The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
L /Q C j§ Bulletin No. 1297 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary Prepared for the UNITED STATES ATOMIC B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ENERGY COMMISSION E w a n C la g u e , C o m m issio n e r EMPLOYMENT IN THE ATOMIC ENERGY FIELD A 1960 Occupational Survey Prepared for the UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COM M ISSION Bulletin No. 1297 April 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S E w a n C la g u e , C o m m issio n e r For sale by tho Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 30 cents PREFACE This bulletin (No. 1297) presents the results of an employment and occupa tional survey of major U.S. Atomic Energy Commission prime contractors. The survey, which was conducted for the Atomic Energy Commission by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, relates primarily to employ ment by occupation in January 1960 and employment which was anticipated in January 1961. The Atomic Energy Commission and the Bureau of Labor Statistics are grate ful to the organizations and individuals whose cooperation made the study pos sible, especially to the establishments that supplied the statistical data on employment. The study was carried out under the sponsorship of the Atomic Energy Com mission's Office of Industrial Relations, Oscar S. Smith, Director. Valuable assistance was provided in all phases of the survey by John Chapman, Chief, Con tractor Personnel Branch of that office, and by John Rudolph of his staff. All photographs were supplied by the Atomic Energy Commission. The survey was conducted in the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics. Mannie Kupinsky directed all work on the project. Arthur Neef prepared the bulletin with the assistance of Anna M. Latimer. Contents Introduction___________________________________________________________________ Summary of findings____________________________________________________________ Nature of the atomic energy field__________________________________________________ Distribution of employment by occupation__________________________________________ Engineers__________________________________________________________________ Scientists.. _ _______________________________________________________________ Technicians________________________________________________________________ Other technical personnel_____________________________________________________ Skilled workers_____________________________________________________________ Other occupations___________________________________________________________ Anticipated changes in occupational employment__________________________________ Distribution of employment by segment_____________________________________________ Atomic Energy Commission research facilities____________________________________ Defense production facilities__________________________________________________ Reactor manufacture________________________________________________________ Production of feed materials and enriched uranium________________________________ Construction of nuclear facilities_____________________________ Private research laboratories_____________________________________________ Production of special materials________________________________________________ Uranium milling____________________________________________________________ Fuel element fabrication______________________________________________________ Power reactor operation______________________________ Distribution of employment in the Atomic Energy Commission__________________________ Tables: 1. Employment in the atomic energy field, by segment, January 1959, January 1960, and anticipated employment in January 1961__________________ 2. Employment in the atomic energy field, by occupational group, January 1960____________ 3. Percentage distribution of employees in the atomic energy field in selected occupational groups, by primary work function, January 1960_______________________________ 4. Regional distribution of employees in the atomic energy field, January 1960__________ 5. Employment of engineers in the atomic energy field, by occupation and primary work function, January 1960____________________________________________________ 6 . Employment of scientists in the atomic energy field, by occupation and primary work function, January 1960____________________________________________________ 7. Employment of technicians and other technical personnel in the atomic energy field, by occupation and primary work function, January 1960___ _______________________ _ 8 . Employment of skilled workers in the atomic energy field, by occupation and primary work function, January 1960____________________________________________________ 9. Changes in occupational employment anticipated by survey respondents, January 1960January 1961___! _________________________________________________________ 1 0 . Percentage distribution of employees in the atomic energy field, by segment and occupa tional group, January 1960_________________________________________________ 1 1 . Employment in Atomic Energy Commission research facilities, by occupational group and percent in R & D for selected occupational groups, January 1960__________________ 1 2 . Employment in defense production facilities, by occupational group and by primary work function for selected occupational groups, January 1960_________________________ 13. Employment in reactor manufacture, by occupational group and by primary work func tion for selected occupational groups, January 1960_____________________________ 14. Employment in the production of feed materials and enriched uranium, by occupational group and by primary work function for selected occupational groups, January 1960_. 15. Employment in the construction of nuclear facilities, by occupational group, January I960. 16. Employment in private research laboratories, by occupational group and percent in R & D for selected occupational groups, January 1960_______________________________ iv Page 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 2 3 3 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 Contents—Continued Tables— Continued Page 17. Employment in the production of special materials, by occupational group and by primary work function for selected occupational groups, January 1960_____________________ 18. Employment in uranium milling, by occupational group, January 1960_______________ 19. Employment in fuel element fabrication, by occupational group and by primary work function for selected occupational groups, January 1960__________________________ 20. Employment in power reactor operation, by occupational group, January 1960_________ 21. Employment in the Atomic Energy Commission, by occupational group and selected occupation, October 31, 1959________________________________________________ 19 Appendixes: A. Tables____________________________________________________________________ B. Scope and method of survey_____________________________________________________________ Survey coverage_________________________________________________________ Conduct of the survey________________________________ Definitions______________________________________________ Classification of establishments by segment___________________________ __ ____ Adjustments for nonresponse______________________________________________ C. Questionnaire and covering letters______________________________________________ D. A brief description of atomic energy___________________________________ E. Applications of atomic energy_________________________________________________ 20 22 22 22 22 23 24 25 33 35 17 17 18 18 Appendix tables: A-l. A-2. Employment in the atomic energy field, by occupation and segment, January I960--__ Employment anticipated for January 1961 in the atomic energy field, by occupation and segment____________________________________________________________ 20 21 v EMPLOYMENT IN THE ATOMIC ENERGY FIELD Introduction This bulletin summarizes the findings of a survey of employment in the atomic energy field that was conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bu reau of Labor Statistics under the sponsorship of the Atomic Energy Commission (A EC ). The survey was carried out in the spring and summer of 1960. Employment and occupational data, on an establishment basis and as of January 1960, were collected by mail questionnaire from estab lishments which were engaged in atomic energy activities under direct contract with the Commission. The Survey covered 159 establishments which held major prime contracts with the Atomic Energy Commission as of September 30, 1959.1 This report is based on data representing complete returns from 158 respondents. Also included, but tabulated separately, is an occupational breakdown of Atomic Energy Commission personnel. About two-thirds of all workers estimated to be employed in the atomic energy field were covered by this survey.2 The survey covered all workers in some atomic energy activities—such as uranium milling and the production of feed materials and enriched uranium—but only a portion of the work ers in other activities—such as the manufacture of nuclear reactors. The remaining one-third of em ployment in the atomic energy field that was not covered by this survey, included both workers en gaged in those activities that were only partially represented in the survey and workers in atomic energy activities that were not represented in the survey—such as uranium mining and nuclear in strument manufacturing. All text and appendix tables in this bulletin refer only to employment in the 158 establishments surveyed, and not to the entire atomic energy field. Employment covered by this survey was, for the most part, supported by funds supplied by the Atomic Energy Commission. The Commission also supports some employment in the atomic energy field that was not covered by this survey. The remaining uncovered employment was either privately supported or supported by funds from Government agencies other than the A EC , pri marily the Department of Defense. This survey replaced the A E C ’s Annual Report on Professional Personnel, which was a count of employment, by selected occupation, by Commis sion contractors. The present survey differs from that report both as to coverage and detail of data collected. The Bureau of Labor Statistics survey provides more detailed occupational information, includes all major prime contractors, and, for the most part, covers all employment in an establish ment, whereas the A E C ’s Annual Report covered only cost-reimbursable operating and research and development contractors at A EC installations with 50 or more employees and included only em ployees paid out of A EC funds. In succeeding surveys of employment in the atomic energy field, the collection of data from industrial establishments will be coordinated with the surveys of scientific and technical personnel in American industry that are conducted by the Bureau of Labor Satistics for the National Science Foundation. In addition, future surveys will not be limited to major A EC prime contractors and, therefore, will provide a broader coverage of the atomic energy field than is presented here. Since research and production activities covered by this survey are highly complex, the report in cludes for those unfamiliar with this field a brief description of atomic energy in nontechnical lan guage (appendix D) and a discussion of some of the applications of atomic energy (appendix E ). 1 Coverage w a s generally limited to establishments under prime contract to the Atomic Energy Commission with accumulated obligations in excess of $1 million as of September 3Q, 1959. (Not covered in the survey were the m a n y subcontractors w h o had contracts with prime contractors to build components or to supply services or materials.) Coverage w a s also limited to contractors w h o were working directly on atomic energy in some w a y or w h o were constructing facilities for such wor k ; excluded were contractors w h o were supplying materials for office work, office equipment, coal, etc. Since respondents were asked to report on an establishment basis (with the exception of con struction establishments and private research laboratories, which reported only those employees engaged in atomic energy work), the survey includes some employees paid from other than A E C funds. (See appendix B for a more detailed discussion of the coverage of the survey and for a description of h o w the survey w a s conducted.) 2 T h e estimate of total employment (about 200,000) in the atomic energy field is an approximation which w a s developed from the employment reported in this survey a n d estimates of employment in the remainder of the field. T h e atomic energy field is not an “industry” as the term is customarily defined. See footnote 8, p. 4. 1 Summary of Findings employees were engaged in the construction of n u Nearly 126,000 workers were employed in J a n uary 1960 in the 158 establishments covered in clear facilities and another 4 percent were working this survey of Atomic E n e r g y Commission prime in private research laboratories. contractors. maining 10 percent were employed in the produc As indicated previously, this ac M o s t of the re counted for about two-thirds of estimated employ tion of special materials, uranium milling, and ment in the entire atomic energy field. E m p l o y ment rose by about 2 percent between January fuel element fabrication segments.4 1959 and January 1960 in the 158 surveyed estab lishments. Contractors expected that their e m T h e occupational distribution of employment in the establishments surveyed reflects the concentra tion on research and development w o r k in the ployment would increase by another 3 percent to atomic energy field. 130,000 by January 1961. M a n y different activities are involved in the Engineers, scientists, techni cians, and other technical personnel accounted for production and application of nuclear energy.3 about one-third of the total surveyed employment These include the mining and milling of uran i u m in January 1960. bearing ores, the refining of the ore, and the m a n u p a higher proportion of employment in this field ufacture of nuclear fuels, the manufacture of than in most other fields of work. nuclear scientists combined accounted for about 20 per- reactors and reactor components, the These technical workers m a d e Engineers and operation and maintenance of reactors, the m a n u facture of nuclear instruments, and a great deal 3 The p o r t io n e s ta b lis h m e n ts se g m e n ts, of research and development work. c o r d in g In the portion of the atomic energy field cov ered by this survey, the two largest fields of e m ployment in January 1960 were the Atomic En e r g y Commission research facilities and the facilities producing defense materials, accounting research u r a n iu m ; for about 34 and 28 percent of the surveyed e m (See table 1.) Nuclear reactor manufacture and production of feed m a terials and enriched uranium (reactor fuel) each accounted for more than 9 percent of total e m (5 ) u r a n iu m (1 0 ) pow er fo r th e seven T able 1. Ove r 5 percent of the surveyed d iv id e d (1 ) A to m ic d e fe n se p r o d u c tio n co n s tr u ctio n of (7 ) m illin g ; fe e d (9 ) n u c le a r fu e l e s ta b lis h m e n ts A c o u ld a p p e n d ix B (3 ) ac re a cto r e n r ic h e d (6 ) s p e c ia l e le m e n t 158 m a jo r C o m m is s io n and fa c ilit ie s ; o f 10 c la s s ifie d fa c ilitie s ; p r iv a te m a t e r ia ls ; fa b r ic a tio n ; m is c e lla n e o u s w h ic h (S e e b e in g E n ergy m a t e r ia ls p r o d u c tio n o p e r a t io n . a c tiv itie s . of in to ca teg ory fitte d and w as set not be fo r d e fin itio n s o f in to any each s e g m e n t .) 4 The th e is p r o p o r tio n seg m en ts not F or of th e in t o w h ic h re p r e s e n ta tiv e a ccou n ted fo r by e x a m p le , H ow ever, th a t th is o n ly m a n u fa c tu r e ployment. w as e s ta b lis h m e n t p r o d u c tio n rea ctor above su rvey each (2 ) (4 ) t h is a c tiv ity : la b o r a to r ie s ; (8 ) up in p r im a r y fa c ilitie s ; resea rch a t o m ic e n e r g y fie ld r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e a c tiv itie s , its m a n u fa c tu r e ; of ployment, respectively. or to o f th e covered a are n o t m a jo r A E C su rveyed of th e p o r t io n covered ; th e covers of a ll of e n tir e in has been to ta l any A E C e m p lo y m e n t resea rch engaged e s ta b lis h m e n ts not of d iv id e d a t o m ic e n e r g y e s t a b lis h m e n t s th ose w o r k in g fie ld p ro p o r tio n s e g m e n t in su rvey p r im e e m p lo y e e s th e a t o m ic e n e r g y fie ld . fa c ilit ie s . in re a ctor covered are co n tra cto rs. E mployment in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Segment, January 1959, January 1960, and A nticipated E mployment in January 1961 E m p lo y m e n t N um ber of e s t a b lis h m e n t s Segm ent J a n u a r y 1959 J a n u a r y 1960 J a n u a r y 1961 (a n tic ip a te d ) N um ber P ercen t N um ber P ercen t N um ber P ercen t _______________________ 158 1 2 3 ,5 3 0 1 0 0 .0 125, 921 1 0 0 .0 1 3 0 ,0 0 7 1 0 0 .0 A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s ____________________________ _______ D e f e n s e p r o d u c t i o n f a c i l i t i e s ____________________________________________________________ R e a c to r m a n u fa c tu r e . ________ ________ ______________ . . . . . . -------------------------P r o d u c t i o n o f f e e d m a t e r i a l s a n d e n r i c h e d u r a n i u m _____________________________ C o n s t r u c t i o n o f n u c l e a r f a c i l i t i e s _____________________ ________ ________________ -------P r i v a t e r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r i e s ______________________________________ _____________________ P r o d u c t i o n o f s p e c i a l m a t e r i a l s ________________________________________________________ U r a n i u m m i l l i n g _______________________ ______ _____ _______________________________________ F u e l e l e m e n t f a b r i c a t i o n . ____________ _____________________________ ______________ ______ P o w e r r e a c t o r o p e r a t i o n ____________ . . . ______________________ ___________ . . M i s c e l l a n e o u s ____________________________________ ______________________________________ . 19 11 16 6 12 34 10 26 8 9 7 4 0 ,5 3 1 35, 627 1 2 ,0 4 9 1 2 ,0 0 3 6 ,3 1 9 4 , 832 3 , 222 3 ,2 6 1 2 ,9 2 4 235 2 ,5 2 7 3 2 .8 2 8 .8 9 .8 9 .7 5 .1 3 .9 2 .6 2 .6 2 .4 .2 2*. 1 4 2 ,1 7 2 35, 590 1 1 ,7 6 0 1 1 ,7 1 7 6 , 575 5, 295 3 ,5 8 4 3 ,4 3 2 2 ,9 0 3 366 2 ,5 2 7 3 3 .5 2 8 .3 9 .3 9 .3 5 .2 4 .2 2 .9 2 .7 2 .3 .3 2 .0 4 3 ,9 5 1 3 6 ,9 4 5 1 2 ,1 4 9 1 1 ,6 3 1 6 , 320 5, 725 3, 855 3 , 506 3, 021 531 2 ,3 7 3 3 3 .8 2 8 .4 9 .3 9 .0 4 .9 4 .4 3 .0 2 .7 2 .3 .4 1 .8 T o t a l , a ll s e g m e n t s ________ -- _______________________________ 2 T able 2. E mployment in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Occupational Group, January 1960 O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p N um ber In addition to supplying information for J a n uary 1960, all establishments were asked to esti mate what their employment would be by January 1961. (See table 1.) A n overall employment P ercen t T o t a l e m p l o y m e n t __________________________________________ 1 2 5 ,9 2 1 1 0 0 .0 E n g i n e e r s . - - ____________________________ . . ______________ S c i e n t i s t s ______________________________________________________ T e c h n i c i a n s ____________ __________________ ________________ O t h e r t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l _____ __ . . . ___________ M a n a g e r i a l p e r s o n n e l ___________ _________ _______________ C l e r i c a l p e r s o n n e l ____________ ___________________________ S k i l l e d w o r k e r s _________________________________________ . . N u c l e a r r e a c t o r o p e r a t o r s ____ ________________________ A l l o t h e r s ________ T______ __ ____________________________ 1 5 ,1 1 2 9 ,4 8 8 14, 612 3 . 744 1 2 ,4 1 7 1 8 ,5 3 7 2 3 ,8 8 1 881 2 7 .2 4 9 1 2 .0 7. 5 1 1 .6 3 .0 9 .9 14. 7 1 9 .0 .7 2 1 .6 increase of about 4,100 (over a 3-percent gain) from January 1960 to January 1961 wa s indicated. M o r e than three-fourths of this increase wa s ex pected to occur in the Ato m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s sion research facilities and defense production facilities. E m p l o y m e n t in each of the occupational groups cent of the employment. Many craftsmen were also employed. highly trained was expected to increase with the exception of Skilled workers clerical and other office personnel, for which a accounted for 19 percent of the employment in the surveyed establishments (table 2). T able 4. R egional D istribution of E mployees in the A tomic E nergy F ield, January 1960 O n a primary w o r k function basis,5 approxi mately half of the workers surveyed were en gaged in the fabrication and ^ R e g io n 1 N um ber of e s t a b lis h m e n t s manufacture (production and operations) of products, such as reactors, fuel elements, and nuclear fuels. A par ticularly large proportion, about 30 percent, were engaged in research and development work. N o r t h e a s t ________________________________ S o u t h ______________________________________ Sev P e rce n t o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t 158 100 53 34 22 33 16 17 22 24 18 19 enty-two percent of the skilled workers were in production and operations. O n the other hand, 84 percent of all scientists, 54 percent of the en gineers, and 51 percent of the technicians were in research and development. (Table 3 provides a distribution of employment by function for se 1 T h e r e g io n s a re d e fin e d as fo llo w s : N o r th e a s t— C o n n e c t ic u t , M a in e , M a s sa ch u se tts, N e w H a m p s h ir e , N e w J e rs e y , N e w Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia , R h o d e I s la n d , a n d V e r m o n t ; N o r th C e n tr a l— I llin o is , I n d ia n a , I o w a , K a n s a s , M ic h ig a n , M in n e s o t a , M is s o u r i, N e b r a s k a , N o r t h D a k o t a , O h io , S o u t h D a k o t a , a n d W is c o n s in ; S o u th — A la b a m a , A rk a n s a s , D e la w a r e , D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia , F lo r id a , G e o r g ia , K e n t u c k y , L o u is ia n a , M a r y la n d , M is s is s ip p i, N o r t h C a r o lin a , O k la h o m a , S o u t h C a r o lin a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V ir g in ia , a n d W e s t V ir g in ia ; M o u n t a i n — A r iz o n a , C o lo r a d o , I d a h o , M o n t a n a , N e v a d a , N e w (M e x ic o , U t a h , a n d W y o m in g ; a n d P a c i f i c — C a lifo r n ia , O r e g o n , a n d W a s h in g to n . lected occupational groups.) 1 Employment in the atomic energy heavily concentrated within a few though field is States, al there are people doing atomic energy w o r k in every State. Nearly 50 percent of the employees covered by this survey were working in the four States of Ohio, Tennessee, N e w M e x ico, and California. Table 4 provides a regional distribution of employment. -percent decline w as indicated. (See table 9.) Engineers and scientists together accounted for the largest proportion of the anticipated total increase, followed by technicians and skilled w o r k ers. Within the scientific, engineering, and tech nical occupational groups, the occupations of physicist, electrical and electronics engineer, elec tronics technician, and mechanical engineer, re spectively, were the ones expected to increase the T able 3. P ercentage D istribution of E mployees in the A tomic E nergy F ield in Selected Occupational Groups, by P rimary W ork F unction , January 1960 most between January 1960 and January 1961. A mo r e detailed discussion of these survey data is found in the sections on distribution of employ ment by occupation and distribution of employ P r im a r y fc n o t io n O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p A ll fu n c tio n s E n g in e e r s. _ ________ S c i e n t i s t s _____________________ T e c h n i c i a n s ___________________ O t h e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l.. S k i l l e d w o r k e r s ______________ 100 100 100 100 100 R esearch and d e v e lo p m ent 54 84 51 47 11 P rod u c tio n a n d op era t io n s 29 13 40 30 72 ment by segment. C o n s tru c O th er tio n 6 14 (>) 4 17 10 3 3 5 6 7 A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts to p r im a r ily en gaged — research o p e r a tio n s , a p p e n d ix C D e fin itio n s d e s c r ip tio n i L ess th a n 1 p ercen t. 5 9 6 0 5 0 0 — 6 1 -------- 2 th e w ork w ere a c c o r d in g co n s tr u ctio n , fo r in th e d is tr ib u tio n or d e fin itio n s a p p e n d ix of p r o b le m s asked fu n c t io n s B, and a ll of in S cope c la s s ify th e d e v e lo p m e n t, o th er. th e to w h ic h (S e e fu n c t io n s , and en cou n tered th e e m p lo y e e s w ere p r o d u c tio n and q u e s tio n n a ir e and M eth od and th e ir e m p lo y e e s of th e s e c tio n S u rvey, a d ju s t m e n t s fo r m ade in on a in o f e m p lo y e e s b y f u n c t io n .) 3 Nature of the Atomic M a n y peaceful uses of atomic energy as well as military uses have been developed in recent years, Energy Field lates the use of nuclear and byproduct materials. T h e A E C , in directing the Federal program, has a and, in fact, the two greatly overlap.6 Today, in statutory responsibility to encourage the wide addition to submarines powered by nuclear energy spread use of atomic energy in such a m a n n e r as and to strengthen free competition in private enter developmental work directed toward the eventual nuclear propulsion of surface ships, air craft,7 missiles, and space satellites, nuclear re actors are supplying electricity to electric utility lines and producing radioisotopes which have be come extremely valuable as research tools in agriculture, medicine, and industry, and as in spection and control devices in industrial pro duction (for example, radioisotope gages m a y be used to regulate the thickness of materials). T h e atomic energy field covers manifold activi prise. private industry, wherever practical, and contracts with industrial firms and educational institutions to operate and m a n a g e and the development and use of this energy. In cluded in the atomic energy field are uranium mines and mills; refineries which process uranium and thorium bearing ores; plants which produce nuclear fuels; plants which manufacture reactors, reactor components, and nuclear instruments; con cerns which design, engineer, and construct nuclear facilities; establishments which operate and maintain nuclear reactors; companies which AEC-owned facilities. (Commission-owned plant and equipment were valued at over $7 billion in 1960 and included re search facilities, nuclear reactors, uranium-processing and plants, weapon-manufacturing plants.) ties 8 which are directed toward inquiring into the nature of the energy contained within the atom T o this end, the Commission follows a policy of procuring all goods and services from M u c h of the research and development w o r k in this field is carried on at the A E C - o w n e d research facilities. However, a considerable a m o u n t of in dependent research in atomic energy is done with out financial assistance from the Commission. The Commission encourages private participation in the atomic energy field by m a k i n g available, to the fullest extent possible, scientific data on atomic energy, Government-owned facilities for conduct ing experiments, and projects. equipment for scientific It also provides financial assistance to specialize in the disposal of radioactive wastes; and research laboratories. Generally excluded from the atomic energy field are establishments 6 S ee a p p e n d ix a p p e n d ix E fo r D a fo r a b r ie f d is c u s s io n d e s c r ip tio n of th e m a jo r of a to m ic en ergy a p p lic a tio n s and o f a to m ic en ergy. which are concerned with the indirect applications of atomic energy, such as those which use electric 7 T h is in n oted ity generated by nuclear reactors and those which utilize radioisotopes in industrial and medical ap plications. E m p l o y m e n t at some establishments, s u r v e y in c lu d e d d e v e lo p in g th a t, A E C has 8T he s in c e d u s tr ia l th e d ir e c te d a t o m ic c u s to m a r ily th e tw o n u c le a r -p o w e r e d b u lle tin its fo r w as p repa red nuclear fuels, falls entirely within the atomic energy field. O n the other hand, m a n y establish ments, such as laboratories performing atomic re G overn m en t d is c o n t in u e “ in d u s tr y ” n ot p u rposes. by in d u s tr y g r o u p in g th e energy w o r k :Only some of the employees in these tu r in g field. of by the Federal Government. The Atomic E nergy Commission directs the Federal G o v ernment’s atomic energy prog r a m and regu 4 th e L abor p r iv a te in u s e d .” in d u s tr y th e The th e a to m ic a ccep ted in d u s tr ie s . of ow ned in sen se, m in in g , in c lu d e s in fie ld , a s a ll or used d e fin e d in p rocess of in a n d /o r o p era ted th a n in m a n u fa c B u reau d ir e c te d T hus, it op e ra te d r e fin in g , m anu d e v e lo p m e n t ; e m p lo y g o v ern m en ta l ra th er engaged F or en ergy. m illin g , of an a c t iv it ie s ow ned and la b o r a t o r ie s fie ld , is In d e fin e s g e n e r a lly a t o m ic resea rch e m p lo y m e n t en ergy o f p r im a r ily is in c lu d e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts and te rm S ta n d a rd c la s s ific a t io n con su m ed, en ergy use engaged w ork. t h is engaged, a c t iv it y .” a c tiv ity p u b lic a t io n s , and T h e th e w h ic h m a te r ia ls a t o m ic in in e c o n o m ic lin e th is as be th e is u s e d b y t h e F e d e r a l in e s ta b lis h m e n ts o f m ade, c o n s tr u ctio n , fe d e r a lly a c tiv ity of d e v e lo p m e n t in s t it u t io n s ; a n d fo r e , o f ‘ ‘th e e m p lo y m e n t fa c t u r in g , o r g a n iz a tio n s lin e s p rodu ct S ta tis tic s th e in c lu d e s m ent s im ila r in d u s t r ie s , m a n u fa c tu r e by M a n y of the basic atomic energy activities are supported “ a or of tow a rd establishments are included in the atomic energy as sam e ty p e engaged s h o u ld ( E x e c u t i v e O ffic e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , M a n u a l o th e r It p u b lic a t io n , an e s ta b lis h m e n ts term s search, m a y be only partially engaged in atomic and fo r to is B u r e a u o f t h e B u d g e t , p . 4 3 1 , 1 & 5 7 ), w h ic h such as uranium mills or facilities producing fa c ilitie s e n g in e s . fie ld c la s s ific a t io n C la s s ific a tio n resea rch con tra ctors en ergy u sed A E C a ir c r a ft b e in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by e d u c a t io n a l a g e n c ie s . in an T h ere in d u s tr y m any in d iffe r e n t private organizations in construction of research and power reactors and m a y m a k e available the erations. M a n y of these activities, such as ore mining and milling, the manufacture of heat necessary fuel. Private concerns in their o w n installations are transfer equipment, and the construction of facili engaged in every type of atomic energy activity except development and production of military weapons and certain nuclear fuel-processing o p of the same sort. Other activities, such as m a n u facture of fuels needed to run reactors, are unique to the atomic energy field. Distribution of ties, differ little from nonatomic energy operations Employment In January 1960, the 158 establishments sur by Occupation 9 erators, an occupation unique to the atomic energy veyed employed about 126,000 workers. Engineers field. and scientists together accounted for a large pro portion, nearly 20 percent, of the total (see tables O f the 126,000 employees covered in the survey, approximately 51 percent were engaged in pro 2 and 10), reflecting the fact that atomic energy is duction and operations, 30 percent in research and a relatively new, complex, and growing field with development, 6 percent in construction, and the re a large proportion of its w o r k force devoted to maining 13 percent in all other functions. The basic and applied research and to the development functional and design of n e w and improved products and methods of production.10 In contrast to the large greatly a m o n g occupations. proportion that engineers and scientists combined 51 percent of the technicians were doing R & D represented of total employment in the atomic energy field, they m a d e up only about 3.5 percent work. of total employment in manufacturing industries as a whole in January 1959, according to informa tion from a recent Bureau of Labor Statistics sur vey. This 1959 survey showed that even in such distribution of employment varied Eighty-four percent of the scientists, 54 percent of the engineers, and (See table 3.) W i t h the exception of health physicists and the small n u m b e r of geolo gists and geophysicists, over 75 percent of the e m ployees in every scientific occupation were in R & D . Total employment was expected to increase by research-oriented industries as aircraft and parts about 4,100 (3 percent) between January 1960 and and chemicals and allied products, engineers and scientists accounted for only 11 and 9 percent of J anuary 1961. employment, respectively.11 T h e highly technical nearly half of this increase. nature of m u c h of the w o r k in the atomic energy field is further reflected by its employment of m a n y technicians, accounting for nearly 12 percent of total employment (table 2). Other technical personnel, such as designers and technical writers, manufacturing of most products, the precise toler employment by occupational group and individual occupation are discussed on the following pages. 9 S e e a p p e n d ix amount of complex machinery which must be serviced. and equipment Skilled workers rep 10 S o m e p a r is o n s 1960. T h e remaining employment was divided tio n . ployment) ,managerial and administrative person nel (10 percent), and all other occupations (22 percent ), including nearly 900 nuclear reactor o p lim it a t io n s of a s a m p le of th e q u e s tio n n a ir e . o f s o m e o f th e p r o b le m s and (a n d e x a m p le , a ls o th e seg m en ts research of and H ow ever, fa c to r s h o u ld p r o b a b ly te c h n ic a l fo r of A ls o , see in v o lv e d in th e a to m ic if in fo r m a tio n h ig h in w h ic h t r ie s , is t h a t t h is su rvey covers engaged en ergy r a tio to ta l in fie ld -a s research a w h o le , w h ic h in been is r a t io s oth er c o m p a r is o n s som e th o se am ount p a r tic u la r ly c o lle c t e d th a t th ese w ith th e on th e w o u ld oth er of ex ten e n tir e s till be in d u s t r ie s . w ith of e m p lo y fie ld had lim it cau th e to th e e m p lo y e e s in c o m p a r is o n s h o u ld com w ith used m ore o f p e r fo r m e d fie ld , i t is b e lie v e d th a t be o v ersta te a to m ic en ergy in d ic a t e p erson n el e m p lo y e e s r e la t iv e ly d e v e lo p m e n t w o r k a to m ic e n e r g y e x c e p t io n a lly in p ro p o r tio n covers th e su rvey and w ork) su rvey th is d is tr ib u tio n s retu rn s s c ie n t ific , d e v e lo p m e n t s in c e t h e in h e r e n t o c c u p a t io n a l F or oth er a m o n g clerical personnel (15 percent of total e m C fo r fo r a d e s c r ip tio n e n g in e e r in g , s iv e . resented 19 percent of employment in January B c la s s ify in g e m p lo y e e s . m ent ances that must be maintained, and the great (See table 9.) Maj o r findings of the survey as they relate to a p p e n d ix accounted for another 3 percent of employment. M a n y highly skilled craftsmen are employed in the atomic energy field because of the custom T h e employment of additional en gineers and scientists was expected to account for A n in d u s e m p lo y m e n t a t e d u c a t io n a l in s titu tio n s . 11 S c i e n t i f i c R ep ort S c ie n c e on a a n d 1959 T e c h n ic a l S u rvey, N S F F o u n d a tio n by th e P erso n n el 6 0 -6 2 , in A m e r ic a n P rep ared U .S . D e p a r t m e n t of fo r In d u s tr y , th e N a tio n a l L a b or, B u reau of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , (1 9 6 0 ) , ta b le 2 , p . 1 0 . 5 M o r e than half of the engineers (54 percent) worked in R & D . Mo s t of the remaining engineers worked either in production a nd operations (29 percent) or construction (14 percent) (table 3). T h e type of w o r k being performed varied con siderably a m o n g the different segments of the atomic energy field. O n l y 3 of the 10 segments in which the establishments were classified used more than half of their engineers in R & D w o r k — the A E C research facilities (82 percent), private re search laboratories (93 percent), an d reactor manufacturers (53 percent)— but these 3 segments employed about two-thirds of all engineers; in a fourth segment, the construction firms, the major ity of engineers designed or supervised the con struction of nuclear facilities. In the other seg ments, most of the engineers worked in production and operations. Mechanical engineers (4,391), w h o comprised the largest single group a m o n g the engineers e m ployed by the surveyed establishments (table 5), worked in such activities as the development and design of reactor components, such as heat trans Chemist using a remote control manipulator to handle radio active liquid behind a protective wall of lead bricks and special lead glass. Engineers fer equipment, pressure vessels, core tanks, and remote-handling equipment, and the testing of reactor mechanical components. A b o u t half of the mechanical engineers worked in R & D . Electrical and electronics engineers (3,015), w h o Engineers in the atomic energy field are engaged constituted ( the second largest group of engineers, primarily in designing nuclear reactors and other equipment, in supervision of the production of fuels and materials, and in research and develop ment w o r k concerning the uses of atomic energy. While some of the engineers are highly trained in nuclear technology, and most have h a d some orientation in atomic energy, engineers in all m a jor engineering disciplines are employed in sub were employed in such w o r k as the development stantial numbers. A b o u t 15,100 engineers were employed by the surveyed establishments in January 1960, account and design of radiation detection instruments and nuclear instrumentation and control circuitry for reactors and in supervising the maintenance of electronic instruments and controls. T able 5. E mployment of E ngineers in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Occupation and P rimary W ork F unction , January 1960 P r im a r y ftm c t io n ing for 12 percent of the total establishment per sonnel. T h e proportion of total employment ac Sixty per cent of these engineers worked in R & D . O c c u p a tio n A ll fu n c t io n s counted for by engineers in the various segments R esearch and d e v e lo p m ent P rod u c tio n a n d op era t io n s C o n s tr u c O th e r tio n of the atomic energy field ranged from over 20 E n g in e e rs, to ta l percent in establishments which design and con struct nuclear facilities or design and manufacture nuclear reactors to about 3 percent in uranium mills and in establishments which produce special materials for use in reactors. 6 ____________ 1 5 ,1 1 2 8 ,2 0 8 4, 4 0 8 2, 055 441 M e c h a n i c a l ___________________ E le c t r ic a l a n d e le c t r o n ic s .. C h e m i c a l .................... ................ R e a c t o r ________________________ M e t a l l u r g i c a l __________ ______ C i v i l ______________ ____________ A e r o n a u t i c a l __________________ O t h e r e n g i n e e r s . ....................... 4 ,3 9 1 3 ,0 1 5 1 ,8 2 0 1 ,7 2 4 916 905 93 2 ,2 4 8 2 , 276 1 ,8 1 2 1, 0 6 2 1 ,3 6 2 651 161 75 809 1 ,4 2 9 703 670 267 247 146 15 931 569 429 67 69 18 566 2 335 117 71 21 26 0 32 1 173 Metallurgical (916), civil (905), and a small n u m b e r of aeronautical (93) engineers were also employed by the surveyed establishments. Metal lurgical engineers study the properties of materi als (including m a n y newly developed materials) of interest to the successful design and operation of nuclear reactors and w o r k on the development of suitable techniques for the fabrication of fuel elements and other products. A b o u t 70 percent of the metallurgical engineers were in R & D work. Abo u t two-thirds of the civil engineers were w o r k ing in construction, particularly in the designing of plant facilities for nuclear reactors a nd sup porting facilities and the supervision of their erection. Mos t (81 percent) of the aeronautical engineers were in R & D w o r k aimed at developing nuclear propulsion systems for aircraft and other space vehicles. Also employed were a large n u m ber of engineers (2,248) w h o were not classified by the surveyed establishments according to any of the listed engineering disciplines. Scientists A nuclear physicist lowers a bottle of ‘‘heavy’’ water to expose it to gamma rays from a radioactive source. The surveyed establishments also employed large numbers of chemical engineers (1,820) for such w or k as the development of chemical processes for the purification of reactor materials, research in fuel element reprocessing, and for the A b o u t 9,500 scientists were employed in the sur veyed establishments in January 1960, accounting for almost 8 percent of total employment. Com pared with most industries or other fields of work, this is a large proportion, reflecting the intensive basic and applied research being undertaken in the atomic energy field. T h e surveyed establishments employed scientists trained in physics, m a t h e supervision of the chemical processing of m a matics, chemistry, metallurgy, and biology, 84 per terials. cent of w h o m Nearly 60 percent of the chemical engi neers were in research and development. were working in research and development. T h e surveyed establishments reported the e m ployment of 1,724 reactor engineers (specialists in nuclear reactor technology) w h o were engaged in T able 6. E mployment of Scientists in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Occupation and P rimary W ork F unction , January 1960 such w o r k as the development and evaluation of reactor concepts, including the determination of fuel element types, critical masses, and shielding requirements.12 P r im a r y fu n c tio n O c c u p a tio n Nearly 80 percent of the reactor A ll fu n c t io n s engineers worked in R & D . 12 W h ile “ re a cto r e n g in e e r ” t io n n a ir e , it is n o t u n iv e r s a lly in g d is c ip lin e T h e r e fo r e , su ch a n oth er c la s s ifie d as e s ta b lis h m e n t, e v e n R e p o r tin g o n t h is o c c u p a t io n lis te d s e p a r a te ly re c o g n iz e d a s a m e c h a n ic a l p e r s o n n e l c la s s ifie d lis h m e n t m ig h t b e by as w as as or se p a ra te c h e m ic a l r e a c t o r e n g in e e r s in on th e qu es e n g in e e r e n g in e e r . one esta b m e c h a n ic a l o r c h e m ic a l e n g in e e r s th ou g h p e r fo r m in g m a y , th e r e fo r e , h a v e a s im ila r w ork. la r g e m a r g in R esearch and d e v e lo p m ent P rodu c t io n a n d opera t io n s C o n s tr u c O th e r tio n S c i e n t i s t s , t o t a l _____________ . . . 9 ,4 8 8 7 ,9 8 4 1 ,1 9 5 48 261 P h y s i c i s t s ________________ ______ C h e m i s t s . __ _ _ ____ ________ M a t h e m a t i c i a n s _________________ M e t a l l u r g i s t s ____ _________________ B i o l o g i c a l s c i e n t i s t s ___________ H e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s _______ ______ M e d ic a l s c ie n t is t s .. . _________ G e o lo g is t s a n d g e o p h y s ic is t s .. A g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s ______ O t h e r n a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s _______ 3 ,4 3 1 3, 057 760 608 475 377 166 83 32 499 3 .1 3 2 2 ,3 9 9 600 533 461 214 126 53 32 434 251 609 82 69 7 109 25 25 0 18 26 7 5 4 0 1 0 4 0 1 22 42 73 2 7 53 15 1 0 46 o f error. 7 Physicists (3,431) and chemists (3,057) to gether accounted for m o r e than two-thirds of the total n u m b e r of scientists. (See table 6.) Nearly all of the physicists were engaged in research and T able 7. E mployment of T echnicians and Other T echnical P ersonnel in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Occupation and P rimary W ork F unction , January 1960 P r im a r y fu n c tio n development w o r k — 91 percent— such as basic re search on the structure of nuclei and the develop ment and A ll fu n c t io n s O c c u p a tio n design of nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, automatic controls, an d R esearch and d e v e lo p m ent P rod u c t io n and opera tio n s radiation measuring instruments. A b o u t three-fourths of the 3,057 chemists e m ployed b y the surveyed establishments were en gaged in research and development work, includ ing the development of processing methods for uranium and irradiated reactor fuels, a n d re search to determine the nature an d mechanism C on s tr u c O th e r tio n T e c h n i c i a n s , t o t a l ...........- ................ . . 14, 612 7, 495 5 ,8 3 0 602 685 D r a f t s m e n ______ ______________________ E n g in e e r in g a n d p h y s ic a l s c i en ce: E l e c t r o n i c ________________________ I n s t r u m e n t ______________________ O t h e r _________________ . . . . H e a l t h p h y s i c s _______________________ M e d ic a l, a g r ic u lt u r a l, a n d b io l o g i c a l ______________________________ O t h e r t e c h n i c i a n s ___________________ 2 ,6 6 0 745 1 ,0 9 7 498 320 2 ,0 3 6 627 6 ,1 0 0 720 1 ,3 8 0 337 3 ,8 1 9 233 561 275 2 ,1 4 3 442 50 10 27 0 45 5 111 45 569 1 ,9 0 0 355 626 126 1 ,1 8 6 4 13 84 75 O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l, t o t a l. 3 ,7 4 4 1 ,7 7 6 1 ,1 0 9 642 217 D e s i g n e r s __________________ _______ T e c h n i c a l w r i t e r s _________________ _ O t h e r t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l _________ 1 ,1 6 0 195 2 ,3 8 9 273 63 1 ,4 4 0 385 67 657 465 12 165 37 53 127 of chemical reactions caused b y radiation and by extremely high temperatures. Nearly 80 percent of the 760 mathematicians employed by the surveyed establishments were working in R & D , in such w o r k as the numerical analysis associated with reactor design problems. Most of the 608 metallurgists, 88 percent, were also engaged in R & D , in such w o r k as research m e n t an d materials. T h e term “technician” was defined in the questionnaire as a person engaged in w o r k requiring knowledge of physical, engi neering, mathematical, biological, or other natural sciences comparable with knowledge acquired on metals and alloys directed toward develop through a technical institute, junior college, or ing suitable materials for reactor construction. other formal post-high-school training, or through equivalent on-the-job training or experience. Nearly all of the 475 biological scientists, 97 per cent, were working in R & D . The surveyed health physicists. establishments employed 377 Their occupation is unique to the atomic energy field an d concerns the radio logical safety of personnel at a facility and of people in the surrounding area. Health phys icists were engaged in administering radiological safety programs, supervising the monitoring of personnel, and performing research related to the control and minimization of radiation hazards. In addition to the above scientists, a few med i cal scientists (166), agricultural scientists (32), and geologists and geophysicists (83) were e m ployed. A b o u t 500 other natural scientists (not classified by the surveyed establishments as to sci entific discipline) were also reported. A b o u t 14,600 technicians were employed in the surveyed establishments, accounting for approxi mately 12 percent of total employment. There were about 59 technicians for every 100 engineers and scientists employed. However, the ratios of technicians to 100 engineers an d scientists varied widely by area of w o r k within the atomic energy field, from over 150 in the production of special materials to under 30 in the construction of n u clear facilities. (For comparative purposes, it might be well to note that, in all manufacturing industries, according to a Bureau of Labor Statis tics survey of scientific and technical personnel, there were 67 technicians for every 100 engineers and scientists in January 1959, the ratios varying by industry fr o m about 100 to less than 40.13 Technicians T h e development and use of atomic energy re quires a large n u m b e r of technicians to assist en M o r e than half (51 percent) of the technicians assisted engineers an d scientists in research and development work. The ratio of technicians per 100 engineers and scientists in R & D work, 46, gineers and scientists in research and development 13 w o r k and in the designing and testing of equip8 S c ie n tific c it ., ta b le 4 , p . 1 9 . an d T e c h n ic a l P e r s o n n e l in A m e r ic a n In d u s tr y , op. w a s lower than the corresponding figure (59) for all types of w o r k combined. O ther Technical Personnel Other technicians assisted engineers and scientists in such w o r k as In addition to scientists, engineers, and tech nicians, the surveyed establishments employed designing, testing, and quality control. T h e largest individual occupation a m o n g the technicians was that of draftsman (2,660). (See 3,744 other technical personnel. who O f those workers were classified by occupation, 1,160 were table 7.) Draftsmen were engaged in such w o r k as the preparation of detailed drawings from designers and 195 were technical writers. design layouts and the development of routine m a k i n g conceptual designs under the supervision designs. table 7.) (See T h e w o r k of the designers included T h e surveyed establishments employed of engineers, m a k i n g mathematical calculations 2,036 electronic technicians and 627 instrument to validate designs, determining the materials technicians. T h e w o r k of these technicians in cluded assisting professional personnel in the and processes to be used, and directing drafts m e n in the preparation of detailed drawings. preparation of specifications for the fabrication and installation of electronic and other instrument components and systems; designing minor circuits and components; and testing and modifying elec tronic equipment and mechanical instruments. T h e survey covered 720 health physics tech nicians, w h o aided health physicists in the radia tion protection of workers. Skilled W orkers T h e largest occupational group in the establish ments surveyed wa s the skilled worker group. These journeymen craftsmen represented 19 per cent of total employment. Overall, there w a s an In establishments producing feed materials and average employment of about tw o health physics enriched uranium, establishments which construct technicians per health physicist, but this ratio varied considerably a m o n g individual establish nuclear facilities, and in uranium mills, they con ments; it was generally higher in establishments primarily engaged in production w o r k and lower A large group of technicians, 6,100, were classi fied as “other engineering and physical science technicians” (other than electronics or instrument technicians), such as chemical analysts, engineer ing aids, mathematics aids, and other physical T h e duties of these technicians in cluded the testing of materials to determine their tories and about 11 percent in the A E C research facilities, establishments which design and m a n u facture reactors, and in establishments which fab ricate fuel elements. T able 8. E mployment of Skilled W orkers in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Occupation and P rimary W ork F unction , January 1960 chemical and physical properties, the inspection P r im a r y fu n c tio n of fabricated components using X -r a y machines O c c u p a tio n A ll fu n c t io n s S k i l l e d w o r k e r s , t o t a l .......................... 2 3 ,8 8 1 2 ,7 7 1 17, 218 2 ,3 0 2 1 ,5 9 0 3 ,6 3 5 3 ,2 2 7 3 ,0 7 1 2 ,2 5 6 269 132 871 149 2 ,8 5 7 3 ,0 9 5 2 ,0 2 6 1 ,4 7 8 201 0 82 365 308 0 92 264 1 ,4 5 6 1 ,3 2 0 122 137 767 1 ,0 3 0 360 120 207 33 1 ,2 6 9 717 646 200 55 95 1 ,0 6 6 278 465 0 240 39 3 144 47 537 504 114 5 ,1 2 9 67 227 3 444 440 277 29 3 ,4 1 0 0 0 71 824 30 0 11 451 and nuclear counters, and the assembling, testing, and modifying of laboratory models and experi mental equipment. T h e surveyed establishments also employed 569 medical, agricultural, and biological technicians— primarily to assist in research w o r k related to the effects of radiation on living organisms— and 1,900 “other technicians” (technicians w h o were not classified by the respondents according to any of the listed categories) ,14 u have A t le a s t been som e c la s s ifie d t e c h n ic ia n s .” S ee of as th e “ o th e r “ oth er a p p e n d ix B, On percent of employment in private research labora in research laboratories. science aids. stituted over 25 percent of total employment. the other hand, they accounted for only about 6 te c h n ic ia n s ” e n g in e e r in g S cope and and p r o b a b ly s h o u ld p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e M eth od of S u rvey— - M a in t e n a n c e m e c h a n ic s (in c lu d in g m a c h in e r y r e p a ir m e n a n d m i l l w r i g h t s ) ___________________ C h e m i c a l o p e r a t o r s . ............ . . . M a c h i n i s t s , ( a l l - r o u n d ) _____ ______ E le c t r ic ia n s ... ____________________ P lu m b e r s , p ip e fitte r s , and s t e a m f i t t e r s _____________ _______ W e l d e r s ___________ . _______________ I n s tr u m e n t m e c h a n ic s (in c lu d i n g i n s t r u m e n t r e p a i r m e n ) _____ C a r p e n t e r s ____________________________ S h e e t-m e ta lw o r k e r s . . . . . . . . _ I n s tr u m e n t m a k e r s (in c lu d in g e x p e r im e n ta l m a c h in is ts a n d o t h e r s w h o fa b r ic a t e in s t r u m e n ts. . _______________________ T o o l a n d d i e m a k e r s ______________ B o i l e r m a k e r s _____________ . . ... O t h e r s k i l l e d t r a d e s ________________ R esearch and d e v e lo p m ent P rod u c tio n a n d opera tio n s C on s tru c O th er t io n D e fin itio n s . 9 em ployed in the prod u ction o f defense materials and the p rod u ction o f feed m aterials and enriched uranium, p rim arily chem ical processing opera tions. A ll-ro u n d m achinists were em ployed in m ost segments o f the field. In contrast to the chem ical operators and m aintenance mechanics, nearly all o f w hom were em ployed in production and maintenance w ork, over on e-fou rth o f the a ll round machinists were w ork in g in R & D . In addition to the above occupations, a large number o f electricians (2,2 56 ), m any carpenters (7 1 7 ), and plum bers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (1,456) were em ployed. C onstruction firms em ployed m any o f these w orkers in the construction o f facilities w hile establishments in other areas o f w ork em ployed m any o f them in maintenance work. M an y welders (1,320) and sheet-metal workers (646) were em ployed to fabricate parts and equipment, and m any instrum ent mechanics, in clu d in g instrument repairm en (1,2 69 ), were em ployed. A num ber o f tool and die makers (5 0 4 ), about h a lf o f w hom were in R & D w ork, and in strument makers (5 3 7 ), were also em ployed. Other Occupations A worker wearing protective clothing while monitoring a work area that has been contaminated with radioactive material. T h e em ploym ent o f large num bers o f skilled w orkers is attributable to such factors as the need to fabricate special parts and equipm ent f o r use in experim ental and p ilot w ork, the custom m anu factu rin g o f m any products, the close tolerances that must be m aintained to insure the efficient o p eration o f equipment, and the need fo r large maintenance forces to care f o r the considerable am ount o f com plex equipm ent and machines used in atom ic energy w ork. M aintenance mechanics, in clu d in g m achinery repairm en and m illw righ ts (3,6 35 ), accounted fo r about 15 percent o f the skilled w ork ers; chem ical operators essing (3,2 27 ), w ho operate ch em ical-p roc equipm ent, 14 p ercen t; and all-rou nd C lerical and other office personnel m ade up the second largest occupational grou p. T h ey ac counted fo r about 15 percent o f total em ploym ent, but their prop ortion ate em ploym ent ranged from as low as 8 percent in uranium m ills to as much as 17 percent in the A E C research facilities and in establishments w hich design and m anufacture reactors (tables 11-20, in clu siv e). T h e em p loy ment o f m anagerial, adm inistrative, and other professional (oth er than scientific and technical) personnel varied fro m a low o f 6 percent o f total em ploym ent in construction firms and 7 percent in private research laboratories to 13 percent in plants p rod u cin g feed m aterials and enriched uranium. T h e m anagerial occu pational grou p represented about 10 percent o f em ploym ent fo r all segments com bined. T h e surveyed establishments em ployed nearly m achinists (3,0 71 ), 13 percent. (See table 8.) M aintenance m echanics were em ployed in all seg 900 nuclear reactor operators w ho were classified ments o f the atom ic energy field to m aintain and separately in the survey, since this occu pation is repair the large amount o f m achinery and other m echanical equipm ent used in m uch o f the work. O ver 80 percent o f the chem ical operators were unique to the atom ic energy field. T h e reactor op erator’s jo b in a nuclear p ow er station is bas 10 ica lly the same as that o f a boiler op erator’s job in a conventional pow er station, the operation o f the steam -generating p ortion o f the p ow er plant. I t is unique in that he operates the controls o f a nuclear reactor rather than the controls o f a conventional boiler. T h e rem aining em ploym ent (abou t 22 percent o f total em ploym ent) in the surveyed establish ments consisted m ostly o f semiskilled and un skilled workers in prod u ction and maintenance w ork and o f service workers. M any o f the serv ice workers were engaged in plant protection or security work. Anticipated Changes in Occupational Employment A cco rd in g to the estimates m ade by the rep ort in g establishments, total em ploym ent was ex pected to increase b y on ly a little m ore than 3 p er cent between January 1960 and Jan u ary 1961. E m p loym ent was expected to increase in each o f the occupational groups, w ith the exception o f a 1-percent decline in clerical and other office p er sonnel. T able 9 shows the expected percentage change in em ploym ent by occupational grou p and by selected individu al occupation, and the distribution o f em ploym ent as o f January 1960 and as anticipated by January 1961. E n gin eer ing, scientific, and technical personnel were expected to account fo r 72 percent o f the antici pated em ploym ent increase, whereas they repre sented on ly 34 percent o f total em ploym ent in Jan u ary 1960. E ven so, the percentage distribu tion o f em ploym ent by occupational grou p w ould change little over the year. W ith in the engineering, scientific, and technical occupational groups, the anticipated increase o f 320 physicists was the largest increase reported fo r any occupation. (See appendix table A -2 .) Physicists constituted on ly 3 percent o f total em ploym ent in January 1960, but the expected em ploym ent o f 320 additional physicists w ould account fo r nearly 8 percent o f the p rojected em- 5 9 60 5 0 0 — 61 3 T a b l e 9. C h a n g e s i n O c c u p a t io n a l E m p l o y m e n t A n by Su b ve y R espondents, J a n u a r y 1 9 6 0 Ja n u a r y 1961 t ic ip a t e d Number employed Occupation January 1960 Anticipated percentage change, January 1961 January 1960(anticipated) January 1961 Total employment____________ ___ 125,921 130,007 3.2 Engineers, total. ................................. 15,112 16,154 6.9 Mechanical........... ............. ......... Electrical and electronics........... Chemical........................................ Reactor........................................... Metallurgical................................. C i v i l ................... ........................ Other engineers_____ __________ 4,391 3,015 1, 820 1,724 916 905 2,341 4,609 3,262 1,976 1,925 1,019 901 2,462 5.0 8.2 8.6 11.7 11.2 -.4 5.2 Scientists, total.................................... 9,488 10,333 8.9 Physicists....................................... Chemists........................................ M athematicians_______________ Metallurgists........................... Biological scientists...................... Health physicists......................... Other natural scientists.............. 3,431 3,057 760 608 475 377 780 3,751 3,266 876 680 527 404 829 9.3 6.8 15.3 11.8 10.9 7.2 6.3 Technicians, total............................... 14,612 15, 393 5.3 Draftsmen...................................... Engineering and physical science: Electronics............................ Instrument._______________ O th er............................ ....... Health physics............................ Medical, agricultural, and bio logical.......................................... Other technicians______________ 2,660 2,690 1.1 2,036 627 6,100 720 2,256 683 6,352 771 10.8 8.9 4.1 7.1 569 1,900 607 2,034 6.7 7.1 3,744 4,017 7.3 Designers.................... .................. Other technical personnel....... . 1,160 2,584 1,168 2,849 0.7 10.3 Managerial personnel......................... Clerical personnel.............................. . Skilled workers____________________ Nuclear reactor operators.................. All others_______________ ________ _ 12, 417 18, 537 23, 881 881 27,249 12,599 18, 413 24,383 958 27,757 1.5 -.7 2.1 8.7 1.9 Other technical personnel, total___ ploym ent increase over the year. O ther occu pa tions in w hich em ploym ent was expected to in crease b y m ore than 200 were those o f electrical and electronics engineer (2 4 7 ), mechanical en gi neer (2 1 8 ), reactor engineer (2 0 1 ), chemist (2 0 9 ), and electronics technician (2 2 0 ). T h e occupation expected to increase the most on a percentage basis was that o f m athem atician (15 p e rce n t). M etallurgists and reactor engineers were expected to increase b y nearly 12 percent; m etallurgical engineers, b iologica l scientists, and electronics technicians, by about 11 percent; and physicists, b y m ore than 9 percent. 11 Distribution of Employment by Segment type o f activity. F o r all segments com bined, em ploym ent was expected to increase b y about 3 percent between January 1960 and Jan u ary 1961. B y fa r the largest em ploym ent increase (45 p er cent) was expected in the nine establishments clas sified as operatin g p ow er reactors because only one o f the establishments so classified was actually op erating a reactor in Jan u ary 1960, whereas two m ore estabilshments were expected to be in opera tion b y the end o f 1960 and another was expected to begin operations in 1961. W ith in the other nine segments, the sharpest increases in em ploym ent were expected by private research laboratories (8.1 percent) and establishments p rod u cin g special m aterials (7.6 p e rce n t). E stablishm ents in these tw o segments also had large em ploym ent increases between 1959 and 1960 (nearly 10 percent and 11 percent, resp ectively). T h e A E C research fa c ili ties and fuel element fabricators were the only other segments expectin g em ploym ent to increase T h e developm ent, produ ction , and application o f nuclear energy involves m any different a ctivi ties. Since em ploym ent patterns vary m arkedly between establishments engaged in different ac tivities ( f o r exam ple, as between a uranium m ill and a research la b o ra to ry ), the surveyed estab lishments w^ere classified into 10 segments o f the atom ic energy field on the basis o f the prim ary activity in w hich they were engaged.15 T he A E C research facilities and defense produ ction fa c ili ties were the tw o largest segments, accounting fo r about 34 percent and 28 percent, respectively, o f total surveyed em ploym ent in January 1960. O nly a total o f 18 percent o f em ploym ent wTas reported by establishments in the six smallest segments com bined. ( See table 1.) T h e distribution o f em ploym ent by occupational grou p varied considerably am ong the different areas in the atom ic energy field, reflecting the kinds o f a ctivity conducted w ithin each segment. (See table 10.) E ngineers, scientists, and technical p er sonnel, as a percentage o f total em ploym ent, ranged from about 66 percent in private research laboratories and 50 percent in A E C research facilities to 13 percent in uranium m ills and 11 percent in plants p rod u cin g special materials. Skilled workers, as a percentage o f total em p loy ment in the different segments, varied fro m about by 4 percent or more. T h e on ly segments (other than m iscellaneous) in w hich em ploym ent was expected to decline were the establishments p ro ducin g feed materials and enriched uranium and the establishments constructing nuclear fa c ili ties.16 E m p loym ent in the establishments p rod u c in g feed m aterials and enriched uranium also de clined between 1959 and 1960. 36 percent in plants p rod u cin g feed m aterials and enriched uranium to about 6 percent in private re search laboratories. T h e em ploym ent grow th anticipated b y the re p ortin g establishments varied considerably by T ab le 10. P ercentage D i s t r i b u t io n Segment of E 116 See footn ote 5, p. 3, and appendix B. 16 The decline in employment in construction firms was ex pected because two establishments indicated that they would not be in the atom ic energy field in January 1961. The remaining establishments in this segment, combined, expected a slight in crease in employment. i n t h e A t o m ic E n e r g y F ie l d , G roup, Ja n u a r y 1960 m ployees All employees Engineers Scientists Techni cians Other technical personnel by Mana gerial personnel Segm ent and Clerical personnel Skilled workers O c c u p a t io n a l All Nuclear reactor others operators Total, all segments___________________ _______ 100.0 12.0 7.5 11.6 3.0 9.9 14.7 19.0 0.7 21.6 Atomic Energy Commission research facilities.. Defense production facilities..._____ __________ Reactor manufacture______ ___________________ Production of feed materials and enriched uranium_________ _________________ ___ Construction of nuclear facilities_______________ Private research laboratories___________ _____ Production of special materials________________ Uranium milling______________________ . . Fuel element fabrication_____________ _______ Power reactor operation. ________ _______ ____ Miscellaneous_________________________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 15.2 7.3 21.1 13.2 2.8 6.1 17.1 6.8 13.4 4.4 2.7 2.0 9.1 10.8 9.3 17.4 13.0 16.9 11.6 23.8 11.1 0.3 1.7 .7 11.7 31.1 19.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.0 23.7 13.6 2.7 3.3 8.6 27.9 3.4 4.3 .3 26.3 1.7 2.6 3.7 4.1 .5 7.0 6.6 24.2 6.9 5.7 11.0 11.7 3.6 .3 7.8 2.2 .1 1.0 .1 .3 .6 12.7 6.1 7.0 12.0 9.2 8.5 8.2 13.0 13.1 13.7 11.6 11.3 7.9 13.3 10.9 16.3 36.1 28.9 5.5 22.0 26.8 11.6 1.4 29.9 0 0 .3 0 0 0 7.4 0 20.5 12.9 9.3 43.3 43.5 43.2 28.1 32.7 12 celerators fo r nuclear physics research and f o r the developm ent, design, and testing o f nuclear re actors. T h ey also develop and often fabricate fuel elements, instruments, and other vital reactor com ponents. In addition, the research facilities do research and developm ent w ork on the recovery o f uranium fro m ores, the separation o f fissionable uranium fro m natural uranium, the processing o f irradiated fuel elements, and the p rodu ction and uses o f isotopes, and they are the m a jor producers o f both radioactive and stable isotopes. In sev eral research facilities scientists specialize in re search aim ed at learning m ore about the life p ro c esses o f animals and p la n ts; one research fa cility operates a large farm in connection w ith these studies. O ther research facilities specialize in the developm ent and fabrication o f nuclear weapons and other classified materials. Besides their re search and developm ent activities, several o f the research facilities conduct nuclear train in g p ro gram s in reactor and radioisotope techn ology and in radiation health protection. The effects of radiation on the growth of plants being measured in a field that has been subjected to radiation. M a jo r findings as they relate to em ploym ent in the 10 segments by w hich the atom ic energy field has been divided are discussed below. Atomic Energy Commission Research Facilities A great m any engineers and scientists were em ployed by the surveyed research facilities to p e r form the numerous and diverse research and de velopm ent activities fo r w hich they were respon sible. 28 percent o f the total research fa cility em p loy ment T h e A to m ic E n ergy Com m ission supports a large nuclear research and developm ent program . A m ajor p ortion o f this research and developm ent w ork is conducted in G overn m en t-ow n ed 17 re search facilities operated by educational institu tions and industrial concerns. T h e A E C research facilities em ployed over 42,000 people in January 1960, representing about one-third o f all employees in establishments included in this survey. T h e A E C research facilities are the m a jor centers fo r basic and applied nuclear research in the physical, engineering, and life sciences. T he research facilities are the A E C ’s m a jor centers fo r w ork in the developm ent and use o f particle ac17 W hile nearly all of the research facilities In this segment are owned by the A EC, some are partially or wholly owned by the U.S. Department of Defense. T he 19 establishments classified as A E C research facilities em ployed about 6,400 engineers and over 5,550 scientists, together accounting fo r (table 1 1). E ngineers and scientists o f m any different specialties were em ployed. T h e research facilities em ployed 2,030 physicists and 1,580 electrical and electronics engineers (table A - l ) in such w ork as the developm ent o f nuclear T able 11. E m p l o y m e n t i n A t o m ic E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n R e s e a r c h F a c i l i t i e s , b y O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p a n d P er cent in R & D for S e le c t e d O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p s , Ja n u a r y 1960 Occupational group Total, all employees__________ ______ Engineers_______________ _________ Scientists................................... ............. _ Other technical personnel____ _______ Managerial personnel________________ Skilled workers_________________ ____ All others............ 1___________________ Number Percent 42,172 100.0 6,396 6, 565 203 1,836 3,857 7,355 4,872 146 4,942 15.2 13.2 17.1 4.4 9.1 17.4 11.6 .3 11.7 7, Percent In research and development 82 95 67 71 44 13 reactors and particle accelerators. M an y o f the 1,672 chemists and 637 chem ical engineers em ployed in these establishments were d oin g research on nuclear fuel problem s. T h e developm ent o f new and im proved metals fo r nuclear applications requires m etallurgists and m etallurgical engineers. In all, 309 m etallurgists and 272 m etallurgical en gineers were em ployed. T h e research facilities also em ployed 2,017 m echanical engineers, 667 re actor engineers, and 411 mathematicians, m any o f them in the developm ent and design o f nuclear reactors. M any b iologica l scientists (338) were em ployed fo r research w ork on the effects o f radia tion on plants and animals and fo r other research w ith radioisotopes. H ealth physicists (204) were em ployed in w ork dealing w ith the problem s o f radiation safety. A b o u t 7,200 technicians and nearly 4,900 skilled workers were em ployed by the A E C research f a cilities to aid scientists and engineers in their w ork. Th e m a jority o f the technicians were en gin eerin g or physical science technicians (4,854), inclu din g electronics technicians (1,270) and in strument technicians (4 8 2 ). M ore than 1,000 draftsm en were also em ployed. T h e largest o c cupations fou n d am ong the skilled w orkers were those o f the all-round m achinist (1,076), m ainte nance m echanic (4 7 5 ), electrician (4 3 5 ), plum ber, pipefitter, and steamfitter (2 9 6 ), tool and die maker (2 5 2 ), w elder (2 3 5 ), and instrument maker (2 2 8 ). T h e laboratories also em ployed m any people in m anagerial and adm inistrative positions (3,857) and in clerical and related office jobs (7,355). T o gether these tw o occupational groups accounted fo r 27 percent o f total A E C research fa cility em p loy ment. A b ou t 1,000 workers were engaged in plant protection and security operations. Defense Production Facilities In January 1960, m ore than 35,000 persons (table 12) were em ployed in the establishments prim arily devoted to the prod u ction o f atom ic weapons and related materials. In clu ded in this segment w^ere the tw o m a jor plutonium production facilities and a num ber o f plants p rod u cin g clas sified materials. T he types o f w ork and, therefore, the occu pa tional patterns vary am ong the different defense 14 T a b l e 12. E m p l o y m e n t i n D e f e n s e P r o d u c t io n F a c i l i t ie s , b y O c c u p a t io n a l G roup a n d b y P r im a r y W ork F u n c t i o n F or S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p s , J a n u a r y 1960 Percent in— Occupational group Number Percent Research and devel opment Total, all employees.......... . 35,590 100.0 Engineers_______ _________ Scientists____ _____________ Technicians_______________ Other technical personnel.. Managerial personnel_____ Clerical personnel................ Skilled workers___________ Nuclear reactor operators... All others...................... ......... 2, 608 1,006 2,399 945 3,850 4,640 8,473 616 11,053 7. S 2.8 6.8 2.7 10.8 13.0 23.8 1.7 31.1 Production and operations 25 41 21 35 64 49 73 50 2 93 production facilities. W ork ers in the plutonium production facilities p erform a great deal o f re search and developm ent w ork, such as the develop ment o f reactors and fu el elements and the developm ent o f m ethods fo r processing irradiated materials, along w ith the operation o f reactors and other produ ction work. O n the other hand, in most o f the rem aining establishments, w orkers are almost exclusively engaged in produ ction work, such as the m etallurgical and chem ical processing o f materials and the m anufacture and assembly o f weapons com ponents. Ten percent o f the em ployees in this segment were engineers or scientists. Inclu ded am ong these were 702 mechanical, 591 chem ical, 408 electrical and electronics, and 237 m etallurgical engineers; 440 chemists, and 264 physicists. A b ou t 100 health physicists were em ployed to supervise the radiation protection o f personnel. M ore than 1,100 engineering and physical science technicians, 400 draftsm en, and about 200 designers were em p loyed to assist engineers and scientists. T h e defense produ ction facilities em ployed nearly 8,500 craftsm en. Inclu ded am ong these skilled workers were 1,304 maintenance mechanics, 963 chem ical operators, 937 all-rou nd machinists, 809 electricians, 642 instrument mechanics, and 522 plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. M ore than 600 nuclear reactor operators were em ployed in this segment o f the atom ic energy field, all o f w hom were em ployed at the tw o p lu to nium production facilities. T h e establishments in this segment also em ployed many people in m an agerial and adm inistrative positions and in clerical and other office jobs. These tw o occupational grou ps together accounted fo r alm ost one out o f every fo u r employees. M ore than 1,400 w orkers were em ployed in job s in v olv in g plan t protection and security. Reactor Manufacture T h e prim ary activity of 16 establishments co v ered in this survey was the design and m anufacture o f nuclear reactors and reactor com ponents. These establishments em ployed nearly 12,000 workers. In addition to designing the reactor p ow er plant, reactor m anufacturers generally fabricate and test some o f the intricate com ponents, such as fuel ele ments, reactor cores, control rods, reactor vessels, and heat exchangers, but m any o f the reactor’s com ponents are m anufactured b y other firms f o l low in g the reactor designer’s specifications. T a b l e 13. E m p l o y m e n t i n R eactor M a n u f a c t u r e , b y O c c u p a t io n a l G roup a n d b y P r im a r y W o r k F u n c t io n for S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p s , J a n u a r y 1 9 6 0 Percent in— Occupational group Number Percent Research and devel opment Total, all employees............ 11,760 100.0 Engineers_____ ___________ Scientists___________ ______ Technicians_______________ Other technical personnel.. Managerial personnel_____ Clerical personnel_________ Skilled workers___________ Nuclear reactor operators.. All others............................ 2, 480 717 1,582 242 1,094 1,985 1,301 79 2,280 21.1 6.1 13.4 2.0 9.3 16.9 11.1 .7 19.4 53 77 49 22 13 Production and operations 38 22 49 49 83 Cans of evaporated milk and a sack of potatoes being lowered into a water-filled canal containing spent fuel elements to test the effects of radiation on food. M any technicians and skilled w orkers m oreover were em ployed in this segment. N early 1,600 technicians were em ployed to assist scientists and engineers. O f these, 730 were engineering and physical science technicians and 539 were d ra fts men. A b o u t 1,300 craftsm en were em ployed, in E ngineers were the largest occupational grou p o f em ployees in this segment, constituting 21 p er cent o f total em ploym ent (table 13). Since the ultimate produ ct o f the establishments in this seg ment was the design and construction o f nuclear reactors, they em ployed a great m any engineers w ho were specialists in reactor technology. O f the nearly 2,500 engineers em ployed b y the 16 estab lishments, 816 were classified as reactor engineers. A great m any m echanical engineers (718) were likewise em ployed to w ork in such activities as the developm ent and design o f pressure vessels and heat transfer equipm ent and to supervise their fabrication. In addition, these establishments em ployed 299 physicists, 190 chemists, 170 electrical and electronics engineers, 169 m etallurgical en gi neers, and 151 chem ical engineers. clu din g 353 all-round machinists, 348 welders, and 179 sheet-metal workers. Production of Feed Materials and Enriched Uranium T h e A E C has a m u ltibillion d ollar investment in facilities fo r the p rodu ction and enrichm ent o f feed m aterials fo r use as fuel in reactor cores and fo r national defense purposes. T w o A E C -o w n e d and privately operated facilities and one p rivately owned fa cility were engaged in the chem ical re fining and reduction o f uranium ores and concen trates. P rivate contractors also operated the three A E O -ow n ed facilities w hich produced enriched uranium. These six establishments em ployed nearly 12,000 workers in January 1960. 15 T a b l e 14. E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e P r o d u c t io n of F eed M a E n r ic h e d U r a n i u m , b y O c c u p a t io n a l iG r o u p a n d b y P r i m a r y W o r k F u n c t i o n , fo r S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n a l G ro u p s, J a n u a r y 1960 t e r ia l s Construction of Nuclear Facilities and Percent in— Occupational group Number Percent Research and devel opment Total, all employees........... 11,717 100.0 Engineers.._ _____________ Scientists__________ _______ Technicians_______________ Other technical personnel-. Managerial personnel_____ Clerical personnel_________ Skilled workers..................... All others_______ __________ 699 505 815 34 1, 490 1,532 4, 236 2,406 6.0 4.3 7.0 .3 12.7 13.1 36.1 20.5 Production and operations 26 51 14 9 69 40 79 88 1 98 A t the three feed materials facilities, m illed uranium is processed in a series o f refining opera tions to rem ove im purities, fo llo w in g w hich it is converted to metal or interm ediate chem ical p ro d ucts o f acceptable p u rity fo r reactor fu el p rep aration. C onventional chem ical and m etallurgical processes are em ployed, but they must meet more exactin g standards than in other industries. In the other three plants, the output o f the feed m aterials plants is fu rth er processed b y the gase ous diffusion m ethod to obtain enriched uranium. E n rich ed uranium is used as the fu el fo r most reactors. E ngineers and scientists together constituted 10 percent o f total em ploym ent in this segment (table 14). Since the p rod u ction operations at these facilities are largely chem ical processes, h a lf o f the 1,200 scientists and engineers were either chemists (336) or chem ical engineers (2 7 1 ). In addition, 187 m echanical and 129 electrical and electronics engineers were em ployed. A n oth er 7 percent o f the em ployees were technicians. A bou t tw o-th irds o f the m ore than 800 technicians were engineering and physical science technicians, p r i m arily w orkin g in chem ical analytical laboratories associated w ith the prod u ction processes. A b ou t 1,700 o f the m ore than 4,200 skilled workers in these six establishments were chem ical operators. M ost o f the rem aining skilled workers were em ployed to m aintain the large am ount o f com plex equipment. In clu d ed am ong these were 1,035 maintenance m echanics, 361 electricians, 333 instrument mechanics, 187 welders, and 179 a ll round machinists. 16 Several c o m p l i e s specialize in the designing and construction o f nuclear facilities. M any other architect-engineer firms and construction firms also design and construct such facilities or segments o f facilities. T h is survey covered only a few o f the m any firms engaged in such work. T h e em ploym ent data below were obtained from seven firms w hich were d oin g design and en gi neering w ork only and five firms w hich were also d oin g the actual construction. T h e em ploym ent data include on ly those em ployees engaged in atom ic energy work. These 12 architect-engineer and construction firms em ployed nearly 6,600 w orkers in January 1960. A b ou t 24 percent o f the em ployees were engineers and another 29 percent were skilled workers (table 15). O ver 1,550 engineers were em ployed, inclu din g 456 m echanical engineers, 409 civil engineers, and 334 electrical and elec tronics engineers. A ssistin g the engineers were 396 designers and 374 draftsm en. T h e estab lishments w hich were undertaking the actual construction o f facilities em ployed workers in all construction crafts, in clu d in g plum bers, pipefit ters, and steamfitters (3 2 9 ), electricians (2 9 0 ), carpenters (1 7 9 ), and welders (11 6). Private Research Laboratories In addition to the research at the A E C -o w n e d laboratories, a great deal o f atom ic energy re search is p erform ed at private laboratories under A E C contract. T h is survey covered on ly those private laboratories w’hich held A E C prim e con tracts w ith accum ulated obligation s o f m ore than a m illion dollars, although a great deal o f addiT able 15. E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e C o n s t r u c t io n of N u F a c il it ie s , b y O c c u p a t io n a l G roup, J a n u a r y clear 1960 Occupational group Number Percent 6,575 100.0 1,558 18 435 513 404 899 1,898 850 23.7 .3 6.6 7.8 6.1 13.7 28.9 12.9 T a b l e 16. E m p l o y m e n t i n P r iv a t e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r ie s , b y O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p a n d P e r c e n t i n R & D , fo r S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p s , J a n u a r y 1 9 6 0 zirconium and hafnium , and m agnesium and cal cium. Special p rod u ction processes h ad to be developed fo r some o f the special m aterials in Occupational group Number Percent Total, all employees___________ _____ 5,295 100.0 Engineers_____ _________ ___________ Scientists_____ _____ ___________ _____ Technicians................... ........................... Other technical personnel..... ............ . Managerial personnel.............. ............. Clerical personnel.................................._ Skilled workers........................... ............ Nuclear reactor operators...................... All others________________ __________ 722 1,392 1,283 115 372 612 293 13 493 13.6 26.3 24.2 2.2 7.0 11.6 5.5 .3 9.3 Percent in research and development 93 97 85 79 76 tional research was sponsored b y the Commission. M ost o f the laboratories covered were operated by educational institutions, but a few were operated by other n onprofit institutions and b y industrial concerns. T h irty -fo u r establishments w ere clas sified as private research laboratories. T h ey em p loyed about 5,300 persons, on ly 4 percent o f the em ployees covered in this survey. E stablish ments in this segment reported on ly the personnel engaged in atom ic energy w ork rather than total establishment em ploym ent.18 T w o-th ird s o f these em ployees at the private research laboratories were in engineering, scien order to meet the rig id requirements. reactors be free o f hafnium . Since all zirconium ores contain a small percentage o f hafn iu m and the tw o metals have sim ilar properties, new chem ical separation processes had to be developed. In January 1960, nearly 3,600 em ployees were w ork in g at the 10 surveyed plants p ro d u cin g spe cial materials fo r use in reactors. A b o u t tw othirds o f these em ployees were plant w orkers in produ ction , maintenance, and service jobs. Chem ical operators (2 2 5 ), all-rou nd machinists (1 5 2 ), and maintenance m echanics (105) were the most numerous am ong the skilled workers. group. M ore than h a lf of the nearly 1,400 scientists were physicists (7 6 0 ), re flecting the great am ount o f nuclear physics re search at these laboratories. In addition, 285 chemists, 100 mathematicians, and 97 b iological scientists were em ployed. A m o n g the m ore than 700 engineers em ployed were 323 electrical and electronics engineers, 115 m echanical engineers, and 101 m etallurgical engineers. A lm ost as many technicians were em ployed as scientists, inclu din g 375 electronics and 585 other engineering and physical science technicians. Production of Special Materials M any o f the m aterials used in nuclear reactors must meet stringent specifications and must have certain special nuclear properties. C overed in this survey and classified under this segment were establishments w ith m a jor A E C prim e contracts to produce some o f these materials— beryllium , S ci entists and engineers together (table 1 7 ), p rim ar ily chemists and chem ical engineers, accounted fo r less than 5 percent o f the em ployees in this segment. T able 17. E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e P r o d u c t io n of S p e c ia l M a t e r ia l s , b y O c c u p a t io n a l G roup a n d b y P r im a r y W o r k F u n c t i o n , for S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t i o n a l G r o u p s , Ja n u a r y 1960 tific, or technical occupations (table 1 6), the scien tists, as w ould be expected, com prisin g the largest occupational F o r ex ample, it is necessary that zirconium f o r use in Percent in— Occupational group Number Percent Research and devel opment Total, all employees.......... . 3,584 100.0 Engineers.............................. Scientists___________ ______ Technicians______ _________ Other technical personnel.. Managerial personnel_____ Clerical personnel_________ Skilled workers_____ ______ All others_________________ 97 60 246 5 429 406 790 1,551 2.7 1.7 6.9 .1 12.0 11.3 22.0 43.3 Production and operations 33 47 27 20 62 53 70 80 0 100 Uranium Milling In uranium m ills, m etallurgical and chem ical processes are used to extract uranium fro m the mined ore. T h e basic steps included are ore p rep aration (p rim a rily crushing and g r in d in g ), leach ing, and p rod u ct recovery. These operations are sim ilar to those used in the m illin g o f other metal“ Some reported only those employees paid from AEC contract funds. Also, some reported full-tim e equivalent em ployment rather than total employment. 17 T able 18. E mployment in Uranium Milling , by Occu pational Group, January 1 9 6 0 O c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p N um ber P ercen t T o t a l , a ll e m p l o y e e s ____________________________________ 3, 432 100.0 E n g in e e r s ________________________________________________ S c ie n t is t s _____ _________ ______________ ________________ T e c h n ic i a n s _____________ ________ ________________ _______ O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l ...................................................... M a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n n e l__________________________________ C le r ic a l p e r s o n n e l_____________ ______________________ S k ille d w o r k e r s ._______ _______________ ________ . A l l o t h e r s _______________________ _______________________ 112 90 197 34 315 271 921 1,492 3 3 2. 6 5. 7 1 .0 9. 2 7. 9 26. 8 4 3 .5 lie ores. This survey covered all uranium mills in operation at the time of the survey. A ll of the mills were privately owned and operated, but under contract to the A E C . The uranium mills employed 3,432 workers in January 1960 (table 18), less than 3 percent of the total number of employees covered by this survey. Only a total of about 200 scientists and engineers were employed, nearly half of whom were chemists and metallurgical engineers. O f the 921 skilled workers employed in the milling operations, more than a third were maintenance mechanics (330) and nearly 20 percent were chem ical operators (179). cerned with the design, development, and fabrica tion of fuel elements are included in this seg ment. The eight establishments in this segment employed about 2,900 workers in January I960.19 Engineering, scientific, and technical personnel accounted for about 23 percent o f employment in the plants fabricating fuel elements (table 19). Among these personnel were 101 mechanical en gineers, 71 metallurgists, and about 200 engi neering and physical science technicians. O f the 336 skilled workers, 161 were all-round machin ists and another 78 were welders. Pow er Reactor O peration Nine establishments -were classified as being pri marily engaged in the operation and maintenance of a power reactor for the production of commer cial electricity. A t the time of this survey, only one of the reactors was in operation, and it could not be considered typical of such operations, since a great deal of research and testing was being con ducted in connection with operating the reactor. T able 20. by E mployment in P ower R eactor Operation, Occupational Group, January 1 9 6 0 Fuel Elem ent Fabrication O c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p The heart of a nuclear reactor is its fuel ele ments. Fuel elements for research and power re actors are prepared in a variety of forms and employ different kinds of fuel and cladding ma terials. The principal steps in the fabrication of solid fuel elements are forming, cladding, and ma chining, followed by extensive inspection and testing. Establishments which are primarily conT able 1 9 . E mployment in F uel E lement F abrication, by Occupational Group and by P rimary W ork F unc tion , for Selected Occupational Groups, January 1960 P e r c e n t in — O c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p N um ber P ercen t R esea rch a n d d e v e l opm ent T o t a l , a ll e m p l o y e e s ............... 2 ,9 0 3 1 00 .0 E n g in e e r s ____________________ S c ie n t is t s ....................................... T e c h n ic i a n s __________________ O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l .. M a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n n e l______ C le r ic a l p e r s o n n e l___________ S k ille d w o r k e r s ______________ A ll o t h e r s _____________________ 251 108 319 4 246 386 336 1,2 5 3 8 .6 3 .7 1 1 .0 .1 8 .5 1 3 .3 1 1 .6 4 3 .2 18 P r o d u ctio n and o p e r a t io n s 13 81 38 0 86 18 59 50 12 87 T o t a l , a ll e m p l o y e e s _____ . _______________ E n g in e e r s __________________ ______ S c ie n t is t s ________ N um ber ... . _ ___________ _________________________ O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l____ M a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n n e l_______. . . N u c le a r r e a c t o r o p e r a t o r s ___ A ll o t h e r s ____ __ . _ _ __________________ ___________________ . . ____________________ _. _________________ P ercen t 366 100 .0 102 15 43 1 30 40 5 27 103 2 7 .9 4 .1 11.7 .3 8 .2 10 .9 1 .4 7 .4 2 8 .1 The eight other establishments classified in this segment were in planning stages preliminary to operation in January 1960, but two expected to be operating reactors for the commercial produc tion of electricity in 1960, another in 1961, and the remaining five establishments in 1962 or 1963. An electric utility system consists of power gen erating, transmission, and distribution facilities. The major change brought about by atomic energy is the replacement of the coal, gas, or oil-burning steam generator with a nuclear reactor. The num- 19Three establishments reported only those employees engaged in atomic energy work rather than total establishment employ ment. ber of operating personnel required for a nuclear power station is expected to be greater than for a conventional power station, partly because rela tively little experience has been acquired in the operation of a nuclear station in comparison with the conventional station, and partly because of the extra precautions that must be taken to insure health and safety protection. The one operating power reactor covered in this survey had an operat ing stalf of about three times that required by a coal-fired station of similar size, but many of the additional employees were engaged in research, testing, or training activities not required for the operation of the reactor, and these employees would not be required under normal operating procedures. The nine establishments employed a large num ber of engineers relative to total employment. Twenty-eight percent of all employees were en gineers (table 20), most of whom were mechanical and electrical and electronics engineers. Reactor engineers, chemists and chemical engineers, and health physicists were employed in smaller num bers. Technicians, such as health physics tech nicians and chemical analysts, accounted for about 12 percent of employment. Twenty-seven nuclear reactor operators were employed, some o f whom were in training. Distribution of Employment in the Atomic Energy Commission In addition to the A E C prime contractors cov ered by the survey, information on employment in the Atomic Energy Commission itself was ob tained (table 21). The data for the A E C , how ever, were not combined with that for the contrac tors, but are presented here separately. of over 7,000 in 1958.20 Since the A E C is pri marily an administrative and regulatory agency, nearly 70 percent of the Commission’s employees were in managerial and administrative or in cleri Approximately 1,000 scientists and engineers were employed by the Commission, including personnel in nearly every major scientific and engineering discipline. These included 114 reactor engineers, 91 civil engineers, 80 chemists, 54 electrical and electronics engineers, and 53 health physicists. Another large body of 20 T h e A E C r e p o r t a p p l i e s t o O c t o b e r 1 9 5 9 r a t h e r t h a n J a n u a r y 1960 (u s e d by a ll oth er re s p o n d e n ts ), r e p o r t w e r e c o lle c t e d in c o n ju n c t io n m is s io n ’s y e a r ly su rvey s in c e w it h th e T able 21. E mployment in the A tomic E nergy Commis sion , by Occupational Group and Selected Occupation , October 3 1 , 1 9 5 9 O c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p a n d s e le c t e d o c c u p a t i o n A s of October 31,1959, the A E C had a total em ployment of 6,659— less than the peak employment cal and other office positions. workers (463) were engaged in protective and security activities. d a ta fo r th a t th e C iv il S e r v ic e C o m T o t a l , a ll e m p l o y e e s _________________ _____________ N um ber _ P ercen t 6 ,6 5 9 10 0 .0 712 1 0 .7 R e a c t o r ............ .................................. ..................................... C i v i l ______________________ _____ ____________________ . E le c t r ic a l a n d e le c t r o n ic s ________________ . . . . C h e m i c a l ...................... ............................ M e c h a n i c a l ________________________________________ O th e r e n g in e e r s __________ _______________________ 114 91 54 39 34 380 1 .7 1. 4 .8 .6 .5 5 .7 S c ie n tis ts , t o t a l _______________ __________________________ 284 4 .3 C h e m i s t s ____________________________________________ H e a lt h p h y s i c is t s ________________________________ P h y s ic is ts J __________________________ _ M e t a llu r g is t s _____ _ _________________________ G e o lo g is t s a n d g e o p h y s i c i s t s ____________________ B io lo g ic a l s c ie n t is t s ___ __ _______________________ M a t h e m a t ic i a n s ______________ _____________________ O th e r n a t u r a l s c ie n t is t s ________ . . . ......... 80 53 42 26 22 17 14 30 1 .2 .8 .6 .4 .3 .3 .2 .5 T e c h n ic ia n s ______________________________________________ O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l ____ . _________________ _________ _________________ C le r ic a l p e r s o n n e l_____ __ S k ille d w o r k e r s _____________ ._ . _ ________________ 188 124 2 ,0 3 6 2, 581 21 2 .8 1 .9 3 0 .6 3 8 .7 .3 A l l o t h e r s , t o t a l _____ ____________________________________ 713 10 .7 463 250 6 .9 3 .8 o f F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y m e n t. 1 9 Appendix A . Tables T able A -l. E mployment in the A tomic E nergy F ield, by Occupation and Segment, January 1960 Segm ent A ll a c t i v it ie s O c c u p a t io n T o t a l , a ll e m p l o y e e s D e fe n s e AEC prod u c r e se a rch t io n fa c ilitie s fa c ilitie s R ea ctor m anu f a c tu r e P rodu c t io n o f fe e d m a te r ia ls and e n r ic h e d u r a n iu m C on stru c t io n o f n u c le a r fa c ilitie s P r iv a t e re s e a r c h la b o r a to r ie s P rodu c t io n o f s p e c ia l m a t e r ia ls U ra n iu m m illin g F uel e le m e n t f a b r i c a t io n Pow er rea ctor op era t io n M is c e l la n e o u s ____________________ 125,921 4 2 ,172 3 5 ,5 9 0 11,760 11,717 6 ,5 7 5 5 ,2 9 5 3 ,5 8 4 3 ,4 3 2 2 ,9 0 3 366 2 ,5 2 7 S c ie n t is t s , t o t a l ....................... - ........................ 9 ,4 8 8 5 ,5 6 5 1 ,0 0 6 717 505 18 1 ,392 60 90 108 15 12 A g r ic u lt u r a l s c ie n t is t s ________ ______ B io lo g ic a l s c ie n tis t s ................................ C h e m i s t s _____________________________ G e o lo g is t s a n d g e o p h y s i c i s t s ............ H e a lt h p h y s i c is t s ____________________ M a t h e m a t ic i a n s ....................................... M e d i c a l s c ie n t is t s .................................... M e t a ll u r g i s t s _____ ___________________ P h y s ic i s t s ............... ...................................... O th e r n a t u r a l s c ie n t is t s ....................... 32 475 3 ,0 5 7 83 377 760 166 608 3,4 3 1 499 27 338 1,6 7 2 16 204 411 93 309 2 ,0 3 0 465 3 24 440 5 99 89 25 47 264 10 0 0 190 2 33 112 0 78 299 3 0 16 336 0 24 42 10 17 60 0 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 3 6 0 2 97 285 40 6 100 37 46 760 19 0 0 39 0 1 1 1 17 1 0 0 0 50 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 25 0 4 0 0 71 6 2 0 0 8 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 15,112 E n g in e e r s , t o t a l ......... ................................... 6 ,3 9 6 2, 608 2 ,4 8 0 699 1,558 722 97 112 251 102 87 A e r o n a u t ic a l............................................... C h e m i c a l .................................... ................. C i v i l (a r c h it e c t u r a l, c o n s t r u c t io n , s t r u c t u r a l, s a n it a r y , e t c . ) . .............. E le c t r ic a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c s ................... M e c h a n i c a l ___________________________ M e t a ll u r g i c a l ............................................. R e a c t o r _______ ________________________ O th e r e n g in e e r s ______________________ 93 1 ,820 69 637 0 591 18 151 0 271 2 25 4 76 0 36 0 15 0 8 0 8 0 2 905 3 ,0 1 5 4,3 9 1 916 1 ,724 2 ,2 4 8 229 1 ,580 2 ,0 1 7 272 667 925 76 408 702 237 136 458 106 170 718 169 816 332 31 129 187 32 0 49 409 334 456 13 42 277 23 323 115 101 45 35 0 3 22 16 0 20 5 2 10 40 0 40 12 10 101 35 0 85 4 27 42 0 18 3 10 29 21 1 0 24 T e c h n ic i a n s , t o t a l ............................. ............... 1 4 ,612 7 ,2 0 3 2 ,3 9 9 1 ,582 815 435 1,2 8 3 246 197 319 43 90 D r a ft s m e n _________________ __________ E n g in e e r in g a n d p h y s i c a l s c ie n c e : E l e c t r o n i c s .......................................... I n s t r u m e n t .......................................... O t h e r ___________________ _________ H e a lt h p h y s i c s ........................................... M e d i c a l, a g r ic u lt u r a l, a n d b i o l o g i c a l .................................................................. O th e r t e c h n i c i a n s ..................................... 2 ,6 6 0 1 ,063 403 539 94 374 107 28 8 30 1 13 2 ,0 3 6 627 6 ,1 0 0 720 1 ,270 482 3 ,1 0 2 289 249 37 837 311 43 38 649 61 14 9 511 19 21 10 20 0 375 36 549 5 2 0 171 6 1 6 70 0 17 6 173 18 2 0 11 11 42 3 7 0 569 1 ,900 323 674 55 507 15 237 46 122 4 6 110 101 6 33 8 104 1 74 1 17 0 25 O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l, t o t a l .............. 3 ,7 4 4 1, 836 945 242 34 513 115 5 34 4 1 15 D e s ig n e r s ...................................................... T e c h n ic a l w r it e r s ..................................... O th e r t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l................... 1,160 195 2 ,3 8 9 457 104 1,275 199 19 727 84 29 129 3 3 28 396 17 100 7 19 89 4 1 0 0 0 34 1 0 3 0 0 1 9 3 3 M a n a g e r ia l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , a n d o t h e r p r o fe s s io n a l p e r s o n n e l ( o t h e r t h a n s c ie n t ific a n d t e c h n ic a l) , t o t a l .............. 12,417 3 ,8 5 7 3 ,8 5 0 1, 094 1,490 404 372 429 315 246 30 330 C le r ic a l a n d o t h e r o ffic e p e r s o n n e l, t o t a l ............ ........ ................................................ 18, 537 7 ,355 4 ,6 4 0 1,985 1, 532 899 612 406 271 386 40 411 S k ille d w o r k e r s (jo u r n e y m e n o n l y ) , t o t a l ...................................................................... 23, 881 4 ,8 7 2 8 ,4 7 3 1,301 4 ,2 3 6 1 ,898 293 790 921 336 5 756 114 717 3 ,2 2 7 2 ,2 5 6 14 171 151 435 29 161 963 809 0 20 0 66 0 61 1,697 361 71 179 0 290 0 7 0 29 0 9 225 56 0 42 179 70 0 4 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 63 12 113 537 228 190 65 11 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 1,269 3, 071 159 1 ,076 642 937 78 353 333 179 8 161 3 0 9 13 3, 635 475 1 ,304 87 1,456 646 504 1,320 5 ,1 2 9 296 183 252 235 1 ,197 522 146 204 263 2 ,3 0 3 29 179 16 348 60 B o ile r m a k e r s ---------- ----------- -------------C a r p e n t e r s .......................................... ........ C h e m ic a l o p e r a t o r s ______ ________ E le c t r ic ia n s .................. .............................. I n s t r u m e n t m a k e r s ( I n c lu d in g e x p e r im e n t a l m a c h in is t s and o t h e r s w h o fa b r ic a t e in s t r u m e n t s ) ........................................................ I n s t r u m e n t m e c h a n ic s ( in c lu d in g i n s t r u m e n t r e p a i r m e n ) .................... M a c h in is t s ( a ll - r o u n d ) ......................... M a in t e n a n c e m e c h a n ic s ( i n c l u d in g m a c h in e r y r e p a ir m e n a n d m il l w r i g h t s ) ............................................ P l u m b e r s , p i p e fit t e r s , a n d s t e a m fit t e r s ________________ ______________ _ S h e e t -m e t a l w o r k e r s ________________ T o o l a n d d ie m a k e r s ________________ W e l d e r s ............... ......................................... O th e r s k ille d t r a d e s _________________ 0 67 6 112 19 152 12 21 1 ,0 3 5 126 42 105 330 23 2 106 97 55 12 187 208 329 28 0 116 692 16 4 4 5 25 44 2 12 35 131 13 0 0 46 208 10 3 3 78 19 0 0 0 0 0 100 46 1 7 286 881 146 616 79 0 0 13 0 0 0 27 0 __________ 27, 249 4 ,9 4 2 11,053 2 ,2 8 0 2 ,4 0 6 850 493 1,551 1 ,492 1,253 103 826 P l a n t p r o t e c t i o n a n d s e c u r it y _____ 3 ,1 0 0 1 ,0 0 4 1,430 147 323 6 44 51 15 58 12 10 N u c le a r r e a c t o r o p e r a t o r s _______________ A l l o t h e r s _____________________ 20 T a b le A -2 . E m p l o y m e n t A n t ic ip a t e d for J a n u a r y 1961 in t h e A t o m ic E n e r g y F ie l d , b y O c c u p a t io n a n d S e g m e n t Segm ent A ll a c t iv ities O c c u p a t io n B io l o g ic a l s c ie n t is t s _________________ AEC r e se a rch fa c ilitie s D e fe n s e prod u c t io n fa c ilitie s R e a ctor m anu fa c tu r e P rodu c t io n o f fe e d m a te r ia ls and e n r ic h e d u r a n iu m C on s tru c t io n o f n u c le a r fa c ilitie s P r iv a t e r e se a rch la b o r a to rie s P rodu c t io n o f s p e c ia l m a te r ia ls U ra n iu m m illin g F uel e le m e n t fa b r i c a t io n P ow er rea ctor opera t io n M is c e l la n e o u s 130,007 43,951 36,945 12,149 11,631 6 ,320 5 ,725 3 ,855 3 ,506 3,021 531 2 ,373 10,333 6 ,048 1,063 852 520 21 1,506 77 95 122 16 13 30 527 3 ,266 83 404 876 178 680 3,751 538 25 385 1,782 13 222 474 104 341 2, 202 500 3 24 465 5 99 96 25 53 282 11 0 0 219 2 42 138 0 90 358 3 0 16 343 0 23 47 9 18 64 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 3 8 0 2 102 311 41 6 113 39 50 821 21 0 0 47 0 1 1 1 26 0 1 0 0 52 22 0 0 0 20 1 0 0 0 27 0 4 1 0 79 9 2 0 0 8 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 16,154 6 ,785 2,829 2,776 721 1,516 810 119 118 266 118 96 101 1,976 71 689 0 637 23 181 0 281 2 26 5 84 0 39 0 16 0 12 0 9 0 2 901 3 ,2 6 2 4 ,609 1,019 1 ,925 2,361 220 1 ,685 2,131 312 726 951 75 457 767 247 138 508 119 198 742 198 943 372 31 129 197 35 0 48 404 339 432 14 42 257 24 374 128 109 50 36 0 4 31 19 0 26 5 2 14 40 0 41 12 12 102 42 0 86 1 28 40 2 26 12 10 34 25 1 0 24 15,393 7 ,617 2,501 1,657 801 415 1,403 280 199 343 88 89 2,690 1 ,085 424 518 92 360 123 32 8 33 1 14 2 ,256 683 6 ,3 5 2 771 1 ,386 509 3 ,249 314 290 41 794 319 47 45 712 68 13 9 505 19 18 11 20 0 438 42 576 7 2 0 194 7 1 6 79 0 20 8 187 20 3 9 29 17 38 3 7 0 607 2 ,034 362 712 55 578 17 250 45 118 3 3 117 100 5 40 1 104 1 74 1 28 0 27 4,017 2 ,089 973 294 34 451 117 5 33 4 0 17 1,168 '2 0 0 2 ,649 485 104 1,5 0 0 209 19 745 98 34 162 3 3 28 349 18 84 7 19 91 5 0 0 0 0 33 1 0 3 0 0 0 11 3 3 12,599 3, 799 3 ,983 1,197 1,483 370 389 455 314 247 34 328 18,413 7 ,182 4 ,759 1,986 1,495 817 664 428 273 396 37 376 24,383 5 ,076 8 ,8 1 9 1,254 4,2 0 9 1,911 312 829 917 348 14 694 958 151 616 100 0 0 13 0 0 0 78 0 27, 757 5 ,204 11,402 2 ,033 2,3 6 8 819 511 1,662 1,557 1, 295 146 760 C i v i l ( a r c h it e c t u r a l, c o n s t r u c t io n , O th e r e n g in e e r s ___________ --- E n g in e e r in g a n d p h y s ic a l s c ie n ce : M e d i c a l, a g r ic u lt u r a l, and * b io - M a n a g e r ia l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , a n d o t h e r p r o fe s s io n a l p e r s o n n e l ( o th e r t h a n C le r ic a l a n d o t h e r o ffic e S k ille d w o r k e r s p e r s o n n e l, ( jo u r n e y m e n o n l y ) , A l l o t h e r s ____ _____ _ _____________________ 21 Appendix B. Scope and Method of Survey This survey of employment in the atomic energy field was conducted by the U .S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics under contract with the U .S. Atomic Energy Commission. The survey was designed to provide information on the employment of scientists, engineers, technicians, skilled workers, and others in work related to the development and production of atomic energy. Text and appendix tables refer only to employment in the 158 establishments surveyed, and not to the entire atomic energy field. Survey C o verag e The list of establishments to be included in the survey was prepared by the Atomic Energy Com mission and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In general, an establishment was covered if it had a prime contract with the A E C with accumulated obligations in excess of $1 million as of September 30, 1959. Contractors from the following catego ries were included if they fell within the limits specified: Operating and research and develop ment contractors at AEC-owned installations; architect-engineer firms; commercial establish ments furnishing specialized materials, supplies, or equipment to the A E C ; and research organiza tions (commercial and academic and other non profit) . Respondents were asked to report separately for each establishment engaged in atomic energy activ ities under contract with the A E C . Construction establishments and research laboratories not owned by the Federal Government were asked to report only those employees engaged in atomic energy work, since this might involve only a small proportion of total establishment employment. A ll other establishments were asked to report on their total employment, on the assumption that atomic energy work would constitute the primary activity of the establishment. No distinction was made between part-time and full-time employees; both were to be included in the response.21 This survey is not a count of all employees work ing under funds provided by the A E C , nor are all 22 reported employees being paid out of such funds. A s stated above, the survey did not cover all A E C contractors. Furthermore, the reporting basis for an establishment was either all employees or all employees engaged in atomic energy activities, which would include both employees paid from A E C funds and those paid from all other sources. Conduct of the Survey The questionnaire used in the survey was devel oped in cooperation with the U .S. Atomic Energy Commission. Comments on preliminary drafts of the questionnaire and other aspects of the survey were obtained from officials of industrial establish ments, educational institutions, and A E C research facilities, as well as from personnel of the U .S. Department of Labor and the A E C . W hile the questionnaire was not ideally suited to all covered establishments, the small number of establishments included in the survey precluded the use of more than one form. The questionnaires were mailed in early Febru ary 1960 to all establishments. A followup letter was sent in March and an additional followup was made either by telephone or through the A E C ’s regional offices. A n almost complete response was obtained in the survey. The data are subject to reporting, editing, and tabulating errors. Such errors have been largely eliminated through checking procedures and through correspondence with establishments whose reports appeared to involve inconsistencies or mis interpretation of terms or definitions. Definitions Major items on the questionnaire were defined in order to get consistent returns. The definitions (see appendix C) conformed as closely as possible to the definitions used by the National Science Foundation in its surveys of scientific and technical personnel. The definitions were also tested 21A fe w e s t a b lis h m e n t s c la s s ifie d as p r iv a te resea rch la b o r a t o r ie s r e p o r t e d f u ll-t im e e q u iv a le n t e m p lo y m e n t r a t h e r th a n t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t. through visits to establishments which would be receiving the questionnaire. The purpose was to develop definitions which would accurately and clearly describe the terms used and would conform as much as possible with definitions used in other surveys and with customary accounting practices. However, wide differences exist in methods of rec ordkeeping and in the classification of employees and these differences contributed to some varia tions in the interpretation and application of definitions. A n analysis of the returns disclosed that for some items on the questionnaire all establishments were not reporting on the same basis. One source of difficulty was in the classification of technicians according to the categories listed— with many establishments classifying a large number of tech nicians in the “ other technicians” category. A spot check on some of these returns showed that in many instances a large proportion, or all, of the technicians so classified should have been reported as “ other engineering and physical science” technicians. Some establishments apparently also had diffi culty in determining the intended distinction between workers to be classified functionally in “ production and operations” or “ research and development” and those belonging in the “ all other functions” category. It is felt that some estab lishments incorrectly classified employees (e.g., workers engaged in testing associated with produc tion or in the maintenance of the production process) in the “ all other functions” category. In information indicated that an establishment was incorrectly classified and in those few instances where more than one segment was selected. None of the surveyed establishments was found to be in four of the segments. Therefore, all establish ments were classified in the 10 remaining segments or in a miscellaneous category adopted for those establishments which could not be properly classi fied in any of the listed segments. Each establishment was classified in the segment which best described the primary activity of the establishment. Therefore, it should be kept in mind in interpreting statistics in this report re lating to a particular segment, that the definitions used 23 were not necessarily completely accurate descriptions of each establishment within the seg ment. It should also be kept in mind that with the small number of establishments in many seg ments, some of the occupational information pre sented is largely a reflection of a few large estab lishments. Following is a list of the segments with pertinent information on the reporting establishments: 1. A to m ic c lu d e s ow ned a ll E n erg y la b o r a t o r ie s e d u c a tio n a l 2. p lu s or d e fe n s e and p r o d u c tio n d o in g a t o m ic e ffo r t, research oth er research in s t it u t io n s D e fe n s e fa c ilitie s th e C o m m is s io n A E C -o w n e d fa c ilitie s : w ork in c lu d in g th e I n c lu d e s tw o 3. R ea ctor p r im a r ily m a n u fa ctu re : con cern ed w ith a ll m a jo r d ev oted m a jo r I n c lu d e s th e 16 to p lu to n iu m e s t a b lis h m e n t s d e v e lo p m e n t, d e s ig n , test in g , a n d m a n u fa c t u r e o f r e a c t o r s a n d r e a c t o r c o m p o n e n t s . O ne e e s w o r k in g u n d e r A E C c o n t r a c t fu n d s . e s ta b lis h m e n t’s 4. P r o d u c tio n I n c lu d e s and o f fe e d p la n ts gaseou s rep ort in c lu d e s m a t e r ia ls a n d p r o d u c in g d iffu s io n o n ly fe e d p la n t th ose e n r ich e d m a te r ia ls o p e r a tio n s and e m p lo y u r a n iu m : fo r rea ctor th e gaseou s d iffu s io n p la n ts . 5. C o n s tr u c tio n t a b lis h m e n ts e m p lo y e e s P r iv a te w ere research and a ls o do e n g in e e r in g th e in a to m ic en ergy la b o r a t o r ie s : in c lu d e d in th is e d u c a tio n a l in s t it u t io n ^ in d e p e n d e n t la b o r a t o r ie s asked to report O ut E s ta b lis h m e n ts o n ly p erson n el es fiv e c o n s tr u c tio n . to o f and or and r e p o r t o n ly w ork . seg m en t, w it h con cern s. o n ly a ctu a l segm en t w ere ask ed e ith e r in d u s t r ia l w ere th is engaged ta b lis h m e n ts n ected d e s ig n w h ic h E s t a b lis h m e n t s in 6. o f n u c le a r fa c ilit ie s : I n c lu d e s s e v e n d o in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s on was divided into 14 segments.22 Respondents were asked to select the one segment which best by p r o d u c tio n ce n te rs . were so classified, the returns were corrected after correspondence with the respondent. No attempt was made to check returns which contained a relatively small proportion of the establishment’s employees in the “ all other functions” category although such a check probably would, in some cases, have led to the reclassification of some employees. On the questionnaire, the atomic energy field o p e ra ted con cern s. p r im a r ily a few cases, where a large number of employees Classification of Establishm ents by Segm ent In G o v e rn m e n t- fa c ilitie s in d u s t r ia l en ergy fa c ilitie s : F ed era l th e 34 es 24 w ere th e r e m a in d e r con n ected in th is engaged con w it h segm en t in a t o m ic described the primary activity of the reporting establishment. Adjustments were made where 22 S e e q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n a p p e n d i x C . 23 S e e q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n a p p e n d i x C f o r d e f i n i t i o n s . 23 en ergy A E O a le n t 7. w ork . Som e rep orted c o n tr a c t fu n d s . e m p lo y m e n t o n ly e m p lo y e e s A ls o , s o m e r e p o r te d ra th e r th a n tota l h a fn iu m , 8. fro m e m p lo y m e n t. one p la n t p r o d u c in g person n el w it h in a U r a n iu m m illin g : p la n t z ir c o n iu m m a g n e s iu m p r o d u c in g I n c lu d e s a ll 25 and and ca lciu m , z irc o n iu m u r a n iu m tu b e. m ills in o p e r a t io n a t t h e t im e o f th e s u r v e y p lu s a n o r e c o n c e n t r a t e F u el e le m e n t fa b r ic a tio n : m e n ts p r im a r ily con cern ed and o f fa b r ic a t io n in c lu d e d o n ly fu e l th o se I n c lu d e s w it h th e e le m e n ts . e m p lo y e e s e ig h t d e s ig n , T h ree engaged e s ta b lis h d e v e lo p m e n t, e s t a b lis h m e n t s in a t o m ic en ergy 10. tio n P ow er rea ctor m a in te n a n c e o f m en ts o f pow er c o m m e r c ia l c la s s ifie d in o p e r a tio n : T w o a ll p la n n in g a d d it io n a l o p e r a tio n or in ports were constructed for two of the three estab lishments which did not return questionnaires, on the basis of information from the files of B L S and from an official of one of the establishments. It was not possible to construct a reasonable report for the one remaining nonrespondent. in 1960, O f fo r th e o p e r a tio n th e n in e produ c e s ta b lis h items. The missing data were estimated on the basis of information available on these estab lishments, by obtaining information by telephone T h e r e m a in in g e ig h t e s t a b lis h m e n t s or through the A E C ’s Regional Offices, and by sta g es a n oth er 24 used th e opera seg m en t, in o n ly one w as p r e lim in a r y e s ta b lis h m e n ts 1963. I n c lu d e s re a cto rs e le c t r ic it y . th is tio n in J a n u a r y 196 0. w ere Re A number of respondents omitted data on some w ork . and tablishments to which schedules were sent. the A E C and information obtained by telephone s t a t io n . 9. A djustm ents for N onresponse Reports were received from 156 of the 159 es P r o d u c t io n o f s p e c ia l m a te r ia ls : I n c lu d e s fo u r p la n ts p r o d u c in g b e r y lliu m , fo u r p la n ts p r o d u c in g and p a id fu ll-tim e e q u iv w ere 1961, to e x p ected and th e in o p e r a tio n . to rest be in in 1962 making estimations based on relationships shown by the respondent and by other establishments in the same segment. Appendix C. Questionnaire and Covering Letters B .L .S . N o . 2657 B udget B u rea u N o. 4 4 -5 9 3 4 A p p r o v a l e x p ir e s A p ril 30, 196 0 Survey of EMPLOYMENT IN THE ATOM IC ENERGY FIELD Conducted for the ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION By the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Y o u r r e p ly w ill b e h e ld in S T R IC T C O N F ID E N C E The purpose of this survey is to collect employment data from establishments which are engaged in a c tivities in the atomic energy field under contract with the Atomic Energy Commission. These data a r e needed by the Commission to develop programs and policies related to manpower requirements. A ll information supplied on this form will be seen only by sworn employees of the Bureau of Labor S t a tistics and the Atomic Energy Commission. Only statistical summaries that will preserve confidentiality of individual reports will be released. Your reply will be held in S T R I C T C O N F I D E N C E . G E N E R A L (T e r m s in H E A V Y Q u e s tio n n a ir e s M E N T S w h ic h E N E R G Y are are F IE L D b e in g engaged sent in to a ll a c t iv it ie s I N S T R U C T I O N S C A P IT A L S E S T A B L IS H in P le a s e as a ll can n ot th e d a ta be p e n d it u r e o f tim e and be “ none” W r it e le a v e a b la n k to th e pay T h e th e ir 1. space. p e r io d u s e fu ln e s s t im e lin e s s . F or and g r e a tly s u p p ly m ade. p o s s ib le . in g u n d e r c o n tr a c t w it h th e A to m ic E n e rg y fig u r e s req u ested . p r o v id e d e ffo r t, r e a s o n a b le w h ere o f th e I f undue ex th ey som e e s tim a te s a p p r o p r ia te s h o u ld ra th er T h e c o o p e r a t io n r e t u r n in g fa c ilita te ex tra t io n n a ir e be o f fo rm s re sp on d en ts as soon as in c o m p le t p o s s ib le w ill th is p r o c e s s . c o p ie s m ay th e o f th e o b ta in e d on q u e s tio n n a ir e req u est. w o u ld M a il be h e lp fu l, c o m p le t e d qu es t o : th a n A ll fig u r e s s h o u ld a p p ly , i f p o s s ib le , e n d in g n earest o f th e se d a ta A c c o r d in g ly , th e p u rp o se I f w it h o u t page 4) t o t a b u la t e a n d p u b lis h th e r e s u lt s o f t h e s u r v e y a s r a p id ly th e A T O M IC C o m m is s io n . d e ta ile d a r e d e fin e d o n o f th is th e is in every su rvey, 1 5 th o f e ffo r t C O M M IS S IO N E R Jan u ary. la r g e p a r t r e la te d w ill b e O F U .S . to m ade t h e a t o m ic e n e r g y fie ld is d iv id e d in to fo u r te e n L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S D epartment of L abor W ashington 25, D . C . m a jo r s e g m e n ts d e s c r ib e d on p a g e 4. P le a s e r e a d th e lis t o f s e g m e n ts c a r e fu lly , s e le c t th e o n e s e g m e n t w h ic h d e s c r ib e s th e p r im a r y a c t iv it y o f th e r e p o r t in g e s t a b lis h m e n t (d e fin itio n on page 4 ) T H IS 2. and Jan u ary th e n u m b er o f E S T A B L IS H M E N T R e p o r t to ta l n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s e m p lo y e d A . p la c e IS t h a t s e g m e n t in IN S E G M E N T th e b o x N O . (s e e d e fin itio n o f E M P L O Y M E N T o n p a g e 4 ) 1 9 5 9 _________________________________________________ B . Jan u ary b e lo w . in r e p o r t in g e s ta b lis h m e n t i n : 1 9 6 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N am e and tit le o f N am e and lo c a tio n o ffic ia l s u b m it t in g r e t u r n : Change address if incorrect o f e s t a b lis h m e n t : I f y o u w o u ld lik e a c o p y o f t h e r e le a s e o n t h e s u r v e y fin d in g s , p le a s e c h e c k : □ 2 5 TERM S 3. P R IN T E D IN HEAVY C la s s ify in th e ta b le b e lo w C A P IT A L S all e m p lo y e e s ARE D E F IN E D . PLEASE READ D E F IN IT IO N S CAREFULLY in r e p o r tin g e s ta b lis h m e n t (in J a n u a r y 1 9 6 0 ) b y th e o c c u p a tio n s a n d fu n c tio n s in w h ic h t h e y are p r im a r ily e n g a g e d (ra th e r th a n b y th e ir e d u c a tio n or tr a in in g ). F o r e x a m p le , a n e m p lo y e e tr a in e d as a p h y s ic is t b u t w o r k in g as a n e le c tro n ic e n gin e e r sh o u ld b e re p o r te d as a n e le c tro n ic e n gin e e r. o r g a n iz a tio n m a y n o t b e th e sa m e as th e o c c u p a tio n s lis te d . T h e j o b title s in y o u r I f th e d iffe re n ce is o n ly in th e title a n d n o t in jo b c o n te n t, th e e m p lo y e e sh o u ld b e re p o r te d in th e a p p ro p r ia te o c c u p a tio n ra th e r th a n in a n “ o t h e r ” c a te g o r y . A n e m p lo y e e s h o u ld b e c o u n te d o n ly o n c e — in th e o c c u p a tio n a n d in th e fu n c tio n in w h ic h h e sp e n d s th e g r e a te s t p ro p o r tio n o f h is tim e . P e rso n n e l in b o rd erlin e o c c u p a tio n s su c h as b io c h e m is t sh o u ld b e classified in th e lis te d o c c u p a tio n w ith w h ic h th e ir w o rk is m o s t c lo se ly id e n tifie d . T o t a l o f c o lu m n 1 sh o u ld b e th e sa m e as J a n u a r y 1 9 6 0 figure in ite m 2 o n p a g e 1. Numb e r employed in January 1960 Primary function Occupations Total 0) 0 0 0 T o t a l , a ll e m p lo y e e s 1 0 0 S C I E N T I S T S , t o t a l __________________________ 110 A G R IC U L T U R A L S C I E N T I S T S 120 B IO L O G IC A L 1 3 0 C h e m is ts S C I E N T I S T S ________ _ ___ 1 4 0 G e o lo g is ts an d g e o p h y sic ists 1 5 0 H e a lt h p h y s ic is ts - _ 160 M A T H E M A T I C I A N S 170 M E D I C A L 180 S C IE N T IS T S M e t a llu r g is ts __ _ _ 1 9 0 P h y s ic is ts 101 O th e r n a tu ra l sc ie n tists 2 0 0 E N G I N E E R S , t o ta l 210 A e r o n a u tic a l 2 2 0 C h e m ic a l 230 C iv il (a r c h ite c tu r a l, c o n str u c tio n , str u c tu r a l, s a n ita r y , e t c .! 2 4 0 E le c tr ic a l a n d e le c tro n ic 250 M e c h a n ic a l 260 M e t a llu r g ic a l 270 R E A C T O R 2 8 0 O th e r e n g in e e rs ^ 300 T E C H N IC IA N S , t o t a l .- . 310 D r a f ts m e n 3 2 0 E le c tr o n ic ___ - ___ ___ 3 3 0 I n s tr u m e n t 340 O th e r e n g in e e rin g and p h y s ic a l scie n ce 3 5 0 H e a lt h p h y sic s 380 360 M e d ic a l, a g ric u ltu ra l, a n d b io lo g ic a l 370 O th e r te c h n ic ia n s OTHER T E C H N IC A L PERSONNEL, to ta l 381 D e sig n e r s 382 T e c h n ic a l w riters _ 383 O th e r te c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l.- 26 RESEARCH PRODUC A N D DEVEL TION A N D OPERA OPMENT TIONS (2) (3) C O N S T R U C ALL O T H E R TION FUNCTIONS (4) (5) TOTAL N U M B E R EXPECTED TO BE E M P L O Y E D IN J A N U A R Y 1961 (comparable to column 1) (6) N u m b e r employed in January 1960 Primary function Occupations Total RESEARCH PRODUC A N D DE V E L TION A N D OPERA OPMENT TIONS (2) (1) 400 M A N A G E R IA L , AND (3) (6) (5) (4) A D M IN IS T R A T IV E , OTHER PERSONNEL C O N S T R U C ALL O T H E R TION FUNCTIONS TOTAL N U M B E R EXPECTED TO BE E M P L O Y E D IN J A N U A R Y 1961 (comparable to column 1) P R O F E S S IO N A L (o th e r th a n scie n tific a n d te c h n ic a l), to ta l 500 C L E R IC A L AND OTHER O F F IC E X P E R S O N N E L , to ta l 600 S K IL L E D TRADES X X X (in c lu d e jo u r n e y m e n o n ly ), t o t a l . . X 6 1 0 B o ile r m a k e r s . X 620 C a rp e n te r s 630 C h e m ic a l o p e ra to r s 640 E le c t r ic ia n s . 651 I n s tr u m e n t m a k e r s (in c lu d e e x p eri m e n ta l _ m a c h in is ts and _ ___ X ___ X oth ers X w h o fa b r ic a te i n s t r u m e n t s ) ________ 6 5 2 I n s tr u m e n t m e c h a n ic s (in clu d e X in s tr u m e n t re p a ir m e n ) _ . 661 M a c h in is ts (a ll-r o u n d ) 662 M a in te n a n c e m a c h in e r y . m e c h a n ic s re p a ir m e n X . (in clu d e and m ill X w rig h ts) 6 7 0 P lu m b e r s , p ip e fitte r s, and s te a m X f itte r s . 691 6 9 2 S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk e rs X 663 T o o l a n d die m a k e rs X 693 W e ld e r s X 699 O th e r sk ille d tra d e s NUCLEAR 700 ALL REACTOR OTHER X O P E R A T O R S .. P R O D U C T IO N , M A IN TENANCE, AND C O N S T R U C T IO N W O R K E R S , to ta l 800 X X X 8 1 0 P la n t p r o te c tio n a n d s e c u rity X X X X 820 X X X X S E R V IC E W O R K E R S , to ta l O th e r se rv ic e w ork e rs 27 D E F IN IT IO N S (I n ord er o f first use o f term ) E S T A B L I S H M E N T .— A n e s ta b lis h m e n t g e n e r a lly is a s in g le p h y s ic a l lo c a tio n w h e r e b u s in e s s is c o n d u c te d o r w h e re s e rv ic e s o r in d u s tr ia l o p e ra tio n s a r e p e r f o r m e d ; e .g ., a f a c t o r y , m ill, p o w e r re a c to r, o r la b o r a to r y . A n e s ta b lis h m e n t is n o t n e c e s s a r ily id e n tic a l w ith th e b u sin e ss c o n ce rn , e n te rp ris e , o r firm a s th e s e m a y c o n s is t o f m o r e th a n o n e e s ta b lis h m e n t ; a n d it sh o u ld be d is tin g u is h e d f r o m d e p a r tm e n ts o r d iv is io n s w ith in th e e s ta b lis h m e n t. I f tw o u n its a t th e sa m e lo c a tio n o p e ra te in s e p a r a te field s n o t u s u a lly a s s o c ia te d , h a v e s ig n ific a n t e m p lo y m e n t in e a c h field , a n d h a v e re co rd s th a t p e r m it s e p a r a te re p o r ts, a f o r m sh o u ld b e c o m p le te d f o r e a ch o f th e m . A T O M I C E N E R G Y F I E L D .— T h e field is d iv id e d in to th e f o llo w in g s e g m e n t s : ( 7 ) P o w e r r e a c t o r o p e r a tio n an d m a in te n a n c e .— O p e r ( 1 ) U r a n iu m m illin g .— R e d u c tio n o f u r a n iu m o re s to a tio n a n d m a in te n a n c e o f p o w e r r e a c to r s u se d f o r th e p ro c o n c e n tr a te s f o r f u r th e r p r o c e ssin g a s fe e d m a te r ia ls . ( 2 ) P r o d u c tio n o f fe e d m a t e r ia ls .— R e fin in g a n d c o n d u c tio n o f c o m m e r c ia l e le c tr ic ity . E x c lu d e s r e s e a r c h an d te s t r e a c to rs th a t sh o u ld be in c lu d e d u n d e r th e a c tiv ity v e r tin g u r a n iu m a n d th o riu m , a ls o u r a n iu m e n ric h m e n t. o r e s ta b lis h m e n t w ith w h ic h th e y a r e a s s o c ia te d . I n c lu d e s th e re c o v e r y o f s c r a p f r o m th e a b o v e p ro c e sse s. ( 3 ) P r o d u c tio n o f sp e c ia l m a te r ia ls fo r u s e in r e a c to r s (e .g ., re a c to r g r a d e g r a p h ic , b e r y lliu m , z irc o n iu m , h a f ( 8 ) R a d io a c tiv e w a s te d is p o s a l.— T h e p a c k a g in g an d d is p o s a l o f r a d io a c tiv e w a s te m a te r ia ls , in c lu d in g b o th b y -p r o d u c t a n d so u r c e m a te r ia l w a s te s . ( 9 ) N u c le a r n iu m , h e a v y w a te r , e t c .) . (4 ) F u el e le m e n t f a b r ic a tio n and reco v ery t ie s .— In c lu d e s a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ic h h a v e a s uct activity a c tiv i end prod th e m a n u fa c tu r e o f f u e l e le m e n ts f o r r e a c to r s ; th e re c o v e r y a n d c h e m ic a l p r o c e ssin g o f ir r a d ia te d u r a n iu m and fro m sp e n t f u e l e le m e n t s ; a n d th e sc r a p re c o v e ry p lu to n iu m p ro c e s s in g of fu e ls u n ir r a d ia te d to s e p a r a te u r a n iu m fissio n m e ta l, a llo y s , f a c t u r in g .— T h e d e sig n a n d /o r m a n u fa c tu r e o f n u c le a r In c lu d e s th e a s s e m b ly o f r e a c to r s a t th e p la ce o f m a n u fa c tu r e . A ls o in c lu d e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ic h a re e x c lu s iv e ly engaged th e a to m ic en ergy a n d h o t la b o r a to r y e q u ip m e n t. ( 1 0 ) P r o c e s s i n g an d p a c k a g in g r a d io is o to p e s .— E s t a b lis h m e n ts p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in th e s e a c tiv itie s . ( 1 1 ) P a r tic le th e ( 5 ) R e a c t o r a n d r e a c to r c o m p o n e n t d e s ig n a n d m a n u r e a c to r s . f o r th e a to m ic e n e r g y field , su c h a s a c c e s s o r y in s tr u m e n ta an d c o m p o u n d s f r o m f u e l e le m e n t f a b r ic a tio n p la n ts . m a n u fa c tu r in g .— E s ta b lis h tio n f o r r e a c to r c o n tr o ls , r a d ia tio n d e te c tio n in s tr u m e n ts , p ro d u c ts an d in s t r u m e n t m e n ts e n g a g e d in m a n u fa c tu r in g in s t r u m e n ts p r im a r ily m a n u fa c tu r e a c c e le r a to r m a n u fa c tu r in g .— In c lu d e s of a c c e le r a to r s p a r tic le and of com p o n e n ts sp e c ific a lly d e s ig n e d f o r an d u n iq u e to a c c e le r a to rs. ( 1 2 ) P r iv a te re se a rch la b o r a to r ie s an d c e n te r s en g a g e d in a t o m ic e n e r g y w o r k .— In c lu d e s la b o r a to r ie s an d fo r u n iv e r s ity d e p a r tm e n ts o r u n its e n g a g e d in a t o m ic e n e r g y field a n d a r e n o t c la ssifie d in o th e r w o r k u n d e r c o n tr a c t w ith th e A to m ic E n e r g y C o m m is s io n . in m a k in g re a c to r c o m p o n e n ts ( S ee d e fin itio n o f e m p lo y m e n t b e lo w .) s e g m e n ts. ( 6 ) C o n s tr u c tio n o f n u c le a r f a c ilit ie s .— D e s ig n , e n g i ( 1 3 ) C o m m is s io n la b o r a to r y a n d r e s e a r c h f a c ilit ie s .— n e e rin g , a n d c o n str u c tio n o f n u c le a r re a c to r h o u s in g ( in C o m m is s io n o w n e d a n d p r iv a te ly o p e r a te d f a c ilit ie s s u c h c lu d in g th e a s s e m b ly o f r e a c to r s a t s i t e s ) , a t o m ic e n e rg y a s A r g o n n e N a tio n a l L a b o r a to r y , K n o lls A t o m ic P o w e r la b o r a to r ie s , r e a c to r m a n u fa c tu r in g p la n ts , r e a c to r fu e l L a b o r a to r y , e tc. p ro c e s s in g p la n ts , a n d o th e r fa c ilit ie s f o r a t o m ic e n e rg y a p p lic a tio n s . I n c lu d e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts e n g a g e d in d esig n ( 1 4 ) A t o m ic e n e r g y d e f e n s e p r o d u c tio n ( excludes o r e n g in e e rin g o f fa c ilit ie s , e v e n th o u g h n o t p a r t o f c o n d u c tio n s tr u c tio n firm s. r e a c to r s w h ic h is c la s s ifie d in s e g m e n t 5 ) . (S e e d efin itio n o f e m p lo y m e n t b e lo w .) f a c ilit ie s .— F a c ilitie s w h ic h a r e p r im a r ily d e v o te d to w e a p o n s p ro d e s ig n and m a n u fa c tu r e o f a irc r a ft E M P L O Y M E N T .— E n te r th e to ta l n u m b e r o f p e r so n s in y o u r e s ta b lis h m e n t w h o w o r k e d d u r in g o r re c e iv e d p a y f o r a n y p a r t o f th e p a y p e rio d e n d in g n e a r e s t J a n u a r y 15. th o se on te m p o r a r y a s s ig n m e n t a b ro a d . E x clu d e w o r k in g f o r y o u r e s ta b lis h m e n t u n d e r c o n tr a c t. In clu de b o th f u ll-t im e a n d p a r t-t im e e m p lo y e e s . In clu d e c o n s u lta n ts a n d o th e r in d iv id u a ls w h o a r e e m p lo y e d b y o r g a n iz a tio n s C o n stru c tio n e s ta b lis h m e n ts a n d p r iv a te r e s e a r c h la b o r a to r ie s sh o u ld re p o r t o n ly th o s e e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in a t o m ic e n e r g y w o rk . R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T . — Includes b a s ic a n d a p p lie d re s e a r c h in th e n a t u r a l sc ie n c e s ( in c lu d in g m e d i c in e ) a n d e n g in e e rin g , a n d d e sig n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f p ro to ty p e s a n d p ro c e sse s. E xclu d es q u a lity c o n tr o l, ro u tin e p ro d u c t te stin g , m a r k e t re se a rc h , s a le s p ro m o tio n , s a le s se rv ic e , re s e a r c h in th e so c ia l scie n ce s, le g a l w o rk , o r o th e r te c h n ic a l o r n o n te c h n ic a l se rv ic e s. I f th e p r im a r y o b je c tiv e is re s e a r c h p r o je c ts w h ic h re p r e s e n t o r ig in a l in v e s tig a tio n f o r a d v a n c e m e n t o f sc ie n tific k n o w le d g e o r to m a k e f u r th e r im p r o v e m e n ts on a p ro d u c t or p ro c e ss, th e n th e w o r k is r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t. I f , on th e o th e r h a n d , th e p ro d u c t o r p ro c e ss is s u b s t a n tia lly “ s e t ” a n d th e p r im a r y o b je c tiv e is to d e v e lo p m a r k e ts , do p re p ro d u c tio n p la n n in g , o r g e t th e p ro d u c tio n p ro c e s s g o in g s m o o th ly , th e n th e w o r k is n o lo n g e r r e se a r c h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t. r e la te d m a n u a l w o rk . 28 In clu de th e a d m in is tr a tio n an d s u p e r v is io n o f r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t a n d d ir e c tly P R O D U C T IO N AND O P E R A T I O N S .— In c lu d e s th e p ro d u c in g , fa b r ic a tin g , a n d m a n u fa c tu r in g o f p r o d u c ts a n d m a t e r i a ls ; m o d ify in g e q u ip m e n t a n d p ro c e sse s t o m e e t s p ec ific p r o b le m s ; o p e r a tin g a f a c i li t y (in c lu d in g a r e a c to r ) ; a n d d e sig n , a n a ly s is , a n d te s tin g a s s o c ia te d w ith p ro d u c tio n a n d o p e ra tio n w h ic h a r e n o t p a r t o f r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t. In c lu d e th e a d m in is tr a tio n a n d s u p e r v isio n o f th e se f u n c tio n s . C O N S T R U C T I O N .— I n c lu d e s th e d e sig n and e n g in e e rin g o f f a c ilit ie s , c o n s tr u c tio n o f f a c ilit ie s , th e o n -th e -s ite a s s e m b ly o f re a c to rs, a n d th e a d m in is tr a tio n a n d s u p e r v isio n o f th e se fu n c tio n s . A L L O T H E R F U N C T I O N S .— In c lu d e a ll e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in f u n c tio n s n o t lis te d a b o v e . F o r e x a m p l e : te c h n ic a l sales-, te c h n ic a l w r itin g , te c h n ic a l p u rc h a sin g , o p e r a tio n s re se a r c h , a n d o th e r te c h n ic a l s e rv ic e s a n d th e ir a d m in is tr a tio n a n d s u p e r v isio n . T O T A L N U M B E R E X P E C T E D .— B a s e d on a v a ila b le b u d g e t figu res, p r o je c t th e n u m b e r e x p e c te d to b e e m p lo y e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 6 1 in y o u r e s ta b lis h m e n t. S C I E N T I S T S .— A ll p e r so n s e n g a g e d in sc ie n tific w o r k a t a le v e l w h ic h re q u ire s a k n o w le d g e o f p h y s ic a l, e n g in e e rin g , m a th e m a tic a l, b io lo g ic a l, a g r ic u ltu r a l, m e d ic a l, p sy c h o lo g ic a l, a n d o th e r n a t u r a l s c ie n c e s e q u iv a le n t a t le a s t t o t h a t a c q u ir e d th r o u g h c o m p le tio n o f a 4 -y e a r c o lle g e c o u rse w ith a m a jo r in th e s e field s. In clu d e s c ie n tis ts in re se a r c h , p la n n in g , in sp e c tio n , a d m in is tr a tio n , te c h n ic a l se rv ic e , te c h n ic a l w r itin g , te c h n ic a l d r a w in g a n d e x h ib it d e sig n , d a ta c o lle c tin g , a n d a ll o th e r p o s itio n s w h e n th e y re q u ire a scie n tific b a c k g r o u n d . In clu de a n th r o p o lo g is ts , a n d a r c h ite c ts. E x clu d e s o c ia l s c ie n tis ts , a r c h e o lo g is ts , a s tr o n o m e r s . A G R I C U L T U R A L S C I E N T I S T S .— S c ie n tis ts w o r k in g in a g r o n o m y , a n im a l h u s b a n d ry , fo r e s tr y , h o r tic u ltu r e , ra n g e m a n a g e m e n t, so il cu ltu re , an d v e te r in a r y scien ce. B I O L O G I C A L S C I E N T I S T S .— A l l sc ie n tis ts , o th e r th a n a g r ic u ltu r a l a n d m e d ic a l s c ie n tis ts , w h o w o r k in sc ie n c e s w h ic h d e a l w ith l i f e p ro c e sse s, in c lu d in g p a th o lo g is ts , m ic r o b io lo g is ts , p h a r m a c o lo g is ts , b a c te r io lo g is ts , to x ic o lo g is ts , b o ta n is ts , z o o lo g ists, e n to m o lo g is ts , e tc. M A T H E M A T I C I A N S .— S c ie n tis ts p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in d e v e lo p m e n t or u tiliz a tio n o f a d v a n c e d m a th e m a t ic a l te c h n iq u e s. In clu de E x clu d e a c c o u n ta n ts. s ta tis t ic ia n s and p ro gra m m ers fo r c o m p u te rs o n ly i f th e y s p e c ia liz e in m a th e m a t ic a l te c h n iq u e s. M E D I C A L S C I E N T I S T S .— P h y s ic ia n s , d e n tists, p u b lic h e a lth s p e c ia lis ts , p h a r m a c is ts , a n d m e m b e r s o f o th e r s c ie n tific p r o fe s s io n s c o n ce rn e d w ith th e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f h u m a n d is e a s e s a n d im p r o v e m e n t o f h u m a n h e a lth , w h o a r e e n g a g e d in a to m ic e n e r g y w o rk . E x clu d e d ia g n o s is , e tc. E x clu d e th o se o n ly e n g a g e d in p ro v id in g c a re to p a tie n ts , d is p e n s in g d r u g s o r s e rv ic e s, th o s e o n ly e n g a g e d in a p p lic a tio n o f r a d ia tio n to p a tie n ts . A ls o exclude p e r s o n s e m p lo y e d a s include th e m in th e fig u res p a th o lo g is ts , m ic r o b io lo g is ts , p h a r m a c o lo g is ts , etc., f r o m th e figu res on m e d ic a l s c ie n tis ts b u t on b io lo g ic a l s c ie n tists. E N G I N E E R S .— A ll p e r so n s e n g a g e d in e n g in e e rin g w o r k a t a le v e l w h ic h r e q u ire s a k n o w le d g e o f e n g in e e rin g , m a th e m a tic a l, p h y s ic a l, o r o th e r n a tu r a l sc ie n c e s e q u iv a le n t a t le a s t to th a t a c q u ir e d th r o u g h c o m p le tio n o f a 4 -y e a r In clu de c o lle g e co u rse w ith a m a jo r in th e se field s. a ll ty p e s o f e n g in e e rs (c iv il, c h e m ic a l, e le c tro n ic , m e ta llu r g ic a l, re a c to r, e t c .) e n g a g e d in re se a r c h , a d m in is tr a tio n , p la n n in g , te c h n ic a l s e rv ic e , te c h n ic a l w r itin g , etc., w h e n th e ir w o r k re q u ire s a n e n g in e e rin g b a c k g r o u n d . E x clu d e a r c h ite c ts b u t include a r c h ite c tu r a l e n g in e e rs. R E A C T O R E N G I N E E R S .— P e r so n n e l w h o e s ta b lis h th e n u c le a r c r ite r ia in a s y s te m , figu re th e s h ie ld in g re q u ir e m e n ts , p re d ic t r e a c to r b e h a v io r , d o th e p r e lim in a r y d e sig n o f r e a c to r co re s, a n d m a k e o p tim iz a tio n s tu d ie s . T E C H N I C I A N S .— A ll p e r so n s e n g a g e d in w o r k r e q u ir in g k n o w le d g e o f p h y s ic a l, e n g in e e rin g , m a th e m a tic a l, b io lo g ic a l, o r o th e r n a t u r a l sc ie n c e s c o m p a r a b le to k n o w le d g e a c q u ir e d th r o u g h a te c h n ic a l in s titu te , ju n io r c o lle g e , o r o th e r f o r m a l p o st-h ig h -sc h o o l tr a in in g , or th r o u g h e q u iv a le n t o n -th e -jo b tr a in in g or e x p e r ie n c e . e n g in e e rin g a s s is ta n t s , p h y s ic a l sc ie n c e a id s, a n d e le c tro n ic te c h n ic ia n s . c a te d le v e l o f k n o w le d g e a n d tr a in in g sh o u ld b e E x clu d e included S o m e ty p ic a l jo b tit le s a r e : A ll e m p lo y e e s in p o s itio n s re q u ir in g th e in d i r e g a r d le s s o f jo b tit le a n d d e p a r tm e n t in w h ic h e m p lo y e d . c r a fts m e n su ch a s in s tr u m e n t m a k e r s , to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s , m a c h in is ts , e le c tr ic ia n s , etc. O T H E R T E C H N I C A L P E R S O N N E L .— In clu d e a ll o th e r technical p e rso n n e l, su c h a s d e s ig n e rs , te c h n ic a l w r ite r s , a n d a r c h ite c ts, n o t a lr e a d y c la ssifie d a s s c ie n tists, e n g in e e rs, or te c h n ic ia n s . M A N A G E R IA L , A D M IN IS T R A T IV E , A N D O T H E R P R O F E S S I O N A L P E R S O N N E L .— ( O th e r th a n sc ie n tific a n d te c h n ic a l) : E x e c u tiv e s , h e a d s o f d e p a r tm e n ts, s u p e r v iso rs , an d fo r e m e n w h o a r e p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in p la n n in g a n d d ir e c tin g th e w o rk o f o th e r s a n d th o se w h o r e g u la r ly e x e r c is e d is c r e tio n a n d in d e p e n d e n t ju d g m e n t in w o r k d ir e c tly r e la te d to m a n a g e m e n t p o lic ie s o r g e n e ra l b u s in e s s o p e ra tio n s su c h a s a d m in is tr a tiv e a s s is ta n t s , p u r c h a s in g a g e n ts , p e r so n n e l d ire c to rs, w a g e r a te a n a ly s ts , e tc. A ls o p e r so n s e n g a g e d in w o r k a t a le v e l w hich_ r e q u ire s a k n o w le d g e o f a p r o fe s s io n a l d isc ip lin e (o th e r th a n scie n ce a n d e n g in e e r in g ) e q u iv a le n t to t h a t a c q u ir e d th r o u g h c o m p le tio n o f a 4 -y e a r c o lle g e co u rse su ch a s la w y e r s , a c c o u n ta n ts, s o c ia l sc ie n tis ts , etc. E x clu d e e m p lo y e e s su c h a s s e n io r s c ie n tis ts , le a d - m e n , o r w o r k in g fo r e m e n w h o m a y be “ in c h a r g e ” o f o th e r e m p lo y e e s b u t w h o sp en d m o s t o f th e ir tim e in n o n -s u p e r v is o r y 29 w ork . ( T h e e m p lo y e e s to b e c o u n te d in th is c a te g o r y a r e th o se e x e m p t u n d e r th e F e d e r a l W a g e a n d H o u r L a w a s e m p lo y e d in a n “ e x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tr a tiv e , o r p r o fe s s io n a l c a p a c it y .” ) S K IL L E D T R A D E S .— In c lu d e w o r k e r s in a re c o g n iz e d c r a f t or tr a d e w h o g e n e r a lly a c q u ir e th e ir s k ills th r o u g h a p p re n tic e sh ip or e q u iv a le n t tr a in in g o r e x p e r ie n c e . In c lu d e a ll c r a fts m e n in p ro d u c tio n , o p e ra tio n , c o n str u c tio n , m a in te n a n c e , a n d la b o r a to r y w o r k . ( in c lu d in g w o r k in g fo r e m e n a n d le a d m e n ) In c lu d e only jo u r n e y m e n . A p p r e n t ic e s a n d tr a in e e s sh o u ld b e in c lu d e d in th e “ A L L O T H E R P R O D U C T I O N . . . W O R K E R S G R O U P .” N U C L E A R R E A C T O R O P E R A T O R S .— A l l p e r so n s w h o s e re a c to r. prim ary d u ty is th e o p e r a tio n o f th e c o n tr o ls o f a n u c le a r N u c le a r re a c to r o p e r a to r s p o sse ss a n o p e r a tin g lic e n s e o b ta in e d f r o m th e A E C ( u n le s s o p e r a tin g a n A E C or m ilit a r y se r v ic e r e a c t o r ) . ALL OTHER P R O D U C T IO N , M A IN T E N A N C E , A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N W O R K E R S .— I n c lu d e a ll p ro d u c tio n , m a in te n a n c e , a n d c o n str u c tio n w o r k e r s o th e r th a n th o se in c lu d e d in th e s k ille d tr a d e s a n d s e r v ic e w o r k e r c a te g o r ie s . L a b o r e r s , h e lp e rs, o p e ra to r s, a p p re n tic e s, e tc ., sh o u ld b e in c lu d e d in th is g r o u p . S E R V I C E W O R K E R S .— A ll n o n -s u p e r v is o r y m a n u a l w o r k e r s e n g a g e d in s u p p o r tin g a c tiv itie s n o t d ir e c t ly r e la te d to th e p r im a r y a c tiv itie s o f th e e s ta b lis h m e n t. In c lu d e e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in p ro te c tiv e , s e c u r ity , c u s to d ia l, a n d o th e r s u p p o rtin g se rv ic e s, e .g ., g u a r d s , e le v a to r o p e ra to r s, c a fe te r ia w o rk e rs , ja n it o r s , firem en , c h a r w o m e n , la u n d r y w o r k e r s , d r iv e r s , e tc . REMARKS P le a s e n o te b e lo w a n y c o m m e n ts y o u w is h to m a k e co n c e rn in g th e d e fin itio n s, lim it a tio n s o f th e d a ta y o u w e r e a b le to s u p p ly , o r o th e r p o in ts. 30 UN IT ED STATES ATOM IC EN ER G Y COMMISSION W A S H I N G T O N 25, D . C . D e a r S ir : T h e A to m ic E n e r g y C o m m is s io n h a s c o n d u cte d a y e a r ly s u r v e y to c o lle c t e m p lo y m e n t and o c c u p a t io n a l d a ta f r o m e s t a b li s h m e n t s w h ic h a r e e n g a g e d in a t o m i c e n e r g y a c t i v i t i e s u n d e r c o n t r a c t w ith th e C o m m i s s i o n . T h e C o m m is s io n h a s n o w a s k e d t h e U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ’ s B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s t o c o n d u c t th is s u r v e y . It i s h o p e d in th e f u t u r e t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e s e d a t a f o r th e C o m m i s s i o n w ith b r o a d e r s u r v e y s o f s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l m a n p o w e r c o v e r i n g a ll s e g m e n t s o f th e e c o n o m y w h ic h th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s m a y u n d e r ta k e f o r th e N a tio n a l S c ie n c e F o u n d a tio n . Y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n in p r o v i d i n g th e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u e s t e d in t h e e n c l o s e d q u e s t io n n a ir e is o f g r e a t im p o r t a n c e t o th e s u c c e s s a r e p ly fr o m o f th is u n d e r ta k in g . e a c h e s ta b lis h m e n t r e c e iv in g a q u e s tio n n a ir e . W e need It is a ls o i m p o r ta n t th a t a ll d e p a r t m e n t s a n d d i v i s i o n s w it h in th e e s t a b li s h m e n t b e c o v e r e d . T h e d a ta y o u fu r n is h w ill b e u s e d f o r s t a t is t ic a l p u r p o s e s o n ly an d w ill n o t b e p u b lis h e d in a m a n n e r th a t w o u ld d i s c l o s e i n f o r m a t i o n o n in d iv id u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n ts. S in c e th e u s e f u l n e s s o f th e d a ta is in l a r g e p a r t r e l a t e d t o t h e ir t i m e l i n e s s , p le a s e r e t u r n th e c o m p le t e d q u e s t io n n a ir e a s s o o n a s p r a c t ic a b le . W e s h a l l b e v e r y g r a t e f u l f o r y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n in s u p p ly in g th e r e q u e s t e d i n f o r m a tio n . T h e A t o m ic E n e r g y C o m m is s io n w ill a ls o w e lc o m e a n y s u g g e s tio n s y o u m a y w is h to m a k e r e g a r d in g th e s u r v e y . S in c e r e ly y o u r s , A . R . L u ed eck e G en eral M anager U N I T E D ST AT ES ATOMIC EN ER G Y COMMISSION W A S H IN G T O N 25 , D . C . D e a r S ir : W e w r o t e y o u la s t m o n th r e g a r d in g a n e m p lo y m e n t s u r v e y w h ic h is b e in g c o n d u c t e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s f o r th e A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m is s io n . S in c e y o u h a v e n o t y e t r e p lie d t o th e B u r e a u , w e a r e w r it in g a g a in to r e q u e s t y o u r c o o p e r a t io n . T h e p u r p o s e o f th e s u r v e y is t o c o l l e c t e m p lo y m e n t an d o c c u p a t io n a l d a ta f r o m e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h a r e e n g a g e d in a t o m ic e n e r g y a c t iv it ie s u n d e r c o n t r a c t w ith th e A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n . In t h e f u t u r e , w e h o p e t o c o o r d i n a t e th e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e s e d a t a f o r th e C o m m i s s i o n w ith b roa d er su rveys o f s c ie n t if ic and te c h n ic a l m a n p o w e r c o v e r in g a ll s e g m e n t s o f th e e c o n o m y w h ic h th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s m a y u n d e r ta k e f o r th e N a tio n a l S c ie n c e F o u n d a tio n . I n fo r m a t io n f o r y o u r e s t a b lis h m e n t is o f im p o r t a n c e t o th e s u c c e s s th is s u r v e y . of A ll in f o r m a t io n s u p p lie d w ill b e in s t r i c t c o n f id e n c e a n d p u b lis h e d in fo r m a t io n w ill n o t p e r m it id e n t ific a t io n o f d a ta f o r in d iv id u a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts . W e e n c lo s e a d d itio n a l c o p ie s o f th e f o r m p r e v io u s o n e s fa ile d to r e a c h y ou . Y o u r p r o m p t c o o p e r a t io n w ill b e g r e a t ly a p p r e c ia t e d . S in c e r e ly y o u rs A . R . L u ed eck e G en eral M anager E n c lo s u r e s in c a s e t h e Appendix D. A Brief Description of Atomic Energy A to m ic energy, or m ore accurately nuclear energ y,24 m ay be produ ced through tw o processes called fission and fusion. In fission, the nucleus o f a heavy atom, such as uranium or plutonium , is spilt, thereby releasing energy in the form o f heat and radiation. In fusion, energy is produced th rou gh the fusion (o r com bin in g) o f the nuclei o f tw o ligh t atoms, such as hydrogen. T h e energy created by these tw o processes is tremendous. T h e detonation o f atom ic and h ydrogen bom bs is an application o f a deliberately u n controlled and explosive release o f this energy th rou gh the use o f the fission and fusion processes. N onw eapon applications require that release o f this energy be ca refu lly con trolled and regulated so that it p ro ceeds at a manageable rate. Scientists have de veloped p ractical m ethods o f con trollin g the fis sion reaction, but have n ot yet m astered control o f the fusion (o r therm onuclear) reaction. B oth atom ic fusion and fission take place in nature. F u sion is generally believed to be the source o f the energy o f the sun. A to m ic fission occurs close to the earth through the interaction o f cosm ic rays. T h is is part o f w hat is known as natural background radiation. P r io r to the A to m ic A g e, X -r a y s were the m ost com m only know n form o f radiation. R adiation that arises d u rin g fission is called nuclear radiation because it comes from the nucleus o f the atom. N uclear radiation can penetrate m atter and can be danger ous to man. It is also invisible and, therefore, identifiable on ly by sensitive record in g instru ments. C ontrolled fission is produ ced in a nuclear re actor, or “ p ile” as it is often called, w hich can be thought o f as an atom ic furnace, although there is n o fire and no com bustion in the usual sense. Th e reactor, like other kinds o f furnaces, needs fuel to operate. T h e principal source material fo r reactor fuel is uranium. N atural uranium contains a small quantity (0.7 o f 1 percent) o f the fissionable isotope uranium U -235. (A n isotope is one o f tw o or m ore species o f the same ele ment, such as uranium, h avin g alm ost identical chem ical properties but differin g in atom ic w eight.) T h e rem aining atoms are m ostly ura nium U -238. W h en the U -2 35 atoms split, they release “ atom ic bullets” called neutrons w h ich can be made to split other U -2 35 atoms. These in turn release additional neutrons w hich can sim ilarly split m ore atoms. T h is is how the fission process is started and m aintained. D ue to the presence o f the fissionable U -2 35 atoms, natural uranium m ay be used as a fuel in the reactor. H ow ever, a m ore p ow erfu l and efficient type o f reactor fuel can be m ade by separating the fissionable U -2 35 atoms from the nonfissionable U -2 3 8 atoms and concentrating the form er in metal or solution. T h is is the fuel referred to as “ enriched uranium .” W h ile U -2 35 is the on ly naturally occu rrin g fis sionable m aterial, tw o additional m anmade fis sionable m aterials (plu ton iu m and uranium U 233) can be used as reactor fuel. In the nuclear reactor, a specific mass o f fis sionable fuel is placed in a particu lar arrangem ent w ith certain other elements in a heavy metal ves sel. Th e mass o f fuel is sufficient to sustain what is called a “ chain reaction”— the continuous fis sioning (o r splittin g) o f the nuclei o f atom s— resulting in the release o f energy in the fo rm o f heat and radiation. T h is reaction is ca refu lly controlled, usually b y inserting rods (w h ich ab sorb neutrons w ithout fissioning) into the fuel chamber, o r “ core” o f the reactor. In this w ay, the speed o f the fission reaction and o f the energy produ ced can be regulated or stopped com pletely. Thus, harnessed atom ic energy is produ ced in a nuclear reactor in the fo rm o f heat and radiation. H ow ever, i f reactors are to be used fo r pow er, 24 T h e term n u c le u s o f a n n u c le a r e n e r g y is m o r e a p p r o p r ia t e , s in c e i t is th e a tom th e r a d io a c t iv e ra y s. th e en ergy. w h ic h s p lit s d u r in g fis s io n a n d w h ic h e m it s T h e r e fo r e , i t is t h e n u c le u s w h ic h p r o v id e s S im ila r ly , in f u s io n , th e n u c le i o f tw o a tom s com b in e , r e s u lt in g in t h e r e le a s e o f e n e r g y . 33 this heat must be captured and p u t to w ork. In a nuclear p ow er station, the reactor replaces on ly the coal furnace, the heat produ ced being con verted to electricity through the use o f conven tional generating equipment. D u rin g the fission process, neutrons and other form s o f nuclear radiation are released. N uclear radiation is dangerous to personnel and ruinous to equipment. T h erefore, special metals w hich are resistant to intensive heat and the corrosive ac tion o f radiation had to be produ ced fo r use in reactors and extreme precautions are taken to p ro tect personnel. T o protect personnel, the nuclear 34 reactor is housed in a special con tainer and sur rounded by shielding m aterials, such as concrete and lead, so that nuclear radiation is absorbed. A valuable b yp rod u ct o f reactor op eration is the p rodu ction or radioisotopes. T h e m ajor m ethod o f p rod u cin g radioisotopes is to expose stable atoms to neutrons em anating fro m the re actor core. R adioisotopes can also be produced by the bom bardm ent o f target m aterials placed in a particle accelerator (o fte n referred to as an “ atom smasher” ) , a m achine w h ich accelerates electrically charged particles to speeds o f thou sands o f m iles per second. Appendix E. Applications of Atomic Energy C on trolled nuclear fission is a tremendous source o f energy w hich provides both heat and radiation as useful products. T he m a jor non weapon use appears to be the prod u ction o f com m ercial elec tricity, using nuclear reactors as the heat source. In 1960, tw o large reactors and several smaller reactors were p rod u cin g electricity w hich was being fed into electric u tility lines fo r p u blic con sum ption, w hile m any m ore reactors were in the design or construction stage. T h ey are, however, experim ents and prototypes and as such are not expected to be econom ically com petitive w ith con ventional pow er stations. A lth ou g h not eco n om ically com petitive today, nuclear pow er sta tions are expected to su pply a larger and larger share o f the increasing p ow er requirements o f the N ation as advancing nuclear techn ology reduces costs. T h e A tom ic E n ergy Com m ission’s shortrange goal is to make it possible by 1968 f o r utility com panies to build large-size nuclear plants to produce electricity at costs com petitive w ith con ventional plants in areas where fossil fuel (e.g., coal or o il) costs are high. T h e longer range ob jective is to make nuclear plants com petitive with conventional plants regardless o f location or plant size. A vast m u ltim illion d ollar experim ental and dem onstration program is in progress to achieve these ends. A to m ic energy has m any other uses. H eat from reactors can be converted into p ropu lsive power. R eactors already p ow er submarines and very shortly w ill be used to p rop el com bat surface ships. N uclear submarines have been h ig h ly successful because o f their unique advantages o f subsurface operation w ithout the need to com e to the surface and o f nearly unlim ited range w ithout refueling. T h e advantages o f nuclear ships make them m ili tarily useful since cost is a secondary consider ation. In the future, atom ic energy m ay be used to prop el com m ercial ships, but the one nuclearpow ered com m ercial ship scheduled fo r operation in 1961 w ill not be econom ically com petitive. N uclear energy has potential uses fo r p rovid in g p ropu lsion fo r m anned a ircraft, missiles, space vehicles, and some types o f overland vehicles; as a source o f heat and electric p ow er at rem ote land installations, fo r unmanned weather installations, and fo r space satellites; and as a source o f heat fo r w arm ing buildings and fo r chem ical and m etallur gica l processing. Intensive research tow ard d eveloping nuclear propu lsion systems fo r a ir cra ft,25 missiles, and space satellites is in progress. Research is also underway to develop an extrem ely com pact reactor capable o f p rop ellin g an overland train and other vehicles fo r m ilitary use. A p ro gram to develop ligh tw eigh t, portable nuclear p ow er plants to p rovid e space heat and electricity at rem ote installations has progressed rapidly. Such a reactor was installed on the Greenland ice cap in 1960, another w as scheduled to be installed early in 1961 in A laska, and a th ird is to be in stalled in the A n ta rctic in 1962. E con om ica l use o f the heat generated b y reactors fo r w arm ing buildings o r as a source o f process heat is bein g investigated. R eactors can be b u ilt prim arily as a radiation source. A s such, they are used fo r m any kinds o f research and also fo r train in g and experim ental w ork in nuclear research centers and university and other laboratories. In addition, they are used as h igh intensity radiation sources to study chem i cal reactions, and m ay be used to initiate chem ical reactions and to sterilize fo o d . R adioisotopes, once considered on ly as b y p r o ducts o f nuclear reactors, have extensive ap p lica tions in m edicine, industry, agriculture, and research generally. T h ey have becom e valuable products because o f their unique p rop erty o f em itting penetrating radiation w hich can alter m aterials and w hich can be detected even in m inute quantities b y sensitive record in g instru ments. R adioisotopes are used in fo u r general ways. One way is in the irradiation o f m aterials to change their properties. F o r exam ple, high intensity radiation sources are used to destroy b ac teria, to arrest the grow th o f cancer tissues, to sterilize insect pests, and to develop better strains o f plants. 26 P r o g r a m d is c o n tin u e d . IS e e f o o t n o t e 7 . p. 4. 35 R ad iation is also used f o r measurement. F o r exam ple, the thickness o f metal or the liquid level in a closed container can be determ ined b y measur in g the am ount o f radiation penetrating the sub stance. In d u stry uses this m ethod in p rodu ct quality control. R ad ioisotope gages are now used on about 90 percent o f U .S . cigarettes to control autom atically the firmness and fullness o f p ackag ing, and are used to con trol the liqu id level in m any canned fo o d produ cts and to con trol the thickness o f almost everyth ing m anufactured in sheet form , such as paper, plastics, and metals. A th ird m a jor use o f radioisotopes is in indus trial ra d iograp h y— a nondestructive testing m eth o d used f o r the inspection o f m etal castings and welds fo r possible flaws. T h e use o f radioactive sources in ra d iograp h y units makes it possible to p e rform inspections w hich are uneconom ic or im possible w ith X -r a y machines. T h e fou rth m a jor use o f radioisotopes is as tracers. R adioisotopes can be placed in the b lood stream o f men and animals, fo r exam ple, and traced by instruments record in g the em itted rays. 3 6 In m edicine, this m ay perm it the physician to diagnose a patient’s illness, such as cancer o f the thyroid. In agriculture, these tracers are used to study the fertilizer uptake b y plants, leadin g to im proved m ethods o f fertilization . In industry, they are used to study the wear on engine parts in autom obiles and the efficiency o f detergents used in w ashing machines. C urrently, tracin g is proba b ly the m ost im portan t use o f radioisotopes. A potential use f o r radioisotopes w hich is being investigated is the sm all-scale p rodu ction o f elec tricity. D ue to the lo n g life o f some radioisotopes, they m ay eventually be used to p rovid e p ow er fo r scientific instruments in satellites and fo r beacons in rem ote areas. N uclear explosives used fo r p eacefu l purposes also have great potential. F o r exam ple, p relim i nary studies indicate that the trem endous amount o f energy released in a nuclear explosion cou ld be used as an inexpensive means o f excavatin g har bors and canals and in the developm ent o f our natural resources b y aid in g in the recovery o f m inerals and oils. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 O — 596050
@FedFRASER