
235
10
12
277
196
23
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
1,954
-1,017
-1,406
-464
284
3,350
368
566
777
915
-1,396
-1,385
-1,972
-1,241
-631
808
52
37
214
408
388
46
17
9
125
420
6
20
205
283
See footnotes at end of table.
89
C-4. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 moderate alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Federal
Total
government Government
Imports
State and
local
government
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,380
27
2,923
3,360
341
1,556
27
2,923
3,160
3,409
-175
0
0
200
-3,068
584
421
3,034
621
1,637
381
67
1,527
522
1,332
202
354
1,507
99
305
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and p riva te ................................
153
593
0
3,683
-234
153
593
0
3,683
100
0
0
0
0
-334
48
0
0
6,172
3,554
26
0
0
2,895
830
22
0
0
3,277
2,724
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
-994
30
14,376
0
93
195
30
9,429
0
93
-1,189
0
4,947
0
0
515
-126
4,238
-2,183
360
81
93
1,525
374
-17
434
-219
2,712
-2,557
377
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
27
34
19
0
5,907
27
34
760
0
5,907
0
0
-740
0
0
4,456
309
605
0
2,256
1,010
-27
-2
0
672
3,446
336
606
0
1,585
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
12
1
0
1,143
98
12
1
0
1,147
115
0
0
0
-4
-18
1,393
945
0
10,204
617
962
161
0
6,938
30
431
783
0
3,266
586
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
1,367
0
928
0
0
1,367
0
973
0
0
0
0
-45
0
0
5,608
759
220
-66
2,995
1,110
146
181
571
429
4,499
613
39
-636
2,566
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals........................................... ................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........... .............................................................
0
0
1
125
59
0
0
1
170
59
0
0
0
-45
0
5,191
5,276
1,633
9
1,270
1,038
153
1,616
1
516
4,153
5,123
17
8
754
0
5
0
29
2,942
0
O
0
55
9
204
3,449
56,833
-756
0
0
340
10,241
114,262
0
0
0
146. Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
0
0
0
147. O ther Federal enterprises ..................................................
359
359
0
148. Local government passenger transit ............................
149. Other State and local enterprises.................................
150. Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
0
-18,723
0
0
1,152
0
0
-19,875
0
5
0
84
2,951
228
0
0
44,215
0
0
2,374
0
0
70,850
0
0
-2,146
0
0
-26,635
0
0
545
13,691
171,095
-756
0
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
90
C-5. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 high alternative
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
T o ta l....................................................................................
2,264,452
1,491,384
205,773
77,892
109,137
12,200
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
1,673
806
881
10,128
9,548
1,615
312
0
227
6,970
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
32
0
0
0
22
135
-29
304
85
1,961
582
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
-850
471
-206
15
-53
831
239
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
392
0
20
0
0
0
0
93
0
0
0
17
0
2
-4
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
1,210
-7,724
1,866
92
7,992
148
0
12
2
0
0
262
0
0
0
0
0
574
0
13
0
0
369
0
31
6
61
46
-6
0
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
4,188
5,011
25,236
13,931
15,517
1,002
0
24,323
13,439
14,905
0
144
0
0
0
33
0
2
0
0
14
0
8
0
0
36
-33
156
45
261
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...... .....................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
7,223
6,388
4
3,915
14,506
5,420
6,284
1,016
4,652
16,426
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
0
0
0
3
11
157
17
19
31
133
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and flavorings ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
10,142
11,236
8,567
629
6,737
9,720
8,424
7,350
747
3,542
0
0
0
0
1,850
0
0
3
0
69
0
0
7
0
959
112
205
32
211
111
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
206
3,188
23,838
5,054
784
247
3,166
31,505
4,694
5
15
0
0
0
0
7
0
4
2
3
52
0
10
4
0
14
46
198
79
14
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers................................................. ........
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
3,073
13,225
7
9,996
6,252
0
901
0
8,900
612
0
14
0
1,136
4,699
293
1,611
0
6
184
3,906
10,406
0
174
213
227
312
-4
94
72
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
7,107
372
2,157
8,094
2,790
5,562
159
2,179
6,558
1,467
0
0
0
0
0
82
2
0
2
7
402
4
0
6
18
265
15
17
71
49
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p ro d u cts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
1,637
1,244
3,197
648
512
29
202
943
0
0
337
0
0
0
0
163
2
337
0
0
18
8
165
0
0
24
88
43
162
20
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .................................................. .
19,317
12,969
1,434
18,908
1,463
15,430
11,973
218
17,323
3,366
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
304
1,067
112
0
0
534
664
97
124
75
92
261
159
See footnotes at end of table.
91
C-5. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 high alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers'
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p roducts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
960
5,634
59
2,424
1,705
1,523
2,657
0
5,659
1,078
66
25
0
0
0
18
363
0
1
153
115
1,103
0
3
101
42
372
21
55
49
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
10,097
913
425
3,431
-3,329
2
0
491
365
6
0
0
0
0
0
3,175
106
195
1,317
1,845
4,988
756
281
913
464
98
21
26
139
43
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and forgings ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
1,137
3,333
-340
-1,713
157
0
34
18
0
0
5
165
0
0
22
95
2,593
37
1
0
130
1,248
10
0
0
34
112
162
41
126
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pinas...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
2,311
20,987
-177
1,335
2,925
257
68
65
717
1,757
0
2,718
0
0
84
351
9,809
46
14
285
1,451
4,220
20
0
669
37
426
59
93
157
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
5,876
6,130
7,845
13,737
4,306
425
504
162
0
0
1,471
1,588
7,820
6,454
3,218
3,235
0
0
731
574
297
0
0
100
24
426
79
112
60
89
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking machinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
9,063
5,776
7,279
642
57,319
404
156
0
45
7,483
8,525
4,774
4,333
66
41,209
8
0
383
4
0
15
0
364
10
0
198
50
197
52
332
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s................... .................................
4,688
12,726
7,371
3,662
12,188
1,626
1,040
53
48
9,746
2,905
6,159
4,841
2,195
2,115
0
650
515
25
91
0
1,275
573
1
333
5
80
71
99
250
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
4,767
13,134
10,979
23,432
3,677
1,136
20,116
469
407
3,565
222
674
8,758
6,579
90
1,501
3
0
64
0
806
7
0
123
0
76
258
73
27
168
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. Aircraft ...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm ent.........................................................
6,414
70,365
19,556
6,841
1,847
3,426
59,124
1,106
1,802
0
1,816
28,285
2,246
1,524
1,677
25
31
0
0
0
52
22
0
0
0
109
728
53
78
14
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controllina instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq u ip m e n t...............................
425
6,700
5,806
5,059
3,979
1,371
2,134
61
875
1,851
58
257
2,720
3,002
2,324
0
1
418
0
0
0
4,146
179
0
0
40
31
124
59
50
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s.....................
Other manufactured products.......................................
11,311
88
3,009
5,789
3,258
2,961
1,038
4,282
5,528
1,892
6,099
2
0
568
653
6
5
1
1
35
14
2
3
3
153
12
20
225
119
93
See footnotes at end of table.
92
C-5. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 high alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Gross
national
product
Personal
consumption
expenditures
Producers’
durable
equipment
Nonresidential
construction
Residential
construction
Change in
business
inventories
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation....................................................... ......
7,651
5,085
20,040
5,598
18,105
3,665
4,654
10,180
1,226
16,951
559
0
1,530
52
216
422
6
849
98
32
827
13
1,338
118
73
293
0
327
37
12
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and te le visio n ..............
Electric utilities, public and private................................
459
1,106
0
78,635
32,975
250
509
0
54,724
30,000
0
0
0
13,816
0
7
0
0
164
19
0
1
0
397
44
3
0
0
0
0
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
4,237
4,444
112,362
56,206
230,757
5,200
4,394
70,659
57,440
216,718
0
0
15,516
0
6,467
1
35
2,095
202
1,311
3
87
2,544
485
5,848
0
0
1,325
0
3
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
40,533
21,945
44,938
182,864
79,264
35,898
21,583
44,113
182,864
59,438
0
0
0
0
0
159
24
223
0
416
382
29
312
0
11,387
0
0
0
0
0
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging places..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s..................................
Advertising........................................................................
13,339
15,343
4,354
19,833
1,008
11,955
14,054
4,354
6,494
290
0
411
0
0
0
8
4
0
1,395
20
18
11
0
979
50
0
0
0
0
0
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile repair ............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ............ ....................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ services .....................................
27,425
27,267
3,686
21,518
55,190
11,653
25,937
2,488
21,503
52,458
0
0
0
0
0
3,786
318
0
6
0
5,479
317
0
15
0
0
0
64
0
0
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
56,546
23,978
19,342
23,761
3,735
51,790
19,237
17,739
23,557
2,445
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
25
13
0
0
4
60
33
0
0
0
0
0
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger transit ............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
668
0
3,808
-17,382
0
302
0
3,721
8,482
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
3
12
0
0
0
7
30
0
0
0
0
3
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
-4,903
80,732
194,557
20,360
2,981
-3,730
6,543
0
0
-9,628
2,981
0
-9,959
0
0
0
0
0
-62
32,639
0
0
0
0
-623
35,559
0
0
0
0
254
0
0
0
0
-3,730
See footnotes at end of table.
93
C-5. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 high alternative-continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Total
Federal
government Government
State and
local
government
T o ta l....................................................................................
22,800
261,698
-238,898
345,267
144,567
200,700
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
9
185
778
10,953
2,274
14
529
781
11,022
3,433
-4
-345
-3
-69
-1,159
78
6
18
-3,041
-446
3
4
18
-3,063
-646
75
2
0
22
201
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c op per..............
-1,072
38
-174
19
-440
418
42
529
30
103
-1,490
-4
-703
-11
-543
-625
81
-34
0
-9
-631
23
-34
0
-9
6
58
0
0
0
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair con struction............................
961
-8,076
109
65
0
1,013
24
583
202
0
-52
-8,100
-475
-137
0
95
28
756
31
7,949
81
28
212
-2
2,308
14
0
545
34
5,641
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
519
97
20
-270
-105
626
97
1,984
88
795
-107
0
-1,963
-358
-900
2,584
4,803
727
717
457
2,569
4,803
30
179
12
15
0
697
538
445
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S uaar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
1,546
-86
-1,047
-839
-2,044
1,648
16
84
146
222
-102
-102
-1,131
-984
-2,266
101
172
16
66
-25
36
3
0
1
2
65
169
16
65
-28
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco manufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
239
2,416
1,175
-449
154
360
2,833
1,325
1,177
374
-120
-417
-150
-1,626
-220
70
192
0
120
52
2
29
0
41
15
68
163
0
79
37
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
-149
-25
-8,177
3
762
413
88
876
413
780
-562
-113
-9,054
-410
-18
21
0
299
272
1
16
0
216
204
0
5
0
82
88
0
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture.................................. ........................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
-1,458
-465
-2
-447
23
703
654
7
207
258
-2,161
-1,119
-8
-654
-236
104
448
13
134
449
33
175
13
77
110
71
273
0
57
338
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
35
120
-43
406
-50
3,111
133
2
692
167
-3,076
-14
-45
-286
-217
761
72
4
1,051
1,298
193
24
2
71
427
568
48
2
980
871
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
-198
843
1,210
451
456
1,931
1,369
1,540
1,037
778
-2,128
-526
-330
-586
-322
1,263
101
498
36
36
1,010
21
408
35
36
253
81
90
0
0
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products................ .......
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
1,877
643
132
-2,670
-2,399
2,866
810
144
811
263
-989
-167
-12
-3,481
-2,662
1,886
278
156
2,263
128
230
74
42
1,196
81
1,656
204
114
1,066
47
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
______
See footnotes at end of table.
94
C-5. Gross national product and major components by industry, 1995 high alternative—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
-1,267
838
38
-3,325
54
428
2,052
124
192
719
-1,695
-1,215
-86
-3,517
-665
461
277
1
30
270
248
115
1
11
68
213
162
0
18
202
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p roducts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
-163
-90
-622
396
-6,034
103
34
103
716
753
-265
-123
-725
-320
-6,787
1,995
119
54
302,,
347
431
19
18
100
196
1,564
100
36
202
150
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
365
-1,228
-616
-1,712
-12
524
251
742
231
44
-159
-1,479
-1,357
-1,943
-55
507
408
50
-43
21
129
198
46
-43
12
378
210
4
0
9
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
89
1,214
-469
492
-245
181
1,452
214
595
568
-92
-237
-683
-102
-813
125
2,533
102
19
217
32
970
92
11
90
94
1,563
10
8
128
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
-601
3,487
-334
6,050
217
1,286
4,616
1,271
7,060
731
-1,887
-1,129
-1,605
-1,009
-514
622
471
84
342
183
245
440
25
216
130
378
32
59
126
53
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
-283
723
1,471
236
6,500
995
2,326
3,282
260
13,846
-1,278
-1,604
-1,812
-24
-7,346
197
74
531
229
1,795
168
55
430
70
1,692
29
18
101
159
104
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines....... .......................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
-275
2,979
704
857
-438
513
3,260
1,517
1,494
961
-788
-281
-813
-637
-1,399
427
542
613
437
71
176
150
447
381
17
251
392
166
55
54
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
597
-8,067
787
1,478
-1,486
782
1,758
953
3,715
8,889
-186
-9,825
-165
-2,237
-10,376
431
144
891
14,755
1,341
150
114
890
14,538
1,290
281
30
1
217
50
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad e q uipm e nt.........................................................
672
-20,128
6,980
49
34
1,801
8,749
9,437
683
192
-1,129
-28,877
-2,457
-634
-158
314
2,304
9,172
3,388
123
260
721
9,162
3,341
4
54
1,583
10
47
119
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq uipm e nt...............................
-1,055
118
1,239
783
-499
48
200
1,575
1,096
487
-1,104
-82
-336
-313
-986
12
13
1,064
339
253
2
2
816
163
233
9
10
248
176
20
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
1,454
-1,032
-1,538
-623
55
3,371
371
570
782
920
-1,916
-1,402
-2,108
-1,404
-866
763
51
36
193
377
386
46
18
9
124
377
6
18
184
254
See footnotes at end of table.
95
C-5. dross national product and major components by Industry, 19S5 high alternative-continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Industry
Net
exports
Exports
Imports
Federal
Total
government Government
State and
local
government
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,324
28
2,941
3,454
-782
1,565
28
2,941
3,179
3,430
-241
0
0
275
-4,212
561
384
2,875
613
1,604
380
67
1,524
525
1,330
181
318
1,351
88
274
118.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
154
5S7
0
3,705
-358
154
597
0
3,705
101
0
0
0
0
-458
45
0
0
5,828
3,271
26
0
0
2,890
829
20
0
0
2,938
2,442
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
-1,436
30
16,279
0
93
196
30
9,487
0
93
-1,633
0
6,792
0
0
470
-103
3,943
-1,921
316
81
93
1,511
371
-23
389
-196
2,432
-2,292
338
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
27
34
-252
0
5,944
27
34
764
0
5,944
0
0
-1,016
0
0
4,067
275
543
0
2,080
977
-26
-1
0
659
3,089
301
544
0
1,421
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair services .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
12
1
0
1,148
92
12
1
0
1,154
116
0
0
0
-6
-24
1,346
862
0
9,817
556
960
160
0
6,889
31
387
702
0
2,928
525
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
1,376
0
918
0
0
1,376
0
979
0
0
0
0
-61
0
0
5,130
694
217
-6
2,732
1,097
145
182
564
431
4,033
549
35
-570
2,301
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
0
0
1
110
60
0
0
1
171
60
0
0
0
-61
0
4,756
4,741
1,597
8
1,185
1,033
148
1,582
1
509
3,723
4,593
15
7
676
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal enterprises ..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
362
0
0
-28,864
0
362
0
0
1,153
0
0
0
0
-30,023
0
5
0
78
2,949
0
5
0
29
2,942
0
0
0
49
8
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent.....................................
-1,559
0
0
30,716
0
0
2,388
0
0
71,284
0
0
-3,947
0
0
-40,568
0
0
504
12,534
194,557
-731
0
0
199
3,352
63,463
-731
0
0
305
9,182
131,094
0
0
0
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
96
D-1. G ross ouSpuS by industry, 1958-95
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
industry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1968
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
10,847
22,210
2,096
12,463
11,388
10,750
23,428
2,577
11,714
11,698
10,789
23,185
2,394
12,980
11,914
11,174
24,354
2,330
12,076
12,297
11,224
25,152
2,436
12,568
12,909
11,237
25,816
2,658
13,764
13,057
11,459
25,860
2,543
13,769
13,394
11,347
25,671
2,435
15,056
13,208
11,324
26,673
1,911
14,465
13,717
6. Forestry and fishery p ro d u c ts .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m inin g.......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
2,273
2,192
695
948
424
1,953
2,491
662
800
553
2,108
2,626
976
1,047
553
2,629
2,684
842
1,129
501
2,600
2,762
852
1,190
490
2,730
2,834
934
1,174
504
2,310
2,982
1,062
1,208
583
2,240
2,993
1,136
1,310
551
2,145
2,960
1,224
1,390
559
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
3,978
11,410
1,881
382
30,828
3,987
12,084
2,042
428
33,844
3,995
12,280
2,064
450
36,072
3,862
12,589
2,138
461
36,585
4,028
12,921
2,199
458
34,431
4,375
13,420
2,320
486
36,002
4,075
13,732
2,447
552
35,706
4,792
14,106
2,589
622
35,364
4,972
15,006
2,677
699
35,772
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
1,229
3,391
20,386
13,027
7,031
1,432
3,605
21,584
13,295
7,249
1,653
3,632
22,311
13,249
8,031
1,416
3,149
23,062
13,462
8,104
1,804
3,591
23,280
13,510
8,411
2,262
4,378
25,013
13,352
8,775
2,130
4,378
26,726
13,998
9,335
2,358
4,445
25,428
13,788
9,944
3,963
6,353
25,336
13,367
10,134
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
8,935
7,450
2,322
2,422
6,360
9,062
7,503
2,422
2,471
6,606
9,619
7,565
2,467
2,513
6,712
9,696
7,518
2,521
2,592
6,804
9,645
7,665
2,644
2,668
7,021
9,990
7,738
2,591
2,694
7,328
10,141
7,985
2,647
2,709
7,873
10,146
8,112
2,746
2,780
8,036
10,444
8,184
2,789
2,947
8,583
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
2,968
8,269
8,103
11,252
622
3,032
8,825
8,320
12,619
749
3,130
9,064
9,032
12,278
753
3,217
9,120
9,132
12,653
819
3,421
10,191
9,166
13,571
1,021
3,572
10,114
9,163
13,814
1,028
3,805
10,173
9,406
14,607
1,219
3,892
10,343
9,264
15,325
1,322
4,308
10,842
9,107
16,332
1,453
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit g o o d s ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
1,562
2,434
14,726
2,157
2,855
1,762
2,706
15,734
2,335
3,000
1,714
2,611
15,790
2,371
3,124
1,699
2,844
15,959
2,407
3,247
1,786
2,988
16,938
2,505
3,207
1,899
3,200
17,855
2,751
3,609
1,988
3,429
18,448
2,877
3,755
2,282
3,841
19,232
3,200
3,905
2,396
4,152
19,845
3,374
3,836
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
5,540
3,872
539
3,971
1,755
6,163
4,396
535
4,391
1,883
5,788
4,373
563
4,136
1,953
5,606
4,525
583
4,027
1,958
5,778
5,025
603
4,359
2,131
6,108
5,415
532
4,689
2,245
6,378
5,907
535
4,936
2,384
6,308
6,176
599
5,250
2,611
6,120
6,586
653
5,402
2,871
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper products .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
10,873
12,054
12,120
12,428
13,144
13,886
14,409
15,392
16,509
4,164
5,675
5,315
7,519
4,594
6,112
5,955
8,034
4,553
6,209
6,213
8,298
4,939
6,125
6,329
8,505
5,183
6,176
6,525
8,859
5,415
6,217
6,759
8,838
5,791
6,522
7,234
9,344
6,255
6,863
7,362
10,182
6,714
6,962
7,855
10,881
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products..................................... ............
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
7,007
1,634
2,372
1,890
1,260
8,075
1,862
2,700
2,463
1,493
8,164
1,912
2,590
2,456
1,484
8,400
1,934
2,602
2,467
1,546
9,158
2,071
2,801
2,778
1,811
9,923
2,343
2,788
2,967
1,974
10,833
2,644
3,026
3,285
2,265
11,673
2,835
3,234
3,636
2,686
12,423
3,079
3,543
4,179
2,864
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
2,706
3,702
2,221
18,744
2,621
2,949
4,210
2,535
19,891
3,223
3,019
4,217
2,467
20,441
3,265
3,222
4,452
2,363
20,413
3,097
3,524
4,760
2,512
21,142
3,470
3,742
5,295
2,851
22,407
3,434
3,933
5,631
2,949
23,767
3,638
4,437
6,020
3,189
23,965
3,980
4,836
6,528
3,383
24,802
4,225
97
D-1. Gross output by industry, ISSB-iS—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
mausiry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p roducts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
2,571
2,842
1,223
4,550
2,913
2,773
3,429
1,218
4,726
3,496
2,742
3,502
1,179
4,552
3,500
2,958
3,742
1,121
4,532
3,413
3,441
4,176
1,087
4,621
3,599
3,559
4,632
1,152
4,499
3,872
3,764
5,129
1,167
4,760
4,083
3,956
5,787
1,223
4,852
4,418
3,932
8,326
1,194
4,936
4,732
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u c ts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
5,545
898
534
2,535
21,037
6,133
1,054
645
2,985
24,037
5,943
1,054
620
2,899
24,443
5,918
1,049
577
2,925
23,420
6,105
1,100
628
3,096
24,132
6,803
1,003
675
3,285
25,568
7,075
1,102
704
3,522
29,041
7,506
1,138
726
3,867
31,868
7,583
1,148
773
4,218
32,640
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and p roducts......................
Metal containers....................................... .......................
4,231
6,507
3,207
3,178
2,908
5,275
6,775
4,025
3,442
3,093
4,979
7,082
3,657
3,518
3,111
4,681
7,752
3,787
3,648
3,262
5,380
8,248
4,244
3,827
3,257
5,746
8,679
4,745
3,901
3,235
6,502
9,054
4,988
4,155
3,461
7,249
10,019
5,600
4,464
3,647
7,768
11,343
6,537
5,353
3,835
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
1,616
7,683
2,214
4,491
2,643
1,837
7,659
2,838
5,517
2,979
1,739
7,779
2,702
5,640
2,986
1,742
7,884
2,348
5,060
2,943
1,851
8,104
2,505
5,936
3,271
1,885
8,594
2,609
6,198
3,432
2,064
9,079
2,875
6,368
3,710
2,060
10,049
3,138
7,258
4,208
2,142
10,944
3,557
7,541
4,410
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and genera tors.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
4,991
2,499
3,428
4,302
1,309
5,684
2,680
3,642
5,132
1,483
5,490
2,376
2,936
4,473
1,559
5,515
2,259
3,141
4,222
1,423
6,269
2,622
3,377
4,678
1,599
6,311
2,723
3,724
5,082
1,821
6,745
3,078
4,188
5,927
2,065
7,550
3,327
4,486
6,431
2,303
8,171
3,735
5,397
6,700
2,783
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking machinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
4,423
3,281
4,445
2,199
1,458
5,086
3,738
5,167
2,645
1,735
5,292
4,209
5,084
2,602
2,069
4,994
4,211
4,953
2,683
2,250
5,788
4,300
5,531
3,047
2,433
5,868
4,287
5,992
2,976
2,626
6,672
4,886
6,769
3,223
3,092
7,520
5,401
7,730
3,256
3,352
8,574
6,145
8,573
4,002
4,842
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission eq u ip m e n t........ ...........................
Electrical industrial apparatus.............................. ...........
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
720
2,032
2,551
2,679
2,987
769
2,394
2,932
3,234
3,408
830
2,441
2,961
3,269
3,437
853
2,407
3,005
3,245
3,434
900
2,726
3,189
3,564
3,812
921
3,157
3,019
3,717
4,233
985
3,413
3,204
4,148
4,569
1,045
3,873
3,602
4,737
5,051
1,311
4,480
4,108
5,483
5,430
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
2,761
1,205
1,355
3,124
1,795
3,238
1,396
1,466
3,860
2,333
3,158
1,370
1,684
4,955
2,484
3,204
1,475
1,967
6,494
2,467
3,445
1,804
2,151
7,925
2,948
3,485
1,939
2,020
8,433
2,947
3,762
2,153
2,306
7,748
3,143
4,172
2,744
2,730
8,520
4,289
4,471
3,642
2,981
9,673
5,555
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad equipm ent.........................................................
1,825
25,766
17,774
2,677
1,196
2,192
32,776
18,335
2,613
1,386
2,193
37,008
16,689
2,404
1,534
2,178
31,930
17,969
2,591
1,150
2,488
40,409
18,437
2,670
1,572
2,553
44,697
18,419
2,740
1,864
2,632
45,863
18,179
2,987
2,479
2,993
56,090
19,048
3,317
2,919
3,543
55,498
22,843
3,662
3,313
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
136
584
2,521
799
994
177
695
3,180
897
917
166
671
3,235
980
840
181
605
3,159
966
620
210
674
2,944
1,040
607
232
959
2,877
1,160
629
279
1,213
2,952
1,208
616
301
1,369
3,431
1,296
714
309
1,471
3,445
1,454
752
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
1,388
431
1,383
1,818
2,857
1,483
554
1,458
2,071
3,053
1,664
533
1,451
2,187
3,122
1,664
506
1,518
2,297
3,151
1,769
545
1,532
2,341
3,464
2,018
660
1,682
2,416
3,650
2,238
730
1,792
2,521
3,866
2,707
831
2,060
2,839
4,050
3,498
917
2,211
2,938
4,193
98
D-1. G ross ou tp u t by industry, 1958-95— C ontinued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
industry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
11,701
6,015
16,507
7,229
3,365
12,034
5,885
17,993
7,193
4,014
12,279
5,910
18,393
7,544
4,054
12,050
5,713
19,086
6,418
4,159
12,556
5,757
19,944
6,928
4,585
13,035
5,762
21,692
6,893
5,206
13,630
5,717
22,954
7,393
5,965
14,414
5,773
23,179
7,099
7,021
15,142
5,806
24,567
7,128
8,254
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ...... ............................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
716
857
2,997
11,118
12,344
771
893
3,003
11,846
13,380
778
909
3,321
12,605
14,063
791
1,037
3,392
13,283
14,899
808
1,132
3,472
14,313
16,556
859
1,129
3,302
15,260
17,636
914
971
3,198
16,380
18,754
1,039
1,012
3,286
18,048
19,962
1,131
1,175
3,480
19,993
21,534
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u b lic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
9,711
1,581
50,187
36,530
56,075
10,505
1,753
54,651
37,315
60,120
11,176
1,804
56,646
37,356
61,790
11,609
1,794
58,316
36,993
63,133
12,411
1,915
61,963
37,758
68,220
12,985
1,960
64,458
38,265
71,036
13,918
2,120
67,347
40,145
77,050
14,400
2,111
72,302
40,957
82,393
15,338
2,266
77,031
44,806
85,070
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
12,100
10,458
25,032
39,778
43,878
13,132
9,316
25,075
41,967
44,747
13,868
9,756
26,296
44,278
48,311
14,318
13,156
26,610
46,279
52,969
14,618
8,605
27,090
48,749
56,577
15,313
8,375
27,441
50,817
60,058
16,238
8,376
28,186
53,033
61,833
16,892
10,919
29,538
55,723
65,939
17,825
12,966
30,550
58,220
68,346
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging places..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
2,329
13,456
3,665
8,617
2,027
2,594
13,642
3,899
10,698
2,594
3,015
13,417
3,931
10,711
2,323
3,160
14,158
4,194
11,764
2,342
3,789
14,068
4,470
12,723
2,453
4,547
14,991
4,445
13,366
2,659
4,740
15,947
4,616
15,299
2,322
5,399
15,322
4,701
16,768
2,648
5,690
16,300
5,045
18,335
2,841
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ se rv ic e s .....................................
17,510
15,257
4,177
5,076
12,315
17,518
16,410
4,227
5,668
13,061
17,154
17,431
3,443
5,813
13,244
18,977
16,669
3,871
6,276
13,490
19,914
17,404
3,950
6,546
14,202
19,974
18,738
3,625
6,898
14,746
20,125
19,443
4,009
6,979
16,749
21,436
19,903
3,584
7,501
17,080
23,282
20,627
4,201
7,644
17,402
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
7,620
3,134
11,143
8,232
5,644
8,110
3,321
11,608
8,824
5,758
8,589
3,588
11,571
9,340
5,984
9,271
3,547
12,415
9,654
6,098
9,888
3,915
12,685
10,151
6,248
10,582
4,110
15,224
10,482
6,379
11,253
4,754
14,604
10,905
6,541
11,957
5,064
14,125
11,431
6,751
12,912
5,382
14,180
12,275
7,107
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
867
1,170
4,886
0
0
1,096
1,194
5,150
0
0
1,045
1,172
5,370
0
0
911
1,204
5,608
0
0
1,029
1,159
5,946
0
0
1,285
1,297
6,039
0
0
1,292
1,363
6,235
0
0
1,496
1,343
6,509
0
0
1,670
1,356
6,759
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
82,357
0
0
6,882
0
0
90,256
0
0
6,716
0
0
89,445
0
0
6,756
0
0
92,197
0
0
6,551
0
99
0
0
0
0
0
97,451 103,622 107,676 114,775 114,668
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,347
6,144
5,905
6,519
6,428
0
0
0
0
0
D-1. Gross output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
muusuy
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
11,412
27,276
1,341
16,571
14,226
11,219
28,033
1,741
15,186
14,535
11,182
28,052
1,929
16,164
15,352
11,488
29,256
1,730
15,287
15,247
11,526
30,626
1,717
18,128
15,313
11,768
31,556
2,093
17,814
15,179
11,328
30,508
2,217
19,218
16,024
11,165
28,685
2,222
19,715
15,096
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
2,312
3,195
1,193
923
519
1,882
3,305
1,287
1,167
543
1,423
3,264
1,348
1,497
611
2,194
3,465
1,279
1,474
587
1,970
3,557
1,233
1,613
657
1,733
3,385
1,517
1,664
633
1,647
3,346
1,463
1,546
641
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2,499
3,278
1,395
1,666
618.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying......... ..................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair con struction............................
5,133
15,960
2,609
743
36,535
5,051
16,652
2,673
730
35,290
5,202
17,121
2,713
721
35,621
5,545
17,928
2,766
736
35,015
5,076
17,832
2,757
729
35,470
5,442
17,819
2,849
775
36,404
5,435
17,617
3,443
782
34,242
5,558
16,913
3,542
802
33,683
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
6,476
5,790
28,602
13,784
10,519
8,490
5,843
29,190
13,471
10,762
7,786
5,767
28,919
13,465
11,064
4,886
4,160
29,199
13,241
11,211
3,503
4,185
30,223
13,805
11,751
3,094
3.987
32,712
14,811
12,498
2,991
4,351
29,800
15,038
13,281
2,931
4,613
31,969
15,667
12,903
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mil! products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ................................. .................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
11,372
8,102
2,996
3,200
9,022
11,558
8,155
3,134
3,275
9,587
12,010
8,334
3,080
3,194
10,423
12,098
8,030
3,072
3,268
11,140
12,040
7,991
3,175
3,315
11,793
12,811
8,335
3,163
3,449
11,695
12,278
8,253
3,238
3,658
11,917
12,765
8,070
2,947
3,746
12,610
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco manufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
4,697
11,568
9,119
16,255
1,685
4,967
11,623
8,972
16,791
2,077
5,262
11,951
8,658
16,479
2,349
5,789
12,041
8,802
16,332
2,381
5,947
12,374
8,890
16,786
2,665
6,300
12,527
9,244
17,688
3,138
6,579
12,255
9,664
16,912
3,531
6,639
12,883
9,981
16,172
2,909
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products .,..................................
Logging..............................................................................
2,311
4,402
20,634
3,688
4,119
2,577
4,920
21,244
3,942
4,307
2,696
5,431
21,326
4,456
4,168
2,439
5,588
19,809
4,352
4,620
2,651
6,199
20,702
4,771
3,740
2,821
7,544
22,660
4,924
4,434
2,725
7,856
23,229
5,078
4,468
2,592
6,785
21,547
4,355
4,872
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
6,219
7,160
670
5,359
3,014
6,157
7,458
642
5,714
3,069
6,064
7,051
602
5,850
3,411
6,113
7,576
481
5,632
3,085
6,082
8,511
434
6,073
3,044
7,074
10,044
466
7,281
3,726
6,781
9,761
389
7,644
3,907
6,370
9,219
426
6,717
3,666
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
16,574
6,750
7,197
8,605
11,020
17,495
7,168
7,415
8,571
11,446
18,805
7,495
7,780
8,854
11,987
18,234
7,303
7,484
7,890
11,822
18,531
7,258
7,516
7,986
11,758
19,855
7,979
8,252
8,268
13,248
21,739
8,538
8,523
8,809
13,852
23,225
8,436
8,610
8,522
13,451
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
12,324
3,206
3,811
4,105
2,873
13,085
3,238
4,267
4,625
3,657
14,309
3,553
4,358
5,218
3,619
14,433
3,123
4,053
5,051
3,460
14,631
3,082
4,231
5,390
3,901
16,098
3,547
4,386
5,529
4,154
17,803
4,012
4,470
5,983
5,086
18,005
5,009
4,119
6,130
5,344
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs ..................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
5,345
6,849
3,228
26,373
4,072
5,715
7,349
3,285
28,152
4,817
6,362
7,567
3,263
29,243
5,105
6,805
8,130
3,392
29,591
4,720
7,197
8,013
3,502
30,394
5,276
7,921
9,304
3,611
31,438
5,873
8,492
9,865
3,878
30,054
6,498
9,221
10,339
3,876
32,863
6,443
100
D-1. Gross ©utput by industry, 1958-9S~G©ntinu®d
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
maustry
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes .......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r......................... .
G la s s ........ ..........................................................................
3,923
6,842
1,209
5,035
4,687
4,078
7,680
1,211
5,276
4,807
4,289
8,212
1,095
5,071
5,040
4,213
7,900
1,015
4,730
4,854
4,002
8,381
1,057
4,475
5,104
4,227
10,550
1,063
4,529
5,583
4,226
12,203
948
4,502
6,063
4,553
11,762
996
4,306
5,721
61.
82.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p roducts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
7,571
1,058
765
3,663
30,418
7,854
1,117
739
4,046
31,351
8,026
1,142
859
3,901
32,338
7,737
1,055
721
3,652
28,952
8,123
1,073
738
3,536
26,936
9,174
1,129
811
4,185
28,881
9,537
1,156
891
4,685
34,950
9,148
1,217
956
4,923
37,960
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers....................................... ........................
7,465
9,415
6,385
5,042
4,163
7,642
9,557
6,983
5,357
4,564
8,127
10,637
7,175
5,516
4,668
6,979
10,133
6,523
4,674
4,929
6,921
9,820
6,600
4,541
4,717
7,821
11,175
7,699
5,124
4,873
8,879
12,570
9,312
5,295
5,105
9,210
11,717
9,067
5,156
5,215
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardware............................
1,964
11,880
3,474
7,274
4,327
2,176
12,080
3,515
8,155
4,418
2,352
12,354
3,419
8,088
4,614
2,120
12,287
2,878
6,922
4,284
2,197
12,246
2,672
7,366
4,458
2,083
13,300
3,045
8,222
4,960
2,180
14,812
3,637
9,065
5,333
1,861
14,337
3,481
8,179
5,055
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
8,287
3,795
5,171
6,818
2,652
8,717
4,131
4,953
6,949
2,632
9,036
4,877
4,590
7,273
2,932
8,619
4,835
4,585
6,992
2,770
8,421
5,010
4,515
6,848
2,609
9,240
5,411
5,574
7,898
2,811
10,298
6,081
6,718
9,195
3,196
10,420
6,496
7,525
10,511
3,427
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
8,531
5,961
8,165
4,998
4,318
8,124
5,913
7,743
4,655
4,905
8,467
5,962
8,368
4,641
6,081
7,511
5,446
7,908
4,437
6,139
6,397
4,901
7,268
4,015
5,797
7,155
5,866
8,149
4,450
6,652
8,731
6,758
9,491
5,062
8,140
9,130
6,925
9,867
5,397
9,920
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission e q uipm e nt....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
1,384
4,744
4,318
5,321
5,488
1,360
5,167
4,334
5,347
5,995
1,488
6,115
4,660
5,602
6,146
1,410
5,951
4,566
5,178
5,910
1,374
6,439
4,476
4,923
5,740
1,400
8,518
5,043
5,376
6,671
1,757
9,568
5,745
6,350
7,436
1,885
8,743
5,696
6,630
7,034
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and wiring ...............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
4,404
3,408
3,050
10,544
6,129
4,705
3,767
3,240
11,542
5,968
5,113
3,901
3,752
11,184
6,505
4,888
3,496
4,286
9,776
6,169
4,761
3,892
4,283
8,686
5,987
5,533
4,402
4,502
9,032
8,416
5,973
5,111
4,942
9,534
9,364
5,578
4,746
5,199
9,483
9,220
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor vehicles ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft.................................................................. .............
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
3,329
48,890
26,230
3,930
2,746
3,575
58,052
27,780
3,858
2,227
3,717
58,574
26,149
3,917
2,769
3,779
47,586
21,880
3,699
2,538
3,879
60,821
18,556
3,657
2,652
4,277
64,972
16,986
4,363
2,549
4,774
75,506
19,851
4,810
2,830
4,721
83,565
19,557
4,831
3,220
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ......... ...........................
Optical and ophthalmic eq uipm e nt...............................
358
1,758
3,571
1,621
927
410
2,262
3,539
1,867
1,008
388
2,666
3,558
2,101
1,112
475
3,020
3,519
1,994
956
483
3,817
3,273
2,219
964
661
5,050
3,358
2,629
1,105
671
4,877
4,096
2,822
1,163
837
3,468
4,545
2,984
1,317
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s .................................................. ......
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
3,627
949
2,320
2,804
4,349
3,888
1,074
2,476
3.019
4,468
4,382
1,097
2,503
3,260
4,799
4,375
983
2,328
3,126
4,746
4,620
990
2,370
3,150
4,799
5,424
1,001
2,513
4,073
5,405
6,249
1,067
2,531
4,142
5,494
6,813
1,038
2,214
4,146
5,137
101
D-1. Gross output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
muusiry
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad tra nspo rtatio n...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
14,659
5,799
25,115
6,391
10,120
14,842
5,945
25,582
6,759
11,410
15,107
6,060
26,075
5,958
12,226
14,993
6,149
26,575
6,159
11,825
14,419
6,058
28,717
6,279
12,013
15,112
5,980
29,981
7,303
13,082
16,506
6,000
32,212
7,886
13,871
16,457
6,170
31,546
7,160
15,098
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and te le visio n ..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
1,227
1,123
3,412
21,132
22,734
1,328
1,337
3,424
23,120
24,478
1,395
1,585
3,915
25,665
26,360
1,465
1,279
3,872
28,024
28,209
1,508
1,400
4,184
29,455
29,632
1,617
1,636
4,513
31,560
31,661
1,721
1,848
4,466
34,599
34,164
1,717
1,860
4,464
36,840
34,336
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and d rin k in g ......................
16,100
2,162
79,893
45,028
87,620
17,134
2,334
85,761
43,486
96,155
18,255
2,333
89,233
41,961
101,134
18,943
2,434
90,974
46,522
99,191
19,642
2,409
96,226
46,785
104,441
20,138
2,582
103,870
48,548
112,531
19,530
3,263
106,914
50,375
120,029
19,036
3,104
105,169
50,308
117,298
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
Banking ..............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance ...........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
18,813
13,377
30,143
60,765
71,212
20,178
15,145
31,621
63,499
75,439
21,622
12,545
32,265
66,892
81,059
23,003
12,138
35,990
69,351
85,194
23,789
13,768
38,124
72,536
91,111
24,913
13,613
38,631
76,783
97,918
26,190
15,165
38,756
80,813
105,645
27,854
12,554
37,322
85,622
107,823
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
6,517
15,678
5,166
18,699
2,956
6,683
15,933
4,726
26,216
2,821
7,082
15,519
4,743
28,729
3,130
8,138
15,976
4,769
31,529
3,249
7,969
16,639
4,377
35,291
2,969
9,122
17,617
4,310
38,265
3,032
9,638
18,666
3,851
40,825
3,060
9,638
18,056
3,951
44,579
3,208
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s.....................................
25,768
20,749
3,769
7,181
18,530
23,160
21,936
3,932
7,826
18,889
26,133
22,412
3,773
8,098
20,218
27,403
22,418
4,588
7,940
21,381
26,343
23,402
4,649
8,621
21,941
27,339
24,339
4,504
8,602
23,056
29,919
27,582
5,579
10,146
25,253
32,115
26,630
5,520
11,196
25,285
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospita ls...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
14,363
5,572
15,309
13,301
7,367
15,661
6,869
15,156
13,632
7,471
17,237
7,196
13,672
14,271
7,701
18,713
8,174
13,566
14,237
7,970
20,736
9,127
13,175
14,387
8,177
22,298
9,841
13,463
15,547
8,192
23,510
10,643
13,579
16,125
8,532
24,726
11,068
13,376
16,358
8,677
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal enterprises ..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
1,975
1,419
6,879
0
0
2,315
1,444
7,020
0
0
2,232
1,507
7,277
0
0
2,217
1,530
7,522
0
0
2,305
1,450
7,647
0
0
2,623
1,426
8,101
0
0
2,452
1,435
8,352
0
0
2,745
1,465
8,491
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
112,293
0
0
5,932
0
0
119,362
0
0
5,640
0
0
120,220
0
0
5,335
0
0
112,588
0
0
4,993
0
0
121,343
0
0
4,766
0
0
129,581
0
0
4,631
0
0
132,500
0
0
4,486
0
0
113,977
0
0
3,878
0
102
>-1. Gross output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
/lillions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
industry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
11,929
27,311
1,825
19,665
17,343
12,230
28,591
2,020
21,621
16,230
12,536
29,309
2,080
19,887
17,163
12,530
28,390
2,161
20,888
17,372
12,178
30,726
2,355
21,940
18,233
12,324
31,092
2,094
21,969
17,048
13,828
34,888
2,349
24,646
19,125
14,430
36,399
2,450
25,714
19,952
6. Forestry and fishery p ro d u c ts .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m inin g.......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
0. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
1,970
3,495
1,344
1,241
588
2,055
3,617
1,433
1,410
624
2,208
3,842
1,141
1,320
644
2,246
4,044
1,615
1,313
630
1,891
4,259
1,689
1,397
626
1,949
3,870
1,394
1,133
554
2,013
3,996
1,507
1,463
644
2,014
4,000
749
1,098
506
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
i1.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
5,974
16,166
3,260
816
38,973
6,283
15,925
3,656
822
41,053
6,416
16,169
4,081
868
42,953
6,166
16,723
4,431
917
44,898
7,180
16,334
4,501
939
46,047
7,871
17,892
4,306
899
47,716
7,581
19,704
4,231
884
50,345
7,656
17,597
3,665
766
48,296
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
3,026
4,482
29,786
15,987
12,622
2,995
4,188
33,735
16,342
13,418
2,529
3,433
33,417
16,565
14,434
2,618
3,676
33,295
16,408
15,251
2,745
4,030
33,599
15,835
14,747
2,832
4,134
34,934
16,497
14,105
2,949
3,965
35,132
17,083
14,815
3,160
3,612
34,901
16,971
15,140
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
12,985
8,061
2,501
3,262
11,503
13,514
8,289
3,254
3,385
11,640
14,286
7,956
3,210
3,877
12,440
14,293
7,887
2,704
4,115
13,641
14,201
7,913
2,779
4,133
13,808
14,023
8,030
2,852
4,225
13,240
13,820
8,355
2,950
4,370
13,564
13,599
8,062
2,931
4,587
13,398
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
6,511
13,183
10,205
15,763
2,630
6,830
14,295
10,480
17,968
3,034
7,331
12,823
9,957
19,021
3,701
7,949
14,658
9,957
18,539
3,892
7,999
14,552
9,596
18,489
4,302
8,084
15,139
10,404
17,252
4,182
8,135
15,619
10,613
17,282
3,832
7,889
16,148
10,248
15,572
3,746
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
2,373
6,788
20,960
4,540
4,963
2,744
6,991
21,851
5,071
4,688
3,143
7,494
23,252
5,934
5,214
3,371
7,643
23,910
6,095
5,001
3,404
7,490
22,507
5,674
4,982
3,161
6,960
23,868
5,307
4,315
2,942
7,349
21,461
5,610
4,081
2,823
6,794
19,376
5,065
3,739
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
5,995
8,737
375
5,911
3,119
6,807
9,709
372
6,609
3,418
6,975
11,164
317
7,404
4,070
6,935
11,332
329
7,835
4,384
7,035
11,003
297
7,664
4,459
5,943
9,631
260
6,835
4,472
5,763
9,789
269
7,181
4,661
5,280
9,682
260
6,764
4,695
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
19,865
7,654
8,134
8,128
12,486
21,947
8,458
8,420
8,565
13,363
22,745
9,056
8,849
9,867
14,328
23,697
9,466
9,075
10,603
15,189
24,484
9,119
9,320
10,857
15,681
24,500
8,793
9,119
11,155
16,282
25,132
8,912
9,068
11,637
17,008
25,036
8,527
8,867
11,619
17,123
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
14,869
4,453
3,761
4,544
5,007
17,106
4,429
4,367
5,490
5,519
19,213
4,718
4,722
6,128
6,199
19,700
4,649
5,334
6,528
6,608
19,670
4,941
5,917
6,806
7,159
19,371
5,140
6,023
6,204
6,615
19,248
5,383
6,355
6,915
6,728
16,188
4,654
6,130
6,459
5,400
51.
52.
53.
54.
55
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
9,084
9,551
3,372
32,391
5,559
9,870
10,223
3,776
35,531
5,396
10,128
10,543
3,999
37,116
6,302
10,607
11,292
4,080
37,271
5,806
10,885
11,021
4,250
40,202
5,452
11,227
10,970
4,398
37,766
4,218
12,206
11,368
4,290
36,310
4,869
12,192
11,015
3,883
34,098
4,725
103
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
maustry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic D roducts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le a th e r...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
4,344
10,042
1,020
4,165
5,413
4,484
11,714
1,008
4,371
5,986
4,427
14,404
1,050
4,334
6,197
3,828
15,571
977
4,366
6,761
4,083
15,327
718
4,008
6,119
3,698
15,309
706
3,975
6,014
3,842
16,275
698
3,847
6,112
3,387
15,172
613
3,425
5,726
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related products..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
8,161
1,035
782
4,237
27,908
8,187
1,061
787
4,712
29,325
8,940
1,107
783
4,998
28,835
9,588
1,189
765
5,411
30,824
9,713
1,139
849
5,561
31,774
8,638
911
760
4,975
26,068
8,228
852
768
5,031
28,395
7,391
681
652
4,269
17,259
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
8,099
8,683
7,156
4,372
4,738
8,126
9,896
8,802
4,925
4,879
8,662
10,904
9,198
4,939
5,217
9,330
11,512
9,792
5,024
5,088
9,378
11,600
9,965
5,090
5,117
7,224
8,919
9,484
4,474
4,712
7,774
10,246
9,392
4,595
4,727
5,200
7,437
7,874
3,735
4,193
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
1,710
12,249
2,484
6,779
4,445
1,773
13,044
2,852
8,301
5,122
1,993
14,240
3,252
9,423
5,543
2,133
14,639
3,608
9,669
5,736
2,149
15,270
3,823
9,314
5,739
1,981
14,320
3,339
8,134
5,187
1,989
14,074
3,344
8,148
5,509
1,698
11,999
2,726
6,642
4,692
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and ge nerators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
9,262
5,395
7,061
9,788
2,664
10,174
5,976
7,107
9,276
2,601
11,179
6,574
7,434
10,079
3,096
11,876
7,046
7,006
11,660
3,474
12,348
6,897
8,404
11,191
3,741
11,049
6,094
7,426
10,953
3,661
11,239
5,888
7,175
11,321
3,785
9,247
4,539
5,531
8,667
2,898
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
7,464
5,788
8,759
4,861
8,915
7,376
5,758
8,917
4,915
11,115
8,030
5,556
9,802
5,244
13,938
8,827
5,916
10,251
5,776
18,112
9,397
5,960
10,883
6,117
23,460
9,405
5,808
10,604
5,947
24,790
9,212
5,852
10,683
5,990
27,966
7,855
4,747
8,666
4,859
26,861
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
1,635
6,301
4,720
5,171
6,182
1,758
7,948
4,822
5,715
6,927
2,216
8,791
5,569
6,061
7,758
2,362
9,714
6,159
6,662
7,865
2,493
9,919
6,572
6,886
8,163
2,887
10,482
6,273
6,572
7,396
3,256
11,825
6,449
6,757
7,473
3,127
11,358
5,164
5,411
6,484
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
4,222
4,185
3,736
9,758
7,849
5,000
4,952
3,608
10,168
10,262
5,347
6,087
4,852
11,229
13,030
5,481
6,922
5,284
12,835
15,232
5,990
6,751
6,490
14,882
19,344
5,912
6,436
6,779
15,543
19,913
6,107
6,625
7,063
16,195
20,378
5,795
5,873
7,321
16,787
20,411
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
4,024
57,191
17,951
5,156
2,978
4,740
74,443
16,276
5,231
2,385
5,856
85,632
16,774
5,362
2,659
6,104
89,095
18,646
5,358
3,209
6,010
81,577
22,798
5,338
4,150
5,435
60,571
24,286
5,187
3,938
5,951
62,355
24,034
5,245
1,929
5,607
55,982
22,478
4,648
983
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
553
3,084
3,969
3,069
1,318
559
3,673
4,270
3,182
1,484
692
3;693
5,190
3,277
1,804
782
3,948
5,655
3,510
2,292
785
3,381
5,553
3,786
2,434
707
2,733
5,567
3,796
2,379
519
3,016
5,630
3,839
2,369
400
3,027
5,408
3,688
2,252
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
6,099
938
2,241
3,608
4,709
6,874
1,142
2,564
4,000
5,002
7,345
1,111
2,890
4,399
5,662
8,233
1,217
2,803
4,506
5,748
9,089
939
2,577
4,598
5,682
8,634
893
2,489
4,439
5,454
8,418
870
2,655
4,736
5,561
7,903
817
2,346
4,184
4,864
104
D-1. Gross output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
{Millions of 1972 dollars)
Historical
inausiry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transoortation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
14,705
6,068
28,913
6,706
14,514
15,478
6,145
32,492
7,163
15,351
16,105
6,188
35,328
8,250
16,435
16,541
6,316
38,324
7,974
18,457
17,486
6,559
39,991
8,994
20,268
16,425
6,452
35,762
8,866
19,054
15,482
6,254
35,457
9,212
17,094
14,118
5,986
33,644
8,941
16,129
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation services ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
1,722
1,630
4,977
39,494
35,836
1,749
1,973
4,962
42,765
38,357
1,854
2,058
5,401
46,858
40,958
1,990
2,020
5,408
51,640
42,819
2,065
2,097
5,377
55,863
44,366
1,997
2,193
5,605
61,007
44,860
1,967
2,259
5,579
64,560
45,114
1,863
2,139
5,638
64,797
43,356
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
18,428
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
2,853
Wholesale tra d e ............................................................... 105,719
Eating and drinking p la c e s................................ .............
52,420
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ...................... 118,161
18,456
2,857
109,329
55,776
126,017
18,016
2,925
114,656
57,450
134,508
18,573
2,946
123,286
57,906
140,638
19,242
3,025
127,172
58,850
143,396
19,449
3,229
122,949
58,266
142,208
19,562
3,380
129,409
58,908
143,986
18,801
3,412
126,283
59,414
142,314
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
30,111
14,939
39,226
88,657
114,341
31,063
14,281
46,558
93,656
118,250
33,343
17,380
46,907
99,043
124,780
35,362
20,332
48,899
104,576
131,196
37,255
21,067
49,359
110,031
138,791
38,110
23,693
55,613
114,385
144,271
37,165
26,042
55,501
116,605
147,469
37,539
27,397
55,451
118,426
147,317
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
Advertising.................... ....................................................
10,017
18,004
3,629
43,155
2,917
10,970
18,331
3,391
45,878
3,347
10,992
19,699
3,557
48,544
3,440
11,469
19,797
3,566
54,285
3,818
11,719
19,914
3,559
59,326
4,092
11,709
19,344
3,517
63,563
4,384
12,179
19,787
3,524
67,366
4,647
12,276
19,612
3,557
70,120
4,838
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
33,339
26,514
5,797
11,676
26,976
33,667
27,437
5,520
11,792
27,479
36,472
29,155
6,098
13,120
28,972
39,266
30,508
6,880
13,838
30,220
41,691
31,584
6,936
14,698
31,501
43,533
31,391
7,069
15,606
34,996
46,283
32,528
7,449
16,488
38,388
44,775
33,455
7,809
17,355
42,119
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
26,469
12,318
13,847
15,966
8,702
28,492
12,719
14,200
16,243
8,859
30,130
13,135
14,848
16,975
9,205
31,178
14,075
15,066
18,270
9,672
31,942
14,512
15,735
19,388
9,964
32,745
15,031
16,522
20,288
10,185
33,314
15,609
16,800
20,627
11,117
32,920
15,743
16,441
20,793
11,842
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit C orporation......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger transit ............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
2,721
1,511
8,522
0
0
3,276
1,496
8,531
0
0
3,179
1,624
8,561
0
0
3,363
1,885
8,830
0
0
3,444
1,821
9,434
0
0
3,307
1,827
9,675
0
0
3,346
1,951
10,341
0
0
3,314
2,074
10,998
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction industry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-wor!d indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
101,514
0
0
3,616
0
0
109,180
0
0
3,732
0
0
116,142
0
0
3,826
0
0
121,624
0
0
3,772
0
0
119,592
0
0
3,588
0
0
107,624
0
0
3,367
0
0
104,343
0
0
3,318
0
0
98,900
0
0
3,100
0
105
D-1. Gross output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Projected
Industry
1990 alternatives
1995 alternatives
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k .............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
14,306
37,017
2,456
28,099
21,360
14,734
37,487
2,464
28,676
21,890
14,874
37,659
2,495
28,921
22,145
14,209
37,497
2,460
29,950
22,453
14,908
38,108
2,472
30,367
22,997
15,109
38,328
2,518
30,623
23,310
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
2,096
4,827
1,180
1,374
621
2,109
5,018
1,251
1,475
638
2,177
5,141
1,240
1,536
642
2,159
5,469
1,514
1,588
711
2,163
5,600
1,538
1,691
713
2,263
5,747
1,501
1,768
714
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
9,538
17,554
4,757
1,107
56,568
9,940
17,663
5,084
1,147
58,253
10,237
17,545
5,311
1,168
59,193
10,999
17,521
5,605
1,372
62,991
11,244
17,700
5,894
1,365
63,941
11,607
17,518
6,186
1,382
64,978
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
4,147
5,166
38,967
17,998
17,726
3,996
4,826
40,183
18,814
18,491
4,072
4,871
40,538
19,042
18,691
4,913
6,373
42,124
18,796
19,733
4,473
5,519
43,200
19,868
20,406
4,556
5,540
43,531
20,141
20,576
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S uga r..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
15,676
7,954
2,989
4,836
17,063
16,218
8,251
3,069
4,926
17,963
16,441
8,357
3,035
4,882
18,188
17,288
7,870
3,034
5,029
19,908
17,714
8,359
3,147
5,120
20,571
17,950
8,514
3,090
5,039
20,731
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
10,248
17,587
10,524
19,786
5,201
11,023
18,187
10,737
20,673
5,638
11,263
18,387
10,944
21,254
6,290
12,079
18,705
10,739
23,058
6,331
12,814
19,352
11,016
23,587
6,718
13,054
19,576
11,314
24,271
7,640
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill p roducts...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
3,388
8,453
23,557
6,742
5,372
3,510
8,847
24,254
7,134
5,663
3,598
8,966
24,371
7.331
6,291
3,827
9,740
26,804
8,044
6,640
3,903
10,020
27,040
8,316
6,762
4,009
10,120
27,023
8,534
7,646
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
7,032
12,383
222
8,340
5,238
7,370
13,379
218
8,836
5,600
8,541
16,095
223
9,625
6,060
8,393
14,481
192
9,563
5,659
8,564
15,491
194
10,019
6,117
10,272
19,500
204
11,145
6,784
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
32,081
10,387
10,134
13,932
19,942
33,142
10,851
10,532
14,595
20,652
33,693
11,183
10,887
15,089
21,226
37,550
11,832
11,118
15,727
22,132
37,773
12,178
11,483
16,294
22,667
38,289
12,593
11,960
16,932
23,404
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
22,817
6,555
7,463
8,821
7,711
23,867
6,821
7,728
9,188
8,109
24,423
6,931
7,977
9,442
8,328
27,964
8,032
8,498
10,655
9,506
28,253
8,059
8,641
10,747
9,656
28,795
8,139
8,957
11,026
9,882
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products ................................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s.......................................................
18,960
13,763
4,845
‘ 37,450
5,182
20,125
14,433
5,141
38,440
5,306
20,494
14,838
5,452
39,142
5,359
24,214
15,896
5,593
40,053
5,537
24,656
16,385
5,860
40,920
5,637
24,901
16,867
6,285
41,820
5,695
106
0 -1 Qr@ss output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Projected
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Industry
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le a th e r...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
4,312
22,029
689
3,296
7,260
4,519
23,223
692
3,294
7,564
4,595
24,291
675
3,178
7,753
5,031
27,353
748
3,196
8,451
5,166
27,821
737
3,219
8,613
5,236
29,133
708
3,047
8,830
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related products..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
8,968
906
738
5,850
24,264
10,134
984
769
6,419
25,619
11,535
1,150
809
6,901
25,818
10,192
1,081
805
7,078
29,703
11,701
1,156
835
7,647
30,394
13,735
1,398
893
8,299
30,362
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p roducts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
7,246
10,419
11,002
4,838
5,218
7,714
11,384
11,575
5,042
5,475
7,986
11,947
11,903
5,199
5,576
8,835
12,734
13,431
5,694
6,014
9,149
13,639
13,689
5,789
6,207
9,466
14,341
14,042
5,976
6,310
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
2,184
15,848
3,366
9,045
6,223
2,378
18,295
3,515
9,768
6,600
2,757
20,247
3,567
10,183
7,001
2,561
18,836
3,863
10,910
7,412
2,767
21,891
3,966
11,553
7,690
3,319
24,626
4,013
12,063
8,227
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
13,389
8,214
8,019
12,791
3,907
14,480
8,731
8,440
13,608
4,274
15,119
8,970
8,947
14,227
4,565
16,605
11,068
9,950
15,993
4,691
17,470
11,126
10,101
16,431
5,060
18,236
11,322
10,761
17,180
5,450
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
10,066
6,122
12,080
6,514
47,301
10,664
6,315
12,622
6,833
50,390
11,350
6,533
13,108
7,089
54,140
11,783
7,189
14,730
7,798
63,171
12,269
7,211
14,882
7,961
63,830
13,205
7,481
15,467
8,273
68,623
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household appliance s.....................................................
4,334
14,143
7,306
8,321
9,827
4,575
14,817
7,782
8,770
10,374
4,847
15,993
8,329
9,220
11,142
5,271
16,305
8,970
10,580
12,422
5,403
16,792
9,278
10,689
12,596
5,760
18,453
10,009
11,243
13,615
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
6,952
10,745
10,113
24,630
38,857
7,495
11,665
10,886
24,212
41,146
7,934
12,137
11,850
24,751
42,765
7,850
14,527
12,281
30,720
53,180
8,466
14,973
12,922
28,453
52,990
9,070
15,463
14,255
28,979
54,633
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad e q uipm e nt.........................................................
7,776
76,099
27,393
6,591
1,902
8,195
85,001
26,184
6,535
2,109
8,621
87,563
26,311
6,551
2,279
9,460
91,719
31,209
8,099
2,615
9,673
101,577
28,300
7,613
2,752
10,221
104,330
28,345
7,561
2,967
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
628
3,852
7,228
5,129
3,497
682
4,534
7,543
5,454
3,688
740
5,456
7,923
5,753
3,866
806
4,493
8,641
6,248
4,463
843
5,395
8,762
6,463
4,508
921
6,746
9,258
6,850
4,723
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go ods......................
Other manufactured products........................................
12,198
1,128
2,918
5,322
6,492
12,864
1,147
3,040
5,489
6,742
13,369
1,278
3,262
5,664
6,923
15,532
1,369
3,362
6,206
7,757
15,698
1,336
3,436
6,234
7,815
16,271
1,523
3,749
6,450
8,016
107
D-1. Gross output by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of 1972 dollars)
Projected
Industry
1990 alternatives
1995 alternatives
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transoortation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
17,123
6,651
43,339
9,918
25,309
17,845
6,885
45,429
10,109
26,772
18,704
7,214
47,492
10,412
27,582
19,455
7,167
50,867
10,677
32,437
19,974
7,398
52,161
10,777
32,852
21,139
7,866
54,845
11,193
33,662
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation services ..................................................
Radio arid television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
2,043
2,888
7,639
104,235
55,972
2,098
3,015
8,090
111,737
58,947
2,142
3,132
8,435
118,657
61,188
2,183
3,469
9,193
134,855
65,768
2,233
3,515
9,490
138,551
67,853
2,289
3,659
9,920
147,253
70,655
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and d rin k in g ......................
16,664
3,896
150,689
66,122
177,273
16,469
4,049
157,220
69,579
189,086
16,643
4,244
165,795
71,580
201,955
15,004
4,271
169,638
71,330
204,416
15,136
4,412
174,891
75,385
215,802
15,497
4,686
186,772
78,040
233,620
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance.................................................................... ......
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
51,024
37,228
69,552
152,965
191,278
53,787
39,252
72,705
158,690
199,923
55,865
40,902
75,976
160,517
206,836
61,494
44,861
80,500
179,783
225,411
63,068
46,023
82,560
181,690
229,972
65,595
48,072
86,874
162,864
238,436
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodginq p la ce s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s..................................
Advertising........................................................................
16,693
22,318
3,833
106,806
5,376
17,392
23,114
3,938
113,156
5,566
17,883
23,944
4,081
117,910
5,762
20,123
24,419
4,040
135,291
5,793
20,314
25,115
4,150
137,739
5,982
20,860
26,244
4,354
143,283
6,252
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ services .....................................
51,427
38,579
8,127
22,595
47,166
53,961
39,911
8,221
23,683
48,664
56,733
42,300
8,429
24,756
50,257
56,592
42,557
8,375
26,664
51,085
59,208
43,599
8,457
27,297
52,403
63,081
46,996
8,758
28,685
54,578
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
44,402
21,870
18,669
25,054
12,303
46,708
23,135
19,121
26,089
12,545
48,373
23,663
19,775
27,158
12,920
53,318
26,627
20,399
28,362
12,661
54,584
27,358
20,652
29,114
12,947
56,578
27,869
21,545
30,538
13,493
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger transit ............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
4,494
2,057
11,540
0
0
4,757
2,097
11,865
0
0
4,968
2,185
12,393
0
0
5,410
2,043
11,961
0
0
5,581
2,109
12,360
0
0
5,847
2,243
13,134
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry................... .................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
117,033
0
0
2,848
0
0
140,215
0
0
2,890
0
0
165,954
0
0
3,023
0
0
131,112
0
0
2,653
0
0
163,815
0
0
2,769
0
0
201,555
0
0
2,981
0
108
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
maustry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k.............................................
C o tto rt...................................... ...........................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
1,635
939
469
1,022
1,445
1,551
979
565
960
1,436
1,471
937
523
942
1,424
1,406
924
485
830
1,430
1,318
896
426
794
1,411
1,210
873
401
775
1,356
1,147
859
361
742
1,335
1,132
852
322
727
1,232
1,019
816
200
676
1,163
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
59
273
37
28
31
60
285
33
23
31
60
292
38
28
31
61
295
32
29
29
60
296
30
29
26
62
300
28
28
27
62
306
29
27
26
62
313
31
30
26
64
313
30
32
27
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
218
206
101
18
620
201
200
105
19
662
189
192
107
20
681
164
185
105
19
668
155
182
103
19
702
152
178
102
19
717
150
174
102
18
730
144
170
105
19
744
140
167
104
21
767
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
49
58
326
327
241
50
94
324
326
249
52
110
331
325
249
58
131
327
319
253
70
142
324
312
259
73
148
323
302
255
64
142
323
298
257
59
133
325
295
263
90
137
331
285
279
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
137
314
31
80
107
139
313
38
79
107
136
313
36
79
105
137
308
36
78
101
135
304
36
76
98
135
301
36
78
97
133
303
38
78
95
132
299
36
78
98
133
292
36
83
97
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Fioor covering m ills ..........................................................
108
141
94
612
36
111
144
95
619
39
115
145
94
605
39
115
143
91
581
37
117
144
90
583
38
119
144
89
572
39
124
143
90
575
40
127
144
87
587
42
136
145
84
611
45
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
69
208
1,057
132
135
74
221
1,100
143
143
70
216
1,104
147
141
66
215
1,085
148
136
67
221
1,129
152
133
67
214
1,144
156
132
68
216
1,159
160
137
73
230
1,204
167
133
78
236
1,243
175
129
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
287
240
43
242
118
305
261
43
259
124
288
250
42
255
128
258
245
38
244
124
256
257
37
257
127
254
264
36
260
128
253
275
35
273
130
249
288
34
288
139
246
300
36
307
150
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
401
166
323
153
437
415
175
328
156
446
427
178
335
160
459
425
179
336
163
462
430
188
338
162
468
431
191
339
164
470
434
194
346
169
479
442
201
355
175
491
460
210
360
184
513
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.......... .......................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
260
53
80
77
76
260
54
82
81
79
267
54
82
84
81
264
55
82
83
82
264
57
84
89
88
265
60
83
93
94
270
60
80
94
100
289
62
83
97
110
281
64
96
102
118
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s.......................................................
105
86
61
225
104
106
89
62
217
105
110
91
63
213
105
109
95
62
203
98
111
96
63
196
99
113
98
63
190
97
114
101
64
185
99
119
106
66
184
102
128
109
67
185
107
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
See footnotes at end of table.
109
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958=95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
inausiry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts.................................................... ............
Leather tanning and industrial le a th e r............................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
169
75
37
325
143
178
94
36
341
153
175
103
34
333
158
170
111
32
329
155
176
137
32
332
159
172
153
31
321
161
170
171
31
319
164
171
202
32
324
170
170
237
32
335
179
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
191
74
46
118
602
209
78
49
125
588
210
76
48
123
652
206
70
44
118
597
209
68
44
122
594
213
69
44
124
591
218
69
44
129
630
222
70
44
132
658
223
70
44
139
653
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
248
132
100
75
75
269
137
111
78
75
260
135
109
77
75
239
132
105
71
73
249
139
112
74
74
255
137
116
74
73
271
137
120
78
75
288
143
128
85
74
309
155
141
94
79
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
68
354
79
172
125
71
344
88
189
135
68
351
88
196
135
63
344
83
178
128
65
343
89
191
136
67
351
90
195
139
71
365
91
200
144
70
386
99
222
155
71
408
108
237
162
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and genera tors.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
216
90
119
145
62
231
90
128
162
65
234
86
118
157
65
228
79
115
142
60
241
84
118
149
64
246
85
126
152
67
255
87
132
164
73
274
91
142
177
80
297
99
154
191
88
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m a chinery.............................................
Genera! industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
237
161
204
151
107
251
164
221
166
111
268
168
227
176
116
254
162
217
175
120
265
171
229
183
124
273
172
234
185
127
289
181
243
192
135
310
193
261
205
148
343
205
285
232
168
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
27
90
147
156
148
28
97
157
176
157
31
100
164
181
155
33
95
163
177
148
36
101
166
183
150
37
102
162
177
156
39
106
162
178
160
45
114
170
192
165
51
125
190
214
180
91.
92.
93.
94.
95,
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
121
105
101
209
179
134
114
105
252
213
137
108
114
289
233
136
104
113
313
243
143
111
118
352
266
149
114
104
357
263
158
120
103
328
265
173
134
116
324
307
196
163
128
365
389
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad eq uipm ent.........................................................
102
610
772
152
41
111
696
722
151
41
112
728
629
146
43
106
636
611
148
35
108
696
639
146
41
104
745
640
147
44
99
757
606
150
50
106
847
625
165
56
116
866
754
183
61
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
8
18
152
44
81
9
23
166
45
85
8
21
170
47
84
8
19
165
48
76
9
23
169
50
73
10
30
169
53
65
10
38
167
54
60
11
43
172
56
60
12
49
189
62
64
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
68
27
67
111
219
69
30
67
116
229
70
29
66
120
228
70
27
64
117
221
73
29
64
123
227
74
31
63
123
224
78
31
66
127
229
85
33
67
141
236
98
36
71
144
242
See footnotes at end of table.
110
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95--Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
inaustry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
961
314
933
229
170
930
311
1,001
239
184
890
314
1,016
236
196
822
308
1,007
228
202
801
301
1,043
224
202
777
299
1,058
223
207
761
297
1,075
232
218
740
299
1,120
231
234
731
300
1,157
241
253
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation services ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and private................................
26
65
88
774
433
24
70
90
749
430
23
75
93
748
428
22
76
95
736
426
22
79
96
730
421
21
79
100
726
421
20
83
104
746
423
19
85
108
775
431
19
92
115
816
435
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
213
59
3,242
1,880
7,711
215
61
3,349
1,960
7,936
216
64
3,414
2,016
8,114
218
67
3,408
2,032
8,080
216
68
3,465
2,079
8,150
215
69
3,511
2,100
8,261
214
72
3,604
2,205
8,473
214
74
3,732
2,344
8,760
213
77
3,856
2,465
8,991
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
621
360
1,128
0
737
644
389
1,137
0
753
677
417
1,160
0
750
697
442
1,180
0
749
719
458
1,194
0
759
745
470
1,217
0
768
770
488
1,242
0
784
796
504
1,253
0
795
829
525
1,270
0
794
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging places..............................................
Personal and repair se rv ic e s .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
843
1,138
523
750
117
868
1,157
538
814
121
891
1,165
550
855
124
908
1,168
563
896
122
917
1,167
566
967
123
923
1,166
572
1,031
124
957
1,185
591
1,115
125
980
1,204
608
1,201
128
995
1,212
618
1,315
129
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s..........................
Doctors’ and dentists' s e rv ic e s.....................................
727
402
232
354
587
746
422
228
372
605
768
439
224
390
623
784
445
220
399
642
801
456
211
425
655
817
470
210
428
652
840
487
210
447
676
867
500
218
454
702
899
505
220
470
726
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
915
284
806
1,133
563
974
303
839
1,331
574
1,038
323
863
1,375
587
1,095
345
890
1,441
597
1,153
363
937
1,473
597
1,224
385
969
1,497
598
1,302
414
1,013
1,514
600
1,364
442
1,048
1,530
614
1,427
469
1,083
1,573
681
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable im p o rts .................................................
0
78
71
208
0
0
104
71
225
0
0
111
71
251
0
0
117
71
260
0
0
128
69
277
0
0
132
72
301
0
0
136
78
307
0
0
142
77
323
0
0
147
78
316
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction in d u s try ..................................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
3,002
0
0
2,549
0
0
3,163
0
0
2,574
0
0
3,087
0
0
2,554
0
0
3,122
0
0
2,656
0
0
3,055
0
0
2,694
0
0
3,082
0
0
2,656
0
0
3,172
0
0
2,683
0
0
3,293
0
0
2,604
0
0
3,338
0
0
2,561
0
See footnotes at end of table.
Ill
0 -2. Total ©mpl©ym©nt1 by industry, 1958»95—Continu@d
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
iriuusiry
1967
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s.......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
950
805
156
698
1,160
892
794
175
669
1,132
813
756
172
635
1,119
765
742
157
589
1,047
717
715
148
602
1,012
724
733
165
590
1,057
668
697
131
608
1,116
639
695
132
634
1,151
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in o .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
63
313
30
25
27
53
323
28
28
26
55
329
30
34
25
63
323
30
37
27
72
347
29
34
25
58
386
26
37
21
56
404
28
40
20
54
438
30
44
22
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and ciay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
142
163
103
21
746
135
161
100
13
740
138
157
99
18
792
147
156
101
16
832
148
156
99
18
810
163
152
100
19
863
164
149
101
19
852
182
154
105
21
935
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
144
135
337
277
281
170
129
340
268
283
175
107
344
260
291
130
84
348
251
288
92
74
349
235
288
89
76
351
224
305
88
78
340
212
300
81
80
348
206
300
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
137
291
35
85
99
136
290
37
85
96
137
286
36
87
97
139
281
36
84
96
137
271
36
82
93
137
263
37
80
91
140
255
37
82
90
142
247
35
78
89
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
138
145
86
608
47
138
147
85
617
51
142
151
83
616
58
142
153
83
600
58
139
149
77
572
60
137
143
75
584
63
139
146
78
603
66
137
148
77
578
64
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
77
232
1,235
178
127
81
249
1,237
181
131
82
251
1,244
182
138
74
250
1,213
169
124
71
256
1,190
169
120
73
268
1,217
181
124
75
269
1,257
195
132
76
252
1,197
176
137
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
237
288
38
298
152
232
293
37
310
148
230
310
36
316
153
215
301
33
300
147
216
324
29
312
141
225
347
28
337
154
229
358
27
352
164
231
337
25
334
168
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard................... .....................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
467
215
364
199
523
471
223
366
205
534
483
231
376
210
550
483
225
382
209
549
467
217
381
197
532
470
220
390
197
544
480
225
398
200
562
487
219
392
204
565
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
291
67
113
103
116
292
67
120
106
125
296
65
124
108
132
297
64
112
106
127
287
58
98
103
122
278
56
96
105
124
284
60
98
109
133
292
64
98
111
137
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
135
112
68
184
101
138
117
71
188
113
143
123
72
182
119
150
127
70
191
116
156
123
67
195
119
160
122
69
196
122
163
127
69
194
131
168
126
67
198
137
See footnotes at end of table.
112
0-2. T@ta! ©mpS©ym©Bit1 by Industry, 195S“@i—C©ntsnued
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
muusiry
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
56.
57.
58.
59.
SO.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le ather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r....................... ......
G la s s ...................................................................................
164
255
30
324
176
165
286
31
328
177
162
320
29
316
188
153
314
27
299
186
155
309
26
277
181
169
344
25
273
194
178
385
24
264
205
174
387
22
250
200
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u c ts ..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
217
65
43
137
636
221
65
44
137
637
228
64
45
140
644
226
59
45
138
627
232
57
43
140
574
245
57
45
143
&8
260
59
48
155
605
250
57
51
160
610
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copoer and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
307
149
144
87
81
300
145
144
91
83
312
160
153
93
87
299
157
144
87
90
286
150
137
78
86
292
158
140
75
85
316
168
154
80
87
329
169
160
84
88
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings......................... ......................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
70
414
111
234
162
72
421
112
247
164
76
440
114
255
165
71
435
105
235
151
67
429
92
230
151
71
449
101
235
163
74
489
111
247
178
71
500
114
228
176
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts....................................
Engines, turbines, and ge nerators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
301
104
155
188
89
303
110
147
192
90
315
112
141
202
95
300
111
133
205
93
286
115
126
196
84
317
116
135
205
89
337
123
155
225
100
340
126
170
241
107
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral eq uipm e nt...........................
358
205
290
242
184
348
199
282
234
202
347
206
291
246
224
324
197
285
234
236
278
176
■261
•201
219
292
177
267
214
212
326
194
292
235
235
344
205
309
255
252
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment ............ ...........
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus................................. ........
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
56
129
200
218
175
49
136
205
213
179
52
147
207
223
187
53
149
204
217
184
45
145
187
198
179
49
164
185
209
187
50
183
201
239
198
54
175
204
245
196
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
200
157
130
409
385
201
154
132
419
381
205
156
146
409
394
197
133
164
362
367
189
130
163
307
329
204
140
160
299
355
223
153
166
302
411
217
139
165
311
421
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm ent.........................................................
119
820
835
181
56
124
876
854
189
47
125
912
805
193
51
123
801
670
177
51
125
850
534
181
51
135
877
513
196
49
147
977
540
204
52
145
909
554
209
57
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ......................... ..........
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
12
52
194
68
70
14
69
195
74
74
14
89
195
82
75
15
93
181
83
70
15
114
166
84
65
19
141
168
90
57
20
145
177
100
64
19
99
187
111
66
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
105
36
73
139
238
107
36
75
144
234
111
35
78
149
233
113
33
74
140
238
112
28
70
139
225
118
30
80
151
226
125
33
83
161
230
130
33
85
163
230
See footnotes at end of table.
113
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
muusuy
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
702
307
1,167
244
303
670
309
1,191
242
334
651
315
1,214
234
357
636
321
1,225
217
356
607
312
1,230
197
351
583
304
1,275
219
354
580
311
1,338
205
368
592
311
1,345
208
373
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and te le visio n ..............
Electric utilities, public and p riv a te ................................
19
101
121
851
445
19
102
125
860
452
18
111
131
919
460
18
114
139
993
481
17
125
144
1,001
495
17
124
144
1,010
508
17
126
146
1,038
521
17
133
150
1,054
533
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
217
79
3,941
2,528
9,143
219
82
4,007
2,646
9,388
220
88
4,163
2,812
9,729
221
95
4,250
2,938
9,872
215
85
4,264
3,055
10,113
216
83
4,356
3,194
10,437
219
85
4,538
3,383
10,725
219
88
4,701
3,597
10,760
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
874
549
1,314
0
796
920
600
1,345
0
816
987
652
1,370
0
855
1,049
636
1,411
0
881
1,074
637
1,429
0
947
1,116
684
1,461
0
1,028
1,178
710
1,492
0
1,074
1,249
708
1,509
0
1,095
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair se rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
999
1,205
622
1,427
131
1,002
1,216
630
1,532
132
1,065
1,232
634
1,691
134
1,079
1,193
621
1,756
135
1,111
1,130
604
1,793
137
1,206
1,139
590
1,917
137
1,248
1,146
581
2,081
143
1,306
1,165
572
2,202
137
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
927
508
225
468
744
968
525
232
483
776
1,046
569
248
497
806
1,101
576
245
515
815
1,144
577
236
544
897
1,201
589
247
566
942
1,250
611
260
599
991
1,334
622
263
619
1,045
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except h o s p ita ls ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
1,561
535
1,124
1,646
714
1,658
604
1,185
1,717
724
1,776
672
1,229
1,764
732
1,871
733
1,240
1,784
736
1,939
813
1,260
1,825
726
1,983
871
1,305
1,772
698
2,053
973
1,330
1,787
693
2,162
1,048
1,389
1,829
705
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terprises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
151
81
314
0
0
150
88
332
0
0
152
87
351
0
0
166
92
366
0
0
161
93
394
0
0
161
100
388
0
0
163
100
418
0
0
163
112
451
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction industry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
3,268
0
0
2,484
0
0
3,399
0
0
2,437
0
0
3,594
0
0
2,322
0
0
3,555
0
0
2,280
0
0
3,706
0
0
2,238
0
0
3,861
0
0
2,200
0
0
4,160
0
0
2,097
0
0
4,096
0
0
1,916
0
See footnotes at end of table.
114
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
industry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
591
634
76
638
1,191
552
605
81
638
1,135
521
584
77
617
1,151
510
584
62
619
1,219
463
544
60
602
1,192
436
533
62
612
1,217
434
530
62
609
1,210
429
524
61
603
1,198
6. Forestry and fishery p ro d u c ts .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
51
393
30
39
26
69
423
31
37
27
82
411
25
34
33
90
449
29
30
36
83
489
31
33
38
88
499
27
30
43
83
500
26
36
43
84
585
16
25
34
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral m in in g ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
215
169
96
23
1,010
226
180
96
23
1,006
227
185
96
23
1,079
211
200
99
24
1,188
261
212
104
25
1,224
247
246
103
27
1,538
225
285
95
27
1,509
242
311
90
24
1,424
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
75
79
340
201
289
69
70
352
200
303
69
66
359
192
301
70
75
361
190
309
73
81
363
189
316
74
88
363
180
312
81
96
361
174
297
79
105
352
171
293
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
139
239
37
73
89
139
244
39
74
82
146
241
34
78
85
147
242
33
78
87
147
238
31
80
86
148
233
30
76
84
142
229
31
75
87
135
227
29
73
87
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
133
148
75
524
55
140
148
77
565
58
144
158
71
548
61
149
157
71
536
64
153
160
70
531
61
150
160
69
510
55
147
160
70
491
53
145
152
68
442
49
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
67
226
1,097
162
117
70
231
1,156
183
139
71
234
1,148
185
140
71
239
1,150
197
134
71
227
1,125
198
150
67
221
1,101
186
151
66
221
1,080
183
138
60
205
1,009
171
126
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
202
294
22
284
143
221
327
21
306
146
228
355
21
315
168
233
392
20
332
175
237
394
19
329
176
215
363
17
301
177
203
351
17
298
184
179
317
15
270
180
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
448
194
389
205
544
470
206
395
208
549
484
210
411
217
571
486
214
420
224
607
494
214
432
230
640
488
205
441
238
656
487
201
443
246
664
475
189
445
248
668
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
292
65
89
98
121
304
68
90
99
120
321
68
95
98
117
326
67
96
99
115
328
70
99
100
112
330
72
100
95
110
336
70
100
93
103
329
65
95
89
97
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
167
122
62
194
124
171
128
65
198
104
181
131
66
202
130
187
137
69
208
127
193
140
69
210
127
196
143
65
198
115
199
148
63
214
108
199
147
62
202
105
See footnotes at end of table.
115
'
0=2. T©&a! employment1 by industry, 1958=95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
muusiry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le a th e r...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
149
339
22
232
182
154
386
23
242
194
161
427
23
238
201
165
467
22
242
206
167
494
20
232
202
152
467
19
215
191
151
484
20
220
188
140
460
19
206
173
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
225
48
46
139
548
225
48
48
141
549
234
50
49
148
554
245
51
50
160
560
255
52
52
165
571
239
46
49
151
512
227
42
45
150
507
209
34
40
132
394
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
302
141
132
74
79
295
145
143
80
78
302
147
150
84
78
313
151
162
90
79
324
161
170
93
80
280
150
162
91
75
272
149
159
89
71
221
135
140
80
64
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal p roducts.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
61
463
93
192
155
63
466
95
220
168
69
483
101
239
177
74
511
110
249
184
76
535
117
245
185
70
522
110
212
166
68
515
105
206
161
61
461
92
187
143
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and ge nera tors.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
307
120
162
251
91
326
121
163
248
88
342
125
168
257
94
362
137
166
275
98
376
145
184
276
106
359
135
170
283
108
361
133
156
302
102
331
113
139
254
87
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking machinery..................................................
Special industry m a chinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
315
184
290
248
238
315
183
286
246
239
335
190
295
256
262
353
197
313
281
297
379
205
329
313
339
381
207
324
322
376
371
198
323
315
407
319
176
288
292
428
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission e q uipm e nt....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
49
144
174
212
161
48
160
180
222
170
49
171
190
233
180
53
184
206
245
185
59
188
221
251
178
58
174
224
240
163
54
175
227
239
161
47
159
215
206
142
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph a p p a ra tu s .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
181
113
148
310
338
196
121
137
308
366
205
125
147
315
405
218
123
155
337
457
225
116
165
357
525
209
109
164
378
554
202
107
157
399
557
187
93
148
424
561
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
131
793
528
198
57
144
882
503
219
50
154
949
500
230
56
172
1,006
546
230
64
176
991
632
230
74
159
791
676
223
71
157
791
672
236
54
153
707
629
223
37
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic e q uipm e nt...............................
15
86
171
109
60
17
102
175
119
66
18
108
‘190
128
72
21
119
200
136
75
20
103
215
144
81
18
74
221
156
79
17
73
235
160
80
14
74
226
158
77
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
121
30
82
139
216
125
31
91
145
217
130
30
93
145
235
132
30
98
146
253
134
28
92
145
245
135
23
82
139
226
137
21
80
138
227
140
18
76
130
218
See footnotes at end of table.
116
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
Historical
industry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation........................................ .....................
550
302
1,283
196
368
541
301
1,321
200
378
550
291
1,405
200
390
544
291
1,503
212
412
559
303
1,555
222
443
534
312
1,497
216
461
498
312
1,479
223
463
433
314
1,454
206
450
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
17
139
157
1,022
526
18
143
162
1,010
531
19
156
170
1,018
550
20
176
181
1,061
581
20
198
191
1,121
608
21
209
203
1,159
640
22
218
211
1,186
665
22
224
221
1,199
684
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and d rin k in g ......................
217
84
4,661
3,689
10,779
213
87
4,849
3,941
10,994
212
88
4,995
4,257
11,362
217
93
5,240
4,576
11,821
220
94
5,507
4,864
11,981
221
105
5,597
4,948
11,948
227
107
5,674
5,077
11,933
230
106
5,585
5,159
11,792
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
1,275
711
1,544
0
1,054
1,310
738
1,555
0
1,073
1,357
785
1,612
0
1,145
1,423
840
1,699
0
1,267
1,498
901
1,750
0
1,374
1,572
952
1,794
0
1,384
1,629
1,003
1,845
0
1,345
1,655
1,038
1,870
0
1,336
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair se rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
1,319
1,161
550
2,254
137
1,363
1,158
578
2,418
138
1,455
1,183
597
2,609
145
1,476
1,192
621
2,892
155
1,549
1,239
632
3,178
165
1,571
1,244
628
3,404
172
1,648
1,293
622
3,640
183
1,693
1,305
624
3,743
186
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ se rv ic e s .....................................
1,421
643
264
653
1,120
1,414
690
273
693
1,164
1,550
733
287
721
1,213
1,691
787
293
764
1,277
1,814
839
311
769
1,351
1,930
845
291
832
1,408
2,056
876
312
854
1,454
2,147
910
310
870
1,503
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private).................................... .
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
2,277
1,102
1,427
1,864
697
2,366
1,182
1,477
1,922
671
2,468
1,270
1,566
1,944
654
2,541
1,359
1,662
1,999
649
2,614
1,431
1,721
2,073
661
2,754
1,517
1,772
2,142
661
2,908
1,589
1,828
2,103
661
3,016
1,664
1,882
2,095
662
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terprises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable im p o rts .................................................
0
151
112
502
0
0
149
122
494
0
0
147
123
496
0
0
149
127
514
0
0
155
130
541
0
0
153
172
515
0
0
150
175
507
0
0
150
173
496
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-wor!d indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
3,494
0
0
1,876
0
0
3,635
0
0
1,881
0
0
3,935
0
0
1,936
0
0
4,382
0
0
1,898
0
0
4,679
0
0
1,723
0
0
4,327
0
0
1,598
0
0
4,280
0
0
1,606
0
0
4,067
0
0
1,635
0
See footnotes at end of table.
117
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
Projected
Industry
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k .............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
378
474
55
585
1,138
384
473
54
589
1,151
387
475
55
593
1,162
344
439
50
571
1,096
360
445
50
577
1,118
367
450
51
585
1,141
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
73
640
25
27
34
79
623
25
27
34
89
613
22
26
33
96
704
25
33
35
92
711
26
35
34
99
716
23
36
34
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except drillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
299
275
85
31
1,778
286
291
87
31
1,700
275
282
92
31
1,685
310
332
72
35
1,861
317
338
77
35
1,882
322
307
87
35
1,912
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
90
130
359
137
331
87
130
357
144
335
88
127
359
156
341
88
149
368
119
336
85
140
372
127
341
90
143
380
131
353
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
143
203
30
77
83
145
210
30
78
86
145
209
31
80
85
140
164
27
69
76
144
174
28
71
80
147
177
30
76
83
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco manufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
164
171
61
448
52
168
171
62
461
56
169
168
64
457
63
159
177
50
471
57
167
182
52
474
58
171
182
58
482
62
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill p roducts...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ....................................... ............
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
69
207
1,056
220
130
72
218
1,074
223
131
75
218
1,061
228
133
65
224
1,117
234
124
67
236
1,125
238
128
74
240
1,093
243
130
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood products..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
192
400
12
334
193
196
406
12
346
199
210
416
13
368
205
206
414
10
346
200
209
419
11
357
206
215
427
12
392
208
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
513
190
492
296
733
516
201
494
298
758
524
209
491
304
751
526
179
517
330
745
533
192
535
338
789
551
208
543
344
803
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
362
81
107
110
110
358
84
111
114
116
353
84
121
119
124
371
82
116
113
121
379
88
120
116
124
381
93
121
124
134
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
253
166
68
185
100
254
168
71
183
102
252
166
72
182
104
276
167
65
179
101
281
176
70
182
104
284
178
73
183
108
See footnotes at end of table.
118
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Thousands of jobs)
Projected
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Industry
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u c ts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
147
565
15
166
198
151
636
16
170
201
157
653
16
172
205
146
654
11
147
211
150
716
12
154
212
159
741
14
144
214
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
222
35
44
156
420
240
37
45
164
435
250
39
46
173
430
215
29
46
175
433
240
30
49
182
447
257
33
50
191
444
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p roducts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
247
157
167
83
67
255
160
174
84
69
258
164
175
86
70
264
166
168
83
61
270
170
178
85
62
275
178
183
90
66
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
72
537
112
234
177
73
572
115
249
184
80
598
117
253
188
77
563
118
236
198
78
619
121
252
200
88
664
122
259
204
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
388
151
164
315
110
414
152
170
321
113
413
152
173
325
120
399
165
167
343
123
430
167
172
357
125
436
170
178
368
136
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
371
206
336
323
586
388
207
342
331
586
393
211
343
341
593
373
210
350
339
665
400
213
356
345
694
415
221
362
362
706
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
55
190
235
255
175
60
199
245
261
183
64
211
246
275
193
67
208
246
284
185
69
214
256
288
188
73
232
263
313
202
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
229
95
177
452
725
239
106
185
433
745
246
110
199
440
793
251
106
208
532
862
253
113
209
460
850
253
116
230
463
855
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
162
794
716
260
45
170
834
680
254
47
180
828
664
248
47
192
847
761
277
47
194
860
709
270
50
209
871
701
263
52
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq uipm e nt...............................
17
87
294
205
83
18
96
292
203
86
19
108
292
210
89
19
104
345
270
88
20
109
349
272
92
21
121
359
274
98
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
167
22
75
134
210
169
22
82
140
214
173
23
88
144
224
175
23
96
143
216
177
21
98
146
218
184
22
109
150
238
See footnotes at end of table.
119
D-2. Total employment1 by industry, 1958=®5“=C©ntonu©d
(Thousands of jobs)
Projected
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Industry
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
353
345
1,720
197
522
373
341
1,701
210
532
429
345
1,702
214
528
327
350
1,750
204
561
351
361
1,774
214
568
377
385
1,793
216
573
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
22
261
301
1,384
686
24
269
308
1,379
712
25
250
292
1,434
714
24
295
355
1,543
730
24
302
357
1,593
740
27
302
359
1,603
746
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
220
140
6,162
5,908
13,815
218
133
6,298
5,951
14,106
219
135
6,387
5,959
14,303
205
144
6,622
6,669
14,473
207
147
6,734
6,742
15,070
211
154
6,745
6,772
15,342
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
1,954
1,313
2,187
0
1,567
1,954
1,350
2,163
0
1,640
1,968
1,364
2,168
0
1,168
2,098
1,507
2,237
0
1,764
2,120
1,518
2,272
0
1,774
2,146
1,549
2,307
0
1,787
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s ..................................
Advertising........................................................................
1,914
1,466
652
4,951
213
1,915
1,519
660
5,172
218
1,891
1,621
685
5,331
221
2,004
1,547
707
6,148
228
2,010
1,592
733
6,183
234
2,034
1,734
760
6,229
238
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional s e rv ic e s ............................
Automobile repair ............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
2,573
965
325
1,035
1,876
2,640
1,029
315
1,059
1,897
2,620
1,101
316
1,082
2,036
2,916
1,113
323
1,173
1,971
3,004
1,141
326
1,193
2,005
3,099
1,186
337
1,248
2,095
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
3,895
2,089
2,447
2,387
629
3,963
2,208
2,157
2,406
597
3,889
2,279
2,001
2,449
595
4,471
2,649
2,311
2,455
537
4,477
2,688
2,396
2,505
581
4,665
2,744
2,411
2,606
594
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
182
207
610
0
0
178
209
623
0
0
182
215
649
0
0
182
228
700
0
0
189
233
723
0
0
198
251
781
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
5,242
0
0
1,443
0
0
5,263
0
0
1,400
0
0
5,366
0
0
1,392
0
0
5,936
0
0
1,295
0
0
6,043
0
0
1,346
0
0
6,091
0
0
1,368
0
1 Total employment includes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers.
120
(Millions of hours)
Historical
inausiry
1958
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat anirpals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
3,829
2,199
1,099
2,394
3,385
3,649
2,303
1,329
2,259
3,379
3,461
2,205
1,231
2,216
3,350
3,268
2,148
1,127
1,929
3,324
3,110
2,115
1,005
1,874
3,330
2,872
2,072
952
1,840
3,219
2,674
2,002
841
1,730
3,112
2,678
2,016
762
1,720
2,915
2,404
1,925
472
1,595
2,745
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m inin g.......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
113
527
69
57
69
117
550
63
52
68
116
566
80
65
68
120
572
65
66
66
118
580
63
63
60
117
569
58
62
59
118
588
60
60
58
118
597
66
68
56
122
599
66
72
60
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
384
446
226
40
1,186
376
435
241
43
1,273
356
414
242
45
1,299
313
404
238
42
1,282
300
396
235
43
1,351
307
389
234
43
1,390
306
381
237
41
1,413
301
374
245
44
1,446
295
365
244
49
1,500
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space vehicles .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
102
123
684
703
487
105
199
692
699
498
109
231
698
695
497
121
276
694
684
503
148
298
682
665
521
154
310
689
645
513
133
295
692
633
519
126
281
694
626
538
195
290
705
608
572
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery p ro d u c ts ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
306
655
69
164
219
311
652
84
164
221
306
652
80
162
216
309
643
81
162
208
307
638
78
159
203
304
629
30
162
201
301
633
82
161
197
301
626
79
161
204
304
612
78
171
203
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yam, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
224
303
192
1,241
75
233
313
192
1,318
83
239
313
187
1,262
81
239
309
183
1,221
78
243
312
181
1,249
83
249
310
178
1,225
84
260
307
182
1,248
86
266
311
172
1,297
94
282
311
170
1,357
98
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit g o o d s ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
141
408
1,944
264
272
155
445
2,086
289
293
146
427
2,048
293
289
137
429
2,007
295
291
141
443
2,138
305
290
143
427
2,157
315
282
145
433
2,172
324
299
158
466
2,285
340
298
171
477
2,365
353
292
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u c ts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
575
509
87
497
248
631
561
91
547
269
587
532
86
525
278
525
527
79
505
266
524
555
76
542
275
527
574
75
553
275
528
598
72
583
283
525
628
73
617
307
518
652
78
652
334
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
871
352
641
310
896
920
376
650
313
931
933
377
666
324
952
934
384
664
330
955
945
404
667
327
974
953
408
669
335
969
959
419
684
346
992
982
435
700
360
1,021
1,026
459
713
380
1,071
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
544
115
167
163
156
551
118
174
174
165
566
117
175
179
170
561
120
174
178
171
561
124
179
190
186
562
132
176
199
198
571
131
172
203
212
572
135
177
212
233
601
140
205
224
247
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
219
177
127
473
210
221
185
131
457
223
228
190
132
449
214
228
198
129
429
201
234
202
131
417
209
237
205
132
403
203
237
211
135
394
212
249
221
140
394
227
267
231
142
398
239
121
D-3. Total hours paid by industry, 1958-95=-Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
muusiry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le ather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
346
157
75
622
291
378
201
74
673
320
363
217
69
642
328
356
237
66
641
321
372
292
66
651
330
361
328
65
626
334
358
367
66
629
346
364
434
67
644
361
364
508
67
673
383
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
414
153
88
248
1,188
461
164
98
271
1,217
452
160
96
261
1,300
446
148
89
252
1,210
457
144
92
258
1,212
473
147
91
264
1,232
483
148
92
279
1,341
495
150
93
285
1,400
497
149
93
299
1,383
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and p roducts......................
Metal containers...............................................................
491
273
209
157
160
560
295
235
170
163
528
284
228
163
160
488
281
224
153
157
524
299
239
160
160
550
297
250
161
159
594
300
257
166
164
643
318
277
184
164
683
348
309
208
175
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
141
741
163
359
256
148
721
192
409
284
138
740
186
422
281
130
725
176
376
264
134
726
194
411
286
139
746
196
424
293
148
780
201
440
307
146
830
222
493
332
148
886
246
525
346
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
449
186
250
295
128
490
188
268
344
137
490
178
248
325
137
480
164
241
297
126
514
175
251
314
137
524
179
264
321
145
544
183
283
350
159
590
195
304
384
175
643
216
332
415
195
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery........... „ .....................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral eq uipm e nt...........................
495
333
418
328
221
551
351
469
372
233
587
360
472
385
245
546
345
453
374
258
590
369
485
407
261
606
370
495
411
271
656
394
523
422
290
713
424
568
452
326
801
456
629
522
371
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office e q uipm e nt.......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household ap pliance s.....................................................
58
186
304
322
303
61
205
330
369
328
67
207
342
375
320
72
198
340
369
309
77
212
348
384
315
79
214
341
372
328
84
224
342
379
336
99
242
361
412
352
113
267
408
463
384
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and wiring ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
248
215
210
437
364
■282
235
223
528
443
282
220
241
598
480
279
213
238
652
506
298
231
250
738
553
311
234
217
743
541
329
246
219
683
549
365
276
246
679
642
413
337
272
771
813
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad equipm ent.........................................................
212
1,263
1,615
313
83
237
1,476
1,513
313
83
236
1,542
1,322
303
88
220
1,323
1,292
308
70
234
1,521
1,360
308
85
222
1,632
1,355
315
92
211
1,663
1,282
319
106
229
1,903
1,335
350
117
250
1,895
1,642
396
129
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq u ip m e n t...............................
15
37
239
90
170
17
50
262
95
179
16
45
265
99
175
16
42
260
100
163
17
48
272
105
156
19
66
273
110
140
20
81
275
113
128
22
91
286
117
133
22
105
315
130
140
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
142
55
139
224
457
146
62
140
240
482
149
60
131
244
485
151
57
128
240
472
155
61
128
251
486
157
64
125
250
480
166
64
132
259
487
185
70
134
291
505
213
77
145
298
516
122
D-3. Total hours paid by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
mausiry
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
2,070
707
2,095
495
393
2,002
706
2,269
515
425
1,925
711
2,271
511
454
1,791
707
2,256
431
468
1,741
685
2,324
475
457
1,613
672
2,357
490
459
1,709
661
2,415
508
449
1,666
657
2,547
509
475
1,660
648
2,629
421
516
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation services ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and private................................
55
141
175
1,556
926
51
151
179
1,537
918
48
160
187
1,548
919
46
163
188
1,515
910
45
162
192
1,522
903
44
161
202
1,516
903
43
167
210
1,566
914
42
173
217
1,642
930
40
184
228
1,725
939
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
447
133
6,906
4,102
15,917
456
138
7,187
4,225
16,394
457
147
7,319
4,350
16,733
461
153
7,304
4,337
16,483
458
157
7,449
4,394
16,514
458
155
7,525
4,363
16,610
456
162
7,739
4,210
17,113
459
170
8,048
4,429
17,492
457
174
8,299
4,510
17,665
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
1,204
716
2,307
0
1,508
1,250
771
2,311
0
1,534
1,307
825
2,362
0
1,543
1,346
873
2,403
0
1,534
1,394
905
2,427
0
1,553
1,446
927
2,455
0
1,557
1,499
963
2,442
0
1,587
1,542
1,001
2,477
0
1,608
1,607
1,036
2,506
0
1,614
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s ..................................
Advertising........................................................................
1,899
2,499
1,202
1,297
228
1,945
2,523
1,224
1,413
236
1,980
2,313
1,123
1,497
243
1,975
2,312
1,140
1,583
239
1,974
2,298
1,131
1,708
240
1,980
2,518
1,282
1,775
240
2,028
2,558
1,319
1,837
244
2,044
2,573
1,340
2,004
256
2,028
2,560
1,340
2,216
249
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
1,672
850
351
654
1,291
1,697
884
345
681
1,314
1,762
925
339
715
1,368
1,784
931
334
728
1,399
1,805
990
322
775
1,409
1,811
959
317
775
1,380
1,865
1,080
319
809
1,430
1,922
1,102
340
816
1,458
1,973
1,102
344
839
1,476
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
1,803
597
1,486
1,958
1,198
1,909
629
1,539
2,299
1,224
2,037
676
1,587
2,378
1,242
2,139
711
1,630
2,493
1,270
2,239
745
1,706
2,549
1,270
2,359
774
1,757
2,588
1,275
2,510
831
1,838
2,627
1,276
2,578
870
1,890
2,655
1,319
2,646
907
1,970
2,707
1,374
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger transit ............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
166
153
449
0
0
222
154
487
0
0
235
152
539
0
0
248
153
561
0
0
272
147
592
0
0
281
154
643
0
0
289
165
650
0
0
305
166
695
0
0
297
166
670
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry..................................... ................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
6,436
0
0
3,579
0
0
6,782
0
0
3,534
0
0
6,581
0
0
3,533
0
0
6,418
0
0
3,411
0
0
6,556
0
0
3,390
0
0
6,590
0
0
3,342
0
0
6,772
0
0
3,293
0
0
7,058
0
0
3,196
0
0
7,149
0
0
3,103
0
123
0-3. Total hours paid by industry, 195B“95=-C@ntinu@d
(Millions of hours)
Historical
mausiry
1967
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and livestock.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
2,222
1,883
365
1,632
2,713
2,100
1,869
412
1,575
2,665
1,910
1,776
404
1,492
2,628
1,793
1,739
368
1,380
2,454
1,685
1,680
348
1,414
2,378
1,679
1,699
383
1,368
2,451
1,544
1,611
303
1,405
2,579
1,461
1,589
302
1,450
2,632
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery seiv ic e s.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
120
589
65
56
60
100
612
61
67
55
105
617
64
81
55
120
608
66
86
61
137
648
62
78
56
111
738
56
81
47
107
773
60
88
45
102
808
66
93
49
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .................................................................... .
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
300
358
238
48
1,483
281
354
231
43
1,436
287
351
230
42
1,560
311
344
232
36
1,613
307
344
228
36
1,567
346
336
233
43
1,633
341
328
241
45
1,626
357
344
247
49
1,779
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
307
285
721
591
563
362
271
726
570
571
363
226
735
553
593
270
177
740
531
581
195
156
737
494
577
188
159
739
474
618
185
163
710
450
608
170
166
730
438
605
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
310
607
75
177
208
309
606
76
175
200
311
595
75
177
200
313
577
77
171
199
303
556
74
168
194
304
542
79
165
188
314
529
78
168
187
313
510
76
161
186
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s ...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco manufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills .............................................. ............
286
309
174
1,311
102
284
314
167
1,331
112
291
323
162
1,323
129
290
327
164
1,263
127
285
319
153
1,220
134
281
294
148
1,270
141
285
303
156
1,299
144
279
307
154
1,197
137
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill p roducts...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Logging..............................................................................
166
466
2,325
357
279
176
508
2,331
363
296
179
503
2,336
366
310
156
494
2,248
333
281
153
513
2,215
337
273
160
545
2,231
370
279
161
542
2,353
398
301
161
500
2,208
350
305
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p roducts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
495
622
80
619
333
489
633
76
651
320
480
664
76
660
327
442
633
66
610
306
451
681
58
644
296
475
744
57
701
325
478
756
55
729
348
472
704
50
674
353
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
1,031
463
719
401
1,089
1,042
479
721
413
1,110
1,071
496
741
421
1,145
1,054
471
749
418
1,124
1,020
458
743
399
1,080
1,042
469
764
415
1,090
1,064
481
780
423
1,129
1,070
457
764
430
1,134
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and orqanic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical p roducts.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
618
145
238
223
243
624
144
253
230
265
633
141
261
234
278
635
138
236
227
267
609
123
206
222
259
582
121
203
229
259
596
129
208
237
277
613
137
206
240
282
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products....... .......................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .................................................. .
281
235
142
397
226
288
244
149
405
254
298
258
150
332
266
312
265
145
412
247
323
258
141
422
253
335
256
144
424
267
345
266
146
417
291
352
264
140
424
300
124
D=3„ Total hours paid by tndusSry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
inausiry
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u c ts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ..................................................................................
346
537
63
643
372
346
603
64
653
377
339
670
60
614
400
317
651
55
584
392
321
642
54
545
382
355
723
52
544
413
374
807
50
522
435
361
801
45
482
419
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u c ts ..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products........................
483
137
90
293
1,328
492
137
92
292
1,347
509
134
93
302
1,372
495
124
91
294
1,302
515
121
89
297
1,179
546
121
94
307
1,195
577
125
101
335
1,299
546
120
104
343
1,302
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and forgings ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
658
323
310
191
180
644
316
314
201
186
674
347
329
210
194
625
335
304
189
200
599
322
291
167
190
633
343
300
164
188
699
368
333
180
195
718
361
342
180
195
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products...... ...........................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardware............................
146
887
247
504
343
151
895
247
542
349
160
936
251
554
348
147
914
223
506
316
140
899
194
483
317
148
941
223
510
344
155
1,034
249
539
375
145
1,047
254
481
365
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm m achinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield m achinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
640
223
326
399
191
645
234
305
411
193
672
238
295
438
205
627
234
275
436
194
597
241
264
413
174
674
247
291
440
189
718
265
341
493
214
718
271
370
524
229
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral eq uipm ent...........................
815
444
625
550
393
775
430
604
529
426
780
447
627
557
475
703
417
598
517
495
588
369
542
438
463
646
379
571
474
451
739
421
633
527
492
768
439
662
556
527
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
120
272
425
460
365
103
283
434
448
377
110
311
439
475
393
112
308
429
453
379
94
299
390
412
367
102
348
389
444
388
109
386
425
509
409
115
364
431
515
396
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
414
319
273
858
787
417
315
275
879
784
424
316
313
855
809
403
270
348
754
747
388
265
338
642
675
426
286
331
624
737
464
308
347
631
850
443
278
340
650
860
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. Aircraft ...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re pair..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
250
1,731
1,800
383
116
266
1,928
1,824
401
96
264
1,957
1,714
410
108
256
1,674
1,409
367
105
263
1,806
1,119
374
106
290
1,927
1,064
412
102
324
2,168
1,129
432
105
310
1,911
1,158
437
121
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum ents....................................
Optical and ophthalmic equipment ...............................
23
111
313
141
148
27
146
320
154
158
2S
186
327
171
160
27
192
305
171
148
29
232
280
174
136
42
290
349
187
119
43
293
373
206
136
42
195
390
228
139
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s ......................
Other manufactured products........................................
225
76
150
284
502
228
73
153
292
497
237
71
162
299
486
239
69
148
282
498
236
58
135
282
476
252
61
162
307
483
266
69
166
325
486
275
68
167
329
484
125
D-3. Toftal hours paid by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
m uubiry
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
111.
11 2.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation...................................................
Local transit and intercity b u s e s ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,570
656
2,592
433
604
1,523
651
2,671
423
667
1,494
658
2,705
403
706
1,459
683
2,704
383
702
1,364
659
2,743
345
700
1,327
587
2,852
380
706
1,339
589
2,984
359
734
1,353
592
2,923
368
763
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation........................ ............................
Transportation s e rv ic e s..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
41
200
238
1,747
957
40
201
245
1,782
971
39
221
260
1,929
996
38
227
275
2,039
1,036
37
250
284
1,987
1,065
36
248
286
2,075
1,099
36
247
289
2,151
1,137
37
261
299
2,183
1,152
121.
122.
123.
12^.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s.............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
464
180
8,388
4,528
17,631
467
186
8,479
4,664
17,876
467
203
8,834
4,809
18,235
472
220
8,941
4,904
18,307
455
189
8,872
5,033
18,791
461
184
9,040
5,167
19,277
466
188
9,384
5,382
19,636
466
194
9,617
5,635
19,452
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
1,687
1,081
2,582
0
1,591
1,777
1,190
2,615
0
1,641
1,914
1,289
2,672
0
1,710
2,017
1,241
2,750
0
1,742
2,065
1,249
2,781
0
1,894
2,122
1,345
2,857
0
2,038
2,241
1,394
2,910
0
2,122
2,380
1,377
2,941
0
2,160
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging p lace s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s.........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
2,031
2,503
1,319
2,398
251
1,992
2,509
1,328
2,493
248
2,097
2,515
1,304
2,800
247
2,071
2,404
1,255
2,910
246
2,094
2,293
1,235
2,987
252
2,215
2.185
1,113
3,461
262
2,247
2,231
1,095
3,687
279
2,304
2,197
1,049
3,884
261
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ s e rv ic e s .....................................
2,006
1,087
348
823
1,485
2,118
1,131
360
843
1,535
2,281
1,189
375
864
1,554
2,372
1,193
386
891
1,541
2,458
1,201
364
922
1,696
2,602
1,233
381
1,004
1,676
2,697
1,279
408
1,047
1,732
2,874
1,291
409
1,072
1,826
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
2,852
1,011
2,036
2,801
1,433
2,985
1,128
2,137
2,894
1,461
3,152
1,227
2,217
3,121
1,484
3,332
1,319
2,239
3,080
1,527
3,459
1,465
2,288
3,096
1,499
3,578
1,507
2,352
2,921
1,452
3,702
1,660
2,396
2,965
1,453
3,897
1,764
2,461
3,035
1,478
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit C orp ora tion......................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
303
172
666
0
0
303
184
696
0
0
308
181
732
0
0
343
190
754
0
0
333
194
830
0
0
335
210
815
0
0
341
208
871
0
0
339
234
940
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
7,014
0
0
3,294
0
0
7,265
0
0
3,168
0
0
7,734
0
0
3,019
0
0
7,493
0
0
2,881
0
0
7,806
0
0
2,793
0
0
7,744
0
0
2,734
0
0
8,401
0
0
2,682
0
0
8,274
0
0
2,321
0
O ther Federal enterprises ..................................................
126
D-3. Total hours paid by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
industry
1975
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.976
1977
1978
1979
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals arid live s to c k.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts..............................................
1,360
1,459
175
1,468
2,740
1,261
1,382
185
1,457
2,592
1,201
1,347
178
1,423
2,654
1,179
1,351
143
1,431
2,819
1,098
1,290
142
1,427
2,826
8. Forestry and fishery p ro d u c ts .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore m in in g ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except c o p p e r..............
94
723
64
80
54
129
770
66
76
60
153
750
55
67
65
169
822
64
63
77
1980
1981
1982
1,007
1,231
143
1,413
2,810
1,004
1,226
143
1,409
2,800
975
1,191
139
1,370
2,722
166
893
67
73
80
192
1,112
55
63
91
189
1,133
54
78
89
180
1,289
32
50
68
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral m in in g ..........................
Maintenance and repair construction............................
443
370
217
51
1,906
466
403
221
53
1,925
489
425
227
55
2,048
439
455
232
56
2,267
553
480
245
58
2,355
515
548
234
61
2,959
471
634
221
60
2,895
501
684
199
53
2,718
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance.... .......................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen fo o d s ...............................................
157
164
703
425
587
145
146
737
426
615
146
137
742
411
603
148
155
744
404
610
153
169
752
401
624
157
183
741
380
618
170
200
739
367
585
165
219
714
357
579
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill products...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
306
492
78
150
184
307
502
84
152
171
322
494
71
158
179
324
496
68
157
183
324
485
63
161
182
321
473
63
154
179
308
460
67
152
181
292
456
61
148
184
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla vo rin g s...............................................
Other food products............................. ............................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
271
304
151
1,075
116
286
309
151
1,192
122
294
325
141
1,154
132
305
330
141
1,141
139
313
340
139
1,130
129
309
337
137
1,073
115
300
337
142
1,025
109
297
317
134
870
97
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill p roducts...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
140
448
2,020
327
246
149
461
2,168
372
303
151
473
2,167
373
303
152
480
2,139
397
295
152
452
2,081
398
330
142
443
2,044
368
312
142
430
2,020
372
300
122
393
1,840
338
252
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
409
608
43
559
295
467
684
42
615
303
484
746
42
635
358
492
821
40
674
372
498
813
38
662
362
435
735
35
595
360
413
720
35
591
367
358
634
30
518
365
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper products .......................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
967
406
753
430
1,080
1,032
439
768
442
1,097
1,048
451
801
454
1,154
1,071
463
819
455
1,245
1,087
455
845
462
1,312
1,064
434
854
477
1,324
1,068
428
853
493
1,343
1,028
396
856
497
1,345
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
607
140
185
209
249
635
147
191
216
248
672
147
202
213
245
693
145
203
215
245
703
152
209
215
239
700
157
210
203
231
712
152
211
201
218
688
139
198
187
201
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs ........................................... ......................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
348
253
129
409
262
356
268
137
424
222
378
274
138
436
290
392
287
144
454
277
405
293
144
461
273
409
297
135
420
238
416
308
131
464
230
416
307
126
441
219
127
D-3. Tota! hours paid by industry, 1§§8-95—-Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
m uubiry
1975
1976
1977
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u cts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial le a th e r...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ...................................................................................
303
699
46
451
380
325
807
48
472
410
333
895
47
464
423
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
479
101
94
288
1,127
487
103
98
300
1,147
506
106
101
315
1,162
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper products............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
631
296
274
157
173
627
311
304
172
173
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
124
965
192
397
319
76.
77,
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and generators.................................
Farm machinery....................... .........................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
349
1,033
40
445
435
314
969
40
411
409
314
1,007
42
419
404
286
943
38
385
368
537
109
103
342
1,199
560
111
107
345
1,213
511
95
100
309
1,049
482
86
437
71
94
303
1,057
264
786
649
320
319
183
174
678
326
350
196
177
684
348
364
201
181
581
318
342
193
168
560
319
338
190
158
438
278
290
167
141
131
976
204
473
354
142
1,010
220
510
375
152
1,066
241
537
388
156
1,122
256
517
384
144
1,089
231
443
340
138
1,075
221
433
334
123
943
186
385
289
638
249
345
538
192
684
252
345
519
184
725
267
353
546
199
766
294
352
593
207
794
306
397
588
226
750
279
354
596
224
743
277
325
649
207
669
232
284
528
177
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical m achinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm e nt...........................
670
386
607
534
497
679
387
603
544
504
741
402
622
559
549
788
418
662
621
624
844
436
700
679
715
827
439
682
680
792
792
418
676
676
854
659
363
589
596
896
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
100
294
358
441
328
102
335
372
462
352
101
354
396
487
375
112
390
432
514
384
124
393
465
528
369
120
360
467
500
331
114
365
470
501
326
98
326
440
416
285
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication eq uipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
369
229
303
643
692
407
249
288
638
754
425
259
313
657
837
454
250
321
709
950
469
233
351
748
1,089
446
221
343
788
1,141
434
217
331
830
1,152
382
188
305
883
1,152
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad e q uipm e nt.........................................................
276
1,655
1,112
412
119
307
1,933
1,054
454
102
333
2,121
1,047
474
116
366
2,220
1,165
471
132
371
2,103
1,353
474
158
315
1,639
1,438
470
145
310
1,668
1,417
491
110
316
1,479
1,320
460
74
Radio and television receiving s e t s ..................................
342
9801
46
470
445
80
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instrum en ts....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq u ip m e n t...............................
31
172
354
220
125
35
209
365
244
139
38
•220
396
265
152
43
238
422
282
159
42
217
454
295
171
36
145
466
319
163
36
143
494
330
160
29
147
466
325
158
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ............................. ...........................
Jewelry and silverware ...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting g o o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
253
61
164
278
451
265
62
183
294
454
276
61
188
294
490
281
61
196
295
538
286
56
182
293
516
282
47
162
280
463
289
43
161
281
448
294
37
152
263
441
128
D-3. Total hours paid by industry, 1S58-i5—-Continued
(Millions of hours)
Historical
mausxry
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1,276
563
3,295
461
921
1,194
574
3,072
445
951
1,114
572
3,012
455
950
948
573
2,915
418
912
43
349
358
2,219
1,268
44
414
381
2,336
1,323
46
429
401
2,423
1,395
49
450
416
2,469
1,434
49
455
433
2,480
1,477
449
189
10,190
6,237
20,037
461
205
10,685
6,512
20,675
466
203
11,230
6,746
20,787
467
224
11,249
6,966
20,638
483
228
11,436
7,126
20,654
488
222
11,167
7,262
20,069
2,493
1,431
3,045
0
2,066
2,586
1,520
3,148
0
2,223
2,708
1,614
3,337
0
2,499
2,835
1,730
3,440
0
2,710
2,967
1,821
3,520
0
2,678
3,092
1,929
3,550
0
2,665
3,141
1,987
3,636
0
2,556
2,277
2,169
1,013
3,957
263
2,335
2,146
1,066
4,231
265
2,458
2,176
1,094
4,557
279
2,525
2,497
1,123
5,029
298
2,626
2,572
1,130
5,470
318
2,662
2,610
1,164
5,937
324
2,757
2,603
1,150
6,279
328
2,839
2,636
1,127
6,492
353
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile repair ............................................................
Motion p ic tu re s ................................................................
Amusements and recreation s e rv ic e s ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ services .....................................
3,060
1,336
412
1,115
1,953
3,008
1,443
429
1,173
2,001
3,302
1,514
453
1,186
2,098
3,443
1,626
455
1,259
2,221
3,668
1,737
472
1,238
2,317
3,824
1,698
473
1,325
2,429
4,028
1,710
466
1,376
2,502
4,233
1,811
503
1,386
2,510
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
4,107
1,852
2,789
3,137
1,464
4,243
1,979
2,582
3,146
1,399
4,367
2,130
2,686
3,151
1,363
4,494
2,301
2,658
3,571
1,374
4,651
2,436
2,793
3,645
1,392
4,884
2,576
2,987
3,752
1,396
5,142
2,725
3,052
3,674
1,406
5,364
2,869
3,181
3,665
1,408
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
310
232
1,039
0
0
311
252
1,022
0
0
307
256
1,034
0
0
315
264
1,069
0
0
326
270
1,125
0
0
323
354
1,060
0
0
315
356
1,031
0
0
310
354
1,014
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government indu stry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
7,026
0
0
2,175
0
0
7,408
0
0
2,250
0
0
8,109
0
0
2,285
0
0
9,034
0
0
2,240
0
0
9,662
0
0
2,097
0
0
8,532
0
0
1,961
0
0
8,493
0
0
1,921
0
0
7,929
0
0
1,947
0
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
1,239
573
2,753
345
756
1,227
569
2,849
346
780
1,242
541
3,037
343
795
1,236
534
3,234
386
823
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and te le visio n ..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
37
275
310
2,074
1,119
38
283
322
2,047
1,136
40
312
335
2,111
1,180
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding p u blic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
462
181
9,472
5,671
19,331
451
188
9,870
5,913
19,611
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
2,426
1,373
3,022
0
2,027
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging place s..............................................
Personal and repair services .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business s e rv ic e s..................................
Advertising............. ...........................................................
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
129
0-3. Totai hours paid by industry, 1953-95— Continued
(Millions of hours)
Projected
Industry
Low
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Dairy and poultry products...............................................
Meat animals and live s to c k.............................................
C o tto n .................................................................................
Food and feed g ra in s .......................................................
Other agricultural p ro d u c ts ..............................................
854
1,073
124
1,318
2,577
868
1,072
123
1,330
2,605
875
1,074
124
1,339
2,630
773
992
113
1,282
2,474
809
1,005
113
1,296
2,524
825
1,017
116
1,317
2,574
6. Forestry and fishery products .........................................
7. Agricultural, forestry, fishery services.............................
8. Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g .......................................
9. Copper ore mining ............................................................
10. Nonferrous metal ores mining except co p p e r..............
153
1,378
50
55
67
166
1,342
50
54
67
187
1,320
44
52
65
197
1,489
50
66
68
190
1,502
52
71
68
204
1,513
46
72
67
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Coal m in in g .......................................................................
Crude petroleum and gas, except d rillin g .....................
Stone and clay mining and quarrying............................
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ..........................
Maintenance and repair con struction............................
622
614
189
69
3,421
596
652
196
69
3,270
573
630
206
68
3,241
643
739
160
78
3,598
655
749
171
76
3,637
664
678
193
76
3,695
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O rdnance...........................................................................
Guided missiles and space v e h ic le s .............................
Meat products...................................................................
Dairy products...................................................................
Canned and frozen foods ...............................................
189
271
716
284
650
182
269
716
300
659
184
264
720
325
670
185
309
729
244
657
179
289
740
262
668
190
296
756
272
691
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Grain mill p roducts...........................................................
Bakery products ...............................................................
S ugar..................................................................................
Confectionery products ...................................................
Alcoholic beverages.........................................................
309
400
62
155
177
311
415
63
158
183
312
414
64
162
182
301
320
54
140
161
309
342
57
145
170
316
349
61
155
174
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Soft drinks and fla v o rin g s...............................................
Other food products.........................................................
Tobacco m anufacturing...................................................
Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills .........................................
Floor covering m ills ..........................................................
334
351
119
888
105
342
353
120
914
112
343
348
125
906
130
322
360
97
928
116
338
372
101
930
120
346
374
113
945
130
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Other textile mill products...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods ...................................................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Other fabricated textile products....................................
Lo gging..............................................................................
142
400
1,935
436
261
147
424
1,972
443
264
155
425
1,947
452
264
132
437
2,038
461
252
136
461
2,043
468
259
150
471
1,983
477
262
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sawmills and planing m ills ..............................................
Other millwork, plywood, and wood p ro d u cts..............
Wooden containers..........................................................
Household furniture..........................................................
Furniture and fixtures, except household......................
387
796
24
636
386
395
817
25
669
401
424
859
26
725
417
413
825
19
662
397
416
843
22
691
413
430
896
24
779
424
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Paper p ro d u c ts .................................................................
Paperboard........................................................................
Newspaper printing and publishing................................
Periodical, book printing and publishing .......................
Other printing and publishing .........................................
1,118
400
937
590
1,466
1,125
425
944
591
1,522
1,144
440
943
602
1,513
1,140
375
983
654
1,491
1,149
402
1,021
669
1,584
1,189
434
1,041
679
1,618
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Industrial inorganic and organic chem icals...................
Agricultural chem icals......................................................
Other chemical products.................................................
Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b e r..........................
Synthetic fib e rs .................................................................
761
174
224
233
230
754
180
233
242
243
745
181
254
253
259
777
175
243
237
252
790
187
249
243
256
794
198
251
259
278
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Drugs .................................................................................
Cleaning and toilet preparations....................................
Paints and allied products...............................................
Petroleum refining and related products.......................
Tires and inner tu b e s .......................................................
532
348
138
398
210
534
353
145
396
213
532
349
149
396
218
578
349
134
382
212
586
367
144
391
216
591
371
151
395
224
130
D-3. Total hours paid by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of hours)
Projected
1995 alternatives
1990 alternatives
Industry
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Rubber products except tires and tubes ......................
Plastic p ro d u c ts................................................................
Leather tanning and industrial leather...........................
Leather products including fo o tw e a r.............................
G la s s ...................................................................................
301
1,166
30
311
425
310
1,319
32
318
432
324
1,359
33
320
440
299
1,360
22
275
451
305
1,491
25
289
451
324
1,550
29
268
455
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Cement and concrete products......................................
Structural clay products...................................................
Pottery and related products..........................................
Other stone and clay products.......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................
467
73
88
314
843
505
78
92
330
875
527
83
94
349
865
450
61
93
350
866
501
65
97
363
890
537
72
99
381
883
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s ...........................
Primary copper and copper p ro d u cts............................
Primary aluminum and aluminum products...................
Primary nonferrous metals and products......................
Metal containers...............................................................
493
324
348
175
149
510
331
364
178
153
516
341
365
182
154
525
343
349
173
136
533
349
367
177
137
543'
365
379
187
144
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Heating apparatus and plumbing fix tu re s .....................
Fabricated structural metal products.............................
Screw machine products.................................................
Metal stam pings...............................................................
Cutlery, handtools, general hardw are............................
146
1,103
234
484
361
150
1,181
244
516
374
166
1,242
248
524
383
158
1,160
252
487
401
161
1,285
260
517
403
186
1,389
264
532
412
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Other fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ....................................
Engines, turbines, and ge nerators.................................
Farm machinery................................................................
Construction, mining, oilfield machinery........................
Material handling equipm ent...........................................
789
311
338
658
224
843
314
351
674
232
841
315
357
681
247
809
340
341
714
250
867
343
350
740
254
878
348
363
762
276
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Metalworking m achinery..................................................
Special industry m achinery.............................................
General industrial m achinery..........................................
Other nonelectrical machinery........................................
Computers and peripheral equipm ent...........................
770
428
691
664
1,235
808
431
706
686
1,236
818
439
707
711
1,250
772
433
717
705
1,395
824
437
726
720
1,448
854
455
738
762
1,474
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Typewriters and other office equipment .......................
Service industry m a chines..............................................
Electric transmission equipment ....................................
Electrical industrial apparatus.........................................
Household a p pliance s.....................................................
116
387
483
518
360
126
408
506
532
379
135
440
507
560
406
140
424
505
575
390
144
439
522
579
398
151
435
536
630
434
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Electric lighting and w irin g ..............................................
Radio and television receiving s e ts ...............................
Telephone and telegraph apparatus .............................
Radio and communication equipm ent...........................
Electronic com ponents....................................................
468
193
368
945
491
218
383
904
510
226
414
921
522
232
430
962
527
239
473
969
1,521
1,565
1,671
513
217
429
1,117
1,836
1,810
1,825
96. Other electrical machinery and equipm ent...................
97. Motor v e h ic le s ..................................................................
98. A irc ra ft...............................................................................
99. Ship and boat building and re p a ir..................................
100. Railroad equipm e nt.........................................................
336
1,670
1,511
538
90
352
1,758
1,438
528
93
373
1,746
1,404
515
95
397
1,774
1,600
572
94
400
1,793
1,484
554
100
431
1,817
1,467
540
105
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a rts ...................................
Other transportation equipm ent.....................................
Scientific and controlling instrum ents...........................
Medical and dental instruments ....................................
Optical and ophthalmic eq u ip m e n t...............................
36
171
609
425
169
38
190
606
420
175
39
215
608
436
179
39
203
713
556
176
41
215
718
558
184
44
242
739
561
197
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Photographic equipment and supplies .........................
Watches and c lo c k s ........................................................
Jewelry and silverw a re...................................................
Musical instruments and sporting go o d s......................
Other manufactured products........................................
352
45
149
273
428
357
46
165
284
437
366
48
179
294
458
368
46
191
291
443
370
43
196
298
448
386
45
131
222
306
490
D-3. Total hours paid by industry, 1958-95—Continued
(Millions of hours)
Projected
Industry
1990 alternatives
Low
Moderate
1995 alternatives
High
Low
Moderate
High
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Railroad transportation ...................................................
Local transit and intercity buses ...................................
Truck transportation........................................................
Water transportation .......................................................
Air transportation.............................................................
755
602
3,408
391
1,033
798
595
3,397
416
1,054
916
602
3,424
424
1,046
687
598
3,470
398
1,091
737
619
3,534
416
1,104
792
659
3,609
420
1,114
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Pipeline transportation....................................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Radio and television broadcasting................................
Communications except radio and tele visio n..............
Electric utilities, public and priva te................................
49
514
587
2,796
1,447
51
528
600
2,786
1,502
55
489
569
2,898
1,506
52
569
689
3,061
1,512
52
581
693
3,161
1,532
57
579
695
3,180
1,546
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Gas utilities, excluding Dublic.........................................
Water and sanitary services, except p u b lic .................
Wholesale tra d e ...............................................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s .............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking ......................
465
293
12,073
7,862
22,306
460
278
12,395
7,919
22,776
462
279
12,646
7,929
23,093
431
301
12,854
8,715
22,950
435
305
13,118
8,810
23,896
445
318
13,248
8,850
24,327
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
B anking.............................................................................
Credit agencies and financial b ro k e rs ..........................
Insurance..........................................................................
Owner-occupied real e s ta te ...........................................
Real e s ta te .......................................................................
3,656
2,484
4,198
0
2,866
3,648
2,557
4,169
0
2,999
3,668
2,586
4,172
0
2,135
3,886
2,839
4,277
0
3,169
3,921
2,862
4,348
0
3,186
3,960
2,922
4,422
0
3,209
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
Hotels and lodging p la ce s..............................................
Personal and repair s e rv ic e s .........................................
Barber and beauty s h o p s ...............................................
Miscellaneous business services ..................................
A dvertising........................................................................
3,134
2,872
1,150
8,378
396
3,137
2,976
1,164
8,710
405
3,098
3,175
1,209
8,945
409
3,223
2,977
1,224
10,326
420
3,234
3,062
1,270
10,367
431
3,271
3,337
1,316
10,401
439
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Miscellaneous professional services ............................
Automobile re p a ir............................................................
Motion pictures ................................................................
Amusements and recreation services ..........................
Doctors’ and dentists’ services .....................................
4,879
1,897
515
1,610
3,059
5,005
2,019
499
1,648
3,094
4,967
2,151
500
1,683
3,322
5,430
2,193
502
1,792
3,157
5,593
2,245
507
1,822
3,212
5,771
2,320
524
1,908
3,356
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
H ospitals...........................................................................
Medical services, except hospitals ...............................
Educational services (private)........................................
Nonprofit organizations...................................................
Post O ffic e ........................................................................
6,765
3,472
4,040
4,064
1,307
6,884
3,670
3,562
4,097
1,240
6,755
3,788
3,304
4,170
1,236
7,627
4,323
3,747
4,105
1,096
7,637
4.386
3,885
4,189
1,185
7,957
4,478
3,909
4,358
1,212
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Commodity Credit Corporation ......................................
Other Federal en terp rises..............................................
Local government passenger tra n s it............................
Other State and local enterprises.................................
Noncomparable imports .................................................
0
370
421
1,219
0
0
360
422
1,244
0
0
368
434
1,296
0
0
365
461
1,372
0
0
378
469
1,418
0
0
395
502
1,531
0
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Scrap, used and secondhand g o o d s ............................
New construction indu stry..............................................
Government industry.......................................................
Rest-of-world indu stry.....................................................
Private households..........................................................
Inventory valuation adjustm ent......................................
0
10,073
0
0
1,678
0
0
10,117
0
0
1,628
0
0
10,317
0
0
1,619
0
0
11,303
0
0
1,479
0
0
11,511
0
0
1,538
0
0
11,608
0
0
1,563
0
132
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives
{Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
A gricultu re, fo re s try , and fishing
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
1,529.0
100.00
1,417.9
1,445.1
1,475.3
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Agricultural scientists.......................................................................................................
Veterinarians.....................................................................................................................
Airplane p ilo ts ...................................................................................................................
A th le te s .............................................................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors...............................................................................................
A rc h ite c ts ..........................................................................................................................
Foresters and conservationists......................................................................................
Purchasing agents and/or b u y e rs .................................................................................
48.8
3.3
10.5
2.5
7.6
2.4
3.2
4.8
1.0
3.19
.22
.69
.17
.50
.16
.21
.32
.07
52.5
3.9
12.4
3.0
7.1
2.3
3.8
4.8
1.1
53.4
4.0
12.7
3.1
7.3
2.3
3.9
4.7
1.1
54.9
4.1
12.9
3.1
7.4
2.3
4.0
5.1
1.1
3.70
.28
.88
.21
.50
.16
.27
.33
.07
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
24.5
1.60
28.0
28.5
29.3
1.97
Sales w orke rs......................................................................................................................
12.8
.84
12.2
12.5
12.7
.86
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s ......................................................................................
R eceptionists....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ...............................................................................................................................
53.3
16.4
1.4
6.4
17.7
1.6
3.49
1.07
.09
.42
1.16
.10
53.6
16.7
1.2
7.6
16.3
1.7
54.7
17.0
1.2
7.8
16.6
1.7
55.9
17.4
1.3
7.9
16.9
1.8
3.79
1.18
.09
.54
1.15
.12
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Carpenters ........................................................................................................................
Electricians........................................................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance ......................................................................
Plumbers and pip e fitte rs.................................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics....................................................................................................
Engineering equipment m echanics................................................................................
Farm equipment m echanics...........................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators...............................................................................
Heavy equipment operators ...........................................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trim m e rs ............................................................
67.1
7.8
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.9
7.9
2.1
16.4
1.2
2.5
3.4
4.39
.51
.08
.08
.12
.12
.52
.14
1.07
.08
.16
.22
64.1
6.8
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.9
7.4
1.8
16.9
1.1
2.7
2.8
65.3
6.9
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.9
7.5
1.9
17.2
1.1
2.8
2.9
66.7
7.1
1.1
1.2
1.8
2.0
7.7
1.9
17.6
1.1
2.8
2.9
4.52
.48
.08
.08
.12
.13
.52
.13
1.19
.08
.19
.20
O oeratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters...............................................................................................
S aw yers..............................................................................................................................
Industrial truck o o e ra to rs ................................................................................................
Truckdriving occu pation s................................................................................................
Delivery and route w o rk e rs ...........................................................................................
Truck drivers ...................................................................................................................
51.7
2.9
1.7
1.3
26.4
6.7
19.7
3.38
.19
.11
.09
1.73
.44
1.29
51.7
2.5
1.7
1.3
25.3
5.7
19.6
52.7
2.5
1.8
1.4
25.8
5.8
20.0
53.9
2.6
1.8
1.4
26.4
6.0
20.4
3.65
.17
.12
.09
1.79
.40
1.38
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building custodians..........................................................................................................
G ua rds................................................................................. ..............................................
10.7
3.5
1.1
.70
.23
.07
10.5
3.8
1.1
10.7
3.9
1.1
10.9
4.0
1.1
.74
.27
.07
Laborers, except farm .............................................................................. ..........................
Animal caretake rs............................................................................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .............................................................
Helpers tra d e s .................................................................................................................
Loaders, tank cars and tru c k s .......................................................................................
228.0
61.9
132.8
2.2
3.1
14.91
4.05
8.68
.14
.20
270.1
66.1
168.6
2.5
3.7
275.1
67.5
172.4
2.6
3.7
282.6
69.0
175.8
2.7
3.8
19.04
4.67
11.93
,18
.26
Farmers and farm w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Farm m anagers................................................................................................................
Farm supervisors .............................................................................................................
Farm la bo rers...................................................................................................................
1,032.0
40.1
32.6
959.3
67.50
2.62
2.13
62.74
875.2
51.0
30.8
793.3
892.2
52.0
31.4
808.8
908.1
52.9
31.9
823.2
61.74
3.60
2.17
55.97
See footnotes at end of table.
133
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 aiternatives—Confinusd
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
lin in g
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
1,121.2
100.00
1,164.6
1,195.4
1,185.6
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Mining engineers...................... ........................................................................................
Petroleum engineers.........................................................................................................
G eo logists..........................................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Computer programmers ...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
Lease b u ye rs.....................................................................................................................
154.1
3.7
2.7
20.2
25.6
7.2
3.4
5.2
18.2
9.9
13.74
.33
.24
1.80
2.28
.64
.30
.46
1.63
.88
178.6
3.6
3.4
24.1
30.8
5.5
6.2
10.6
23.1
10.1
182.7
3.7
3.5
24.6
31.5
5.6
6.3
10.8
23.6
10.3
172.7
3.6
3.5
22.9
29.4
5.3
6.1
10.1
22.1
9.5
15.29
.31
.29
2.06
2.63
.47
.53
.91
1.98
.86
Managers, officials, and proprietors..................................................................................
80.5
7.18
87.5
89.7
88.1
7.50
Sales w o rke rs.......................................................................................................................
6.8
.61
6.1
6.3
6.4
.53
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s .......................................................................................
R eceptionists.....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
S tenographers...................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ............................................... ......................
126.9
13.2
4.9
19.5
5.0
5.1
4.0
29.3
1.7
5.6
4.5
11.32
1.18
.44
1.74
.45
.46
.36
2.61
.16
.50
.40
121.4
11.1
4.6
15.9
6.6
5.2
4.0
30.1
2.0
5.6
5.3
124.5
11.4
4.7
16.4
6.8
5.3
4.1
30.8
2.0
5.8
5.4
120.8
10.9
4.7
16.1
6.4
5.3
3.9
29.5
1.9
5.6
5.4
10.42
.96
.40
1.37
.57
.45
.34
2.58
.17
.48
.45
Craft and related w o rk e rs ............... ...................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics.....................................................................................................
Diesel m echanics..............................................................................................................
Engineering equipment m echanics.................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Mine machinery m echanics.............................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators...............................................................................
Heavy equipment operators ............................................................................................
Oil p u m p e rs .......................................................................................................................
Pumpers, head ..................................................................................................................
256.8
12.1
8.4
7.3
6.5
10.3
15.8
12.8
51.7
5.6
54.5
17.8
10.2
22.91
1.08
.75
.66
.58
.92
1.41
1.14
4.62
.50
4.87
1.59
.91
286.9
14.5
8.6
7.7
7.3
12.4
15.9
16.8
55.4
5.7
67.1
17.8
10.0
294.8
14.9
8.9
8.0
7.5
12.7
16.3
17.2
56.9
5.9
69.1
18.2
10.2
294.5
14.9
9.0
8.1
7.7
12.5
16.4
17.3
56.6
6.0
70.8
16.7
9.6
24.66
1.25
.75
.67
.63
1.07
1.37
1.44
4.76
.49
5.78
1.52
.86
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutte rs.................................................................................................
Mine operatives, nec...........................................................................................................
Continuous mining machine operators..........................................................................
Derrick operators, petroleum and gas ..........................................................................
Loading machine operators............................................................................................
Roof b o lte rs .......................................................................................................................
Service unit operators, oil w e ll.......................................................................................
Shuttle car operators.......................................................................................................
Well p u lle rs ........................................................................................................................
Truck d riv e rs .......................................................................................................................
B lasters................................................................................................................................
Drillers, hand and m a c h in e ...............................................................................................
O ile rs ....................................................................................................................................
Rotary drill o p e ra to rs .........................................................................................................
Rotary drill operator h e lp e rs ............................................................................................
401.6
21.3
203.4
7.8
16.9
7.1
11.0
12.4
11.2
6.6
39.6
7.2
9.9
6.2
22.8
33.3
35.81
1.90
18.14
.69
1.51
.64
.98
1.11
1.00
.59
3.53
.64
.89
.55
2.04
2.97
391.2
22.0
194.2
10.2
14.6
8.3
14.4
10.8
12.4
6.0
39.0
7.9
11.3
8.4
19.9
28.7
401.8
22.7
199.1
10.5
15.0
8.6
14.8
11.0
12.7
6.2
40.5
8.1
11.6
8.7
20.4
29.4
406.3
22.9
200.3
10.6
15.2
8.8
15.0
11.1
12.8
6.1
41.8
8.3
11.8
8.9
20.5
29.8
33.61
1.90
16.66
.88
1.25
.72
1.24
.92
1.06
.52
3.38
.68
.97
.73
1.70
2.46
See footnotes at end of table.
134
E-1. E m ploym ent in ssteeted industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 aiternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1995 alternatives
1982
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
lin in g —C ontinued
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
13.3
5.2
1.19
.47
13.9
5.4
14.3
5.5
14.2
5.5
1.19
.46
Laborers, except farm .........................................................................................................
Conveyor operators and te n d e rs ....................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
81.3
4.7
12.2
7.25
.42
1.09
78.9
5.3
12.7
81.3
5.5
13.1
82.5
5.7
13.4
6.80
.46
1.10
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
3,913.0
100.00
5,632.5
5,773.5
5,882.8
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Civil engineers...................................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians..............................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
Cost e stim ators.................................................................................................................
199.6
16.0
18.8
10.1
24.0
68.6
5.10
.41
.48
.26
.61
1.75
289.6
28.2
18.0
16.9
34.9
99.3
296.8
28.9
18.5
17.3
35.8
101.8
302.5
29.4
18.8
17.7
36.5
103.7
5.14
.50
.32
.30
.62
1.76
Managers, officials, and proprietors..................................................................................
410.6
10.49
632.0
647.8
660.4
11.22
Sales w orke rs.......................................................................................................................
46.7
1.19
68.0
69.7
71.2
1.21
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, hand ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ......................................................................
323.8
16.2
50.8
78.5
90.1
16.7
16.2
8.27
.41
1.30
2.01
2.30
.43
.41
449.8
22.4
70.3
117.2
117.7
23.1
19.8
461.0
23.0
72.1
120.1
120.6
23.7
20.3
470.0
23.4
73.5
122.5
122.9
24.2
20.7
7.99
.40
1.25
2.08
2.09
.41
.35
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Construction craft w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Insulation w o rk e rs .............................................................................................................
Bricklayers .........................................................................................................................
Carpenters .........................................................................................................................
Cement masons and terrazzo w o rk e rs ..........................................................................
Drywall applicators............................................................................................................
Tapers ................................................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Carpet cutters, carpet la y e rs ...........................................................................................
Floor la y e rs ........................................................................................................................
Glaziers ..............................................................................................................................
Reinforcing-iron w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
1,993.0
1,385.9
35.2
63.3
379.0
78.0
38.4
19.2
237.4
12.7
14.2
16.6
32.4
47.3
103.3
13.1
196.6
63.5
175.8
65.7
15.2
28.4
19.0
17.0
14.9
87.1
73.8
21.4
175.5
50.93
35.42
.90
1.62
9.68
1.99
.98
.49
6.07
.33
.36
.43
.83
1.21
2.64
.33
5.02
1.62
4.49
1.68
.39
.73
.49
.43
.38
2.23
1.89
.55
4.48
2,859.5
1,988.3
52.1
87.7
568.5
111.4
55.5
27.5
338.9
18.1
20.4
21.6
43.0
65.0
148.1
13.8
286.1
84.8
248.8
98.2
21.3
35.9
26.3
24.2
17.3
124.3
113.6
29.8
247.3
2,931.4
2,038.7
53.6
90.1
583.1
114.2
57.1
28.3
347.4
18.7
21.0
22.1
44.1
66.7
151.2
14.2
293.2
86.8
254.9
100.6
21.8
36.8
27.0
24.8
17.7
127.4
116.4
30.5
253.3
2,986.2
2,076.9
54.6
91.9
594.6
116.4
58.2
28.8
354.0
19.1
21.4
22.6
44.9
67.9
153.1
14.5
298.8
88.3
259.7
102.5
22.2
37.5
27.5
25.2
18.1
129.8
118.6
31.1
257.8
50.77
35.31
.93
1.56
10.10
1.98
.99
.49
6.02
.32
.36
.38
.76
1.15
2.62
.25
5.08
1.50
4.42
1.74
.38
.64
.47
.43
.31
2.21
2.02
.53
4.39
C onstruction
Structural steel w orke rs ............................................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................... ...........................
P lasterers...........................................................................................................................
Plumbers and pip e fitte rs ..................................................................................................
R oofers...............................................................................................................................
Mechanics, repairers, and in s ta lle rs ................................................................................
Air conditioning, refrigeration, and heating m echanics...............................................
Automotive m e chanics....................................................................................................
Line installers and cable s p lic e rs ..................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs........................................................................... .............
Millwrights ..........................................................................................................................
Boilermakers .......................................................................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tinsm iths.................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.........................................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist o p e ra to rs................................................................................
Heavy equipment op erators.............................................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
135
E=1. Employm<sn£ in selected industries and occupation©,, 1982 and projected 1SS§ altemafiwes—ConSSnued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
C onstruction-—C ontinued
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters................................................................................................
Truck d riv e rs ......................................................................................................................
218.6
41.2
104.0
5.59
1.05
2.66
307.9
57.8
146.6
315.5
59.2
150.1
321.2
60.3
152.8
5.46
1.03
2.60
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
33.1
25.8
.84
.66
47.2
36.2
48.4
37.1
49.4
37.9
.84
.64
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Air hammer operators ......................................................................................................
Asphalt rakers ..................................................................................................................
Fence e re c to rs ..................................................................................................................
Pipelayers...........................................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
687.7
10.1
14.9
13.9
28.8
321.2
17.58
.26
.38
.35
.73
8.21
978.4
14.1
20.9
17.9
40.2
432.0
1,002.9
14.5
21.4
18.4
41.2
443.0
1,022.0
14.7
21.7
18.7
41.9
451.6
17.37
.25
.37
.32
.71
7.67
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
465.9
100.00
714.8
733.1
747.4
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
D rafters............................................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs................................................................................................
Cost e stim ators.................................................................................................................
14.5
2.0
2.8
7.5
3.11
.42
.61
1.61
22.5
1.9
4.4
11.5
23.1
2.0
4.5
11.8
23.6
2.0
4.6
12.0
3.15
.27
.61
1.61
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
71.0
15.24
117.7
120.7
123.0
16.46
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Real estate agents and b ro k e rs ....................................................................................
8.6
6.9
1.85
1.49
13.2
10.6
13.5
10.9
13.8
11.1
1.85
1.49
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................... ............................
Accounting clerks ................................................................................. ...........................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeepinq c le rk s ......................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
48.4
2.3
10.3
11.6
3.4
16.1
2.2
10.38
.49
2.21
2.50
.73
3.46
.46
72.8
3.5
15.8
20.5
5.2
20.7
3.3
74.7
3.6
16.2
21.0
5.4
21.2
3.4
76.1
3.7
16.5
21.4
5.5
21.6
3.5
10.18
.49
2.21
2.87
.73
2.89
.46
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Construction craft w o rk e rs ...............................................................................................
Bricklayers .........................................................................................................................
Carpenters .......................................................................................... ..............................
Cement masons and terrazzo w o rk e rs ........................... .................... .......................
Drywall applicators...........................................................................................................
Electricians........................................................................................................................
Ironw orkers........................................................................................................................
Painters and paperhangers ............................................................................................
Plumbers and p ipe fitters..................................................................................................
R oofers...............................................................................................................................
Mechanics, repairers, and installers ...............................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tinsm iths.................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.........................................................................................
C abinetm akers....................................................................................................................
Heavy equipment operators.......................... ...................................................................
222.3
193.4
6.4
156.2
8.9
2.4
2.7
2.2
8.0
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.1
7.2
3.8
9.3
47.72
41.52
1.38
33.52
1.91
.51
.57
.47
1.72
.54
.46
.48
.46
1.55
.81
2.00
342.3
294.1
9.1
231.7
13.7
3.6
4.3
4.2
17.2
3.8
3.3
3.5
3.3
12.7
5.8
14.3
351.1
301.7
9.3
237.7
14.0
3.7
4.5
4.3
17.6
3.9
3.4
3.5
3.4
13.0
5.9
14.6
357.9
307.5
9.5
242.3
14.3
3.8
4.5
4.4
18.0
4.0
3.4
3.6
3.4
13.2
6.0
14.9
47.89
41.14
1.28
32.42
1.91
.51
.61
.59
2.40
.54
.46
.48
.46
1.77
.81
2.00
O peratives................................................................................................... .........................
Truck driv e rs ......................................................................................................................
9.0
5.8
1.93
1.25
13.8
8.9
14.1
9.2
14.4
9.3
1.93
1.25
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building custodians................................................................................ ..........................
8.1
6.7
1.74
1.43
10.5
8.3
10.8
8.5
11.0
8.6
1.47
1.16
R esidential building construction
See footnotes at end of table.
136
E-1. Employment in ©@3@et®d industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
R esidential build ing c o n s tru c tio n —C ontinued
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
84.1
52.2
18.04
11.21
122.0
70.3
125.1
72.2
127.6
73.6
17.07
9.84
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
457.9
100.00
736.8
755.2
769.5
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................
Civil engineers...................................................................................................................
Mechanical e n g in e e rs ......................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Accountants and a u d ito rs ................................................................................................
Cost estim ators.................................................................................................................
Purchasing agents an d/or b u y e rs ..................................................................................
30.9
4.4
1.8
2.9
3.7
10.8
1.0
6.74
.96
.39
.64
.80
2.36
.22
49.2
7.0
2.9
3.1
5.9
17.4
1.6
50.4
7.2
2.9
3.2
6.1
17.9
1.7
51.3
7.4
3.0
3.3
6.2
18.2
1.7
6.67
.96
.39
.42
.80
2.36
.22
Managers, officials, and proprie tors..................................................................................
55.2
12.05
92.7
95.0
96.8
12.58
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales agents, sales representatives, real e s ta te ..........................................................
2.9
2.0
.64
.45
4.7
3.3
4.8
3.4
4.9
3.4
.64
.45
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ......... ...................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s .......................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
35.5
2.2
5.3
6.2
3.6
10.4
1.8
7.75
.49
1.15
1.35
.79
2.27
.40
55.4
3.6
8.5
9.9
5.8
15.5
3.0
56.8
3.7
8.7
10.2
6.0
15.9
3.0
57.9
3.8
8.9
10.4
6.1
16.2
3.1
7.52
.49
1.15
1.35
.79
2.11
.40
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Construction craft w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Insulation w o rk e rs .............................................................................................................
B ricklayers.........................................................................................................................
C arp ente rs.........................................................................................................................
Cement masons and terrazzo w o rk e rs ..........................................................................
Drywall applicators............................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Fitters, pipelaying..............................................................................................................
Reinforcing-iron w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Structural steel w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Painters and paperhangers.............................................................................................
Plumbers and pip e fitte rs ..................................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ..............................................................................
M illw rights............................................................................................................................
208.9
159.0
1.1
8.2
99.3
13.8
1.6
3.6
2.0
7.5
8.9
4.1
7.1
1.6
5.3
339.7
254.8
1.7
12.1
162.3
22.2
2.5
5.8
3.1
11.2
12.7
6.7
11.4
2.6
8.5
354.8
266.1
1.8
12.7
169.5
23.2
2.7
6.1
3.3
11.7
13.2
7.0
11.9
2.7
8.8
25.7
2.1
3.3
16.5
348.2
261.2
1.7
12.4
166.3
22.7
2.6
5.9
3.2
11.5
13.0
6.8
11.7
2.6
8.7
5.4
26.4
2.2
3.3
16.9
26.9
2.2
3.4
17.2
46.11
34.58
.23
1.65
22.02
3.01
.34
.79
.43
1.52
1.72
.90
1.55
.35
1.15
.72
3.49
.29
.44
2.24
N onresidential building c o n s tru c tio n
S heet-m etal w orke rs and tin s m ith s .........................................................................................
3.3
Blue-collar worker supervisors..........................................................................................
C abinetm akers....................................................................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist o p e ra to rs .................................................................................
Heavy equipment op erators..............................................................................................
12.7
1.3
2.0
10.3
45.62
34.72
.23
1.79
21.68
3.01
.34
.79
.43
1.65
1.93
.90
1.55
.35
1.15
.72
2.77
.29
.44
2.24
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Metalworking o p e ra tiv e s ..................................................................................................
Truck driv e rs ......................................................................................................................
18.1
5.3
6.5
3.95
1.16
1.43
29.1
8.5
10.5
29.8
8.7
10.8
30.4
8.9
11.0
3.95
1.16
1.43
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
3.3
2.9
.73
.63
5.4
4.6
5.5
4.7
5.6
4.8
.73
.63
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Construction laborers except trade h e lp e rs ..................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
103.1
1.8
40.8
22.52
.39
8.92
160.6
2.8
55.5
164.6
2.9
56.9
167.7
3.0
58.0
21.79
.39
7.53
See footnotes at end of table.
137
5.3
5.5
E-1. Employment in seiected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 aiternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
M anufacturing
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
18,848.3
100.00
22,580.1
23,110.2
23,753.0
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
D rafters...................................... ........................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians..............................................................................
Computer program m ers...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
1,936.5
162.7
120.4
118.8
112.2
137.7
73.1
51.0
131.7
10.27
.86
.64
.63
.60
.73
.39
.27
.70
2,640.3
268.2
173.2
174.6
99.1
220.8
108.9
87.2
164.1
2,652.7
263.9
173.6
176.6
101.4
219.6
110.9
88.0
167.2
2,717.3
270.1
178.3
181.9
105.0
224.8
113.6
90.2
172.0
11.48
1.14
.75
.76
.44
.95
.48
.38
.72
Managers, officials, and proprie tors..................................................................................
1,260.1
6.69
1,673.2
1,714.2
1,763.9
7.42
Sales w o rke rs.......................................................................................................................
413.7
2.19
460.9
477.7
491.4
2.07
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Production clerks ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s .........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ......................................................................
2,215.3
131.5
268.5
141.4
302.6
103.7
129.9
155.7
148.8
11.75
.70
1.42
.75
1.61
.55
.69
.83
.79
2,653.9
151.4
333.8
176.3
384.3
124.1
150.2
180.8
167.5
2,712.9
155.2
342.8
177.9
392.7
126.7
154.6
186.2
169.8
2,787.9
159.7
352.6
182.7
404.0
130.1
159.1
191.0
174.4
11.74
.67
1.48
.77
1.70
.55
.67
.81
.73
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs............... .........................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Toolmakers and diem akers.............................................................................................
Typesetters and com positors..........................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
Inspectors ..........................................................................................................................
Testers ...............................................................................................................................
3,499.8
123.7
215.7
173.4
152.1
147.0
84.7
616.2
376.3
109.9
18.57
.66
1.14
.92
.81
.78
.45
3.27
2.00
.58
4,211.1
152.0
270.0
208.7
188.1
173.1
71.1
736.9
477.6
141.3
4,323.4
155.1
278.1
215.7
192.7
178.4
74.1
756.0
485.5
142.2
4,450.3
159.1
286.5
222.8
198.7
184.3
75.7
777.8
497.9
146.4
18.71
.67
1.20
.93
.83
.77
.32
3.27
2.10
.62
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
A ssem b le rs........................................................................................................................
Electrical machinery equipment assem blers................................................................
Electrical and electronic assemblers .............................................................................
Machine assem blers.........................................................................................................
Drill press and boring machine o p e ra to rs .....................................................................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, m e ta l.......................................................
Lathe machine operators, m e ta l.....................................................................................
Machine tool operators, com bination.............................................................................
Punch press operators, m e ta l.........................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters................................................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Painters, production..........................................................................................................
Sewing machine operators, regular equipment, garm ent...........................................
Sewing machine operators, regular equipment, nongarm ent....................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs .................................................................................................
Truck d riv e rs ......................................................................................................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, and chippers............................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, paper and allied products.................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, chemicals and allied products .........................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, rubber and plastic products..............................
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, nondurable g o o d s .....................................................
7,570.1
305.1
98.6
284.5
169.8
115.0
114.4
135.9
152.1
146.5
313.7
432.4
98.0
511.5
118.6
254.6
197.3
98.8
92.1
145.8
189.7
213.4
40.16
1.62
.52
1.51
.90
.61
.61
.72
.81
.78
1.66
2.29
.52
2.71
.63
1.35
1.05
.52
.49
.77
1.01
1.13
8,715.5
359.6
130.8
363.4
208.2
136.3
122.1
154.5
196.3
166.4
355.0
473.5
111.5
534.1
141.0
290.6
215.1
123.5
97.1
172.0
250.3
223.1
8,942.1
375.7
132.1
360.3
212.4
139.2
125.5
158.3
201.4
172.4
367.3
490.4
114.3
540.1
144.3
300.2
226.9
126.3
100.1
177.2
266.2
229.8
9,183.9
394.4
136.2
369.5
220.5
143.7
129.8
163.1
208.5
179.3
380.4
504.6
118.3
527.6
146.2
310.7
236.7
130.3
105.0
182.8
276.1
233.2
38.69
1.63
.57
1.56
.92
.60
.54
.68
.87
.75
1.59
2.12
.49
2.34
.62
1.30
.98
.55
.43
.77
1.15
.99
See footnotes at end of table.
138
E-1. Employment: en selected industries and ©eeupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—-Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1995 alternatives
1982
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
348.6
224.8
1.85
1.19
400.7
253.8
410.5
260.9
422.2
268.4
1.78
1.13
Laborers, except fa r m ........................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s .................................................................................................................
1,604.2
127.6
8.51
.68
1,824.6
146.8
1,876.7
152.2
1,936.0
157.8
8.12
.66
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
11,112.4
100.00
14,051.1
14,283.5
14,750.5
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs.........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers .........................................................................................................
Mechanical en g in e e rs .....................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Computer program m ers..................................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors...............................................................................................
Purchasing agents and/or b u y e rs .................................................................................
1,403.3
156.9
102.7
95.2
98.3
133.3
58.1
86.2
64.6
12.63
1.41
.92
.86
.88
1.20
.52
.78
.58
2,001.9
261.6
153.1
148.7
87.7
215.6
91.1
112.7
82.7
1,993.8
257.1
152.9
149.9
89.6
214.2
92.5
113.9
83.4
2,043.6
263.1
157.0
154.3
92.9
219.3
94.8
117.3
85.9
13.96
1.80
1.07
1.05
.63
1.50
.65
.80
.58
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
742.6
6.68
1,038.3
1,054.3
1,089.1
7.38
Sales w orke rs......................................................................................................................
159.9
1.44
189.7
195.4
203.3
1.37
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Production clerks ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries........................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s ........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
1,246.9
70.2
152.9
108.3
179.0
64.7
71.0
106.4
11.22
.63
1.38
.97
1.61
.58
.64
.96
1,549.1
84.4
196.2
138.9
226.0
80.5
85.2
122.3
1,567.8
85.7
200.2
139.1
228.6
82.1
87.1
123.1
1,619.7
88.6
207.3
142.9
236.1
85.0
90.4
126.8
10.98
.60
1.40
.97
1.60
.57
.61
.86
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Millwrights ..........................................................................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Machine tool setters, m etalworking...............................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tin s m ith s ...............................................................................
Toolmakers and diem akers............................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
Inspectors ..........................................................................................................................
T e s te rs ...............................................................................................................................
2,191.7
84.7
119.5
87.2
51.4
113.2
54.4
68.4
136.1
372.7
266.7
76.6
19.72
.76
1.08
.78
.46
1.02
.49
.62
1.22
3.35
2.40
.69
2,764.1
109.7
164.3
111.5
66.7
145.1
66.6
83.2
161.9
458.9
344.9
105.3
2,819.6
111.5
168.4
114.7
68.3
147.8
67.8
85.7
166.5
468.4
348.1
105.2
2,908.7
114.2
173.2
118.9
69.8
152.5
69.9
89.2
171.8
483.2
358.0
108.2
19.74
.78
1.18
.80
.48
1.03
.47
.60
1.17
3.28
2.44
.74
O peratives............................................................................................................................
Assembler occupations ....................................................................................................
A ssem b le rs.......................................................................................................................
Electrical machinery equipment assem blers................................................................
Electrical and electronic assemblers ............................................................................
Machine assem blers........................................................................................................
Machine tool operators.....................................................................................................
Drill press and boring machine o p e ra to rs ....................................................................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, m e ta l.......................................................
Lathe machine operators, m e ta l....................................................................................
Milling/planing machine o p e ra to rs ................................................................................
Machine tool operators, com bination............................................................................
Machine tool operators, numerical c o n tro l...................................................................
4,276.9
1,248.2
253.6
98.6
284.5
169.8
890.9
115.0
114.4
135.9
60.2
152.1
66.1
38.49
11.23
2.28
.89
2.56
1.53
8.02
1.03
1.03
1.22
.54
1.37
.59
5,189.8
1,547.5
300.1
130.8
363.4
208.2
1,059.2
136.3
122.1
154.5
67.2
196.3
93.6
5,303.0
1,563.6
311.9
132.1
360.3
212.4
1,087.3
139.2
125.5
158.3
68.3
201.4
95.5
5,490.7
1,618.2
328.6
136.2
369.5
220.5
1,124.7
143.7
129.8
163.1
70.3
208.5
98.7
37.13
10.95
2.18
.93
2.52
1.49
7.61
.97
.88
1.11
.48
1.41
.67
Durable goods m anufacturing
See footnotes at end of table.
139
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Durable go ods m a nufa cturing—C ontinued
Punch press operators, m e ta l.........................................................................................
Welders and flamecutters .................................................................................................
Production pa ckagers........................................................................................................
Painters, p roductio n...........................................................................................................
Sawyers ...............................................................................................................................
Industrial truck operators...................................................................................................
Truck d riv e rs .......................................................................................................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, and ch ip p e rs .............................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, primary m e ta ls .....................................................
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, durable g o o d s .............................................................
146.0
300.4
111.4
93.9
67.1
153.7
119.9
98.3
69.1
71.7
1.31
2.70
1.00
.85
.60
1.38
1.08
.88
.62
.65
165.8
341.2
133.8
106.1
80.9
181.7
136.5
122.8
81.6
83.8
171.9
353.1
137.3
108.4
82.7
187.2
145.2
125.6
84.5
86.6
178.7
365.8
142.5
112.2
86.0
193.8
152.7
129.6
87.3
90.3
1.20
2.47
.96
.76
.58
1.31
1.02
.88
.59
.61
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
192.1
121.2
1.73
1.09
234.4
145.4
238.6
148.6
246.3
153.5
1.67
1.04
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
898.9
91.0
8.09
.82
1,083.8
108.0
1,111.0
112.0
1,149.1
116.3
7.78
.78
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
462.2
100.00
558.0
613.1
658.2
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Civil engineers...................................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ................................................................................................
Cost estim ators.................................................................................................................
Purchasing agents and bu yers........................................................................................
37.3
1.1
1.9
3.4
11.3
3.1
3.1
2.7
8.07
.24
.42
.74
2.45
.67
.67
.58
44.6
1.3
2.6
4.4
11.3
4.1
3.7
3.2
49.0
1.5
2.9
4.8
12.4
4.5
4.1
3.6
52.6
1.6
3.1
5.2
13.3
4.9
4.4
3.8
8.00
.24
.47
.79
2.03
.74
.66
.58
Managers, officials, and proprie tors..................................................................................
34.4
7.43
49.3
54.2
58.1
8.83
Sales w o rke rs .......................................................................................................................
10.8
2.34
12.0
13.2
14.2
2.15
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, hand ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Office machine operators ................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s .......................................................................................
Production c le rk s ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s ........................................................................................
Shipping packers .............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
43.2
2.2
3.7
7.6
2.6
1.3
2.6
7.6
2.2
1.8
2.2
9.34
.48
.79
1.64
.56
.28
.56
1.64
.49
.39
.48
49.7
2.2
4.0
9.5
2.8
1.5
3.1
8.5
2.7
2.2
2.2
54.6
2.4
4.3
10.4
3.1
1.7
3.4
9.3
3.0
2.4
2.4
58.6
2.6
4.7
11.2
3.4
1.8
3.7
10.0
3.2
2.6
2.6
8.90
.40
.71
1.70
.51
.28
.56
1.52
.48
.39
.40
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Structural steel w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
Layout markers, m e ta l......................................................................................................
M achinists...... ...................................................................................................................
Punch press setters, m e ta l..............................................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tin s m ith s ...............................................................................
Toolmakers and diem akers............................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators...............................................................................
Inspectors ..........................................................................................................................
107.9
2.0
3.6
4.5
3.2
6.3
3.1
1.5
17.9
2.0
15.4
4.1
4.8
23.33
.43
.78
.98
.70
1.36
.67
.32
3.87
.42
3.33
.88
1.04
147.7
3.2
5.8
7.1
5.2
7.0
4.6
1.8
20.5
2.1
18.6
5.5
7.5
162.3
3.6
6.4
7.8
5.7
7.7
5.0
2.0
22.5
2.3
20.5
6.0
8.2
174.2
3.8
6.9
8.4
6.1
8.3
5.4
2.1
24.1
2.5
22.0
6.4
8.8
26.47
.58
1.04
1.28
.93
1.26
.82
.32
3.67
.38
3.34
.98
1.34
Fabricated s tru c tu ra l metal products
See footnotes at end of table.
140
E=1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Fa bricated structural m etal prod uc ts— C ontinued
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
A ssem blers........................................................................................................................
Machine tool o p erators....................................................................................................
Drill press and boring machine operators...................................................................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, m eta!......................................................
Machine tool operators, com bination...........................................................................
Punch press operators, metal ......................................................................................
Power brake, bending machine operators, m e ta l......................................................
Shear and slitter operators, metal ...............................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters...............................................................................................
Packing and inspecting operatives................................................................................
Painters, production.........................................................................................................
S aw yers..............................................................................................................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs ................................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, and chippers............................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, primary m e tals....................................................
182.1
33.1
46.0
4.4
3.2
6.0
13.4
9.0
5.8
53.1
4.0
7.4
2.5
4.8
7.2
4.1
2.5
39.39
7.16
9.95
.96
.68
1.30
2.89
1.96
1.26
11.50
.86
1.60
.53
1.04
1.56
.88
.54
202.7
36.6
50.0
4.8
2.8
6.7
14.4
9.8
6.5
59.7
4.2
7.8
3.0
5.8
8.7
4.3
3.0
222.8
40.2
54.9
5.3
3.0
7.4
15.9
10.8
7.1
65.6
4.7
8.6
3.3
6.4
9.5
4.8
3.3
239,1
43.1
59.0
5.7
3.3
7.9
17.0
11.6
7.6
70.4
5.0
9.2
3.5
6.9
10.2
5.1
3.6
36.33
6.56
8.96
.86
.50
1.20
2.59
1.76
1.16
10.69
.76
1.40
.53
1.04
1.56
.78
.54
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
6.3
4.5
1.37
.98
7.6
5.5
8.4
6.0
9.0
6.4
1.37
.98
Laborers, except farm .........................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
40.3
17.4
8.72
3.77
44.3
19.3
48.7
21.3
52.3
22.8
7.94
3.47
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
489.7
100.00
731.5
762.5
778.6
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ...................................................................
Electrical en g in e e rs ..........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians .............................................................................
Computer programmers ...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
D esigners...........................................................................................................................
Writers and editors ...........................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
Purchasing agents and bu yers.......................................................................................
175.0
29.4
12.5
5.3
4.0
29.3
2.9
24.6
7.3
2.7
2.7
6.9
3.4
4.1
35.74
6.00
2.55
1.08
.81
5.99
.58
5.03
1.48
.56
.56
1.42
.69
.84
284.0
51.1
20.9
11.0
4.0
54.0
4.8
39.8
11.5
4.3
4.1
10.6
5.1
5.8
296.0
53.3
21.8
11.4
4.2
56.2
5.0
41.4
12.0
4.5
4.2
11.1
5.3
6.0
302.2
54.4
22.3
11.7
4.3
57.4
5.1
42.3
12.2
4.6
4.3
11.3
5.4
6.2
38.82
6.98
2.86
1.50
.55
7.38
.65
5.43
1.57
.59
.56
1.45
.69
.79
O ffice, com puting, and accounting m achines
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
54.0
11.03
86.1
89.7
91.6
11.76
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
5.6
1.14
7.2
7.5
7.6
.98
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors...........................................................................................................
General clerks, office ......................................................................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................................................
Data entry operators ........................................................................................................
Order c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
Production clerks .............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s ........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
89.8
5.4
1.5
11.3
4.9
1.7
1.5
9.8
17.3
2.9
2.6
2.7
18.35
1.10
.30
2.31
1.00
.34
.31
2.00
3.52
.60
.54
.55
119.0
6.3
1.9
15.4
8.6
.7
2.3
12.2
22.4
4.0
3.9
3.1
124.0
6.6
2.0
16.1
9.0
.7
2.3
12.7
23.4
4.1
4.1
3.2
126.6
6.7
2.0
16.4
9.2
.7
2.4
13.0
23.9
4.2
4.2
3.3
16.26
.86
.26
2.11
1.18
.09
.31
1.67
3.07
.54
.54
.42
See footnotes at end of table.
141
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
O ffice, com puting, and accounting m achines— C ontinued
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
7.7
1.58
7.9
8.3
8.5
1.09
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Computer service technicians...... ..................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Millwrights .........................................................................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................... ...........................................................
Inspectors ..........................................................................................................................
Testers ...............................................................................................................................
46.6
2.1
1.3
2.5
1.2
1.3
7.9
13.8
7.3
9.52
.44
.26
.51
.24
.27
1.62
2.81
1.49
75.0
8.8
1.9
3.8
3.0
1.9
11.3
19.5
10.9
78.1
9.2
2.0
3.9
3.1
2.0
11.8
20.4
11.3
79.8
9.4
2.0
4.0
3.2
2.1
12.1
20.8
11.6
10.25
1.21
.26
.51
.41
.27
1.55
2.67
1.49
O peratives........... .................................................................................................................
Electrical machinery equipment assem blers................................................................
Electrical and electronic assemblers .................................................................... ........
Machine assem blers........................................................................................................
Drill press and boring machine o p e ra to rs ....................................................................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, m e ta l.......................................................
Machine tool operators, com bination............................................................................
Machine tooi operators, numerical c o n tro l...................................................................
Welders and fiam ecutters................................................................................................
Packing and inspecting operatives................................................................................
102.5
24.6
42.4
7.7
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
20.93
5.03
8.65
1.57
.22
.27
.21
.26
.23
.21
138.4
35.0
53.3
10.5
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.5
144.3
36.5
55.5
11.0
1.7
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.6
147.3
37.2
56.7
11.2
1.7
2.1
1.6
2.1
1.8
1.6
18.92
4.78
7.29
1.44
.22
.27
.21
.26
.23
.21
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians......................................................................................... .................
G ua rds................................................................................................................................
5.1
2.3
1.3
1.03
.48
.26
7.0
2.9
1.9
7.3
3.0
2.0
7.4
3.1
2.0
.96
.40
.26
Laborers, except fa r m ........................................................................ ................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
Stock handlers ..................................................................................................................
11.1
1.5
1.3
2.27
.31
.27
15.0
2.3
2.0
15.7
2.4
2.0
16.0
2.4
2.1
2.05
.31
.27
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
568.7
100.00
861.9
849.8
855.4
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs.........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ...................................................................................................................
Mechanical en g in e e rs.....................................................................................................
107.5
26.8
6.1
3.8
189.2
61.9
10.5
7.6
186.5
61.0
10.4
7.5
4.7
34.5
5.0
7.2
5.3
187.7
61.4
10.5
7.6
4.8
34.8
5.1
7.3
5.3
E lectronic co m p on ents and accessories
D ra fte rs ........... ...............................................................................................................................
4.7
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians .............................................................................
Computer program m ers..................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ...........................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors ........................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists ............................................................................
Purchasing agents and/or b u y e rs .........................................................................................
23.0
2.9
4.0
2.7
4.7
2.5
3.7
18.90
4.71
1.07
.66
.83
4.05
.51
.70
.47
.33
.44
.65
Managers, officials, and proprie tors .........................................................................................
37.8
Sales w o rk e rs .................................................................................................................................
Clerical w orke rs................................................................................... ...................................
Accounting clerks ......................................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ....................................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors..........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
Computer operators.........................................................................................................
Data entry operators .......................................................................................................
Order c le rk s ......................................................................................................................
See footnotes at end of tabie.
142
7.7
7.7
5.8
3.8
5.6
3.8
5.6
21.95
7.18
1.22
.88
.56
4.06
.59
.85
.62
.90
.45
.65
6.65
65.6
64.7
65.1
7.61
5.6
.98
7.8
7.7
7.8
.91
63.3
4.2
1.2
1.4
5.7
1.7
1.3
1.6
11.14
.74
.21
.24
1.01
.29
.23
.28
86.3
5.4
1.3
2.1
8.7
2.5
1.0
2.4
85.1
5.3
1.3
2.0
8.6
2.5
1.0
2.4
85.7
5.3
1.3
2.0
8.7
2.5
1.0
2.4
10.02
.62
.15
.24
1.01
.29
.12
.28
4.8
35.0
5.1
7.3
5.4
7.8
3.8
E-1. Employment In ®@teet®d Industries and ©eeupatfons, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
E lectro nic c om pone nts
Moderate
High
and accessories— C ontinued
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s ................................................ ......................................
Personnel c le rk s ...............................................................................................................
Production c le rk s ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s .........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ........ .............................................................
1.3
1.3
6.3
12.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
4.5
0.23
.23
1.10
2.22
.53
.58
.46
.80
2.0
2.0
9.5
16.1
3.6
5.0
3.3
5.4
2.0
1.9
9.4
15.9
3.5
4.9
3.3
5.3
2.0
1.9
9.4
16.0
3.5
5.0
3.3
5.3
0.24
.23
1.10
1.87
.41
.58
.39
.62
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Toolmakers and diem akers.............................................................................................
Etchers and engravers.....................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
In sp e cto rs..........................................................................................................................
Testers ...............................................................................................................................
80.8
1.7
4.6
3.6
4.2
3.7
2.3
14.7
19.4
12.1
14.20
.30
.81
.64
.74
.66
.41
2.59
3.42
2.13
113.9
2.6
7.0
5.5
6.4
4.9
3.5
22.4
21.6
18.4
112.3
2.5
6.9
5.5
6.3
4.8
3.5
22.1
21.3
18.2
113.1
2.5
7.0
5.5
6.3
4.9
3.5
22.2
21.5
18.3
13.22
.30
.82
.64
.74
.57
.41
2.60
2.51
2.14
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Assembler o ccu pation s...... ................................................................. ,............................
Coil fin is h e rs ......................................................................................................................
Electrical machinery equipment assem blers.................................................................
Electrical and electronic a sse m blers.............................................................................
Machine assem blers.........................................................................................................
Wirers, electronic ........................................................................ ......................................
E lectroplators......................................................................................................................
Machine tool operators, com binatio n..............................................................................
Machine tool operators, numerical c o n tro l.....................................................................
Welders and fla m e cu tte rs.................................................................................................
Packing and inspecting o p e ra tive s..................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, manufacturing, nec................................................
Coil w inde rs............................................. ...........................................................................
224.8
133.6
6.9
8.6
76.3
3.9
6.8
4.2
3.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
6.7
8.6
39.52
23.48
1.21
1.51
13.41
.69
1.19
.73
,56
.40
.41
.40
1.17
1.52
320.3
190.8
10.4
12.0
108.2
6.0
10.3
3.1
4.8
3.4
3.6
3.4
8.8
7.9
315.8
188.1
10.3
11.8
106.6
5.9
10.1
3.1
4.7
3.4
3.5
3.4
8.7
7.8
317.9
189.3
10.3
11.9
107.3
5.9
10.2
3.1
4.8
3.4
3.5
3.4
8.8
7.8
37.16
22.13
1.21
1.39
12.55
.69
1.19
.36
.56
.40
.41
.40
1.02
.91
Service w orke rs..... ...............................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
7.4
4.4
1.30
.78
9.2
4.7
9.1
4.7
9.1
4.7
1.07
.55
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
41.6
7.31
69.6
68.6
69.1
8.07
Total, ail occupations...................................................................................................
690.0
100.00
845.8
859.1
870.5
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ...................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
Mechanical e n g in e e rs ......................................................................................................
D rafters...............................................................................................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians ..............................................................................
Computer program m ers...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
D esigners...........................................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists......................................................................
Purchasing agents an d/or b u y e rs ..................... ............................................................
60.4
4.8
3.6
2.5
4.0
1.6
1.6
2.8
4.9
2.6
2.5
8.75
.69
.52
.37
.58
.23
.23
.41
.71
.38
.36
102.6
5.9
5.4
2.1
8.5
3.4
3.4
4.5
6.0
3.2
3.1
104.3
6.0
5.5
2.1
8.7
3.5
3.5
4.6
6.1
3.3
3.1
105.6
6.1
5.6
2.1
8.8
3.5
3.5
4.6
6.2
3.3
3.2
12.14
.70
.64
.25
1.01
.40
.40
.53
.71
.38
.36
Managers, officials, and proprie tors..................................................................................
27.6
3.99
41.4
42.1
42.6
4.90
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
4.3
.62
4.9
4.9
5.0
.58
M o to r vehicles and equipm ent
See footnotes at end of table.
143
E-1. E m ploym ent in seie c te d in dustries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives-—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
[Motor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t-c o n tin u e d
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Production clerks ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving clerks .........................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
47.0
2.4
1.4
7.2
4.3
6.2
4.4
5.0
6.81
.35
.20
1.05
.63
.91
.64
.73
57.4
3.0
1.7
8.9
5.4
7.7
5.1
5.7
58.3
3.0
1.7
9.1
5.4
7.8
5.2
5.8
59.1
3.1
1.7
9.2
5.5
7.9
5.2
5.9
6.79
.35
.20
1.06
.63
.91
.60
.67
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Eiectricians.........................................................................................................................
Plumbers and pip e fitte rs..................................................................................................
Automotive m echanics.....................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
Millwrights ..........................................................................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Machine tool setters, m etalworking................................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tin s m ith s ................................................................................
Toolmakers and diem akers.............................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
in s p e c to rs ..........................................................................................................................
Testers ...............................................................................................................................
153.1
9.1
5.3
4.4
10.8
2.6
7.0
2.4
10.5
4.6
10.5
28.9
33.9
2.8
22.19
1.32
.77
.64
1.57
.37
1.01
.35
1.53
.67
1.52
4.19
4.91
.40
195.0
11.2
6.5
5.4
21.3
3.2
9.5
2.9
10.5
5.7
13.0
35.7
41.8
3.4
198.1
11.4
6.6
5.5
21.6
3.2
9.7
3.0
10.7
5.8
13.2
36.2
42.5
3.5
200.7
11.6
6.7
5.6
21.9
3.3
9.8
3.0
10.8
5.9
13.3
36.7
43.1
3.5
23.06
1.33
.77
.64
2.52
.37
1.13
.35
1.25
.67
1.53
4.22
4.95
.41
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Assembler occupations .....................................................................................................
Machine assem blers.........................................................................................................
All other assem blers.........................................................................................................
Machine tool operators......................................................................................................
Drill press and boring machine o p e ra to rs ....................................................................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, m e ta l.......................................................
Lathe machine operators, m e ta l.....................................................................................
Milling/planing machine o p e ra to rs .................................................................................
Machine tool operators, com bination.............................................................................
Machine tool operators, tool ro o m ............................................................. ...................
Punch press operators, m e ta l.........................................................................................
Power brake, bending machine operators, m e ta l........................................................
Production pa ckagers........................................................................................................
Painters, production ...........................................................................................................
C hauffeurs...........................................................................................................................
Industrial truck operators...................................................................................................
Truck drivers .......................................................................................................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, and ch ip p e rs.............................................................................
318.7
95.3
21.9
71.1
66.1
11.7
7.9
7.5
2.2
14.5
4.5
13.2
2.5
1.9
10.9
2.3
16.3
3.2
6.7
46.19
13.81
3.17
10.30
9.59
1.69
1.15
1.09
.32
2.10
.65
1.92
.36
.28
1.57
.33
2.36
.46
.97
355.3
97.0
20.4
73.8
72.9
14.4
6.3
9.2
2.7
15.3
5.6
13.6
3.1
2.4
8.5
2.8
17.0
3.9
8.3
360.8
98.5
20.8
74.9
74.0
14.6
6.4
9.4
2.8
15.6
5.7
13.8
3.2
2.4
8.7
2.9
17.3
4.0
8.4
365.7
99.9
21.0
75.9
75.0
14.8
6.5
9.5
2.8
15.8
5.7
14.0
3.2
2.4
8.8
2.9
17.5
4.1
8.5
42.00
11.47
2.42
8.72
8.62
1.70
.75
1.09
.32
1.81
.66
1.61
.37
.28
1.01
.33
2.01
.47
.98
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
20.8
14.7
3.01
2.14
23.7
16.2
24.0
16.5
24.4
16.7
2.80
1.92
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Conveyor operators and te n d e rs ...................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
58.2
3.7
2.3
8.43
.54
.34
65.5
4.6
2.9
66.5
4.7
2.9
67.4
4.8
3.0
7.74
.55
.34
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
611.8
100.00
741.6
692.1
687.9
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Aerc-astronautic engineers..............................................................................................
Electrical e n g in e e rs..........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
158.7
21.6
8.2
10.6
25.94
3.53
1.34
1.73
222.4
32.3
10.0
14.8
207.5
30.1
9.3
13.8
206.3
29.9
9.2
13.8
29.99
4.35
1.34
2.00
A irc ra ft and parts
See footnotes at end of table.
144
E-1. Employment in selected indy ©tries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Moderate
Low
High
A irc ra ft and parts—C ontinued
Mechanical engineers .....................................................................................................
D rafters..............................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians .............................................................................
Computer program m ers..................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ...........................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors...............................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
Purchasing agents and/or b u y e rs .................................................................................
9.2
5.5
6.4
3.2
2.3
3.2
6.3
3.3
6.3
1.50
.89
1.05
.52
.37
.53
1.02
.53
1.03
12.8
4.4
8.9
4.4
3.7
6.3
8.2
3.9
7.6
12.0
4.1
8.3
4.2
3.5
5.9
7.6
3.7
7.1
11.9
4.1
8.3
4.1
3.4
5.9
7.6
3.7
7.1
1.73
.59
1.20
.60
.50
.86
1.10
.53
1.03
Managers, officials, and proprietors.................................................................................
47.5
7.77
68.4
63.8
63.5
9.23
Sales w o rk e rs ......................................................................................................................
2.3
.38
2.6
2.4
2.4
.35
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
Production c le rk s .............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
81.9
9.0
14.5
9.0
3.1
10.9
13.38
1.47
2.36
1.47
.51
1.78
96.3
10.9
17.5
11.5
3.8
12.7
89.9
10.2
16.4
10.8
3.6
11.8
89.3
10.1
16.3
10.7
3.5
11.7
12.99
1.47
2.36
1.56
.51
1.71
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Aircraft m e chanics............................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Machine tool setters, m etalworking...............................................................................
Sheet-metal workers and tin s m ith s...............................................................................
Toolmakers and diem akers............................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
132.5
4.5
22.4
4.3
7.9
2.8
6.5
11.8
18.7
21.66
.74
3.66
.71
1.28
.45
1.06
1.93
3.05
153.7
5.5
26.1
5.2
7.4
3.3
7.9
14.3
18.9
143.4
5.1
24.3
4.9
6.9
3.1
7.3
13.4
17.6
142.5
5.1
24.2
4.9
6.9
3.1
7.3
13.3
17.5
20.72
.74
3.52
.71
1.00
.45
1.06
1.93
2.54
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Assembler occupations .....................................................................................................
Aircraft structure assemblers .........................................................................................
Electrical machinery equipment assem blers................................................................
Electrical and electronic assemblers ............................................................................
Machine assem blers........................................................................................................
All other assem blers........................................................................................................
Machine tool operators......................................................................................................
Drill press and boring machine o p e ra to rs ....................................................................
Grinding and abrading machine operators, metal .......................................................
Lathe machine operators, m e ta l....................................................................................
Milling/planing machine operators ................................................................................
Machine tool operators, com bination............................................................................
Machine tool operators, numerical c o n tro l...................................................................
Machine tool operators, tool ro o m ................................................................................
Punch press operators, m e ta l........................................................................................
Power brake, bending machine operators, m e ta l........................................................
Welders and flamecutters ................................................................................................
Painters, production ..........................................................................................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, and ch ip p e rs ............................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, manufacturing, nec...............................................
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, durable g o o d s .............................................................
R iveters................................................................................................................................
168.1
57.8
30.2
3.5
8.8
6.6
8.7
58.9
7.8
7.1
10.9
9.5
6.7
7.3
4.4
2.2
2.3
5.1
5.4
5.5
3.1
4.5
2.9
27.48
9.45
4.93
.57
1.44
1.08
1.43
9.63
1.27
1.17
1.78
1.55
1.10
1.20
.72
.36
.38
.83
.88
.91
.50
.74
.47
178.3
54.2
24.5
4.2
10.7
5.9
8.9
60.1
9.5
5.7
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.9
5.4
2.7
2.8
6.1
6.5
6.7
3.7
5.5
3.5
166.4
50.6
22.8
3.9
10.0
5.5
8.3
56.1
8.8
5.3
7.6
7.6
7.6
8.3
5.0
2.5
2.6
5.7
6.1
6.3
3.5
5.1
3.2
165.4
50.3
22.7
3.9
9.9
5.5
8.3
55.7
8.8
5.3
7.6
7.6
7.6
8.2
5.0
2.5
2.6
5.7
6.0
6.2
3.4
5.1
3.2
24.04
7.31
3.30
.57
1.44
.80
1.20
8.10
1.27
.77
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.20
.72
.36
.38
.83
.88
.91
.50
.74
.47
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians..........................................................................................................
9.7
5.0
1.58
.82
11.7
6.1
10.9
5.7
10.8
5.6
1.58
.82
Laborers, except fa r m ........................................................................................................
11.0
1.80
8.2
7.7
7.6
1.11
See footnotes at end of table.
145
E-1. Employment in seSeeted industries and occupations, 19S2 and projected 1985 aiternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
N ondurable g o o d s m anufacturing
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
7,735.9
100.00
8,529.0
8,826.7
9,002.5
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Chemical en ginee rs............................ .............................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
Chemists ............................................................................................................................
Computer programmers ...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Reporters and correspondents .......................................................................................
Writers and editors ...........................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
Purchasing agents and/or b u y e rs ..................................................................................
533.2
26.6
23.6
45.8
15.0
15.0
38.4
44.9
45.5
18.6
23.4
6.89
.34
.31
.59
.19
.19
.50
.58
.59
.24
.30
638.4
36.1
25.9
52.9
17.8
25.4
48.8
56.8
51.4
20.6
25.9
658.9
37.1
26.8
54.6
18.4
26.1
50.5
58.6
53.3
21.3
26.8
673.7
38.1
27.6
55.9
18.8
26.7
51.4
59.6
54.7
21.9
27.5
7.46
.42
.30
.62
.21
.30
.57
.66
.60
.24
.30
Managers, officials, and proprie tors..................................................................................
517.4
6.69
634.9
659.9
674.8
7.48
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
253.8
29.2
3.28
.38
271.2
30.3
282.3
31.7
288.0
32.3
3.20
.36
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors.............. ............................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................................................
Data entry operators ........................................................................................................
Order c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s .......................................................................................
Production clerks ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s .........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
968.4
61.3
43.3
31.6
115.6
16.9
22.2
35.6
26.0
33.1
123.6
53.7
65.2
84.7
42.4
12.52
.79
.56
.41
1.49
.22
.29
.46
.34
.43
1.60
.69
.84
1.09
.55
1,104.8
67.0
45.2
35.8
137.6
18.8
19.4
40.3
28.4
37.4
158.3
60.8
69.7
95.6
45.2
1,145.1
69.5
47.0
38.0
142.6
19.5
20.0
41.9
29.3
38.8
164.1
63.1
72.6
99.1
46.7
1,168.2
71.1
47.8
38.6
145.4
20.0
20.4
42.8
29.7
39.8
167.9
64.5
74.1
100.5
47.6
12.97
.79
.53
.43
1.62
.22
.23
.47
.33
.44
1.86
.72
.82
1.12
.53
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Plumbers and pip e fitte rs..................................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics.....................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
Millwrights ..........................................................................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Bookbinders, m achine......................................................................................................
Typesetters and com positors..........................................................................................
Camera operators, p rin tin g ..............................................................................................
Strippers, p rin tin g ..............................................................................................................
Letter press operators......................................................................................................
Offset lithographic press op erators................................................................................
Press operators and plate p rin ters.................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
Inspectors ..........................................................................................................................
Testers ...............................................................................................................................
1,308.1
39.0
25.8
18.4
15.1
96.2
86.2
19.3
38.9
23.3
79.8
21.2
23.4
31.9
80.9
15.8
243.4
109.6
33.3
16.91
.50
.33
.24
.19
1.24
1.11
.25
.50
.30
1.03
.27
.30
.41
1.05
.20
3.15
1.42
.43
1,446.9
42.3
27.4
17.6
16.4
105.8
97.2
23.0
43.0
26.4
65.0
27.3
31.2
32.4
98.9
15.4
278.0
132.7
36.0
1,503.9
43 6
28.1
18.3
16.8
109.7
101.0
23.5
44.8
27.9
67.9
28.8
33.0
34.1
104.8
16.0
287.6
137.3
37.0
1,541.7
45 0
28.8
18.8
17.3
113.3
103.9
24.3
46.2
28.5
69.3
29.3
33.7
34.8
107.0
16.8
294.6
140.0
38.2
17.04
49
.32
.21
.19
1.24
1.14
.27
.51
.32
.77
.33
.37
.39
1.19
.18
3.26
1.56
.42
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
A ssem blers........................................................................................................................
Bindeny workers, assem bly..............................................................................................
Pressers, hand ..................................................................................................................
Pressers, m a c h in e ............................................................................................................
3,293.2
51.5
30.8
21.2
20.9
42.57
.67
.40
.27
.27
3,525.7
59.5
28.9
26.0
25.5
3,639.1
63.8
30.5
26.2
25.7
3,693.2
65.8
31.2
25.6
25.1
41.23
.72
.35
.30
.29
Instrum ent re p a ire rs ...................................................................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
146
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1995 alternatives
1982
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
N ondurable go ods m anufacturing—C ontinued
Meat cutters and b u tch e rs...............................................................................................
Production p a ckagers.......................................................................................................
Sewers and s titc h e rs .........................................................................................................
Sewing machine operators, regular equipment, ga rm ent...........................................
Sewing machine operators, special equipment, garm ent...........................................
Sewing machine operators, regular equipment, nongarm ent....................................
Sewing machine operators, special equipment, nongarm ent....................................
All other sewers and stitchers .......................................................................................
Textile op erative s...............................................................................................................
Creelers, y a r n ....................................................................................................................
D offe rs................................................................................................................................
Folders, hand ....................................................................................................................
Knitting machine operators.............................................................................................
Spinners, fra m e .................................................................................................................
Twister tenders..................................................................................................................
W e a v e rs .............................................................................................................................
Yarn w inders......................................................................................................................
Transport equipment operatives......................................................................................
Industrial truck op e ra to rs.................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs..............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
All other operatives............................................................................................................
Cutters, m a chine...............................................................................................................
Die cutters and clicking machine operators.............................. ...................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, meat and dairy products...................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, all other food products......................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, paper and allied products.................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, chemicals and allied products .........................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, rubber and plastic products..............................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, manufacturing, nec..............................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, nonmanufacturing ..............................................
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, nondurable g o o d s ......................................................
Mixing op eratives........... ..................................................................................................
Shoemaking machine o p e ra to rs.....................................................................................
54.6
321.0
717.4
510.1
75.1
88.1
28.5
15.6
308.7
13.5
18.4
23.4
19.5
24.4
13.6
27.9
15.8
322.9
100.9
141.8
77.4
1,341.1
22.9
18.8
42.4
51.8
91.9
142.6
160.6
47.0
18.2
209.2
30.3
51.5
0.71
4.15
9.27
6.59
.97
1.14
.37
.20
3.99
.17
.24
.30
.25
.32
.18
.36
.20
4.17
1.30
1.83
1.00
17.34
.30
.24
.55
.67
1.19
1.84
2.08
.61
.24
2.70
.39
.67
59.5
339.8
763.1
532.6
80.7
102.2
31.8
15.8
340.4
16.6
19.8
26.9
21.2
22.7
17.4
28.0
19.0
324.9
109.0
134.3
78.6
1,447.3
26.5
18.0
38.7
48.7
96.9
167.8
205.1
55.5
15.5
218.5
29.5
34.3
60.3
353.1
773.6
538.5
81.7
104.7
32.6
16.1
346.4
16.9
20.1
27.5
22.2
23.0
17.6
28.3
19.2
338.7
113.0
140.8
81.7
1,505.5
27.4
18.8
39.9
50.4
100.0
173.0
220.3
58.7
15.9
225.0
30.6
36.0
61.5
362.1
759.3
525.9
80.1
104.3
32.9
16.2
354.0
17.5
20.7
27.5
22.6
23.4
18.2
28.9
19.7
348.1
116.9
144.1
84.0
1,543.9
28.1
18.8
41.0
51.8
104.8
178.4
228.8
60.1
16.1
228.2
31.3
34.1
0.68
4.00
8.76
6.10
.93
1.19
.37
.18
3.93
.19
.23
.31
.25
.26
.20
.32
.22
3.84
1.28
1.60
.93
17.06
.31
.21
.45
.57
1.13
1.96
2.50
.66
.18
2.55
.35
.41
Service w orkers....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
G ua rds................................................................................................................................
156.5
103.6
23.4
2.02
1.34
.30
166.3
108.4
25.4
171.9
112.3
26.2
175.9
114.8
26.9
1.95
1.27
.30
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Cannery w o rke rs...............................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
Order fille rs ........................................................................................................................
705.3
55.5
36.6
50.4
9.12
.72
.47
.65
740.8
67.1
38.9
56.7
765.6
68.4
40.2
58.9
786.9
70.6
41.5
60.1
8.67
.77
.46
.67
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
424.8
100.00
485.9
503.8
512.6
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Computer programmers ..................................................................................................
Commercial and graphic artists and designers ...........................................................
Photographers..................................................................................................................
Writers and editors ..........................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs...............................................................................................
76.5
1.2
3.7
4.7
23.9
1.1
18.01
.28
.86
1.11
5.63
.26
91.4
1.3
4.1
4.8
27.9
1.2
94.8
1.4
4.3
4.9
29.0
1.3
96.5
1.4
4.4
5.0
29.5
1.3
18.82
.27
.85
.98
5.75
.26
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
39.5
9.31
56.6
58.7
59.7
11.65
Sales w o rke rs......................................................................................................................
50.1
11.80
60.3
62.6
63.7
12.42
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
91.8
21.62
104.9
108.8
110.7
21.60
Newspapers
See footnotes at end of table.
147
s=“1. EmpSoymsrs^ in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 aiternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Newspapers—Continued
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
Bookkeeoers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
Circulation c le rk s ..............................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors..........................................................................................................
Customer service representatives, printing and publishing........................................
Dispatchers, vehicle service or work ............................................................................
File cle rk s ..........................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
M e ssengers.......................................................................................................................
Computer operators.........................................................................................................
Data entry operators .......................................................................................................
Order c le rk s ......................................................................................................................
Production clerks .............................................................................................................
P roofreaders.....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping packers .............................................................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists ............................................................................
Telephone ad takers, new spapers................................................................................
Telephone o p e ra to rs .......................................................................................................
Switchboard operators...................................................................................................
3.3
6.9
7.7
2.2
2.0
1.0
1.5
8.2
2.6
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.8
4.5
7.2
10.8
1.1
1.1
9.1
1.3
1.3
0.77
1.62
1.82
.51
.47
.24
.35
1.93
.62
.30
.28
.39
.43
1.07
1.70
2.55
.25
.26
2.13
.31
.31
3.7
6.8
8.7
2.5
2.3
1.2
1.2
9.2
3.0
1.4
.5
1.9
2.0
5.1
9.6
12.2
1.2
1.2
12.2
1.5
1.5
3.8
7.1
9.0
2.5
2.3
1.2
1.3
9.6
3.1
1.5
.5
2.0
2.1
5.3
9.9
12.7
1.3
1.3
12.6
1.6
1.6
3.9
7.2
9.2
2.6
2.4
1.2
1.3
9.7
3.2
1.5
.5
2.0
2.2
5.4
10.1
12.9
1.3
1.3
12.8
1.6
1.6
0.76
1.40
1.79
.51
.47
.24
.25
1.90
.62
.29
.10
.39
.42
1.05
1.97
2.51
.25
.25
2.50
.31
.31
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Printing trades craft w orke rs............................................................................................
Typesetters and com positors.........................................................................................
Lithographers and photoengravers................................................................................
Camera operators, printing ...........................................................................................
Photoengravers................................................................................................................
Platemakers ....................................................................................................................
Strippers, printing ...........................................................................................................
Printing press operators..................................................................................................
Letter press o p erators...................................................................................................
Offset lithographic press operators .............................................................................
All other press and plate printers ................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.........................................................................................
88.3
74.3
38.1
10.8
4.7
2.5
2.3
1.3
23.9
9.6
12.3
2.1
7.4
20.78
17.48
8.97
2.55
1.10
.60
.54
.31
5.64
2.25
2.89
.50
1.75
78.1
61.7
25.3
13.9
7.2
1.9
3.3
1.5
20.9
10.8
7.7
2.4
9.4
81.0
64.0
26.3
14.4
7.5
2.0
3.5
1.6
21.6
11.2
8.0
2.5
9.7
82.4
65.1
26.7
14.7
7.6
2.0
3.5
1.6
22.0
11.4
8.1
2.5
9.9
16.08
12.69
5.21
2.86
1.48
.39
.69
.31
4.29
2.22
1.58
.49
1.93
O peratives............................................................................................................................
Bindery workers, assem bly.............................................................................................
D elivery and route w o rk e rs ......................................................................................................
Truck drive rs.....................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, nonmanufacturing ..............................................
Miscellaneous operatives, nec, nondurable g o o d s .....................................................
56.6
1.3
21.3
3.8
1.0
16.5
13.32
.29
5.02
.90
.25
3.89
68.7
1.4
27.0
4.3
1.2
20.6
71.2
1.5
28.0
4.5
1.2
21.3
72.4
1.5
28.4
4.6
1.2
21.7
14.13
.29
5.55
.89
.24
4.23
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building custodians..........................................................................................................
G ua rds...............................................................................................................................
9.6
6.7
1.2
2.25
1.57
.29
10.8
7.5
1.4
11.2
7.8
1.4
11.4
7.9
1.4
2.22
1.55
.28
Laborers, except fa r m ........................................................................................................
12.4
2.92
14.9
15.5
15.8
3.07
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
199.8
100.00
274.6
279.8
282.5
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Chemical en ginee rs.........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers .........................................................................................................
Bioioaical s c ie n tis ts .........................................................................................................
Chemists .................................................................................. .........................................
Engineering and science technicians............................................................................
P harm acists......................................................................................................................
49.3
1.4
1.2
5.0
8.2
12.8
2.9
24.65
.69
.61
2.51
4.10
6.41
1.43
70.7
1.9
1.7
8.1
11.2
17.5
3.8
72.0
1.9
1.7
8.2
11.5
17.8
3.9
72.7
1.9
1.7
8.3
11.6
18.0
4.0
25.74
:69
.61
2.94
4.10
6.37
1.40
Drugs
See footnotes at end of table.
148
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
D rugs— C ontinued
Computer program m ers......... .........................................................................................
ComDuter systems analysts ............................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
2.8
1.3
0.55
.90
1.38
.64
1.5
4.5
3.8
1.8
1.5
4.6
3.9
1.8
1.5
4.6
3.9
1.8
0.55
1.64
1.38
Managers, officials, and proprietors.................................................................................
22.0
11.02
34.2
34.8
35.2
12.45
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
5.7
2.83
7.2
7.3
7.4
2.60
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Order c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
Production c le rk s ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s ........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
36.7
2.4
1.5
3.8
1.3
1.0
10.3
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.4
18.37
1.19
.75
1.90
.66
.52
5.15
.72
.81
.95
.70
52.5
2.8
2.9
4.5
1.8
1.4
16.0
2.0
2.2
2.6
1.4
53.4
2.8
3.0
4.6
1.9
1.5
16.3
2.0
2.3
2.6
1.5
53.9
2.S
3.0
4.8
1.9
1.5
16.4
2.0
2.3
2.7
1.5
19.10
1.01
1.06
1.64
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
inspectors ..........................................................................................................................
24.0
2.3
1.7
5.7
3.6
11.99
1.16
.83
2.85
1.81
32.8
3.2
2.3
7.8
5.0
33.4
3.2
2.3
8.0
5.1
33.7
3.3
2.4
8.0
11.94
1.16
.83
2.85
1.81
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs .................................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts .........................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, nonm anufacturing..............................................
43.5
16.8
1.6
12.9
1.2
21.76
8.43
.81
6.45
.58
55.8
23.2
2.2
17.7
1.6
56.9
23.6
2.3
18.1
1.6
57.4
23.8
2.3
18.2
1.6
20.32
8.43
.81
6.46
.58
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
G ua rds................................................................................................................................
6.9
4.0
1.2
3.47
2.00
.61
8.5
4.5
1.7
8.7
4.6
1.7
8.7
4.6
1.7
3.10
1.64
.61
Laborers, except farm .........................................................................................................
Animal caretake rs.............................................................................................................
11.8
1.1
5.91
.56
13.1
1.5
13.3
1.6
13.4
1.6
4.76
1.1
1.8
5.1
.64
.66
.52
5.82
.72
.81
.95
.52
.56
industrial organic chem icals
174.3
100.00
218.2
222.9
224.1
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ...................................................................
Chemical en ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
Chemists ............................................................................................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians .............................................................................
Computer systems analysts ...........................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ................................................................................................
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
41.6
6.3
1.1
2.4
5.8
1.2
1.0
2.2
23.84
3.60
.62
1.40
3.30
.71
.60
1.25
55.8
8.2
1.3
3.0
7.2
2.2
2.2
2.7
57.0
8.4
1.4
3.1
7.4
2.2
2.2
2.8
57.3
8.4
1.4
3.1
7.4
2.2
2.2
2.8
25.56
3.76
.62
1.38
3.30
.99
.99
1.24
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
16.7
9.56
22.7
23.2
23.3
10.41
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
2.4
1.39
2.8
2.8
2.8
1.27
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
21.4
2.0
1.9
12.31
1.17
1.12
29.2
2.5
5.1
29.8
2.6
5.3
30.0
2.6
5.3
13.37
1.16
2.36
See footnotes at end of table.
149
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
in du strial o rganic chem icals—Continued
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
S tenographers...................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
5.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
3.04
.64
.75
.70
6.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
6.7
1.4
1.7
1.5
6.8
1.4
1.7
1.5
3.02
.63
.74
.69
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................................................
Plumbers and p ipe fitters..................................................................................................
Instrument repairers..........................................................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
M illw righ ts..........................................................................................................................
M achinists............................................... ..........................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
39.4
2.4
4.2
2.6
3.4
2.8
1.6
1.5
10.1
22.60
1.39
2.40
1.50
1.94
1.59
.94
.84
5.81
47.8
3.0
5.6
3.2
4.2
3.4
2.0
1.8
11.4
48.8
3.1
5.7
3.3
4.3
3.5
2.1
1.8
11.7
49.1
3.1
5.8
3.3
4.3
3.5
2.1
1.9
11.8
21.90
1.38
2.57
1.49
1.93
1.57
.94
.83
5.25
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters................................................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs................................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts .........................
42.7
1.1
1.2
1.0
33.0
24.48
.65
.68
.59
18.94
49.3
1.4
1.5
1.3
38.5
50.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
39.4
50.7
1.4
1.5
1.3
39.6
22.61
.64
.68
.59
17.66
Service w orke rs......................... ..........................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
2.8
1.4
1.63
.82
3.5
1.8
3.6
1.8
3.6
1.8
1.61
.81
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Loaders, tank cars and tru c k s .......................................................................................
7.3
1.4
4.19
.83
7.2
1.8
7.3
1.8
7.3
1.8
3.28
.82
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
5,719.8
100.00
6,721.7
6,923.8
7,053.2
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Airplane p ilo ts ....................................................................................................................
Announcers ........................................................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
449.3
46.4
38.5
49.2
44.0
34.7
7.86
.81
.67
.86
.77
.61
618.9
82.0
71.0
65.8
55.0
45.6
630.9
83.8
73.0
66.7
55.5
46.6
637.6
84.4
73.6
67.4
55.6
47.4
9.11
1.21
1.05
.96
.80
.67
Managers, officials, and proprietors.................................................................................
Postmasters and mail superintendents.........................................................................
Railroad conductors .........................................................................................................
514.4
28.3
26.7
8.99
.49
.47
664.1
22.6
16.8
683.2
24.4
18.0
694.7
25.0
19.4
9.87
.35
.26
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Travel ag ents.....................................................................................................................
140.5
58.2
2.46
1.02
233.7
82.5
238.6
84.5
239.9
84.7
3.45
1.22
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors...........................................................................................................
Customer service representatives.................................................................................
Dispatchers, vehicle service or w o r k ............................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
Postal mail c a rrie rs ..........................................................................................................
Postal service clerks .......................................................................................................
Meter readers, u tilities.....................................................................................................
Reservation ag e n ts...........................................................................................................
Ticket a g e n ts .....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
1,904.0
51.0
36.1
60.2
88.9
52.0
186.0
234.1
306.5
28.5
52.9
49.3
84.5
41.0
41.9
33.29
.89
.63
1.05
1.56
.91
3.25
4.09
5.36
50
.92
.86
1.48
.72
.73
2,038.6
56.0
40.3
77.7
120.4
63.5
232.5
208.0
233.0
35.2
54.0
47.9
107.8
43.8
44.7
2,115.9
57.5
41.2
79.9
123.8
65.1
238,8
222.7
251.8
35.6
54.9
48.9
110.1
45.0
45.8
2,148.9
58.3
41.7
80.8
124.8
66.5
242.3
227.7
257.5
36.2
55.6
49.9
111.7
45.4
46.6
30.56
.83
.59
1.15
1.79
.94
3.45
3.22
3.64
.51
.79
.71
1.59
.65
.66
T ransp orta tion, com m unications, and utilitie s
See footnotes at end of table.
150
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 19SS alternatives— Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Transp orta tion, com m unications, and u tilitie s—C ontinued
Central office operators ..................................................................................................
Directory assistance operators ......................................................................................
108.7
37.5
1.90
.66
84.2
41.8
86.9
43.1
87.5
43.4
1.26
.62
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Aircraft m e chanics...........................................................................................................
Automotive m echanics....................................................................................................
Communications equipment mechanics .......................................................................
Central office re paire rs..................................................................................................
Diesel m echanics.............................................................................................................
Cable sp lice rs...................................................................................................................
Line installers, repairers..................................................................................................
Railroad car repairers......................................................................................................
Installers, repairers, section m aintainers......................................................................
Station installers...............................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
1,080.8
52.7
42.8
91.8
50.2
49.1
41.8
90.0
24.2
74.0
58.9
147.6
18.90
.92
.75
1.60
.88
.86
.73
1.57
.42
1.29
1.03
2.58
1,243.8
65.3
50.8
91.8
47.4
60.1
52.1
108.6
18.4
94.9
69.3
180.9
1,278.8
66.1
52.2
94.8
48.9
61.7
53.6
110.9
19.7
98.0
71.5
186.2
1,302.1
66.8
53.7
95.4
49.2
63.3
54.0
111.8
21.2
98.6
72.0
189.8
18.47
.96
.75
1.37
.71
.89
.77
1.60
.28
1.42
1.03
2.69
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Busdrivers, local and in te rc ity ........................................................................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs ................................................................................................
Railroad brake o p e ra to rs ................................................................................................
Sailors and deckhands.....................................................................................................
Taxi drivers ........................................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orkers.............................................................................................
Truck driv e rs ......................................................................................................................
1,043.6
146.5
31.3
56.6
27.0
31.2
74.4
575.9
18.24
2.56
.55
.99
.47
.55
1.30
10.07
1,245.6
158.8
33.6
48.6
26.7
19.2
96.9
750.7
1,280.3
165.5
34.6
49.9
28.0
20.0
98.9
766.7
1,318.3
177.2
35.2
53.7
28.3
21.5
100.6
781.3
18.49
2.39
.50
.72
.40
.29
1.43
11.07
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
Flight a tte n d a n ts ...............................................................................................................
153.6
44.5
52.9
2.69
.78
.92
175.7
46.2
67.3
179.8
47.5
68.2
182.8
48.3
68.9
2.60
.69
.99
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
Line service attenda nts...................................................................................................
433.5
33.7
30.1
7.58
.59
.53
501.2
34.6
40.9
516.3
35.8
41.4
528.8
37.1
41.8
7.46
.52
.60
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
1,120.8
100.00
1,459.1
1,489.7
1,516.2
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs...............................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
9.7
5.7
1.4
.87
.51
.12
12.7
7.4
1.8
12.9
7.6
1.8
13.2
7.7
1.9
.87
.51
.12
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
73.2
6.53
100.4
102.5
104.3
6.88
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Crating and moving estimators ......................................................................................
9.8
5.7
.88
.51
12.8
7.4
13.0
7.5
13.3
7.7
.87
.51
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Adjustment clerks ............................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, hand ..........................................................................................................
Cashiers .............................................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors..........................................................................................................
Dispatchers, vehicle service or w o r k ............................................................................
File c le rk s ..........................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
Bookkeeping, billing machine operators.......................................................................
Computer operators.........................................................................................................
Data entry operators .......................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s ......................................................................................
Rate clerks, fre ig h t..........................................................................................................
175.1
4.0
3.5
10.9
2.0
3.4
27.0
1.9
36.6
8.0
1.4
1.9
2.4
8.2
15.62
.35
.31
.97
.18
.30
2.41
.17
3.26
.72
.12
.17
.21
.73
218.9
5.2
4.0
12.2
4.5
4.4
35.2
1.5
47.7
10.5
3.0
.4
3.1
10.7
223.5
5.3
4.1
12.5
4.6
4.5
35.9
1.5
48.7
10.7
3.0
.4
3.1
10.9
227.5
5.4
4.2
12.7
4.7
4.6
36.6
1.6
49.6
10.9
3.1
.4
3.2
11.1
15.00
.35
.27
.84
.31
.30
2.41
.10
3.27
.72
.20
.03
.21
.73
Trucking, local, long distance, and term inals1
See footnotes at end of table.
151
E-1. E m p lo ym en t in seieeted industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives=“Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Trucking, locai, long distance, and term inals1- - C ontinued
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving clerks .........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ......................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists .............................................................................
Traffic agents ....................................................................................................................
14.9
3.7
5.1
9.4
8.8
1.1
8.8
1.33
.33
.45
.84
.78
.10
.79
17.5
3.8
5.6
11.3
9.5
1.5
11.5
17.9
3.9
5.7
11.6
9.7
1.5
11.7
18.2
4.0
5.8
11.8
9.9
1.5
12.0
1.20
.26
.39
.78
.65
.10
.79
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Automotive body repairers............................................................. .................................
Automotive m echanics...................... ..............................................................................
Diesel m echanics..............................................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators................................................................................
80.7
1.2
13.4
38.4
1.3
2.3
7.20
.10
1.20
3.42
.12
.21
105.2
1.5
17.5
50.0
1.7
3.1
107.4
1.5
17.9
51.1
1.8
3.1
109.3
1.6
18.2
52.0
1.8
3.2
7.21
.10
1.20
3.43
.12
.21
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters................................................................................................
Industrial truck o p erators.................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs..............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
Tire changers and re paire rs............................................................................................
618.3
1.1
9.2
67.1
534.8
1.4
55.17
.09
.82
5.98
47.72
.12
802.5
1.4
10.4
87.3
695.3
1.8
819.4
1.4
10.6
89.2
709.9
1.8
833.9
1.5
10.8
90.8
722.5
1.8
55.00
.10
.71
5.99
47.65
.12
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
G ua rds................................................................................................................................
10.0
6.9
1.9
.89
.62
.17
13.0
9.0
2.5
13.3
9.2
2.5
13.5
9.4
2.5
.89
.62
.17
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
144.0
12.85
193.6
197.7
201.2
13.27
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
1,063.8
100.00
1,306.1
1,348.7
1,357.1
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Electrical en ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Industrial e n ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
D rafters...........................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians..............................................................................
Computer program m ers...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
68.6
15.9
2.4
1.6
4.5
7.3
3.3
3.5
5.5
4.9
6.45
1.50
.23
.15
.42
.69
.31
.33
.51
.46
104.7
32.8
3.9
2.0
3.7
13.7
4.1
6.6
7.7
6.0
108.2
33.8
4.1
2.1
3.8
14.2
4.3
6.8
8.0
6.2
108.8
34.1
4.1
2.1
3.8
14.3
4.3
6.8
8.0
6.3
8.02
2.51
.30
.15
.28
1.05
.32
.50
.59
.46
Managers, officials, and proprietors..................................................................................
100.1
9.41
133.1
137.4
138.3
10.19
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
18.6
1.75
34.6
35.7
35.9
2.65
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
C a sh ie rs .............................................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors...........................................................................................................
Collectors, bill and a c c o u n t.............................................................................................
Customer service representatives.................................................................................
Dispatchers, vehicle service or work ............................................................................
File c le rk s ...........................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Mail c le rk s ..........................................................................................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................................................
Data entry operators ........................................................................................................
496.4
15.9
2.7
'5.5
31.0
2.5
64.6
8.8
3.5
49.3
2.4
4.8
3.8
46.66
1.50
.25
.51
2.92
.23
6.07
.82
.33
4.64
.23
.45
.36
590.0
17.7
3.3
9.6
43.1
3.0
89.3
10.8
3.3
69.5
3.0
6.8
4.7
609.2
18.2
3.4
9.9
44.5
3.1
92.2
11.1
3.4
71.8
3.1
7.1
4.9
613.1
18.4
3.4
10.0
44.8
3.2
92.8
11.2
3.4
72.2
3.1
7.1
4.9
45.17
1.35
.25
.74
3.30
.23
6.84
.83
.25
5.32
.23
.52
.36
Teiephon® com m unication
See footnotes at end of table.
152
E-1. Employment in selected industries and oeciupatioinis, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
T © le p h o n e com m unication— C o n tin u e d
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s .......................................................................................
Personnel clerks ...............................................................................................................
Production c le rk s ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
S tenographers...................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Statistical c le rk s ................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ......................................................................
Central office o p e ra to rs ...................................................................................................
Directory assistance operators .......................................................................................
2.0
2.7
19.4
11.0
6.9
14.8
15.1
7.3
107.7
37.5
0.19
.25
1.82
1.04
.65
1.39
1.42
.69
10.12
3.52
2.5
3.3
26.8
13.2
8.6
15.3
16.6
8.0
82.8
41.7
2.6
3.4
27.7
13.6
8.8
15.8
17.2
8.3
85.5
43.1
2.6
3.4
27.9
13.7
8.9
15.9
17.3
8.3
86.0
43.4
0.19
.25
2.05
1.01
.65
1.17
1.27
.61
6.34
3.19
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Automotive m echanics.....................................................................................................
Central office repairers.....................................................................................................
Frame w ire rs ......................................................................................................................
Trouble locators, test d e s k ..............................................................................................
Cable installers..................................................................................................................
Cable repairers..................................................................................................................
Cable splic e rs ....................................................................................................................
Line installers, re paire rs...................................................................................................
Radio and television service technicians ......................................................................
Installers, repairers, section maintainers .......................................................................
Station installers................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
Stationary engineers.........................................................................................................
361.3
3.4
50.1
13.1
18.9
4.1
9.5
36.0
19.1
4.4
69.6
58.2
49.0
2.1
33.97
.32
4.71
1.23
1.78
.39
.90
3.38
1.79
.42
6.54
5.47
4.61
.19
423.5
4.1
47.2
16.1
15.7
5.1
11.8
44.3
21.6
5.5
85.0
67.7
68.2
1.8
437.4
4.3
48.7
16.6
16.2
5.2
12.1
45.8
22.3
5.6
87.8
69.9
70.4
1.8
440.1
4.3
49.0
16.7
16.3
5.3
12.2
46.1
22.4
5.7
88.3
70.3
70.9
1.8
32.43
.32
3.61
1.23
1.20
.39
.90
3.39
1.65
.42
6.51
5.18
5.22
.14
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
4.0
.37
4.9
5.1
5.1
.38
Service w orke rs ............ .......................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
12.6
9.8
1.18
.92
12.6
9.1
13.0
9.4
13.1
9.5
.96
.70
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
2.2
.21
2.7
2.8
2.8
.21
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
216.4
100.00
352.0
354.6
355.9
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Broadcast tech nicians......................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Commercial and graphic artists and designers ...........................................................
Photographers...................................................................................................................
Announcers ........................................................................................................................
Broadcast news an a lysts.................................................................................................
Reporters and correspondents ......................................................................................
Writers and editors ...........................................................................................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, nec.....................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs................................................................................................
113.5
9.3
14.0
1.8
1.5
3.1
43.9
8.8
6.5
5.4
6.1
1.2
52.46
4.29
6.47
.85
.70
1.43
20.31
4.05
3.01
2.49
2.83
.55
157.9
16.5
17.4
3.0
2.5
4.7
55.0
12.0
8.5
9.6
6.7
3.5
159.1
16.6
17.6
3.0
2.5
4.7
55.4
12.1
8.6
9.7
6.8
3.6
159.6
16.7
17.6
3.0
2.5
4.7
55.6
12.1
8.6
9.7
6.8
3.6
44.85
4.69
4.96
.86
.71
1.33
15.61
3.41
2.43
2.72
1.92
1.01
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
36.8
17.02
74.2
74.8
75.0
21.08
Sales w o rke rs.......................................................................................................................
25.2
11.63
62.6
63.0
63.3
17.78
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
Bookkeeping, billing machine op erators.......................................................................
Receptionists.....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
35.1
3.6
1.4
1.8
2.5
9.0
16.22
1.66
.63
.83
1.16
4.15
50.3
3.9
2.3
2.9
4.1
11.8
50.7
3.9
2.3
3.0
4.2
11.9
50.9
3.9
2.3
3.0
4.2
11.9
14.29
1.11
.64
.83
1.17
3.34
Radio and television broadcasting
See footnotes at end of table.
153
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Radio and tele visio n broadeasting—Continued
1.5
1.0
7.1
0.69
.47
3.29
1.4
1.7
10.4
1.4
1.7
10.5
1.4
1.7
10.5
0.40
.47
2.95
1.7
.76
2.7
2.7
2.7
.77
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
.4
.17
.6
.6
.6
.18
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians........................................ ..................................................................
3.5
3.0
1.60
1.38
3.3
2.5
3.3
2.5
3.3
2.5
.93
.71
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
.3
.13
.5
.5
.5
.13
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
20,551.0
100.00
26,046.1
26,838.0
27,191.7
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
P harm acists.......................................................................................................................
D esigners...........................................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs........... ....................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e .................................................................................
777.5
91.9
82.5
67.8
101.6
223.2
3.78
.45
.40
.33
.49
1.09
1,013.4
122.9
104.3
87.7
133.2
286.8
1,045.0
125.2
109.0
91.3
137.1
297.2
1,057.9
125.6
111.3
93.0
138.6
301.8
3.89
.47
.41
.34
.51
1.11
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
Restaurant, cafe, and bar managers ............................................................................
Sales managers, retail tr a d e ...........................................................................................
Store managers.................................................................................................................
W holesalers.......................................................................................................................
1,918.7
312.8
261.1
772.0
203.1
9.34
1.52
1.27
3.76
.99
2,585.0
452.9
334.6
1,018.9
256.1
2,669.9
458.5
344.4
1,064.9
260.9
2,708.3
461.1
348.0
1,087.9
261.8
9.95
1.71
1.28
3.97
.97
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical....................... .......................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
4,460.0
583.4
1,320.3
2,495.3
21.70
2.84
6.42
12.14
5,480.6
724.3
1,651.9
3,027.8
5,685.4
743.1
1,706.7
3,155.7
5,778.8
749.4
1,729.7
3,218.3
21.18
2.77
6.36
11.76
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
B ookkeepers, hand ...........................................................................................................
C a sh ie rs.............................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Bookkeeping and billing op erators................................................................................
Data entry operators .............................................. .........................................................
Order c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving clerks ........................................................................................
Shipping packers .............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists ............................................................................
4,250.3
162.0
391.3
1,283.2
571.9
75.0
51.0
160.9
231.2
68.9
187.2
148.5
512.5
41.9
20.68
.79
1.90
6.24
2.78
.36
.25
.78
1.12
.34
.91
.72
2.49
.20
5,374.8
184.7
439.2
1,821.2
730.7
89.0
44.9
194.8
286.5
74.9
210.2
167.6
582.7
52.7
5,559.2
190.3
453.7
1,894.1
754.1
91.2
46.2
199.7
294.3
76.9
216.3
171.4
602.5
54.1
5,640.3
192.5
460.1
1,929.9
763.6
91.9
46.6
201.3
297.1
77.5
218.5
172.5
610.9
54.6
20.71
.71
1.69
7.06
2.81
.34
.17
.74
1.10
.29
.81
.64
2.24
.20
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics....................................................................................................
Computer service technicians........................................................................................
Diesel m echanics..............................................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Office machine repairers.................................................................................................
Bakers ...............................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
T a ilo rs .................................................................................................................................
1,353.4
378.2
41.8
65.8
88.5
48.0
48.9
127.2
41.2
6.59
1.84
.20
.32
.43
.23
.24
.62
.20
1,836.4
563.6
75.2
80.6
109.2
83.6
59.8
161.6
57.2
1,901.6
588.0
76.6
82.5
111.7
85.3
62.3
165.9
59.7
1,929.9
599.6
76.8
83.1
112.4
85.7
63.6
167.4
61.0
7.09
2.19
.29
.31
.42
.32
.23
.62
.22
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists............................................................................
Traffic c le rk s ......................................................................................................................
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...............................................................................................
W holesale and re tail trade
See footnotes at end of table.
154
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1995 alternatives
1982
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
W ho lesa le and retail tra d e — C ontinued
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
B agg ers.......................................................... ...................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs .................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs..............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators...........................................................................
Tire changers and re paire rs............................................................................................
1,832.1
242.3
89.9
69.2
439.8
335.2
354.5
57.1
8.91
1.18
.44
.34
2.14
1.63
1.73
.28
2,101.7
219.4
103.0
82.8
522.5
407.7
391.6
80.1
2,177.2
229.0
106.7
84.9
537.9
419.0
412.1
83.6
2,209.9
233.7
108.4
85.5
543.8
423.0
422.1
85.3
8.11
.85
.40
.32
2.00
1.56
1.54
.31
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
Bartenders .........................................................................................................................
Butchers and meat c u tte rs ..............................................................................................
Cooks, restaurant...................................... .......................................................................
Cooks, short order and specialty fast fo o d s .................................................................
Food preparation and service workers, fast food restaurants...................................
Hosts/hostesses, restaurants, lounges, and coffee sh o p s........................................
Kitchen h e lp e rs .................................................................................................................
Pantry, sandwich, and coffee m a kers............................................................................
Waiters and w aitresses....................................................................................................
Waiters’ assistants............................................................................................................
4,710.0
304.4
242.3
172.9
267.1
386.6
792.7
93.8
411.9
57.0
1,364.4
194.3
22.92
1.48
1.18
.84
1.30
1.88
3.86
.46
2.00
.28
6.64
.95
6,225.3
355.5
331.6
155.3
384.7
506.7
1,072.8
126.9
586.5
76.1
1,791.6
240.2
6,321.2
365.8
335.7
161.4
389.7
513.6
1,086.2
128.5
594.6
77.2
1,815.4
243.2
6,366.5
370.6
337.7
164.3
392.0
516.8
1,092.5
129.2
598.5
77.7
1,826.7
244.6
23.55
1.36
1.25
.60
1.45
1.91
4.05
.48
2.22
.29
6.76
.91
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Order fille rs ........................................................................................................................
Stock clerk, sales f lo o r ....................................................................................................
1,248.9
247.0
596.9
6.08
1.20
2.90
1,429.0
283.7
681.0
1,478.6
289.9
710.8
1,500.2
291.5
725.6
5.51
1.08
2.65
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
5,293.6
100.00
6,356.2
6,474.4
6,495.3
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................
Electrical e n ginee rs..........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians..............................................................................
Computer program m ers...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ................................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e .................................................................................
359.9
11.7
6.6
9.4
90.9
15.9
25.1
61.6
72.3
6.80
.22
.13
.18
1.72
.30
.47
1.16
1.37
466.9
16.0
8.0
11.3
121.5
24.9
37.7
79.5
88.8
475.5
16.3
8.2
11.5
123.7
25.4
38.4
80.9
90.4
477.1
16.3
8.2
11.5
124.1
25.4
38.5
81.2
90.7
7.34
.25
.13
.18
1.91
.39
.59
1.25
1.40
Managers, officials, and p roprie tors..................................................................................
Sales managers, retail tr a d e .................... .................................................... ..................
Store m anagers.................................................................................................................
W holesalers.......................................................................................................................
483.4
153.8
3.4
202.5
9.13
2.90
.06
3.82
606.7
198.0
4.2
255.3
617.9
201.7
4.3
260.1
619.9
202.3
4.3
260.9
9.54
3.11
.07
4.02
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical...................................... ........................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l........... ,........................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
1,093.4
410.4
561.5
116.3
20.66
7.75
10.61
2.20
1,394.7
517.3
722.0
148.8
1,420.6
526.9
735.4
151.5
1,425.2
528.7
737.8
152.0
21.94
8.14
11.36
2.34
Clerical w orke rs........................................... ........................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
Cashiers ........................ ....................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Bookkeeping, billing machine op erators................... ....................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................................................
Data entry operators ........................................................................................................
1,530.7
90.2
114.6
36.0
9.2
289.1
57.7
6.5
36.0
28.92
1.70
2.17
.68
.17
5.46
1.09
.12
.68
1,750.2
98.3
123.8
52.5
10.8
353.3
68.2
7.8
27.5
1,782.7
100.1
126.1
53.4
11.0
359.9
69.5
8.0
28.0
1,788.5
100.4
126.5
53.6
111
361.1
69.7
8.0
28.1
27.53
1.55
1.95
.83
.17
5.56
1.07
.12
.43
W ho lesale trad e
See footnotes at end of table.
155
E-1. Employment In selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
W holesale tra d e —Continued
Order c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
R eceptionists................. ...................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving clerks .........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists ............................................................................
Switchboard o p e ra to rs .....................................................................................................
W eighe rs............................................................................................................................
120.5
18.0
153.6
50.4
115.7
127.7
219.9
29.7
6.6
12.0
2.28
.34
2.90
.95
2.19
2.41
4.15
.56
.13
.23
143.5
21.5
184.8
54.3
128.1
140.9
232.7
35.9
7.2
14.8
146.2
21.9
188.2
55.3
130.4
143.6
237.0
36.6
7.3
15.1
146.7
22.0
188.8
55.5
130.9
144.0
237.8
36.7
7.3
15.1
2.26
.34
2.91
.85
2.01
2.22
3.66
.56
.11
.23
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Automotive m echanics.....................................................................................................
Computer service tech nicians.........................................................................................
Diesel m echanics..............................................................................................................
Engineering equipment m echanics.................................................................................
Farm equipment m e chanics............................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Office machine repairers..................................................................................................
M achinists..........................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
547.0
78.3
41.4
55.4
38.3
15.7
72.7
43.7
8.4
90.7
10.33
1.48
.78
1.05
.72
.30
1.37
.83
.16
1.71
698.4
90.9
74.7
65.1
39.9
15.8
90.0
77.2
10.7
110.5
711.4
92.6
76.1
66.3
40.7
16.1
91.6
78.6
10.9
112.5
713.7
92.9
76.4
66.5
40.8
16.1
91.9
78.8
11.0
112.9
10.99
1.43
1.18
1.02
.63
.25
1.42
1.21
.17
1.74
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters................................................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Industrial truck op e ra to rs.................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs..............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators..........................................................................
717.0
8.7
26.6
54.6
240.6
231.3
38.5
13.54
.16
.50
1.03
4.54
4.37
.73
828.2
9.9
29.2
63.2
279.5
271.6
46.7
843.6
10.1
29.8
64.4
284.7
276.7
47.5
846.3
10.2
29.9
64.6
285.6
277.6
47.7
13.03
.16
.46
.99
4.40
4.27
.73
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
Butchers and meat c u tte rs ..............................................................................................
88.4
52.7
23.7
1.67
1.00
.45
95.0
56.2
25.3
96.8
57.3
25.8
97.1
57.4
25.9
1.49
.88
.40
Laborers, except farm .........................................................................................................
Conveyor operators and te n d e rs ....................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
Order fille rs ........................................................................................................................
473.7
13.7
4.8
218.3
8.95
.26
.09
4.12
516.2
16.3
5.8
249.0
525.8
16.6
6.0
253.7
527.5
16.7
6.0
254.5
8.12
.26
.09
3.92
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
413.0
100.00
584.6
595.5
597.4
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Computer programmers ...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e .................................................................................
17.0
1.4
1.2
4.7
6.1
4.12
.34
.28
1.13
1.49
27.1
2.4
2.4
7.7
9.5
27.6
2.4
2.4
7.8
9.7
27.7
2.4
2.4
7.8
9.8
4.63
.40
.40
1.31
1.63
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
Sales managers, retail tr a d e ..........................................................................................
W holesalers.......................................................................................................................
41.7
13.6
18.2
10.09
3.29
4.40
61.8
21.2
28.5
63.0
21.6
29.0
63.2
21.7
29.1
10.57
3.63
4.87
Sales w o rk e rs ..................................................................... .................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical..............................................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l.....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
93.5
28.0
45.2
19.7
22.64
6.79
10.95
4.76
133.6
40.0
64.8
28.0
136.1
40.7
66.0
28.6
136.5
40.9
66.2
28.7
22.85
6.84
11.08
4.80
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
123.8
7.0
29.97
1.70
161.8
8.1
164.8
8.2
165.4
8.2
27.68
1.38
M otor vehicles and auto parts and supplies
See footnotes at end of table.
156
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
M o tor vehicles and auto parts and supplies— C ontinued
Bookkeepers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
Cashiers ................................................................... .........................................................
Bookkeeping and billing op e ra to rs................................................................................
Data entry operators .......................................................................................................
S ecretaries........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ...............................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s ........................................................................................
Shipping packers .............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists............................................................................
10.2
3.8
5.4
4.1
8.6
2.7
11.5
7.0
23.4
1.8
2.48
.91
1.31
.99
2.09
.65
2.77
1.68
5.66
.44
12.6
6.4
6.5
2.4
11.2
2.8
17.9
8.0
26.5
2.6
12.9
6.5
6.6
2.4
11.4
2.9
18.2
8.1
27.0
2.6
12.9
6.6
6.6
2.4
11.4
2.9
18.3
8.1
27.0
2.6
2.16
1.10
1.11
.40
1.91
.49
3.06
1.36
4.53
.44
Craft and related w o rk e rs ........................................................................... .......................
Automotive body repairers..............................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics....................................................................................................
Diesel m echanics.............................................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility ............................................................................
M achinists.........................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
62.8
2.0
26.6
15.1
3.5
2.9
7.9
15.21
.48
6.44
3.66
.84
.70
1.92
89.9
2.8
37.2
21.6
5.0
4.1
12.4
91.6
2.9
37.9
22.0
5.0
4.2
12.6
91.9
2.9
38.0
22.0
5.1
4.2
12.6
15.39
.48
6.37
3.69
.85
.71
2.12
O peratives............................................................................................................................
Transport equipment op erative s....................................................................................
Industrial truck operators...............................................................................................
Delivery and route w o rk e rs ...........................................................................................
Truck drivers ...................................................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators..........................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, nonmanufacturing ..............................................
Tire changers and re paire rs...........................................................................................
42.1
30.3
2.6
17.5
9.3
3.3
1.5
2.2
10.20
7.35
.63
4.24
2.26
.79
.37
.54
64.0
47.2
3.7
27.9
14.3
4.7
2.2
3.2
65.1
48.0
3.8
28.4
14.6
4.8
2.2
3.3
65.4
48.2
3.8
28.5
14.6
4.8
2.2
3.3
10.94
8.06
.63
4.77
2.44
.80
.37
.55
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building custodians..........................................................................................................
4.2
3.6
1.02
.88
6.0
5.2
6.1
5.3
6.1
5.3
1.02
.89
Laborers, except farm .................................................................... ....................................
Stock handlers ............................................................................................................. .
27.9
18.7
6.75
4.54
40.5
28.6
41.2
29.1
41.3
29.2
6.92
4.89
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
1,344.9
100.00
1,630.8
1,661.2
1,666.5
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Electrical engineers .........................................................................................................
Industrial engineers .........................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers .....................................................................................................
D rafters................ ..............................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.............................................................................
Computer program m ers..................................................................................................
Computer systems analvsts ...........................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ...............................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e ................................................................................
154.5
4.0
3.3
5.4
2.5
62.7
5.5
16.9
15.2
15.2
11.49
.30
.24
.40
.19
4.67
.41
1.26
1.13
1.13
203.5
6.5
3.9
6.6
2.4
83.9
8.3
23.7
20.4
18.4
207.2
6.6
4.0
6.7
2.4
85.4
8.5
24.2
20.7
18.7
207.9
6.7
4.0
6.7
2.4
85.7
8.5
24.3
20.8
18.8
12.48
.40
.24
.40
.15
5.14
.51
1.46
1.25
1.13
Managers, officials, and proprietors.................................................................................
Sales managers, retail trade ..........................................................................................
W holesalers......................................................................................................................
117.2
39.2
38.2
8.72
2.92
2.84
153.4
52.4
51.2
156.3
53.4
52.1
156.8
53.6
52.3
9.41
3.22
3.14
Sales w orke rs......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical..............................................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s ......................................................................................................................
275.6
154.9
96.8
23.9
20.49
11.52
7.19
1.78
360.3
202.9
128.4
28.9
367.0
206.7
130.8
29.5
368.2
207.3
131.2
29.6
22.09
12.44
7.87
1.77
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
347.6
21.8
25.85
1.62
373.3
21.5
380.3
21.9
381.5
22.0
22.89
1.32
M achinery, equipm ent, and supplies
See footnotes at end of table.
157
E-1. Employment in seieeted industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Machinery, equipm ent, and supplies—C ontinued
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
C a sh ie rs ........................................................... .................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Bookkeeping and billing op e ra to rs.................................................................................
Data entry operators ........................................................................................................
R eceptionists.....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s .........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists.............................................................................
25.7
4.5
76.3
13.6
6.8
5.5
47.0
14.5
22.1
18.6
39.4
8.4
1.91
.34
5.67
1.01
.51
.41
3.50
1.08
1.64
1.39
2.93
.62
24.6
6.3
87.9
16.5
4.4
6.7
53.0
14.7
21.8
19.4
40.2
10.1
25.1
6.4
89.5
16.8
4.5
6.8
54.0
14.9
22.2
19.8
41.0
10.3
25.1
6.4
89.8
16.8
4.5
6.8
54.2
15.0
22.3
19.8
41.1
10.4
1.51
.39
5.39
1.01
.27
.41
3.25
.90
1.34
1.19
2.47
.62
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Plumbers and pipefitters....................................................................................................
Mechanics, repairers, and in s ta lle rs ................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics.....................................................................................................
Computer service technicians.........................................................................................
Diesel m echanics..............................................................................................................
Engineering equipment m echanics................................................................................
Farm equipment m e chanics.......................... .................................................................
Industrial machinery re paire rs.........................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
Office machine repairers..................................................................................................
M achinists............................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors..........................................................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist o p e ra to rs................................................................................
Opticians, dispensing and optical m echanics................................................................
295.4
2.2
246.3
38.6
38.2
35.2
35.7
15.4
3.5
28.8
39.7
3.9
24.2
2.8
2.0
21.97
.17
18.32
2.87
2.84
2.62
2.66
1.14
.26
2.14
2.95
.29
1.80
.20
.15
383.7
2.7
325.8
38.6
70.9
37.8
36.8
15.4
4.3
36.5
72.1
4.7
28.1
3.3
2.0
390.8
2.7
331.9
39.3
72.2
38.5
37.5
15.7
4.4
37.2
73.4
4.8
28.6
3.4
2.0
392.1
2.8
333.0
39.5
72.4
38.6
37.6
15.7
4.4
37.3
73.7
4.8
28.7
3.4
2.0
23.53
.17
19.98
2.37
4.35
2.32
2.26
.94
.26
2.24
4.42
.29
1.72
.20
.12
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Welders and flam ecutters................................................................................................
Chauffeurs..........................................................................................................................
Industrial truck op erators.................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orkers.............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
76.8
4.0
1.2
4.8
20.9
23.6
5.71
.30
.09
.36
1.55
1.76
79.4
4.8
1.5
5.8
20.4
25.4
80.9
4.9
1.5
6.0
20.7
25.9
81.2
4.9
1.5
6.0
20.8
26.0
4.87
.30
.09
.36
1.25
1.56
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians........................................................................................................ .
24.4
23.2
1.82
1.73
23.2
21.7
23.6
22.1
23.7
22.1
1.42
1.33
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
Order fille rs ........................................................................................................................
53.3
2.7
31.0
3.96
.20
2.30
54.0
3.3
32.3
55.0
3.4
32.9
55.2
3.4
33.0
3.31
.20
1.98
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
15,257.4
100.00
19,689.9
20,363.6
20,696.4
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
P harm acists.......................................................................................................................
D esigners...........................................................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs ...............................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e ................................................................................
417.6
82.1
62.7
40.0
150.9
2.74
.54
.41
.26
.99
546.5
103.9
79.9
53.8
198.0
569.4
108.6
83.3
56.2
206.8
580.8
110.9
85.0
57.4
211.1
2.80
.53
.41
.28
1.02
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
Auto parts department m anagers..................................................................................
Auto service department m a nagers..............................................................................
Restaurant, cafe, and bar managers ............................................................................
Sales managers, retail tr a d e ..........................................................................................
Store managers.................................................................................................................
All other m a nage rs...........................................................................................................
1,435.3
34.0
42.7
312.8
107.3
768.6
169.2
9.41
.22
.28
2.05
.70
5.04
1.11
1,978.3
50.1
63.7
452.8
136.6
1,014.7
259.5
2,051.9
52.4
66.6
458.5
142.7
1,060.7
270.3
2,088.4
53.5
68.0
461.1
145.7
1,083.6
275.7
10.08
.26
.33
2.25
.70
5.21
1.33
Retail trade
See footnotes at end of table.
158
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Retail trade—C ontinued
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical...............................................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l.....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
3,366.6
173.0
758.8
2,379.0
22.07
1.13
4.97
15.59
4,085.9
206.9
929.9
2,879.0
4,264.8
216.2
971.3
3,004.2
4,353.6
220.8
991.9
3,066.3
20.94
1.06
4.77
14.75
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
Cashiers .............................................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors..................................................................... .....................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Order c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
Service c le rk s ....................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving c le rk s ........................................................................................
Shipping packers ..............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
2,719.6
71.8
276.6
1,247.3
26.6
282.8
40.5
77.6
22.1
71.5
20.8
292.6
17.82
.47
1.81
8.17
.17
1.85
.27
.51
.15
.47
.14
1.92
3,624.7
86.4
315.5
1,768.8
37.0
377.4
51.3
101.7
31.8
82.2
26.7
350.0
3,776.5
90.2
327.6
1,840.6
38.7
394.2
53.6
106.1
33.2
85.8
27.9
365.5
3,851.9
92.0
333.6
1,876.3
39.5
402.5
54.7
108.3
33.8
87.6
28.4
373.1
18.55
.44
1.61
9.04
.19
1.94
.26
.52
.16
.42
.14
1.79
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Automotive body repairers...............................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics.....................................................................................................
Bakers ................................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors.......................................................................................
Merchandise dispiayers and window trim m e rs............................................................
T a ilo rs .................................................................................................................................
806.5
44.8
300.0
46.9
36.6
16.5
41.0
5.29
.29
1.97
.31
.24
.11
.27
1,138.0
68.1
472.8
57.6
51.1
26.3
57.0
1,190.2
71.2
495.4
60.2
53.3
27.4
59.5
1,216.2
72.7
506.7
61.4
54.5
28.0
60.7
5.84
.35
2.43
.30
.26
.13
.29
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
B a g g e rs..............................................................................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs.............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators...........................................................................
Tire changers and re paire rs...........................................................................................
1,115.1
242.0
63.2
199.2
103.9
316.1
54.4
7.31
1.59
.41
1.31
.68
2.07
.36
1,273.5
219.1
73.8
243.0
136.0
345.0
76.4
1,333.6
228.6
76.9
253.1
142.3
364.6
79.8
1,363.5
233.4
78.5
258.2
145.4
374.4
81.5
6.55
1.12
.38
1.24
.70
1.79
.39
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building cu sto d ia n s............................................................................................................
Food service workers .......................................................................................................
Bakers, bread and p a s try ................................................................................................
Bartenders .........................................................................................................................
Butchers and meat c u tte rs ..............................................................................................
Cooks, restaurant..............................................................................................................
Cooks, short order and specialty fast fo o d s ................................................................
Food preparation and service workers, fast food restaurants...................................
Hosts/hostesses, restaurants, lounges, and coffee sh o p s........................................
Kitchen h e lp e rs .................................................................................................................
Pantry, sandwich, and coffee m a kers............................................................................
Waiters and w aitresses...................................................................................................
Waiters’ assistants............................................................................................................
Ail other food service w o rk e rs .......................................................................................
Supervisors, nonworking, se rv ic e ....................................................................................
4,621.6
251.7
4,237.8
22.7
242.2
149.2
266.9
386.2
792.2
93.8
411.4
56.3
1,363.8
194.2
257.9
42.5
30.29
1.65
27.78
.15
1.59
.98
1.75
2.53
5.19
.61
2.70
.37
8.94
1.27
1.69
.28
6,130.3
299.3
5,637.9
30.7
331.6
130.0
384.5
506.1
1,072.2
126.9
586.0
75.3
1,790.9
240.1
362.5
58.2
6,224.4
308.6
5,716.9
31.1
335.7
135.6
389.5
513.0
1,085.6
128.4
594.1
76.4
1,814.7
243.1
368.4
59.1
6,269.4
313.2
5,754.4
31.3
337.7
138.4
391.9
516.3
1,092.0
129.2
597.9
76.9
1,826.0
244.5
371.3
59.6
30.57
1.52
28.07
.15
1.65
.67
1.91
2.52
5.33
.63
2.92
.38
8.91
1.19
1.81
.29
Laborers, except fa r m ........................................................................................................
Cleaners, v eh icle...............................................................................................................
Order fille rs ........................................................................................................................
Stock clerk, sales f lo o r ...................................................................................................
775.2
43.5
28.6
595.0
5.08
.28
.19
3.90
912.8
62.0
34.6
678.7
952.8
64.9
36.2
708.5
972.7
66.3
37.0
723.3
4.68
.32
.18
3.48
See footnotes at end of table.
159
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
D epartm ent stores
Total, ail occupations..................................................................................................
1,884.8
100.00
2,829.8
2,954.6
3,016.1
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Computer program m ers..................................................................................................
Commercial and graphic artists and designers ...........................................................
D esigners..........................................................................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors...............................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e ................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
89.7
1.4
3.8
2.7
3.9
35.5
7.5
3.70
.08
.20
.14
.21
1.89
.40
111.0
2.2
5.7
4.8
5.9
59.3
11.3
115.9
2.3
6.0
5.0
6.2
61.9
11.8
118.3
2.3
6.1
5.1
6.3
63.1
12.0
3.92
.08
.20
.17
.21
2.09
.40
Managers, officials, and proprietors.................................................................................
Sales managers, retail trade ..........................................................................................
Store managers................................................................................................................
121.4
22.6
30.7
6.44
1.20
1.63
215.4
33.9
53.0
224.9
35.4
55.3
229.5
36.1
56.5
7.61
1.20
1.87
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical..............................................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
859.5
14.5
124.7
673.8
45.60
.77
6.62
35.75
1,254.7
18.6
176.4
999.1
1,310.0
19.4
184.2
1,043.2
1,337.2
19.8
188.0
1,064.9
44.34
.66
6.23
35.31
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Adjustment clerks ............................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
Cashiers .............................................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors..........................................................................................................
Collectors, bill and a c c o u n t............................................................................................
Credit a u th o riz e s ..............................................................................................................
File cle rk s ...........................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
Bookkeeping, billing machine op erators.......................................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................................................
Data entry o p e ra to rs ........................................................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators............................................................................
Order c le rk s ......................................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s ......................................................................................
Personnel clerks ..............................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
T y p is ts ................................................................................................................................
Service c le rk s ...................................................................................................................
Shipping and receiving clerks ........................................................................................
Shipping packers .............................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
Switchboard o p e ra to rs ....................................................................................................
490.3
15.7
18.8
9.5
94.5
16.5
6.2
16.9
4.8
46.2
3.6
1.4
6.1
1.8
15.6
5.5
4.9
12.2
4.6
20.4
18.3
12.7
48.1
11.1
26.02
.83
1.00
.51
5.01
.88
.33
.90
.26
2.45
.19
.08
.32
.10
.83
.29
.26
.65
.24
1.08
.97
.67
2.55
.59
758.3
23.6
25.3
12.3
179.4
24.8
7.4
25.4
5.3
77.3
5.4
2.1
8.8
2.8
23.4
8.2
7.4
18.7
4.9
29.5
22.7
17.0
62.5
7.4
791.8
24.6
26.4
12.9
187.3
25.9
7.7
26.5
5.5
80.7
5.7
2.2
9.2
2.9
24.4
8.6
7.7
19.5
5.1
30.8
23.6
17.8
65.2
7.7
808.2
25.1
26.9
13.2
191.2
26.4
7.9
27.1
5.7
82.3
5.8
2.3
9.4
2.9
24.9
8.7
7.9
20.0
5.2
31.4
24.1
18.2
66.6
7.8
26.80
.83
.89
.44
6.34
.88
.26
.90
.19
2.73
.19
.08
.31
.10
.83
.29
.26
.66
.17
1.04
.80
.60
2.21
.26
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Appliance installers and repairers .................................................................................
Automotive m echanics....................................................................................................
Industrial machinery repaire rs........................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors................... ....................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trim m e rs............................................................
T a ilo rs .................................................................................................................................
92.0
11.7
13.8
5.2
9.0
10.5
8.5
4.88
.62
.73
.28
.48
.55
.45
137.9
17.6
17.8
7.9
13.6
18.7
12.8
144.0
18.3
18.6
8.2
14.2
19.5
13.4
147.0
18.7
19.0
8.4
14.5
19.9
13.7
4.87
.62
.63
.28
.48
.66
.45
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs.............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs.....................................................................................................................
Dressmakers, except fa c to ry ..........................................................................................
Tire changers and re paire rs...........................................................................................
40.0
2.8
5.3
3.6
12.0
2.12
.15
.28
.19
.64
55.2
4.1
7.9
5.3
13.2
57.6
4.3
8.3
5.6
13.8
58.8
4.4
8.4
5.7
14.1
1.95
.15
.28
.19
.47
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building custodians..........................................................................................................
127.1
34.5
6.74
1.83
185.0
37.5
193.2
39.1
197.2
40.0
6.54
1.32
See footnotes at end of table.
160
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1995 alternatives
1982
Number
Occupation
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
D epartm ent s to re s —C ontinued
Cooks, short order and specialty fast fo o d s .................................................................
Kitchen h e lp e rs .................................................................................................................
Waiters and w aitresses....................................................................................................
Cosmetologists/women’s hairstylists.............................................................................
G ua rds................................................................................................................................
Store de te c tiv e s ................................................................................................................
Supervisors, nonworking, s e rv ic e ...................................................................................
5.0
7.4
12.1
12.2
7.4
17.3
3.7
0.26
.39
.64
.65
.39
.92
.19
8.0
11.2
18.2
18.3
20.1
-24.6
5.5
8.3
11.7
19.0
19.1
21.0
25.7
5.8
8.5
11.9
19.4
19.5
21.4
26.2
5.9
0.28
.39
.64
.65
.71
.87
.19
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Order fille rs ........................................................................................................................
Stock clerk, sales f lo o r ....................................................................................................
84.9
4.9
65.3
4.51
.26
3.46
112.3
6.5
83.7
117.3
6.8
87.4
119.7
6.9
89.2
3.97
.23
2.96
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
2,163.4
100.00
2,458.0
2,564.8
2,617.9
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................
P harm acists.......................................................................................................................
Buyers, retail and wholesale tra d e .................................................................................
39.1
1.3
33.7
1.81
.06
1.56
44.5
1.5
38.2
46.4
1.6
39.9
47.3
1.6
40.7
1.81
.06
1.56
Managers, officials, and proprietors..................................................................................
Sales managers, retail tr a d e ...........................................................................................
Store m anagers.................................................................................................................
178.1
2.0
150.0
8.23
.09
6.94
229.8
2.3
191.2
239.8
2.4
199.5
244.8
2.4
203.6
9.35
.09
7.78
Sales w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l.....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
238.5
1.4
236.7
11.03
.06
10.94
238.7
1.4
237.0
249.0
1.4
247.2
254.2
1.5
252.4
9.71
.06
9.64
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ...........................................................................................................
Cashiers .............................................................................................................................
Clerical supervisors...........................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
Secretaries and stenographers.......................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse ......................................................................
808.3
2.2
30.4
641.8
1.1
34.6
9.2
83.0
37.36
.10
1.40
29.67
.05
1.60
.42
3.84
1,023.2
2.5
32.5
838.7
1.3
39.3
11.1
91.0
1,067.7
2.7
34.0
875.2
1.3
41.0
11.6
94.9
1,089.8
2.7
34.7
893.3
1.3
41.8
11.8
96.9
41.63
.10
1.32
34.12
.05
1.60
.45
3.70
Craft and related w o rk e rs ...................................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ............................................................................
Bakers ................................................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
30.2
1.1
23.8
2.2
1.40
.05
1.10
.10
34.3
1.2
27.0
2.5
35.8
1.3
28.2
2.6
36.6
1.3
28.8
2.7
1.40
.05
1.10
.10
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
B a g g e rs..............................................................................................................................
Production packagers.......................................................................................................
Industrial truck o p e ra to rs .................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs..............................................................................................
Truck driv e rs ......................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operatives, all other food products......................................
319.9
239.3
50.1
1.3
7.2
11.0
8.6
14.78
11.06
2.31
.06
.33
.51
.40
307.2
215.7
56.9
1.5
8.2
12.5
9.8
320.6
225.1
59.4
1.6
8.5
13.1
10.2
327.2
229.7
60.6
1.6
8.7
13.3
10.4
12.50
8.77
2.31
.06
.33
.51
.40
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
Butchers and meat c u tte rs ..............................................................................................
Cooks, restaurant..............................................................................................................
Cooks, short order and specialty fast fo o d s ................................................................
Kitchen h e lp e rs .................................................................................................................
Pantry, sandwich, and coffee m a kers...........................................................................
Waiters and w aitre sses....................................................................................................
G ua rds................................................................................................................................
174.0
22.6
131.7
1.3
2.6
1.1
2.0
2.9
1.7
8.04
1.05
6.09
.06
.12
.05
.09
.13
.08
159.2
25.7
111.2
1.4
2.9
1.3
2.3
3.3
2.0
166.1
26.8
116.0
1.5
3.0
1.3
2.4
3.4
2.0
169.6
27.4
118.4
1.5
3.1
1.4
2.4
3.5
2.1
6.48
1.05
4.52
.06
.12
.05
.09
.13
.08
G rocery s to re s
See footnotes at end of table.
161
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
G r o c e r y s to r e s — C o n tin u e d
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Stock clerk, sales f lo o r .......................................... .........................................................
375.3
363.2
17.35
16.79
421.0
407.2
439.3
424.9
448.4
433.7
17.13
16.57
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
690.5
100.00
1,051.4
1,098.7
1,122.2
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs................................................................................................
12.3
12.1
1.79
1.76
18.8
18.5
19.6
19.3
20.1
19.7
1.79
1.76
Managers, officials, and proprietors..................................................................................
Auto parts department m anagers...................................................................................
Auto service department m anagers...............................................................................
Store managers.................................................................................................................
101.1
22.3
29.0
44.7
14.65
3.23
4.20
6.48
163.2
34.5
45.7
75.1
170.5
36.0
47.8
78.5
174.2
36.8
48.8
80.1
15.52
3.28
4.35
7.14
Sales w o rke rs.......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, nontechnical...............................................................................
Sales representatives, te ch n ica l.....................................................................................
Sales c le rk s .......................................................................................................................
154.6
22.3
125.3
6.8
22.39
3.24
18.14
.99
222.8
29.1
181.2
12.4
232.8
30.4
189.3
12.9
237.8
31.0
193.4
13.2
21.19
2.76
17.23
1.18
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks .............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, hand ...........................................................................................................
C a sh ie rs.............................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e .......................................................................................................
R eceptionists.....................................................................................................................
S ecretaries.........................................................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
Switchboard operators/receptionists ............................................................................
Switchboard o p erators.....................................................................................................
109.4
13.0
19.7
11.6
25.4
1.2
5.4
21.6
6.4
2.0
15.84
1.88
2.85
1.69
3.67
.18
.78
3.13
.92
.30
151.3
15.0
22.3
19.1
38.6
1.8
6.3
31.6
9.7
2.2
158.1
15.6
23.4
20.0
40.4
1.9
6.6
33.0
10.1
2.3
161.5
16.0
23.9
20.4
41.2
2.0
6.7
33.7
10.4
2.4
14.39
1.42
2.13
1.82
3.67
.18
.60
3.01
.92
.21
Craft and related w o rke rs...................................................................................................
Automotive body repairers...............................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics.....................................................................................................
Auto repair service estim a to rs........................................................................................
Diesel m echanics..............................................................................................................
Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................
220.4
40.6
153.8
8.0
7.0
10.3
31.93
5.88
22.28
1.16
1.01
1.48
358.5
61.8
257.1
12.1
10.6
15.6
374.6
64.6
268.6
12.7
11.1
16.3
382.7
66.0
274.4
13.0
11.3
16.7
34.10
5.88
24.45
1.16
1.01
1.48
O peratives.............................................................................................................................
Painters, autom otive.........................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs..............................................................................................
Truck d rive rs......................................................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators...........................................................................
25.4
8.6
6.3
3.1
4.1
3.68
1.24
.91
.44
.60
38.7
13.1
9.6
4.7
6.3
40.5
13.7
10.0
4.9
6.6
41.3
14.0
10.2
5.0
6.7
3.68
1.25
.91
.44
.60
Service w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Building custodians...........................................................................................................
19.2
18.6
2.77
2.70
29.0
28.4
30.3
29.6
31.0
30.3
2.76
2.70
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
Cleaners, ve h icle ...............................................................................................................
Helpers, tra d e s ..................................................................................................................
48.0
36.6
9.3
6.95
5.30
1.35
69.1
51.7
14.1
72.2
54.1
14.8
73.8
55.2
15.1
6.58
4.92
1.35
Total, all occupations...................................................................................................
550.4
100.00
695.3
735.5
755.6
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Accountants and a u ditors................................................................................................
3.2
2.9
.57
.53
4.0
3.7
4.2
3.9
4.3
4.0
.57
.53
Managers, officials, and proprie tors.................................................................................
64.4
11.71
84.6
89.5
92.0
12.17
M o t o r v e h ic le d e a le r s ( n e w a n d u s e d )
G a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s
See footnotes at end of table.
162
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
G a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta t io n s — C o n tin u e d
Store managers................................................................................................................
61.7
11.22
81.2
85.9
88.2
11.68
Sales w o rk e rs ......................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, te c h n ic a l....................................................................................
2.0
1.0
.37
.19
2.3
1.1
2.4
1.2
2.5
1.2
.33
.16
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
C a s h ie rs ............................................................................................................................
General clerks, o ffic e ......................................................................................................
68.1
16.4
41.3
9.3
12.37
2.98
7.50
1.70
122.0
17.8
91.0
11.8
129.1
18.8
96.3
12.5
132.6
19.4
98.9
12.8
17.55
2.56
13.09
1.70
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Automotive m e chanics....................................................................................................
72.2
70.3
13.11
12.76
108.4
106.0
114.7
112.1
117.8
115.2
15.59
15.24
O peratives............................................................................................................................
Truck d rive rs.....................................................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators..........................................................................
315.9
13.5
300.7
57.39
2.46
54.63
342.9
17.1
323.7
362.8
18.1
342.5
372.7
18.6
351.8
49.32
2.46
46.56
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building custodians..........................................................................................................
Cooks, restaurant.............................................................................................................
Kitchen h e lp e rs ................................................................................................................
Waiters and w aitresses...................................................................................................
22.0
1.3
1.1
6.2
10.9
3.99
.23
.20
1.13
1.99
27.8
1.6
1.4
7.9
13.8
29.4
1.7
1.5
8.3
14.6
30.2
1.8
1.5
8.6
15.0
3.99
.23
.20
1.13
1.99
Laborers, except fa r m ........................................................................................................
Cleaners, ve h ic le ..............................................................................................................
2.7
1.5
.48
.27
3.4
1.9
3.6
2.0
3.6
2.0
.48
.27
Total, all occupations..................................................................................................
4,781.4
100.00
6,472.6
6,551.5
6,588.6
100.00
Professional, technical, and related workers ..................................................................
Musicians ..........................................................................................................................
29.8
18.4
.62
.38
40.3
24.0
40.8
25.2
41.1
25.3
.62
.38
Managers, officials, and proprietors.................................................................................
Restaurant, cafe, and bar managers ............................................................................
328.7
311.2
6.88
6.51
474.5
450.8
480.3
456.3
483.0
458.9
7.33
6.96
Sales w o rk e rs ......................................................................................................................
Sales c le rk s ......................................................................................................................
54.0
52.9
1.13
1.11
67.3
65.9
68.1
66.7
68.5
67.0
1.04
1.02
Clerical w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, hand ..........................................................................................................
C a s h ie rs ............................................................................................................................
General clerks, office ......................................................................................................
S ecretaries.................................................... ....................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom and warehouse .....................................................................
223.7
2.3
56.8
150.3
4.0
2.8
1.6
4.68
.05
1.19
3.14
.08
.06
.03
310.5
2.6
66.2
222.5
5.4
3.8
2.2
314.3
2.6
67.0
225.2
5.4
3.8
2.3
316.1
2.6
67.3
226.5
5.4
3.8
2.3
4.80
.04
1.02
3.44
.08
.06
.03
Craft and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................................
Maintenance repairers, general u tility ...........................................................................
4.5
1.9
.09
.04
6.0
2.6
6.1
2.6
6.1
2.6
.09
.04
O peratives............................................................................................................................
Delivery and route w orke rs.............................................................................................
Fuel pump attendants and lubricators..........................................................................
22.2
16.8
1.4
.46
.35
.03
30.0
22.8
1.9
30.4
23.1
1.9
30.6
23.2
1.9
.46
.35
.03
Service w orke rs...................................................................................................................
Building cu sto d ia n s...........................................................................................................
Food service w o rk e rs .......................................................................................................
Bakers, bread and p a s try ...............................................................................................
Bartenders ....................................................................... .................................................
Cooks, restaurant.............................................................................................................
4,112.9
107.1
3,944.9
22.0
240.2
259.9
86.02
2.24
82.51
.46
5.02
5.44
5,536.4
125.2
5,326.7
29.8
329.1
375.0
5,603.8
126.7
5,391.6
30.2
333.1
379.5
5,635.6
127.4
5,422.2
30.4
335.0
381.7
85.54
1.93
82.30
.46
5.08
5.79
E a tin g a n d d r in k in g p la c e s
See footnotes at end of table.
163
E=1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 aiternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
E a tin g a n d d r in k in g p la c e s — C o n t in u e d
Cooks, short order and specialty fast fo o d s ................................................................
Food preparation and service workers, fast food restaurants...................................
Hosts/hostesses, restaurants, lounges, and coffee sh o p s........................................
Kitchen h e lp e rs .................................................................................................................
Pantry, sandwich, and coffee m a kers...........................................................................
Waiters and w aitresses....................................................................................................
Waiters’ assistants............................................................................................................
All other food service w o rk e rs ........................................................................................
Supervisors, nonworking, s e rv ic e ....................................................... .............................
369.2
783.0
92.9
391.7
51.8
1,319.7
192.6
220.2
37.6
7.72
16.37
1.94
8.19
1.08
27.60
4.03
4.61
.79
484.2
1,061.6
125.7
559.9
70.2
1,735.8
238.0
315.2
50.8
490.1
1,074.5
127.2
566.7
71.0
1,757.0
240.9
319.0
51.5
492.9
1,080.6
128.0
569.9
71.4
1,766.9
242.2
320.8
51.8
7.48
16.40
1.94
8.65
1.08
26.82
3.68
4.87
.79
Laborers, except fa r m .........................................................................................................
5.5
.12
7.5
7.6
7.6
.12
Total, all occupations................................................. .................................................
5,350.3
100.00
7,081.6
7,173.9
7,290.3
100.00
Professional, technical, and related w o rk e rs ..................................................................
A ctu a rie s............................................................................................................................
Computer program m ers...................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................
Financial analysts .............................................................................................................
Public relations specialists...............................................................................................
Accountants and au d ito rs................................................................................................
Brokers’ floor reps and security tra d e rs .......................................................................
Claim examiners, property/casualty insurance............................................................
Credit analysts, c h ie f........................................................................................................
Credit analysts...................................................................................................................
Insurance investigators..................................................... ..............................................
La w ye rs..............................................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.....................................................................
Safety insp e cto rs..............................................................................................................
Special agents, insurance................................................................................................
Title examiners and abstractors ....................................................................................
Underwriters ............................... ......................................................................................
506.0
5.6
39.8
31.3
14.9
9.9
74.6
10.6
20.3
8.3
20.5
9.5
9.9
14.4
7.3
25.2
10.3
75.8
9.46
.10
.74
.58
.28
.18
1.39
.20
.38
.16
.38
.18
.18
.27
.14
.47
.19
1.42
696.0
7.3
65.0
54.9
19.6
13.6
102.9
13.0
26.1
11.9
29.3
12.2
13.8
18.5
10.4
38.1
15.2
90.2
706.0
7.4
65.9
55.7
19.8
13.7
104.2
13.1
26.6
12.0
29.5
12.4
14.0
18.7
10.6
38.8
15.7
91.8
718.3
7.5
67.0
56.6
20.2
13.9
106.0
13.4
27.0
12.2
30.1
12.6
14.3
19.0
10.8
39.5
16.1
93.4
9.84
.10
.92
.78
.28
.19
1.45
.18
.37
.17
.41
.17
.20
.26
.15
.54
.22
1.28
Managers, officials, and proprie tors..................................................................................
912.8
17.06
1,268.5
1,284.4
1,305.4
17.90
Sales w o rk e rs............................... .......................................................................................
Real estate brokers .........................................................................................................
Sales agents, sales representatives, real e s ta te .........................................................
Real estate appraisers.....................................................................................................
Sales agents and brokers, insurance...................................................................... ......
Sales agents and representatives, financial s ervice s.................................................
Security salesworkers.......................................................................................................
507.9
17.2
95.7
16.5
244.7
22.4
62.4
9.49
.32
1.79
.31
4.57
.42
1.17
732.3
23.5
166.7
29.2
321.6
33.0
87.3
743.1
23.9
169.1
29.5
327.4
33.3
88.1
756.0
24.2
171.7
30.0
333.1
33.9
90.0
10.36
.33
2.36
.41
4.56
.46
1.23
Clerical w orke rs....................................................................................................................
Adjustment clerks .............................................................................................................
New accounts te lle rs ........................................................................................................
T e lle rs .................................................................................................................................
Accounting clerks ............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, h a n d ..........................................................................................................
Brokerage c le rk s ..............................................................................................................
C a sh ie rs ................................ ............................................................................................
Checking c le rk s .................................. ..............................................................................
Claims adjusters...............................................................................................................
Claims c le rk s .....................................................................................................................
Claims examiner, insurance............................................................................................
Clerical supervisors..........................................................................................................
Collectors, bill and a c c o u n t............................................................................................
Credit clerks, banking and insurance............................................................................
2,856.9
8.4
67.3
471.5
103.5
68.1
16.5
25.6
18.0
49.9
46.7
47.3
155.3
47.4
49.6
53.40
.16
1.26
8.81
1.93
1.27
.31
.48
.34
.93
.87
.88
2.90
.89
.93
3,632.2
11.2
79.1
607.0
122.0
78.9
20.2
40.8
22.4
78.2
69.7
61.1
214.3
72.2
75.7
3,678.2
11.3
73.9
613.1
123.6
80.0
20.3
41.3
22.7
79.7
70.9
62.2
217.0
72.9
76.4
3,737.3
11.5
81.1
621.7
125.7
81.3
20.8
42.0
23.0
81.0
72.2
63.3
220.5
74.2
77.8
51.27
.16
1.11
8.55
1.72
1.11
.28
.58
.32
1.11
.99
.87
3.03
1.02
1.07
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e
See footnotes at end of table.
164
E-1. Employment in selected industries and occupations, 1982 and projected 1995 alternatives—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1995 alternatives
Occupation
Number
Number
Percent
Percent
Low
Moderate
High
Finance, in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e — C o n t i n u e d
Credit reporters ................................................................................................................
File c le rk s ..........................................................................................................................
General clerks, office ......................................................................................................
Insurance checkers .........................................................................................................
Insurance clerks, except m e d ic a l..................................................................................
Loan c lo s e rs ......................................................................................................................
Mail c le rk s ..........................................................................................................................
Messengers .......................................................................................................................
Mortgage closing c le rk s ..................................................................................................
Bookkeeping and billing op erators................................................................................
Bookkeeping, billing machine operators .....................................................................
Proof machine operators...............................................................................................
Computer operators.........................................................................................................
Data entry operators .......................................................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators............................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s ......................................................................................
Policy change clerks .......................................................................................................
R a te rs .................................................................................................................................
Real estate c le rk s ............................................................................................................
R eceptionists....................................................................................................................
Safe deposit c le rk s ............................................
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