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Bu 11eti n No. 1533 EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN EIGHT METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE SOUTH J U N E 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR/ W. Willard Wirtz, Se cretary B UR E AU OF LABOR S T A T I S T I C S / A r t h ur M. R o s s , C o m m i s s i o n e r Bull eti n No. 1533 EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN EIGHT METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE SOUTH Amarillo, Texas A s h e v i l l e , North C a r o l i n a D u r h a m , Nor t h C a r o l i n a Lake Charles, Louis ia na Lexington, Kentucky Monroe, Lo ui s ia na Tuscaloosa, Alabam a Wi chi ta Falls, Texas D ecem ber 1966 UNI TED S T A T E S DE P A R TM E NT OF L A B O R / W . Willard Wirtz, S e c r e t a r y 'ISST' B u r e a u of Labor S t a t i s t i c s / A r t h u r M . R o s s , C o m m i s s i o n e r For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 — Price 40 cents Preface This bulletin p r e s e n t s e s tim ates of employee a v erag e hourly earnings and weekly h o u rs of work in m anufacturing and selected nonmanufacturing ind u strie s in eight m e t r o politan a r e a s of the South in June 1965. The re s u l ts of this su rv ey supplem ent those of s im i la r studies m ade in June 1961 and June 1962. They p e r m it an examination of wage changes o ccu rrin g during a p eriod when the F e d e r a l m in im u m wage was i n c r e a s e d fro m $ 1 to $ 1. 25, and a $ 1 m in im u m wage was estab lish ed and later ra is e d to $ 1 .1 5 for employees (mostly those in larg e retail e n te rp rise s) brought under the pro visions of the F a i r Labor Standards Act for the fi rs t time in S eptem b er 1961. The survey, conducted by the Bureau of L abor S tatistics, was p a rt of a b ro ad p r o g r a m of studies initiated by the U.S. D ep artm e nt of L a b o r's Wage and Hour and Public C ontracts Divisions for continuing a p p ra is a l of F e d e r a l m in im u m wage and m a x im u m hours legislation. In this connection, data fro m the survey w ere published in the Report Submitted to the C on g r e s s in A ccordance With the R e q u irem en ts of Section 4(d) of the F a i r L abor Standards Act, J a n u a ry 1966. This study was conducted in the B u re a u 's Division of National Wage and S alary Income by N o rm a n J. Sam uels, Chief of the Division, under the g en eral d irection of L. R. L in s e n m a y e r, A s sis tan t C o m m is s io n e r for Wages and In d u s t r ia l Relations. This bulletin was p r e p a r e d by W illiam L. Dansby, under the su perv ision of Alvin Bauman. iii Contents Page I n t r o d u c t i o n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Selected m e tro p o lita n a re a s: A m a r i l l o , T e x ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A s h e v i l l e , N. C --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1 5 12 L a k e C h a r l e s , L a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L e x i n g t o n , K y -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M o n r o e , L a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T u s c a l o o s a , A l a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W i c h i t a F a l l s , T e x -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 25 30 34 39 7 T ables: C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. A m a r i l l o , T e x --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A s h e v i l l e , N. C --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D u r h a m , N. C ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L a k e C h a r l e s , L a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L e x i n g t o n , K y ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M o n r o e , L a ------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T u s c a l o o s a , A l a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W i c h i t a F a l l s , T e x -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965: 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. A m a r i l l o , T e x ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A s h e v i l l e , N. C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D u r h a m , N. C ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L a k e C h a r l e s , L a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L e x i n g t o n , K y ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M o n r o e , L a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T u s c a l o o s a , A l a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W i c h i t a F a l l s , T e x -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 Appendixes: A. S c o p e an d m e t h o d of s u r v e y --------------------------------------------------------------------------B. Q u e s t i o n n a i r e ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Iy 56 58 Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, June 1965 Introduction T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e f i n d i n g s of a J u n e 1965 s u r v e y of e a r n i n g s an d h o u r s of w o r k f o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g an d s e l e c t e d n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in e i g h t m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s of t h e South. T h e a r e a s studied, which a re listed below, a r e d esig n ated as S tan d ard M etrop o litan S ta tis ti c a l A r e a s an d h a d p o p u l a t i o n s of b e t w e e n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 and 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 at th e t i m e of t h e I 960 c e n s u s . A m a r i l l o , T e x . ( P o t t e r a n d R a n d a l l C o u n t ie s ) A s h e v i l l e , N. C. ( B u n c o m b e County) D u r h a m , N, C. ( D u r h a m County) Lake C h arles, La. (C alcasieu P a rish ) L e x i n g t o n , Ky. ( F a y e t t e County) M o n ro e, La. (O uachita P a r is h ) T u s c a l o o s a , A l a . ( T u s c a l o o s a County) W i c h i t a F a l l s , T e x . ( A r c h e r an d W i c h i t a C o u n t ie s ) T h e s u r v e y c o v e r e d a l l m a j o r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , e x c e p t a g r i c u l t u r e and g o v e r n m e n t , w i th i n t h e b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s of m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . I n d u s t r i e s e x c l u d e d f r o m th e s u r v e y w e r e p e t r o l e u m an d n a t u r a l g a s p r o d u c t i o n ; r a i l r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; an d n o n p r o f i t r e l i g i o u s , c h a r i t a b l e , e d u c a t i o n a l , an d h u m a n i t a r i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s . T h e d a t a , w h i c h r e l a t e to a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p a y r o l l p e r i o d in J u n e 1965, a r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e f o r m of a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ( e x c l u s i v e of p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s ) , an d w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k ( i n c lu d in g h o u r s p a i d f o r s i c k l e a v e , h o l i d a y s , v a c a t i o n s , e t c . ) d u r i n g a s e l e c t e d w e e k in th e s u r v e y m o n t h . A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of th e s c o p e an d m e t h o d of s u r v e y , a s w e l l a s d e f i n i t i o n s of t e r m s , a r e p r e s e n t e d in a p p e n d i x A. S u r v e y s of e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s w e r e c o n d u c t e d in t h e s e a r e a s in J u n e 1961 and a g a i n in J u n e 1962. A c o m p a r i s o n of t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e w i th t h e 1965 r e s u l t s p e r m i t s a n a n a l y s i s of w a g e c h a n g e s o c c u r r i n g o v e r a 4 - y e a r p e r i o d . W h ile a l l t h r e e s u r v e y s w e r e t i m e d to e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to the F a i r L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t of 19 38 (FLSA), th e o p p o r t u n i t y is t a k e n h e r e to e x a m i n e the b r o a d e r a s p e c t s of a r e a w a g e s t r u c t u r e an d of w a g e c h a n g e o v e r a r e l a t i v e l y long p e r i o d of t i m e . Summary A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in th e e i g h t S o u t h e r n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s s e l e c t e d f o r s t u d y d i f f e r e d by as m u c h as 34 p e r c e n t , r a n g i n g f r o m $ 1 . 6 6 in A s h e v i l l e , to $ 2 . 2 2 in L a k e C h a r l e s in J u n e 1965. A m o n g t h e r e m a i n i n g a r e a s , h o w e v e r , t h e v a r i a n c e w a s no m o r e t h a n 15 p e r c e n t — f r o m $ 1 . 7 4 to $ 2 a n h o u r . D i f f e r e n c e s in i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n 2 l a r g e l y a c c o u n t e d f o r th e v a r i a t i o n in e a r n i n g s l e v e l s a n d a r e e x a m i n e d in d e t a i l in the d i s c u s s i o n of i n d i v i d u a l a r e a s . E m p l o y e e s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ; a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s g e n e r a l l y h a d the h i g h e s t a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s , f o l l o w e d b y t h o s e in f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ; w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ; r e t a i l t r a d e ; a n d , l a s t l y , s e r v i c e s . At t h e t i m e of th e s u r v e y , t h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k r a n g e d f r o m 40 to 42 h o u r s in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t D u r h a m , w h e r e th e a v e r a g e w a s 38 h o u r s . D u r i n g th e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d f r o m J u n e 1961 to J u n e 1965, h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in th e e i g h t a r e a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 11 c e n t s in T u s c a l o o s a to 23 c e n t s in L e x i n g t o n . E m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g in L a k e C h a r l e s , t h r e e - f o u r t h s of w h o m w o r k e d in th e oil r e f i n i n g a n d c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s , a v e r a g e d $ 2 . 9 3 a n h o u r, m o r e t h a n t h o s e in a n y o t h e r a r e a . T h o s e in A s h e v i l l e , w h e r e l a r g e n u m b e r s a r e e m p l o y e d in th e r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r p a y in g food, t e x t i l e , a n d a p p a r e l i n d u s t r i e s , h a d t h e l o w e s t a v e r a g e , $ 1 . 7 9 a n h o u r . B y c o n t r a s t , m a n u f a c t u r i n g p a y l e v e l s d i f f e r e d b y only 30 c e n t s a n h o u r a m o n g fiv e o t h e r a r e a s , e x t e n d i n g f r o m $ 2 . 05 to $ 2 . 35. In n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e l o w e r a n d e x t e n d e d o v e r a n a r r o w e r r a n g e t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . O n ly 35 c e n t s s e p a r a t e d th e l o w e s t a n d h i g h e s t a r e a p a y l e v e l s — $ 1 . 4 8 in T u s c a l o o s a a n d $ 1 . 8 3 in L e x i n g t o n . T h i s is a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l v a r i a t i o n w h e n c o m p a r e d w i th t h a t in m a n u f a c t u r i n g w h e r e t h e r e w a s a s p r e a d of $ 1 . 14 b e t w e e n the l o w e s t a n d t h e h i g h e s t a r e a a v e r a g e s a n d o n e of 52 c e n t s e v e n w h e n t h e e x t r e m e s ( A s h e v i l l e an d L a k e C h a r l e s ) a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d . T h e n a r r o w e r s p r e a d in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g m a y b e a t t r i b u t e d , in p a r t , to r e l a t i v e l y few d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g th e a r e a s in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e s a m o n g th e l o w e r a n d h i g h e r p a y i n g n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e a s h i g h - w a g e m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w e r e p r e s e n t to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t in s o m e a r e a s t h a n in o t h e r s . E m p l o y e e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s e a r n e d l e s s , on t h e a v e r a g e , t h a n t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g b y a m o u n t s v a r y i n g f r o m 11 c e n t s a n h o u r in W i c h i t a F a l l s to $ 1 . 1 4 a n h o u r in L a k e C h a r l e s . B e c a u s e of th e g e n e r a l l y n a r r o w e r r a n g e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g p a y l e v e l s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e in a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s b e t w e e n th e tw o c a t e g o r i e s w a s u s u a l l y g r e a t e r in t h o s e a r e a s w i th th e h i g h e s t m a n u facturing pay levels. M o r e s i m i l a r i t y e x i s t e d a m o n g th e a r e a s in t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e s b y w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k . F o r e x a m p l e , a m o n g s e v e n a r e a s b e t w e e n a n e i g h t h a n d a fifth of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k . In D u r h a m , the e x c e p t i o n , n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d s u c h h o u r s . F o r t y h o u r s a w e e k w e r e w o r k e d b y b e t w e e n a f o u r t h a n d a t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s in e v e r y a r e a b u t L a k e C h a r l e s , w h e r e t h e p r o p o r t i o n w a s t w o - f i f t h s . A w e e k of 48 h o u r s o r l o n g e r w a s w o r k e d by f r o m a b o u t a fifth o f t h e n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in D u r h a m to a b o u t t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h o s e in M o n r o e a n d W i c h i t a F a l l s . At th e t i m e of the s u r v e y , t h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s r a n g e d f r o m 39 h o u r s in D u r h a m to 44 h o u r s in M o n r o e an d W i c h i t a F a l l s . T h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k w a s e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s in e a c h of th e a r e a s , a p p ly i n g to f r o m t h r e e - t e n t h s to m o r e th a n h a l f of the e m p l o y e e s . L ong w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) w e r e p r e v a l e n t in a l l a r e a s ; f r o m a b o u t a s ix t h of the e m p l o y e e s in L a k e C h a r l e s , D u r h a m , a n d A s h e v i l l e , to a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t h i r d in T u sc a lo o sa , W ichita F a lls , Lexington, and M onroe, w o rk ed such h o u rs. The i n c i d e n c e of p a r t - t i m e w o r k ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k ) w a s r e l a t i v e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t , a p p ly in g to no m o r e t h a n a b o u t a n e i g h t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s in a n y a r e a e x c e p t D u r h a m , w h e r e a t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k . 3 In n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g , the a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k r a n g e d f r o m 38 h o u r s in D u r h a m to 42 h o u r s in M o n r o e . F r o m a fifth to a t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s , d e p e n d in g on th e a r e a , w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s d u r i n g t h e w e e k , m a k i n g th i s the m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k in e a c h a r e a . T he i n c i d e n c e of p a r t - t i m e w o r k a n d long w o r k w e e k s w a s a l s o s u b s t a n t i a l . F r o m a b o u t a s i x t h to a f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k , an d f r o m a b o u t a fifth to t h r e e - t e n t h s w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . T h e s y s t e m a t i c flow of p r o d u c t i o n in m o s t m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s d o e s n o t l e n d i t s e l f to t h e w i d e s p r e a d u s e of p a r t - t i m e l a b o r , w h e r e a s in s u c h n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g a c t i v i t i e s as c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , r e t a i l t r a d e , and s e r v ic e s , te m p o r a r y em p lo y m en t and re g u la rly scheduled p a r t - t im e w ork a re a s t a n d a r d p a r t of th e o p e r a t i v e p r o c e s s a n d can b e a c c o m m o d a t e d w ith r e l a t i v e e a s e . E m p l o y e e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e u s u a l l y h a d the l o n g e s t w o r k w e e k a m o n g the i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d i e d — f r o m 52 to 79 p e r c e n t of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l o n g e r t h a n 40 h o u r s . B e c a u s e of the i n d u s t r y fs f u n c t io n a s s u p p l i e r in a n a r e a ' s e c o n o m i c life , w e e k l y h o u r s of o p e r a t i o n f r e q u e n t l y e x t e n d o v e r 6 d a y s ; w ith t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e m p l o y m e n t s i z e of t h e a v e r a g e w h o l e s a l e e s t a b l i s h m e n t , it is often e a s i e r to s c h e d u l e long w o r k w e e k s t h a n to s u p p l e m e n t w ith p a rt-tim e em ployees. W a g e C h a n g e s — J u n e 1961 to J u n e 1965 In e a c h of th e e i g h t S o u t h e r n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s s tu d i e d , th e o v e r a l l l e v e l of e a r n i n g s f o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s h a s i n c r e a s e d s i n c e J u n e 1961, w h e n the f i r s t of the t h r e e s u r v e y s in t h e s e a r e a s w a s c o n d u c t e d b y th e B u r e a u . T h e a m o u n t of i n c r e a s e v a r i e d f r o m 11 c e n t s a n h o u r in T u s c a l o o s a to 23 c e n t s an h o u r in L e x in g t o n . In r e l a t i v e t e r m s , th e i n c r e a s e s r a n g e d f r o m 6 to 9 p e r c e n t in five a r e a s , w h il e e a r n i n g s in D u r h a m , L e x i n g t o n , an d A s h e v i l l e a d v a n c e d by 11, 13, an d 14 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A v erag e h o urly e a rn in g s for m a n u fa c tu rin g em plo y ees i n c r e a s e d betw een 20 an d 31 c e n t s a n h o u r in s ix of th e a r e a s , an d in f o u r of t h e s e t h e g a in e x c e e d e d 25 c e n t s . T h i s c o m p a r e s w ith a n a t i o n w i d e i n c r e a s e of 25 c e n t s in a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (e x c l u d in g o v e r t i m e ) f o r p r o d u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 an d J u n e 1965. 1 In T u s c a l o o s a a n d W i c h i t a F a l l s , e a r n i n g s a d v a n c e d b y 11 a n d 6 c e n t s an h o u r , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o v e r t h e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d . T h e p r e d o m i n a n t a m o u n t of th e t o t a l i n c r e a s e s i n c e 1961 to o k p l a c e b e t w e e n 1962 an d 1965 in s e v e n a r e a s ; in th e e i g h t h , T u s c a l o o s a , a b o u t h a l f of the i n c r e a s e o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n 1961 and 1962. C h a n g e s in the d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l e a r n i n g s d u r i n g the 4 - y e a r p e r i o d w e r e m o s t a p p a r e n t a t t h e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s , a l t h o u g h in s e v e n of t h e a r e a s , g a i n s w e r e a l s o d i s p l a y e d a t t h e h i g h e r en d of t h e p a y s c a l e . M u c h of t h e c h a n g e in the l o w e r w a g e i n t e r v a l s c a n no d o u b t b e a t t r i b u t e d to t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of p r o v i s i o n s c o n t a i n e d in the 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to th e F L S A w h ic h in S e p t e m b e r of t h a t y e a r r a i s e d the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m h o u r l y w a g e , a p p ly i n g to m o s t m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , f r o m $1 to $ 1 . 15, a n d 2 y e a r s l a t e r , to $ 1 . 2 5 . I n c r e a s e s a t th e h i g h e r p a y l e v e l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y u p w a r d s of $ 2 , s e e m e d to b e a c o n s e q u e n c e of f o r c e s n o t d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d w ith m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n , f o r m o s t of t h e s e e m p l o y e e s w e r e in i n d u s t r i e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e in w h i c h t h e l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s w e r e found. * Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909~65 (BLS Bulletin 1312—3, 1965). 4 T h e e a r n i n g s l e v e l of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s r o s e in a l l e ig h t a r e a s s i n c e 1961 , bu t t h e i n c r e a s e s g e n e r a l l y w e r e n o t as g r e a t a s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . In fiv e a r e a s t h e a d v a n c e s r a n g e d f r o m 8 to 12 c e n t s ; at th e two e x t r e m e s th e e a r n i n g s of e m p l o y e e s in L a k e C h a r l e s i n c r e a s e d 2 c e n t s an h o u r , an d t h o s e in W i c h i t a F a l l s an d L e x i n g t o n , by 17 an d 20 c e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . In fiv e of th e a r e a s , e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s a d v a n c e d to a g r e a t e r d e g r e e d u r i n g t h e 3y e a r p e r i o d f r o m 1962 , and in two a r e a s t h e g r e a t e r p o r t i o n of th e o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e w a s b e t w e e n 1961 an d 1962. In L a k e C h a r l e s , th e 1965 n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g a v e r a g e d e c l i n e d 8 c e n t s f r o m th e 1962 l e v e l , but s t i l l w a s 2 c e n t s a b o v e th e 1961 l e v e l . C h a n g e s in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , a s a g r o u p , w e r e l e s s p r o n o u n c e d t h a n t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e d i f f e r e n c e w a s m o s t a p p a r e n t at the l o w e r p a y l e v e l s , w h e r e t h e r e w a s a c l e a r e r r e s p o n s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g to m o v e m e n t s of t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e s i n c e 1961. W h ile a s u b s t a n t i a l s e g m e n t of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g g r o u p ( f r o m 58 to 70 p e r c e n t a m o n g the e ig h t a r e a s ) w a s in i n d u s t r i e s s u b j e c t to F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n , the p r e s e n c e of l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s , m a i n l y in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s not c o v e r e d by th e l e g i s l a t i o n , t e n d e d to o b s c u r e a d v a n c e s ta k in g p l a c e at t h i s l e v e l . W h en th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y , th e i n f l u e n c e of th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e la w on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y n o t i c e a b l e in th e w h o l e s a l e an d r e t a i l t r a d e i n d u s t r i e s . In fiv e of th e a r e a s , f r o m 27 to 37 p e r c e n t of t h e e m p l o y e e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d at o r j u s t a b o v e $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r . T h e 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to th e F L S A b r o u g h t m o s t e m p l o y e e s in l a r g e r e t a i l e n t e r p r i s e s u n d e r m i n i m u m w a g e an d m a x i m u m h o u r s c o v e r a g e f o r th e f i r s t t i m e . T h e e f f e c t s th i s t r a n s i tio n h a d on t h e i r e a r n i n g s a p p e a r e d to be t w o - f o l d . T h e m i n i m u m w a g e f o r t h e s e e m p l o y e e s e f f e c t i v e S e p t e m b e r 1961 w a s $1 a n h o u r , g o ing to $ 1 . 1 5 in S e p t e m b e r 1964. T h e r e s u l t of th is c h a n g e in m o s t of th e a r e a s w a s an e n l a r g e m e n t of the c l u s t e r of e m p l o y e e s at th e $1 to $ 1 . 0 5 w a g e i n t e r v a l at th e t i m e of th e J u n e 1962 s u r v e y , an d a s u b s e q u e n t s h ift to t h e $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 b r a c k e t d u r i n g the J u n e 1965 s tu d y . T h e c o m p a n i o n o u t c o m e w a s a s u b s t a n t i a l g r o w t h b e t w e e n J u n e 1962 an d J u n e 1965 in t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s at o r w i th i n 5 c e n t s of $ 1 . 25 an h o u r , th e f i n a l i n c r e m e n t s t i p u l a t e d in the 196,1 a m e n d m e n t s b u t w h ic h w a s no t to b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e u n ti l S e p t e m b e r 1965, 3 m o n t h s a f t e r the t i m e of t h e stu d y . I n c r e a s e d e a r n i n g s f o r i n d i v i d u a l e m p l o y e e s m a y no t b e th e o n ly f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g to an i n c r e a s e in a n a r e a ’s w a g e l e v e l . C h a n g e s in th e l a b o r f o r c e ( t u r n o v e r , e x p a n s i o n s o r r e d u c t i o n s in f o r c e , an d c h a n g e s in t h e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s ) m a y a l s o c o n t r i b u t e to i n c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s in e a r n i n g s l e v e l s in an a r e a o r i n d u s t r y f r o m o n e p e r i o d to a n o t h e r w i th o u t an y a c t u a l c h a n g e in w a g e s . F o r e x a m p l e , an e x p a n s i o n in w o r k f o r c e m i g h t i n c r e a s e th e p r o p o r t i o n of l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s and l o w e r th e a v e r a g e , w h e r e a s a r e d u c t i o n in the p r o p o r t i o n of l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s w o u ld h a v e t h e o p p o s i t e effe c t. S i m i l a r l y , the m o v e m e n t of an e s t a b l i s h m e n t ou t of a n a r e a c o u ld c a u s e c h a n g e s in th e e a r n i n g s l e v e l , e v e n th o u g h no c h a n g e in w a g e s o c c u r r e d in o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in t h e a r e a o r i n d u s t r y . T h u s , f l u c t u a t i o n s o v e r t i m e , e s p e c i a l l y s m a l l o n e s , in a v e r a g e w a g e s o r th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s s h o u l d b e v i e w e d w ith s o m e r e s e r v a t i o n . 5 Characteristics A m o n g the e ig h t a r e a s , A m a r i l l o h a d the l a r g e s t p o p u l a t io n , 1 4 9 ,4 9 3 , a n d M o n r o e t h e s m a l l e s t , 10 1 ,6 6 3 . N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w i th i n the s c o p e of th e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y r a n g e d f r o m 1 4 ,4 0 0 in M o n r o e to 2 9 , 6 0 0 in A s h e v i l l e . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y m e n t by i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e d u r ing a l l t h r e e s u r v e y s in e a c h of the a r e a s . A l t h o u g h e a c h of t h e s e a r e a s h a s a c h a r a c t e r , t r a d i t i o n s , a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s of i ts o w n , t h e y p o s s e s s c e r t a i n q u a l i t i e s in c o m m o n , a n d in t h i s r e s p e c t a r e n o t u n li k e o t h e r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , l a r g e r o r s m a l l e r , in th e S o u th o r e l s e w h e r e . T h e t e r m , m e t r o p o l i t a n , i t s e l f a s s u m e s c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s i d e f r o m th e s t r i c t l y t e c h n i c a l d e f i n it i o n . A s a c o n c e n t r a t e d e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l c e n t e r , a m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a no t o n ly is b a s i c a l l y a s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g u n it, b u t a l s o , in m u c h th e s a m e m a n n e r , s u s t a i n s a r e g i o n a l h i n t e r l a n d . It is n o t, th e n , a n a n o m a l y to find t h a t in the e ig h t a r e a s the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n a n d th e r e l a t i v e s i z e of e a c h of the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w e r e m u c h th e s a m e in one as in the o t h e r . R e t a i l t r a d e w a s the p r e d o m i n a n t n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g a c t iv i t y , in t e r m s of e m p l o y m e n t , in a ll of the a r e a s , w i th p r o p o r t i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m a t h i r d in A m a r i l l o to m o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s in T u s c a l o o s a , A s h e v i l l e , a n d W i c h i t a F a l l s . T h e d i v e r s e s e r v i c e s d i v i s i o n ( h o te ls a n d m o t e l s , l a u n d r i e s a n d dry cleaning e sta b lish m e n ts, m e d ic a l and other health s e rv ic e s , etc.) w as g e n e r a l l y s e c o n d in s i z e to r e t a i l t r a d e a m o n g the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , e m p l o y i n g r o u g h l y a s i x t h of the e m p l o y e e s in e a c h a r e a . E x c e p t f o r a n o c c a s i o n a l v a r i a t i o n , th e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s in the o t h e r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g d i v i s i o n s d id n o t e x c e e d a ten th . N a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d r a w m a t e r i a l s p r o d u c e d in a r e g i o n o ften p r o v i d e a n i m p e t u s , a s w e l l a s a d i r e c t i o n , f o r an a r e a ’s r i s e to m e t r o p o l i t a n s t a t u s , by f o r m i n g a b a s i s f o r i n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h . T h e s e i n d i g e n o u s p r o p e r t i e s a l s o g a v e an a r e a s p e c i a l i d e n t i ty . C o tto n , t o b a c c o , t i m b e r , i r o n o r e , p e t r o l e u m , a n d n a t u r a l g a s , e i t h e r s i n g u l a r l y o r in c o m b i n a t i o n , p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t in the e c o n o m i e s of e a c h of th e e i g h t a r e a s s u r v e y e d . In s i x a r e a s , m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r f r o m a t h i r d to h a l f of th e a r e a e m p l o y e e s , bu t in tw o, A m a r i l l o a n d W i c h i t a F a l l s , f o r no m o r e t h a n a fifth. C o n t r i b u t i n g to a s p e c i a l i d e n t i t y , a s w e l l a s to th e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c life of D u r h a m , L e x i n g t o n , a n d T u s c a l o o s a , a r e th e m a j o r u n i v e r s i t i e s l o c a t e d in t h o s e a r e a s . W a g e s an d w a g e c h a n g e s o v e r t i m e , a n d h o u r s of w o r k in t h e s e , a s in a l l l a b o r a r e a s , a r e i n f l u e n c e d by a v a r i e t y of f a c t o r s , a m o n g t h e m th e d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the l a b o r f o r c e , s u p p l y of a n d d e m a n d f o r l a b o r , i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n , o c c u p a t i o n a l m i x , a v a i l a b i l i t y of c a p i t a l , F e d e r a l a n d S ta te m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n , d e g r e e of u n i o n i z a t i o n , e m p l o y e r p e r s o n n e l p r a c t i c e s , r e g i o n a l a n d s e c t i o n a l w a g e p a t t e r n s , e tc . B e c a u s e of t h e i r i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p , th e e x a c t i m p a c t on e a r n i n g s o r a n y of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e c a n n o t be i s o l a t e d a n d m e a s u r e d , but th e p r e s s u r e s e x e r t e d by t h e s e f o r c e s a n d the e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e y i n t e r a c t l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e the w a g e s t r u c t u r e in a n a r e a . U n d e r t h e s e i n f l u e n c e s , e a r n i n g s a n d h o u r s of w o r k in the s a m e i n d u s t r y m a y d i f f e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m one a r e a to a n o t h e r , a s t h e y do f r o m o n e e s t a b l i s h m e n t to a n o t h e r w i th i n a n a r e a . In th e d i s c u s s i o n f o r e a c h a r e a , the g e n e r a l l e v e l of e a r n i n g s is d e s c r i b e d by u s i n g th e m e a n , the m e d i a n , a n d the i n t e r q u a r t i l e r a n g e . T h e m e a n , d e f i n e d 6 a s th e s u m of a l l th e i n d i v i d u a l h o u r l y e a r n i n g s d iv i d e d b y th e n u m b e r of w o r k e r s , t e n d s to b e c o m e l e s s i n f o r m a t i v e a s th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s d e p a r t s f r o m s y m m e t r y . In t h e s e c a s e s , a u s e f u l m e a s u r e of t h e g e n e r a l w a g e l e v e l is th e m e d i a n , th e a m o u n t b e l o w a n d a b o v e w h i c h e a r n i n g s f o r 50 p e r c e n t of t h e e m p l o y e e s a r e foundo T h e i n t e r q u a r t i l e r a n g e o f f e r s a b r o a d e r v i e w of th e g e n e r a l e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e d e g r e e of d i s p e r s i o n of i n d i v i d u a l e a r n i n g s f r o m t h e p o i n t s of c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y b y d e f i n in g th e r a n g e of e a r n i n g s f o r th e m i d d l e 50 p e r c e n t of th e e m p l o y e e s . T h e d e g r e e to w h i c h e a r n i n g s in e a c h a r e a w e r e d i s p e r s e d a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n one a r e a an d a n o t h e r a r e s h o w n t h r o u g h t h e u s e of th e i n d e x of d i s p e r s i o n , o b t a i n e d b y d iv i d in g t h e m e a n h o u r l y e a r n i n g s b y th e i n t e r q u a r t i l e r a n g e of e a r n i n g s . T h e i n d e x f i g u r e of 40 o b t a i n e d f o r A s h e v i l l e , t h e l o w e s t of th e e i g h t a r e a s , s u g g e s t s t h a t i n d i v i d u a l e a r n i n g s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d r e l a t i v e l y n e a r th e m e a n , w h il e a t th e o t h e r e x t r e m e , th e i n d e x of 91 f o r L a k e C h a r l e s r e v e a l s a m u c h w i d e r d i s p e r s a l of w a g e s . T h e i n d e x e s f o r th e o t h e r s i x a r e a s , b y c o m p a r i s o n , w e r e e v e n l y g r o u p e d b e t w e e n 51 an d 60. Metropolitan area Approximate number of nonsupervisory Percent of em ployees in— em ployees included in Manufac Industries with at least the survey, turing 10 percent of the Population manufacturing work force June 1965 industries (1960 census) Percent of nonmanu facturing em ployees in retail trade Am arillo, T e x ---------(Potter and Randall Counties) 149, 493 21,700 15 Food and kindred products Printing and publishing Primary m etal industries 24 14 13 34 Asheville, N. C -------(Buncombe County) 130,074 29, 600 52 Chemicals and allied products T extiles and textile products Apparel N onelectrical machinery 30 17 15 11 42 Durham, N. C ----------(Durham County) 111,995 23,100 44 Tobacco products T extiles and textile products 46 19 36 Lake Charles, L a-----(Calcasieu Parish) 145,475 15, 400 38 Petroleum refining and 47 related industries Chem icals and allied products 27 39 Lexington, Ky----------(Fayette County) 131,906 28, 800 34 Nonelectrical machinery Electrical machinery 37 15 37 Monroe, La--------------(Ouachita Parish) 101,663 14, 400 32 Paper and allied products 40 Chem icals and allied products 20 11 Food and kindred products 39 Tuscaloosa, A la-------(Tuscaloosa County) 109, 047 15, 500 47 Primary metal industries Paper and allied products Rubber and rubber products Lumber and wood products Food and kindred products 27 20 12 12 10 43 W ichita Falls, Tex---(Archer and W ichita Counties) 129,638 14,800 20 Food and kindred products N onelectrical machinery Apparel Printing and publishing 28 22 18 11 41 7 Selected Metropolitan Areas Amarillo, Tex. T h e A m a r i l l o m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , c o m p r i s i n g P o t t e r an d R a n d a l l C o u n t i e s , is s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e c e n t e r of th e T e x a s P a n h a n d l e , A c c o r d i n g to th e I9 6 0 c e n s u s , th e a r e a c o n t a i n e d 1 4 9 ,5 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s . A m a r i l l o ’s l o c a t i o n on m a j o r r a i l and h ig h w a y s y s t e m s an d p r o x i m i t y to p e t r o l e u m an d g a s f i e l d s a r e of p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e to t h e a r e a ’s e c o n o m y . S p a r s e r a i n f a l l p r o h i b i t s e x t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e in th e a r e a . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 1 , 7 0 0 n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e w i th i n t h e s c o p e of t h e J u n e 1965 s tu d y . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , a b o u t a s i x t h , w a s t h e s m a l l e s t a m o n g th e e i g h t a r e a s . In th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g g r o u p , r e t a i l t r a d e , th e l a r g e s t s i n g l e a c t i v i t y in t e r m s of e m p l o y m e n t in A m a r i l l o , a c c o u n t e d f o r a t h i r d of t h e e m p l o y e e s , w h il e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s and w h o l e s a l e t r a d e t o g e t h e r e m p l o y e d t h r e e - t e n t h s of the w o r k f o r c e . It s h o u l d be n o te d t h a t r a i l r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , an i m p o r t a n t s e g m e n t of A m a r i l l o ’s i n d u s t r i a l c o m p l e x , w a s o u t s i d e th e s c o p e of th e s tu d y . Earnings A v erag e s tr a ig h t- tim e h ourly earn in g s for all n o n su p e rv iso ry em ployees w e r e $ 1 . 8 5 in J u n e of 1965 (ta b le 1). M e d i a n e a r n i n g s , t h e a m o u n t b e l o w an d a b o v e w h ic h 50 p e r c e n t of t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e fo u n d, w e r e $ 1 . 6 3 a n h o u r , 22 c e n t s l e s s t h a n th e m e a n . A f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 9 an h o u r , and a n o t h e r f o u r t h r e c e i v e d $ 2 . 2 7 o r m o r e . T h u s , e a r n i n g s of th e m i d d l e 50 p e r c e n t w e r e s p r e a d o v e r a 9 8 - c e n t r a n g e . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . A m a r i l l o ’s m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o m p l e x , u n li k e t h o s e in s e v e r a l of th e a r e a s i n c l u d e d in th e s u r v e y , is c o m p o s e d of m e d i u m an d s m a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , w h i c h , a s a g r o u p , a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e to i n f l u e n c e g r e a t l y the w a g e l e v e l o r e m p l o y m e n t s t r u c t u r e of the a r e a . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s w e r e $ 2 . 0 5 . F e w e r t h a n a fifth of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 an h o u r , w h il e m o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s e a r n e d $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e , and a f o u r t h r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $ 2 . 50. T w o - t h i r d s of t h o s e p a i d $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e w e r e in t h e p r i m a r y m e t a l , food p r o c e s s i n g , an d p r i n t i n g and p u b l i s h i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w h i c h t o g e t h e r e m p l o y e d a b o u t h a l f of the m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e . N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g . N o n m anufacturing em ployees accounted for m o r e than f o u r - f i f t h s of the e m p l o y e e s i n c l u d e d in th e s u r v e y an d a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 8 1 an h o u r . O n e out of n in e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s in A m a r i l l o e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r d u r i n g J u n e 1965 an d s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n a fifth e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 . Of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 , m o r e t h a n s e v e n - t e n t h s w e r e in e a tin g and d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s an d m o t e l s , an d l a u n d r i e s . A t e n t h w e r e c l u s t e r e d at o r j u s t a b o v e $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r . F u r t h e r up the w a g e s c a l e , a t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r , a n d a b o u t a s i x t h , $ 2 . 50 o r m o r e . A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s f o r e m p l o y e e s in r e t a i l t r a d e w e r e $ 1 . 5 5 an h o u r , 40 c e n t s l e s s th a n th e a v e r a g e f o r a ll o t h e r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s . A l m o s t a fifth of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r , t h r e e - f o u r t h s of w h o m w e r e in e a t i n g an d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s . O v e r a fifth of the e m p l o y e e s w e r e in e i t h e r of two 5 - c e n t w a g e i n t e r v a l s , $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 and $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 , in g r e a t p a r t r e f l e c t i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e of F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e la w s a p p l i c a b l e to c e r t a i n r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s , p r i m a r i l y t h o s e in l a r g e e n t e r p r i s e s . A m i n i m u m of $ 1 . 1 5 w a s 8 in e ffe c t in J u n e 1965 an d $ 1 . 2 5 w a s to b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e in S e p t e m b e r 1965. A t th e h i g h e r l e v e l s of t h e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n , c l o s e to a fifth of th e r e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g $2 a n h o u r o r m o r e . E a r n i n g s in t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s a v e r a g e d $ 2 . 2 5 a n h o u r . N e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r , an d m o r e t h a n a fifth h a d e a r n i n g s e x c e e d i n g $ 3 . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e f i r m s w e r e $ 1 . 7 3. R e l a t i v e l y fe w e m p l o y e e s h a d e i t h e r e x t r e m e l y lo w o r h i g h e a r n i n g s — o n ly 1 in 5 d id n o t e a r n b e t w e e n $ 1. 25 an d $ 2 a n h o u r . E a r n i n g s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a t $ 2 . 66 , w e r e t h e h i g h e s t in t h e A m a r i l l o a r e a f o r a s i n g l e i n d u s t r y g r o u p . ( T h i s d i v i s i o n c o n t a i n e d o n ly 11 p e r c e n t of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , h o w e v e r . ) S e v e n t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r , an d o v e r a t h i r d e a r n e d $ 3 o r m o r e . E m p l o y e e s in f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e i n d u s t r i e s a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 8 5 a n h o u r , t h e s a m e a s t h a t f o r a l l e m p l o y e e s s t u d i e d in t h e a r e a . E a r n i n g s f o r a l m o s t t w o - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 5 0 to $2 a n h o u r , w h il e a t h i r d e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r . Hours T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k f o r a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s d u r i n g th e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y p e r i o d w a s 41 h o u r s ( t a b le 9). T h r e e - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , m a k i n g t h i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n p e r i o d of w o r k in t h e a r e a . N e a r l y a fifth of t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e w o r k i n g p a r t t i m e ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k ) , an d c l o s e to a f o u r t h h a d long w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) . B o th p a r t t i m e and long w o r k w e e k s w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a n in m a n u f a c turing in d u strie s. M a n u f a c t u r i n g . M a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 42 h o u r s during the su rv e y w eek. F o r t y h o u r s w a s the m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k , e n g a g in g a t h i r d of t h e w o r k f o r c e , b u t th e a v e r a g e f o r a l l m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e x c e e d e d th i s b e c a u s e a f o u r t h h a d long w o r k w e e k s w h i l e o n ly an e i g h t h h a d p a r t tim e em ploym ent. T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e s by w e e k l y h o u r s v a r i e d w i d e l y a m o n g th e m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . F o r e x a m p l e , a m a j o r i t y of the e m p l o y e e s in p r i n t i n g and p u b l i s h i n g an d p r i m a r y m e t a l s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s , w h il e a m a j o r i t y of t h o s e in food p r o d u c t s and w o o d p r o d u c t s w o r k e d l o n g e r t h a n 40 h o u r s . P a r t t i m e w o r k did n o t e n g a g e m o r e t h a n a s i x t h of the e m p l o y e e s in a n y of t h e m a j o r m anufacturing ind u stries. N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w a s 40 h o u r s , 2 h o u r s l e s s t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . M o r e e m p l o y e e s , n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s , w e r e w o r k i n g e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s t h a n f o r an y o t h e r s i n g l e p e r i o d of t i m e . A b o u t a fifth w e r e p a r t - t i m e ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s ) e m p l o y e e s , w h il e s li g h t l y m o r e t h a n th i s w e r e on long w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) . A l th o u g h th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of h o u r s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s s i m i l a r to t h a t in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s of th e f o r m e r w e r e p a r t t i m e , c a u s i n g th e 2 - h o u r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s of i n d u s t r i e s . R e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d 40 h o u r s of w o r k d u r i n g the s u r v e y w e e k . T h e l e n g t h of th e m o s t p r e v a l e n t w o r k w e e k w a s a l s o 40 h o u r s , i n v o l v in g a fifth of th e e m p l o y e e s . P a r t - t i m e w o r k e n g a g e d a fifth of th e e m p l o y e e s an d w a s e s p e c i a l l y c o m m o n in g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e , fo o d , an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s s t o r e s a n d in e a t i n g an d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s . W e e k s of at l e a s t 48 h o u r s w e r e w o r k e d b y a f o u r t h of the r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s ; th e m a j o r i t y of t h o s e w i th long w o r k w e e k s w e r e in e a t i n g and d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , an d at a u t o m o t i v e d e a l e r s and g a s o l i n e s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s . 9 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , and p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d 41 h o u r s a w e e k . O n e - h a l f of t h e s e w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k . O n ly a te n th of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d p a r t t i m e , a b o u t h a l f the p r o p o r t i o n w o r k i n g long w e e k s . E m p l o y e e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e h a d th e l o n g e s t w o r k w e e k as a g r o u p , 45 h o u r s . L e s s t h a n a t e n t h of t h e s e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d u n d e r 35 h o u r s , a f o u r t h w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40, and c l o s e to t h r e e - t e n t h s h a d a w o r k w e e k of at l e a s t 48 h o u r s . E m p l o y e e s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a v e r a g e d 39 h o u r s . T h r e e - t e n t h s w e r e on p a r t - t i m e e m p l o y m e n t an d a f o u r t h h a d long w o r k w e e k s . Not q u it e a fifth w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s . In f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e , r o u g h l y s e v e n - t e n t h s of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d f r o m 35 to 40 h o u r s , i n c l u s i v e . Wage Changes T h e w a g e l e v e l of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in A m a r i l l o a d v a n c e d 13 c e n t s an h o u r b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 an d J u n e 1965. A l l b u t 1 c e n t of t h i s r i s e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g th e 3 - y e a r p e r i o d fo llo w in g J u n e 1962. C h a n g e s in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l e a r n i n g s o v e r th e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d r e f l e c t e d r e l a t i v e l y c o n s i s t e n t i n c r e a s e s at a ll p a y l e v e l s , e x c e p t t h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 , w h ic h r e m a i n e d at a b o u t a t e n th . In 1961, n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r ; by 1965, the p r o p o r t i o n h a d d r o p p e d to l e s s t h a n a fifth. D u r i n g t h i s s a m e t i m e , th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 d e c l i n e d f r o m 46 to 40 p e r c e n t . F u r t h e r up t h e p a y s c a l e , the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $2 an h o u r o r m o r e i n c r e a s e d f r o m l e s s t h a n t h r e e - t e n t h s to m o r e t h a n a t h i r d , and th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 2 . 50 i n c r e a s e d f r o m a s e v e n t h to a fifth. Average hourly earnings 1961 All industries_____ Manufacturing_____ Nonmanufacturing _____June__________ __________ June__________ _________ June________ 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $ 1 .0 0 ------------------Under $1.05 ------------ — Under $1.15 ----------------Under $ 1 . 2 0 ------------------Under $1.25 ------------ — Under $1 .3 0 ------------------Under $1. 50 ------------------Under $2. 00 ------------------- 11 17 21 25 28 34 46 72 11 16 19 24 27 34 48 70 10 13 14 18 19 28 40 65 (D 4 9 12 13 18 35 67 1 2 7 11 17 43 69 C1) (M (M (!) 4 18 55 12 18 23 27 29 36 47 72 12 19 22 27 30 37 48 70 11 15 17 21 22 32 43 67 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)--------------- 221 235 217 28 32 32 192 202 185 Average hourly earnings— $1. 72 $1. 73 $1. 85 $1. 77 $1. 80 $2. 05 $1. 71 $1. 71 $1. 81 ( M < D 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. M a n u f a c t u r i n g . A m o n g a l l i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , e a r n i n g s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n c r e a s e d th e m o s t f r o m 1961 28 c e n t s an h o u r . S h a r p c h a n g e s o c c u r r e d at a ll l e v e l s of th e p a y s c a l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th e m i d d l e a n d u p p e r p o r t i o n s . A b r u p t c h a n g e s at th e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s , w h e r e i m m e d i a t e e f f e c t s of m o v e m e n t in th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e u s u a l l y a r e g r e a t e s t , w e r e a l s o of n o te . In J u n e 1961, 13 p e r c e n t of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 25, but th e a d v e n t of t h e $ 1 . 1 5 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m in S e p t e m b e r 1961 an d th e $ 1 . 2 5 b a s e , 2 y e a r s l a t e r , s e r v e d to r a i s e th e e a r n i n g s of a l l m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s to a m i n i m u m of $ 1 . 25 an h o u r by J u n e 1965. T h e n e w s t a n d a r d s did no t c o m p r e s s e a r n i n g s a t o r a few c e n t s a b o v e the m i n i m u m s . F u r t h e r up th e p a y s c a l e , the c h a n g e s w e r e o ft e n a c u t e . B y 1965, th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 an h o u r h a d d e c l i n e d 10 f r o m m o r e t h a n a t h i r d in 1961 to l e s s t h a n a fifth , w h il e the p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g at l e a s t $ 2 r o s e f r o m a t h i r d to m o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s . In 1961, 1 o u t of 11 m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d $ 2 . 5 0 a n h o u r o r m o r e ; 4 y e a r s l a t e r , 1 out of 4 h a d e a r n i n g s at t h i s l e v e l . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . E a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n c r e a s e d 10 c e n t s an h o u r o v e r th e 1961 an d 1962l e v e l of $ 1 . 7 1 . On th e w h o l e , the i n c r e a s e s w e r e s p r e a d o v e r a l l l e v e l s of p a y ; h o w e v e r , t h e y v a r i e d a m o n g th e i n d i v i d u a l i n d u s t r i e s an d w e r e o fte n c o n c e n t r a t e d at e i t h e r th e l o w e r o r h i g h e r l e v e l s of th e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r the l o w e s t p a i d e m p l o y e e s r o s e s o m e w h a t d u r i n g t h e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r d id not c h a n g e f r o m th e 1961 l e v e l , w h e r e a s t h e p r o p o r t i o n p a i d a t l e a s t $ 1 b u t l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 17 p e r c e n t in 1961 to 11 p e r c e n t in 1965, a n d t h e r e w a s a n a t t e n d a n t r i s e , f r o m 7 to 10 p e r c e n t , in the p r o p o r t i o n p a i d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 25 an d $ 1 . 3 0 a n h o u r . T h is r e l a t i v e l y u n i f o r m e l e v a t i o n of e a r n i n g s c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h t h e u p p e r l e v e l s of th e a r r a y ---- the p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m 28 to 33 p e r c e n t , a n d t h o s e r e c e i v i n g at l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 , f r o m 15 to 18 p e r c e n t . In r e t a i l t r a d e , a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s a d v a n c e d 7 c e n t s f r o m the 1961 l e v e l of $ 1 . 4 8 . V i r t u a l l y a ll of the c h a n g e o c c u r r e d a m o n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 30 a n h o u r . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 a n h o u r , a b o u t a fifth, w a s th e s a m e d u r i n g a ll t h r e e s u r v e y p e r i o d s , b u t t h e r e w a s a s u b s t a n t i a l i m p r o v e m e n t w i th i n this g r o u p in th e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n 75 c e n t s , w h ic h d e c l i n e d to a b o u t a t h i r d of t h a t of 1961. B e t w e e n 1961 and 1965, t h e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d f r o m t w o - f i f t h s to l e s s t h a n t h r e e - t e n t h s , an d t h o s e at l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 d e c r e a s e d f r o m n e a r l y h a l f to a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s . D u r i n g t h e s a m e p e r i o d , th e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s in th e $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 an d $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 w a g e i n t e r v a l s d o u b l e d , an d in J u n e 1965 e a c h c o n t a i n e d r o u g h l y an e i g h t h of the r e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s . M u c h of t h e c h a n g e at th e $ 1 . 1 5 and $ 1. 25 l e v e l s m a y h a v e b e e n in r e s p o n s e to the i n c r e m e n t s p r o v i d e d in th e a m e n d m e n t s to th e F a i r L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t , s e t t i n g a m i n i m u m w a g e in l a r g e r e t a i l e n t e r p r i s e s of $ 1 , b e g in n i n g in S e p t e m b e r 1961, an d r a i s i n g it to $ 1 . 1 5 b e g in n i n g in S e p t e m b e r 1964. A m i n i m u m of $ 1 , 2 5 w a s to b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e in S e p t e m b e r 1965. O n e - t h i r d of th e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to th e p r o v i s i o n s of the F L S A . T h e r e w a s l i t t le c h a n g e t o w a r d s th e h i g h e r end of th e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n c e 1961. F o r e x a m p l e , th e p r o p o r t i o n s of r e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 1. 30 o r m o r e r a n g e d b e t w e e n 45 an d 48 p e r c e n t d u r i n g a ll of th e s u r v e y s . ______________ Retail trade June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $1 .0 0 Under $1 .0 5 Under $1.15 Under $1 .2 0 Under $1.25 Under $1 .3 0 Under $1 .5 0 Under $2. 00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 33 40 46 48 54 65 84 20 34 41 46 49 55 67 82 19 25 28 40 41 52 63 82 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)---- 72 80 64 Average hourly earnings ------------------- $1. 48 $1 .4 4 $1 .5 5 11 E m p l o y e e s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , and p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s r e c e i v e d , on th e a v e r a g e , 26 c e n t s an h o u r m o r e in J u n e 1965 t h a n in J u n e 1961. A ll bu t 6 c e n t s of t h i s i n c r e a s e o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n th e 1961 an d 1962 s u r v e y s . B e c a u s e of r e l a t i v e l y h ig h a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s in th is i n d u s t r y g r o u p , th e m o s t n o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s o c c u r r e d a m o n g t h o s e e m p l o y e e s in th e m i d d l e and u p p e r r e a c h e s of t h e p a y s c a l e . A 9 - c e n t i n c r e a s e in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e e a r n i n g s o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n 1961 and 1965, m u c h of w h i c h m a y h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t a b o u t by c h a n g e s in th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e to t h e b e n e f i t of l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s . A t t h e t i m e of the f i r s t s t u d y , a t e n t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 a n h o u r an d c l o s e to a fifth e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 . By 1 9 62, v i r t u a l l y a l l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 1 . 1 5 , an d by 1965 at l e a s t $ 1 . 2 5 . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s w i th h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 d e c l i n e d b y 7 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s in 4 y e a r s , but f r o m t h i s l e v e l u p w a r d in the d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e r e w a s l i t t le c h a n g e . A m o n g o t h e r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , e a r n i n g s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a d v a n c e d 20 c e n t s an h o u r o v e r th e 1961 l e v e l . E i g h t e e n c e n t s of t h i s c a m e d u r i n g th e 1 - y e a r p e r i o d fo l lo w i n g th e 1961 s u r v e y . E a r n i n g s in f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e a l s o i n c r e a s e d 20 c e n t s an h o u r ; h o w e v e r , a ll bu t 2 c e n t s of th i s c h a n g e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e 3 y e a r s fo llo w in g t h e 1962 s tu d y . C h a n g e s in t h e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h e s e two i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s b o r e l it t le r e s e m b l a n c e . B e c a u s e of t h e g e n e r a l l y h ig h w a g e s t r u c t u r e in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a d v a n c e s in e a r n i n g s a p p l i e d to r e l a t i v e l y h i g h - p a i d e m p l o y e e s . In f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , the m o s t n o t a b l e c h a n g e s w e r e f o r e m p l o y e e s at th e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s . Average hourly earnings Contract construction Transportation, comm unication, and public utilities W holesale ________ trade_______ Finance, insurance, and real estate June June June June 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cum ulative percent) Under $ 1 .0 0 ------ ----------------Under $ 1 .0 5 -----------------------Under $1. 1 5 -----------------------Under $1. 2 0 -----------------------Under $1. 2 5 -----------------------Under $1. 3 0 -----------------------Under $ 1 .5 0 -----------------------Under $ 2 .0 0 ------------------------ (!) 1 1 1 1 7 13 38 (!) (1) 1 2 3 7 9 27 (1) (1) (1) (1) 0) 3 7 30 3 4 4 5 7 13 25 56 3 3 3 5 7 11 18 44 2 2 2 2 2 7 14 41 0) 6 11 16 18 29 46 77 (1) (1) 1 11 15 25 45 77 (1) (1) (1) 1 1 18 39 77 1 6 10 14 17 24 38 80 (1) 1 1 11 13 27 45 81 (1) (1) (1) 1 1 10 29 66 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)-------------------- 25 19 21 28 30 30 27 30 25 17 21 15 Average hourly earnings------ $2 .4 6 $2. 54 $2. 66 $1.99 $2.19 $2. 25 $1.64 $1.66 $1.73 $1.65 $1.67 $1.85 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. 12 Asheville, N.C. A s h e v i l l e is l o c a t e d in the m o u n t a i n o u s w e s t c e n t r a l p o r t i o n of N o r t h C a ro lin a, n e a r the T e n n e s se e b o rd e r. The m e tro p o lita n a r e a , which co n sists of B u n c o m b e C o u n ty , h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 3 0 ,0 0 0 in I9 6 0 . T h e a r e a h a s a l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , an d is th e c e n t e r of an i m p o r t a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n t h a t p r o d u c e s an d m a r k e t s p o u l t r y , d a i r y p r o d u c t s , a n d b u r l e y t o b a c c o . B e c a u s e of its s c e n i c l o c a t i o n and h ig h e l e v a t i o n , A s h e v i l l e is a l s o a s u m m e r r e s o r t . A b o u t 29, 600 n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e i n c l u d e d in th e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y . S l i g h t l y o v e r h a l f of t h e s e w e r e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , the l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n a m o n g the a r e a s s t u d i e d . R e t a i l t r a d e w a s th e m a j o r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y , e m p l o y i n g a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s of th e a r e a ' s w o r k f o r c e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . Earnings N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s , as a g r o u p , a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 6 6 a n h o u r at s t r a i g h t t i m e r a t e s in J u n e 1965 ( t a b le 2). T h e m i d d l e h a l f of th e w o r k f o r c e e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 9 a n d $ 1 . 9 5 , a r a n g e of 66 c e n t s . H a l f of t h e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d m o r e an d h a l f l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 9 , o n ly 7 c e n t s b e l o w t h e a v e r a g e f o r a ll e m p l o y e e s . T h u s , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s in A s h e v i l l e w a s r e l a t i v e l y s y m m e t r i c a l . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n e d a n a v e r a g e of $ 1 . 7 9 an h o u r . A t w e lf th of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d a t o r j u s t a b o v e th e $ 1 .2 5 F e d e r a l m in im u m w age, a fourth ea rn e d le s s than $ 1 .5 0 an ho ur, and n e a r l y h a l f r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 7 5 a n h o u r . F u r t h e r up th e w a g e s c a l e , o v e r a f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d a t l e a s t $ 2 , b u t l e s s t h a n a t e n t h e a r n e d a s m u ch as $ 2 .5 0 an hour. T h e c h e m i c a l s and a l l i e d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y , w h i c h e m p l o y e d t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , a c c o u n t e d f o r t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e . A t the o t h e r end of th e p a y s c a l e , a p p a r e l p l a n t s , w i th l e s s t h a n a s i x t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s , i n c l u d e d n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h o s e p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 3 0 and a l m o s t t w o - f i f t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r . C o n t r i b u t i n g to th e r e l a t i v e s y m m e t r y of t h e a r e a ' s w a g e s t r u c t u r e w e r e th e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of e a r n i n g s in t h e t e x t i l e s an d m a c h i n e r y i n d u s t r i e s , w h i c h e m p l o y e d n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e t o t a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o m p l e m e n t . In e a c h , s o m e w h a t m o r e t h a n h a l f of the e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ l o 50 and $ 2 a n h o u r . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . In n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g , e m p l o y e e s i n c l u d e d in t h e 1965 s t u d y a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 5 1 an h o u r , 28 c e n t s l e s s t h a n the a v e r a g e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . D i f f e r e n c e s in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s b e t w e e n n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g an d m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e m o r e p r o n o u n c e d at t h e l o w e r t h a n a t th e u p p e r end of t h e p a y s c a l e . A s i x t h of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e p a i d l e s s t h a n $1 an d n e a r l y a t h i r d r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r , w h il e a l m o s t a l l of t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $ 1 . 2 5 . T h r e e - f i f t h s of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 , w h i c h w a s m o r e t h a n t w i c e the p r o p o r t i o n of t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a t th is l e v e l . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s n a r r o w e d t o w a r d s the h i g h e r end of the w a g e s c a l e . A fifth of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $2 a n h o u r , o n ly 8 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s b e l o w th e p r o p o r t i o n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , an d a b o u t a t w e l f t h in e a c h g r o u p e a r n e d $ 2 . 5 0 an h o u r o r m o r e . T h r e e - f o u r t h s of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r w e r e in e a t i n g and d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s an d m o t e l s , l a u n d r i e s and dry cleaning plants, and m e d ic a l s e rv ic e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts, w hich as a group, a c c o u n t e d f o r s l i g h t l y o v e r a fifth of t h e t o t a l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t . 13 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in r e t a i l t r a d e w e r e $ 1 . 3 2 . A b o u t 3 , 0 0 0 r e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s ( r o u g h l y h a l f t h e i n d u s t r y ’s w o r k f o r c e ) e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1.25 an d a c c o u n t e d f o r n e a r l y t w o - t h i r d s of a l l e m p l o y e e s w i th s u c h e a r n i n g s . A b o u t a t e n t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d a t e a c h of two 5 - c e n t w a g e i n t e r v a l s , $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 an d $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 . M o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h o s e in th e f o r m e r i n t e r v a l an d c l o s e to h a l f of t h o s e at t h e l a t t e r w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w h i c h w e r e g e n e r a l l y s u b j e c t to th e p r o v i s i o n s of th e F L S A an d w h i c h e m p ] c / e d o n ly t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e r e t a i l w o r k f o r c e . T h e s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e f l e c t , at l e a s t in p a r t , th e i n f l u e n c e of th e e x i s t i n g l e v e l a n d i m p e n d i n g i n c r e a s e in t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e a p p l i c a b l e to r e t a i l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s c o v e r e d b y th e a c t . F u r t h e r up t h e p a y s c a l e , n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d a t l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r , b u t r e l a t i v e l y few , a t e n t h , e a r n e d $2 o r m o r e . In c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , w h i c h e m p l o y e d a s e v e n t h of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s c a m e to $ 1 . 8 5 a n h o u r . V i r t u a l l y n o n e of the em ployees earn ed le ss than $ 1 .2 5 an hour; h o w ev er, a fourth w e re at or less t h a n 5 c e n t s a b o v e t h i s p a y l e v e l . T w o - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d $ 2 an h o u r o r m o r e , an d a s i x t h e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 . A n e i g h t h of t h e m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c h o u r, m o r e than any the em ployees e a rn e d l e a s t $ 2 . 50 a n h o u r . n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e $ 1.99 an o t h e r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n . T w o - f i f t h s of m o r e t h a n the a v e r a g e a n d n e a r l y a f o u r t h r e c e i v e d at T h e e a r n i n g s l e v e l of $ 1 . 5 1 a n h o u r in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , w h i c h e m p l o y e d f e w e r t h a n a t e n t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , w a s t h e s a m e as t h a t f o r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s . T h r e e - f i f t h s of the e m p l o y e e s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d w i th i n a 2 5 - c e n t s - a n - h o u r r a n g e , $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 5 0 . M o r e t h a n a t h i r d e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 5 an d $ 1 . 3 0 an h o u r , a c c o u n t i n g f o r n e a r l y a f o u r t h of a ll n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w i th s u c h e a r n i n g s . R e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d m o r e t h a n $ 2 an h o u r . Hours N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 40 h o u r s a w e e k at th e t i m e of th e s u r v e y ( t a b le 10). A t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , m a k i n g t h i s th e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k at th e t i m e . A fifth of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d long w e e k s of 48 h o u r s o r m o r e , an d s l i g h t l y f e w e r , a s i x t h , w e r e on p a r t - t i m e e m p l o y m e n t ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s ) . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . In m a n u f a c t u r i n g , e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d 41 h o u r s of w o r k d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y w e e k . T h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t p e r i o d of e m p l o y m e n t , e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , w a s w o r k e d by a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s . A long w o r k w e e k w a s s e c o n d m o s t c o m m o n , e n g a g in g n e a r l y a fifth of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , w h il e p a r t - t i m e w o r k p r e v a i l e d f o r a n e ig h th . A 4 0 - h o u r w e e k p r e d o m i n a t e d in m o s t of th e m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , b u t th e i n c i d e n c e of p a r t t i m e an d long w o r k w e e k s v a r i e d w i d e ly . In t h e c h e m i c a l a n d m a c h i n e r y p l a n t s , f o r e x a m p l e , o n ly a t w e l f t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , but n e a r l y a f o u r t h of t h o s e in a p p a r e l p l a n t s h a d s u c h h o u r s . F e w a p p a r e l e m p l o y e e s , on th e o t h e r h a n d , w o r k e d as long as 48 h o u r s , bu t w o r k w e e k s of a t l e a s t th i s d u r a t i o n w e r e c o m m o n a m o n g a t h i r d of the food p r o c e s s i n g , t e x t i l e s , an d m a chinery em ployees. N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k w e e k w a s 40 h o u r s . A l th o u g h t h i s w a s o n ly 1 h o u r l e s s t h a n t h e a v e r a g e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e e k l y h o u r s f o r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s d i f f e r e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m t h a t in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . C l o s e to a fifth of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g 14 e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s d u r i n g th e J u n e s u r v e y w e e k , a f o u r t h w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , a n d a b o u t th e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n h a d a w o r k w e e k l a s t i n g 48 h o u r s o r l o n g e r . T h e r e l a t i v e l y e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e s a m o n g p a r t t i m e , s t a n d a r d , a n d long w o r k w e e k s is a t t r i b u t a b l e in g r e a t p a r t to th e w i d e v a r i e t y of i n d u s t r i e s t h a t th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y g r o u p c o m p r i s e s . W h e r e a s a v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s fo r r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s c a m e to 40, o n ly 16 p e r c e n t h a d w e e k s of e x a c t l y th i s d u r a t i o n . S l i g h tly m o r e , 17 p e r c e n t , w o r k e d 48 h o u r s , m a k i n g th is th e m o s t c o m m o n s i n g l e w o r k w e e k a m o n g e m p l o y e e s in r e t a i l t r a d e . A fifth of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a w e e k of l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , w h ile a n e i g h t h of th e r e t a i l w o r k f o r c e w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 38 h o u r s , on th e a v e r a g e , d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k . O v e r t w o - f i f t h s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 40 h o u r s , an d a b o u t h a l f of t h e s e w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d b e t w e e n 15 an d 35 h o u r s . A b o u t a f o u r t h of th e c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s , h o w e v e r , w o r k e d 40 h o u r s d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k , an d a b o u t a s i x t h w o r k e d a t l e a s t 48 h o u r s . H a l f of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s w e r e w o r k i n g 40 h o u r s d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k , 1 h o u r l e s s t h a n the a v e r a g e f o r a l l e m p l o y e e s in t h i s i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s w o r k i n g l e s s t h a n 35, a n d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e w e r e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l — a n i n t h and a s ix t h , r e s p e c t i v e l y . In w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , th e a v e r a g e w e e k of 42 h o u r s w a s l o n g e r t h a n in a n y of t h e o t h e r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s . A b o u t t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s , and n e a r l y a f o u r t h w o r k e d at l e a s t 48 h o u r s . A w e e k of l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s p r e v a i l e d f o r o n ly 1 of 9 w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s . W ag e C h a n g e s B e t w e e n J u n e of 1961 an d 1965, th e a r e a p a y l e v e l a d v a n c e d 20 c e n t s an h o u r ; 18 c e n t s of th e i n c r e a s e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e 3 - y e a r p e r i o d fo llo w in g th e J u n e 1962 s u r v e y . D u r i n g th e 4 y e a r s , th e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s p a i d l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 14 to 8 p e r c e n t , t h o s e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 d e c l i n e d f r o m 29 to 12 p e r c e n t , and t h o s e p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 d e c l i n e d f r o m 37 to 16 p e r c e n t . A t th e s a m e t i m e , th e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 1 . 3 0 o r m o r e w e n t f r o m 56 to 73 p e r c e n t . A t th e h i g h e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s , th e p r o p o r t i o n s p a i d at l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m 15 to 23 p e r c e n t . A b o v e th is p a y l e v e l , th e i m p r o v e m e n t d i m i n i s h e d u n t i l at $ 2 . 5 0 a n h o u r , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 1961 an d 1965 w a s o n ly 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s . _______ All industries________ Manufacturing_______ Nonmanufacturing ____________ June____________ _________ June____________ __________June___________ Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 21 31 37 47 51 57 68 84 16 21 24 29 32 46 61 81 (Cumulative percent) $ 1 . 0 0 ------------------$1.05 ------------------$1.15 ------------------$1. 20 ------------------$1.25 ------------------$1 .3 0 ------------------$1. 50 ------------------$2. 00 ------------------- 14 24 29 33 37 44 58 85 11 15 19 30 34 39 58 85 8 10 12 14 16 27 43 77 1 10 14 19 23 32 52 90 1 2 2 15 19 24 48 86 1 1 1 9 26 73 27 39 45 49 52 57 64 81 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)----------------- 251 273 296 130 144 155 121 129 141 Average hourly earnings - - $1.46 $1.48 $1.66 $1.52 $1. 58 $1. 79 $1.39 $1. 37 $1. 51 Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Less than 0. 5 percent. (M (M 15 M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E a r n i n g s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a d v a n c e d 27 c e n t s a n h o u r f r o m 1961, 7 c e n t s m o r e t h a n f o r a l l i n d u s t r i e s c o m b i n e d . T h is r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e i n c r e a s e r e f l e c t s c h a n g e s , e s p e c i a l l y at th e l o w e r l e v e l s , in t h e d i s t r i b u ti o n of e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s . B e t w e e n J u n e 1961, w h e n 23 p e r c e n t of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 , an d J u n e 1962, d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e the $ 1 . 15 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e , the p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g l e s s t h a n the l a t t e r a m o u n t d e c l i n e d f r o m 14 to 2 p e r c e n t . B e t w e e n 1962 an d 1965, d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e th e $ 1 . 2 5 m i n i m u m b e c a m e law , th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s th a n th e n e w s t a n d a r d d e c r e a s e d f r o m 19 to 1 p e r c e n t . T h u s , o v e r a 4 - y e a r p e r i o d , a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of n e a r l y a f o u r t h of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s r o s e f r o m s o m e p o in t b e l o w $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r to at l e a s t t h a t a m o u n t . D u r i n g th e s a m e s p a n of t i m e , e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 1 . 5 0 o r m o r e a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m h a l f to n e a r l y t h r e e - f o u r t h s , w h ile t h o s e e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r r o s e f r o m a t e n t h to a f o u r t h . A p r o p o r t i o n of t h e s e a d v a n c e s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d to f o u r r o u n d s of " a c r o s s - t h e - b o a r d 1' i n c r e a s e s g r a n t e d b y s o u t h e r n t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y e m p l o y e r s b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 and J u n e 1965, a f f e c t i n g m a n y e m p l o y e e s in p l a n t s in A s h e v i l l e . T h e a m o u n t s of t h e i n c r e a s e s , w h i c h c o v e r e d b o th w a g e s an d fringe benefits, v a rie d by plant but w e re a p p ro x im a te ly 5 p e rc e n t each. They b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e a r o u n d F e b r u a r y 1962, N o v e m b e r 1963, S e p t e m b e r 1964, an d b e g in n i n g in J u n e of 1 9 6 5 . 2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g o E a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n c r e a s e d 12 c e n t s a n h o u r s i n c e 1961. G r e a t e r i n c r e a s e s w e r e r e g i s t e r e d by e m p l o y e e s a t th e l o w e r an d m i d d l e l e v e l s of the e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n t h a n at the h i g h e r l e v e l s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 an h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m 73 to 84 p e r c e n t , t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 1 . 15 o r m o r e f r o m 55 to 76 p e r c e n t , an d t h o s e e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 2 5 f r o m 48 to 68 p e r c e n t . E m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 an h o u r , h o w e v e r , s h o w e d a p r o p o r t i o n a t e i m p r o v e m e n t of o n ly 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s a f t e r 4 y e a r s , an d t h e r e w a s on ly a s li g h t c h a n g e f u r t h e r u p the w a g e s c a l e . R e t a i l t r a d e e a r n i n g s a d v a n c e d 5 c e n t s o v e r t h e l e v e l r e c o r d e d in J u n e 1961 and 12 c e n t s o v e r th e J u n e 1962 a v e r a g e , M o s t of th e i n c r e a s e in e a r n i n g s b e n e f i t e d e m p l o y e e s at the l o w e r p a y l e v e l s . In 1961 an d 1962, o v e r h a l f th e Retail trade iu.qe. Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $1 .0 0 $1.05 $1.15 $1. 20 $1. 25 $1. 30 $1. 50 $2. 00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 47 52 57 61 66 75 89 28 45 57 63 67 71 84 93 22 29 35 46 50 60 72 91 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)---- 54 55 59 Average hourly earnings---------------------- $ 1 .2 7 $1 .2 0 $1.32 ^ Current Wage Developm ent (BLS Report Nos. 171, Mar. 1, 1962; 191, Nov. 1, 1963; 201, Sept, and 210, June 1. 1965). 1 1964; 16 e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 a n h o u r ; in 1965, t h e p r o p o r t i o n d e c l i n e d to a b o u t a t h i r d . S i m i l a r l y , w h il e t h r e e - f i f t h s to t w o - t h i r d s of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in th e e a r l i e r s u r v e y s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n h a d b e e n r e d u c e d to o n e h a l f in 1965. M a n y of t h e s e e m p l o y e e s , e i t h e r in d i r e c t r e s p o n s e to o r t h r o u g h th e i n d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e of th e 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to th e F L S A , p r e s u m a b l y m o v e d f r o m l o w e r w a g e l e v e l s into th e $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 and $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 i n t e r v a l s , f o r th e p r o p o r t i o n s in e a c h w e r e a b o u t a t e n t h in J u n e 1965, d o u b l e th e a m o u n t in 1961 an d 1962. T o w a r d th e h i g h e r l e v e l s of th e p a y s c a l e , w a g e c h a n g e s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 an d at l e a s t $ 2 d i f f e r e d b y no m o r e t h a n 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s f r o m th e 1961 l e v e l s . T h e a v e r a g e w a g e l e v e l a d v a n c e d 12 c e n t s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , and 14 c e n t s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965. In b o t h g r o u p s , l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s h a d th e m o s t n o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s in e a r n i n g s . In e a c h of th e i n d u s t r i e s a b o u t a f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in J u n e 1961, b u t v i r t u a l l y a ll w e r e at t h i s l e v e l o r h i g h e r in 1965. A l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s no s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e in e a r n i n g s a t t h e m i d d l e of th e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n , th e p r o p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 i n c r e a s e d f r o m a n in t h to a s i x t h , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 3 an h o u r o r m o r e i n c r e a s e d f r o m a t w e n t i e t h to a s ix t h . T h e s h a r p e s t i n c r e a s e in t h e a r e a o c c u r r e d a m o n g th e l o w e r p a i d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e e m p l o y e e s . In J u n e 1961, a l l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d a t l e a s t $1 an h o u r bu t a f o u r t h w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d b e t w e e n $1 and $ 1 . 0 5 a n h o u r , t w o - f i f t h s h a d e a r n i n g s of l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 15, an d n e a r l y h a l f r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 0 By 1962, v i r t u a l l y a l l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 1 . 1 5 b u t a f o u r t h w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 1 5 an d $ 1 . 2 0 a l t h o u g h the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 h a d b e e n r e d u c e d to b e l o w t w o - f i f t h s . T h r e e y e a r s l a t e r a l l b u t 4 p e r c e n t of th e w h o l e s a l e t r a d e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 1 . 25 an h o u r o r m o r e b u t a t h i r d w e r e g r o u p e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 5 an d $ 1 . 3 0 . S in c e t h e r e w a s l i t t l e c h a n g e o v e r t h e 4 y e a r s in th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ l o 50 o r m o r e , t h e r e w a s a d e c i d e d c o m p r e s s i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g b e t w e e n $ 1 0 25 to $ 1 . 5 0 o Average hourly earnings 1961 Contract construction Transportation, comm unication, and public utilities W holesale trade June June June 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cum ulative percent) Under $ 1 .0 0 ---------------------- Under $ 1 .0 5 ---------------------Under $1. 1 5 ---------------------Under $1. 2 0 ---------------------Under $ 1 .2 5 ---------------------- Under $ 1 .3 0 ---------------------- Under $ 1 .5 0 ---------------------Under $2. 0 0 ---------------------- (1) 16 21 25 27 36 42 56 (1) 3 5 19 21 29 37 62 (1) 1 1 1 1 26 41 59 7 15 20 23 25 29 35 60 1 4 5 14 18 28 38 64 1 1 2 2 3 17 32 58 (1) 26 40 42 48 57 64 86 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)------------------- 15 16 19 11 13 17 Average hourly earnings---- -$1 .7 3 $1.78 $1.85 $1.85 $1.82 $1.99 Less than 0. 5 percent., 68 88 (1) (!) 1 2 4 40 62 87 12 12 13 $1.43 $1.47 $1.51 (U 1 1 26 37 48 17 Durham, N.C. T h e D u r h a m m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a l i e s in n o r t h c e n t r a l N o r t h C a r o l i n a a n d is n o t e d f o r t o b a c c o a n d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s . D u r h a m is a l s o a l o o s e l e a f t o b a c c o m a r k e t a n d the s i t e of D u k e U n i v e r s i t y . In I960, th e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , w h ic h is c o e x t e n s i v e w i th D u r h a m C o u n ty , h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 1 2 ,0 0 0 . O v e r 2 3 , 0 0 0 n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e w i th i n the s c o p e of the s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d in J u n e 1965. M a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r m o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y m e n t , t w o - t h i r d s of th i s in t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s p l a n t s a n d t e x t i l e m i l l s . R e t a i l t r a d e d o m i n a t e d th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g g r o u p , e m p l o y i n g m o r e t h a n a t h i r d of th e w o r k f o r c e . T h is p r o p o r t i o n w a s a b o u t d o u b l e t h a t of th e n e x t l a r g e s t n o n m a n u facturing industry. Earnings A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e $ 1 . 8 3 in J u n e 1965 (tab le 3). T h e m e d i a n p a y r a t e w a s $ 1 . 7 3 a n h o u r . E a r n in g s of the m i d d l e h a l f of the w o r k f o r c e e x t e n d e d f r o m $ 1. 29 to $ 2 . 33 a n h o u r . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . M a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d $2.16 a n h o u r . R e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s w e r e at th e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s — a l l but a s ix t h w e r e e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 1. 50 a n h o u r . A l m o s t h a l f of th e l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s w e r e in th e food p r o c e s s i n g a n d t e x t i l e i n d u s t r i e s . F u r t h e r up the p a y s c a l e , a b o u t t h r e e - f i f t h s of the m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e e a r n e d $ 2 o r m o r e a n d a f o u r t h r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 a n h o u r . T h e t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y , w h ic h c o n t a i n e d l e s s t h a n h a l f of the m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , a c c o u n t e d f o r t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g $2 o r m o r e , a n d o v e r f o u r - f i f t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 an h o u r . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s at $1.58 a n h o u r w e r e 58 c e n t s l o w e r t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . M u c h of the d i s p a r i t y in e a r n i n g s l e v e l s b e t w e e n th e two g r o u p s r e f l e c t s the g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g r a t h e r t h a n of m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s a t the l o w e r p a y l e v e l s . F o r e x a m p l e , n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r w h il e a ll but 2 p e r c e n t of t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n e d at l e a s t t h a t a m o u n t . S i m i l a r l y , n e a r l y a f o u r t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 2 o r m o r e a n h o u r bu t th i s w a s o n ly a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s of th e p r o p o r t i o n of m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w i th s u c h e a r n i n g s . M o r e o v e r , a s e v e n t h of the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s th a n $ 1 a n h o u r , m o s t of w h o m w e r e e m p l o y e d in e a tin g a n d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s a n d m o t e l s , a n d l a u n d r i e s . A n e i g h t h of the e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 5 a n d $ 1 . 3 0 w h i c h w a s a b o u t d o u b le the m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o p o r t i o n at t h i s l e v e l . E a r n i n g s in r e t a i l t r a d e a v e r a g e d $ 1. 36 an h o u r ; h o w e v e r , t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n t h i s a m o u n t , a n d a fifth e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r . O n ly a s e v e n t h of the e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d a s m u c h a s $ 2 a n h o u r . R o u g h ly a n e i g h t h of th e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d a t e a c h of two p a y i n t e r v a l s — $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1. 20 a n d $ 1. 25 to $ 1. 30. T h e $ 1 . 1 5 r a t e w a s the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e a p p l i c a b l e to m o s t e m p l o y e e s in l a r g e r e t a i l o r g a n i z a t i o n s a t th e t i m e of th e s u r v e y , w h il e $ 1. 25 w a s th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e t h a t w a s to b e c o m e o b l i g a t o r y in S e p t e m b e r 1965 f o r s u c h e m p l o y e e s , 3 m o n t h s a f t e r the s u r v e y p e r i o d . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in th e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e i n d u s t r i e s , w h i c h t o g e t h e r e m p l o y e d c l o s e to t h r e e - t e n t h s of the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , v a r i e d by on ly 1 c e n t , a m o u n t i n g to $ 1. 83 a n d $ 1. 82 r e s p e c t i v e l y , bu t the d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n d i v id u a l e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s d i f f e r e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y . A fifth of the c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s c o n c e n t r a t e d a t o r j u s t a b o v e $ 1 . 2 5 , a n d t w o - f i f t h s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r . A t the h i g h e r 18 p a y l e v e l s , t w o - f i f t h s e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 , a n d a n o t h e r fifth e a r n e d $ 2 . 50 a n h o u r o r m o r e . In f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h e r e w a s no s i g n i f i c a n t c l u s t e r i n g of e m p l o y m e n t a b o u t the $ 1. 25 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e , a n d f e w e r t h a n a f o u r t h e a r n e d u n d e r $ 1. 50 a n h o u r ; on the o t h e r h a n d , f e w e r t h a n a tenth re c e iv e d $ 2 .5 0 o r m o re . T ra n s p o rta tio n , co m m u n ica tio n , and public u tilities e m plo y ees a v e ra g e d $ 2 . 0 3 a n h o u r . T h r e e - f o u r t h s of the e m p l o y e e s in t h i s i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n , w h i c h a c c o u n t e d fo r a n e i g h t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , e a r n e d a t l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r , o v e r t w o - f i f t h s a t l e a s t $ 2, a n d n e a r l y a f o u r t h $ 2 . 5 0 o r m o r e . H ours T h e c o m b i n e d w o r k w e e k s of a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s c a m e to a n a v e r a g e of 38 h o u r s (tab le 11). D u r h a m w a s the o n ly a r e a a m o n g t h e e i g h t s t u d i e d w i th an a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k of l e s s t h a n 40 h o u r s . A l th o u g h m o r e t h a n h a l f of th e w o r k f o r c e w a s e m p l o y e d 40 h o u r s o r l o n g e r d u r i n g the s u r v e y w e e k , a s u b s t a n t i a l s e g m e n t — c l o s e to t h r e e - t e n t h s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , l o w e r i n g the a v e r a g e l e n g t h of the w o r k w e e k . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s 39 h o u r s . O n e t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , t h r e e - t e n t h s w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , a n d a s ix t h w o r k e d a t l e a s t 48 h o u r s . N e a r l y f o u r - f i f t h s of t h o s e w o r k i n g l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s w e r e in the t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y , t r a c e a b l e to a l a r g e g r o u p of c i g a r e t t e p l a n t e m p l o y e e s w ho w o r k e d 32 h o u r s d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k . T w o - f i f t h s of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k i n g 48 h o u r s o r m o r e w e r e in th e t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 38 h o u r s d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k , th e s a m e a s th e a l l - e m p l o y e e a v e r a g e . T h e w e e k l y h o u r s w e r e m o r e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , a fifth e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s (the m o s t c o m m o n s i n g l e w o r k w e e k ) , a n d a l m o s t a fifth w o r k e d a t l e a s t 48 h o u r s . P a r t t i m e e m p l o y m e n t w a s p r e v a l e n t in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , r e t a i l t r a d e , a n d s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s , w h i l e long w e e k s w e r e c o m m o n only in r e t a i l t r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s . R e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s a l s o a v e r a g e d a 3 8 - h o u r w e e k . A b o u t t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e i t h e r w o r k i n g p a r t t i m e ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s ) o r h a d long w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) . In c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , w h e r e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a n d f l u c t u a t i n g d e m a n d s f o r l a b o r t e n d to i n f lu e n c e the l e n g t h of the w o r k w e e k m o r e so t h a n in m o s t o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , a v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s c a m e to 35. C l o s e to t w o - f i f t h s of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s . A s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n , a fifth, of the c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s , b u t th e p r o p o r t i o n w o r k i n g m o r e th a n 48 h o u r s w a s l e s s t h a n a t e n th . The a v e ra g e w o rk w eek am ong tra n s p o rta tio n , co m m u n ica tio n , and public u tili t i e s e m p l o y e e s w a s 42 h o u r s . O v e r h a l f th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , a n d f e w e r t h a n a t e n t h w o r k e d p a r t t i m e . A s e v e n t h w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . E m p l o y e e s in f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e b u s i n e s s e s h a d a w o r k w e e k of 37 h o u r s on the a v e r a g e . A b o u t h a l f w o r k e d b e t w e e n 35 a n d 38 h o u r s a n d o v e r f o u r - f i f t h s l e s s t h a n 40 h o u r ° 19 Wage C hanges T h e w a g e l e v e l of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in D u r h a m r o s e 18 c e n t s a n h o u r b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 a n d J u n e 1965. S e v e n c e n t s of t h i s r i s e o c c u r r e d d u r in g th e 1- y e a r p e r i o d fo llo w in g th e f i r s t s u r v e y , a n d 11 c e n t s o c c u r r e d o v e r the n e x t 3 y e a r s . The in c re a s e affected em plo y ees throughout the pay scale, although the m a g n i t u d e of c h a n g e v a r i e d by i n d u s t r y d i v i s io n . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m m o r e t h a n a f o u r t h in 1961 to a s ix t h in 1965 a lt h o u g h the p r o p o r t i o n p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1 r e m a i n e d c l o s e to a te n th . E a r n i n g s a l s o a d v a n c e d f o r e m p l o y e e s f u r t h e r up the p a y s c a l e . F o r e x a m p l e , the p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m t h r e e - t e n t h s to t w o - f i f t h s . Manufacturing______ All industries______ June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 Nonmanufacturing June 1961 1962 June 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $1 .0 0 ------------------Under $1.05 ------------------Under $1.15 ------------------Under $1 .2 0 ------------------Under $1.25 ------------------Under $ 1 . 3 0 ------------------Under $1 .5 0 ------------------Under $2. 00 ------------------- 10 18 22 25 27 32 44 71 9 14 18 27 29 33 44 66 8 11 12 15 16 26 38 60 1 5 8 10 12 14 27 58 1 2 3 11 13 15 27 51 1 1 1 2 2 8 17 39 18 30 35 38 41 48 59 82 15 25 31 39 42 48 59 79 14 19 21 26 28 41 54 77 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)--------------- 225 246 231 106 113 102 119 133 130 Average hourly earnings-- $1.65 $1. 72 $1. 83 $1. 85 $1. 93 $2.16 $ 1 .4 7 $1.53 $1.58 M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E a r n i n g s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n c r e a s e d 31 c e n t s a n h o u r in 4 y e a r s . R a i s i n g the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e f o r m o s t m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s f r o m $ 1 to $ 1. 25 b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965, r a i s e d t h e e a r n i n g s of e m p l o y e e s p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 to a t l e a s t t h a t l e v e l . H o w e v e r , e v e n in 1961 w h e n th e l o w e r s t a n d a r d w a s in e ff e c t, o n ly a n e i g h t h of the e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 a n h o u r . C h a n g e s h i g h e r in th e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t . E a r n i n g s of $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e w e r e r e c e i v e d by s l i g h t l y o v e r t w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s in 1961, bu t by 1965 the p r o p o r t i o n h a d r i s e n to t h r e e - f i f t h s . E v e n m o r e p r o n o u n c e d w a s the c h a n g e in the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 , w h i c h r o s e f r o m a t w e lf th in 1961 to m o r e t h a n a f o u r t h in 1965. A p o r t i o n of t h e s e c h a n g e s m a y be a t t r i b u t e d to two g e n e r a l w a g e i n c r e a s e s in the t o b a c c o i n d u s t r y , on e of l l/z p e r c e n t in O c t o b e r 1961, a n d one of 8 V4 p e r c e n t in N o v e m b e r 1964. 3 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e l e v e l of e a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n c r e a s e d 11 c e n t s a n h o u r s i n c e th e J u n e 1961 s u r v e y . I m p r o v e m e n t s o c c u r r e d a t a l l p a y l e v e l s , b u t t h e y w e r e m o s t s t r i k i n g a t th e l o w e r i n t e r v a l s . A l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s l i t t l e c h a n g e in the p r o p o r t i o n p a i d l e s s t h a n $1 a n h o u r , th e d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n $ 1 a n d $ 1. 25 c h a n g e d s h a r p l y . F o r e x a m p l e , th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 15 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m m o r e t h a n a t h i r d to a fifth , w h il e th e p r o p o r t i o n p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 w e n t f r o m t w o - f i f t h s to a b o u t a f o u r t h . M o s t of t h i s c h a n g e to o k p l a c e b e t w e e n J u n e 1962 a n d J u n e 1965, c o i n c i d i n g w ith th e m i n i m u m w a g e m o v e m e n t f r o m $ 1— e f f e c t i v e a t th e t i m e of the 1961 s tu d y f o r c e r t a i n n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s — to $ 1. 15 a n d $ 1. 25. F u r t h e r u p th e w a g e s c a l e , the c h a n g e s w e r e l e s s p r o n o u n c e d . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 2 o r m o r e , f o r e x a m p l e , i n c r e a s e d f r o m n e a r l y a fifth to a b o u t a f o u r t h . 3 Current Wage Developm ents (BLS Report Nos. 168, Dec. 1, 1961; and 204, D ec. 1, 1964). 20 T h e l e v e l of e a r n i n g s in r e t a i l t r a d e f l u c t u a t e d b u t d id n o t c h a n g e s u b s t a n t i a l l y o v e r 4 y e a r s — a 4 - c e n t d e c l i n e b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1962 w a s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y o f f s e t b y a 3 - c e n t i n c r e a s e b e t w e e n 1962 a n d 1965. T h e r e w a s a d e c i d e d i m p r o v e m e n t in e a r n i n g s a t th e l o w e r l e v e l s of th e d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r w a s the s a m e in 1965 a s in 1961, but a g r a d u a l r i s e in e a r n i n g s o c c u r r e d w ith i n th is g r o u p . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r , 28 p e r c e n t in 1961, d e c r e a s e d to 21 p e r c e n t , a n d the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 15 d e c l i n e d f r o m 42 to 31 p e r c e n t . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e , th e p r o p o r t io n e a r n i n g $ 1 to $ 1. 05 a n h o u r d id not c h a n g e , bu t t h o s e r e c e i v i n g b e t w e e n $ 1. 15 a n d $ 1 . 2 0 a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m 3 to 12 p e r c e n t . T h e s e m o v e m e n t s c a n be a t t r i b u t e d to th e i n f lu e n c e of c h a n g e s s i n c e 1961 in the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e w h i c h in 1964 s t i p u l a t e d a t l e a s t a $ 1 . 15 r a t e f o r m a n y n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in l a r g e r e t a i l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . (At the t i m e of th e 1965 s u r v e y , o n e t h i r d of th e r e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n . ) A t o t h e r l e v e l s of the e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n , a s n o t e d in th e a c c o m p a n y i n g t a b l e , t h e r e w a s l it t l e c h a n g e . Average hourly earnings 1961 Under $ 1 .0 0 -----------------------------Under $ 1 .0 5 ------------------------------------Under $ 1 .1 5 ------------------------------------Under $ 1 .2 0 ------------------------------------Under $1. 2 5 ------------------------------------Under $ 1 .3 0 ------------------------------------Under $ 1 .5 0 ----------------------------Under $2. 0 0 -----------------------------Number of em ployees (in hundreds) Average hourly earnings --------------- — 28 36 42 45 47 54 66 85 40 $1 .3 7 Retail trade June 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) 21 23 43 28 51 31 55 43 58 46 63 59 71 75 89 86 45 46 $1.33 $1.36 In t h r e e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , the i n c r e a s e in e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965 w a s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t f o r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s . T h e a d v a n c e in th e f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e g r o u p w a s 25 c e n t s a n h o u r ; in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s , 24 c e n t s an h o u r ; a n d in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , 18 c e n t s . In a l l t h r e e , the g r e a t e s t c h a n g e o c c u r r e d a m o n g e m p l o y e e s p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 an h o u r , the p r o p o r t i o n s of w h o m r a n g e d f r o m a f o u r t h to t h r e e - t e n t h s in 1961, a n d d e c l i n e d to no g r e a t e r t h a n a t w e lf th in 1965. Contract construction June 1962 1965 Average hourly earnings 1961 1 Under $1. 0 0 ----------------------l 1) 7 22 Under $1. 0 5 ----------------------10 28 Under $1. 1 5 ----------------------25 29 Under $ 1 . 2 0 ----------------------27 30 Under $1. 2 5 ----------------------37 42 Under $ 1 .3 0 ----------------------44 46 Under $ 1 .5 0 ----------------------73 69 Under $ 2 .0 0 ------------- -------Number of em ployees 25 25 (in hundreds)------------------Average hourly earnings------ $1. 65 $1. 71 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. (*> 4 4 8 8 28 41 60 23 $1. 83 Transportation, comm unication, and public utilities June 1962 1965 1961 (Cumulative percent) 1 2 6 1 3 8 4 14 3 5 19 18 20 5 25 10 25 32 24 39 36 64 59 67 12 $1. 79 14 $1.86 16 $2.03 Finance, insurance, and real estate June 1962 1965 1961 4 9 15 22 28 36 52 82 1 7 11 19 22 29 48 76 2 2 2 3 3 8 23 69 12 $ 1 .5 7 15 $1.69 13 $1.82 21 A t o t h e r p o i n t s in th e w a g e s c a l e , the c h a n g e s w e r e m o r e v a r i e d . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of f i n a n c e e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 an h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m a b o u t a h a l f to a f o u r t h , w h il e t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 2 o r m o r e i n c r e a s e d f r o m a s i x t h to t h r e e - t e n t h s . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 d e c r e a s e d f r o m n e a r l y t w o - f i f t h s to a f o u r t h , w h il e t h o s e w i th e a r n i n g s of $ 2 o r m o r e r o s e f r o m a t h i r d to t w o - f i f t h s . T h e d e c l i n e f r o m 46 p e r c e n t to 41 p e r c e n t in th e p r o p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 w a s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l , bu t th e p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 i n c r e a s e d f r o m a b o u t a f o u r t h in 1961 to t w o - f i f t h s . Lake Charles, La. T h e L a k e C h a r l e s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , c o m p r i s i n g C a l c a s i e u P a r i s h , is s i t u a t e d in s o u t h w e s t e r n L o u i s i a n a b o r d e r i n g on T e x a s , a n d in I9 6 0 c o n t a i n e d a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 4 5 ,5 0 0 . A l t h o u g h l o c a t e d in l a n d , L a k e C h a r l e s , t h r o u g h th e u s e of a d e e p w a t e r c h a n n e l to th e G u lf of M e x i c o , f u n c t io n s a s a s h i p p i n g c e n t e r f o r th e r i c e , c o t to n , oil a n d p e t r o c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s p r o d u c e d in th e a r e a . A b o u t 1 5 , 4 0 0 n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e w ith in s c o p e of t h e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y . C l o s e to t w o - f i f t h s of t h e s e w e r e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . N e a r l y t w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w e r e in r e t a i l t r a d e . E a r n i n g s 4* N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d $ 2 . 2 2 an h o u r in J u n e 1965 a g r o u p , w e r e t h e h i g h e s t p a i d a m o n g t h e e ig h t a r e a s s t u d i e d ( t a b le 4). e a r n i n g s , th e a m o u n t a b o v e an d b e l o w w h ic h h a l f th e e m p l o y e e s lie , $ 2 . 0 5 a n h o u r . A f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 1 . 3 0 o r l e s s an d e a r n e d in e x c e s s of $ 3 . 3 3 an h o u r . a n d , as M edian c a m e to a fourth M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g r e c e i v e d an a v e r a g e of $2.93 an h o u r , 71 c e n t s m o r e t h a n th e a l l - i n d u s t r y a v e r a g e . A ll b u t a s i x t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r an d n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s h a d e a r n i n g s of $ 3 o r m o r e . T h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h - p a y i n g p e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g an d p e t r o c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s e m p l o y e d t h r e e - f o u r t h s of th e a r e a ’s m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e bu t l e s s t h a n t h r e e - t e n t h s of t o t a l a r e a e m p l o y m e n t . Y et, e m p l o y e e s in t h e s e two i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r v i r t u a l l y a ll of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s an d c l o s e to t w o t h i r d s of t h o s e in the a r e a a s a w h o le who e a r n e d $ 2 . 5 0 an h o u r o r m o r e . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w a g e l e v e l in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , $ 1 . 7 9~ w a s $ 1. 14 an h o u r l e s s t h a n th e a v e r a g e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , b u t o n ly 4 c e n t s b e l o w t h a t of t h e l e a d i n g m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s t u d i e d . T h u s , th e w id e s p r e a d in a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s b e t w e e n th e two g r o u p s of i n d u s t r i e s c a n be l a r g e l y a t t r i b u t e d to a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h e a r n i n g s l e v e l in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A s ix t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r . E a t i n g an d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s an d m o t e l s , and l a u n d r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r a n e i g h t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , but f o r t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h o s e at th is e a r n i n g s le v e l . T h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r an d h a l f r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 . On the o t h e r h a n d , n e a r l y a t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s h a d e a r n i n g s of $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e . 22 R e t a i l t r a d e e a r n i n g s c a m e to $ 1 . 3 5 a n h o u r , 44 c e n t s b e l o w th e a v e r a g e f o r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . C l o s e to a f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 , h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 , an d t w o - t h i r d s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 .5 0 an hour. A lthough re ta il tr a d e accounted for slightly less than tw o-fifths of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , it c o n t a i n e d m o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s p a id l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r . A n e i g h t h of t h e em plo y ees w e re c lu ste re d at o r n e a r the $ 1 .1 5 F e d e r a l m in im u m wage a p p li c a b l e d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y to m o s t e m p l o y e e s in l a r g e r e t a i l e n t e r p r i s e s . R e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s , a n e i g h t h , e a r n e d a s m u c h a s $ 2 an h o u r . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in th e f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e i n d u s t r y , an d in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , w h i c h t o g e t h e r e m p l o y e d 1 o u t of 7 n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , w e r e $ 1 . 5 7 an d $ 1 . 6 7 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A n e i g h t h of the f i n a n c e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 an d a b o u t h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r . A s i x t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 2 an h o u r o r m o r e . In w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , few e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r , b u t n e a r l y a fifth w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d at o r j u s t a b o v e th i s l e v e l . A f o u r t h of th e w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g at le a s t $2 an hour. M o s t of th e h i g h e r p a i d n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e in th e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s r e a c h e d r e s p e c t i v e a v e r a g e s of $ 2 . 9 2 an d $ 2 0 35 a n h o u r . T h e s e i n d u s t r i e s , a s a g r o u p , a c c o u n t e d f o r o n e - t h i r d of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , b u t f o r t w o - t h i r d s of t h o s e e a r n i n g m o r e t h a n $ 2 a n h o u r . N e a r l y t h r e e - f o u r t h s of th e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r an d c l o s e to h a l f e a r n e d $ 3 o r m o r e . T h e r e w a s a l a r g e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s in l o w e r p a y i n t e r v a l s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s . A b o u t a f o u r t h in t h i s s e c o n d g r o u p e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 , bu t m o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s r e c e i v e d at l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r an d t h r e e - t e n t h s e a r n e d a t le a st $ 3 an hour. Hours D u r i n g t h e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y , th e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in L a k e C h a r l e s w a s 41 h o u r s ( t a b l e 12). T h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k , 40 h o u r s , e n g a g e d t w o - f i f t h s of th e a r e a ' s n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s . O n ly a b o u t a s e v e n t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e w o r k i n g p a r t t i m e ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k ) , w h il e a l a r g e r p o r t i o n , m o r e t h a n a fifth, h ad lon g w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . M a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 42 h o u r s a w e e k . O v e r h a l f of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s and a s i x t h w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e Q O n ly 5 p e r c e n t of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d p a r t t i m e . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e e k l y h o u r s in th e m a j o r i n d u s t r i e s , oil r e f i n i n g and p e t r o c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s , w a s s i m i l a r to th e a l l - i n d u s t r y s c a l e , e x c e p t t h a t 4 0 - h o u r w e e k s w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t — t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s h a d s u c h h o u r s . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 40 h o u r s d u r i n g the J u n e s u r v e y w e e k . In c o n t r a s t to m a n u f a c t u r i n g , th e d i s t r i b u ti o n of w e e k l y h o u r s w a s m o r e e v e n l y s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s c a l e . N e a r l y a fifth of th e e m p l o y e e s , f o r e x a m p l e , w o r k e d p a r t t i m e an d m o r e t h a n a f o u r t h h a d lon g w o r k w e e k s , w h ile o n ly a b o u t a t h i r d w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e e k l y h o u r s in r e t a i l t r a d e , w h e r e t h e a v e r a g e w a s a l s o 40 h o u r s , w a s s i m i l a r to t h a t f o r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s e x c e p t t h a t s l i g h t l y f e w e r , a f o u r t h , w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s an d s l i g h t l y m o r e , t h r e e t e n t h s , h a d lon g w o r k w e e k s . 23 C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s a w e e k , on th e a v e r a g e . N e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k , a l ik e p r o p o r t i o n w a s e m p l o y e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , and a f o u r t h w o r k e d at l e a s t 48 h o u r s . H o u r s of w o r k in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s v a r i e d w i d e l y b y i n d i v i d u a l i n d u s t r y , b u t a v e r a g e d out to 39 h o u r s . A b o u t a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d p a r t t i m e an d a s i x t h w o r k e d lon g h o u r s , b u t a w o r k w e e k of 40 h o u r s e n g a g e d h a l f of the e m p l o y e e s . E m p l o y e e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e h a d a l o n g e r a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k , 44 h o u r s , t h a n t h o s e in th e o t h e r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s . W h ile t w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p r o p o r t i o n , t h r e e - t e n t h s , w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e , and o n ly a t w e l f t h w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e w a s a l s o 40 h o u r s . T w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , an d a b o u t a fifth w e r e e m p l o y e d b e t w e e n 35 and 39 h o u r s . O n ly a t e n t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , b u t th is w a s a b o u t t w ic e the p r o p o r t i o n h a v in g a lon g w o r k w e e k . Wage Changes E a r n i n g s of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s in L a k e C h a r l e s i n c r e a s e d 17 c e n t s an h o u r b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 a n d J u n e 1965. T h e a d v a n c e in w a g e s , w h i c h w a s e v i d e n t t h r o u g h o u t the p a y s c a l e , w a s g r e a t e r at c e r t a i n p a y l e v e l s t h a n at o t h e r s . F o r exam ple, the p ro p o rtio n earn in g le ss than $ 1 .2 5 an hour declined fro m 27 p e r c e n t to 19 p e r c e n t , b u t the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d by o n ly 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s — f r o m 37 to 34 p e r c e n t . F u r t h e r up th e p a y s c a l e , th e p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d o n ly s l i g h t l y , f r o m 49 to 51 p e r c e n t , w h il e th e i n c r e a s e in t h o s e r e c e i v i n g at l e a s t $ 3 an h o u r w a s g r e a t e r , f r o m 23 to 31 p e r c e n t . T h e c h a n g e s in th e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e m o r e e v i d e n t at th e l o w e r an d u p p e r p a y l e v e l s t h a n in th e m i d d l e r e a c h e s . T h is p a t t e r n c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d to d i f f e r e n c e s in th e m o v e m e n t of e a r n i n g s in the m a n u f a c t u r i n g an d n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y g r o u p s . W ith r e l a t i v e l y few e m ployees earn in g less than $2 an hour, m a n u fa c tu rin g in c r e a s e s w e re n e c e s s a r ily c o n fin e d to t h e u p p e r p a y l e v e l s , w h e r e a s , in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g l i t t l e o r no change o c c u r r e d beyond the $ 1 .2 5 level. All industries_____ _____ Manufacturing______ June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 Nonmanufacturing June 1965 1961 1962 June 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 18 23 25 27 30 37 51 9 13 16 22 23 27 34 47 10 12 14 17 19 25 34 49 (M 3 6 7 7 10 13 19 (1) 1 4 7 8 10 12 16 (1) (1) (!) (!) (!) 7 9 17 18 25 31 33 36 39 49 66 13 19 23 29 31 37 46 63 17 20 22 28 30 37 49 68 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)----------------- 184 188 154 58 65 59 126 123 95 Average hourly earnings-- $2.05 $2. 15 $2. 22 $ 2 .6 7 $2. 69 $2. 93 $1. 77 $1. 87 $1. 79 Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $1 .0 0 $1.05 $1.15 $1 .2 0 $1.25 $1. 3 0 $1.50 $2. 0 0 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. 24 M a n u f a c t u r i n g . In 1965, e a r n i n g s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w e r e 26 c e n t s a n h o u r a b o v e th e 1961 l e v e l . A ll bu t 2 c e n t s of t h i s i n c r e a s e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g th e 3 y e a r s fo llo w in g t h e 1962 s tu d y . B e c a u s e of t h e d o m i n a n c e of h i g h - p a y i n g i n d u s t r y in th e a r e a , c h a n g e s in t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e e x e r t e d l it t l e i n f l u e n c e on t h e e a r n i n g s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , of w h o m o n ly 7 p e r c e n t e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in 1961. A t th e u p p e r p a y l e v e l s , h o w e v e r , s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s to o k p l a c e o v e r t h e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d . T w o - t h i r d s of the e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g $ 2 . 5 0 a n h o u r o r m o r e in 1961, bu t b y 1965 th e p r o p o r t i o n h a d g r o w n to t h r e e - f o u r t h s . S i m i l a r l y , th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 3 a n h o u r e x p a n d e d f r o m f e w e r t h a n h a l f in 1961 to n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s by 1965. N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . C h a n g e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g s v a r i e d w i d e l y by i n d u s t r y , t h o u g h t h e o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965 w a s o n ly 2 c e n t s a n h o u r . L o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s b e n e f i t e d m o r e t h a n t h o s e at t h e m i d d l e an d u p p e r l e v e l s of t h e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 an d $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d by 9 an d 6 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s d u r i n g th e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d , b u t t h e r e w a s l it t l e o r no c h a n g e e l s e w h e r e in th e e a r n i n g s d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n c e 1961. R e t a i l t r a d e e a r n i n g s r o s e 7 c e n t s s i n c e 1961, p r i m a r i l y r e f l e c t i n g i n c r e a s e d e a r n i n g s of e m p l o y e e s at th e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e b e l o w th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e e s t a b l i s h e d in S e p t e m b e r 1961 f o r e m p l o y e e s of m o s t l a r g e r e t a i l e n t e r p r i s e s . In J u n e 1961, p r i o r to the e f f e c t i v e d a t e of t h e m i n i m u m w a g e , a b o u t a t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 an h o u r and o v e r h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 . By J u n e 1962, w h e n a $1 m i n i m u m w a g e w a s a p p l i c a b l e f o r a b o u t h a l f of t h e L a k e C h a r l e s r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 a n d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 d e c l i n e d to a f o u r t h and t w o - f i f t h s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . In J u n e 1965, th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 w a s t h e s a m e , b u t o n ly a t h i r d h a d e a r n i n g s b e l o w $ 1 . 1 5 , t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e t h e n a p p l i c a b l e in l a r g e r e t a i l o p e r a t i o n s . A s a r e s u l t of t h e s e c h a n g e s , the p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 1 5 a n h o u r r o s e f r o m l e s s t h a n h a l f in 1961 to m o r e t h a n t w o - t h i r d s in 1965. T h e e l e v a t i o n of e a r n i n g s at t h e l o w e r p a y i n t e r v a l s r e a c h e d th e $ 1 . 2 5 p o in t b e f o r e l e v e l i n g ( $ 1 . 2 5 w a s to b e c o m e th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e f o r c o v e r e d e m p l o y e e s in S e p t e m b e r 1965, 3 m o n t h s a f t e r th e s u r v e y p e r i o d ) . W a g e c h a n g e s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a t o t h e r p o i n t s alo n g t h e w a g e s c a l e . Retail trade June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $1 .0 0 -------------------------------------Under $1.05 --------------------------------------Under $1.15 --------------------------------------Under $1 .2 0 -------------------------------------Under $1.25 --------------------------------------Under $1.30 -------------------------------------Under $1 .5 0 -------------------------------------Under $2. 0 0 ------------- ------------------------ 34 47 55 57 60 62 73 86 23 34 42 45 46 52 62 80 23 29 32 44 48 55 68 88 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)---- 50 43 37 Average hourly earnings---------------------- $1.28 $1 .5 0 $1. 35 T h e w a g e l e v e l a d v a n c e d 23 c e n t s an h o u r in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n an d 30 c e n t s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , and p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s . B e c a u s e of g e n e r a l l y h ig h w a g e s p r e v a i l i n g in t h e s e i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , m o s t of the c h a n g e a f f e c t e d e m p l o y e e s at t h e u p p e r l e v e l s of the d i s t r i b u t i o n . In c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c tio n t h e r e w a s h a r d l y a n y c h a n g e in th e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 3 an 25 h o u r , f o r e x a m p l e . A l th o u g h the p r o p o r t i o n of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 18 to 5 p e r c e n t , the s h a r p e s t c h a n g e o c c u r r e d in the p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 3 an h o u r , w h i c h r o s e f r o m 7 to 29 p e r c e n t . W h o l e s a l e t r a d e e a r n i n g s r o s e 17 c e n t s b e t w e e n 1961 an d 1965. T he s h a r p e s t c h a n g e o v e r the 4 y e a r s w a s a m o n g e m p l o y e e s at the l o w e r p a y l e v e l s , a l t h o u g h h i g h e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s a l s o e x p e r i e n c e d an i n c r e a s e . In 1961, 36 p e r c e n t of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r ; b y 1965, the p r o p o r t i o n w a s on ly 3 p e r c e n t . At t h e s a m e t i m e , the p r o p o r t i o n in th e $ 1 . 25 to $ 1 . 30 w a g e i n t e r v a l i n c r e a s e d f r o m 6 to 19 p e r c e n t . M o s t w h o l e s a l e t r a d e e m p l o y e e s a r e in f i r m s s u b j e c t to p r o v i s i o n s of the F L S A . F u r t h e r up the w a g e s c a l e , the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e a d v a n c e d f r o m 14 to 24 p e r c e n t . Average hourly earnings Contract construction Transportation, com m unication, and public utilities W holesale ________ trade_______ Finance, insurance, and real estate June June June June 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 7 11 15 20 21 25 43 79 5 5 9 12 13 24 52 84 8 7 (Cum ulative percent) Under $ 1 .0 0 ---------------------Under $1. 0 5 ---------------------Under $1. 1 5 ---------------------Under $ 1 .2 0 ---------------------Under $ 1 .2 5 ---------------------Under $ 1 .3 0 ---------------------Under $ 1 .5 0 ---------------------Under $2. 0 0 ---------------------Number of em ployees (in hundreds)------------------- 3 4 6 10 26 (1) 2 2 7 8 13 17 28 3 3 3 3 4 7 11 26 3 12 14 17 18 24 30 48 1 3 4 11 12 18 30 48 2 3 3 4 5 10 23 37 1 11 29 32 36 42 62 86 1 4 4 23 34 43 57 79 3 3 22 41 76 4 7 14 19 20 26 47 79 27 26 15 19 21 15 9 10 6 9 (1) 1 1 ( 1) (9 (9 Average hourly earnings---- $2.69 $2. 64 $2.92 $2.05 $2. 11 $2.35 $1.50 $1.60 $1.67 $1.62 $1.62 $1.57 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. Lexington, Ky. L e x i n g t o n is l o c a t e d in th e c e n t e r of the b lu e g r a s s r e g i o n of e a s t c e n t r a l K e n t u c k y , a n a r e a n o t e d fo r t h o r o u g h b r e d h o r s e s a n d b u r l e y t o b a c c o . L e x i n g t o n is a m a j o r l e a f t o b a c c o m a r k e t , a n d i s th e s i t e of th e U n i v e r s i t y of K e n t u c k y , a l s o an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of th e a r e a ’s e c o n o m y . In I9 6 0 , the L e x i n g t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , w h ic h i n c l u d e s F a y e t t e C o u n ty , h a d 1 3 1 ,9 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s . Earnings A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s of th e 28, 800 e m p l o y e e s w i th i n s c o p e of the J u n e 1965 s u r v e y w e r e $ 2 an h o u r , s e c o n d h i g h e s t a m o n g the e i g h t s o u t h e r n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s s u r v e y e d (tab le 5). E a r n i n g s f o r th e m i d d l e h a l f of th e w o r k f o r c e r a n g e d f r o m $ 1 . 3 4 to $ 2 . 5 4 a n h o u r . M e d i a n e a r n i n g s c a m e to $ 1 . 8 3 an h o u r . 26 M a n u f a c t u r i n g . O n e - t h i r d of the a r e a w o r k f o r c e w a s e m p l o y e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s of $ 2 . 3 5 w e r e 35 c e n t s a n h o u r h i g h e r t h a n th e a l l - i n d u s t r y a v e r a g e . A f o u r t h of the m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 3 an h o u r o r m o r e , a n d m o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r . R e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s , a n e ig h th , r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r , n e a r l y h a l f of t h e s e c l u s t e r e d a t th e $ 1. 25 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . T h e n o n e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y i n d u s t r y e m p l o y e d f e w e r t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , b u t a c c o u n t e d f o r n e a r l y t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 2 . 50 a n h o u r o r m o r e . A f o u r t h of the e m p l o y e e s w e r e in th e e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d food p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r i e s w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e a b o u t 10 c e n t s a n h o u r l e s s t h a n the a l l - i n d u s t r y a v e r a g e . H o w e v e r , e a r n i n g s of a t l e a s t $ 2 . 5 0 a n h o u r w e r e r e c e i v e d by a fifth of th e e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d t w o - f i f t h s of th e fo o d p r o d u c t s e m p l o y e e s . T h e l a r g e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 50 an h o u r w a s in th e a p p a r e l i n d u s t r y , w h e r e a l m o s t t w o - f i f t h s h a d s u c h e a r n i n g s . T h e t o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g i n d u s t r y , w h ic h d u r i n g the p e a k w i n t e r m o n t h s e m p l o y s a s m u c h a s a s ix t h of the m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , w a s r e p r e s e n t e d in the s tu d y on ly by th e s k e l e t a l f o r c e of y e a r - r o u n d e m p l o y e e s w o r k i n g at th e t i m e of the s u r v e y . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w h ic h a c c o u n t e d f o r t w o - t h i r d s of th e a r e a e m p l o y m e n t w i th i n the s c o p e of the s tu d y , w e r e $ 1 . 8 3 , h i g h e r t h a n in a n y o t h e r a r e a . Y et, t h i s l e v e l w a s 52 c e n t s l e s s t h a n the a v e r a g e f o r L e x i n g t o n ' s m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e . D i f f e r e n c e s in e a r n i n g s of th e two i n d u s t r y g r o u p s w e r e e v i d e n t a t b o th th e l o w e r a n d u p p e r l e v e l s of the w a g e s c a l e . M o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r a n d a b o u t h a l f of t h e s e r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 a n h o u r . A b o u t 12 p e r c e n t of th e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r , s e v e n - t e n t h s of w h o m w e r e in e a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s a n d m o t e l s , l a u n d r i e s , a n d m e d i c a l a n d h e a l t h s e r v i c e s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . M o r e o v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 2 an h o u r o r m o r e , a t h i r d , w a s o n ly a b o u t h a l f t h a t in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . C l o s e to t w o - f i f t h s of the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e in r e t a i l t r a d e , w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e $ 1 . 5 9 a n h o u r . N e a r l y t w o - t h i r d s of th e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s , h o w e v e r , e a r n e d l e s s t h a n the a v e r a g e ; a t h i r d h a d e a r n i n g s of l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r , an d a s e v e n t h r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $1 a n h o u r . At th e t i m e of t h e s u r v e y , a F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e of $ 1 . 15 c o v e r e d a b o u t a t h i r d of th e a r e a r e t a i l t r a d e w o r k f o r c e , m o s t l y t h o s e in l a r g e e n t e r p r i s e s ; $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r w a s to b e c o m e the m i n i m u m in S e p t e m b e r 1965. R e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s , h o w e v e r , w e r e c l u s t e r e d n e a r t h e s e l e v e l s . A fifth of the e m p l o y e e s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n h a d s u c h e a r n i n g s , 9 p e r c e n t a t $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 a n d 10 p e r c e n t a t $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 , an d a b o u t h a l f t h a t p r o p o r t i o n in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s g e n e r a l l y n o t s u b j e c t w e r e in t h e tw o i n t e r v a l s , 3 p e r c e n t a n d 8 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . E a r n i n g s of $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e w e r e r e c e i v e d by a b o u t a fifth of the r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s . A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r in th e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , and tra n sp o rta tio n , co m m u n ica tio n , and public utilities in d u s trie s, w hich to g eth er a c c o u n t e d f o r a b o u t a f o u r t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t . In c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e $ 2 . 65 an h o u r , m o r e t h a n t w o - t h i r d s of th e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r , a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t h i r d e a r n e d $ 3 a n h o u r o r m o r e . A b o u t the s a m e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , c l o s e to t h r e e - f i f t h s , w e r e e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r the i n d u s t r y ( $ 2 . 3 4 ) , h o w e v e r , w e r e s o m e w h a t l e s s t h a n in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n b e c a u s e of a l a r g e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s at th e l o w e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l — a f o u r t h r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 50 a n h o u r . 27 Hours N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 41 h o u r s d u r i n g the J u n e 1965 s u r v e y w e e k (tab le 13). T h e m o s t c o m m o n p e r i o d of e m p l o y m e n t , h o w e v e r , w a s e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , e n g a g in g m o r e t h a n a f o u r t h of the e m p l o y e e s . A n o t h e r f o u r t h h a d a w o r k w e e k of 48 h o u r s o r l o n g e r , a n d a s ix t h w e r e p a r t - t i m e e m p l o y e e s ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w e e k ) . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , 43 h o u r s , w a s 2 h o u r s l o n g e r t h a n th e a v e r a g e f o r a l l i n d u s t r i e s . O v e r a t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e w o r k i n g 40 h o u r s , the m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k , a n d a n o t h e r t h i r d w o r k e d at l e a s t 48 h o u r s . F e w e r t h a n a t e n t h of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s . T w o - t h i r d s of th e e m p l o y e e s in the e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y i n d u s t r y w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , w h il e the p r o p o r t i o n s in o t h e r m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s h a v in g a w e e k of t h i s d u r a t i o n w e r e s m a l l e r , r a n g i n g f r o m a f o u r t h to t w o - f i f t h s . O v e r h a l f of the e m p l o y e e s in the n o n e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y i n d u s t r y w o r k e d at l e a s t 48 h o u r s d u r i n g the s u r v e y w e e k , a n d t w o fifth s of the food p r o d u c t s e m p l o y e e s h a d s u c h h o u r s . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . In n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , i n d i v i d u a l w o r k w e e k s a v e r a g e d 39 h o u r s a n d w e r e m o r e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r th e h o u r s s c a l e t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s w o r k i n g l e s s t h a n 35, e x a c t l y 40, a n d 4 8 h o u r s o r m o r e w e r e r o u g h l y a fifth e a c h . R e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a s l i g h t l y l o n g e r w e e k on the a v e r a g e , 40 h o u r s , b u t th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of h o u r s w o r k e d w a s s i m i l a r to t h a t f o r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s . T h e w o r k w e e k of c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d 37 h o u r s . T h e i n c i d e n c e of p a r t - t i m e e m p l o y m e n t , a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h r e e - t e n t h s of the w o r k f o r c e , w a s g r e a t e r t h a n in m o s t of the o t h e r i n d u s t r y g r o u p s . A s l i g h t l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n , a t h i r d , w a s w o r k i n g e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , a n d on ly a s e v e n t h of th e e m p l o y e e s h a d long w o r k w e e k s . E m p l o y e e s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , w o r k e d an a v e r a g e of 2 h o u r s m o r e a w e e k t h a n t h o s e in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e p r o p o r t i o n w o r k i n g 40 h o u r s , n e a r l y t w o - f i f t h s , w a s n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , bu t o n ly a fifth w o r k e d p a r t t i m e a n d s l i g h t l y m o r e , a s ix t h , h a d long w o r k w e e k s . Wage Changes T h e a r e a p ay l e v e l a d v a n c e d 3 c e n t s a n h o u r b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 a n d J u n e 1962, a n d 20 c e n t s b e t w e e n th e l a t t e r p e r i o d a n d J u n e 1965, a t o t a l of 23 c e n t s in 4 y e a r s . T h e c h a n g e s in the p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s a t the h i g h e r p a y l e v e l s w e r e n e a r l y a s g r e a t a s f o r t h o s e a t th e l o w e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s . F o r e x a m p l e , the p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 d e c r e a s e d f r o m 29 p e r c e n t in 1961 to 15 p e r c e n t 4 y e a r s l a t e r , w h il e d u r i n g th e s a m e p e r i o d t h e p r o p o r tio n e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e r o s e f r o m 33 to 43 p e r c e n t . T h e a r e a - w i d e p a y l e v e l i n c r e a s e d 3 c e n t s a n h o u r m o r e t h a n t h a t in e i t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g o r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h i s o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e r e s u l t e d b e c a u s e of a 3 9 - p e r c e n t e m p l o y m e n t g r o w t h in th e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h - p a y i n g m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w h i l e the s i z e of the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e w a s a b o u t the s a m e a f t e r 4 y e a r s . 28 Average hourly earnings 1961 All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing June June ______June________ 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $ 1 . 0 0 ------------------$1.05 ------------------$1.15 ------------------$1.20 ------------------$1.25 ------------------$ 1 . 3 0 ------------------$1. 5 0 ------------------$2. 0 0 ------------------- 12 19 23 26 29 35 43 67 10 18 21 26 28 34 43 65 Number o f em ployees (in hundreds) ----------------- 249 Average hourly earnings — $1. 77 8 11 14 15 23 33 57 (1) 2 5 7 9 12 18 46 (1) 1 1 6 8 11 19 44 (1) (1) (1) 1 1 6 13 37 16 25 30 34 36 44 53 75 15 25 29 34 37 44 53 74 12 16 18 21 22 32 44 66 261 288 70 77 97 181 184 191 $1. 80 $2. 00 $2. 15 $ 2 .1 7 $2.35 $1.63 $1.64 $1.83 12 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s h a d a n a v e r a g e i n c r e a s e of 20 c e n t s a n h o u r o v e r t h e i r 1961 l e v e l . B e c a u s e of a g e n e r a l l y h ig h w a g e l e v e l in th e a r e a , r e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s w e r e a f f e c t e d by c h a n g e s in th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e , w h ic h r o s e f r o m $ 1 to $ 1. 25 b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 a n d J u n e 1965. H o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in 1961, 9 p e r c e n t , w e r e a ll e a r n i n g a t l e a s t t h i s m u c h by 1965. I n c r e a s e s f u r t h e r u p th e w a g e s c a l e w e r e m o r e p r o n o u n c e d . In 1961, s o m e w h a t m o r e t h a n h a l f of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e ; by 1965, o v e r t h r e e - f i f t h s h a d s u c h e a r n i n g s . A t the s a m e t i m e , th e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 3 a n h o u r o r m o r e m o v e d f r o m a n in t h to n e a r l y a f o u r t h . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , l i k e w i s e , w e r e 20 c e n t s a n h o u r h i g h e r in J u n e 1965 t h a n in J u n e 1961. C o m p a r e d w ith th e c h a n g e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , t h o s e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w e r e l a r g e l y c o n c e n t r a t e d a t the l o w e r w a g e l e v e l s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 15 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d f r o m t h r e e - t e n t h s in 1961 to a s i x t h in 1965, f o r e x a m p l e , w h il e th e i n c r e a s e in the p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g $ 2 o r m o r e , f r o m a f o u r t h to a t h i r d , w a s not a s g r e a t . E a r n i n g s of e m p l o y e e s in r e t a i l t r a d e r o s e 13 c e n t s a n h o u r in 4 y e a r s , 7 c e n t s l e s s t h a n the a l l - n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g a d v a n c e . M o s t of the i m p r o v e m e n t a f f e c t e d e m p l o y e e s a t th e l o w e r w a g e l e v e l s , bu t m o d e s t g a i n s a l s o o c c u r r e d a t the h i g h e r l e v e l s . A t the t i m e of the 1961 s u r v e y , a f o u r t h of the r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r a n d h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25. F o u r y e a r s l a t e r , the p r o p o r t i o n s b e l o w t h e s e r e s p e c t i v e l e v e l s h a d d e c l i n e d to a s e v e n t h a n d a t h i r d . M u c h of t h i s c h a n g e c a n be a t t r i b u t e d to the i n f l u e n c e of the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e s t a n d a r d , w h ic h in J u n e 1965 a p p l i e d to a b o u t a t h i r d of the a r e a ’s r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s , m o s t l y in l a r g e e n t e r p r i s e s . T h e i m p l e m e n t a tio n of th e m i n i m u m s ($ 1 in S e p t e m b e r 1961 a n d $ 1 . 15 in S e p t e m b e r 1964), h o w e v e r , d id not r e s u l t in m a r k e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of e m p l o y m e n t a t t h e s e l e v e l s , e x c e p t in J u n e 1962 w h e n th e p r o p o r t i o n a t $ 1 w a s d o u b le the J u n e 1961 p e r c e n t . A t th e h i g h e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s , the p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r a d v a n c e d f r o m a s i x t h to m o r e t h a n a fifth. 29 Retail trade June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $ 1 . 0 0 --------------Under $1. 05 --------------Under $1.15 --------------Under $1. 20 ------------- Under $ 1 . 2 5 --------------Under $1. 3 0 --------------Under $1.50 --------------Under $2. 0 0 --------------- 25 36 43 47 50 57 67 83 16 37 44 48 52 59 70 85 14 21 24 29 3? 40 55 78 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)------------- 67 72 71 Average hourly earnings $1.46 $1.41 $1 .5 9 W a g e i n c r e a s e s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s , w e r e 63 a n d 49 c e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , c o n t r i b u t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y to the r i s e in o v e r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g s s i n c e 1961. In 4 y e a r s , th e p r o p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ L 50 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d f r o m n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s to o n e - t e n t h ; the p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e r o s e f r o m l e s s t h a n h a l f to n e a r l y s e v e n - t e n t h s ; an d the p r o p o r tio n e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 3 a d v a n c e d f r o m a t e n t h to a b o u t a t h i r d . C h a n g e s in the d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s , in c o n t r a s t to c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a f f e c t e d e m p l o y e e s a t a l l l e v e l s of the p a y s c a l e . C l o s e to a fifth of the e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25 a n h o u r in 1961; 4 y e a r s l a t e r th e p r o p o r t i o n w a s o n ly a t w e n t i e t h . D u r i n g the s a m e p e r i o d the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y m e n t a t o r j u s t a b o v e $ 1. 25 i n c r e a s e d f r o m 6 to 13 p e r c e n t . T h e c h a n g e s t h a t t o o k p l a c e f u r t h e r up th e w a g e s c a l e w e r e m o r e p r o n o u n c e d . E a r n i n g s of $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e w e r e r e c e i v e d by a b o u t a t h i r d of the e m p l o y e e s in 1961, bu t by n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h o s e in 1965. S i m i l a r l y , w h il e v i r t u a l l y no e m p l o y e e s in t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s e a r n e d a s m u c h a s $ 3 a n h o u r in 1961, a l m o s t a f o u r t h h a d s u c h e a r n i n g s 4 y e a r s l a t e r . Transportation, Contract com m unication, _________ construction_________ __________ and public utilities_______ _____________ June_____________ __________________June______________ Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) (l) 9 10 10 11 22 29 56 1 5 7 9 9 16 24 51 (1) (1) (b (1) (1) 7 10 31 2 12 15 17 19 25 33 65 2 2 3 14 18 21 27 55 (1) 1 3 4 5 18 25 42 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)------------------------- 30 31 35 21 19 15 Average hourly earnings---------- - $2.02 $2. 13 $2.65 $1. 85 $1. 96 $2. 34 Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $1 .0 0 --------------------------$1.05 --------------------------$1.15 --------------------------$ 1 . 2 0 -------------------------$1.25 --------------------------$1. 30 --------------------------$1. 50 --------------------------$2. 00 --------------------------- 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. 30 Monroe, La. T h e M o n r o e , L o u i s i a n a , m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , c o n s i s t i n g of O u a c h i t a P a r i s h , is l o c a t e d in t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e S t a t e , a n d h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 0 1 ,7 0 0 in I9 6 0 . M o n r o e b o r d e r s on one of th e w o r l d ' s l a r g e s t n a t u r a l g a s f i e l d s a n d is th e hub of c o n v e r g e n t p i p e l i n e s . L a r g e r e s e r v e s of t i m b e r in th e r e g i o n a r o u n d M o n r o e p r o v i d e r a w m a t e r i a l f o r th e i m p o r t a n t p a p e r a n d l u m b e r i n d u s t r i e s in t h e a r e a . Of 1 4 , 4 0 0 e m p l o y e e s i n c l u d e d in t h e J u n e 1965 s tu d y , a b o u t o n e - t h i r d w e r e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . R e t a i l t r a d e w a s th e l a r g e s t n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g a c t i v i t y , a c c o u n t i n g f o r a l m o s t t w o - f i f t h s of t h i s s e g m e n t of the area* s w o rk fo rce. E arnings N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w i th i n t h e s c o p e of t h e s u r v e y e a r n e d an a v e r a g e of $ 1 . 7 6 an h o u r a t s t r a i g h t - t i m e r a t e s (tab le 6). E a r n i n g s of t h e m i d d l e h a l f of th e w o r k f o r c e e x t e n d e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 6 a n d $ 2 . 2 9 a n h o u r , a r a n g e of $ 1 . 0 3 a n h o u r . M e d i a n e a r n i n g s , $ 1 . 5 5 a n h o u r , w e r e 21 c e n t s b e l o w t h e m e a n . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . In m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e $ 2 . 1 6 , 40 c e n t s a b o v e t h e a v e r a g e f o r a l l e m p l o y e e s s t u d i e d . A bo ut a t e n t h of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 3 0 an h o u r b u t t h r e e - f i f t h s e a r n e d a t l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r , a n d n e a r l y a t h i r d received $ 2 .5 0 an hour o r m o re . T h e p a p e r , p a p e r b o a r d , and a l l i e d p r o d u c t s , a n d t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s , w h ic h t o g e t h e r e m p l o y e d t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h e a r e a ' s m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , h a d a m a r k e d i n f l u e n c e on the l e v e l a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s . R o u g h ly n i n e - t e n t h s of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 2 an h o u r o r m o r e w e r e in t h e s e two i n d u s t r i e s . T h e food p r o d u c t s a n d l u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r a fifth of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , b u t f o r o v e r h a l f of t h o s e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 50 an h o u r , a n d f o r m o r e t h a n t w o - t h i r d s of t h o s e p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 30. N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . In n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 5 7 an h o u r , 59 c e n t s l e s s t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e i r l o w e r l e v e l of p a y is a r e f l e c t i o n of the w a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n . A fifth of the e m p l o y e e s e a rn e d le s s than $ 1 an h o u r, th r e e - te n th s le ss than $ 1 .2 5 , and n e a rly t h r e e fifth s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 50. A s e v e n t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d in the $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 w a g e i n t e r v a l . M o s t of th e e m p l o y e e s p a i d l e s s t h a n $ 1 an h o u r w e r e in e a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s an d th e s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s ( p a r tic u la rly hotels and m o te ls , la u n d rie s and dry cleaning esta b lish m e n ts, and m e d ic a l s e r v i c e s ) . A l t o g e t h e r , t h e s e g r o u p s a c c o u n t e d f o r a s i x t h of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t b u t f o r t w o - t h i r d s of t h o s e at t h i s e a r n i n g s l e v e l . R e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 3 5 a n h o u r . T h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r a n d h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1. 25, a c c o u n t i n g f o r a b o u t t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s at t h e s e l e v e l s . O n ly a n e ig h th of t h e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d a s m u c h a s $ 2 a n h o u r . A b o u t a s ix t h of the e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d a t o r j u s t a b o v e e i t h e r $ 1 . 15 o r $ 1 . 25 a n h o u r . (A t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e in r e t a i l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to t h e $ 1 . 15 m i n i m u m a p p l i c a b l e in J u n e 1965, w h i c h 3 m o n t h s fo llo w in g th e s u r v e y r o s e to $ 1 . 25.) H o u r l y e a r n i n g s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , w h ic h a c c o u n t e d f o r n e a r l y a s e v e n t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , w e r e h i g h e r t h a n in r e t a i l t r a d e a n d a v e r a g e d $ 1 . 5 1 an h o u r . R e l a t i v e l y few of the w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n the $ 1 . 2 5 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e ; h o w e v e r , t h r e e - t e n t h s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d at o r j u s t a b o v e t h a t p o in t . M o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 , a n d a ll b u t an e i g h t h e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 2 an h o u r . 31 A b o u t 1 ou t of 4 n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w a s e m p l o y e d e i t h e r in the c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e $ 2 . 14 a n d $ 2 . 19 a n h o u r , r e s p e c t i v e l y . R o u g h ly h a l f of the e m p l o y e e s in e a c h i n d u s t r y e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r — t h e s e c o n s t i t u t e d h a l f the n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e w ith s u c h e a r n i n g s — a n d in e a c h a fifth r e c e i v e d $ 3 o r m o r e . T h e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y d id , h o w e v e r , h a v e a s i z a b l e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s , a fifth, in th e $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 w a g e i n t e r v a l , a b o u t d o u b l e the p r o p o r t i o n of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s a t th is l e v e l . Hours T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w a s 42 h o u r s (tab le 14). C l o s e to t h r e e - t e n t h s of the a r e a ' s e m p l o y e e s w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , th e m o s t c o m m o n s i n g l e w o r k w e e k d u r i n g th e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y p e r i o d . A lik e p r o p o r t i o n w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . P a r t - t i m e w o r k ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s ) c o m p r i s e d on ly a b o u t a n e i g h t h of the e m p l o y e e s . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , 44 h o u r s , w a s l o n g e r t h a n t h a t f o r th e a r e a a s a w h o le . M o r e t h a n a t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s (m a k in g t h i s the m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k ) a n d a n o t h e r t h i r d w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . L o n g w o r k w e e k s p r e v a i l e d in t h e p a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s a n d fo o d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r i e s . T o g e t h e r , t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s e m p l o y e d h a l f th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , but a c c o u n t e d f o r m o r e t h a n s e v e n - t e n t h s of t h o s e w o r k i n g 4 8 h o u r s o r m o r e a w e e k . A t the o t h e r e n d of th e s c a l e of w e e k l y h o u r s , the l u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y a c c o u n t e d f o r on ly a t e n t h of the m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , b u t f o r n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e g r o u p w o r k i n g p a r t t i m e . A w e e k of 40 h o u r s w a s a l s o c o m m o n in the l u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y , w h ic h a lo n g w ith the c h e m i c a l a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y e m p l o y e d t w o - f i f t h s of the e m p l o y e e s w ith s u c h h o u r s , a l t h o u g h o n ly a b o u t a t h i r d of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e w e r e in t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s c a m e to 42 h o u r s , 2 h o u r s l e s s t h a n t h a t f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s . W e e k l y h o u r s w e r e s o m e w h a t m o r e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d a c r o s s the h o u r s s c a l e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k w a s 40 h o u r s , a p p ly i n g to a b o u t a f o u r t h of the e m p l o y e e s , an d the s a m e p r o p o r t i o n w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . P a r t - t i m e w o r k w a s m o r e p r e v a l e n t in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , o c c u p y in g n e a r l y a s i x t h of the e m p l o y e e s . R e t a i l t r a d e e m p l o y e e s h a d a n a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k of 41 h o u r s a t the t i m e of th e s u r v e y . A fifth of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , w h il e a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n , t h r e e - t e n t h s , w o r k e d a t l e a s t 48 h o u r s . T h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k w a s 48 h o u r s , e n g a g in g 18 p e r c e n t of the e m p l o y e e s , .1 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t m o r e t h a n t h e p r o p o r t i o n on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k . E m p l o y e e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w o r k e d 46 h o u r s , w h i c h w a s l o n g e r t h a n t h o s e in a n y o t h e r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n . A l m o s t t w o - f i f t h s of the w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . T h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k w a s 44 h o u r s , e n g a g in g a n e i g h t h of the w o r k f o r c e , w h il e o n ly a fifth w o r k e d 40 h o u r s o r l e s s . 32 A v e r a g e w o r k w e e k s w e r e 40 h o u r s in th e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d th e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of w e e k l y h o u r s in the two g r o u p s w e r e a l s o s i m i l a r , v a r y i n g on ly in d e g r e e . P a r t - t i m e e m p l o y m e n t d id n o t e n g a g e m o r e t h a n a s e v e n t h of th e e m p l o y e e s in e i t h e r i n d u s t r y , a n d long w o r k w e e k s o c c u p i e d f e w e r t h a n a s i x t h of the e m p l o y e e s . N e a r l y h a l f of t h e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s an d o v e r t w o - t h i r d s of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s w e r e w o r k i n g a 40-hour week. Wage Changes B e t w e e n J u n e 1961 an d J u n e 1965, the l e v e l of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e a r n i n g s r o s e 13 c e n t s a n h o u r . E m p l o y e e s a t th e l o w e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s a c c o u n t e d f o r a l a r g e r s h a r e of th e i n c r e a s e t h a n t h o s e at the u p p e r l e v e l s . F o r e x a m p l e , the p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d f r o m 36 to 22 p e r c e n t , w h il e t h e r e w a s a s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n a t e i n c r e a s e in t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 2 an h o u r o r m o r e , f r o m 30 to 35 p e r c e n t . M u c h of th e l o w e r l e v e l c h a n g e , p a r t i c u l a r l y in t h e i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n $1 an d $ 1 . 2 5 , w a s in r e s p o n s e to th e n ew s t a n d a r d s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to the F L S A . T h e i n c r e a s e in the F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e f r o m $1 to $ 1 . 15 in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d c e r t a i n s e g m e n t s of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ( e . g . , w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ) , a n d e s t a b l i s h i n g a $1 m i n i m u m m a i n l y a p p l i c a b l e to l a r g e r e t a i l e n t e r p r i s e s , b o th e f f e c ti v e in S e p t e m b e r 1961, i n f l u e n c e d the u p w a r d s h ift at t h e s e l e v e l s b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 a n d J u n e 1962. T h e s u b s e q u e n t c h a n g e in th e m i n i m u m s , to $ 1 . 2 5 in S e p t e m b e r 1963 f o r th e f o r m e r g r o u p an d to $ 1 . 15 in S e p t e m b e r 1964 f o r t h e l a t t e r , f u r t h e r e l e v a t e d the g e n e r a l e a r n i n g s l e v e l w i th i n th e $1 to $ 1 . 2 5 i n t e r v a l , a s s h o w n b y the c h a n g e in t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of w a g e s b e t w e e n J u n e 1962 a n d J u n e 1965. T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 a n h o u r , w h i c h c o n s i s t s m o s t l y of e m p l o y e e s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t a r e n o t w i th i n r e a c h of c u r r e n t m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n , w as, by co n trast, substantially unchanged a fter 4 y e a rs . All industries June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 Nonmanufacturing Manufacturing______ _________ June__________ 1965 1961 1962 1965 June 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $ 1 . 0 0 ----------------$1. 05 ----------------$1.15 ----------------$1. 2 0 ----------------$1.25 ----------------$1.30 ----------------$1. 5 0 ----------------$2. 00 ----------------- 18 27 32 35 36 41 49 70 14 19 23 34 35 40 48 70 14 16 18 21 22 34 46 65 3 9 13 15 17 18 22 57 2 3 4 12 14 16 22 54 (1) 1 1 2 2 11 21 41 25 35 41 43 45 51 61 76 20 27 32 44 46 52 60 78 20 23 26 29 31 45 58 77 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)--------------- 150 166 144 47 55 46 103 110 98 Average hourly earnings - $1.63 $1.69 $1. 76 $1.94 $1.99 $2. 16 $1.49 $1.54 $ 1 .5 7 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. M a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e p a y l e v e l in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n c r e a s e d 22 c e n t s an h o u r d u r i n g t h e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d , r e f l e c t i n g g a i n s b y e m p l o y e e s at all l e v e l s of th e w a g e s c a l e . V i r t u a l l y a ll th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in 1961, 17 p e r c e n t , w e r e e a r n i n g at l e a s t th i s a m o u n t by 1965. T h e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s c l u s t e r e d n e a r th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e c u r r e n t d u r i n g th e t h r e e s u r v e y s d id not 33 c h a n g e s u b s t a n t i a l l y : 6 p e r c e n t e a r n e d $ 1 in 1961; 8 p e r c e n t e a r n e d $ 1 . 15 in 1962; a n d 9 p e r c e n t e a r n e d $ 1 . 2 5 in 1965. F u r t h e r up t h e p a y s c a l e , t h e c h a n g e s w e re equally as ex ten siv e. The p ro p o rtio n earn in g $ 2 an h o ur o r m o r e advanced f r o m a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s in 1961 to n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s in 1965, w h il e the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 2 . 50 a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m f e w e r t h a n a fifth to n e a r l y a t h i r d . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . E a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w e r e 8 c e n t s a n h o u r h i g h e r in 1965 t h a n 4 y e a r s e a r l i e r . A lth o u g h v a r y i n g w i d e l y by i n d i v id u a l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y , m o s t of th e i n c r e a s e r e f l e c t e d c h a n g e s in th e l o w e r p o r t i o n of th e w a g e s c a l e c l o s e l y fo llo w in g t h e m o v e m e n t of t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . B e y o n d t h e $ 1 . 50 l e v e l , t h e r e w a s o n ly s li g h t c h a n g e s i n c e 1961. T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m a f o u r t h in 1961 to a fifth in 1965. D u r i n g t h i s s a m e t i m e , th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 45 to 31 p e r c e n t , an d the c o n c e n t r a t i o n in th e $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 w a g e i n t e r v a l r o s e f r o m 6 to 14 p e r c e n t . R e t a i l t r a d e e a r n i n g s r o s e 15 c e n t s a b o v e th e 1961 l e v e l , t h r e e t i m e s the i n c r e a s e r e c e i v e d b y e m p l o y e e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s o t h e r t h a n r e t a i l t r a d e ; h o w e v e r , th e c h a n g e in r e t a i l w a g e s b o r e c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t i e s to c h a n g e s in th e a l l - i n d u s t r y d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d m u c h of the m o v e m e n t in r e t a i l e a r n i n g s w a s a l s o c o n c e n t r a t e d at t h e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s . F o r e x a m p l e , the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r , w h i c h e x c e e d e d t w o - f i f t h s in 1961, w a s l e s s t h a n a t h i r d in 1965. E v e n m o r e p r o n o u n c e d w a s t h e c h a n g e in t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 15 a n h o u r , w h i c h d e c l i n e d f r o m n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s to l e s s t h a n t w o f ifth s . C h a n g e s a t t h e s e p a y l e v e l s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d , to a g r e a t d e g r e e , to the 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to th e F L S A . F r o m t h i s p o i n t in t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , h o w e v e r , th e c h a n g e s d i m i n i s h e d ; t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r o r m o r e w a s only f o u r p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s h i g h e r in 1965 t h a n it w a s in 1961. _______ Retail trade June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $ 1 . 0 0 ----------------------------Under $1.05 -----------------------------Under $1.15 -----------------------------Under $1 .2 0 -----------------------------Under $1.25 -----------------------------Under $ 1 . 3 0 ------------------------ — Under $1.50 -----------------------------Under $2. 0 0 ------------------------------ 43 52 59 61 62 67 76 87 33 47 58 62 63 68 76 89 31 35 39 46 50 59 72 87 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)---------------------------- 39 41 39 Average hourly earnings ------------ $1.20 $1.26 $1. 35 W h o l e s a l e t r a d e e m p l o y e e s e x p e r i e n c e d an i n c r e a s e in a v e r a g e w a g e s of 18 c e n t s an h o u r d u r i n g th e J u n e 1961—J u n e 1965 p e r i o d . A lth o u g h t h e r e w e r e adv an ces at m o s t w age lev els, lo w e r paid em plo y ees re c e iv e d significant in c r e a s e s . In 1961, v i r t u a l l y a l l t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d at l e a s t $1 a n h o u r , the p r e v a i l i n g F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e , b u t m o r e t h a n a f o u r t h e a r n e d b e t w e e n $1 an d $ 1 . 0 5 an h o u r . In 1962, v i r t u a l l y a l l e a r n e d a t l e a s t $ 1 . 1 5 a n h o u r b u t th e $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 i n t e r v a l c o n t a i n e d o v e r t w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s . In 1965, v i r t u a l l y a l l e a r n e d $ 1. 25 b u t t h e $ 1. 25 to $ 1. 30 i n t e r v a l c o n t a i n e d n e a r l y t h r e e t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e a d v a n c e d f r o m a t w e l f t h to an e i g h t h b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965. 34 W ag e i n c r e a s e s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s w e r e 5 a n d 15 c e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965. C h a n g e s in the d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s a l s o v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y . E a r n in g s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n r o s e m a i n l y at the l o w e r p a y l e v e l s , w h il e in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , i n c r e a s e s w e r e a p p a r e n t at the u p p e r l e v e l s a s w e l l. R e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s in b o th i n d u s t r y g r o u p s w e r e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in 1961 (14 a n d 22 p e r c e n t ) , b u t b y 1965 n e a r l y all e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d t h i s a m o u n t o r m o r e . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1. 50 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 37 to 26 p e r c e n t , b u t h i g h e r in th e w a g e s c a l e t h e r e w a s l i t t l e c h a n g e in 4 y e a r s . E a r n i n g s in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s , on the o t h e r h a n d , v a r i e d o n ly s l i g h t l y f r o m 1961 l e v e l s in the $ 1. 50 to $ 2 . 50 i n t e r v a l b u t c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a t the u p p e r p a y l e v e l s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 3 a n h o u r o r m o r e , f o r e x a m p l e , r o s e f r o m 7 p e r c e n t to 20 p e r c e n t in 4 y e a r s . Average hourly earnings Contract _____ construction_____ T ransportation, comm unication, and public utilities W holesale __________ trade__________ June June June 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 4) (Cumulative percent) Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $1.00 ------------------$1.05 ------------------$1.15 ----------------$1. 20 ------------------$1. 25 ------------------$ 1 . 3 0 ------------------$1.50 ------------------$2. 0 0 ------------------- 1 9 9 13 14 22 37 53 (1) 2 2 17 17 27 34 59 Number of em ployees (in hundreds)----------------- 18 (4) ( 1) 1 2 2 21 26 55 1 10 18 20 22 24 29 50 (M U) 8 22 23 27 33 57 3 3 3 3 3 14 28 47 4 30 43 51 54 62 74 92 1 2 2 48 56 62 72 90 8 8 38 63 87 19 14 12 11 11 11 13 13 Average hourly earnings — $2. 09 $2.05 $2. 14 $2.04 $2.06 $2. 19 $1.33 $1.39 $1.51 (i) 1 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. Tuscaloosa, Ala. T u s c a l o o s a is s i t u a t e d in w e s t c e n t r a l A l a b a m a n e a r a l a r g e a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d l i v e s t o c k r e g i o n . T h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s of T u s c a l o o s a County; in I960 th e a r e a h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 109, 000. In a d d it i o n to s e v e r a l m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g o p e r a t i o n s , T u s c a l o o s a is the s ite of the U n i v e r s i t y of A l a b a m a . Earning s A b o u t 15, 500 n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e w i th i n the s c o p e of the J u n e 1965 s tu d y a n d t h e i r a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s c a m e to $ 1 . 8 3 (tab le 7). M e d i a n e a r n i n g s w e r e s o m e w h a t l e s s — $ 1. 65 an h o u r . E a r n i n g s of the m i d d l e h a l f of the w o r k f o r c e e x t e n d e d o v e r the r e l a t i v e l y w id e r a n g e of $ 1 . 11 a n h o u r , f r o m $ 1. 26 to $ 2. 37. 35 M a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s of m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , who r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t h a l f of th e e m p l o y m e n t s t u d i e d , w e r e $ 2 . 2 1 a n h o u r . C l o s e to t w o - t h i r d s of th e e m p l o y e e s h a d e a r n i n g s of a t l e a s t $ 2 an h o u r a n d a t h i r d e a r n e d $ 2 . 5 0 o r m o r e . A t t h e l o w e r end of t h e w a g e s c a l e , a fifth of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 an h o u r , an d a n e i g h t h w e r e c l u s t e r e d at th e $ 1 . 2 5 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . T o g e t h e r , t h e food p r o d u c t s , a p p a r e l , an d l u m b e r an d w o o d p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r i e s e m p l o y e d a b o u t a f o u r t h of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , b u t o v e r f o u r - f i f t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r . T h e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h e a r n i n g s l e v e l in th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y g r o u p c a n b e a t t r i b u te d to the p a p e r an d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s , r u b b e r a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s , an d p r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s , w h i c h e m p l o y e d n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s of th e w o r k f o r c e a n d p a i d a n a v e r a g e of $ 2 . 5 7 a n h o u r . W a g e s in t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s a l s o h a d a m a r k e d e ffe c t o n th e a r e a w a g e s t r u c t u r e . A c c o u n t i n g f o r l e s s t h a n t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e a l l - i n d u s t r y e m p l o y m e n t , t h e y a c c o u n t e d f o r c l o s e to t w o - t h i r d s of th e em plo y ees earning $ 2 an h our o r m o r e . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s of $ 1 . 4 8 a n h o u r w e r e 73 c e n t s l e s s t h a n the m a n u f a c t u r i n g l e v e l . D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e two i n d u s t r y g r o u p s w e r e a p p a r e n t at a ll p o i n t s a lo n g th e w a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n , an d p a r t i c u l a r l y at t h e l o w e r l e v e l s . C l o s e to a f o u r t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 an h o u r . H a l f of t h e s e e m p l o y e e s w e r e in e a t i n g and d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s a n d m o t e l s , and l a u n d r i e s , a l t h o u g h t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r o n ly a s i x t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e . T w o fifth s of t h e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 25 an d a l l b u t a s i x t h w e r e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 2 an h o u r . E m p l o y e e s in r e t a i l t r a d e , who c o n s t i t u t e d m o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , e a r n e d $ 1. 20 a n h o u r , on th e a v e r a g e . A t h i r d of th e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1 a n h o u r , a c c o u n t i n g f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e fifths of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t at t h i s l e v e l , an d c l o s e to t w o - t h i r d s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 . A ll b u t a s i x t h of t h e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s than $ 1 .5 0 an hour. The $ 1 .1 5 and $ 1 .2 5 F e d e r a l m in im u m w a g e s , around w h ic h a f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e g r o u p e d , m a r k e d l y i n f l u e n c e d r e t a i l e a r n i n g s . T h e f o r m e r r a t e w a s in o p e r a t i o n at t h e t i m e of th e s u r v e y , w h il e th e h i g h e r m i n i m u m w a s n o t a p p l i c a b l e u n t i l S e p t e m b e r 1 9 65, 3 m o n t h s a f t e r th e s u r v e y p e r i o d . N e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e a r e a ' s r e t a i l w o r k f o r c e w e r e e m p l o y e d by e n t e r p r i s e s g e n e r a l l y s u b j e c t to the p r o v i s i o n s of t h e F L S A ; t w o - f i f t h s of t h e s e e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d at o r j u s t a b o v e $ 1 . 1 5 a n d a s i x t h c o n c e n t r a t e d at $ 1 . 25. By c o m p a r i s o n , o n ly a t e n t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s no t c o v e r e d b y F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e l e g i s l a t i o n h a d s u c h e a r n i n g s . A b o u t a t e n t h of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s w e r e $ 1 . 4 4 an h o u r . C l o s e to t w o - f i f t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 5 an d $ 1 . 3 0 an h o u r and t h a t g r o u p a c c o u n t e d f o r m o r e t h a n a t h i r d of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e w i th s u c h e a r n i n g s . O n ly 5 p e r c e n t of th e w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s h a d e a r n i n g s o v e r $ 2 a n h o u r , b u t m o r e t h a n a t h i r d e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 . A n e i g h t h of t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e e n g a g e d in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d t h e i r a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s c a m e to $ 2 . 4 7 . M o r e t h a n a t h i r d of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 3 a n h o u r o r m o r e , t h r e e - f i f t h s h a d e a r n i n g s of a t l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r , an d aid b u t a s ix t h e a r n e d a t l e a s t $ 1 . 50 an h o u r . M o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e w e r e in c o n tra c t con stru ctio n. E m p l o y e e s in t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r y g r o u p e a r n e d a n a v e r a g e of $ 1 . 9 0 an h o u r . T h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 2 an h o u r o r m o r e an d t w o - t h i r d s r e c e i v e d at l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r . W h ile r e l a t i v e l y fe w of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r a b o u t a t e n t h h a d e a r n i n g s w h i c h w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 5 a n d $ 1 . 30. 36 H ours T h e a r e a ’s n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s c o v e r e d b y t h e s u r v e y w o r k e d a n a v e r a g e of 40 h o u r s d u r i n g th e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y w e e k ( t a b l e 15). P a r t - t i m e w o r k ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s a w eek ) e n g a g e d a s i x t h of the e m p l o y e e s , w h il e a f o u r t h w e r e e m p l o y e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . T h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k , 40 h o u r s , w a s s h a r e d b y o v e r a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s i n c l u d e d in th e s tu d y . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w o r k e d 42 h o u r s a w e e k on th e a v e r a g e . A t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k , an d a l m o s t a s m a n y , t h r e e - t e n t h s , h a d lon g w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) . P a r t t i m e w o r k o c c u p i e d o n ly a b o u t an e i g h t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s . T h e r e w a s s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n th e o v e r a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e e k l y h o u r s an d t h o s e of i n d i v id u a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . N e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s of the l u m b e r and w ood p r o d u c t s e m p l o y e e s , f o r e x a m p l e , w o r k e d p a r t t i m e , w h il e c l o s e to h a l f of t h e e m p l o y e e s in the p a p e r an d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s , an d r u b b e r an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s i n d u s t r i e s h a d lon g w o r k w e e k s . On the o t h e r h a n d , t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h e p r i m a r y m e t a l s e m p l o y e e s w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s c a m e to 39 h o u r s , s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n th e a r e a l e v e l and 3 h o u r s b e l o w t h a t f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g . W e e k l y h o u r s w e r e m o r e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d a l o n g th e h o u r s s c a l e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . N e a r l y a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s , f o r e x a m p l e , w h il e a l m o s t as m a n y , a b o u t a fifth e a c h , w e r e w o r k i n g s t a n d a r d (40 h o u r s ) an d lon g w o r k w e e k s . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in r e t a i l t r a d e , 39 h o u r s , w a s t h e s a m e a s t h a t f o r a l l n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s . I n d iv i d u a l w e e k l y h o u r s w e r e a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d s i m i l a r l y , e x c e p t t h a t a s i x t h w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s . T h e r e w a s a l a r g e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s in the i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n 40 an d 48 h o u r s . The T h r e e out an d 1 out hours was 40 h o u r s . or larger l e n g t h of th e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w a s 44 h o u r s . of five e m p l o y e e s h a d a w o r k w e e k l o n g e r t h a n th e a v e r a g e , t h o u g h , of 3 w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l w e e k l y n o t a b l e fo r th e a b s e n c e of a l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s a t T h e 9 p e r c e n t h a v i n g a w e e k of t h i s d u r a t i o n , h o w e v e r , w a s a s l a r g e t h a n a n y o t h e r p r o p o r t i o n alo n g t h e h o u r s s c a l e . C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s w e r e w o r k i n g an a v e r a g e of 34 h o u r s d u r i n g th e J u n e s u r v e y w e e k . A s th e a v e r a g e w o u ld i n d i c a t e , p a r t - t i m e w o r k w a s p r e v a l e n t, a c c o u n t i n g f o r c l o s e to t w o - f i f t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s . O n ly a f o u r t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d m o r e t h a n 40 h o u r s a w e e k . E m p l o y e e s in th e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , an d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r y g r o u p , b y c o n t r a s t , a v e r a g e d 39 h o u r s . O v e r h a l f of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k ; o n ly a s i x t h w e r e p a r t t i m e , an d a b o u t th e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n h a d long w o r k w e e k s . W ag e C h a n g e s T h e a r e a n o n s u p e r v i s o r y p a y l e v e l a d v a n c e d 11 c e n t s an h o u r b e t w e e n J u n e 1961 an d J u n e 1965. G a i n s w e r e n o t e d a t th e l o w e r a n d u p p e r p a y l e v e l s , but t h e r e w a s l i t t l e f l u c t u a t i o n in th e m i d d l e p o r t i o n of th e d i s t r i b u t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , w h ile t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 36 p e r c e n t in 1961 to 23 p e r c e n t in 1965, t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 d e c l i n e d by only 2 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s . F r o m th i s l e v e l , th e i n c r e a s e a c c e l e r a t e d s o m e w h a t . 37 T h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e r o s e f r o m 36 to 40 p e r c e n t and t h o s e w i th e a r n i n g s of at l e a s t $ 3 an h o u r a d v a n c e d f r o m 5 p e r c e n t in 1961 to 13 p e r c e n t in 1965. _____All industries_______ _____ Manufacturing______ June June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 Nonmanufacturing 1965 1961 1962 June 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) $1 .0 0 ------------------$ 1 . 0 5 ------------------$1.15 ------------------$ 1 . 2 0 ------------------$1.25 ------------------$1 3 0 ......................... $1. 50 ------------------$2. 00 ------------------- 17 28 32 35 36 40 45 64 16 22 24 34 36 41 47 64 13 16 18 22 23 34 43 60 2 12 14 16 17 19 22 43 1 3 3 15 16 19 23 41 1 2 2 2 2 15 21 36 31 43 49 53 55 60 66 84 29 39 43 52 55 61 68 84 23 29 32 40 41 52 63 82 Number of em ployees (in hundreds) ----------------- 150 155 155 73 73 74 77 82 82 Average hourly earnings — $1. 72 $1. 76 $1.83 $2.10 $2. 15 $2.21 $1.36 $1.41 $1.48 Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under M a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e i n c r e a s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g s o v e r th e 4 - y e a r p e r i o d , 11 c e n t s an h o u r , w a s t h e s a m e a s t h e a r e a i n c r e a s e , b u t it w a s s p r e a d m o r e e v e n l y t h r o u g h o u t th e w a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n . In 1961, a s i x t h of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 25 a n h o u r ; b u t s u b s e q u e n t to th e r i s e in th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e to th i s l e v e l in S e p t e m b e r 1963, th e 1965 s u r v e y fo und v e r y fe w e m p l o y e e s b e l o w $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r . C o n c u r r e n t l y , t h e p r o p o r t i o n in t h e $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 w a g e i n t e r v a l i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 to 13 p e r c e n t . A s in th e a l l - i n d u s t r y c h a n g e , th e p r o p o r t i o n of m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 c h a n g e d l i t t l e , d e c l i n i n g 1 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t . A t the $ 2 to $ 3 l e v e l s , h o w e v e r , th e g a i n s w e r e g r e a t e r — th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t the l o w e r a m o u n t a d v a n c e d f r o m 57 to 64 p e r c e n t , w h i l e the p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g the h i g h e r a m o u n t o r m o r e r o s e f r o m 7 to 18 p e r c e n t . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g s i n c r e a s e d 12 c e n t s a n h o u r o v e r th e 19*51 l e v e l , r e f l e c t i n g i n c r e a s e d e a r n i n g s to v a r y i n g e x t e n t s f o r e m p l o y e e s a t a l l l e v e l s of th e p a y s c a l e . In th e e a r l i e r p e r i o d , t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 , a n d n e a r l y h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 15 a n h o u r . F o u r y e a r s l a t e r , t h e s e p r o p o r t i o n s w e r e r e d u c e d to f e w e r t h a n a f o u r t h and f e w e r t h a n a t h i r d , r e s p e c t i v e l y . D u r i n g th e s a m e p e r i o d , e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g b e t w e e n $1 an d $ 1 . 0 5 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d by h a lf, f r o m 12 to 6 p e r c e n t , w h ile t h o s e in th e $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 .2 0 an d $ 1. 25 to $ 1. 30 i n t e r v a l s r o s e f r o m 4 to 8 p e r c e n t an d 5 to 11 p e r c e n t . T o w a r d th e h i g h e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 2 , $ 2 . 5 0 , an d $ 3 an h o u r i n c r e a s e d 2 to 4 p e r c e n t age points. M o s t of th e l o w e r l e v e l c h a n g e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g s w a s l a r g e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e to w a g e m o v e m e n t in r e t a i l t r a d e , w h e r e a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s i n c r e a s e d b y 13 c e n t s a n h o u r b e t w e e n 1961 an d 1965. T h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n ing l e s s t h a n $ 1 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m h a l f to a t h i r d d u r i n g th is p e r i o d , an d t h o s e r e c e i v i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 d e c l i n e d f r o m s e v e n - t e n t h s to l e s s t h a n h a lf. T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 1 . 15 a n h o u r o r j u s t a b o v e , d u r i n g t h e s a m e t i m e , r o s e f r o m 3 to 14 p e r c e n t . A s i d e f r o m a n i n c r e a s e in th e p r o p o r t i o n at t h e $ 1. 25 to $ 1. 30 i n t e r v a l ( f r o m 4 to 9 p e r c e n t ) , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s at h i g h e r l e v e l s of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n 38 in 1965 w e r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y th e s a m e as t h e y w e r e in 1961. T h u s , m u c h of th e c h a n g e in r e t a i l e a r n i n g s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d to t h e 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to th e F L S A . ___ Retail trade June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $ 1 . 0 0 ----------------------------------$1.05 ----------------------------------$1.15 ----------------------------------$1 .2 0 ------------------------ ---------$1.25 ----------------------------------$1 .3 0 ----------------------------------$1 .5 0 - --------------------------------$2. 00 ----------------------------------- 50 62 70 73 74 78 84 94 42 60 66 71 73 76 83 93 34 43 47 61 64 73 82 92 Number of em ployees (in hundreds) ------------------------------- 31 38 36 Average hourly earnings ----------------- $ 1 .0 7 $1. 11 $1 .2 0 C h a n g e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e e a r n i n g s , w h i c h i n c r e a s e d 11 c e n t s in 4 y e a r s , w e r e a l s o c o n fi n e d m a i n l y to th e l o w e r p a y l e v e l s an d c l o s e l y f o llo w e d th e m o v e m e n t s of t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e a p p l i c a b l e to w h o l e s a l e t r a d e d u r i n g t h a t s p a n of t i m e . In 1961, a b o u t a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d $ 1 a n h o u r o r a few c e n t s a b o v e , an d c l o s e to t h r e e - f i f t h s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 . One y e a r l a t e r , few e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d b e lo w $ 1 . 15 a n h o u r b u t m o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s w e r e m a k i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 0 a n h o u r , an d h a l f e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 . B y 1965, r e l a t i v e l y few e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 . T h e r e w a s a n a t t e n d a n t i n c r e a s e in t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r , w h i c h a d v a n c e d f r o m a f o u r t h to a l m o s t tw o-fifths. T h e a v e r a g e i n c r e a s e of 44 c e n t s a n h o u r f o r e m p l o y e e s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r i e s r e f l e c t s c h a n g e s t h r o u g h o u t th e p a y s c a l e . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in 1961, 14 p e r c e n t , w a s r e d u c e d to 4 p e r c e n t in 1965. T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e r o s e f r o m 45 to 60 p e r c e n t and t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 3 o r m o r e f r o m 17 to 36 p e r c e n t . Contract construction W holesale trade June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 June 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) Under $1. 00 Under $1.05 Under $1.15 Under $1 .2 0 Under $1.25 Under $1 .3 0 Under $1.50 Under $2. 00 (1) 7 10 14 14 23 26 55 2 6 7 13 15 24 30 60 (1) 2 3 3 4 10 18 40 2 26 36 51 57 64 75 92 2 2 5 43 51 58 72 91 1 1 2 4 4 41 63 95 Number of em ployees (in hundreds) ----------------------------- 12 13 11 5 5 8 Average hourly earnings----------------- $2. 03 $2.03 $2 .4 7 $1.33 $1.39 $1.44 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- f Less than 0. 5 percent. 39 Wichita Falls, Tex. W i c h i t a F a l l s l i e s in n o r t h c e n t r a l T e x a s b o r d e r i n g on O k l a h o m a . A r c h e r and W i c h i t a C o u n t i e s c o n s t i t u t e th e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , w h i c h in I9 6 0 h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 2 9 , 6 0 0 . T h e c r u d e p e t r o l e u m an d n a t u r a l g a s e x t r a c t i o n i n d u s t r i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s of W i c h i t a F a l l s e c o n o m y , c h i e f l y as th e f o c a l p o i n t f o r the s e r v i c e an d d i s t r i b u t i o n of p r o d u c t s p r o d u c e d in t h e n o r t h T e x a s f i e l d s . W i c h i t a F a l l s w a s 1 of 2 a r e a s s t u d i e d — A m a r i l l o w a s th e o t h e r — in w h i c h f e w e r t h a n a t h i r d of th e a l l - i n d u s t r y e m p l o y m e n t w a s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . In J u n e 1965, a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r th e 1 4 ,8 0 0 n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w i th i n th e s c o p e of the s u r v e y w e r e $ 1 . 7 4 ( ta b le 8). E a r n i n g s f o r the m i d d l e h a l f of th e w o r k f o r c e r a n g e d f r o m $ 1 . 2 7 to $ 2 . 1 6 an h o u r , a s p r e a d of 89 c e n t s , and m e d i a n e a r n i n g s w e r e $ 1 . 5 4 a n h o u r . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e a fifth of the a r e a w o r k f o r c e w e r e e m p l o y e d , w e r e $ 1 . 8 3 . T h e a m o u n t t h a t m a n u fa ctu rin g e arn in g s exceeded the a r e a pay level, 9 cen ts, was the s m a lle s t a m o n g t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s i n c l u d e d in th e s tu d y . T w o - t h i r d s of W i c h i t a F a l l s m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 2 a n h o u r an d m o r e t h a n a t h i r d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 . A s e v e n t h of th e e m p l o y e e s w e r e p a i d th e $ 1 . 2 5 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . A t t h e h i g h e r end of t h e p a y s c a l e , th e food p r o d u c t s a n d m a c h i n e r y i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r a b o u t h a l f of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , b u t f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e . M o s t of t h e l o w e r p a i d e m p l o y e e s w e r e in th e a p p a r e l i n d u s t r y w h i c h e m p l o y e d a s ix t h of t h e w o r k f o r c e . N e a r l y h a l f of t h e a p p a r e l e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 2 5 a n d $ 1 . 3 0 an h o u r , and th is g r o u p a c c o u n t e d f o r t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t w ith such earnings. N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . B e c a u s e of t h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e of e m p l o y m e n t in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r t h i s g r o u p , $ 1 . 7 2 , an d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r n i n g s w e r e s i m i l a r to the o v e r a l l a r e a l e v e l s . A f o u r t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r , an d n e a r l y a s i x t h e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1 a n h o u r . M o r e t h a n f o u r - f i f t h s of t h o s e e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 w e r e in e a t i n g an d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s , h o t e l s an d m o t e l s , l a u n d r i e s an d m e d i c a l s e r v i c e s , a l t h o u g h t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r o n ly a fifth of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e . T o w a r d s t h e h i g h e r p a y l e v e l s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g m o r e t h a n $ 2 an d m o r e t h a n $ 2 . 5 0 a n h o u r , t h r e e t e n t h s an d a s i x t h , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w e r e n e a r l y t h e s a m e a s t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A n in t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d in t h e $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 30 wage interval. In t e r m s of e m p l o y m e n t , r e t a i l t r a d e w a s th e l a r g e s t i n d u s t r y in th e a r e a , c o m p r i s i n g a t h i r d of th e a r e a e m p l o y e e s an d t w o - f i f t h s of t h o s e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s of t h e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s a t $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r , h o w e v e r , w e re low er than e ithe r the a r e a o r nonm an u factu ring levels. O v er th re e -fifth s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 , t w o - f i f t h s r e c e i v e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r , an d c l o s e to a f o u r t h w e r e p a i d l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r . T h e l a t t e r two p r o p o r t i o n s e a c h a c c o u n t e d f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s of a l l e m p l o y e e s i n c l u d e d in th e s tu d y a t t h e s e l e v e l s . A s i x t h of t h e r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d n e a r the $ 1 . 1 5 a n d $ 1 . 2 5 F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e l e v e l s (7 p e r c e n t a t t h e l o w e r an d 11 p e r c e n t at t h e h i g h e r l e v e l ) , r e f l e c t i n g t h e e x i s t i n g an d a n t i c i p a t o r y e f f e c t s of th e 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to th e F L S A . M o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of th e r e t a i l w o r k f o r c e w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to th e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e a c t . 40 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w e r e $ 1 . 7 1 . M o r e t h a n a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d a t o r j u s t a b o v e $ 1 . 25 a n h o u r . A l th o u g h w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s c o m p r i s e d o n ly a t e n th of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , t h e y a c c o u n t e d f o r n e a r l y a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s a t t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . S e v e n - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 2 a n h o u r . In t h e f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e i n d u s t r y g r o u p , the a v e r a g e p a y l e v e l f o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s w a s $ 1 . 8 0 a n h o u r . A fifth of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r an d n e a r l y t w i c e t h i s p r o p o r t i o n e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 . M o r e t h a n a t h i r d of th e e m p l o y e e s , h o w e v e r , e a r n e d $ 2 an h o u r o r m o re . E a r n i n g s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d th e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s g r o u p w e r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n in th e o t h e r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , a v e r a g i n g $ 2 . 2 6 an d $ 2 . 3 1 a n h o u r , r e s p e c t i v e l y . N e a r l y h a l f of th e e m p l o y e e s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h o s e in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , co m m u n ica tio n , and public utilities e a rn e d $2 an ho ur o r m o r e , and a fourth of t h e e m p l o y e e s in e a c h e a r n e d at l e a s t $ 3 a n h o u r . T h e s e g r o u p s e m p l o y e d a f o u r t h of th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e , b u t o v e r h a l f of t h o s e e a r n i n g $ 2 a n hour or m ore. Hours E m p l o y e e s w ith in t h e s c o p e of th e s u r v e y a v e r a g e d 42 h o u r s of w o r k d u r i n g t h e J u n e 1965 s u r v e y w e e k (ta b le 16). O v e r a f o u r t h o f the e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s d u r i n g the s u r v e y w e e k m a k i n g t h i s the m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k . A s i x t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s d u r i n g the w e e k , w h i l e a w e e k of 48 h o u r s o r l o n g e r e n g a g e d t h r e e - t e n t h s of the w o r k f o r c e . M a n u f a c t u r i n g . E m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g h a d a l o n g e r a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k , 44 h o u r s , t h a n t h o s e in t h e a r e a a s a w h o le . T h e l e n g t h of th e m o s t c o m m o n w e e k of w o r k w a s 40 h o u r s , e n c o m p a s s i n g t h r e e - t e n t h s of t h e e m p l o y e e s . P a r t - t i m e e m p l o y m e n t ( l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s ) e n g a g e d f e w e r t h a n a t e n t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s b u t long w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) o c c u p i e d t h r e e - t e n t h s of th e w o r k f o r c e . M o r e t h a n t w o - f i f t h s of t h e food p r o d u c t s a n d m a c h i n e r y e m p l o y e e s w e r e on long w o r k w e e k s d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k , c o m p r i s i n g s e v e n - t e n t h s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w ith s u c h h o u r s . A s h o r t e r w o r k w e e k w a s p r e v a l e n t in a p p a r e l p l a n t s , w h e r e t w o - t h i r d s of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d 40 h o u r s o r l e s s . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e w o r k w e e k in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w a s 3 h o u r s l e s s t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w o r k i n g 48 h o u r s o r m o r e a w e e k w a s t h e s a m e as f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s , w h il e th e p r o p o r t i o n on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k — a b o u t a f o u r t h — w a s s o m e w h a t s m a l l e r t h a n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e m a j o r d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e tw o i n d u s t r y g r o u p s w a s th e l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n of n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s w o r k i n g p a r t t i m e , a s i x t h , w h i c h w a s a b o u t tw o a n d a h a l f t i m e s th e p r o p o r t i o n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h e a v e r a g e w e e k in r e t a i l t r a d e w a s a l s o 41 h o u r s , b u t i n d i v i d u a l w e e k l y h o u rs w e re d istrib u te d so m ew h at d ifferently fro m those for all no nm an u factu ring e m p l o y e e s . T h e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n , a s ix t h , w o r k e d l e s s t h a n 35 h o u r s d u r i n g th e s u r v e y w e e k , b u t f e w e r , a fifth, w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s . A l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n , n e a r l y t w o - f i f t h s , w e r e on long w o r k w e e k s (48 h o u r s o r m o r e ) . 41 T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e c a m e to 45 h o u r s . T w o - t h i r d s of t h e e m p l o y e e s h a d w o r k w e e k s in e x c e s s of 40 h o u r s a n d c l o s e to t w o - f i f t h s w o r k e d 48 h o u r s o r m o r e . O n e out of f o u r w h o l e s a l e e m p l o y e e s , h o w e v e r , w a s on a 4 0 - h o u r w e e k . E m p l o y e e s in t h e f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e g r o u p h a d a w o r k w e e k a v e r a g i n g 40 h o u r s . O v e r a t h i r d of t h e e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , m a k i n g t h i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n w o r k w e e k . P a r t t i m e a n d long w o r k w e e k s w e r e s h a r e d by a l m o s t e q u a l p r o p o r t i o n s , a s ix th , of t h e e m p l o y e e s . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s 38 h o u r s , w h il e in t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s g r o u p it w a s 3 h o u r s l o n g e r . A w e e k of 48 h o u r s o r m o r e e n g a g e d t h e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n s of e m p l o y e e s in e a c h i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n , a s ix th , but t h e r e w e r e n o t i c e a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e p r o p o r t i o n s h a v in g s t a n d a r d (40 h o u r s ) a n d p a r t - t i m e w e e k s . N e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d e x a c t l y 40 h o u r s , two a n d a h a l f t i m e s t h e p r o p o r t i o n at t h i s l e v e l in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , w h il e t h e r e v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p a p p l i e d to t h e p r o p o r t i o n s e m p l o y e d p a r t t i m e . W ag e C h a n g e s In J u n e 1965, n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s w e r e 11 c e n t s an h o u r h i g h e r t h a n in J u n e 1962 a n d 15 c e n t s h i g h e r t h a n in J u n e 1961. S in c e t h e e a r l i e r period, the p ro p o rtio n s earning le s s than $ 1 .2 5 an hour declined f r o m m o r e than a t h i r d to a p p r o x i m a t e l y a fifth, l a r g e l y b e c a u s e of c h a n g e s in t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e . T h e r e w e r e a l s o i n c r e a s e s , s m a l l e r , h o w e v e r , f u r t h e r up t h e e a r n in g s s c a l e . T h e p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r r o s e f r o m 46 to 54 p e r c e n t , a n d at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r , f r o m 25 to 30 p e r c e n t . A ll industries______ _____ Manufacturing______ June Average hourly earnings 1961 1962 Nonmanufacturing June 1965 1961 1962 June 1965 1961 1962 1965 16 21 27 32 34 44 54 75 15 18 21 24 26 37 48 70 (Cumulative percent) 20 21 33 46 70 (1) 11 16 21 25 29 42 64 1 1 1 14 16 24 42 69 2 16 36 67 18 27 32 35 37 47 56 77 161 148 27 28 29 126 134 119 Average hourly earnings — $1.59 $1.63 $1. 74 $1. 77 $1. 76 $1.83 $1.55 $1.60 $1. 72 Under $ 1 . 0 0 --------------- Under $1.05 ------------------Under $ 1 . 1 5 ------------------Under $ 1 . 2 0 ------------------Under $1.25 ------------------Under $ 1 . 3 0 ------------------Under $1.50 ------------------Under $2. 0 0 ------------------- 15 24 29 33 35 44 54 75 14 18 23 29 31 41 53 74 Number of em ployees (in hundreds) --------------- 153 12 15 17 (M <J) i i * Less than 0. 5 percent. M a n u f a c t u r i n g . A l th o u g h m a n u f a c t u r i n g e a r n i n g s r o s e by o n ly 6 c e n t s a n h o u r b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965, t h e r e w e r e s h a r p g a i n s at t h e l o w e r l e v e l s of t h e p a y s c a l e . In 1961, a n i n t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e in t h e $1 to $ 1 . 0 5 w a g e i n t e r v a l , r e f l e c t i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e $1 m i n i m u m w a g e in e ffe c t at t h e t i m e , an d a f o u r t h of t h e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r . A y e a r l a t e r , a ll e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 1 . 1 5 a n h o u r , but a n e i g h t h w e r e in t h e $ 1 . 1 5 to $1. 20 i n t e r v a l a n d a s i x t h e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r . B e t w e e n 1962 a n d 1965, 42 d u r i n g w h ic h t i m e t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e r o s e f r o m $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 25, v i r t u a l l y a ll e m p l o y e e s a d v a n c e d to a t l e a s t the l a t t e r a m o u n t an d a s e v e n t h w e r e a t o r j u s t a b o v e t h e m i n i m u m . O v e r a p e r i o d of 4 y e a r s , t h e n , th e e a r n i n g s of a f o u r t h of th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g w o r k f o r c e r o s e f r o m l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 25 a n h o u r to at l e a s t t h i s a m o u n t . F u r t h e r up th e w a g e s c a l e , th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r o r m o r e r o s e f r o m l e s s t h a n t h r e e - f i f t h s to n e a r l y t w o - t h i r d s , b u t t h e r e w e r e o n ly m i n o r f l u c t u a t i o n s in the s c a l e b e y o n d t h i s le v e l . N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g . In n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s a d v a n c e d b y 17 c e n t s a n h o u r in 4 y e a r s , 11 c e n t s m o r e t h a n t h e i n c r e a s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g . U n lik e t h e l a t t e r , n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s a t m o s t l e v e l s of th e w a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n e x p e r i e n c e d a n i n c r e a s e . W h ile r o u g h l y a s i x t h e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $1 in 1961, 1962, an d 1965, o v e r t h e 4 y e a r s th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r d e c l i n e d f r o m 37 to 26 p e r c e n t . T h e r e w a s s o m e w h a t l e s s m o v e m e n t at t h e h i g h e r l e v e l s of t h e p a y s c a l e . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r a d v a n c e d f r o m f e w e r t h a n a f o u r t h to t h r e e - t e n t h s . M o v e m e n t of t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e d u r i n g J u n e 1961 to J u n e 19 65 d id n o t g e n e r a t e n o t i c e a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of e m p l o y m e n t a t t h e s u c c e s s i v e i n c r e m e n t s . F o r e x a m p l e , th e p r o p o r t i o n s e a r n i n g b e t w e e n $ 1 . 1 5 a n d $ 1 . 2 0 , an d $ 1 . 25 an d $ 1 . 30 a n h o u r did n o t v a r y m o r e t h a n 2 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s d u r i n g th e t h r e e s u r v e y s . T h e e f f e c t s of th e 1961 a m e n d m e n t s to the F L S A w e r e m o r e d isc e rn ib le when individual no nm an u factu ring in d u strie s a r e ex am in ed s e p a ra te ly . T h e m o s t n o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e a s a r e s u l t of th e a s c e n d i n g F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e w a s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , w h e r e e a r n i n g s r o s e 12 c e n t s o v e r th e 1961 l e v e l . T h r e e - t e n t h s of th e e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 in 1961, b u t b y 1965, a ll e m p l o y e e s e a r n e d t h i s a m o u n t o r m o r e . E l e v e n p e r c e n t of the e m p l o y e e s w e r e e a r n i n g t h e $1 m i n i m u m , o r j u s t a b o v e , in 1961; 18 p e r c e n t w e r e at t h e $ 1 . 1 5 l e v e l in 1962; w h il e 27 p e r c e n t w e r e c l u s t e r e d a r o u n d t h e $ 1 . 2 5 l e v e l in 1965. E m p l o y e e s in th e h i g h e r p a y l e v e l a l s o e x p e r i e n c e d a n i n c r e a s e , w ith th e p r o p o r t i o n r e c e i v i n g at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r in w a g e s a d v a n c i n g f r o m l e s s t h a n a fifth in 1961 to n e a r l y t h r e e - t e n t h s 4 y e a r s l a t e r . E a r n i n g s in r e t a i l t r a d e a d v a n c e d 22 c e n t s an h o u r d u r i n g J u n e 1961 to J u n e 1965. A l th o u g h c h a n g e s in t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e n o t so s h a r p a s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , t h e y c o v e r e d a w i d e r r a n g e . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 1 5 w a s r e d u c e d f r o m a b o u t h a l f to l e s s t h a n a t h i r d , w h i l e the p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 1 . 50 o r m o r e a n h o u r r o s e f r o m l e s s t h a n a f o u r t h to n e a r l y t w o - f i f t h s . T h e r e w e r e a l s o a d v a n c e s f u r t h e r up t h e w a g e s c a l e . T h e p r o p o r t io n e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e r o s e f r o m a t e n t h to n e a r l y a fifth. In J u n e 1965 a b o u t 45 p e r c e n t of th e a r e a ’s r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to t h e p r o v i s i o n s of th e F L S A , b u t t h e e f f e c t s of c h a n g e s in t h e m i n i m u m w a g e w e r e no t a s p r o n o u n c e d a s in s e v e r a l of t h e o t h e r a r e a s s t u d i e d . B e t w e e n J u n e 1961 an d 1962, th e p r o p o r t i o n of r e t a i l e m p l o y e e s p a i d l e s s t h a n $1 an h o u r d e c l i n e d by o n ly 2 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s , a l t h o u g h th e $1 m i n i m u m w a g e in r e t a i l t r a d e w e n t into o p e r a t i o n d u r i n g th i s t i m e . C o n c u r r e n t l y , the c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t $1 to $ 1 . 0 5 a c t u a l l y d e c l i n e d f r o m s o m e w h a t m o r e t h a n a n e i g h t h to a t e n t h . B e t w e e n J u n e 1962 and 1965, d u r i n g w h ic h t i m e the $ 1 . 1 5 m i n i m u m w e n t into o p e r a t i o n , t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n t h a t a m o u n t d r o p p e d f r o m c l o s e to h a l f to a b o u t t h r e e - t e n t h s . T h e r e w a s o n ly a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e in th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t $ 1 . 1 5 to $ 1 . 2 0 , b u t th e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g a t l e a s t $ 1 . 2 5 an h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m f e w e r t h a n h a l f to t h r e e - f i f t h s . A g a i n , w h il e $ 1 . 2 5 w a s to b e c o m e th e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e f o r r e t a i l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u b j e c t to t h e F L S A , t h e r e w a s o n ly a s m a l l i n c r e a s e in t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m p l o y e e s a t o r j u s t ab o v e t h i s l e v e l . T h u s , it a p p e a r s t h a t c h a n g e s in t h e F e d e r a l m i n i m u m w a g e s e r v e d m o r e as a s t i m u l a n t in th e g e n e r a l w a g e m o v e m e n t in t h i s a r e a t h a n a s a s p e c i f i c l e v e l at w h i c h to s e t w a g e s . 43 Average hourly earnings Under $ 1 . 0 0 ----------------------------------Under $1.05 ----------------------------------Under $1. 15 ----------------------------------Under $1 .2 0 ----------------------------------Under $1.25 ----------------------------------Under $1.30 ----------------------------------Under $1 .5 0 ----------------------------------Under $2. 00 ----------------------------------Number of em ployees (in hundreds) ---------------------------Average hourly earnings ----------------- 1961 29 44 51 55 57 66 77 89 52 $1.28 Retail trade June 1965 1962 (Cumulative percent) 23 27 28 37 45 31 38 50 40 52 59 51 62 69 85 81 56 $1 .3 7 49 $1.50 The a v e ra g e pay for finance, in s u ra n c e , and re a l e sta te em plo y ees advanced 24 c e n t s a n h o u r b e t w e e n 1961 a n d 1965. A l th o u g h t h e p r o p o r t i o n of e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 2 5 a n h o u r h a r d l y c h a n g e d in 4 y e a r s , t h e r e w a s a c o n s i d e r a b l e m o v e m e n t in w a g e s w i t h i n t h i s l e v e l . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $1 a n d l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 15 a n h o u r e a c h d e c l i n e d by a b o u t half, a n d s o m e of t h e e m p l o y e e s at t h e s e l e v e l s m o v e d to t h e $ 1 . 2 0 to $ 1 . 2 5 i n t e r v a l , w h i c h r o s e f r o m 3 to 9 p e r c e n t . F u r t h e r up t h e p a y s c a l e , h o w e v e r , c h a n g e s w e r e s u b s t a n t i a l . T h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g $ 2 a n h o u r o r m o r e i n c r e a s e d f r o m a s i x t h to m o r e t h a n a t h i r d , a n d t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 2 . 50 a d v a n c e d f r o m 2 to 15 p e r c e n t . E m p l o y e e e a r n i n g s in t h e c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r i e s i n c r e a s e d 12 a n d 29 c e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , in 4 y e a r s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y e e s e a r n i n g l e s s t h a n $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r d e c r e a s e d f r o m t h r e e - t e n t h s to a fifth, but o n ly m i n o r f l u c t u a t i o n s t o o k p l a c e at h i g h e r p a y l e v e l s . T h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d p u b lic utilities group e x p e rie n c e d a s im ila r decline in the p ro p o rtio n earn in g le s s than $ 1 . 5 0 a n h o u r — f r o m 23 to 13 p e r c e n t , but t h e m a g n i t u d e of c h a n g e at t h e h i g h e r e a r n i n g s l e v e l s w a s g r e a t e r . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p r o p o r t i o n e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 2 a n h o u r i n c r e a s e d f r o m 44 to 61 p e r c e n t , a n d t h o s e e a r n i n g at l e a s t $ 3 , f r o m 6 to 27 p e r c e n t . Average hourly earnings Transportation, Finance, comm unication, W holesale insurance, and and public utilities ________ trade_______ real estate June June June 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 (Cumulative percent) 2 12 2 5 (1) (1) (i) (i) (i) (1) 1 11 2 16 3 7 (1) (1) 0) (1) 1 4 1 15 5 17 7 9 (0 (1) 1 8 6 26 23 9 19 11 (1) (1) 1 9 10 30 26 22 11 20 (1) (1) 15 4 15 15 39 36 27 35 27 29 20 23 28 13 54 54 45 46 45 39 52 59 56 39 81 71 85 80 64 80 Contract construction June 1961 1962 1965 Under $ 1 .0 0 -----------------------(1) (1) Under $1. 0 5 -----------------------2 0) Under $1. 1 5 -----------------------1 3 Under $1. 2 0 -----------------------2 3 Under $ 1 .2 5 -----------------------3 3 Under $1. 3 0 -----------------------20 23 Under $ 1 .5 0 -----------------------32 30 51 Under $ 2 .0 0 ----------------------53 Number of em ployees 18 15 14 (in hundreds)-------------------15 17 15 11 13 12 11 11 8 Average hourly earnings------ $2 .1 4 $2. 14 $2. 26 $2. 02 $1.97 $2.31 $1 .5 9 $1.60 $1.71 $1.56 $1.65 $1.80 1 Less than 0. 5 percent. 44 Table 1. Average Hourly Earnings: Amarillo, Tex. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A v erag e ho urly e arn in g s U n d e r $ 0 . 75 -------------------------------------- A ll ind us tries 2 M anufac turing in d u s tries _ ( 2) T otal1 3 - 7 _ Under U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 0 . 80 $0 . 85 $ 0 . 90 $0 . 95 $1 .00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 U nder U nder U nder U nder Under $1 . 05 $ 1 .1 0 $1 .1 5 $1 .2 0 $1 .2 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 13 14 18 19 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. 30 $ 1. 35 $1 . 40 $ 1 .4 5 $ 1. 50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 30 34 37 40 6 10 14 18 32 34 38 41 43 U nder Under U nder U nder U nder $1. $1. $1 . $1 . $ 1. 55 60 65 70 75 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 48 51 53 55 24 26 32 36 39 49 52 54 56 58 U nder U nder Under Under U nder $1 .80 $ 1 .8 5 $ 1 . 90 $ 1 .9 5 $2 . 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59 60 63 64 65 43 47 49 52 55 61 63 65 U nder U nder U nder Under U nder $2 . $2. $2 . $ 2. $2. 10 20 30 40 50 ---------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------............................................. — 70 73 76 79 81 59 63 67 70 75 U nder U nder Under U nder U nder $ 2. $2 . $2 . $2 . $ 3. 60 70 80 90 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 84 86 88 89 90 84 89 91 92 93 T o t a l --------------------------------------- 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ---------------------------------A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ---------------- 6 7 8 9 0 0 <) ( 2) ( 2) 4 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ransp or C o n t r a c t c ot ma t mi o un n, i W hole s a le R e t a i l inFsi un raannccee, , c o n s t r u e - c a tio n , trad e and rea l trade tio n e sta te a n d p u b lic utilities " _ ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 3 3 5 8 9 11 11 15 15 17 21 22 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 8 9 4 10 _ _ _ 1 1 18 21 31 37 39 13 14 18 19 o 0 0 ( ) ( 2) 25 26 28 40 41 ( 2) ( 2) 52 55 58 61 63 20 0 1 1 10 18 27 29 6 12 18 18 21 45 51 55 58 61 68 20 21 22 23 27 28 31 70 72 74 75 34 39 42 44 50 33 34 38 40 41 68 67 28 29 29 30 30 69 73 76 77 77 78 80 81 82 55 59 60 64 72 75 78 80 82 36 38 49 51 53 49 53 57 61 63 81 84 85 86 86 88 89 90 70 75 78 85 87 84 87 89 89 58 61 62 64 64 67 70 74 76 78 92 94 94 96 97 92 92 93 93 94 91 94 97 98 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 217 32 185 21 30 25 64 15 $ 1. 85 $2 . 05 $ 1 . 81 66 $ 2 . 25 $1 . 73 $ 1. 55 $ 1 . 85 7 66 86 $ 2. 14 Includes nonmanufacturing in d us tri es in addition to those shown s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s than 0. 5 p er cen t. - _ 91 91 66 45 Table 2. Average Hourly Earnings: Asheville, N.C. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A v erag e hourly earnin gs A ll in d u stries M anufac turing ind ustries U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $0. $0. $0. $0. $0. $ 1. 7 5 ----------------------------------------8 0 ----------------------------------------8 5 ----------------------------------------9 0 ----------------------------------------9 5 ----------------------------------------0 0 ----------------------------------------- 3 3 4 8 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2) U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1 . 0 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 10----------------------------------------$ 1. 15----------------------------------------$ 1 . 2 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 2 5 ----------------------------------------- 10 10 12 14 16 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1 . 3 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 35----------------------------------------$ 1 . 4 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 4 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 5 0 ----------------------------------------- 27 30 34 39 43 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1 . 5 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 6 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 6 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 7 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 7 5 ----------------------------------------- U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder 6 7 T o tal1 6 6 8 13 15 16 N onm anu facturing in d u strie s T ran spo rio n , C o n t r a c t c ot ma t m u m - W h o lesale con stru e trad e c a t io n, tio n a nd p u b lic utilities _ - - (2 ) (2 ) (*> 1 1 1 1 1 9 26 26 46 50 55 58 61 47 51 54 57 60 31 36 40 44 48 $ 1 . 8 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 8 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 9 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 9 5 ----------------------------------------$ 2 . 0 0 ----------------------------------------- 65 67 72 75 77 55 59 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $2. $2. $2. $2. $2. 10----------------------------------------2 0 ----------------------------------------3 0 ----------------------------------------4 0 ----------------------------------------5 0 ----------------------------------------- U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 2. $2. $2. $2. $3. 24 29 32 i - 21 22 1 1 (Z ) (2 ) i i i i 2 2 2 _ - _ - 1 2 R etail trad e 9 10 12 18 20 22 29 31 35 46 50 3 4 26 35 37 41 17 19 26 30 32 37 49 53 60 62 60 64 65 67 69 71 73 48 48 50 51 52 35 37 43 44 47 54 o5 70 72 76 76 79 80 83 84 66 56 57 58 59 59 50 51 52 54 58 78 79 83 85 87 86 72 73 76 77 79 80 81 87 89 90 91 82 87 90 91 93 80 87 90 92 93 85 87 89 91 92 70 72 79 83 84 64 69 73 75 76 89 92 94 95 95 93 94 94 96 96 6 0 ----------------------------------------70----------------------------------------8 0 ----------------------------------------9 0 ----------------------------------------0 0 ----------------------------------------- 95 96 96 97 97 96 97 98 98 99 93 94 95 96 96 90 92 94 94 95 77 78 81 81 83 95 97 97 98 98 97 97 97 98 98 T o t a l ----------------------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ------------------------------------A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ------------------- 296 $ 1. 66 12 15 21 70 72 155 141 19 17 13 59 $ 1. 79 $ 1. 51 $1 .85 $ 1 .9 9 $ 1. 51 $ 1. 32 Includes nonmanufacturing ind ust ri es in addition to those shown s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s than 0. 5 p e r ce n t. 68 46 Table 3. Average Hourly Earnings: Durham, N.C. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s . J u n e 1965) A verag e h o urly earn in g s A ll ind ustries M anufac luring in d u s tries U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 0 . 7 5 -------- ---------------------------$ 0 . 8 0 ----------------------------------------$ 0 . 8 5 --------------------------------------$ 0 . 9 0 -------------------- -------- ----$ 0 . 9 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 0 0 ------------------- ------------------- 2 2 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1 . 0 5 -------------------- ----------------$ 1. 10----------------------------------------$ 1. 15----------------------------------------$ 1. 2 0 ---------- -----------------------------$ 1 . 2 5 ----------------------------------------- 11 11 12 15 16 1 1 1 2 2 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. 30 ---------------------------- - $ 1 . 3 5 --------------------------------------$ 1 . 4 0 ---------------------------- --------$ 1 . 4 5 ------------------------ ------ — $ 1 . 5 0 — ------------ ---------------- 26 29 33 35 38 8 10 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1 . 5 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1 . 6 0 ---------------------------- --------$ 1. 6 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 70 --------- ------------ ---------$ L 7 5 - ----------------------------------- 42 44 47 49 51 20 22 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. 8 0 ------------------- ------------------$ 1 . 8 5 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 9 0 ----------------------------------------$ 1. 9 5 ----------------------------------------$ 2 . 0 0 ---------------- --------------------- 53 55 57 59 60 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $2. $2. $2. $2. $ 2. 10 -------------------------------------2 0 -------------------- ------ - — 3 0 ---------- — - ----------------40 ---------------- ------------------50 ----------------------- — U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder T otal1 3 4 5 N onm anu facturing in d u strie s T ran spo ratio n , C o n t r a c t c ot m muni R etail con stru e c a tio n , trade tio n a n d p u b lic u tilities (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 20 21 _ (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 4 4 4 41 44 48 52 54 28 32 38 40 41 15 19 24 59 61 64 66 68 48 49 50 52 53 32 34 35 37 39 70 72 73 75 77 64 69 73 79 83 43 50 56 $ 2 . 6 0 ----------------------------------------$ 2 . 7 0 -------------------------- -----------$ 2. 8 0 ---------------------------- --------$ 2 . 90 - ------------------------------------$ 3C00 ------------------- - - 87 89 91 93 93 80 84 T o t a l ----------------------------------------- 3 6 7 8 - 1 1 1 13 14 17 10 13 14 19 26 28 8 8 5 7 9 15 19 F in an ce, insuran ce, a nd r e a l e state - _ _ 1 1 2 21 3 3 4 5 5 28 30 31 43 46 3 3 10 12 59 62 8 10 1 2 2 2 2 66 69 71 14 18 23 32 33 38 39 40 74 77 79 80 81 31 34 39 43 49 57 58 59 60 60 42 44 46 53 59 82 83 85 85 86 55 62 63 67 69 81 83 87 89 90 67 69 77 80 81 64 70 73 76 89 91 94 94 95 74 79 85 89 93 86 86 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 87 90 90 90 79 80 81 82 85 96 97 97 98 98 96 97 98 98 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ------------------------------------ 231 102 130 23 16 46 13 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ------------------- $ 1 .8 3 $2 .1 6 $ 1.58 $ 1 .8 3 $ 2 . 03 $1 .3 6 $ 1 . 82 1 2 25 27 29 66 73 I n c lu d e s n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . 66 47 Table 4. Average Hourly Earnings: Lake Charles, La. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A verag e h o urly e arn in g s U nde r U nder U nde r U nder U nder U nde r $ 0 . 7 5 ________________________ $ 0 . 8 0 ________________________ $ 0 . 85 ------------------------------------$ 0 . 9 0 ________________________ $ 0 . 95 ________________________ $ 1 . 0 0 ________________________ A ll ind ustrie s 5 7 8 9 9 10 M anufac turing Indus trie s _ - - _ U nder U nd e r U nde r U nde r U nder $ 1. 0 5 ________________________ $ 1 . 1 0 .................................................. $ 1 . 1 5 ................................................. $ 1 . 2 0 ________________________ $ 1. 2 5 ________________________ 13 14 17 19 U nder U nder U nde r U nde r U nde r $ $ $ $ $ 1. 3 0 ________________________ 1. 3 5 _____________ __________ 1 . 4 0 ________________________ 1 . 4 5 ________________________ 1. 5 0 ________________________ 25 28 30 32 34 U nde r U nder Unde r U nde r U nde r $ $ $ $ $ 1. 55 ________________________ 1 . 6 0 ________________________ 1 .6 5 ________________________ 1. 7 0 ................................................. 1. 7 5 ________________________ 37 39 41 42 43 12 12 U nder U nder U nde r U nder U nde r $ 1 . 8 0 ________________________ $ 1. 8 5 ________________________ $ 1. 9 0 ________________________ $ 1. 9 5 ________________________ $ 2 . 0 0 ________________________ U nd e r U nde r U nde r U nde r U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder U nd e r 12 - (Z) ( ) (2 ) 7 7 T o tal1 9 11 12 N onm anu facturing in d u s trie s T ransp orC o n t r a c t c ot ma t mi o un n, i W h ole s a le R e t a i l i nFsi un raannccee, , c o n s tru e - catio n, trad e trad e and rea l tio n e state a n d p u b lic utilitie s _ (2 ) 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 28 30 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 37 41 44 47 49 10 11 11 11 7 10 12 15 18 23 14 15 17 20 21 22 - 2 _ - _ 3 3 13 16 18 20 22 23 29 30 32 44 48 _ 4 5 5 5 5 9 12 13 68 24 32 36 46 52 13 13 14 53 55 58 59 61 15 15 18 19 45 48 62 20 27 28 29 30 30 73 75 76 79 80 55 63 67 69 74 44 46 47 48 49 15 16 63 64 21 22 17 17 67 68 26 26 26 32 34 35 36 37 72 73 75 75 76 82 83 85 87 88 76 77 83 83 84 $ 2 . 1 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 2 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 3 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 4 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 5 0 ________________________ 51 53 54 57 58 18 19 72 74 75 78 79 28 29 30 44 46 43 49 50 53 54 82 82 89 90 88 91 92 93 94 95 87 94 94 95 97 $ 2 . 6 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 7 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 8 0 ________________________ $ 2 . 9 0 ________________________ $ 3. 0 0 _______________________ _ 62 63 65 67 69 29 32 34 37 42 82 83 84 85 59 61 63 69 71 94 95 96 96 97 96 96 97 97 97 99 99 99 86 49 49 51 51 52 100 100 T o t a l -------- -------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 154 59 95 15 15 6 37 7 $ 2 . 22 $ 2 . 93 $ 1 . 79 $2 .9 2 $ 2. 35 $ 1 .6 7 $ 1. 35 $ 1. 57 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) _____________________ A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ________— 8 9 9 16 20 21 24 66 Includes nonmanufacturing in du st ri es in addition to those shown s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s than 0. 5 p e r ce n t. 22 28 36 39 41 66 68 55 60 64 67 48 Table 5. Average Hourly Earnings: Lexington, Ky. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r i v o s r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A verag e ho urly earnin gs A ll ind us tries U n d e r $0 . 7 5 -------------------------------------- 1 U nder Under U nder U nder U nder $0. $ 0. $0 . $0 . $1 . 80 85 90 95 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 5 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $1 .05 $ 1 .1 0 $1 .15 $1 . 20 $ 1 .2 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 11 12 U nder Under U nder U nder U nder $1. $ 1. $ 1. $ 1. $ 1. 30 35 40 45 50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. 55 $1 . 60 $ 1.65 $1 . 70 $ 1. 75 Under Under U nder U nder Under $ 1. 80 $ 1 .8 5 $ 1 . 90 $1 . 95 $ 2 . 00 Under U nder Under U nder Under Under U nder U nder U nder U nder 6 7 8 14 15 M anufac turing ind us tries _ n n - ( 2) n n T otal1 1 - - 5 7 9 _ 16 17 18 _ (2) ( 2) ( 2) ( ) ( 2) 21 22 23 25 29 31 33 6 8 10 12 32 34 38 41 44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- 39 41 43 44 46 16 17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 51 53 55 57 $2. $2 . $2 . $2 . $2 . 10 -------------------------------------20 -------------------------------------30 — ------- -------------------------40 -------------------------------------5 0 -------------------------------------- 63 $2 . $2 . $2. S 2. $3 . 60 -------------------------------------7 0 ------ ------------------------------80 -------------------------------------9 0 -------------------------------------00 .................................................. T o ta l --------------------------------------N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ---------------------------------A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s --------------- 69 72 74 288 $2. 00 - 0 (} ( 2) 7 8 3 4 5 18 19 1 7 8 12 13 14 21 23 24 29 32 40 43 47 49 55 22 51 52 55 56 57 20 20 23 24 24 28 28 29 30 30 63 65 67 27 28 30 32 37 60 62 64 66 66 30 30 31 31 31 31 39 40 42 42 71 73 76 77 78 43 51 55 58 72 75 77 78 80 38 40 42 43 44 46 49 52 58 63 83 85 87 86 88 83 50 58 64 65 66 68 70 73 75 76 91 92 94 95 96 100 100 100 100 100 97 191 35 15 71 $ 2 . 35 $1 .8 3 $2 . 65 $2 . 34 $ 1. 59 13 20 22 24 61 89 90 10 10 Includes nonmanufacturing in d us tri es in addition to those shown se p a r a t e l y . L e s s than 0. 5 pe rce nt . 1 2 R etail trad e 9 77 65 80 67 82 70 83 73 _______85____ _________ 76 ___ 100 _ - 10 12 i i 66 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ransp or ta tio n , C o ntract c o m m u n i co n stru e c a tio n , t io n a n d p u b lic utilities 23 25 68 69 88 89 49 Table 6. Average Hourly Earnings: Monroe, La. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A verag e hourly earn in g s Unde r U nder U nder U nder U nde r U nder $ 0 . 7 5 ----------------------------------$ 0 . 80________________________ $ 0. 8 5 _______________________ $ 0 . 9 0 _______________________ $ 0 . 9 5 _______________________ $ 1. 0 0 _______________________ All m dus tries M anufac. turing ind ustries . 9 - 10 12 12 T otal 13 14 17 18 19 . _ 3 3 3 3 3 16 17 18 1 1 1 23 24 26 29 31 11 21 $ 1. 0 5 _______________________ $ 1 . 1 0 _______________________ $ 1 . 1 5 _______________________ $ 1 . 2 0 _______________________ $ 1. 2 5 _______________________ U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ $ $ $ $ 1. 3 0 ----------------------------------1. 3 5 _______________________ 1 . 4 0 _______________________ 1 . 4 5 _______________________ 1. 5 0 _______________________ 34 37 42 44 46 15 17 20 21 45 48 53 56 58 U nde r U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1 . 5 5 _______________________ $ 1. 6 0 _______________________ $ 1 . 6 5 _____________________ $ 1 . 7 0 _____________________ $ 1. 7 5 _____________________ 50 51 53 55 57 24 25 26 28 29 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. $ 1. $ 1. $ 1. $2. 8 0 _____________________ 8 5 _____________________ 9 0 _____________________ 9 5 _____________________ 0 0 _____________________ 59 61 62 64 65 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $2. $2. $2. $2. $2. 1 0 _____________________ 2 0 _____________________ 3 0 _____________________ 4 0 _____________________ 5 0 _____________________ U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $2. $2. $2. $2. $ 3. 6 0 _____________________ 7 0 _____________________ 8 0 _____________________ 9 0 _____________________ 0 0 ______________ ______ 2 2 21 22 1 1 2 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 20 (2 ) - 13 14 U nder U nder U nder U nde r U nder T o t a l ______________________ 1 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g in d u s t r i e s T ran spo rC o n t r a c t c ot ma t mi o un n, i W h o l e s a l e R e t a i l c o n stru e - cation, trad e trad e tio n a n d p u b lic utilities 2 3 - 1 2 2 _ - 17 19 2' 2b 28 31 . - (2 ) 35 37 39 46 50 4 4 4 22 - 1 1 8 8 6 7 24 26 26 14 17 24 26 28 38 43 55 59 63 59 63 68 70 72 34 41 51 54 62 63 65 67 69 35 35 38 41 44 29 30 31 31 32 69 71 75 76 78 76 76 78 79 82 55 60 63 75 79 33 34 35 38 41 72 73 74 76 77 53 53 54 54 55 35 36 37 39 47 82 84 87 87 83 83 85 87 87 83 84 87 89 69 73 75 78 80 46 53 58 64 81 82 84 85 61 63 64 65 51 53 57 59 61 91 94 96 96 88 90 91 91 92 92 94 96 96 98 98 84 86 88 88 90 91 92 92 75 76 78 78 79 66 90 91 75 78 81 85 87 70 72 77 80 96 96 98 98 99 93 94 95 95 96 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ---------------------------- 144 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ________ $ 1. 76 68 $2. 86 22 66 86 88 46 98 14 11 13 39 4 16 $ 1. 57 $ 2 . 14 $ 2 . 19 $ 1. 51 $ 1. 35 $ 1. 59 Includes nonmanufacturing in d us tri es in addition to those shown s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s than 0. 5 p e r ce n t. F in an ce, in su ran ce, and r e a l e state 50 Table 7. Average Hourly Earnings: Tuscaloosa, Ala. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A verag e ho urly earnin gs U n d e r $ 0 . 75 -------------------------------------- A ll indus tries M anufac turing in d u s tries T o tal1 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ransp or n, C o n t r a c t c otamtio m u n i W h o lesale co n stru c c a tio n, trad e tio n and public utilitie s 7 1 12 - 8 1 1 1 1 1 15 17 . U nder U nder U nder U nder Under $0 . 80 -------------------------------------$0 . 85 ------------------- ---------------$ 0 . 9 0 -------------------------------------$0 . 95 -------------------------------------$ 1. 00 ----------------------------------- U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. 05 -------------------------------------$ 1 . 1 0 ----- -----------------------------$ 1 . 15 -------------------------------------$1 . 20 -------------------------------------$ 1 . 2 5 -------------------------------------- U nder U nder U nder Under Under $ 1. 30 -------------------------------------$ 1. 35 -------------------------------------$ 1. 4 0 ------- --------------------------$ 1 .4 5 -------------------------------------$ 1 . 5 0 -------------------------------------- 34 37 40 42 43 U nder Under Under Under Under $ 1. 55 -------------------------------------$ 1. 6 0 ---------------- -........................ $ 1 . 6 5 -------------------------------------$ 1. 70 -------------------------------------$ 1. 75 -------------------------------------- U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $1 .80 $ 1. 85 $ 1 .9 0 $ 1 .9 5 $2 . 00 U nder Under U nder U nder U nder $2 . $2 . $2 . $ 2. $2 . Under U nder U nder U nder Under 9 11 12 20 22 2 2 2 2 2 29 30 32 40 41 2 2 15 17 19 20 21 52 54 59 62 63 10 11 12 47 48 50 52 53 24 25 26 27 28 67 69 71 74 75 21 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 56 57 58 60 29 30 31 32 36 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 16 17 18 23 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) _ - 13 (2 ) _ - R etail trad e 16 - 20 23 27 32 34 _ 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 43 45 47 61 64 29 31 33 41 48 57 60 63 73 76 79 80 82 28 33 34 40 42 47 50 51 73 76 81 85 87 84 85 78 79 80 81 82 36 38 39 40 40 58 59 65 69 71 91 93 94 95 95 89 90 91 92 92 73 76 78 45 50 59 63 67 84 85 88 43 44 47 48 53 72 75 77 77 79 95 96 97 97 98 93 94 95 95 96 $2. 6 0 -------------------------------------$2. 70 -------------------------------------$ 2 . 8 0 -------------------------------------$2 . 90 -------------------------------------$ 3. 00 -------------------------------------- 80 82 84 85 87 69 73 75 78 82 89 90 91 91 92 56 56 60 61 64 79 80 80 81 82 98 99 99 100 100 97 97 97 98 98 T o t a l --------------------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ---------------------------------- 155 74 82 11 7 8 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ---------------- $1 .83 21 $ 1. 48 $2 . 47 $ 1 .9 0 $ 1. 44 10 20 30 40 50 22 23 68 $ 2. 86 87 2 3 4 4 5 3 3 4 16 22 18 18 Includes nonmanufacturing in du st ri es in addition to those shown se p a r a t e l y . L e s s than 0. 5 p er cen t. 86 87 88 ; 36 $ 1. 20 51 Table 8. Average Hourly Earnings: Wichita Falls, Tex. ( C u m u l a t i v e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A verag e ho urly earnin gs A ll in d u s tries M anufac turing ind ustries U n d e r $0 . 75 ------------------------------------- 5 - U nder Under U nder U nder U nder $0. 80 $ 0 . 85 $ 0. 90 $ 0 . 95 $ 1 . 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 _ U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $ 1. 05 $ 1. 10 $1 .15 $1 . 20 $1 .25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 20 21 U nder U nder U nder U nder U nder $1 .3 0 $1 . 35 $1. 40 $1 .4 5 $ 1. 50 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 33 36 40 43 46 Under U nder U nder U nder Under $1. 55 $ 1.60 $ 1. 65 $ 1. 70 $1 . 75 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under U nder U nder U nder U nder $1. 80 $ 1. 85 $1 .9 0 $ 1 .9 5 $2 . 00 U nder U nder U nder Under Under U nder Under Under U nder U nder 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 T otal1 N on m anu facturing in d u s trie s T ransp orn, F inance, C o n t r a c t c otamtio m u n i W h o le s a le R e t a i l i n s u r a n c e , c o n s t r u c c a tio n, trad e and rea l trad e tio n and pu blic estate utilities 6 - - - 11 1 9 _ _ _ 17 19 1 1 - 11 ( 2) (2 ) 18 _ 24 26 1 1 1 13 14 15 - - - _ _ - - 4 5 5 - 28 29 31 38 40 7 7 9 11 20 27 32 36 41 45 51 54 57 60 62 29 29 33 37 39 55 56 60 62 63 66 68 71 73 75 41 44 46 48 54 64 77 77 79 80 81 56 60 61 64 64 66 23 20 21 - 28 32 36 37 40 43 46 48 15 16 19 20 20 52 54 57 59 61 42 45 49 51 52 54 56 59 61 63 42 42 44 45 46 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63 65 67 69 70 58 60 63 65 66 68 67 69 70 50 52 52 52 52 30 32 35 37 39 $2 . 10 $2 .20 $2 .30 $ 2. 40 $ 2. 50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73 76 79 81 83 72 74 78 79 84 74 77 79 82 83 57 58 61 62 62 49 53 58 61 64 74 79 82 87 83 85 87 88 89 71 74 79 85 $2. $2. $2. $2. $3. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 88 88 86 1 1 2 16 22 66 4 21 22 6 7 9 13 16 19 24 27 66 68 70 71 88 89 91 92 92 95 96 97 88 65 67 89 90 67 69 73 74 74 68 69 73 95 95 96 97 98 91 92 93 93 94 91 92 95 96 96 T o t a l -------------------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) -------------------------------- 148 29 119 14 15 12 49 8 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s --------------- $ 1. 74 $ 1.83 $ 1. 72 $ 2 . 26 $2 . 31 $ 1 . 71 $ 1. 50 $ 1 . 80 60 70 80 90 00 87 Includes nonmanufacturing in d us tri es in addition to those shown s e pa r at el y . L e s s than 0. 5 pe rc en t. 52 Table 9. Weekly Hours of Work: Amarillo, Tex. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A ll ind ustrie s W e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k 4 14 7 29 9 U n d e r 15 ___________________________ 15 a n d u n d e r 3 5 ___________________ 35 and u n d e r 40 _ 40 O v e r 40 and u n d e r 44 __ 4 4 ____________________________________ O v e r 44 a nd u n d e r 4 8 _____________ 4 8 ____________________________________ O v e r 48 _ 6 9 7 16 T o t a l _________________________ 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ____________________ A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ___________ 1 M anufac turing ind ustrie s N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g in d u s t r i e s T ransporta tio n , C o n t r a c t c o m m u n i - W h o le s a le R e t a i l con stru e - c a tio n , trad e trad e tio n a n d p u b lic utilities T o tal1 5 14 7 29 9 2 11 8 32 10 5 7 19 2 4 7 3 23 9 7 ______19__ _______15__ 1 6 10 9 100 100 100 217 32 185 21 30 41 42 40 39 41 6 7 4 26 50 9 4 8 6 8 6 3 7 8 22 16 9 19 8 2 14 11 60 9 1 10 6 10 10 15 2 100 100 100 25 64 15 40 38 7 19 ______ 2 7 ___ 100 F inan ee. in su ran ce , and r e a l estate 45 1____________ 1 1 _ I n c l u d e s n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in a d d itio n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . Table 10. W eek ly Hours o f W o rk : Asheville, N.C. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) W e e k ly h o u r s of w o r k U n d e r 1 5 _____________________________ 15 a n d u n d e r 3 5 ____________________ 35 a n d u n d e r 4 0 ------------------------------40________________________________ _____ O v e r 40 an d u n d e r 44 _____________ 4 4 ______________________ ______________ O v e r 44 a n d u n d e r 4 8 ______________ 4 8 ______________________ ____________ O v e r 48 ______________________________ T o t a l __________________________ N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) _____ A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ____________ A ll ind ustrie s 3 12 M anufac turing in d u stries 1 11 13 33 7 16 41 5 9 9 7 2 1 T o ta l1 5 13 10 25 8 3 8 11 11 100 100 296 40 12 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ran spo rtation, C o ntract sa le c o n s t r u e - c o m m u n i - W hole t rade c atio n, tio n a n d p u b lic utilitie s 7 22 15 26 6 2 8 6 2 6 2 2 8 8 6 10 13 9 16 9 11 1 15 17 28 9 2 3 13 15 24 100 100 100 100 100 155 141 19 17 13 59 41 40 38 41 42 40 ______ n ____ _______ 13___ ___ Includes nonmanufacturing indus tries in addition to those shown s e p a r a t e l y . 2 9 7 51 R etail trad e _ 1 2 ____ 53 Table 11. Weekly Hours of Work: Durham, N.C. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A ll industries W e e k ly h o u r s of w o r k U n d e r 15 --------------------- -----------------------i 5 and u n d e r 3 5 --------------------------------35 nd u n d e r 40 --------------------------------40 ----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 40 and u n d e r 4 4 -----------------------4 4 -----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 44 an d u n d e r 4 8 -----------------------4 8 -----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 4 8 ------------------------------------------------- 4 24 T o ta l ------------------------------------------ M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stries T o tal1 7 18 16 1 31 7 30 7 12 24 9 1 7 7 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ran spo ratio n , C o n t r a c t c ot m muni R etail co n stru c c atio n. trad e tion a nd p u b lic u tilitie s 1 5 9 14 1 9 20 60 14 7 13 1 8 2 13 11 10 1 8 10 18 1 2 1 4 8 13 1 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s ( in h u n d r e d s ) ------------------------------------- 231 102 1 30 23 16 46 13 A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ----------------------- 38 39 38 35 42 38 37 1 11 6 6 5 53 9 10 21 9 2 8 2 10 26 20 11 2 F in an ce in s u r a n c e . and r al esi at e I n c l u d e s n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in a d d itio n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . Table 12. W eekly Hours o f W ork : Lake Charles, La. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) W e e k ly h o u r s of w o r k A ll ind ustries U n d e r 15 ---------------------------------------------15 a n d u n d e r 35 ---------------------------------35 a n d u n d e r 40 ---------------------------------40 ----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 40 a n d u n d e r 4 4 -----------------------4 4 ----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 44 a n d u n d e r 4 8 -----------------------48 ----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 4 8 ------------------------------------------------- 7 40 9 4 5 9 13 4 10 M anufac turing in d u stries 1 4 5 54 14 4 3 5 11 T otal1 6 13 8 32 5 3 7 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ransporC o n t r a c t c otma tmi ounn,i - W h o le s a l e R e t a i l i nFsiun raannccee, , con stru e - c atio n , trad e trad e and re a l tio n and p u b lic estate utilitie s 8 20 2 29 7 3 12 11 4 50 3 1 1 2 2 6 5 14 10 2 25 4 4 9 19 11 5 100 100 3 38 5 5 15 8 2 22 14 30 11 8 2 8 19 41 14 1 9 1 T o t a l ------------------------------------------ 100 100 100 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ------------------------------------- 154 59 95 15 15 6 37. 7 A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ----------------------- 41 42 40 40 39 44 40 40 1 Includes nonmanufacturing in d us tr ie s in addition to those shown s e p a r a t e l y . 54 Table 13. Weekly Hours of Work: Lexington, Ky. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s by w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A ll in d u s tries W e e k ly h o u r s of w o r k M anufac turing in d u s tries U n d e r 15 ---------------------------------------------15 a n d u n d e r 35 ---------------------------------35 a n d u n d e r 40 — ----------------------------40 --------------------------------------------------------O v e r 40 a n d u n d e r 44 ----------------------44 --------------------------------------------------------O v e r 44 a n d u n d e r 48 ----------------------48 --------------------------------------------------------O v e r 48 ------------------------------------------------ 3 14 7 27 9 3 36 7 3 15 16 17 T o t a l ----------------------------------------- 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ------------------------------------------------------ A v e ra g e w eek ly h o u rs 1 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ranspor ta tio n , C o ntract c o m m u n i co n stru e c a tio n , tio n a n d p u b lic utilitie s T o tal1 5 17 13 R etail trad e 24 14 5 15 22 10 2 32 9 38 9 18 8 3 15 2 12 4 1 16 13 13 100 100 100 100 100 288 97 191 35 15 71 41 43 39 37 39 40 1 10 6 8 11 6 10 11 11 3 2 1 9 8 6 12 11 I n c l u d e s n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . Table 14. W eekly Hours o f W o rk : Monroe, La. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) W e e k ly h o u r s of w o r k A ll Indus trie s 3 M a n u fa c turing ind ustries T ota'i 1 4 U n d e r 15 ---------------------------------------------15 a n d u n d e r 35 ---------------------------------35 a n d u n d e r 40 ---------------------------------40 --------------------------------------------------------O v e r 40 a n d u n d e r 4 4 -----------------------4 4 --------------------------------------------------------O v e r 44 a n d u n d e r 48 ----------------------48 --------------------------------------------------------O v e r 48 ------------------------------------------------ 29 9 7 5 35 7 3 27 9 T o t a l ----------------------------------------- 10 6 1 8 11 6 N onm anufacturing in d u strie s T ransp orn, C o n t r a c t c otamtio m u n i W holesale R e ta il c o n s t r u c c a tio n, trad e trad e tio n a n d p u b lic u tilities 3 11 6 3 8 (2) 5 3 48 68 9 2 8 2 19 6 11 24 8 8 11 16 13 8 100 100 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) ----------------------------------- 144 46 A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s -------------------- 42 44 8 11 8 2 11 9 13 5 15 7 17 11 8 8 19 31 11 15 1 4 20 1 9 36 7 18 13 100 100 100 100 100 98 14 11 13 39 4 42 40 40 46 41 38 2 I n c l u d e s n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . ( 2) F inance, in s u ran ce , and rea l e state 1 6 55 Table 15. Weekly Hours of Work: Tuscaloosa, Ala. ( P e r c e p t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s . J u n e 1965) A ll in d u s tries W e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k U n d e r 1 5 ____________________________ 15 a n d u n d e r ________________________ 35 a n d tin d e r 4 0 ____________________ 4 0 __________ ________________________ O v e r 40 a n d u n d e r 44 _____________ 4 4 _____________________________________ O v e r 44 a n d u n d e r 4 8 __ _ ______ 4 8 ______________________________________ O v e r 4 8 ______________________________ 4 14 8 M a n u f ac turing ind ustries 10 20 5 5 25 _ __ 100 N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) _____________________ A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s _____________ T otal 1 2 _________ __ 4 9 5 7 17 1 11 6 34 13 27 T otal1 N onm anu facturing in d u s trie s T ransp orC o n t r a c t c ot amt imo nu ,n i - W h ole sa le c o n s tru e - catio n, trade tio n and public utilitie s 10 20 8 6 1 7 9 5 53 5 (2 ) 5 10 27 15 22 12 R etail trad e 7 18 2 9 11 8 16 9 7 1 26 2 33 9 9 14 5 14 100 100 100 11 7 8 35 34 39 44 39 3 5 13 4 15 4 1 16 100 100 100 155 74 82 40 42 39 2 I n c l u d e s n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . L e s s t h a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . Table 16. W eekly Hours o f W o rk : W ichita Falls, Tex. ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s b y w e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k , s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , J u n e 1965) A ll indus tries W e e k l y h o u r s of w o r k U n d e r 15___ ________________________ 15 a n d u n d e r 35 35 a n d u n d e r 4 0 ____________________ 4 0 ........................................................................... O v e r 40 a n d u n d e r 44 _____________ 44 __ O v e r 44 a n d u n d e r 48 _____________ 4 8 _____________________________________ O v e r 48 __ _ T o tal _ _ ___ _ N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s (in h u n d r e d s ) _ ___ _____________ A verag e w eek ly h o u rs _ _ 3 12 6 27 8 5 9 9 M anufac turing in d u s tries T otal1 2 4 14 10 26 7 5 9 5 7 30 5 11 6 N on m anu facturing in d u strie s T ransp orC o n t r a c t c otma tmi ounn, i - W h ole s a l e R e t a i l i nFsiun raannccee, , co n stru e - c atio n , and rea l trad e trad e tio n estate and pu blic utilities 4 1 9 22 9 24 13 4 7 1 59 23 17 3 3 5 12 7 15 4 34 8 6 4 13 5 20 6 5 8 21 10 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 148 29 119 14 15 12 49 8 42 44 41 38 41 45 41 40 - 16 23 2 13 14 35 7 5 5 7 5 25 Includes nonmanufacturing industries in addition to those shown separately. 3 6 2 11 Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Scope o f S u rvey The s u rv e y o f s e le c te d m e tro p o lita n a re a s in the South w ith populations b etw een 100, 000 and 150,000 (a c c o rd in g to the I960 cen su s) included the fo llo w in g : A m a r illo , T e x . (P o t t e r and R an d all C o u n ties); A s h e v ille , N. C. (B uncom be C ounty); Durham , N. C. (D u rham C ounty); L a k e C h a rle s , L a . (C a lc a s ie u P a r is h ); L ex in g to n , Ky. (F a y e tte C ounty); M o n ro e, L a . (O u achita P a r is h ); T u s c a lo o s a , A la . (T u s c a lo o s a C ounty); and W ic h ita F a lls , T e x . (A r c h e r and W ic h ita C ou n ties). Included w e r e esta b lish m en ts w ith one o r m o r e e m p lo y e e s , and a u x ilia r y units a ffilia te d w ith and s e r v in g the v a rio u s esta b lish m en ts (i. e. , w a reh o u ses, c e n tra l o ffic e s , la b o r a to r ie s , p o w erp la n ts, etc. ) w ith in each o f the a re a s . M a jo r in d u stry d iv is io n s w ith in the scope o f the s u rv e y w e r e : (1) M in in g (e x c e p t p e tro le u m and n atu ral g a s ); (2) c o n tra ct co n stru ctio n ; (3) m an u factu rin g; (4) tra n s p o rta tio n (e x c e p t r a ilr o a d s ), com m u n ication , e le c t r ic , gas, and s a n ita ry s e r v ic e s ; (5) w h o le s a le tra d e ; (6) r e t a il tra d e ; (7) fin a n ce, in su ra n ce, and r e a l esta te ; and (8) s e r v ic e s (e x c e p t n o n p ro fit r e lig io u s , c h a rita b le , edu cation al, and hu m ani ta ria n o r g a n iz a tio n s ). M a jo r in d u stry d iv is io n s exclu d ed w e r e a g ric u ltu re and govern m en t. A l l n o n s u p e rv is o ry e m p lo y e e s , ex c e p t ou tside s a le s p e rs o n s in in d u stries oth er than r e t a il tra d e , w e r e inclu ded in the study. The ea rn in gs data r e la te to p a y r o ll p e rio d s ending n e a re s t June 15, 1961, and June 15, 1962, and, in the la te s t su rv e y , in clu din g June 12, 1965. The hou rs data p e rta in on ly to the June 1965 p e rio d . Sam ple D esig n State a g e n c ie s w hich a d m in is te r the un em ploym en t in su ran ce law s fu rn ish ed lis ts o f a ll esta b lish m en ts c o v e r e d by th ese law s in each a re a , show ing lo c a tio n , em p lo ym en t, and in d u stry c la s s ific a tio n . F r o m th ese lis t s , a sam p le o f esta b lish m en ts w as s e le c te d , using a s tr a tifie d sam ple d esig n w ith v a r ia b le sam p lin g ra tio s based on optim u m a llo c a tio n depending on kind o f in d u s tria l a c tiv ity and em p lo ym en t s iz e . T o obtain an a p p ro p ria te d e g r e e o f a c cu ra cy at m in im u m co st, the sam p le w ith in each m a jo r in d u stry d iv is io n co n s is te d o f a g r e a te r p ro p o rtio n o f la r g e than o f s m a ll esta b lis h m e n ts . G e n e ra lly , each e s ta b lis h m e n ts chance o f b ein g in clu ded in the sam ple w as rou gh ly p ro p o rtio n a te to its em p lo ym en t s iz e . Although sep a ra te sa m p les w e r e p re p a re d fo r the 1961, 1962, and 1965 s u rv e y s , a su bstan tial p r o p o rtio n o f the la r g e r esta b lish m en ts w as in clu ded in a ll th ree s u rv e y s . M ethod o f C o lle c tio n P r im a r y data fo r 1961 and 1962 used in the tabulations w e r e obtained la r g e ly by m a il q u estio n n a ire. L a r g e units w e r e v is ite d by the Bureau*s fie ld e c o n o m is ts , as .w e re a sam p le o f the nonrespondents to the m a il q u estio n n a ire. P r im a r y data fo r 1965 w e r e obtain ed la r g e ly through p e rs o n a l v is it s by B ureau fie ld eco n o m ists to the sa m p le esta b lis h m e n ts . E s tim a tin g P r o c e d u r e s The p r o b a b ility o f the u nitl s in clu sio n in the sam p le d e te rm in e d the w eig h tin g fo r each sam p lin g unit. F o r ex a m p le, when 1 out o f 4 esta b lish m en ts in an in d u s tr y -s iz e c la s s w as s e le c te d fo r study, data fo r this esta b lish m en t w e r e g iv e n a w e ig h t o f 4, thus re p re s e n tin g the esta b lish m en t studied and the 3 not studied. T h e r e fo r e , e s tim a te s b ased on the e s ta b lish m en ts studied r e la te to a ll esta b lish m en ts in the in d u stry grou ps w ith in the a re a . Data fo r esta b lish m en ts w ith 1 to 3 e m p lo y e e s , w hich w e r e not inclu ded in the State lis tin g s , w e r e im puted to the esta b lish m en ts w ith 4 to 10 e m p lo y e e s . T o m in im iz e the b ias o f n o n resp on se, data obtained fr o m a sam ple o f the nonrespondents to the m a il qu estio n n a ire w e r e w eig h ted to r e p re s e n t a ll o th er nonrespondents. The advance planning n e c e s s a r y to m ake a w a ge s u rv e y r e q u ir e s the u se o f lis ts o f esta b lish m en ts a s s e m b le d c o n s id e ra b ly in advance o f the p a y r o ll p e r io d studied. C on sequ en tly, the s u rv e y did not include esta b lish m en ts new to the u n iv e rs e subsequent to the c o m p ila tio n o f e sta b lish m en t lis tin g s . In addition, the la ck o f p r e c is e in fo rm a tio n fo r esta b lish m en ts w ith fe w e r than fou r e m p lo y e e s m ak es it n e c e s s a r y to r e g a r d w ith r e s e r v a tio n s m a ll e m p lo y m en t changes based on sa m p les. 56 57 D e fin itio n o f T e r m s E a rn in g s D a ta . F o r pu rp oses o f this study, ea rn in gs data r e la te to s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u rly ea rn in g s, exclu d in g p re m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e w o rk , and fo r w o rk on w eeken ds, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts . C o s t - o f- liv in g and in c e n tiv e p aym en ts, such as those re s u ltin g fr o m p ie c e w o rk o r p rod u ction bonus s y s te m s , a re c o n s id e re d p a rt o f the w o r k e r 1s re g u la r pay, but nonprodu ction p aym en ts, such as C h ris tm a s o r y e a re n d bonuses, a re not so c o n s id e re d . E a rn in g s o f w o r k e r s not paid on an h o u rly b a s is w e r e c o n v e rte d to an h o u rly ra te by d ivid in g the to ta l s tr a ig h t-tim e ea rn in gs re p o rte d by the num ber o f paid hours du rin g the p a y r o ll p e rio d . G roup a v e r a g e h o u rly e a rn in gs published in this b u lletin (e x c e p t fo r r e t a il tra d e ) w e r e obtained by d iv id in g the sum o f the h o u rly ea rn in gs by the num ber o f in d ivid u als r e p re s e n te d in the group to ta l. Group a v e r a g e h o u rly ea rn in gs fo r r e t a il tra d e w e r e obtained by d ivid in g the sum o f the h o u rly ea rn in gs by the num ber o f hours w o rk e d . T h is p ro c e d u re w as u sed b ecau se o f the w id e v a r ia tio n o f w o rk schedu les fo r r e t a il e m p lo y e e s . E s ta b lis h m e n t. An e sta b lish m en t w h e re bu sin ess is conducted. B ecau se b a sis (as op p osed to an in d u stry b a s is ), r e p o rtin g unit lo c a te d w ith in the s p e c ifie d r e p a ir shops, and la b o r a to r ie s , w e r e also is g e n e r a lly d efin ed as a sin g le p h y s ic a l lo c a tio n the s u rv e y w as conducted on a m e tro p o lita n a re a data w e r e re q u e s te d fo r a ll e s ta b lish m en ts o f the a re a . A u x ilia r y units, such as w a re h o u s e s , o ffic e s , inclu ded in the s u rv e y as p a rt o f the r e p o rtin g unit. H ou rs o f w o rk a re fo r a 1 -w eek p e r io d and include hours paid fo r v a ca tio n s, h o lid a y s , s ic k leave, and o th er paid le a v e . G roup a v e r a g e w e e k ly hours w e r e ob tain ed by d iv id in g the sum o f the w e e k ly hours by the num ber o f in d ivid u als in the grou p tota l. In du stry G ro u p s. The in d u stry groups u sed in this s u rv e y a re c o m p le te ly d efin ed in the 1957 ed itio n o f the Standard In d u s tria l C la s s ific a tio n M anual p re p a re d by the B ureau o f the Budget. M e tro p o lita n a r e a s , as used in this study, r e fe r to those c ity and county a re a s defin ed by the B ureau o f the B udget as Standard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a s in 1961. Included a re cou nties containing at le a s t one c e n tr a l c ity w ith a population o f 50, 000 o r m o r e , as w e ll as those ad jacen t cou nties that a re found to be m e tro p o lita n in c h a ra c te r and e c o n o m ic a lly and s o c ia lly in te g ra te d w ith the county containing the c e n tra l c ity . F o r a m o r e d e ta ile d d e s c rip tio n o f m e tro p o lita n a re a s , see the pam phlet, Standard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a s , p re p a re d by the B ureau o f the B udget in 1961. N o n s u p e rv is o ry E m p lo y e e s . Included in this group a re e m p lo y e e s b elow the s u p e r v is o r y le v e l, such as m in e r s , prod u ction w o r k e r s , o ffic e and c le r ic a l w o r k e r s , in sid e s a le s p e rs o n s , rou tem en , re p a irm e n , m ain ten an ce w o r k e r s , in s ta lla tio n m en, c a fe t e r ia e m p lo y e e s , cu sto d ia l w o r k e r s , t r u c k d r iv e r s , etc . E xclu d ed fr o m this group a re ou tside s a le s p e rs o n s , e x e c u tiv e s , p r o fe s s io n a ls , and s u p e r v is o r s . Appendix B. Questionnaire BLS 2837 Budget Bureau No. 44-R1167. 2 Approval expires May 31, 1966 (Rev. ’65) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU O F LABOR S I ■ics Your report w ill be held in confidence. W a s h in g t o n , D.C. 2 ID E N T IF IC A T IO N : Schedule City number Reg- State size SIC Est. size Wgt. EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS, SELECTED AREAS Spec. char. This report should cover all establishments of your company located in the county or area designated to the left. Include auxiliary units such as ware houses, offices, repair shops, and research labora tories, etc. Do not report data for any establish ment located outside of the designated county. I. T Y P E O F B U SIN E SS: ___________________________________________________________________________ In d ica te y o u r m a jo r b u s in e s s a c tiv ity (e. g. , m in in g , m a n u fa c tu r in g , w h o le sa le tr a d e , e tc . ) and y o u r p r in c ip a l p ro d u c t or s e r v ic e b a s e d on v a lu e of s a le s or r e c e ip ts ( e . g . , cru d e p e tr o le u m , s e a m le s s h o s ie r y , g r o c e r ie s , e t c .) . T y p ic a l e x a m p le s of p r o p e r e n tr ie s a r e: M ining— c o a l; m a n u fa c tu r in g — te x tile m a c h in e r y ; b an k in g; a u to m o b ile r e p a ir sh o p s; g e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r ; e tc . 2. P A Y R O L L P E R IO D C O V E R E D BY TH E SU R V E Y : T h e in fo r m a tio n r e q u e s te d sh o u ld c o r r e sp o n d to y o u r p a y r o ll p e r io d (w e e k ly , b i w e e k ly , o r m o n th ly ) w h ich in c lu d e s Ju n e 12, 1 9 6 5 . In d ica te th e d a te s fo r th e p a y r o ll p e r io d u se d : F r o m _______________________________________, 1965 t o ___________________________ ________ , 1965. 3. E M P L O Y M E N T IN E S T A B L ISH M E N T S C O V E R E D BY TH IS R E PO R T : A . T o ta l n u m b er of e m p lo y e e s ______________________________________________ _____________ . Enter total number of employees (full-time and part-time) who received pay for any part of the payroll period. DO NOT INCLUDE proprietors, members of unincorporated firms, or unpaid family workers. B . N u m b er of n o n su p e r v iso r y e m p lo y e e s --------------------------------------------------- -------------------- . Enter total number of employees (full-time and part-time) below the supervisory level who received pay for any part of the payroll period. Working supervisors who spend less than 20 percent of their time at supervisory duties should be classified as nonsupervisory. Include such employees as miners, production, office, and technical em ployees, salespersons (including telephone sales), routemen, repairmen, maintenance and installation men, cafeteria employees, waiters, custodial employees, truckdrivers, etc. DO NOT INCLUDE outside salesmen, executive, ad ministrative, professional, and supervisory employees. D o yo u w an t a cop y of th e B u r e a u 's r e p o r t on th is s u r v e y ? ___Y es □ N o n N am e and title of p e r s o n fu r n ish in g d a t a ___________________________________________________ (Please type or print) 58 59 4. EA R N IN G S AND HOURS O F N O N SU P E R V ISO R Y E M P L O Y E E S : IN ST R U C T IO N S (P le a s e rea d c a r e fu lly to a v o id c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ) E a rn in g s and h o u rs sh ou ld be r e p o r te d s e p a r a te ly fo r ea ch e m p lo y e e u n le s s th e s e d ata a r e id e n tic a l fo r tw o e m p lo y e e s or m o r e . E x clu d e p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la te s h ifts . Do n ot r e p o r t a g g r e g a te e a r n in g s and h o u rs fo r s e v e r a l w o r k e r s . F o r c o n v e n ie n c e of r ep o r tin g fo r e m p lo y e e s p aid on o th er than an h o u r ly b a s is (e. g. , s a la r y , in c e n tiv e ), c o lu m n s 5 and 6 a r e p r o v id e d . In s tr u c tio n s fo r r e p o r tin g the n e c e s s a r y d ata in ea ch co lu m n a r e lis te d b e lo w . T he e x a m p le s r e fe r r e d to a r e sh ow n on th e e n c lo s e d s h e e t. Colum n (1)— Indicate w hether the em ployee is m ale (M) or fem ale (F). Colum n (2)— Use a separate line for each em ployee and enter " 1 ," unless two em ployees or m ore of the sam e sex worked the sam e num ber of hours during the se lected w eek, and received identical hourly or salary rates. D ata are to be reported C om plete colum ns 1, 2, and 3 for all individually for each em ployee whose earnings were based entirely or in part on com nonsupervisory em ployees covered by m issions, bonuses, or incentives. this report. (See exam ples 1—4. ) C olum n (3)— Enter the num ber of hours worked during the w eek of June 6-1 2, 1965. Include hours paid for sick leave, holidays, vacations, etc. These hours should re late to a 1-w eek period regardless of the length of the payroll period. All em ployees Hourly rated em ployees Use colum n 4 to report earnings of em ployees paid on an hourly basis. (See exam ple 1. ) Colum n (4)— Enter the base (straight-tim e hourly) rate. Prem ium paym ents for over tim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts should be excluded. This colum n m ay also be used to report earnings of em ployees paid on an incentive or salary basis if average straight-tim e hourly earnings are available. Colum n (5)— Enter for each em ployee the to tal straig h t-tim e salary and/or incen tive earnings for the payroll period (w eekly, biw eekly, or sem im onthly) w hich in cludes June 12, 1965. Include straight-tim e pay for overtim e, but exclude over Use columns 5 and 6 to report earnings tim e prem ium . of em ployees paid on a salary or incen tive basis. (See exam ples 2, 3, and 4. ) Colum n (6)— Enter the num ber of hours worked during the payroll period (w eekly, biw eekly, m onthly, or sem im onthly) w hich corresponds to the earnings reported in colum n 5. Include hours paid for sick leave, holidays, vacations, etc. Salaried or incentive em ployees C o m p le te th e s e c o lu m n s fo r a ll n o n su p e r v iso r y e m p lo y e e s Pi S ex (M or F) 1 (2) N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s (3) H ou rs w o rk ed d u rin g the w e ek Ju n e 6—12, 1965 U s e th is co lu m n fo r n o n su p e r v iso r y e m p lo y e e s p aid on an h o u rly b a s is (4) S tr a ig h t-tim e h o u rly r a te U s e th e s e co lu m n s for n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s p aid o th er than on an h o u rly b a s is (5) S tr a ig h t-tim e s a la r y o r in c e n tiv e e a rn in g s fo r p a y r o ll p e rio d w h ich in c lu d e s June 12, 1965 (6) H ou rs w o rk ed d u rin g p a y r o ll p e r io d ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1966 O - 241-312
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