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MONTHLY JUNE 1950 CONTENTS The Presentation of Local Business Statistics . . The Business Situation K e v i e w F INANCE • IN DU STR Y • AGRICULTURE • TRADE FOURTH Vol. 33— No. 6 FEDERAL RESERVE D IS T R IC T Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Cleveland 1, Ohio The Presentation of Local Business Statistics T HIS sequel to the discussion of local business statistics which appeared in the April REVIEW deals with the preparation of appropriate textual comment to accompany the bare statistical material that is made available in many localities. The general principles and procedures described herein are not proffered as the last word in process ing and presenting local data. Whatever merit this discussion contains stems entirely from several years of firsthand experience by the research department of this bank in assembling, preparing, and publish ing its “Weekly Summary of Cleveland Business Activity”, the preparation of which is discussed be low in some detail. Business data will tend to be of higher quality and of greater significance if those responsible for gathering the information are also prepared to eval uate its meaning. Business series are chosen for their value as indicators of the state of economic affairs, but that value is neither fixed nor static. Continuity is an important characteristic of any series of business data, but over a period of time the value of a particular series may deteriorate to the point where it may well be abandoned and replaced by something else. New inventions, new laws, changes in people’s living habits, and other develop ments can influence the usefulness of specific statis tics. If the publishers of statistical series are active in interpreting their product and in checking its use fulness, corrective measures can be taken before out side interest in the service begins to wane. On the other hand, some well established series occasionally lose their value temporarily. For ex ample, sales of new automobiles in the first postwar years were not useful as a measure of the demand for motorcars because of the limitations in produc tive capacity. Today that series is coming into its own again. Because of the desirability of a balanced representation of basic indus tries and consumer markets, nine distinct series, with some subdivisions were selected for regular inclusion in the “Weekly Summary of Cleveland Business Activity”, a facsimile of which is reproduced herewith. The material selected for regular publication and comment has been limited to nine series, partly by the necessity of keeping the number of series within bounds, and partly by practical considerations. Not all useful material is available on a weekly basis and with minimum delay. In two cases, namely passenger car sales and department store trade, the emphasis is on condi tions in the retail market. In nonresidential build ing, electric output, steel operations, and carloadings, the stress is on conditions prevailing in industry. Residential building, unemployment compensation, streetcar pass sales, and newspaper advertising line age occupy an intermediate position in that they are indicative of both consumer and industry conditions. In addition to the material published regularly in the table, several supplementary series are main tained and mentioned from time to time in the accompanying text. One of them is the number of relief cases in the city, which frequently does not change from week to week. Other important series carried forward, but not published at weekly inSelection of Data Monthly Business Review Page 2 June 1, 1950 Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland For Research Department Release A.M. Newspapers, May 15 , I 12 1950 WEEKLY SUMMARY OF CLEVELAND BUSINESS ACTIVITY Steady high-level steel production and power output continue to be major sus taining factors in Cleveland business activity, bolstered currently by an upsurge in residential construction in Cleveland and surrounding suburban areas. The $2,Ult0,000 aggregate value of all building permits issued last week by the City of Cleveland marked the third highest week of the year so far, and brought the year's cumulative total to over $22,000,000, a figure not reached in 19U9 until well into August. Predominant in last week's total was new residential work amounting to $1,972,200, covering 232 single-home permits, by far the largest number either this year or last. A canvass of 10 major suburbs* yielded a combined total building permit valua tion for April of slightly over $6.0 million as compared with $8.2 million in March. Since building permit value in these 10 suburbs for the January-March period was double the same three months of last year, many building contractors undoubtedly reached a saturation point in taking on new work, making a March to April decline more or less inevitable. The April total is about SO% ahead of the same month last year. The seasonal decline in output of electricity continued as production amounted to 83.5 million kwh last week. The margin over last year was \2%, a little under the average lh% year-to-year gain of the previous five weeks. Cleveland-Lorain district steel mills were reported as operating at 97.5$ of capacity by STEEL magazine. Mill activity for the past six weeks, when converted to tons, shows an ingot output 12% ahead of a year ago, as was the case during the first quarter. Declines were registered in sales of all types of motor vehicles, with the slow-up in new passenger car sales to 1,358 being the most noticeable. This is partly because of comparison with the previous record-breaking period, but last week's total nevertheless marks one of the five lowest non-holiday periods this year. Despite this fact, new auto sales were 10% over the year-ago week. Used car sales totaled 2,U80, to fall slightly below year-ago volume the third time this year. There were 19»U29 continued claims filed for unemployment compensation repre senting a further decline in a downtrend of several months' duration, but initial claims advanced to 1,731 from the previous week's 18-month low. Although up * 6% for the week, department store sales were 7% below a year ago. Bay Village, Cleveland Heights, Euclid, Fairview Park, Lakewood, Lyndhurst, Maple Heights, Parma, Shaker Heights,, and University Heights. Monthly Business Review June 1, 1950 Page 3 F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k of C l e v e l a n d Research Department For Release Da t p A.M. Newspapers, May 15 May 12, 1950 WEEKLY SUMMARY OF CLEVELAND BUSINESS ACTIVITY Week Ended Auto Sales Electric Output usea wew Cars Trucks Cars Trucks (million kwh) Permits to Build - Estimated Cost Resi NonresiAlterations dential dential Resi Nonresidential aential (000* s) (000*s) (000fs) (000 *s) 1950 Apr 6 Apr 13 Apr 20 Apr 27 1,332 1,578 l,38ii 1,1*87 151 3,395 290 135 2,316 195 121 2,160 129 166 2,1*53 11*5 88.6 89.1 86.9 87.1 $ 256 570 397 1*73 May 1* May 11 1,730 1,356 156 2,530 176 11*6 2,1*80 151 81*.9 83.5 388 1,972 $1,16865 158 71*9 1*2 33 $ 132 113 77 109 109 261* 1*6 1*9 206 151* * 35 27 Steel Dept. Store Carloadings Streetcar Unemployment Retail Dollar (no. of cars) Operations Display Compensation Pass Sales Sales Claims Ad % Change fr, In Out Lines* year ago bound bound Capacity (000»s) d. (000*s) Initial Cont’ Week Ended % 1950 * % Apr 8 Apr 15 Apr 22 Apr 29 - 1 -25 ♦ 8 ♦ 2 6,990 7,186 8,109 8,697 5,717 5,865 5,819 7,228 May 6 May 13 - 7 7,001 6,319 Week ended Friday. Sources: Furnished upon request. 97 . 0% 99.5 96.0 97.0 96 95 96 95 1,965 22,71*1* 1,791 21,562 1,811 20,3i*7 1,595 19,951 820 836 911* 867 96.0 97.5 95 96 1,731 996 986 19,1*29 Pago 4 Monthly Business Review tervals, include sales tax receipts, total streetcar revenues from fares, bank clearings, bank debits (monthly), building permit value (monthly) for all suburban areas as well as the city, and new pas senger car sales by make of car (monthly). Some of these are primarily useful for purposes of compari son with other communities where similar data are available. The time lag in other cases is so great that, for a weekly reporting project, they are re served mainly for occasional retrospective appraisal or other purposes. Reporting Period With the exception of two series and Other which are reported by mail, all Considerations the data for the “Weekly Sum mary of Cleveland Business Ac tivity” are collected by telephone on Friday of each week at the earliest possible hour as prearranged with the respective cooperating sources. From time to time credit to all sources appears at the foot of the table of statistics, although regular inclusion of the somewhat lengthy list of cooperating organiza tions has been eliminated to simplify preparation. As indicated in the table, steel operations and streetcar pass sales are for the week ended Saturday, which is actually the day following preparation of the release. This advance publication is not due to any clairvoyant ability to foresee the future, but is possible because of peculiarities of the data. For ex ample, the steel operation figure is an estimate de rived by Steel magazine from weekly schedules of operations submitted midway through the week of report by the respective steelmaking companies. Since the operation of steel furnaces does not lend itself to sudden change, the estimate can ordinarily be relied on to carry through Saturday without much deviation. Minor revisions are reported the following week. As for streetcar passes, they are purchased only on Sunday and Monday of each week and can therefore be accurately tallied before the end of the riding week. Three other series, auto sales, electric output, and building permit valuation, are available each Friday for the preceding seven days. Newspaper display advertising lineage for the week ended Friday is ob tained late the same day—about an hour after the afternoon editions have gone to press. In the re maining three cases, department store sales, railway carloadings, and claims for unemployment compen sation, there is a lag of five business days. Since the summary is prepared on a weekly basis on Friday afternoon and is on the desks of most subscribers by Saturday morning, the weekly summary has the ad vantage of reflecting extremely current developments. In view of the fact that business data in a sense are a highly perishable commodity, prompt publica tion at weekly intervals is desirable wherever possible. The use of weekly periods has the further advantage in that for each item all calendar periods are of the June 1, 1950 same length, whereas monthly reports involve con sideration of the variation in number of business days as well as intervening holidays. February, with its variable 28 or 29 days and equal in length to no other month, is not the only offender. Months of 31 days may have either four or five Sundays so that the number of business days is inconstant. Such variations occur throughout the year as well as from year to year and must be considered together with special one-day holidays. Furthermore, the advan tage of relative stability and freedom from erratic fluctuation that is often attributed to monthly re ports in contrast to weekly reports is more apparent than real if weekly records are adequately main tained on a cumulative basis. The latter practice makes it readily possible to select any four-week period (to correspond approximately with a month) or for that matter a period of any number of con secutive weeks and compare with any other similar period. This facility of measuring off a period of almost any desired length is frequently of special value in determining relationships between statistical series and disrupting occurrences such as strikes. There is one disadvantage to weekly reports which may crop up in diverse series in that records of re porting sources are sometimes uncontrollably influ enced by the calendar months. In Cleveland, for example, there is a tendency for registrations of new cars sold to lag a little in the body of the calendar month and then to catch up in the closing days of the month. A pictorial record of each series in the nature of simple line charts is the most valuable tool in deter mining the real significance of week-to-week changes. When charts are plotted for a number of years, the presence of major seasonal patterns will be disclosed. For example, electric power production in the Cleveland area normally reaches a peak in December and a low point in June. This is due to the use of electricity for lighting purposes, which use varies as the amount of natural daylight changes. This seasonal upswing and down swing is not self-apparent in the cold statistical col umns, but it is necessary to know that such a pattern exists and to allow for it. The balance of electricity consumption which is used as power for general indus trial, commercial, and household purposes is the por tion that is significant, and consequently it is the deviations from the seasonal pattern that are impor tant as indicators of the business climate. From this illustration it seems clear that the process of evalu ating the statistics and of maintaining continuous records constitutes an indispensable aid in the pre paration of a written summary. The descriptive comment which accompanies the statistical table should be as general and objective Importance ot Preliminary W ork (C O N T IN U E D O N P A G E 8) June 1, 1950 Monthly Business Review Page 5 The Business Situation H P HE most important development on the business front since the turn of the year in both the District and the nation has been the gradual but steady emergence of an attitude of confidence. Doubts as to the inherent strength of industrial activity and of consumer markets have been dissi pated. Many producers now expect present levels of activity—except for normal seasonal variations— to carry well into the third quarter, and perhaps be yond that. This has been especially true among producers of durable goods of nearly every description. The flow of new orders steadily increased during the first quar ter and is continuing at this date. In many cases, new orders have substantially exceeded shipments so that backlogs are accumulating and a comfortable bank of business for the future is assured. The effects of this rise in confidence and new business may be seen in many sectors. The stability of wholesale prices since the closing months of 1949 is not only evidence of stable or strengthening de mand for most commodities but is also a factor which encourages business to extend forward com mitments. In April and May general wholesale prices began to rise slightly, and in the spot markets several commodities recently have begun to advance sharply, particularly rubber, steel scrap, nonferrous metals, and livestock. New claims for unemployment insurance in Ohio which averaged 19,000 a week in January had sunk to only 11,000 a week in the first part of May. Con tinued claims for unemployment compensation in this same interval of time dropped from 154,000 to 91,000, the lowest level since January 1949. Declines in compensable unemployment have been particularly marked in Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, a n d Toledo, Ohio; Erie and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Concurrent with the decline in unemployment, has been a steady gain in manufacturing and construc tion employment. Another sector in the over-all economic picture which reflects the change in business attitudes is the recent gain in new business incorporations, as reported by Dun and Bradstreet, Inc. New charters granted Ohio and Pennsylvania corporations rose 16 percent in the first quarter of this year as com pared with the same period in 1949. This may rep resent a reversal of a downward trend which had been evident since 1946. One of the most important factors, if not the most important, in the cur rent trend of business activity has been the upsurge of the construction industry. Every measure of build ing activity—permits, new housing starts, value of construction work put in place, heavy engineering Construction TOTAL RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS AWARDED 1950 As Against Previous Year . . . residential construction in this District (as well as elsewhere) has vaulted to record levels within the past few weeks. Dollar volume of contracts awarded in April was 2 Vi times the year-ago figure. Source: F. W. Dodge Corporation. awards, and total construction contracts awarded— points uniformly toward new construction records. The present volume of work now under way together with the recent record-breaking level of contracts awarded, virtually assure that 1950 will be a ban ner construction year by any standard of comparison. In the Fourth District, residential building activity is beginning to assume the proportions of an unpre cedented boom. Records are now being established that exceed the best previous postwar years as well as those of the mid-1920’s. A year ago last spring, residential builders were proceeding with some caution. Finished houses sold slowly and buyers were able to obtain some price concessions. These conditions prevailed pretty gen erally through the first half of the year. The pick-up thereafter was due, at least in part, to the liberalized financing terms that were legislated in July by the Congress, and to the provision of additional funds for the several credit agencies. A gradual revival of confidence, the firming of the price structure, and a trend toward lower-priced housing also have con tributed to increased demand for new homes. By the end of the third quarter of 1949, residential building in the District, as measured by F. W. Dodge contracts awarded, was still lagging behind the pre vious year. The beginning of the boom, however, was in September, when the value of contracts jumped more than 50 percent over August, whereas the usual seasonal pattern is for activity to remain about on the same plane in these two months. October con tracts were the largest ever awarded in the District for any month since records were first started some Monthly Business Review Page 6 27 years ago. Fourth-quarter contracts were 87 per cent larger than in the like period of 1948 and lifted the entire year’s total to the highest on record. This rate of gain accelerated in the first four months of 1950 with an advance of 122 percent over the same 1949 months. The value of residential construction contracts in this year’s initial four months, amounting to nearly $170 million, was greater than the annual total of 15 of the last 27 years in the District. Analysis of the contract award data indicates that all types of residential building are sharing in the boom. Single-family homes put under contract for the owner who will occupy the unit himself, increased 108 percent in the first four months of the year as compared with the same 1949 period. Single-family units built by contractors for open market sale in creased considerably more, or 138 percent. Apart ment house building was up a substantial 147 per cent, and accounted for about one-eighth of all new dwelling units. Very large gains in apartment build ing were scored in the Cleveland and Cincinnati districts, but the Pittsburgh area showed a smaller year-to-year increase in this category. There is some evidence in the latter area of a surplus of apartments renting for more than $125 a month. The number of new homes being completed and offered for sale now is undoubtedly the largest on record for this season of the year. Yet a canvass of representative real estate brokers and builders in the three major cities of the District reveals that there is practically no over-hang of unsold new houses on the market. In fact builders of for-sale housing are again selling units before they are half completed or even from blue prints or model homes. Nonresidential construction, public works and utility expansion in the District have not kept pace with house building activity. In the first four months U. S. AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION 1950 As Against Previous Year . . . despite the work stoppage at a major producer, auto mobile production has been running ahead of last year, and is now (May-June) moving into record high volume. Source: Automobile Manufacturers Association. June 1, 1950 of the year, the dollar value of nonresidential con tracts awarded gained only 14 percent over the com parable 1949 months, public works were up 60 percent and utilities gained 15 percent. The dollar value of commercial building was up 10 percent, but the number of projects actually increased 16 percent. Construction of District manufacturing buildings was down 18 percent. The decline in manufacturing building was due to the fact that a year ago, a very large contract for an oil refinery was awarded. If this one contract were eliminated, manufacturing building would have been larger in 1950 in the first four months than a year ago, and the number of contracts awarded would be up 3 percent. In contrast with the Fourth District, manufactur ing construction contracts awarded in the entire 37state area covered by F. W. Dodge, were up 81 percent in value. Most of this gain, however, was the result of a single $103 million contract for a government project in Tennessee. The number of manufacturing projects in the 3 7-state area was unchanged from a year ago. Another important factor in lifting the over-all performance of industry thus far in 1950 has been the recordbreaking pace of passenger car production and sales. Through the first four months of the year, nearly 1.8 million passenger cars were assembled in the United States despite the fact that a major producer was strike-bound for 104 calendar days. Production was nearly equal to the previous record established in the first four months of 1929. If further labor trouble is avoided, the old mark of nearly 2.8 million cars set in the first half of 1929 will be broken easily. It is noteworthy that passenger car produc tion every month since October 1948 has exceeded the same year-ago month with the exception of De cember 1949 when important model changeovers were made. New car sales have just about kept pace with production so that in the main, there has been rela tively little inventory accumulation in dealer hands this spring. In fact, deliveries of the most popular makes and models is not promised for 6 or 8 weeks. This situation, however, could change rapidly with full production just now being attained by one of the large “independent” producers and very high output scheduled by all other manufacturers for the first time since January. The used car market also came back strong this spring with perhaps a more than seasonal rise in prices. The Fourth District, and particularly Ohio, is probably the major area feeding the principal motor car assembly lines with all types of parts and acces sories. Original equipment manufacturers experi Automobiles and Parts June 1, 1950 Monthly Business Review enced a gain in activity comparable with the rise in assembly of new cars in other regions. Producers that were heavily dependent upon their strike-bound customer, did not fare so well. Some shrinkage was also experienced by manufacturers specializing in the auto replacement parts business. District truck builders’ output varied sharply among the major producers, but truck trailer manufacturers had a good upswing in new orders. Automotive passenger car c a s i n g manufacturers have also benefited from the upsurge in motor car as sembly. In the first quarter of the year, production of casings rose 17 percent and shipments gained 22 percent from the same 1949 period according to the Rubber Manufacturers Association. In these first three months, shipments for original equipment were up 38 percent while the replacement market increased 8 percent. Preliminary estimates by the industry indicate that shipments in April and May rose still further and that replacement buying was higher. Dealer inven tories were reported to be on the low side for this season of the year. Repeated rumors of impending tire price advances have been a further stimulus to tire demand. Factory inventories on April 1 were 3 percent lower than a year ago. Truck and bus casing production in the first quar ter was down 3 percent from the same months in 1949 and factory inventories dropped 16 percent. Original equipment shipments were down 6 percent but replacement casing demand advanced 12 percent. District tire plants in April and May operated six and even seven days a week in an effort to keep pace with sales. Tire manufacturers currently report two major problems: the rising price of natural crude rubber, and the shortage of both rayon and cotton tire fabrics. From 16 cents a pound in the New York spot market in June 1949, natural crude rubber advanced to 28*4 cents by mid-May or a gain of some 78 percent. The bulk of this gain took place in the last 60 days. While companies in early May still had stocks of low-priced rubber on hand, consumption was accelerating and they soon will be using the higher priced stocks. Since the average size passen ger car casing contains 10 pounds of natural rubber, an advance in rubber price of this magnitude has an important effect upon manufacturing costs. Government output of GR-S synthetic is being stepped-up and may reach 30,000 tons in July. A shortage of styrene, however, is hampering efforts to increase output. It is expected that GR-S stock piles will be drawn down by 10,000 tons in the second quarter to meet the demand for new rubber. Both cotton and rayon tire fabrics are in short sup ply and textile mills seem unable to increase deliv- Page 7 PASSENGER CAR TIRE PRODUCTION 1950 As Against Previous Years M IL L IO N S M ILLIONS Rubber Manufacture . . . although production of casings for passenger cars is not up to the comparable 1947 (peak) level, the gap is becoming narrower, chiefly because original equipment requirements are the largest in history. Source: Rubber Manufacturers Association. eries. Apparently cotton producers that converted from tire cord to other products because of declining demand in 1948 and 1949 are reluctant to recon vert to meet existing demand. Output of non-transportation rubber products is reported to be in excellent volume. In addition, production of the new foam rubber items is growing as rapidly as new facilities can be put in place for their manufacture. Producers are pressing hard on the available supply of liquid latex which is the necessary raw material. Most segments of the District’s glass products industry report substantial gains in business. The production and demand for automotive, plate and window glass may be described as unprecedented and is related directly to the automotive and construction booms. Demand is also high for decorative plate glass and mirrors used in furnishing both new and old homes. Glass container output gained 11 percent in the first quar ter of 1950 as compared with the first quarter of 1949 and shipments rose 15 percent. These trends continued in April and the first part of May. Machine-made glass tableware volume is reported satisfactory, but handmade glass and stemware plants have either closed down or are working very short shifts of two and three days each. Earthen dinnerware producers are also reported in some cases to be working short hours. Competition from imports is reported to be a major factor in these latter cases, as well as conservative retail inventory policies. G la ss and Ceram ics Despite the hampering effects of the coal strike, the steel industry turned in a cred itable first-quarter performance with a steel ingot and steel for casting output of 22.2 milIron and Steel Monthly Business Review Page 8 STEEL PRODUCTION 1950 As Against Previous Years . . . steel ingot production reached a new all-time high for the month in April (and again in May, presumably), after several months of work disruption in both steel and coal. Source: American Iron & Steel Institute. lion net tons, only eight percent under the all-time record of 24.1 million net tons established in the initial quarter of 1949. April production of 8.2 million net tons set a new record for that month and continuation of the more than 100 percent weekly rate that prevailed in the first three weeks of May would yield nearly 8.5 million net tons for that month. Output of this magnitude would also create a new May record, and set the stage for the largest second-quarter pro duction in history. Nearly all District steel producers are working close to theoretical capacity and the important Pittsburgh area has been above capacity every week since April 2. The Wheeling district has been above 100 percent capacity since March 12. Despite this outpouring of steel, order backlogs of the mills continue to mount with customers press ing for immediate delivery and larger quotas. Order accumulations on hand seem to assure a very high rate of production through the third quarter of the year. Demand for sheet, strip, and pipe is very strong and it is reported that a large volume of conversion tonnage has been placed for these items with deliv eries extending into the third quarter. Orders for bars, plates, and shapes continue to rise. Building steel is in great demand, freight car repairmen and builders are again in the market, and automotive and appliance steel buyers are unsatisfied. Demand for stainless and alloy steel is also high. With current ingot production at an annual rate of nearly 100 million tons, industry observers believe that inventory accumulation is taking place, despite the apparent high demand for steel from nearly every class of buyer. Scrap prices are under heavy buying pressure and are rising as a result of mill demand and the spread Digitized for ingFRASER conversion deals. The Chicago spot market price http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ of steel scrap has risen from last year’s June low of Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1, 1950 $19.50 a ton to $33.50 a ton on May 18, or a gain of 72 percent. Ore stocks are very low because of the unusually late opening of the Upper Lakes. Better than average weather conditions will be needed from now until the end of the navigation season to bring down the 80 million tons of ore projected for the season. District gray iron foundry activity is moving up from the low levels that prevailed in the last half of 1949. Particularly noteworthy gains have been achieved in the Erie (Pennsylvania) region, northern Ohio, and the Cincinnati area. Confidence in the foundry outlook is reflected by the surge in March of new orders for new foundry equipment. Equip ment orders in March were double the February level and higher than any month in 1949 with the exception of November. The rise in orders for new machinery and machine tools since the beginning of the year may be taken as a further reflection of business confidence in the current business situation. New orders for machine tools as reported by the National Machine Tool Builders Association have been gaining since November 1949. The new order index recently touched 107% of the 1945-7 average, the highest point since mid-1946. The industry describes the gain in new business as moderate and the entire industry is still operating at less than 50 percent of capacity. Demand for new tooling is particularly strong from the automotive industry and is related to new engine and automatic trans mission programs. There has been some increase in orders for export, for the aircraft industry, and for government business. Machinery The Presentation of Local Business Statistics ( C O N T I N U E D F R O M P A G E 4) as possible and yet contain sufficient detail to show clearly the movements of the different sectors of business. If a substantial variance develops among the several factors, a change in the future course of business may be indicated. This is in agreement with the theory on which the entire project is predi cated — that the progress of one business is inter related to the progress of others. There is, of course, nothing to prevent subscribers from making special ized use of data to serve their individual purposes. In some communities it may be feasible and desir able to include, as an additional service, specialized studies or reports of certain industries or industry groups. Whatever the merits of a textual account, it is in nowise a substitute for actual figures. Documen tary support for comment tends to impose a certain desirable degree of intellectual discipline in the prep aration of the textual analysis. And it should go without saying that the practice of identifying indi viduals or business establishments should be discour aged.
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