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M ONTHLY FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of CLEVELAND CR OSS SECTIONS cen tra! AND SOUTHWESTERN OHIO Including 33 counties n• IV. of the Fourth Federal Reserve District 1 ^ 3 I ■ |p | Metropolitan Areas O. P. Q. R. S. CINCINNATI............................. HAMILTON-MIDDLETOWN DAYTON................................... SPRINGFIELD............. .............. COLUMBUS............................... HI; ; S ■?I ;|■pgr I] |fp| M ■ Town-and-Country Areas 10. ZANESVILLE-NEWARK....... 11. PIQUA-DELAWARE.............. 12. CHILLICOTHE-HILLSBORO.. CINCINNATI Metropolitan Area 3 counties (Area O) © Am erican M ap Co., In c., N. T . The metropolitan area of Cincinnati, strad dling the Ohio River at the southwest comer of Ohio, contains the third largest concentra tion of population in the Fourth District. The E d i t o r ' s N o t e : This article on Central and South western Ohio is the fourth of a series o f five articles analyzing economic activity in the various areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District, both in terms of current standings and relative rates of growth. The first article appeared as a supplement to the December 1956 issue of this Beview and dealt with Northwestern Ohio, which is composed of 2 metro politan areas and 2 town-and-country areas. The sec ond article, which was published as the March issue of this Review, applied to Cleveland and Eastern Lake Erie, comprising 6 metropolitan areas and 3 town-and-country areas. The third article was pub lished as the May issue of the Review, and applied to Pittsburgh, Youngstown and the Upper Ohio Valley. The fifth and final article will apply to Eastern Kentucky. Each economic area discussed in the text is com posed of one or more counties. The “ metropolitan” areas conform to the official Census designation of Standard Metropolitan Areas; in each case there is a central city of at least 50,000 population. Although many of the metropolitan areas are limited to one number of inhabitants was estimated at 1,035,000 as of early 1956. The area consists of the city of Cincinnati as well as the rest of Hamilton County, in Ohio, and Campbell and Kenton Counties, in Kentucky. The city of Cincinnati, with an estimated population of 551,000 in early 1956, contains about 70 percent of the population of Hamilton County. Other centers of popu lation are Norwood, with about 38,000 and Mt. Healthy and Reading, with about 10,000 each, as well as numerous smaller cities and villages. In Campbell County, Kentucky, the largest city, Newport, has an estimated population of about 36,000. Smaller centers with more than 10,000 inhabitants are Ft. Thomas, Bellevue, and Dayton. Covington, Kentucky, with an estimated population of about 76,000, accounts for about two-thirds of the population of Kenton County. Ludlow, with about 7,500, is the only other center with more than 5,000 inhabitants. county each, certain ones, such as Cleveland and Pittsburgh, have two or more counties. The “ town-and-country ’ ’ areas are composed of a number of adjoining counties (sometimes 10 or more) which have been grouped according to similarity of industrialization, agriculture, levels o f income, etc. Although cities in these areas are not as large as 50,000, the town-and-country areas usually include a number of important population centers in the range from 5,000 up to 50,000. For a list of the 19 metro politan areas and the 15 town-and-country areas of the Fourth District, with the counties included in each, see Table 2 on page 22. A selection of information (which is the most re cent available on a consistent basis) is summarized for the population, manufacturing, finance, agri culture and trade of each area. Ranks are assigned to each item of information to indicate the standings of the areas within the Fourth District. Comparable benchmark information is provided for the state of Ohio, the Fourth District in total, and the United States in total. 3 Manufacturing— Both Hard and Soft Goods The leading manufacturing industries in the Cincinnati metropolitan area, according to the 1954 Census of Manufactures, were: Percent of all Percent of all Employment in Value Added by Manufacturing Manufacture ($1,314,305,000') (152,232) Nonelectrical Machinery Transportation Equipment Food and Similar Products Fabricated Metal Products Chemicals and Products 15% 14 12 9 8 15% 16 13 7 15 Cincinnati has long been known for its machine tool industry, but in the period since World War II the production of automobiles, automobile parts, aircraft engines, and truck trailers has grown so rapidly that in 1954 the transportation equipment group was ap proximately as important as the long-domi nant machinery industry. (As of 1956, it was slightly larger in terms of employment.) Two of the major automobile manufacturers have large plants in the area; each of them employs more than 3,000 people, and one is the only final assembly plant in the Fourth District. A plant producing jet engines and aircraft parts is the largest single employer in the area. The average size of plants and firms in the nonelectrical machinery group is much smaller. However, one machine-tool producer has a workforce of more than 4,000 people. Virtually every kind of metal-working ma chinery is manufactured in Cincinnati, with the accompanying tools and dies, as well as a variety of special-purpose machinery and equipment. Plants employing more than 500 persons, each, turn out valves, laundry ma chinery, and power transmission equipment. The largest plant in the fabricated metal products group, employing more than 3,000, produces electrical equipment and bumpers for automobiles. Plants employing between 4 500 and 1,000, each, manufacture plumbing supplies and metal containers. Smaller plants in this group turn out metal housewares, auto mobile stampings, and furnaces. In spite of the predominance of the heavy industries in Cincinnati, the balance between production of hard-goods lines and soft-goods lines is closer than in several other large metropolitan areas of the District, including Cleveland and Pittsburgh. The chemicals and chemical products group contains one of the largest plants in the area; it employs about 6,000 in the production of soaps, detergents, toilet articles, and vege table shortening. Firms employing between 500 and 1,000 persons turn out cosmetics, soap, dyestuffs, pigments, varnishes, fatty acids, carbon paper, inked ribbons, as well as soybean meal and oil. In the food products group, two plants em ploy more than 1,000 persons in the manu facture of grocery-store products and baked goods. An equal number are employed in a distillery, and four breweries have a com bined workforce of 1,500. Other plants of the food and beverage group are much smaller. Other large plants not included in the five groups described above manufacture the fol lowing : Pianos Electric motors and generators Electronic tubes Laminated plastic materials Asbestos building materials Greeting cards Electric equipment for household use Playing cards and games Metal office furniture Aluminum castings Athletic goods Men’s clothing Finished steel and steel products Mattresses and bed springs Between 1947 and 1954, employment in manufacturing and value added by manu facture in the Cincinnati area increased somewhat more than the Fourth District average, and considerably more than the Ohio average. The various industry groups shared unequally in those gains, however. As previ ously mentioned, the transportation equip ment group was the fastest-growing of the major industries. That group accounted for almost all of the net increase in manufactur ing employment from 1947 to 1954, and about one-third of the net increase in value added during the same period. At the same time, longer-established industries such as food, beverages, and fabricated metal prod ucts declined in relative importance. The effect of these changes was probably to in crease average labor productivity in manu facturing. Nonmanufacturing Industries Trade and service industries are relatively more important as employers in the Cincin nati area than in some other industrialized areas of the Fourth District, but there is no very large concentration of either kind of activity. Cincinnati is still a major river port, even though the Ohio River is relatively less im portant for the city than during the heyday of the river boat. Most of the traffic consists of inbound shipments of coal from Hunting ton, West Virginia, for transshipment to ports on the Great Lakes and to consuming industries in Ohio and Indiana. In addition, a large quantity of refined petroleum prod ucts moves through Cincinnati; in this case, traffic moves both ways. Other products han dled by the port are iron and steel, with a slight excess of inbound shipments, and chemicals, in which Cincinnati has a small “ import” surplus. In addition to river traffic, several impor tant railroads, running both East-West and North-South, converge on the area. For some of them, Cincinnati is a terminal point. Finance end Trade Center The Cincinnati area is third largest in the Fourth Federal Reserve District in the total of demand deposits at commercial banks; as of December 31, 1955, the figure was about $833 million. In fact, the area retains its rank of third, even after the relative popu lations of the various areas are taken into account; thus, on a per-capita basis, demand deposits at Cincinnati commercial banks amounted to $804, close behind the per-capita figure for the Pittsburgh area. (The Cleve land area is first in per-capita demand de posits. ) Likewise, the Cincinnati area ranks third in per-capita savings accounts, as indicated by time deposits at commercial banks plus withdrawal share of savings and loan associa tions. (1) (For this item the Cincinnati figure was exceeded only by those of the Lima and Cleveland metropolitan areas.) Hamilton County is notable for having 178 savings and loan associations (1950 figures) in a total of 458 for Ohio and 3,887 in the United States. Ohio stands first in number of these institu tions among the states, and Hamilton County first in Ohio. Only Cook County, Illinois (Chicago) with 187 has more. Cincinnati’s growth rate for recent years in respect to demand deposits and savings ac counts has been relatively favorable for a large area. (See Table 1, page 13). For ex ample, the area shows a 54% growth in sav ings accounts, as here defined, between yearend 1950 and year-end 1955, for a rank of 7th among the 19 metropolitan areas of the District. The area ranks 6th among the 19 metro politan areas in per-capita retail sales, with a figure of $1,162 according to the Census of 1954. In growth of retail sales between 1948 and 1954, the area also scores 6th. ( i ) This should not be confused w ith a measure of total per sonal savings, since it fails to include m any im portant form s o f personal savings such as securities, insurance policies and pension equities. The item is used here as a partial indicator of savings trends; it w as selected because o f the availability o f consistent data on a county-wide basis. 5 HAMILTON-MIDDLETOWN Metropolitan Area Butler County (Area P) Other plants with more than 100 employees are in the following wide range of lines: I ® Darrtown ■ O xford Middletown® fcfe. —Tren to n ,, — _ Fucelln e TrentonQ Excellt bffctiFJ-' Seven Mile0 0 0 Monroe0 |R.e,/> «b ... „ mNew Miami Hamilton^ Millville0 M ■ ' . y. JDleano Shandono m -Ross Maud0 West ChesterQ ^aPCo., Inc., N. T. The Hamilton - Middletown metropolitan area, which is coextensive with Bntler County, contains two cities: Hamilton, with an estimated population of 68,000 as of early 1956, and Middletown, with about 40,000. Smaller population centers are Oxford, with a total population of about 8,000 (of which more than half are non-resident students) and Fairfield, with 6,000 inhabitants. High Productivity in Manufacturing The Hamilton - Middletown area ranked first among the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth District in value added per manufac turing employee in 1954. Its top position in that characteristic reflects the predominance of the steel, metalworking, and paper prod ucts industries. These three industries ac counted, in about equal proportion, for nearly 70 percent of total manufacturing employment in 1955. The largest single employer in the area, with a workforce of more than 7,000, is an integrated steel mill in Middletown; its prin cipal products are sheets and pipe. In Hamil ton, there are plants with more than 1,000 employees each which manufacture auto-body stampings, paper products, machine tools, diesel engines as well as aircraft engines and engine parts. One large plant in Middletown produces aircraft parts. 6 In Hamilton Machine tools Safes and vaults Coke oven products Gas and electric ranges Flour and baking mixes Paper industry machinery Industrial textiles Prefabricated wooden buildings Woolen blankets Printing machinery Metal-forming presses Asbestos products Women’s apparel Music stands Tin cans Business stationery and forms In Middletown Gray iron castings Paper machinery Metal-forming presses Paper tissue Waxed paper Paperboard boxes Paper sacks Ball and roller bearings Electric switches Sheet metal products Elsewhere in the County Structural clay products Metal stamping Rubber products The Hamilton - Middletown area ranked first among the 19 metropolitan areas of the District in growth in value added by manu facture from 1947 to 1954; it was near the top in growth in manufacturing employment during the same interval. In both character istics the rate of growth was about twice the Ohio average, and reflected the marked ex pansion of industries producing transporta tion equipment. Specialization in manufacturing in Butler County has its counterpart in a relatively lower level of employment in services, trade, and other nonmanufacturing industries. The proportion of employment in Butler County which is represented by nonmanufacturing industries is below the average for the state and the larger metropolitan areas. Trade and Finance In rate of growth of retail sales between the Census years 1948 and 1954, the Hamilton-Middletown area scored 2nd among the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth District; with a 36 percent gain, the area was not far behind Columbus, which led with a 42 percent gain. Other data on trade and finance standings of the area are shown in Table 1, page 13. DAYTON Metropolitan Area 2 counties (Area Q) Am erican Map Co., In c., N. Y . The Dayton metropolitan area, which in cludes Montgomery and Greene counties, is the sixth largest metropolitan area of the Fourth Federal Reserve District. It had an estimated 544,000 inhabitants as of early 1956. The city of Dayton, with a population of 282,000 is the major population center of Montgomery County and the two-county area. Other smaller cities, with populations estimated as of early 1956, are Kettering (43,000), Xenia (15,000), Fairborn (14,500), Oakwood (11,400) and Miamisburg (8,400). The Dayton area showed the largest growth of any of the 19 metropolitan areas in the Fourth District between 1950 and 1956. Manufacturing— especially Appliances Machinery, Printing The nonelectrical machinery industry, which includes the production of household appliances, accounts for about 40 percent of manufacturing employment and value added by manufacture in the Dayton area. Included in this group is the area’s largest plant (in 7 terms of employment) with a workforce of about 20,000, as well as several other estab lishments employing more than 1,000 persons. The following product lines are represented: Refrigerators Office machinery and forms Air conditioners Condensers Machine tools Printing machinery Pumps Air compressors Valves Machine tool accessories Scales and balances The production of electrical industrial apparatus is the second largest manufacturing industry in the Dayton area, accounting for about 13 percent of manufacturing employ ment and value added. The industry includes one very large plant with a workforce of several thousand, and several others with more than 1,000 employees. The following are some of the group’s products: Electric motors Alternators and generators Rotary solenoids and switches Relays, transformers, and regulators Electrical instruments Third in size in terms of employment in the Dayton area is the printing and publishing industry, with about 8 percent of manufac turing employment, and nearly 10 percent of value added. In addition to local newspapers and printing establishments, catering to local needs, magazines and business forms are pro duced for a national market. About 5 percent of the manufacturing workforce is employed in the production of automobile parts. Two large plants of the major auto manufacturers account for prac tically all of that activity. The production of rubber goods accounts for about 8 percent of manufacturing employ ment and value added. Tires and inner tubes are turned out by the largest plant in this group. A smaller plant manufactures rubber ring seals. 8 Other products of the area (in Dayton, un less otherwise noted) include the following: Aircraft engines and parts Gray iron castings Bakery products Stationery (also at West Carrollton) Price marking machinery, labels, and tags Paints Concrete products Paper, paperboard, and boxes (also at Miamisburg and West Carrollton) Nonferrous castings (also at Yellow Springs) Soap Men’s clothing Opthalmic goods Abrasives Aircraft instruments (at Yandalia) Cement (at Fairborn) Cordage and twine (at Xenia) Furniture (at Xenia) Government and Other Nonmanufacturina The Federal Government employs an esti mated 18 percent of the total workforce in the Dayton metropolitan area, most of it at the Wright-Patterson airfield and other mili tary installations. Greene County is the fifth largest clayproducing county in Ohio. In 1955 the area produced 225,000 tons of clay, all of it for use in cement manufacture. Finance and Trade Demand deposits at commercial banks of the Dayton area posted a 43% gain between year-end 1950 and year-end 1955; that was the highest rate of growth among the 19 metropolitan areas of the District. The area ranks 3rd among the 19 metro politan areas in rate of growth of savings accounts, including time deposits at com mercial banks and withdrawable shares of savings and loan associations. Also, the Dayton area ranks 3rd in rate of growth of retail sales between the two Census years, 1948 and 1954. For other measures of finance and trade, see Table 1, page 13. SPRINGFIELD Metropolitan Area Clark County (Area R) Other important industrial groups are fabricated metals, electrical machinery, and primary metals. The following products are represented: Hoists, cranes, and trolleys Electric motors, fans, and generators Steel castings Metal building materials Tin cans Brass castings The Springfield metropolitan area (Clark County) had a population in early 1956 esti mated at 128,000. Springfield, with 85,000 inhabitants, is the area’s only city. The area’s population growth from 1950 to 1956 was about the same as the Ohio average. Manufacture of Durable Goods Predominates More than half the workers employed in manufacturing establishments in Springfield are accounted for by the transportation equipment and nonelectrical machinery in dustries. The former group includes the area’s largest employer, a producer of trucks, and a plant which manufactures aircraft parts. Products of plants with more than 100 em ployees in the nonelectrical machinery group include the following: Diesel engines Food processing machinery Agricultural planting machinery Grinders Machine tools Poultry incubators Road construction machinery Tube cleaners and expanders Vacuum cleaners Boilers and turbines Tools, jigs, and fixtures Springfield’s previously large printing and publishing industry was substantially cur tailed in 1956 and early 1957 when several national magazines which had been printed there suspended publication. Establishments employing more than 100, but not included in the groups described above, manufacture the following products: Metal caskets and undertakers ’ supplies Thermometers Piano and organ parts Furniture Paperboard boxes Children’s clothing The 13-percent decline in manufacturing employment in Springfield from 1947 to 1954 was caused primarily by marked reductions in employment and production by the non electrical machinery and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n equipment groups. These decreases were in turn attributable mainly to the temporary effects of the 1954 business recession; since that time, in the transportation equipment group, at least, an upward trend in employ ment has been observed. Finance and Trade Springfield differs from all the other metropolitan areas of the Fourth District in the two indicators of financial growth used in this study. The growth in savings deposits 9 from 1950 to 1955 (19 percent) was exceeded by the growth in demand deposits (22 per cent). That pattern is the reverse of that pre vailing in Ohio, the whole of the Fourth Dis trict, and the nation, where savings deposits, primarily in the form of withdrawable shares of savings and loan associations, increased substantially faster than demand deposits from 1950 to 1955. However, per capita savings continue to be high in the area, due partly to the presence of one of the few mutual savings banks in Ohio. For other financial and trade indicators, see Table 1, page 13. COLUMBUS Metropolitan Area Franklin County (Area S) F R A N K L IN ©Westerville "Dublin0 ,%xP©Worthington 0 Ne 1,rvHO' _*0 _ | m and national rates of increase for the same interval. I IJtfj .olumbus - Milliards^ /p p e r Arlington© yfciift OiJrV' G ra n d v ie w H ts.gft Columbus— Center for Services ©Gahanna Blackiicko F. Jjexley ©/ v” urg .... , - - nford o Geor8esvillea)s Urbancrest Obetz J00C T S & Harrisburg S | <P,0,T " oShodevil/e iCanal W inchester erican Map Co., Inc., N. Y. The Columbus metropolitan area, which is defined as Franklin County, ranks fifth in population among the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth District, with an estimated 590,000 inhabitants as of early 1956. The area contains four cities and three villages with populations of more than 5,000 each, as follows: Columbus ...................... 435,000* Upper Arlington ......... 23,000 Whitehall ...................... 18,000 Bexley .......................... 12,700 Grandview Heights ..... 8,400 Worthington ................. 5,900 Westerville .................. 5,200 ‘ Includes around 25,000 college and uni versity students, about 60 percent of whom are non-residents. In population the Columbus area was one of the fastest growing in the Fourth District between 1950 and 1956, ranking second among the 19 metropolitan areas in this character istic, and exceeding the Ohio, Fourth District, 10 Because of its position as a state capital and the location there of one of the nation’s largest state universities, public employment in the Columbus area accounts for a sizable part of the labor force. The Census of 1950 showed about 20,000 people employed by the Federal Government and the State of Ohio in Columbus. The largest single group of pub lic employees was in education. At that time employment by all levels of government ac counted for slightly more than 10 percent of nonfarm employment. Similar data are not available for subsequent years, but the num bers employed by government have probably increased substantially since 1950. Another, but smaller, concentration of non manufacturing employment, and one which also provides services principally to non residents, is represented by approximately 2,500 employees of a large research center in Columbus. The area also has a full comple ment of service industries catering to local needs. Columbus is the most important railroad center in central Ohio, being served by three major east-west lines, and by two north-south lines. First in Growth of Factory Jobs Because of the importance of government employment in the area, Columbus has a smaller proportion of its labor force em ployed in manufacturing industry than any other major city in the Fourth District. How ever, manufacturing employment in the Co lumbus area showed the largest percentage increase from 1947 to 1954 of any of the 19 metropolitan areas in the Fourth District. It was, in fact, three times the District average. During the same period, value added in man ufacturing more than doubled to record the third largest increase among the 19 metro politan areas in the District. Leading Manufactures are Airplanes, Appliances, Auto Parts Manufacturing output of Columbus is largely in the durable goods lines. The largest manufacturing industries in the area in 1954 were the following: Percent of All Employment in Manufacturing (7 2 ,9 3 6 ) Transportation equipment ....... Nonelectrical machinery ........... Fabricated metal products ....... Food and similar products ....... 24% 18 15 12 Virtually all of the employment in the transportation equipment group is accounted for by the largest employer in the area, a maker of airplanes, with a workforce of more than 15,000. Several smaller plants producing automobile parts and firefighting apparatus are also included in the group. The most important product of the nonelec trical machinery group is household appli ances. In this case also, one very large plant accounts for most of the employment. Prod ucts of other plants in this group with more than 100 employees included the following: Roller bearings Construction and road machinery Mining and materials handling machinery Water coolers, and dehumidifiers Hydraulic presses, pumps, and controls Steel pipe fittings Centrifugal pumps Industrial and commercial scales Precision parts for aircraft machinery The largest plant in the fabricated metals group employs more than 4,000 in the manu facture of automobile hardware. Other plants in this group turn out these products: Industrial heating and cooling equipment, and accessories Bolts and forgings Metal doors, sash frames, and molding Automotive stampings Radio and television towers Garden, lawn, and farm tools Most of the plants in the food-products group are small and serve only the local market area. There are several larger plants, however, with several hundred employees each which produce the following: Bread and other bakery products Condensed and evaporated milk Meat products Dairy products Other product lines, not included in any of the above groups, are as follows: Refrigeration and heater controls Oilcloth and wall coverings Glassware Gauges, controls, and computers Steel castings Television tubes Women’s shoes Burial vaults Pyrotechnics and toys (in Westerville) Malleable iron castings Electric windings for motors and generators Tops in Retail Sales With retail sales amounting to $1,272 per capita, according to the latest Census, the Columbus area is first among the 19 metro politan areas of the Fourth District in per(Columbus area concluded on page 14) 11 Table CENTRAL AND SOUTHWESTERN OHIO Basic Economy Facts TOW N-AND-COUNTRY M ETROPOLITAN Area O Cincinnati (3 Counties) PO PU LA TIO N 1. Population, Tan. 1, 1956.................................thous. 2. Population, per sq. mile, Jan. 1, 1956............ M A N U FA CTU R IN G 3. Monthly payrolls, all insured employment (1956— 1st Q .) ......................................... mil. dol. 4. Manufacturing employment per 1,000 population (1956— 1st Q .) ............................ 5. Value added by manufacture, 1954........ mil. dol. 6. Value added per manufacturing employee, 1954................................................................. dol. FINANCE 7. Demand deposits, per capita, Dec. 31, 1955.. dol. 8. Savings accounts (banks and savings and loan associations) per capita, Dec. 31, 1955......................... dol. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. dol. SOM E G R O W T H TRENDS Growth in population, 1950-56....................... Change in manufacturing employment, 1947-54.. Growth in value added by manufacture, 1947-54.. Growth in demand deposits, 1950-55............. Growth in savings accounts, 1950-55............. Growth in farm income, 1949-54.................... Growth in retail sales, 1948-54........................ Area P R Hamilton- A Middletown N (1 County) Area Q Dayton (2 Counties) K 4 11.1 l-1 63 6 30.1 1 6 3 145 133 1* 131 580 14 7 119 325 2 1 7,680 12 7,948 1 7,983 10 6,805 11 536 8 319 7 689 3 6 581 16 767 694 10 3 197 300 4 11 193 748 8,633 4 9,713 1 804 3 497 949 3 711 +31% 544 618 68.9 6 — — __ — — — 6 1,095 11 1,169 + + + + + 5 3 1 9 6 — 2 + 19% + 2% + 51% +43% +73% + 36% (9 Counties) 1 6 157 1,314 17% 14% 119% 28% 63% (1 County) 463 96 12 8 4 7 12 7 — 7^ R A N K 3 21.4 + 15% + 13% +70% +25% +54% 1 Area 10 ZanesvilleNewark 590 1,097 .3 1,162 Columbus Springfield (1 County) R A N K I5 l3 14 10 116.6 Area S Area R 128 319 172 365 3 R A N K / 2 1,035 1,418 A G R IC U LT U R E 9. Farm income, per acre, 1954........................... dol 10. Farm income, per farm, 1954.......................... .dol. TRADE 11. Retail sales, per capita, 1954.......................... R A N K +36% 5 1 10 10 1 3 — 3 — — (11 Counties) R A N K Area 12 ChillicotheHillsboro (5 Counties) R A N K OHIO DISTRICT 9,040 220 14,306 194 u. s. 165,879 56 187 68 14 11 6 5.1 13 926.7 75 207 9 6 32 48 13 12 152 8 7,684 4 6,402 9 7,994 7,971 7,189 346 10 428 5 349 8 590 604 657 7 565 4 477 7 365 10 771 661 641 — — 29.03 3,506 9 6 54.00 6,986 2 2 29.61 3,435 8 7 42.20 4,765 36.23 3,625 21.27 5,126 7 1,004 5 932 6 1,099 1,010 1,053 3 + 12% + 7% +32% +29% +63% +11% +57% 10 1,272 1 912 +15% — 13% +18% +22% +19% 6 17 19 13 19 — / + 17% + 32% +109% + 38% + 66% 2 1 3 3 + 11% + 8% +60% +22% +32% + 15% +26% + 42% PiquaDelaware 3 8 .5 1,113 +29% Area 11 j — 1 8 7 7 8 13 6 8 401 81 17.0 +14% +16% +64% + 19% +51% +19% +31% 6 6 11 3 5 6 6 8 13 j 2 7 1 +14% + 6% +60% +26% +46% +20% +31% 1,333.2 134 +10% + 2% +34% +22% +43% + 13% +25% 12,933 101 +10% +13% +56% +20% +55% +12% +30% Eank number for a metropolitan area refers to the area’s rank among the 19 metropolitan areas of the four*b Federal Reserve District, 14 of which are covered in other articles of this series. Rank number for a town-and-country area refers to the area’s rank among the 15 town-and-country areas t Fourth Federal Reserve District, 11 of which are covered in other articles of this series. Sources: 1. Estimates based on data from U. S. Bureau of the Census and from various state agencies, 1^56. 2. Square miles from Census of Population, 1950. 3, 4. Division of Research and Statistics, Ohio Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Colun}3113’ similar sources for data for other states, 1956. 5, 6. Census of Manufactures, 1954. 7. Federal Reserve data; refers to demand deposits of individuals, partnerships and corporaionS8. Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh; state dejffrt> ments of banking; Federal Reserve data on time deposits. Item refers to time deposits at conr161^ cial banks and mutual savings banks plus value of withdrawable shares of savings and loanasso" ciations (both state and Federal-chartered). 12 9, 10. Census of Agriculture, 1954. 11. Census of Business, 1954. 12. Census of Population, 1950 and estimates as of item 1 13, 14. Census of Manufactures, 1954. 15, 16. Same as 7 and 8. 17. Census of Agriculture, 1954 and]1947. 18. Census of Business, 1954 and 1948. 13 capita sales. The area also topped all other metropolitan areas of the District in the rate of growth of retail sales between the two Census years, 1948 and 1954; the rise amounted to 42 percent. Columbus appears to be a metropolitan shopping center for the area within 50 miles to the north and west and as much as 100 miles away in southeast ern Ohio. For selected data on finance, see Table 1, page 13. In the measure of banking and sav ings activities used here, the Columbus area scores between 3rd and 7th among the 19 metropolitan areas of the District. ZANESVILLE - NEWARK Area 9 counties (Area 10) M ORROW ° lb e r ia Bolivar w Z o o ro Johnsville c .. 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I n c .. N . Y . 14 This large town-and-country area consists of nine counties in central Ohio. For the most part, the counties of the area are oriented to Columbus, though Tuscarawas County, in particular, and Guernsey to some extent, have their principal ties with Cleveland and other eastern Ohio cities. Total population was estimated at 463,000 as of early 1956, making this the largest in population of the 15 town-and-country areas of the Fourth District. The extensiveness of the area, however, makes for a lower popula tion density; in this characteristic the area ranks 6th out of fifteen. Zanesville has about 44,000 inhabitants, according to estimates made early in 1956, and Newark numbers about 38,000. Other cities and larger towns (with their popula tion) in the nine-county area are the fol lowing : Lancaster ........................ 30,000 Cambridge ...................... 16,500 Mt. Vernon .................... 14,500 New Philadelphia ...........14,200 Coshocton ........................ 12,500 Dover .............................. 10,500 Uhrichsville .................... 6,600 New Lexington ............... 4,700 Newcomerstown ...............4,600 Dennison ........................ 4,300 The population of the Zanesville-Newark area increased 11 percent from 1950 to 1956, or slightly more than the average for the Fourth District. C lay Products are Principal Manufacture The Zanesville-Newark area has the largest total of manufacturing industry of any of the 15 town-and-country areas in the Fourth District, when measured by value added by manufacture in 1954. In value added per manufacturing employee, however, the area ranks 8th, reflecting the composition of its manufacturing industries. Manufacturing in general accounts for a somewhat larger pro portion of nonfarm employment in this area than in Ohio as a whole. In terms of employment, the largest manu facturing industry groups are clay and glass products (with almost 40 percent of insured employment in the area) nonelectrical ma chinery (9 percent) fabricated metal prod ucts (8 percent) and primary metals (7 per cent). The largest concentrations of manufactur ing employment are in Muskingum, Licking, and Tuscarawas counties, each having more than 10,000 manufacturing workers. In Muskingum county, the clay-glass and elec trical machinery groups are the most impor tant. In that county, plants employing more than 100 persons are located at Zanesville (or elsewhere as noted) in the following product lines: Electrical sheet steel Floor and wall tile Glassware, bottles, and jars Transformers and regulators Roller bearings Farm machinery Ceramic ware and pottery (also at Roseville) Sanitary plumbing fixtures Frozen eggs Corrugated containers Radiators, boilers, and castings Cement (at East Fultonham) Woolens (at Dresden) Ferro-alloys (at Philo) Glass making is the largest industry in Licking County, and, though most plants in this group are small, one factory, making glass fibers, employs more than three thou sand. There is a large plant manufacturing aluminum rod, bar, wire and cable, near Newark, and one that produces truck axles. Other establishments with more than 100 em 15 ployees manufacture these products mainly at Newark: Insulating and acoustical materials Electrical appliances Power mowers Petroleum products Table glassware Glass reflectors Plastic bags and packaging materials Paperboard boxes Cordage and twines Building board Saws Golf clubs Fluorescent lighting equipment (at Utica) Leading industries in Tuscarawas County, in terms of employment, manufacture heavy clay products (20 to 25 percent of the na tion’s clay sewer pipe) metal products and nonelectrical m a c h i n e r y . Plants, located mainly at Dover or New Philadelphia, make the following: Construction equipment Conveying machinery Steel sheets and strip Plastic-finish building materials Nonferrous and malleable iron castings Fatty acids and chemicals Roller bearings Tungsten and molybdenum wire Millwork Electric appliances Sewer pipe and flue linings (also at Dennison & Uhrichsville) Clay refractories (at Parral) Brick and hollow tile (at Port Washington, Sugar Creek, and Midvale) Hand tools (at Newcomerstown) The manufacture of glass and glass prod ucts accounts for more than half of manufac turing employment in Fairfield County. 16 Plants employing more than 100 persons pro duce the following, mainly at Lancaster: Closures, glass containers, and glass tableware Industrial, commercial, and electronic glass Electrical equipment Valves and fittings Footwear Oil field machinery and tools Storage batteries Paper-making machinery Paperboard boxes (at Baltimore) The principal products of plants in Mt. Vernon (Knox County) are diesel engines, flat glass and containers, as well as plastic packaging materials. The city of Coshocton is a leader in the production of calendars and advertising novelties. Other plants in Coshocton County turn out these products: Laminated plastics Gray iron castings Work gloves Rubber goods Tableware and kitchen articles Metal building materials Vitreous enameled products (at West Lafayette) The l a r g e s t e m p l o y e r in Ca mbr id ge (Guernsey County) manufactures radios, phonographs and tape recorders. In and near Cambridge is a group of plastic products plants, most of them small. At Cambridge is located the central research laboratory of a manufacturer of electrometallurgical prod ucts with plants widely distributed through out the nation. Products of other plants are: Dinnerware, ovenware, and ceramic tile Glassware Spark plugs Fractional horsepower motors Kitchen utensils (at Byesville, near Cambridge) The clay products industry accounts for nearly four-fifths of manufacturing employ ment in Perry County. One large plant at Mt. Gilead (Morrow County) produces hy draulic presses. 6.8 million tons of bituminous coal, or 18 percent of the Ohio total; about three-quar ters of it was strip-mined. Services, Trade, and Finance The service industries account for a smaller proportion of insured employment in the Zanesville-Newark area than in some other areas of the Fourth District, and the area is below the Ohio average in this respect. Some other sources of nonmanufacturing employ ment in the nine-county area are railroad repair shops in Newark and a state hospital near Cambridge. The area produced one million tons of clay in 1955, or about 27 percent of the state total. Most of it was used by the area’s clay prod ucts industry. The area’s standing with respect to the various indicators of financial and trade status used in this study is about at the mid point of the 15 town-and-country areas in the Fourth District See Table 1, page 13. Coal, Clay, Oil, and Gas Mining and quarrying account for about 4 percent of insured employment in the Zanes ville-Newark area. In 1955 the area produced In 1955, new wells drilled in the ninecounty area produced 68 million cubic feet of gas and 38,000 barrels of crude oil, about 45 percent and 77 percent, respectively, of initial production of new wells in Ohio. Livestock is Most Important in Farm Output Livestock and livestock products accounted for about 38 percent of the value of farm products sold by farmers in the nine-county area in 1954. Knox County was the leading Ohio county in numbers of sheep on farms (as of January 1, 1957) and Licking County was second in the state in both cattle and sheep numbers. PIQUA-DELAWARE Area 11 counties CArea T1) (Map on following page) The Piqua-Delaware town-and-country area consists of eleven counties which make up the largest part of the land area of southwestern Ohio. The area borders the Cincinnati, Hamilton-Middletown and Columbus metro politan areas, and it encircles the Dayton and Springfield metropolitan areas. The population of the eleven counties was estimated at 401,000 as of January 1956, mak ing it the third largest town-and-country area in the Fourth District in terms of population. Because of its large area it ranked consider ably lower in density of population, with 81 persons per square mile. (See Table 1, page 13.) Piqua, which had an estimated 19,000 in habitants as of early 1956, and Delaware, with 14,000, are the two largest cities of the eleven-county area. Other centers of popula tion with more than 5,000 inhabitants are these: Sidney ............................ 12,800 Troy ................................ 12,500 Washington C. H............. 11,300 Urbana ............................ 10,100 Circleville ...................... 9,800 Greenville ....................... 9,400 Wilmington ..................... 8,250 Franklin .......................... 8,200 London ............................ 5,800 Lebanon .......................... 5,300 Eaton .............................. 5,200 The population of the Piqua-Delaware area increased by 14 percent from 1950 to 1956, the same as the Ohio average. Among the 15 17 Piqua-Delaware Area mmm ----- **---- © A m e rica n Map Co., In c., N. Y. N ote: The scale o f this m ap is slightly smaller than m ost of the other maps in this series. town-and-country areas of the District, how ever, the Piqua-Delaware area ranks 3rd in growth of population between 1950 and 1956. Machinery and Food are Principal Manufactures Although the Piqua-Delaware area ranks only 9th among the 15 town-and-country areas in the percentage of its population em ployed in manufacturing (about 8 percent) it ranks considerably higher in value added per manufacturing employee, surpassing 18 some of the more heavily industrialized metro politan areas of the District. The principal manufacturing groups of the eleven-county area, in terms of their share of manufacturing employment in 1955, are: Nonelectrical machinery ....... 22 percent Food and similar products... 10 ” ” Fabricated metal products ... 7 Electrical machinery ............. 5 ” Miami County accounts for almost onethird of manufacturing employment in the area. Plants in Troy employing more than 100 persons turn out these products: Food-preparation machinery and dispensing equipment Welding machinery and equipment Metal furniture and awnings Processed meats Aircraft wheels and brakes Gummed paper and cloth tapes Plants in Piqua manufacture the following product lines: Felts and blankets Special processing machinery Knit underwear Ventilating and industrial fans Hand shovels and tools Funeral car bodies and truck cabs Steel tubing Prefabricated houses Fibre containers At Tipp City, also in Miami County, is a large factory producing electrical machinery and equipment. Establishments in Darke County produce canned foods, automobile parts, food-process ing machinery, and sport goods. Wilmington (Clinton County) until re cently a quiet county-seat town with a small college and only a little (though well estab lished) manufacturing, has had a noteworthy increase in industrialization in the past decade. Plants there manufacture the fol lowing : Automotive trim and stampings Machine tools Wood-boring tools and screwdrivers Cast iron plumbing fixtures Sidney (Shelby County) received national attention during the depression for the sta bility and diversity of its relatively small manufacturing complex. Manufactured prod ucts at present include the following: Refrigeration units Machine tools Welded pipe Cooking utensils Gray iron castings Paper folding and feeding machinery Wood and metal patterns Plants in Delaware turn out electric switches and thermostats, truck and bus bodies, and stoves. This college city, like Wil mington, has recently gained several new industries. Establishments in Circleville (Pickaway County) manufacture these products: Electric lamps Synthetic fibers Canned foods Animal and poultry feeds Plastic products Paper boxes and paperboard In Champaign County, most plants are in Urbana; those with over 100 employees, each, manufacture these products: Aircraft lighting equipment Paper and paperboard Electrical control and distribution equipment Railroad supplies and auto parts Molded plastics Products of plants in Warren County in clude these: Paper and paperboard (at Franklin) Roofing felts (at Franklin) Footwear (at Lebanon) Heating and cooling apparatus (at Lebanon) Screw machine products (at Deerfield) A large bakery and other food processing plants, as well as a branch of a concern mak ing corrugated metal products, are located at W a s h i n g t o n C o u r t House. In Madison County, a plant at London turns out motor vehicle parts, and Plain City makes electric switches and thermostats. Second in Farm Income In 1954, the eleven counties of the PiquaDelaware area received the second largest farm income, both per acre and per farm, of 19 the 15 town-and-country areas of the Fourth District. Livestock products accounted for 42 percent of the value of farm products sold in the area in 1954. than any other Ohio county as of January 1957, and Clinton County had the second largest number. The Piqua-Delaware area ranks 5th among the 15 town-and-country areas in per-capita demand deposits at commercial banks. See Table 1, page 13, for other financial and trade data. Darke County led the state in cash re ceipts from farming in 1955 and also led in the production of com, oats, and poultry during 1956. Fayette County had more pigs CHILLICOTHE - HILLSBORO Area 5 counties (Area 12) m .Clarksburg is Y e tlo w b u d Kingston HallsvilleO RO SS Pr.- mm Frankfort Roxobe/I reenfield o i » — 77TTI Lovelana .. V Branch Hill o G o s h e n WMiamiville jr I fM ilfo r d rry ° i'y.i’r5 } . . •■/■■■ I C L E R M O N T I j o Mt Carmel i, i H • It \\ Marathon © A m e lia ©Amelia o / o Bantam B a n ta i Bethel0 M $ S \ N e w Richmond p ,e a s o n l D a n v ille 0 Felicity— \ N e v ; /,e ° % .oChilo Sin kin g S p r. B u fo rd B elfast Mowrystown Mt' 0rab® ®Sardinia j ADAM S BROW N Winchester© ©Sei oHamersville iis iijii m m ii*&/•'.+! Fe e sb u rg f q^Moscow Moscqw _ Rainsbt Rainsboroo H illsboro© OOwensvillej f A Batavia | °Withams"viile a,Williamsburg ■ L o n d o n d e rry 0 °Fayett iville oTo ba sco I oBou rn ev ille N e w P e tersb u rg . M a rtin Q N e o 0nsv,7,'e Chillicothe •© Lynchburg - Mulhprrv . ? MT oE.Chillicothe o S . So/em H IG H L A N D l jr 'i -8 I l L ®Leesburg Russellville Georgetow n Higginsport i-.iv.-, -ir £ its. ° C h e r r y Fork H I® ' D e ca tu r o ,West Union ,Benfonvi7/e Manchester .Rome Measured by population, the ChillicotheHillsboro area is one of the smallest in the Fourth District. It had an estimated 187,000 inhabitants as of early 1956, making it one of the least densely populated in the District, 20 with 68 persons per square mile, or about half the Fourth District average. Major centers of population are Chillicothe (25,000) Green field (5,700) and Hillsboro (5,700). The pop ulation of the area grew somewhat faster than the District average from 1950 to 1956, i.e., by 12 percent as compared with 10 per cent for the District. Manufacturing— Soft Goods Predominate The Chillicothe-Hillsboro area is one of the least industrialized in the Fourth District and manufacturing is primarily in nondura ble lines. Principal manufactures of the area are paper, shoes, and clothing. Ross County, including Chillicothe, ac counts for more than half of manufacturing employment in the area. The leading indus try is paper making. One of the nation’s largest and most diversified paper manufac turing concerns has its principal plants and research laboratory in the city. Other plants in Chillicothe produce shoes and aluminum cooking utensils. Shoes are the principal manufacture in Highland County. Plants at Greenfield and Hillsboro produce the following in addition: Mattresses and sleeping bags Measuring and controlling instruments Men’s and boys’ clothing Other products of the area, with their places of manufacture, are as follows: Rubber boots and overshoes (at Loveland) Men’s and boys’ shirts (at Loveland) Furniture (at Williamsburg) Men’s and boys ’ trousers (at Manchester) First in Growth of Retail Trade The Chillicothe-Hillsboro area was first among the 15 town-and-country areas in the Fourth District in the growth of retail sales from 1948 to 1954. Consumer demand stem ming from the installation of the Atomic Energy Plant in neighboring Pike County was a factor in the bulge in retail sales. This area scored second in the growth of savings deposits from 1950 to 1955, but its 1955 rank in terms of the current financial indicators used in this study was in the lower half of the group. (See Table 1, page 13.) Agriculture Fanning employs a substantial part of the labor force in the Chillicothe-Hillsboro area, especially in Brown County. From the stand point of the type of farming, the area is divided into two distinct sections. One con sists of the glaciated, level portions of High land and Ross Counties, which form part of the combelt. Much of the rest of the area is hilly and wooded. In Highland and Ross Counties, hogs are the principal source of cash income. Tobacco is the main cash crop in Adams and Brown Counties, and the second source of farm income in Clermont County; in the latter county, dairying is the principal agricultural activity, measured by cash re ceipts from sales. The area is about at the midpoint of the 15 town-and-country areas with respect to farm income, both per acre and per farm. 21 Table 2 LIST OF THE 34 ECONOMIC AREAS OF THE FOURTH DISTRICT NORTHWESTERN OHIO A. Toledo metropolitan area Lucas County B. Lima metropolitan area Allen County 1. Fremont-Bryan town-and-country area Counties included: Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Sandusky, Van Wert, Williams, Wood. 2. Marion-Findlay town-and-country area Counties included: Auglaize, Crawford, Han cock, Hardin, Logan, Marion, Mercer, Seneca, Union, Wyandot. CLEVELAND AND EASTERN LAKE ERIE C. Cleveland metropolitan area Cuyahoga and Lake Counties D. Lorain-Elyria metropolitan area Lorain County E. Mansfield metropolitan area Richland County F. Akron metropolitan area Summit County G. Canton metropolitan area Stark County H. Erie metropolitan area Erie County (Pa.) 3. Sandusky-Ashland town-and-country area Counties included: Ashland, Erie, Holmes, Huron, Medina, Wayne. 4. Ashtabula-Kent town-and-country area Counties included: Ashtabula, Geauga, Portage. 5. Oil City-Meadville town-and-country area Counties included: Clarion, Crawford, Forest, Jefferson, Venango, Warren (all in Pa.). J. K. L. M. N. 6. PITTSBURGH, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY Pittsburgh metropolitan area Counties included: Allegheny, Beaver, Wash ington, Westmoreland (all in Pa.). New Castle metropolitan area Lawrence County (Pa.). Youngstown metropolitan area Counties included: Mahoning and Trumbull (Ohio) and Mercer (Pa.). W heeling-Steubenville metropolitan area Counties included: Belmont and Jefferson (Ohio) and Brooke, Hancock, Marshall and Ohio (West Va.). Huntington-Ashland Metropolitan area Counties included: Boyd (Ky.), Cabell and Wayne (W. Va.) and Lawrence (Ohio). Butler-Kittanning town-and-country area Counties included: Armstrong, Butler, Indiana (all in Pa.). 22 7. 8. 9. Uniontown-Waynesburg town-and-country area Counties included: Fayette, Greene, Somerset (Pa.) and Tyler and Wetzel (West Va.). East Liverpool-Cadiz town-and-country area Counties included: Carroll, Columbiana, Harrison. Portsmouth-Marietta town-and-country area Counties included: Athens, Gallia, Hocking, Jackson, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Noble, Pike, Scioto, Vinton, Washington (all in Ohio). CENTRAL AND SOUTHWESTERN OHIO O. Cincinnati metropolitan area Counties included: Hamilton (Ohio) and Campbell and Kenton (Ky.). P. H am ilton-M iddletown metropolitan area Butler County. Q. Dayton metropolitan area Greene and Montgomery Counties. R. Springfield metropolitan area Clark County. S. Columbus metropolitan area Franklin County. 10. Zanesville-Newark town-and-country area Counties included: Coshocton, Fairfield, Guernsey, Knox, Licking, Morrow, Muskin gum, Perry, Tuscarawas (all in Ohio). 11. Piqua-Delaware town-and-country area Counties included: Champaign, Clinton, Darke, Delaware, Fayette, Madison, Miami, Pickaway, Preble, Shelby, Warren. 12. Chillicothe-Hillsboro town-and-country area Counties included: Adams, Brown, Clermont, Highland, Ross. EASTERN KENTUCKY T. Lexington metropolitan area Fayette County. 13. Richmond-Maysville town-and-country area Counties included: Bath, Boone, Bourbon, Bracken, Clark, Fleming, Garrard, Grant, Harrison, Jessamine, Madison, Mason, M ont gomery, Nicholas, Pendleton, Robertson, Scott, Woodford. 14. Somerset-Morehead town-and-country area Counties included: Carter, Clay, Elliott, Estill, Greenup, Jackson, Laurel, Lawrence, Lee, Lewis, Lincoln, Magoffin, Menifee, Morgan, Owsley, Powell, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Rowan, Wolfe. 15. Middlesboro-Hazard town-and-country area Counties included: Bell, Breathitt, Floyd, Har lan, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Leslie, Letcher, McCreary, Martin, Perry, Pike, Whitley. APPENDIX Classification of Areas. The “ metropolitan areas” used in this study are the Standard Metropolitan Areas as defined by U. S. Census in agreement with other governmental agencies. The official current list, however, does not include Mansfield, Ohio, and New Castle, Pa. Those two have been considered as metropolitan areas for this study, insofar as their recently estimated population makes it appear appro priate to do so, and it may be anticipated that the official list will soon include them. Also, it may be noted that the Huntington-Ashland metropolitan area (covering counties in three states) is included in this study, although only part of the area lies within the Fourth Federal Reserve District. The part of that area lying outside o f the Fourth Dis trict, however, has been excluded from Fourth Dis trict totals appearing as benchmark figures in the next-to-final column of Table 1. The *‘ town-and-country areas” used in the study are, for the most part, identical with the “ nonmet ropolitan ’ ’ state economic areas used in Census classification. (For the basis o f classification, see State Economic Areas, by Donald J. Bogue, Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1951.) Exceptions have been made where necessary due to the fact that the boundaries of the Fourth Federal Reserve District cut across several of the officially designated state economic areas. One additional ex ception has been made in order to place Ashtabula, Ohio, and East Liverpool, Ohio, in separate areas, which seems a more desirable treatment than that of the standard classification. In the standard classification o f nonmetropolitan state economic areas, numbers but not names are assigned to the various areas. In this study, it has been found necessary to use an independent number ing system and also to assign names. In the case of each town-and-country area designated here, the first named city is the largest city of the area; the sec ond named city is chosen either with reference to geographical location within the area or because it is the second largest city within the area. Examples: Zanesville-Newark area, Fremont-Byran area; in these cases, Newark was chosen mainly because of its size, while Bryan was chosen largely because of its location near the extreme western end o f its area. 23
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