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CROSS SECTIONS of the Fourth Federal R eserve District FOUR ECO N O M IC A R EA S Including 22 counties I. NORTHWESTERN OHIO A . TO LED O metropolitan area (p. 2) 8. LIM A metropolitan area (p. 5) t . FREMONT-BRYAN town-and-country area (p. 6) CROSS SECTIONS of the Fourth Federal Reserve District (1) NORTHWESTERN OHIO: Four Economic Areas including 22 Counties EDITOR’S NOTE: This article on Northwestern Ohio is the first of a series of five articles analyzing the economic activity of the various areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District, both in terms of cur rent standings and relative rates of growth. The second article, to appear in an early issue, will deal with the Cleveland and Lake Erie section, com posed of 6 metropolitan areas and 3 town-and-country areas. The third article will apply to Pittsburgh, Youngstown and the Upper Ohio Valley, comprising 5 metropolitan areas and 4 town-and-country areas. The fourth article will deal with Central and South western Ohio; the fifth and final article will apply to Eastern Kentucky. Each economic area discussed in the text is com posed of one or more counties. The “ metropolitan” areas are those which conform to the official Census designation of Standard Metropolitan Areas; in each case there is a central city of at least 50,000 popula tion. Although many of the metropolitan areas such as Toledo and Lima, which are treated in the present article, are limited to one county each, certain metro politan areas such as Cleveland or Pittsburgh have two or more counties. The "town-and-country” areas are composed of a number of adjoining counties (sometimes 10 or more) which have been grouped according to relative homo geneity as to industrialization, type of agriculture, levels of income, etc. Although cities in these areas are not as large as 50,000, the town-and-country areas usually include a number of important population centers in the range from 5,000 to 50,000. For a list of the 19 metropolitan areas and the 15 town-and-country areas of the Fourth District, with the counties included in each, see Table 5 at the end of this article. For each area, a selection of information (which is the most recent available on a consistent basis) is summarized for the population, manufacturing, finance, agriculture and trade of the area, and ranks are assigned to the standings of the areas among the total array of the Fourth District. Comparable bench mark information is provided for the state of Ohio, the Fourth District in total, and the United States in total. For further information on methods of classifica tion, reference may be made to the Appendix of this article. Specific sources of information provided in the master table, i.e. Table 4, are listed at the bottom of that table. 2 Area A. TOLEDO Metropolitan Area (Lucas County) (gi American Map Co., Inc., N. Y. The metropolitan area of Toledo, comprising the central city as well as the remainder of Lucas County, Ohio, has an estimated popula tion of 451,000 as of early 1956.(1) That makes it the 8th largest among the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District. (See Table 1.) In terms of population per square mile, however, the area ranks as 3rd among the 19 metropolitan areas. The central city accounts for a population of about 329,000, making Toledo the fourth ( i ) The estimate applies to April 1, 1956, and is based in part upon local estimates made by the Ohio Department of Liquor Control. Estimates for the various areas treated here were made on a uniform basis; they may be found to vary in particu lar instances from other well authenticated current estimates for particular areas. largest city o f Ohio. Also included in the metropolitan area is the city of Maumee, with 9,000, and several villages of which the largest are Ottawa Hills and Sylvania, each with somewhat over 3,000 population. The area’s growth in population between 1950 and 1956 amounted to 14 percent, for a rank of 9th among the Fourth District’s 19 metropolitan areas. Toledo as a Port Toledo’s port facilities have always been of strategic importance. For some years the facilities have admitted ocean-going vessels, and, more recently, plans have been under way for taking advantage of the greater op portunities to be offered by the development o f the St. Lawrence Seaway. In total tonnage of Great Lakes shipping, Table 1 POPULATION OF ALL 19 METROPOLITAN AREAS * (listed in order of total population) Area Pittsburgh................................................... Cleveland................................................... Cincinnati.................................................. Youngstown............................................... Columbus................................................... Dayton........................................................ Akron........................................................... T O L E D O .................................................. Wheeling-S teubenville............................ Canton........................................................ Erie.............................................................. Lorain-Elyria............................................ Hamilton - Middletown.......................... Springfield.................................................. New Castle................................................. Lexington................................................... Mansfield.................................................... L IM A .......................................................... Population as of Jan. 1 ,1 9 5 6 (000 omitted) RANK 2,367 1,673 1,035 591 590 544 466 451 363 321 264 240 174 172 128 115 113 107 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Population Per sq. mi. 775 2,440 1,418 344 1,098 618 1,129 1,314 237 560 188 295 351 365 318 170 404 215 245 RANK 6 1 2 12 5 7 4 3 16 8 18 14 11 10 13 19 9 17 15 Growth 1950-56 + i 5 v; +15% +12% + 17% +19% + 14% + 14% + 3% + 13% + 8% + 9% + 17% + 17% + 15% + 10% + 13% + 17% + 14% RANK 18 7 8 14 2 1 11 9 19 12 17 16 3 5 & 15 13 4 10 *Not to be confused with populations of corporate cities. Each of these metropolitan areas is composed of one or more entire counties. E.g., Pittsburgh area includes 4 counties; Cleveland area includes 2 counties; Toledo area includes all of Lucas county; Lima area includes all of Allen county. (Only two of the listed areas, Toledo and Lima, are under detailed consideration in this article.) 3 Toledo ranks first in the state; more soft coal is shipped than from any other port of the world, and shipments of iron ore, lumber and grain also rank high. The city is an important rail and truck center, with terminals linking with the port facilities. Manufacturing Manufacture of auto parts, motor-vehicle assembly, glass-making, and oil refining are Toledo’s outstanding industries, but numer ous other lines, especially of the hard-goods variety, are significant. Large plants, employ ing 500 or more workers each, are in the fol lowing product lines: motor vehicles, auto parts, glass, oil refinery products, precision tools, machinery, scales, hardware, pumps and compressors, steel and nonferrous castings, pig iron, rubber products and plastics. The Toledo area’s monthly payrolls for all insured employment, during the first quarter of 1956, amounted to $50 million, for a rank of 8th among the Fourth District’s 19 metro politan areas.<2) According to the Census o f Manufactures for 1954, the value added by manufactures in the area amounted to $536 million for that year— also a rank o f 8th. (This refers to value o f manufactured products excluding value of raw materials used.) The Toledo area’s rank is higher, i.e. 3rd place among 19, in respect to value added per manufacturing employee. (See Table 4, item 6.) Between 1947 and 1954, the value added by manufactures o f the area rose by 36 percent, for a rank o f 13th among the District’s 19 metropolitan areas. Finance Toledo is an important banking center. The area ranks somewhat higher in respect to the demand deposits o f commercial banks than it does in the volume o f savings accounts. Thus, the $347 million o f demand deposits at com (*) Insured employment refers to employment covered by state unemployment compensation systems. Agricultural employment and a few other important types of employment are excluded. 4 mercial banks of the area, as of December 31, 1955, were the equivalent of $770 per capita, for 4th rank among the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth District. Growth in demand deposits between year-end 1950 and year-end 1955 amounted to 33 percent, ranking 6th among the 19 metropolitan areas. Savings accounts (indicated by time de posits at commercial banks and mutual sav ings banks plus withdrawable shares o f savings-and-loan associations) amounted to $666 per capita, as o f December 31, 1955; that represented a rank o f 8th among the 19 metro politan areas.(3) W ith respect to growth in such savings accounts between year-end 1950 and year-end 1955, the Toledo area ranked 13th among the 19 metropolitan areas. Retail Trade Retail trade in the Toledo metropolitan area, when measured on a per capita basis, is outstandingly large. Thus the area ranks 4th among the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District in regard to retail sales per capita for the Census year, 1954. The city of Toledo has a wide trading area, and the limits of the “ metropolitan area” (which governs the population figure used in per capita computations) are rela tively narrow. Growth in retail sales between 1948 and 1954, however, was relatively low in the To ledo area, which in this respect ranked 17th out of the 19 metropolitan areas of the Fourth District. The percentage growth should be in terpreted as a gain from an already high level of sales. In this connection, it should also be remembered that the Census year 1954 hap pened to be a year of mild industrial reces sion ; Toledo felt its full share of the effects of this temporary factor, as is indicated by some of the manufacturing statistics cited above. (3) This should not be confused with a measure of total per sonal savings, since it fails to include many important forms of personal savings such as securities, insurance policies and pension equities. The item is used here as a partial indicator of savings trends; it was selected because of the availability of consistent data on a county-wide basis. Area B. LIMA Metropolitan Area (Allen County) - © Ameflwn Map Co., in't:',' N.Y The growth of industry and population in the city o f Lima and the surrounding Allen county has brought about a change in official Census classification within the past decade, so that Lima is now one of the Standard Metropolitan Areas o f the nation.U) Allen county has an estimated population of about 100,000, as of early 1956. The city o f Lima has about 56,000. Delphos has nearly 7,000 population (most o f which is in Allen county) and the villages in the remainder of the county are smaller. During quite recent years, the area’s growth in population has not been outstanding. Thus, between 1950 and 1956 the area’s number in creased by 14 percent, for a rank o f 10th among the Fourth District’s 19 metropolitan areas. In terms o f population per square mile in 1956, the area ranked 15th among the 19 metropolitan areas o f the District. Manufacturing Most of Lima’s manufacturing is on the hard-goods side. Plants employing more than 100 workers, each, include the following, in approximate order of number o f employees: electric motors, construction machinery, air(*) The change in classification occurred in 1952; previously, Allen county had been included within an 11-county nonmetropolitan area, the other 10 counties of which appear here under the name of the “ Marion-Findlay” town-and-country craft engine parts, school-bus bodies, metal working machinery, electrical instruments, precision tools, neon signs, enamel products, truck trailers, and bearings. A large new auto engine plant is being built. Soft-goods manufacturing in the Lima area includes plants employing more than 100 as follows: oil refining, cigars, woolen fabrics and rubber products. The Lima area has 130 manufacturing em ployees for each thousand of its population, in this respect ranking 15th among the Fourth District’s 19 metropolitan areas. The area holds the same rank in regard to the growth in value added by manufactures between 1947 and 1954— a growth which amounted to 33 percent. Tops in Savings The Lima area ranks first among the 19 metropolitan areas of the District in savings accounts per capita, as of December 31, 1955. The figure is $1,510 per capita. (It refers to time deposits at commercial banks and mutual savings banks plus withdrawable shares of savings-and-loan associations.) The Lima area has for a long time been outstanding in this respect. The growth in such savings accounts between 1950 and 1955, however, was not as large as in some other areas; with a 51 percent growth figure, the Lima area ranked 9th in rate of growth among the 19 metropolitan areas. In respect to demand deposits per capita (at commercial banks) the area ranks 15th out of 19. In growth in demand deposits be tween 1950 and 1955, the Lima area ranked 12th. Retail Trade The Lima area ranks 9th among the 19 metropolitan areas of the District in respect to retail sales per capita, as of 1954. The area’s growth in retail sales between 1948 and 1954 amounted to 23 percent, which was below the Ohio average, and which placed the area in 14th rank among the 19 metro politan areas. 5 Area 1. FREMONT-BRYAN Area (10 counties) gm m m i mm m ■ I W IL L IA M S P e rry sb u rg Stony Ridge o ^ t '® ' L«moyn#° n Haskins luckey Dunbridge0 oTontogai, Pe m b e rviI|# o Grand Rapids • •©•Bowling Green w ood ®Weston (°Wi"iston o t t a w a a © Martin ° o fWi*lon 0 Rocky Ridge o G e n o o H ^ b o r® arWekead P ort Q in to n ^ oE lm ore Woodville S A N D U S K Y Heuvil/e0 ®Lindsey °G ib so n b u rg “ Vickery ^ rrem ont Helena0 Milton C m . °Cusl" ^ Je^S* «Pyd* Bellevue4 ' Cygnet® Deshler® PUTNAM •Payne. 'W t o n '' Glandorf0 ° C h ~ ' d° * J $Kalida VAN W ER T ® Ottoville oFort °0,xo" .Convoy Von W ertj& UKldlepoint I N. B altim ore 8eW e0 West leipsic0 "0 a wood ^ C o n t in e n t a l oDupont o Grover Hill Hoytville. ® i,jp ,ie G i«xx> O tta w a Pandora. Colum bus G ro v e Vaugtmsville® O e lp h o / Vfydocio0 •ohioCity ^ U ) American Map Co., Inc., N.Y. The Fremont-Bryan area, comprising 10 counties in the Northwest corner o f Ohio, is the eastern gateway o f the nation’s great “ corn belt.” It is a rich agricultural area, with a growing but not dense population, and a developing industrial pattern. O f the fifteen town-and-country areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District, the Fre mont-Bryan area ranks 9th in population per square mile, but 5th in growth in population during the interval between 1950 and 1956. (See Table 2.) Most of the cities or villages o f the area are of moderate size. The largest is Fremont, about 18,400, followed by Bowling Green (a university town) with nearly 14,000, Defiance 6 with 13,300 and Van Wert with 11,200. (Pop ulation estimates are as of early 1956.) Smaller centers, ranging from about 7% thousand down to about 4 thousand, in or der of size, are: Bryan, Port Clinton, Napo leon, Perrysburg, Clyde, Rossford, Mont pelier, and Wauseon. Tops in Agricultural Income The Fremont-Bryan area ranks first among the 15 town-and-country areas o f the Fourth Federal Reserve District in respect to all three of the basic measures o f agricultural income which have been selected for purposes o f this cross-section survey. (See Table 3 or Table 4.) Thus, the average farm income of $58.69 per acre, according to the most re cent Census o f Agriculture, was highest for any town-and-country area. Measured on a per-farm basis, agricultural income for the area amounted to $7,227, also a top figure. And finally, in terms of change in farm in come between the two Census years o f 1949 and 1954, the Fremont-Bryan area showed the largest increase o f any o f the 15 townand-country areas o f the Fourth District, with a growth in farm income amounting to 32 percent. The land in most o f the area is well suited to the growing o f grain crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and soybeans. Even though corn and wheat together comprise only one-fourth o f all cash income, more farm land is planted in these crops than in any other. Much o f the grain is used as feed for dairy cows, hogs, poultry, and beef cattle; in large measure the grain shows up in cash income indirectly, from the marketing of livestock and livestock products. Agriculture in the area is marked by the prevalence of crop rotation and the use of other up-to-date techniques of farming, including a heavy investment in machinery. A basic cash crop in this area is soybeans, which accounts for over 15 percent o f the in come from agricultural products; in fact, all six o f the leading soybean counties of Ohio are located in this area. Dairying rep resents 14 percent of the cash income and is the most important source of agricultural income in Ottawa and Sandusky counties. Com and hogs combined bring in about 26 percent, and wheat 12 percent, o f the total farm income of the area. Fulton, Putnam, and Williams counties derive nearly 35 per cent of their agricultural income from the sales o f hogs and poultry. (Although these percentages apply to the year 1954, the basic pattern does not change much from year to year.) Sandusky and Ottawa counties along Lake Erie harvest large crops of peaches, apples, grapes and other fruits. (Fremont-Bryan area continued on page 10) Table 2 POPULATION DENSITY AND GROWTH OF ALL 15 TOWN-AND-COUNTRY AREAS (listed in order of density) Population Per sq. mi. Ashtabula-Kent (O .)................................... Butler-Kittanning (Pa.).............................. East Liverpool-Cadiz (O .)......................... Uniontown-Waynesburg (Pa. & W . Va.) Sandusky-Ashland (O .)............................... Zanesville-Newark (O .).............................. M AR IO N -FIN D L A Y (O .)....................... Piqua-Delaware (O .)................................... FR EM ONT-BRYAN (O .)........................ Middlesboro-Hazard (K y .)....................... Oil City-Meadville (Pa.)............................ Chillicothe-Hillsboro (O .)......................... Portsmouth-Marietta (O .)......................... Richmond-Maysville (K y .)....................... Somerset-Morehead (K y .)......................... 123 117 116 114 108 96 86 81 80 77 70 68 65 54 42 RANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Growth 1950-56 +17% + 5% + 12% + 1% +15% +11% +13% +14% +12% -1 4 % + 4% +12% + 9% + 4% — 8% RANK 1 10 7 13 2 8 4 3 5 15 11 6 9 12 14 7 Tafc BASIC ECONOMIC FACTS ABOUT FOUR EC METROPOLITAN Area A TOLEDO (1 county) R A N K (1 county) R A N K Area B LIMA POPULATION 1. Population, Jan. 1, 1956................................................................ 2. Population per sq. mile, Jan. 1, 1956......................................... 451 1,314 8 3 100 245 19 15 50.0 138 536 8,653 8 13 8 3 9.1 130 97 6,868 17 15 18 17 770 4 423 15 666 8 1,510 1 M AN U FAC TU R IN G 3. 4. 5. 6. Monthly payrolls, all insured employment (1956-lst Q .) . . . .mil. dol. Manufacturing employment per 1,000 population (1956-lst Q .) ........ Value added by manufactures, 1954.......................................... .mil. dol. dol. Value added per manufacturing employee, 1954................... FINANCE 7. Demand deposits, per capita, Dec. 31, 1955............................ 8. Savings accounts (Commercial banks and savings and loan associations) per capita, Dec. 31, 1955.......................................................... AG RICU LTU RE 9. Farm income, per acre, 1954........................................................ .........dol. 10. Farm income, per farm, 1954....................................................... dol. ------ ---- — — ------ ---- — — TRADE 11. Retail sales, per capita, 1954........................................................ 1,174 4 1,120 9 SO M E G R O W T H TRENDS 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth in in in in in in in population, 1950-56.................................................... manufacturing employment, 1947-54.................... value added by manufactures, 1947-54................. demand deposits, 1950-55......................................... savings accounts, 1950-55.......................................... farm income, 1949-54................................................. retail sales, 1948-54..................................................... + 14% — 12% +36% +33% +45% 9 16 13 6 13 + 14% 4% +33% +27% +51% 10 12 15 12 9 +23% 14 — +15% 17 — Rank number for a metropolitan area refers to the area’s rank among the 19 metropolitan ar< Rank number for a town-and-country area refers to the area’s rank among the 15 town-and-count Sources: 1. Estimates based on data from U. S. Bureau of the Census and from various state agencies, 1956. 2. Square miles from Census of Population, 1950. 3, 4. Division of Research and Statistics, Ohio Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Colum bus; similar sources for data for other states, 1956. 5,6. Census of Manufactures, 1954. 7. Federal Reserve data; refers to demand deposits of individuals, partnerships and corpora tions. 8. Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh; state departments of banking; Federal Reserve data on time deposits. Item refers to time de posits at commercial banks and mutual savings banks plus value of withdrawable shares of savings and loan associations (both state and Federal-chartered). >le 4 ONOMIC AREAS OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO TO W N -A N D -C O U N TR Y Area 1 FREMONTBRYAN (10 counties) R A N K Area 2 MARIONFINDLAY (10 counties) R A N K OHIO 4TH DISTRICT U. S. 339 80 9 389 86 4 7 9,040 220 21.2 110 264 8,525 3 4 4 2 24.9 112 286 7,520 2 3 2 5 926.7 152 10,154 8,781 365 7 429 4 592 605 657 627 2 552 5 759 660 641 58.69 7,227 1 1 49.91 6,772 3 3 42.20 4,765 36.23 3,625 21.27 5,126 1,049 2 1,052 1 1,099 1,010 1,053 + 14% + 6% +60% +26% +46% +20% +31% +10% + 2% +34% +22% +43% +13% +25% + 10% + 13% +56% +20% +55% +12% +30% +12% +25% +56% +35% +40% +32% +36% 7 5 4 9 2 10 1 5 +13% + 5% +55% +23% +41% +24% +25% 4 10 10 7 9 3 10 14,306 194 165,879 56 1,333.2 134 14,181 7,971 12,933 101 116,001 7,189 as of the Fourth Federal Reserve District, 17 of which are to be covered in subsequent articles, y areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District, 13 of which are to be covered in subsequent articles. 9, 10. Census of Agriculture, 1954. 11. Census of Business, 1954. 12. Census of Population, 1950 and estimates as of item 1. 13, 14. Census of Manufactures, 1954. 15. Same as 7. 16. Same as 8. 17. Census of Agriculture, 1954 and 1947. 18. Census of Business, 1954 and 1948. County Differences in Agriculture. There are considerable differences in income per acre among the counties represented in the Fremont-Bryan area. Fulton county enjoys nearly $85 of cash income per acre o f farm land, which is the highest return for any ag ricultural county in Ohio. Next in order of importance are Henry, Wood, Putnam, and Sandusky counties. Paulding and Defiance counties, with somewhat less favorable soil, are relatively lowest in the area in agricul tural income per acre. However, the return of $42 in those two counties is about the same as the average return per acre for Ohio. Manufacturing The agricultural pre-eminence o f the area should not obscure its growing industrial strength and significance. The FremontBryan area scores 3rd among the 15 townand-country areas of the Fourth District in respect to the monthly payrolls of all insured employment during the first quarter of 1956. It is 4th in respect to the number o f manu facturing workers employed in the area per 1,000 population. The area scores 2nd among the 15 town-and-country areas o f the Fourth District in respect to the value added by manufactures, per manufacturing employee. Growth in manufacturing employment be tween 1947 and 1954 amounted to 25 per cent, for 4th rank among the 15 town-andcountry areas o f the District. vegetables and fruits have attracted some of the largest canneries of the state. The food processing industry provides employment for almost 6,000 persons, or about 18 percent of all industrial employment in the area. Among the important food processing industries are condensed-milk plants, grain mills, and some beet-sugar refining. In Sandusky county, which includes Fre mont, a considerable variety o f manufactur ing plants produce such lines a s: washing ma chines, electric batteries, iron and steel forg ings, cutlery, textile products, and rubber products. Fremont also has a beet-sugar re finery. In W ood county, near Toledo, very large auto-glass plant and a as well as plants producing metal auto parts, rubber products and metals. there is a grain mill, stampings, nonferrous Defiance county has a large gray-iron foundry; other plants of significant size pro duce screw-machine products, fiber glass, radios and television, and hand tools. Also, there is a substantial meat-packing plant. In Williams county, which includes Bryan, the most important manufactured products are aviation equipment, toys, auto parts, fur naces and air-conditioners, food products, and small furniture. Ottawa county specializes in gypsum and lime products. Also, at Port Clinton, there is manufacture of screw-machine products and boat building. Located within the area are a number of smaller independent manufacturing concerns as well as a number of units o f nationally known manufacturers. The decentralizing plans of some o f the nation’s largest manu facturing companies have been a source of growth for the area. Another factor o f impor tance for the industrial development o f the area is the proximity o f Lake Erie with its abundant water supply. Many communities have arranged, or are in process of arranging, to tap this strategic resource. Fiber cans and power-transmission equip ment are the leading products o f Van Wert county. Also significant, however, are ap parel, aircraft engine parts, metal stampings and tobacco products. The processing o f food products accounts for a substantial amount o f industrial activity in the Fremont-Bryan area. Large crops of In Paulding county, there are plants man ufacturing screw-machine products and auto parts. A cement plant is under construction. 10 In Putnam county, the largest plant man ufactures radio tubes, but metal products, woodworking, and canning are also impor tant. Food processing is predominant in both Fulton and Henry counties. However, there are also sizable auto-parts plants in each. Finance rank of 2nd among the 15 town-and-country areas o f the District. But in respect to growth of such accounts between 1950 and 1955, the area ranked 10th. (The measure used here, as previously explained, refers to time deposits at commercial banks and mutual savings banks plus withdrawable shares of savingsand-loan associations.) Increased financial strength in the Fremont-Bryan area is shown by the fact that the area ranked 2nd out o f the 15 town-andcountry areas o f the Fourth District in re spect to growth in demand deposits between 1950 and 1955. The aggregate demand de posits as of December 31, 1955, however, amounted to $365 per capita, for a rank o f 7th out of 15. The Fremont-Bryan area scores 2nd among the 15 town-and-country areas of the Fourth District in respect to retail sales per capita, as of the Census year 1954. In respect to savings accounts, the area is in a different situation; it has a high level of such accounts but its recent growth has not been outstanding. Thus, savings accounts at the end of 1955 were $627 per capita, for a Also, the area was among the leaders in rate of growth o f retail sales between 1948 and 1954, insofar as its 36-percent increase placed it in 5th rank among the 15 town-andcountry areas. Retail Trade Table 3 FARM INCOME IN ALL 15 TOWN-AND-COUNTRY AREAS * (listed in order of income per acre) Cash Income Per Acre 1954 RANK Cash Income Per Farm 1954 RANK Change in Farm Income 1947-54 RANK FR EM ON T-BR YAN ( O .) ..................... $58.69 1 $7,227 1 +32% 1 Piqua-Delaware (O .)................................ 54.00 2 6,986 2 5 3 4 . 49.91 3 6,772 3 +19% +24% Sandusky-Ashland (O .)............................ 46.77 4 5,144 4 +22% Richmond-Maysville (K y .)..................... 37.49 5 3,594 5 — 6% 15 33.33 6 2,918 9 + 10 M A R IO N -F IN D L A Y (O .)................ Ashtabula-Kent (O .)................................. 5% Butler-Kittanning (Pa.)............................ 32.08 7 3,099 8 +31% 2 Chillicothe-Hillsboro (O .)....................... 29.61 8 3,435 7 7 Zanesville-Newark (O .)............................ 29.03 9 3,506 6 +11% +15% Oil City-Meadville (Pa.).......................... 24.56 10 2,661 10 + 5% 11 6 East Liverpool-Cadiz (O .)....................... 23.62 11 2,548 11 + 3% 12 Uniontown-Waynesburg (Pa. & W .Va.) 17.57 12 1,992 12 + 3% 13 Portsmouth-Marietta (O .)....................... 15.89 13 1,863 13 + 9% 9 Somerset-Morehead (K y .)....................... 14.25 14 1,163 14 + 9% 8 Middlesboro-Hazard (K y .)..................... 3.66 15 210 15 - 2% 14 *Farm income as used here refers to value of farm products sold. It is before deduction of expenses, but it does not include receipt of government payments. n Area 2. MARION-FINDLAY Area (10 counties) © American Map Co., Inc.. N.Y Plain City The Marion-Findlay town-and-country area lies just south o f the Fremont-Bryan area pre viously described. Like the latter, it lies mainly within the level corn belt and is characterized by highly prosperous agriculture. The MarionFindlay area, however, is slightly more indus trialized than its northern neighbor, and it has a few more medium-sized cities.(5) The south ern fringe o f the area is more oriented toward (° ) Availability of Lake Erie water for industrial purposes is becoming an important factor in the area, even though the dis tance from the lake is greater than is the case with Area 1. 12 Cincinnati or Columbus than it is toward Toledo. The largest city is Marion, with an esti mated population of 37,400, as of early 1956. Findlay is second, with about 30,000, fol lowed by Tiffin, 22,000, and Fostoria, 16,000. Other cities, ranging from about 12,000 down to 4,500, include: Bucyrus, Galion, Bellefontaine, Kenton, Celina, St. Marys, Wapakoneta, Crestline, Upper Sandusky, and Marysville. Manufacturing One indicator o f the industrial strength of the Marion-Findlay area is the fact that it ranks 2nd among the 15 town-and-country areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District with respect to total value added by manufac tures, according to the latest Census of Manu facturers (1954). The area also ranks 2nd among the District’s 15 town-and-country areas in regard to aggregate payrolls in insured employment, as of the first quarter of 1956. The area is 3rd in the number of manufacturing employees for each 1,000 pop ulation. Seneca county, although it does not include either of the two largest cities o f the area, leads the area in manufacturing strength, chiefly because of the plants located in Tiffin and Fostoria. Plants employing more than 100 workers each in Seneca county include the following lines, in approximate order of size o f establishments: spark plugs, electrical machinery and supplies, non-electrical ma chinery, plumbing fixtures, clay refractories, grinding wheels, conveyors, gray iron cast ings, wire products, aircraft engine parts, and electrical appliances. In Marion county, the manufacture of ma chinery is outstanding. But there is also a steel mill, a steel foundry, a feed mill, and large plants producing household appliances, truck and bus bodies, and rubber products. Crawford county, with industrial concen trations at Bucyrus and Galion, is also very strong in manufacturing. Leading products include: machinery, electrical machinery, communication equipment, rubber products and plastics, roller bearings, electric lamps, truck bodies, and apparel. Largest manufacturing plants in Hancock county, including Findlay, produce textile products, rubber tires, and machinery. Also employing more than 100 each are plants producing: cigars, petroleum products, ma chine-shop products, and brick and tile products. In Mercer county, there is one very large agricultural machinery plant and a large furniture factory, as well as a garment fac tory and several canneries. Leading products in Auglaize county in clude : machinery, woolen textiles, paper products, steel tubes, electronic controls, and gray iron castings. Logan county, which includes Bellefontaine, has two plants manufacturing electri cal machinery, as well as plants for truck and bus bodies, woodworking machinery and screw-machine products. Hardin county produces electrical machin ery, machine tools, and textile products. Wyandot county makes rubber tires, porce lain products, and small motors. Union coun ty has a plant producing plumbing fixtures and a condensed milk plant. Agriculture The Marion-Findlay area ranks 3rd among the 15 town-and-country areas in agricultural prosperity. According to the 1954 Census of Agriculture, farmers in the area received $131.5 million from the sale of farm products during that year, or nearly $50 per acre of farm land. Although such income was con siderably higher than the average for Ohio, it was approximately $8.50 less than in the neighboring Fremont-Bryan area. Within the area, Mercer and Auglaize counties enjoy largest cash returns per acre. In 1954, the returns in these two counties were $57.86 and $54.81 per acre, respectively. Income per acre in the eight remaining counties o f the area ranged close to the av erage, except for Logan county, where cash income per acre amounted to $42.09, about the same as the Ohio average. The single most important source of farm income in the area is the sale of hogs, account ing for 26 percent o f total cash income in 1954. Dairying represents about 18 percent of total agricultural income. Other farm products that bring in substantial percent ages of cash income are: com , 12 percent of the total; soybeans and wheat, 10 percent each; and poultry, 8 percent. 13 Marion county derived 37 percent of its total cash income in 1954 from the sale of hogs, while in Logan county dairying brought in 27 percent of cash income. A large volume o f crops for canning is raised both in Hancock and in Putnam coun ties, as well as a considerable quantity of sugar beets for processing in the factory at Findlay. The area had savings accounts amounting to $552 per capita as of December 31, 1955. for 5th position among the 15 town-andcountry areas. In growth o f such accounts between 1950 and 1955, the area ranked 9th. (F or composition of such accounts, see foot notes to Table 4.) Retail Trade Finance Retail sales per capita in the Marion-Find lay area amounted to $1,052 for the Census year 1954, for first place among the 15 townand-country areas of the Fourth Federal Reserve District. The Marion-Findlay area ranks 4th among the 15 town-and-country areas o f the Fourth District with respect to demand deposits at commercial banks, as o f December 31, 1955. In rate o f growth o f such deposits between 1950 and 1955, the area ranked 7th. The growth of retail sales in the area be tween 1948 and 1954, however, was not out standingly large. W ith a growth rate of 25 percent between the two Census years, the area ranked only 10th among the 15 townand-country areas of the District. Chick hatcheries are important enterprises in several counties o f the area. APPENDIX Classification of Areas. The ‘ ‘ metropolitan areas” used in this study are the Standard Metropolitan Areas as defined by TJ. S. Census in agreement with other governmental agencies. The official current list, however, does not include Mansfield, Ohio, and New Castle, Pa. Those two have been considered as metropolitan areas for this study, insofar as their recently estimated population makes it appear appro priate to do so, and it may be anticipated that the official list will soon include them. Also, it may be noted that the Huntington-Ashland metropolitan area (covering counties in three states) is included in this study, although only part of the area lies within the Fourth Federal Reserve District. The part of that area lying outside of the Fourth Dis trict, however, has been excluded from Fourth Dis trict totals appearing as benchmark figures in the next-to-final column of Table 4. The “ town-and-country areas” used in the study are, for the most part, identical with the “ nonmet ropolitan ’ ’ state economic areas used in Census classification. (For the basis of classification, see State Economic Areas, by Donald J. Bogue, Bureau 14 of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1951.) Exceptions have been made where necessary due to the fact that the boundaries of the Fourth Federal Reserve District cut across several of the officially designated state economic areas. One additional ex ception has been made in order to place Ashtabula, Ohio, and E. Liverpool, Ohio, in separate areas, which seems a more desirable treatment than that of the standard classification. In the standard classification of nonmetropolitan state economic areas, numbers but not names are assigned to the various areas. In this study, it has been found necessary to use an independent numbering system and also to assign names. In the case of each town-and-country area designated here, the first named city is the largest city of the area; the sec ond named city is chosen either with reference to geographical location within the area or because it is the second largest city within the area. Examples: Zanesville-Newark area, Fremont-Bryan area; in these cases, Newark was chosen mainly because of its size, while Bryan was chosen largely because of its location near the extreme western end of its area. Table 5 LIST OF THE 34 ECONOMIC AREAS OF THE FOURTH DISTRICT NORTHWESTERN OHIO A. Toledo metropolitan area Lucas County J. B. Lima metropolitan area Allen County 1. 2. PITTSBURGH, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY Fremont-Bryan town-and-country area Counties included: Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, San dusky, Van Wert, Williams, Wood. Marion-Findlay town-and-country area Counties included: Auglaize, Crawford, Hancock, Hardin, Logan, Marion, Mer cer, Seneca, Union, Wyandot. CLEVELAND AND EASTERN LAKE ERIE C. Cleveland metropolitan area Cuyahoga and Lake Counties Pittsburgh metropolitan area Counties included: Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, Westmoreland (all in Pa.) K. New Castle metropolitan area Lawrence County (Pa.) L. Youngstown metropolitan area Counties included: Mahoning and Trum bull (Ohio) and Mercer (Pa.) M. Wheeling-Steubenville metropolitan area Counties included: Belmont and Jeffer son (Ohio) and Brooke, Hancock, Marshall and Ohio (West Va.) N. Huntington-Ashland metropolitan area Counties included: Boyd (K y.), Cabell and Wayne (W. Va.) and Lawrence, Ohio. D. Lorain-Elyria metropolitan area Lorain County E. Mansfield metropolitan area Richland County F. 6. Butler-Kittanning town-and-country area Counties included: Armstrong, Butler, Indiana (all in Pa.) H. Erie metropolitan area Erie County (Pa.) 7. Uniontown-Waynesburg town-and-country area Counties included: Fayette, Greene, Somerset (Pa.) and Tyler and Wetzel (West Va.) Akron metropolitan area Summit County G. Canton metropolitan area Stark County 3. Sandusky-Ashland town-and-country area Counties included: Ashland, Erie, Holmes, Huron, Medina, Wayne. 4. Ashtabula-Kent town-and-country area Counties included: Ashtabula. Geauga, Portage. 5. Oil City-Meadville town-and-country area Counties included: Clarion, Crawford, Forest, Jefferson, Venango, Warren. (all in Pa.) 8. East Liverpool-Cadiz town-and-country area Counties included: Carroll, Columbiana, Harrison. 9. Portsmouth-Marietta town-and-country* area Counties included: Athens, Gallia, Hock ing, Jackson, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan. Noble, Pike, Scioto. Vinton, Washington (all in Ohio) (Continued on next page) CENTRAL AND SOUTHWESTERN OHIO O. Cincinnati metropolitan area Counties included: Hamilton (Ohio) and Campbell and Kenton (Ky.) P. Hamilton-Middletown metropolitan area Butler County Q. Dayton metropolitan area Greene and Montgomery Counties R. Springfield metropolitan area Clark County S. Columbus metropolitan area Franklin County 10. Zanesville-Newark town-and-country area Counties included: Coshocton, Fairfield, Guernsey, Knox, Licking, Morrow, Mus kingum, Perry, Tuscarawas (all in Ohio) 11. Piqua-Delaware town-and-country area Counties included: Champaign, Clinton, Darke, Delaware, Fayette, Madison, Miami, Pickaway, Preble, Shelby, Warren. 12. Chillicothe-Hillsboro town-and-country area Counties included: Adams, Brown, Cler mont, Highland, Ross. EASTERN KENTUCKY T. Lexington metropolitan area Fayette County 13. Richmond-Maysville town-and-country area Counties included: Bath, Boone, Bour bon, Bracken, Clark, Fleming, Garrard, Grant, Harrison, Jessamine, Madison, Mason, Montgomery, Nicholas, Pendle ton, Robertson, Scott, Woodford. 14. Somerset-Morehead town-and-country area Counties included: Carter, Clay, Elliott, Estill, Greenup, Jackson, Laurel, Law rence, Lee, Lewis, Lincoln, Magoffin, Menifee, Morgan, Owsley, Powell, Pul aski, Rockcastle, Rowan, Wolfe. 15. Middlesboro-Hazard town-and-country area Counties included: Bell, Breathitt, Floyd, Harlan, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Leslie, Letcher, McCreary, Martin, Perry, Pike, Whitley.
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