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Displaced Workers, 1979-83 Displaced Workers, 1979-83 U.S. Department of Labor William E. Brock, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner July 1985 Bulletin 2240 Sg-s-u For sale l>y the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Preface This bulletin discusses the plight of workers who were displaced from their jobs because of plant closings or employment cutbacks during the January 1979-January 1984 period. The article was initially published in the Monthly Labor Review, June 1985, and is reprinted with additional tabular material and an explanatory note. The data were compiled from a special survey spon sored by the Departm ent o f L abor’s Employment and Training A dm inistration and conducted in January 1984 as a supplement to the C urrent Population Survey (CPS). Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Contents Page Displaced workers of 1979-83: how well have they f a r e d ? .................................................................. Appendixes: A. Explanatory n o t e ............................................................................. B. Supplementary tables: Displaced workers: B- 1. Year o f job loss, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1984 ........................................................................................................................ B- 2. Full- or part-time status on lost job, age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1984 ................................................................................ B- 3. Educational attainm ent, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1984 ........................................................................................................................ B- 4. Educational attainm ent, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job l o s s ........... B- 5. Industry and class o f worker o f lost job and reason for job l o s s ................................ B- 6. Sex, whether they received advance notice or expected layoff, reason for job loss, and employment status in January 1984 ............................................................... B- 7. Reason for job loss, whether or not they received or exhausted unemployment insurance benefits, age, and employment status in January 1984 .............................. B- 8. Full- or part-time status on lost job, sex, group health insurance coverage on lost job, and employment status and coverage in January 1984.................................. B- 9. Weeks without work after job loss and other selected ch aracteristics....................... B-10. Median weekly earnings on lost job and on both the old and new job for those reemployed in January 1984 by industry and class o f w o r k e r ......................... B-l 1. Industry of lost job and industry o f job held in January 1984 .................................... B-12. Selected m anufacturing industry of lost job, sex, tenure when job ended, and median weeks without work after job l o s s ...................................................................... IV 1 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 Displaced workers of 1979-83: how well have they fared? A total o f 5.1 million had worked at least 3 years before being let go because o f plant closings or jo b cuts; about 3.1 million had become reemployed by January 1984, although often earning less than in their previous jobs P a u l O. F l a im a n d E l l e n Se h g a l Nearly one-half of these reported they had exhausted their benefits. • Many no longer had health insurance coverage, including some who subsequently found work. • Of the 5.1 million displaced workers, about 3.1 million had become reemployed by January 1984, but often in different industries than in the ones they had previously worked. About 1.3 million were looking for work, and the remaining 700,000 had left the labor force. • Of the 3.1 million displaced workers who were reem ployed, about half were earning as much or more in the jobs they held when surveyed than in the ones they had lost. However, many others had taken large pay cuts, often exceeding 20 percent. • Blacks accounted for about 600,000 of the 5.1 million displaced workers, and Hispanics made up 300,000. The proportion reemployed as of January 1984 was relatively small for both of these groups— 42 percent for blacks and 52 percent for Hispanics. Conversely, the proportions looking for work were relatively high— 41 percent for blacks and 34 percent for Hispanics. These data are discussed in detail below, as are the concepts of displacement and how they were applied in this special survey. What happens to workers when recessions close their plants or severely curtail operations? And what happens to those who lose their jobs because of structural problems of the type that have recently affected some of our key manufac turing industries? How many of these workers manage to return to the same or similar jobs as economic conditions improve? How many remain without jobs or eventually set tle for different and usually lower paying jobs? In an attempt to obtain answers to these questions in connection with the 1980-81 and 1982-83 recessions, two agencies of the U.S. Department of Labor arranged for a special household survey in January 1984. Among the prin cipal findings: • A total of 11.5 million workers 20 years of age and over lost jobs because of plant closings or employment cut backs over the January 1979-January 1984 period. Those who had worked at least 3 years on their jobs— the focus of this study— numbered 5.1 million. • About half of the 5.1 million workers reported they had become displaced because their plants or businesses closed down or moved. Two-fifths reported job losses due to “ slack work’’ (or insufficient demand), and the rest said their shifts or individual jobs had been abolished. • About 3.5 million of the displaced workers had collected unemployment insurance benefits after losing their jobs. The concept and the measurement Paul O. Flaim is chief of the Division of Data Development and Users’ Services, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ellen Sehgal is a senior economist in the same division. Concern over displaced workers began to grow during the early 1980’s when it was feared that a large part of the 1 employment cutbacks taking place in some industries might be permanent, leaving many of the affected workers with little hope of reemployment in the same industry. The steel industry and the auto industry were prime examples of this type of situation. And many other manufacturing industries, particularly in the hard goods sector, were similarly affected by a combination of cyclical factors and such deep-seated structural problems as plants that were no longer competitive in the face of foreign imports. Table 1. Employment status of displaced workers by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, January 1984 [In percent] Characteristic Number (thousands)1 Total Employed Unemployed Not In the labor force Total Total, 20 years and over . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and o v e r____ 5,091 100.0 60.1 25.5 14.4 342 100.0 70.4 20.2 9.4 3,809 100.0 64.9 25.4 9.6 748 100.0 40.8 31.8 27.4 191 100.0 20.8 12.1 67.1 3,328 100.0 63.6 27.1 9.2 204 100.0 72.2 21.7 6.1 2,570 100.0 68.2 26.8 5.0 461 100.0 43.6 34.1 22.3 70.3 24.2 Men Total, 20 years and over . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over . . . . 92 100.0 16.8 12.9 1,763 100.0 53.4 22.5 Women Total, 20 years and over . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over . . . . 138 100.0 67.8 18.0 14.2 1,239 100.0 58.0 22.6 19.4 287 100.0 36.3 28.0 35.7 99 100.0 24.6 11.3 64.1 4,397 2,913 1,484 100.0 100.0 100.0 62.6 66.1 55.8 23.4 25.1 20.2 13.9 8.8 24.1 602 358 244 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.8 43.9 38.8 41.0 44.7 35.6 17.1 11.4 25.6 282 189 93 100.0 100.0 100.0 52.2 55.2 46.3 33.7 35.5 30.0 14.1 9.3 23.6 White Total, 20 years and over . . . . Men ........... Women . . . Black Total, 20 years and over . . . . Men ........... Women . . . Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over . . . . Men ........... Women . . . 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Note : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are Included in both the white and black population groups. 2 Given this situation, it was feared that a large number of workers who had spent many years in relatively high-paying jobs would suddenly find themselves without work and with little hope of finding similar employment. These are the persons generally referred to as “ displaced (or dislocated) workers.’’ While there has never been a precise definition of such workers, the term is generally applied to persons who have lost jobs in which they had a considerable in vestment in terms of tenure and skill development and for whom the prospects of reemployment in similar jobs are rather dim .1 Because there were only widely different estimates of a rather speculative nature as to the number of such workers as of late 1983, the Employment and Training Administra tion contracted with the Bureau of Labor Statistics to design a special survey to identify and count them. The survey was planned as a supplement to the Bureau of the Census’ Cur rent Population Survey (which provides the monthly esti mates of unemployment). It was first of all decided to identify all adult workers who had lost a job over the 1979-83 period because of “ a plant closing, an employer going out of busi ness, a layoff from which . . . (the worker in question) was not recalled, or other similar reasons.’’ For these workers, a series of questions would then follow to determine the precise reason for the job loss, the nature of the job in terms of industry and occupation, how long the workers had held the job, how much they had been earning, and whether they had been covered by group health insurance. Other questions focused on the period of unemployment which might have followed the job loss, including the receipt and possible exhaustion of unemployment insurance benefits, and the possible loss of health insurance coverage. If the worker in question was again employed at the time of the interview, additional information was sought on the earnings on the current job. This sequence of questions yielded information that al lowed much flexibility in deciding who among these workers could properly be considered as “ displaced.” Different cut offs could be made in terms of the years of tenure on the job lost, the period of unemployment resulting, the extent of the cut in wages incurred in taking a new job, and other possible factors. In publishing the preliminary results of the survey,2 and in conducting the more detailed analysis discussed in this article, the only cutoffs that were made were those deemed absolutely necessary in order not to stray too far from the general consensus as to who is and who is not a displaced worker. Thus, an exclusion was first made with regard to workers whose job losses could not be categorized defini tively as displacements— those attributed either to seasonal factors or to a variety of miscellaneous reasons that could not be easily classified. An additional exclusion was made with regard to all workers with less than 3 years in the jobs they had lost. Table 2. Employment status of displaced workers by industry and class of worker of lost job, January 1984 [In percent] Industry Total, workers 20 years and over2 ................................................................................................... Not In the labor force Number (thousands)1 Total Employed Unemployed 5,091 100.0 60.1 25.5 14.4 Nonagricultural private wage and salary w o rkers................................................................................................ 4,700 100.0 59.8 25.8 14.4 Mining ..................................................................................................................................................................... Construction............................................................................................................................................................ 150 401 100.0 100.0 60.4 55.0 31.0 30.7 8.6 14.3 Manufacturing.......................................................................................................................................................... Durable g ood s.................................................................................................................................................... Lumber and wood products ...................................................................................................................... Furniture and fixtures.................................................................................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................................................................................................ Primary metal industries.............................................................................................................................. Fabricated metal products........................................................................................................................... Machinery, except electrical ...................................................................................................................... Electrical machinery...................................................................................................................................... Transportation equipment 0. ......................................................................................................................... Automobiles............................................................................................................................................... Other transportation equipment............................................................................................................. Professional and photographic equipment ............................................................................................. Other durable goods industries ................................................................................................................ 2,483 1,675 81 65 75 219 173 396 195 354 224 130 54 62 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.5 58.2 67.9 (3) 47.5 45.7 62.0 62.3 48.2 62.6 62.9 62.1 0 0 27.4 28.9 19.1 0 30.5 38.7 32.2 27.4 34.5 26.0 24.0 29.4 0 0 Nondurable goods ............................................................................................................................................ Food and kindred products........................................................................................................................ Textile mill products ................................................................................................................................... Apparel and other finished textile products............................................................................................. Paper and allied products........................................................................................................................... Printing and publishing .............................................................................................................................. Chemical and allied products...................................................................................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.......................................................................................... Other nondurable goods industries........................................................................................................... 808 175 80 132 60 103 110 100 49 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59.1 52.5 59.8 63.0 0 58.0 64.0 62.8 0 24.2 32.6 26.2 14.2 0 22.9 27.3 18.3 0 14.1 12.9 13.0 0 22.0 15.6 5.8 10.3 17.3 11.4 13.1 8.5 0 0 16.7 15.0 13.9 22.8 0 19.1 8.7 18.8 0 Transportation and public u tilities..................................................................................................................... Transportation.................................................................................................................................................... Communication and other public utilities..................................................................................................... 336 280 56 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.9 58.8 0 26.8 30.5 0 15.3 10.7 0 Wholesale and retail tr a d e ................................................................................................................................... Wholesale tra d e ................................................................................................................................................. Retail tra d e ......................................................................................................................................................... 732 234 498 100.0 100.0 100.0 61.4 69.6 57.6 21.6 22.0 21.5 16.9 8.4 20.9 Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ................................................................................................................... Services ................................................................................................................................................................. Professional services ...................................................................................................................................... Other service industries................................................................................................................................... 93 506 187 318 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 78.5 65.0 64.0 65.6 12.4 20.5 19.8 20.9 9.1 14.5 16.1 13.5 Agricultural wage and salary workers ................................................................................................................... Government w orkers................................................................................................................................................. Self-employed and unpaid family workers ........................................................................................................... 100 248 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.9 63.3 0 22.9 18.7 0 7.2 18.0 0 'Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2Total includes a small number who did not report industry or class of worker. 3Data not shown where baSe is less than 75,000. raised to 6.9 million. On the other hand, the imposition of a 5-year cutoff would have lowered the total to 3.2 million. Not all of the 5.1 million workers deemed to have been displaced should be regarded as having suffered serious eco nomic consequences. While a great majority were indeed either still unemployed or had taken jobs entailing a drop in pay, or had left the labor force, there were also many for whom the job loss had been only a temporary setback. Some had apparently been out of work for only a very short period and, as already noted, many were actually earning more when surveyed than in the jobs they had lost. In short, while all of the 5.1 million workers had clearly been dis placed from a job at some point over the 1979-83 period, not all could be properly regarded as being still “ displaced” when surveyed in January 1984. And even among the ma jority for whom the “ displaced” label was still applicable when surveyed, there were many who probably found suit able employment in subsequent months. Summarizing the results of the survey, a total of 13.9 million workers 20 years of age and over were initially identified as having lost a job over the January 1979-January 1984 period because of plant closings, employers going out of business, or layoffs from which they had not been recalled. Further probing disclosed that about 2.4 million of this total had lost their jobs because of seasonal causes or a variety of other reasons which could not be easily classified. These were dropped from the universe to be examined. Of the remaining 11.5 million workers, a large proportion had only been at their jobs for a relatively short time before they were dismissed. For example, 4.4 million had been at their jobs a year or less. To focus only on workers who had developed a rather firm attachment to their jobs, the universe to be studied was limited to those with at least 3 years of tenure on the jobs they lost. As noted, these numbered 5.1 million. Had a more liberal cutoff of 2 years been used as a parameter, the count of displaced workers would have been 3 Who were the displaced? A large number of the 5.1 million workers who had been displaced from their jobs fit the conventional description. They were primarily men of prime working age, had lost typical factory jobs, were heavily concentrated in the Mid west and other areas with heavy industry, and, if reem ployed, were likely to have shifted to other industries. However, the universe also included persons from practi cally all industry and occupational groups, a large number of whom were women. Age-sex-race-Hispanic origin. As shown in table 1, men 25 to 54 years of age accounted for nearly 2.6 million of the displaced workers, or slightly more than one-half. There were 200,000 men age 20 to 24, about 460,000 men 55 to 64, and 90,000 in the 65-and-over group. The younger the workers, the more likely they were to have found new jobs after their displacement. As shown in table 1, the proportion reemployed as of January 1984 ranged from a high of 72 percent for men age 20 to 24 to a low of 17 percent for those 65 years of age and over. Most of the men in the latter age group had apparently retired after losing their jobs. The women who had been displaced from their jobs num bered nearly 1.8 millon, with 1.2 million of them in the 25 to 54 age group. As indicated by table 1, these women were less likely than the displaced men to have returned to work as of January 1984 and were far more likely to have left the labor force regardless of their age. About 600,000 of the displaced workers were black, and less than half of them were reemployed when interviewed (42 percent). The proportion unemployed was almost as large (41 percent). Hispanic workers accounted for about 280,000 of the displaced. For them, the proportion reemployed (52 percent) was higher than for blacks but con siderably lower than for whites. Of the whites who had been displaced, over three-fifths were reemployed and less than a quarter were unemployed. Industry and occupation. Nearly 2.5 million of the dis placed workers, or almost one-half of the total, had lost jobs in manufacturing, an industry group that now accounts for less than one-fifth of total employment. Some of the key durable goods industries which were most severely affected by the recessionary contractions of demand as well as by more fundamental structural problems figured most prom inently as the sources of displacements. There were, for example, about 220,000 workers who had lost jobs in the primary metals industry, 400,000 who had worked in ma chinery (except electrical), and 350,000 had been in the transportation equipment industry, with autos accounting for 225,000 of the latter. (See table 2.) Reflecting primarily the long-lasting nature of the prob lems of the steel industry— and of the areas where its plants are (or were) located— less than one-half (46 percent) of 4 the workers who had been displaced from primary metal jobs were reemployed when surveyed. About 39 percent were unemployed, and 16 percent had left the labor force. However, the reemployment percentage for workers dis placed from jobs in the nonelectrical machinery industry (62 percent) and the transportation equipment industry (63 percent) was considerably higher. But even among these workers, many were now working in different industries, and usually at lower wages. While these troubled durable goods industries figured most prominently as sources of workers’ displacements, it should be noted that other industries, both within and outside the manufacturing sector, had also contributed heavily to the problem. For example, 800,000 workers had been displaced from jobs in the various nondurable goods industries, 500,000 had been in retail sales, another 500,000 in services, and 400,000 in construction. In terms of their occupational distribution, a large number of displaced workers (1.8 million) had lost jobs as operators, fabricators, and laborers— the typical jobs on a factory floor. But all occupational groups had contributed to the displace ment problem. There were, for example, 700,000 persons who had lost managerial and professional jobs, 1.2 million who had been in technical, sales, and administrative jobs, and slightly over 1 million who had been in precision pro duction, craft, and repair jobs. (See table 3.) In general, the more skilled the occupation the more likely was the displaced worker to be reemployed. Thus, about 75 percent of those who had been in managerial and profes sional jobs were back at work when interviewed. In contrast, among the workers who had lost low-skill jobs as handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers, less than onehalf were working in January 1984. Regional distribution. While displaced workers were found in all regions of the country, a particularly large number (about 1.2 million) was found to reside in the East North Central area, which includes the heavily industrialized States of the Midwest. (See table 4 for regional data and area definitions.) Another large concentration of such workers (800,000) was found in the Middle Atlantic area, which consists of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The severity of the job losses incurred in these two areas during 1979-83 was denoted not only by the relatively large numbers of displaced workers found within them in January 1984, but also by the fact that the proportion that had man aged to return to work— either in their former jobs or en tirely new ones— barely exceeded 50 percent. As a further indication of the seriousness of the displacement problem in the East North Central area, this region was found to contain nearly one-third of the displaced workers who were unemployed in January 1984 (400,000 out of 1.3 million), and almost one-half of them were reported as having been jobless 6 months or more. Table 3. Employment status of displaced workers by occupation of lost job, January 1984 [In percent] Number (thousands)1 Occupation Total Employed Unemployed Not In the labor force Total, workers 20 years and over2 ........................................................................................................... 5,091 100.0 60.1 25.5 14.4 Managerial and professional specialty................................................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial........................................................................................................ Professional specialty............................................................................................................................................ 703 444 260 100.0 100.0 100.0 74.7 75.7 72.9 16.6 15.6 18.2 8.8 8.7 8.9 Technical, sales, and administrative support........................................................................................................ Technicians and related s u p p o rt......................................................................................................................... Sales occupations .................................................................................................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ........................................................................................................ 1,162 122 468 572 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.6 67.9 66.7 54.1 21.1 25.3 14.6 25.5 18.3 6.8 18.7 20.5 Service occupations ................................................................................................................................................. Protective service ................................................................................................................................................. Service, except private household and protective .......................................................................................... 275 32 243 100.0 100.0 100.0 51.0 (3) 53.0 24.1 (3) 23.6 24.9 (3) 23.4 Precision production, craft, and repair ................................................................................................................ Mechanics and repairers...................................................................................................................................... Construction trades ............................................................................................................................................... Other precision production, craft, and re p a ir................................................................................................... 1,042 261 315 467 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 61.6 61.3 63.2 60.8 26.1 29.3 23.8 25.8 12.3 9.4 13.0 13.4 Operators, fabricators, and laborers...................................................................................................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................................................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations .......................................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .................................................................................. Construction laborers ...................................................................................................................................... Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................................................... 1,823 1,144 324 355 55 300 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.6 56.0 63.8 41.8 (3) 42.0 31.6 27.5 28.7 47.6 (3) 47.0 13.7 16.5 7.5 10.6 (3) 11.0 Farming, forestry, and fish in g ................................................................................................................................. 68 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2Total includes a small number who did not report occupation. 3 Data not shown where base is [ess than 75 000. Tenure on jobs lost. Many of the displaced workers had been at their jobs for many years. As seen below, of the 5.1 million total— all of whom had worked at least 3 years on the jobs they had lost— nearly one-third had spent at least 10 years in their jobs. Another third had been at their jobs from 5 to 9 years. The remaining third had lost jobs at which they had worked either 3 or 4 years. Not surpris ingly, the older the displaced workers the more likely they were to report a relatively longer period of service in the jobs they had lost. This is clearly shown in the tabulation below, which gives the percent distribution of the displaced by age and years of tenure on the lost job: Age Total, 20 years and over.......... 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over 3 to 4 Total years 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.2 37.9 15.5 14.6 asked as part of the January 1984 survey. The data obtained through these questions are the focus of the following sections. Reasons for dismissals. About one-half of the 5.1 million displaced workers reported they had lost their jobs because their plant or business had closed down or moved. Another two-fifths cited “ slack work” as the reason (an answer which may be translated as insufficient demand for the prod ucts or services of the employer). The remainder reported simply that their individual jobs, or the entire shift on which they had been working, had been abolished. (See table 5.) Older workers were most likely to have lost their jobs due to plant closings. Evidently, while their seniority pro tected their jobs in the face of such problems as “ slack work,” it afforded little protection against the shutdown of their plants or the folding of their companies. The younger displaced workers, however, were about as likely to have lost their jobs due to slack work as due to plant closings. Median 5 to 9 10 years 20 years years years or more or more of tenure 33.6 36.9 23.2 31.1 30.2 25.1 61.3 54.2 8.8 4.7 27.9 30.0 6.1 5.8 12.4 11.9 Notification of dismissal. More than one-half of the dis placed workers reported that they had received an advance notice of their dismissal, or that they had expected it. How ever, only 1 in 10 of these had apparently left their jobs before the actual dismissal occurred. (See table 6.) Workers who reported that they lost their jobs because the plant or company closed or moved (61 percent) were more likely than workers who reported other reasons for job loss (52 percent) to respond that they received advance As shown, while the overall median job tenure for the entire 5.1 million total was 6.1 years, median tenure for those 55 to 64 years of age was 12.4 years. Nearly one-third of the workers in this age group reported they had lost jobs in which they had spent 20 years or more. The displacements and their aftermath Various questions concerning the reasons for the dis placements and what occurred in their aftermath were also 5 notice or had expected a dismissal. But even among those whose plants had closed, only a little more than one-tenth reported that they had left their jobs before they ended. Of the displaced workers who did leave their jobs before they were to be laid off, a substantially higher proportion were reemployed in January 1984 (79 percent) than was the case among those who were informed but stayed on (60 percent). The evidence here, therefore, adds some support for policies to encourage firms to provide early notification of layoffs; but, as noted, most workers remained on thenjobs even with the advance notification. fifths of those who moved were working again, a substan tially higher proportion than for nonmovers. Although the data point up the employment benefits of relocation, it should be recognized that there are important reasons for the reluctance of workers to move. Many have established community ties; they may own homes which are particularly hard to sell if located in a depressed area; and there may be family members who are still employed lo cally, thereby adding to the costs of a move. They may also not have sufficient information about job opportunities in other areas. Finally, it has been found that a sizable pro portion of workers who do relocate are likely to return.3 A recently published guidebook for employers on man aging plant closings estimates that only about 20 percent or fewer workers in a plant would consider relocating as part of their “ reemployment strategy.’’ The authors mention, for example, that only 20 percent of laid-oflf steelworkers from a Youngstown steel plant had moved out of the area; that only 20 percent of enrollees in the Job Search and Relocation Assistance Pilot Program of the U.S. Department of Labor, and only 6 percent of enrollees for Trade Ad justment Assistance, used the relocation assistance which was offered them.4 Moving to another area. Only a small minority of the 5.1 million displaced workers (680,000) moved to a different city or county to look for work or to take a different job. However, of those who did move, a higher proportion were reemployed in January 1984— almost 3 in 4, in contrast to 3 in 5 of the nonmovers. (See table 7.) Men were more likely to move than women, and of the male movers, pro portionately more were reemployed (77 percent) than was the case for their women counterparts (60 percent). Rela tively few older workers relocated— only 6 percent among those 55 and over. However, even among them, about three- Table 4. Employment status and area of residence In January 1984 of displaced workers by selected characteristics [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Total1 New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific 5,091 3,328 1,763 260 155 105 794 530 264 1,206 772 434 426 282 145 664 428 236 378 236 143 484 347 137 211 152 59 667 427 241 2,492 1,970 629 118 106 36 410 269 115 556 513 138 208 164 54 339 236 89 204 132 42 231 211 42 103 83 26 323 256 88 481 2,514 1,686 828 16 158 94 64 68 414 260 154 88 658 514 145 36 210 137 73 81 296 175 122 34 189 107 82 63 215 142 73 30 58 40 18 63 315 218 97 352 740 648 84 272 14 41 22 2 5 61 100 122 10 20 83 182 133 22 40 34 68 45 5 28 34 132 70 13 38 33 40 32 4 45 41 54 54 8 49 19 32 39 5 27 32 90 132 16 19 3,058 1,299 22.1 38.8 733 171 48 0 0 41 428 225 24.1 36.8 141 621 400 21.2 47.2 185 276 96 13.0 47.5 54 461 117 29.4 25.5 85 209 113 17.3 51.7 56 344 85 25.4 29.8 55 148 33 0 0 30 399 181 18.4 28.0 86 Workers who lost jobs T o ta l.......................................................... Men .................................................... Women ............................................... Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved ...................................... Slack work ......................................... Position or shift abolished .............. Industry of lost job Construction ....................................... Manufacturing .................................... Durable goods .............................. Nondurable g o o d s......................... Transportation and public utilities ............................................ Wholesale and retail trade .............. Finance and service industries . . . . Public administration......................... Other industries2 .............................. Employment status In January 1984 Employed ............................................ Unemployed ....................................... Percent less than 5 w eeks........... Percent 27 weeks or more . . . . Not in the labor force ...................... 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. includes a small number who did not report industry. 3Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. N ote : The following list shows the States which make up each of the geographical divisions used in this table: New England— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic— New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; East North Central— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wiscon sin; West North Central— Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; South Atlantic— Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Cen tral— Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain— Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific— Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. How long without work? On average, the displaced work ers had spent nearly 6 months without work after they had lost their jobs. That is, the median period without work— which need not have been a continuous spell and could have included time spent outside the labor force— was 24.1 weeks. However, it should also be noted that about one-fourth of these 5.1 million workers were still jobless when surveyed. For many of them, the period of unemployment would ob viously extend beyond the January 1984 survey period. As has historically been the case for the unemployed in general, older workers were without work longer than their younger counterparts. For workers 55 years and over, the median period without a job was 30 weeks, while for work ers 25 to 34 it was 22 weeks. Workers who were no longer in the labor force in January 1984 had been without work many more weeks, on average, than those who were still looking for work (57 versus 32 weeks), while workers who were reemployed had spent far fewer weeks without a job (13). (See table 8.) Table 5. Displaced workers by reason for job loss and by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin [In percent] Characteristic Number (thousands)1 Total Plant or company closed down or moved Slack work Position or shift abolished 5,091 342 3,809 748 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 49.0 47.1 46.3 57.8 38.7 47.1 41.0 28.2 12.4 5.8 12.7 14.0 191 100.0 70.8 18.1 11.1 3,328 204 2,570 461 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 46.0 39.5 43.9 55.6 42.9 59.6 44.8 30.5 11.1 .9 11.3 14.0 92 100.0 68.7 15.7 15.5 1,763 138 1,239 287 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.6 58.3 51.1 61.4 30.8 28.7 33.3 24.5 14.6 12.9 15.6 14.1 99 100.0 72.8 20.3 6.9 4,397 2,913 1,484 100.0 100.0 100.0 49.6 46.0 56.7 37.9 42.6 28.7 12.5 11.4 14.6 602 358 244 100.0 100.0 100.0 43.8 44.9 42.2 44.7 46.4 42.2 11.6 8.8 15.7 282 189 93 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.4 48.1 46.2 45.2 43.8 48.1 7.3 8.1 5.7 Total Total, 20 years and o v e r ......................... 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over ................... Men Total, 20 years and o v e r ......................... 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over ................... Women Total, 20 years and o v e r ......................... 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over ................... Receipt of unemployment insurance. The economic diffi culties of most of the displaced workers were alleviated by their receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. Yet, while 3.5 million of the 5.1 million displaced workers had received such benefits, almost one-half had exhausted them by Jan uary 1984. (See table 9.) Understandably, the probability of exhausting one’s benefits was closely tied to the length of one’s period of unemployment, being very high for work ers reporting more than 6 months (27 weeks) without work and much lower for those with only a short spell of job lessness. A larger percentage of the workers who were unemployed in January 1984 had received unemployment insurance ben efits— 80 percent— than their counterparts who were either reemployed or had left the labor force— 65 percent for both. Of the workers who had received benefits, the proportion that had exhausted them by January 1984 was about 50 percent for those still unemployed, 40 percent for those reemployed, and 70 percent for those no longer in the labor force. White Total, 20 years and o v e r ......................... Men ......................... W o m e n ................... Black Total, 20 years and o v e r ......................... Men ......................... W o m e n ................... Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o v e r ......................... Men ......................... W o m e n ................... 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. group health insurance, 60 percent no longer had any cov erage at the time of the survey. For black unemployed work ers previously covered, the uncovered proportion was 75 percent when surveyed. In general, women were less likely than men to be left without any health insurance coverage after displacement, even if unemployed. This is probably because many of them had spouses who were working, and thus were likely to have been covered under the spouse’s plan. Among the previously covered displaced workers who were out of the labor force when surveyed, about 40 percent were not covered under any plan in January 1984. Again, for blacks the proportion who had lost all coverage was much larger— 67 percent. Some additional information on this topic is provided by Loss o f health insurance. Because a large proportion of the displaced workers had held relatively “ good” jobs in terms of pay and other benefits, a large majority of them had participated in a group health insurance program on these jobs. As shown in table 10, many of them no longer were covered under any plan when surveyed in January 1984. Of the 3.1 million persons who were working again in January 1984, 2.5 million had been covered by group health insurance coverage on their lost jobs. Even among these, about 1 in 4 were no longer covered under a health plan in January 1984. For the 1.3 million displaced workers who were jobless in January 1984 and who previously had been covered by 7 a University of Michigan survey conducted in 1983 in the Detroit area. This survey found that, of those persons who had been without work for only 3 months or less, about 30 percent had no health insurance coverage. In contrast, the uncovered proportion among those without work for more than 2 years was 55 percent. Almost four-fifths of those workers had previously had health insurance when em ployed. The male workers were more likely than their female counterparts to be without health insurance at the time of the survey.5 525,000 had been in managerial and professional specialty occupations at their lost jobs. Of these, only about half were reemployed in such jobs. Similarly, about 640,000 had been in precision production, craft, and repair work at their lost jobs; among them only 360,000 were working again in these occupations in January 1984. (See table 12.) Reemployed workers not only were working in different occupations, but also in different industries. For example, of the 980,000 displaced workers who had been in durable goods manufacturing, only about 40 percent were reem ployed in these industries in January 1984. Similarly, about 35 percent of 493,000 workers were reemployed in non durable goods manufacturing. In wholesale and retail trade, 50 percent of 455,000 were reemployed and in service in dustries, 46 percent of 347,000. The tabulation below shows the percentage reemployed by key industry group: The new jobs Of the 5.1 million displaced workers, 2.8 million who had been displaced from full-time wage and salary jobs were reemployed in January 1984. Among them, 2.3 million were again working at full-time wage and salary jobs, about 220,000 were in other types of full-time employment (mainly selfemployment), and about 360,000 were holding part-time jobs. (See table 11.) Many reemployed workers were in occupations different from those they previously had held. For example, among the workers who were employed in January 1984, about NonDurable durable 40 6 5 12 16 22 D u rab le goods ......... N o n d u rab le goods .. W h o lesale trade . . . . R etail trade ................ Service .......................... O th e r industries ___ 14 35 4 9 19 19 Trade Services 9 6 10 40 17 18 8 4 5 15 46 22 Table 6. Displaced workers1 by age, whether they received advance notice or expected layoff, selected reason for job loss, and employment status, January 1984 [Numbers in thousands] Plant or company closed down or moved Total who lost jobs Characteristic Employment status In January 1984 Total Employed Unemployed All other reasons Employment status In January 1984 Not In the labor force Total Employed Unemployed Employment status In January 1984 Not In the labor force Total Employed Unemployed Not In the labor force All persons 20 years and over Total1 .................................................... Received advance notice or expected layoff ...................... Left before job end ed................. Did not leave before job ended . Did not receive advance notice or expect la y o ff........................... 5,091 3,058 1,299 733 2,492 1,547 509 437 2,599 1,512 791 296 2,870 318 2,532 1,715 250 1,450 709 23 683 446 45 399 1,525 185 1,331 945 151 787 297 7 290 283 27 254 1,346 133 1,202 770 99 664 412 16 393 163 18 145 2,221 1,343 590 287 967 602 211 154 1,253 741 378 134 2,034 1,330 504 200 885 615 184 86 1,148 715 320 114 1,160 146 1,004 771 117 643 274 11 264 114 17 97 550 74 470 393 61 325 100 3 96 58 9 48 609 72 534 379 57 319 174 7 167 56 8 48 874 558 230 85 335 222 84 28 539 336 146 57 2,118 1,384 534 200 1,039 714 203 122 1,079 670 331 78 1,183 137 1,040 784 112 668 284 10 272 115 15 100 626 85 541 439 73 367 115 3 112 71 9 62 557 52 499 345 40 302 169 7 160 43 6 37 935 599 250 85 413 274 87 51 522 325 163 34 939 345 261 334 568 218 122 229 371 127 139 105 528 35 489 160 21 139 151 2 148 217 12 203 349 26 320 113 18 95 82 179 9 169 47 3 82 154 9 143 44 69 2 66 63 — 412 186 109 117 219 40 75 192 80 70 42 20 to 34 years T o ta l....................................................... Received advance notice or expected layoff ...................... Left before job end ed................. Did not leave before job ended . Did not receive advance notice or expect la y o ff........................... 35 to 54 years T o ta l....................................................... Received advance notice or expected layoff ...................... Left before job end ed................. Did not leave before job ended . Did not receive advance notice or expect la y o ff........................... 55 years and over T o ta l....................................................... Received advance notice or expected layoff ...................... Left before job end ed................. Did not leave before job ended . Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff ...................... 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a full-time wage and salary job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings 8 105 or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts, 4 59 Table 7. Displaced workers by whether they moved to a different city or county to find or take another job, by age, sex, and current employment status, January 1984 [Numbers in thousands] Nonmovers Movers Employment status In January 1984 Age and sex Total Employment status In January 1984 Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Total 4,374 3,234 1,370 1,055 809 880 2,537 2,044 864 706 473 312 1,157 859 365 267 227 246 680 332 141 81 109 321 2,784 2,114 936 671 507 510 1,700 1,399 616 459 324 191 800 609 270 189 150 155 1,590 1,120 434 384 303 369 837 645 249 247 149 121 357 250 94 78 77 92 Employed Unemployed Not In the labor force 682 556 318 158 80 53 500 413 221 125 67 32 134 108 71 26 11 12 48 34 26 6 2 9 284 107 50 23 33 164 519 440 262 117 61 38 401 342 191 98 54 24 96 78 55 18 5 12 21 19 16 2 2 2 397 225 91 58 76 157 163 116 56 41 19 14 99 71 30 27 13 8 38 30 15 9 6 — 27 15 11 5 Total: Total, 20 years and over1 .......................................................................... 25 to 54 y e a rs ............................................................................. 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 years and o v e r....................................................................... Men: Total, 20 years and over .......................................................................... 25 to 54 y e a rs ............................................................................ 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 years and o v e r....................................................................... Women: Total, 20 years and over .......................................................................... 25 to 54 y e a rs ............................................................................ 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 years and o v e r....................................................................... 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the Reemployed workers (in thousands) Durable goods................ Primary metals ........... Transportation equipment .............. Nondurable goods ......... Textile mill products .. Apparel and other finished textile products .................. nondurable goods manufacturing (made up primarily of lower paying industries) showed only slight declines, if any, be tween their earnings on their new and old jobs. For example, the median weekly earnings on their lost jobs were $202 for workers in apparel and other finished textile products, while their earnings on their new jobs were $197; for work ers in textile mill products, their median earnings on their lost jobs were $181, and on their new jobs, $187. Among the individual displaced workers who had pre viously been in full-time jobs in durable goods industries and who were again working full time in January 1984, about 40 percent had seen their weekly earnings drop by 20 percent or more. Yet, as seen in table 11, for those who had been displaced from jobs in other industries, the earn ings in the new jobs compared more favorably with those in the old jobs. Of the entire universe of about 2 million workers who were in full-time wage and salary jobs both before displace ment and when surveyed— and who reported the earnings both for their old and new jobs— more than one-half (55 percent) were making as much or more in January 1984 than before displacement. These workers could, therefore, be seen as having readjusted rather well after their initial job losses. However, among these 2 million workers, there were also 900,000 who had taken some pay cuts, and for about 600,000 of these the cut was in the range of 20 percent or more. Median weekly earnings Job held in Lost jo b January 1984 980 100 $344 407 $273 246 222 493 48 399 264 181 319 254 187 83 202 197 7 abolishment of their positions or shifts. As shown, even among the nearly half a million reem ployed who had been displaced from nondurable goods in dustries, only about one-third were again working in this industry group in January 1984. In fact, generally more than one-half of the displaced workers who were reemployed in January 1984 were no longer in the industry group from which they had been displaced. Understandably, the workers who had been displaced from high-wage industries were most likely to have suffered a drop in earnings in taking a new job. For example, as seen below, for the 980,000 who had previously been in durable goods manufacturing, the median weekly earnings on the old jobs had been $344. In contrast, the median for the jobs they held in January 1984 was only $273. And it should be noted that these numbers, which are shown below for a few illustrative industries, understate the actual loss in purchas ing power as they are stated in “ current” dollars, that is, they do not take into account the effects of inflation: Industry o f lost jobs — In addition to the workers who had taken pay cuts al though they were again working in full-time jobs, there were also, as already noted, a considerable number— about As shown, workers who had been displaced from jobs in 9 losses of fringe benefits relative to those enjoyed on the previous jobs. 360,000— who had gone from a full-time to a part-time job. Needless to say, these workers were even more likely to have suffered a considerable drop in weekly earnings after their displacement. When these are added to our universe, we can conclude that at least one-half of the displaced work ers who were reemployed in January 1984 were earning less than in the jobs they had lost. Among the findings from other studies on displacement which have dealt with earnings differences between the dis placed workers’ old and new jobs,6 are the following: • Older workers and workers with less education are more likely to experience earnings losses. • Because there are fewer job opportunities available, earn ings losses are larger in areas of high unemployment and in small labor markets. • Earnings losses are particularly large for workers dis placed from well-paying unionized industries such as au tos and industrial chemicals. A focus on steel and automobile workers Much of the public discussion about workers’ displace ments in recent years has focused on the steel and auto industries. This is probably because any plant shutdowns or mass layoffs in these two industries have a particularly large impact on the geographic areas where they are con centrated, as well as a large multiplier effect on the other sectors of the economy. Moreover, the two industries were not only hard hit by the recessions of the early 1980’s, but also had to retrench and alter their production methods be cause of foreign competition and other structural factors. These developments led to large reductions in employment, with the payrolls in both of these industries being consid erably lower in January 1984— even after some rapid re covery from the latest recession— than they had been 5 years earlier. Specifically, over this 5-year period, employment had dropped by about 400,000 (or nearly one-third) in the primary metals industry and by about 200,000 (or one-fifth) in the motor vehicles industry. Of course, many other du rable goods industries also underwent large reductions in employment over this period, but because their plants are generally not as concentrated in certain areas, nor as dom inant in the local economies as are steel and automobile plants, their cutbacks received less nationwide publicity. A special assessment of Department of Labor funded programs in six local areas that provided training and other services to displaced workers in 1982-83, found that for the program participants who were reemployed, the average wages at their new jobs had dropped substantially from their pre-layoff wages: The mean hourly wage at the new jobs was in the $7 or $8 range, while the mean wage at layoff ranged from approximately $9 to $11 an hour.7 And in addition to the losses in wages, there were obviously some Steel workers. Of the 5.1 million displaced workers in January 1984, about 220,000 had worked in primary metals industries (largely steel). Forty percent of them reported they lost their jobs because their plants had closed down, and most of the others cited slack work as the reason for job loss. Reflecting the deep-seated problems of this industry and the generally depressed conditions of some of the areas where its plants are (or were) located, less than half (46 percent) of these displaced workers were working again in January 1984. Nearly 40 percent were still looking for work, while 16 percent were no longer in the labor force. Among those who had lost their jobs because of plant closings, almost one-fourth had left the labor force. Thus, the em ployment status of the workers displaced from primary met als jobs was far worse than that for the entire universe of displaced workers. Not surprisingly, of the former steel (and other primary metals) workers who were again employed when surveyed, most had left the primary metals industry. Only 25,000 of them were working in durable-goods industries in January 1984. Of the others, some 20,000 were in services indus tries, 15,000 in construction, and another 15,000 in retail trade. Having had to find work in generally new fields, the displaced workers who had previously held jobs in primary metals industries reported a larger decline in earnings at their new jobs (40 percent) than workers from any other industry group. As already indicated, median earnings of Table 8. Displaced workers1 by weeks without work, age, and employment status, January 1984__________________ Weeks without work Characteristic Lass More Median than 5 5 to 14 15 to 26 27 to 52 than 52 weeks waaks weeks weeks without weeks weeks work Total: Age 20 and over .............. 1,173 25 to 54 years .............. 856 25 to 34 years . . . . 399 35 to 44 years . . . . 268 45 to 54 years . . . . 189 55 years and over . . . . 203 912 729 347 228 154 109 707 538 214 200 125 122 983 745 349 220 177 179 1,211 871 359 278 234 302 24.1 23.1 21.9 22.3 25.8 29.8 Employed: Age 20 and over .............. 25 to 54 years .............. 25 to 34 years . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . 45 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . . . . 910 705 322 223 160 119 657 540 252 185 103 65 453 364 147 134 83 52 590 486 222 150 114 63 393 334 129 130 74 41 13.1 13.4 12.5 15.4 15.3 12.4 Unemployed: Age 20 and over .............. 25 to 54 years .............. 25 to 34 years . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . 45 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . . . . 166 124 64 40 21 25 201 156 75 37 43 31 201 142 57 50 35 50 264 185 81 57 46 65 447 348 153 106 90 88 32.2 32.6 33.8 30.9 32.5 33.3 Not in the labor force: Age 20 and over .............. 25 to 54 years .............. 25 to 34 years . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . 45 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . . . . 98 27 14 6 8 59 55 34 20 7 7 14 53 33 10 17 7 19 130 74 46 13 16 51 370 189 77 42 69 173 56.8 57.6 53.0 54.7 96.2 61.2 1“ Displaced” refers to persons whose jobs were lost because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 10 Table 9. Workers who lost jobs In past 5 years1 by duration of joblessness, receipt of unemployment insurance, whether benefits exhausted, weeks without work, and employment status, January 1984 [Numbers in thousands] Weeks without work end employment ststus Lost a job In last 5 years Plant or company closed down or moved All other reasons Total Received unemployment benefits Exhausted benefits Total Received unemployment benefits Exhausted benefits Total Received unemployment benefits Exhausted benefits Both sexes: All persons: Total1 ............................................ Less than 5 weeks ................ 5 to 14 weeks ......................... 15 to 26 weeks ...................... 27 to 51 weeks ...................... 52 weeks or more ................. 5,091 1,173 912 707 656 1,538 3,497 298 687 604 583 1,273 1,670 44 59 165 316 1,064 2,492 665 419 325 309 724 1,589 144 297 270 270 584 755 21 19 63 157 482 2,599 508 494 381 347 814 1,908 155 391 334 313 689 915 23 40 102 160 582 Employed: T o ta l............................................... Less than 5 weeks ................ 5 to 14 weeks ................ =. . . 15 to 26 weeks ...................... 27 to 51 weeks ...................... 52 weeks or more ................. 3,058 910 657 453 368 615 1,973 182 499 389 342 533 802 18 44 111 182 436 1,547 546 313 204 190 269 904 98 225 171 169 228 357 8 16 43 98 186 1,512 364 343 249 178 346 1,068 84 274 218 172 305 445 9 28 69 84 251 Unemployed: T o ta l............................................... Less than 5 weeks ................. 5 to 14 weeks ......................... 15 to 26 weeks ...................... 27 to 51 weeks ...................... 52 weeks or more ................. 1,299 166 201 201 199 512 1,043 69 167 174 176 447 541 9 11 38 93 387 509 61 75 88 72 206 390 15 59 75 64 174 203 2 3 12 34 151 791 105 126 113 127 306 653 54 108 99 112 273 338 7 8 26 59 236 Not in the labor force: T o ta l............................................... Less than 5 weeks ................ 5 to 14 weeks ......................... 15 to 26 weeks ...................... 27 to 51 weeks ...................... 52 weeks or more ................. 733 98 55 53 89 411 481 48 22 40 65 294 327 17 3 16 41 241 437 58 30 33 47 249 294 30 13 24 37 182 195 10 296 40 24 20 42 162 187 18 9 17 28 112 132 7 3 8 16 96 'Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the — 8 25 145 abolishment of their positions or shifts. these reemployed workers were $246 at their new jobs ver sus $407 at their old ones. Such earnings losses must have caused substantial changes in the consumption pattern of these workers and their families. Automobile workers. About 225,000 auto workers had been displaced from their jobs during the January 1979-January 1984 survey period. Of these, 44 percent reported they had lost their jobs because their plants had closed, while 46 percent reported slack work as the reason for job loss. Re flecting partly the fact that the industry had enjoyed a sub stantial recovery by January 1984, nearly two-thirds of these workers were again employed when surveyed. However, while some automobile workers had gone back to their for mer jobs, many others had apparently switched to differ ent— and generally lower paying—jobs in other industries. As indicated above, for all those who were reemployed, the median weekly earnings for the jobs they held in January 1984 were substantially lower than the median for the auto industry jobs they had lost. It is also important to note that 25 percent of the displaced auto workers were still looking for work in January 1984 and that 13 percent had left the labor force. For those who lost their jobs because their plant closed, the proportions unemployed or out of the labor force in January 1984 were even a bit higher. 11 Of course, an additional number of automobile workers were recalled to their jobs during 1984. Employment in the motor vehicles and equipment industry increased from about 850.000 (seasonally adjusted) in January 1984 to about 900.000 by the year’s end. So, the displacement problem in this industry was likely to have been alleviated consid erably during the year following the survey. Other studies of displaced workers In addition to the data from the January 1984 survey, special case studies evaluating the effectiveness of Depart ment of Labor programs for displaced workers, particularly displaced auto and steel workers, are another valuable source of information on this topic. In order to obtain information on the effectiveness of various types of assistance which might be provided to dis placed workers, the Department of Labor funded a series of pilot projects in 1980-83. One project, the Downriver Community Conference Economic Readjustment Program, served laid-ofif automotive workers from the Detroit met ropolitan area.8 Among the findings from this demonstration study are the following: 1. The displaced workers were predominantly men, aged 25 to 44, and married. Most had graduated from high school; however, when tested in the program, one-fifth scored below reemployment rate declined the longer the workers remained in the program, and this reflected in part the worsening labor market conditions in the Detroit area during that particular period. a sixth grade literacy level. They had, on average, worked more than 10 years on the lost job— and they had earned about $10 an hour. 2. Depending upon the particular plant from which they had been laid off, the workers were found to have received either unemployment insurance benefits, or unemployment insurance coupled with company-funded supplemental un employment benefits, or, in some cases, both of these ben efits as well as trade adjustment assistance, which was paid to those whose jobs were deemed to have been lost because of imports. Therefore, some of the workers had their prelayoff earnings almost entirely replaced by benefits, at least for a time. 5. On average, the earnings of participants who became reemployed were more than 30 percent below their prelayoff earnings. The Department of Labor had also funded a pilot program in Buffalo, New York (among other sites), the aim of which was to assist displaced workers, largely from auto and steel jobs. In this demonstration, it was found that the reemployed workers were placed in jobs paying a mean wage of about $6.50 an hour, a decline from a mean pre-layoff hourly wage of more than $10 an hour. The program participants were primarily men, between their mid-20’s and mid-40’s, most with a high school education. Nearly 70 percent of the participants were reemployed at the time of the project’s termination, with the younger workers being slightly more likely to be placed in jobs than were the others.9 Some additional data on displaced workers are available from a sample of 379 workers from a population of about 11,000 workers on indefinite layoff from a major automobile manufacturer in April 1983.10 The survey, which was funded by the Department of Commerce, was conducted by the University of Michigan from November 1983 to January 1984. Among the findings are the following: • Auto workers who were recalled to jobs with their pre vious employer reported a mean hourly wage of $12.26, with a weekly gross pay of $490.42. In contrast, the other reemployed workers cited a mean hourly wage of $7.42 and an average weekly gross pay of $314.70. • Of the 379 respondents, 30 percent had been recalled to their old jobs at the time of the survey, 25 percent were employed elsewhere, about 35 percent were looking for work, and 10 percent were no longer in the labor force. • Compensation payments (for example, unemployment in surance and trade adjustment assistance benefits) had cov ered, on average, about 30 percent of the displaced workers’ income loss since they had been laid off. The proportion of lost income offset by such benefits was lower the longer the layoff period, dropping from about 55 percent for workers laid off less than 1 year to about 13 percent for those laid off more than 2 years. • Workers with more than 10 years’ seniority at their old jobs had received benefits that replaced larger proportions of their lost wages. However, these workers also reported relatively lower earnings when they were reemployed. 3. Although resources were made available to the work ers for job search and relocation outside their area, only 8 percent of the program enrollees relocated. About 20 percent of those who relocated subsequently returned. 4. Two years after the job loss, only about 50 percent of the workers in the program had found another job. The Table 10. Displaced workers by health insurance coverage and employment status, January 1984 [Numbers in thousands] Covered by group health Insurance on lost job Characteristic Total1 Total Not covered under Not covered on lost job any plan In January 1984 Number Percent Total Total, 20 years and o v e r ................. Employed ....................................... Unemployed ................................. Not in the labor force ................. 5,091 3,977 3,058 2,454 1,299 1,037 733 486 1,381 573 612 196 34.7 23.4 59.0 40.3 1,033 554 236 242 3,328 2,757 2,117 1,780 903 743 307 235 985 413 469 102 35.7 23.2 63.1 43.6 507 301 139 67 1,763 1,220 941 675 294 396 426 251 396 160 142 93 32.4 23.7 48.4 37.2 526 253 98 175 4,397 3,433 2,754 2,203 822 1,031 408 613 1,118 516 452 150 32.6 23.4 55.0 36.7 902 509 192 201 Men Total, 20 years and o v e r ................. Employed ...................................... Unemployed ................................. Not in the labor force ................. Women Total, 20 years and o v e r ................. Employed ...................................... Unemployed ................................. Not in the labor force ................. White Total, 20 years and o v e r ................. Employed ...................................... Unemployed ................................. Not in the labor force ................. Black Total, 20 years and o v e r ................. Employed ...................................... Unemployed ................................. Not in the labor force ................. 602 252 247 103 468 208 193 67 239 50 144 45 51.0 23.9 74.5 66.7 117 38 44 34 282 147 95 40 193 111 60 22 66 29 33 5 34.2 25.6 55.5 20.5 83 32 33 17 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o v e r ................. Employed ...................................... Unemployed ................................. Not in the labor force ................. Summary The two recessions of the early 1980’s, coupled with more deep-seated structural problems affecting certain industries, took a heavy toll among American workers. About 5.1 million who had worked at least 3 years on their jobs found 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 12 Table 11. Displaced full-time workers by industry, by reemployment in January 1984, and by comparison of earnings between new and old jobs [In thousands] Full-time wage and salary job Industry of lost job Displaced after 3 years or more on job2 ...................... Construction .................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................... Durable goods .......................................................... Primary metals industries ................................. Steel3 .................................................................. Other primary m etals...................................... Fabricated metal products ................................. Machinery, except electrical.............................. Electrical machinery ............................................ Transportation equipment ................................. Automobiles .................................................... Other transportation equipment ................... Nondurable g o o d s.................................................... 2,841 253 1,418 954 98 78 20 102 244 94 219 141 77 464 357 26 151 106 14 14 Transportation and public utilities ........................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................... Finance and service industries.................................... Public administration.................................................... Other industries4 .......................................................... 191 399 378 48 153 Part-time job Total1 20 percent or more below Below, but within 20 percent Equal or above, but within 20 percent 621 48 366 281 40 33 7 30 77 26 66 43 23 85 320 30 171 102 5 3 2 6 34 12 22 16 6 69 571 47 286 181 22 14 9 21 39 14 42 21 21 105 533 61 247 155 5 5 12 17 10 30 19 11 45 2,266 199 1,200 797 77 59 18 81 215 84 174 115 59 403 15 72 58 4 31 154 296 270 42 104 40 61 59 11 36 22 41 35 5 16 44 79 83 7 24 27 85 74 18 22 — ’ Includes 221,000 persons who did not report earnings on lost job. 2Data refer to persons who lost or left a full-time wage and salary job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or abolishment of their positions or shifts. Table 12. Self employment or other full-time job Eamlngs relative to those of lost job Total reemployed January 1984 20 percent or more above 218 28 67 51 7 4 2 9 12 — 16 40 22 34 26 8 92 — 14 7 7 16 22 31 50 2 18 3lncludes blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and finishing mills, and iron and steel foundries. includes a small number who did not report industry, Reemployed workers by occupation in January 1984 and by occupation of job lost in preceding 5 years [Numbers in thousands] Occupation on job held In January 1984 Managerial and professional specialty Occupation on job lost Total, 20 years and over . . . . Managerial and professional specialty................................. Executive, administrative, and managerial ........................... Professional specialty.............. Total employed Executive, adminis trative, and managerial 3,058 Technical, sales,and administrative support Operators, fabricators, and laborers Service occu pations Precision production, Machine craft, operators, and assemblers, repair and Inspectors Trans Handlers, portation equipment cleaners, and helpers, material and moving occupations laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Profes sional specialty Techni cians and related support Sales occu pations Admini strative support, Including clerical 282 194 73 359 364 320 621 387 223 183 52 525 153 116 16 62 79 31 38 11 11 6 2 336 189 141 12 26 91 10 6 43 18 57 22 12 19 27 11 7 4 7 4 3 3 2 — 704 Technical, sales, and administrative support . . . . Technicians and related support ................................. Sales occupations ................... Administrative support, including clerical................... 70 38 41 197 188 56 50 27 19 16 83 312 3 34 10 15 39 4 159 4 27 6 18 6 30 6 10 1 11 6 6 309 34 13 2 34 157 32 14 11 7 4 1 Service occupations...................... 140 1 6 2 10 8 81 18 4 5 5 — Precision production, craft, and re p air....................................... 642 33 19 4 28 25 35 359 64 27 40 9 995 18 14 10 58 64 118 145 277 159 107 26 640 6 10 8 37 44 94 98 248 35 50 9 207 4 2 1 14 7 6 19 12 107 24 9 148 7 1 8 13 16 28 16 16 33 8 47 5 — 3 0 0 9 4 4 9 13 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ................................. Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. Transportation and material moving occupations ........... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........... Farming, forestry, and fishing . . 2 - — ’ Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the 13 abolishment of their positions or shifts. 3 — 2 themselves without employment over the 1979-83 period due to plant closings, payroll curtailments, or companies going out of business. In some cases, these job losses were only temporary, entailing little sacrifice in terms of unem ployment and lost income. In many other cases, the read justment to the job loss has been much more painful. Some of the workers displaced from their jobs over this 5-year period had returned to work after a relatively short time, and their earnings when surveyed in January 1984 were as high or higher than they had been before the job loss. Many others had found different jobs, but frequently at much lower wages than in the jobs from which they had been displaced. About one-fourth were still unemployed when surveyed, though some may have been employed dur ing part of the period since their displacement. Finally, about 1One writer’s rather typical description of displaced (or dislocated) work ers reads: “ Dislocated workers are individuals with established work histories who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own and who are likely to encounter considerable difficulty finding comparable employ ment. Such individuals are commonly thought to have lost their jobs be cause the industries or occupations in which they worked are in long-term decline. . . . However, while it may be conceptually appealing to distin guish between long-term and cyclical declines, as a practical matter such a distinction is not very meaningful when cyclical declines last several years. Moreover, an industry may be growing overall but declining in particular geographic or subindustry segments.” Quoted from Lynn E. Browne, “ Structural Change and Dislocated Workers,” New England Economic Review, January-February 1985, p. 21. Also see reports on topic by Marc Bendick and Steven Sheingold. 2 “ b l s Reports on Displaced Workers,” U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Press Release, Nov. 30, 1984. 3Richard P. Swigart, ed., Managing Plant Closings and Occupational Readjustments: An Employer’s Guidebook (National Center on Occupa tional Readjustment, Inc., 1984), p. 48. Also see Walter Corson, Rebecca Maynard, and Jack Wichita, Process and Implementation Issues in the Design and Conduct o f Programs to Aid the Reemployment o f Dislocated Workers (Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., October 1984), p. 79. 4Swigart, Managing Plant Closings, p. 49. 5S.E. Berki, Leon Wyszewianski, Richard Lichtenstein, and others, Insurance Coverage of the Unemployed (The Department of Medical Care Organization, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Jan. 15, 1985). 6Raymond Uhalde, “ Job Displacement and Employment Security: A Workplace Perspective” in Kevin Hollenbeck, Frank C. Pratzner, and Howard Rosen, eds.. Displaced Workers: Implications for Educational and Training Institutions, (Columbus, o h , The National Center for Re search in Vocational Education, Ohio State University, 1984), pp. 24-27. 15 percent had left the labor force. Given the resiliency of the U.S. economy and the rapid advances which it posted during most of 1984, it is quite likely that many of the displaced who were still jobless in January 1984 were either recalled to their old jobs or man aged to find new ones during the year. But even as the year came to a close, some industries— steel being a prime ex ample— were still plagued by serious structural problems. This, in turn, was reflected by the still high jobless rates in some geographic areas where the displacement problem had taken a particularly large toll. For many of the workers displaced from long-held jobs in these areas, the prospects of reemployment were obviously not very bright— unless they were willing to relocate to new areas and to search in new fields. □ Uhalde refers to research, for example, by Arlene Holen, Losses to Work ers Displaced by Plant Closure or Layoff: A Survey of the Literature (Alexandria, v a , The Public Research Institute, Center for Naval Analysis, November 1976); Louis Jacobson and Janet Thomason, Earnings Loss Due to Displacement (Alexandria, v a , The Public Research Institute, Cen ter for Naval Analysis, August 1979); Glen Jenkins and Claude Montmarquette, “ Estimating the Private and Social Opportunity Cost of Displaced Workers,” Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1979, pp. 342-53; and Robert Crosslin, James Hanna, and David Ste vens, Economic Dislocation: Toward a Practical Conceptual Approach (Carson City, NV, Employment Security Department, September 1983). Also see “ Former Steelworkers’ Income Falls by Half,” The New York Times, Oct. 31, 1984. 7Corson, Maynard, and Wichita, Process and Implementation Issues, pp. 64, 81, and 83. 8Jane Kulik, D. Alton Smith and Ernst W. Stromsdorfer, The Down river Community Conference Economic Readjustment Program: Final Evaluation Report (Abt Associates Inc., Sept. 30, 1984). 9L. M. Wright, Jr., Case Study, Buffalo Worker Reemployment Cen ter, Buffalo, New York ( c s r , Incorporated, under subcontract to Mathe matica Policy Research, January 1984), pp. 7, 8, and 50; Marcia C. Jerrett, Robert Jerrett, III, Jane Kulik, John Tilney, and Jeffrey Zomitsky, Serving the Dislocated Worker: A Report on the Dislocated Worker Dem onstration Program (Abt Associates, Inc., December 31, 1983), pp. 28, 46, and 47; and William Corson, Sharon Long, and Rebecca May nard, “ An Impact Evaluation of the Buffalo Dislocated Worker Program (Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., March 12, 1985), pp. 38 and 116. l0Jeanne P. Gordus, Sean P. McAlinden, and Karen Yamakawa, Labor Force Status, Program Participation and Economic Adjustment of Displaced Auto Workers (Ann Arbor, m i , Industrial Development Division, Institute of Science and Technology, The University of Michigan, Nov. 15, 1984.) 14 Appendix A. Explanatory Note ment status at the time o f the interview, a question was asked of all those who had been reported as having lost a job to determine whether they currently had any health insurance coverage. As noted earlier, in tabulating the data from this survey, the only workers considered to have been displaced from their jobs were those who reported job losses arising from: (1) The closing down or moving o f a plant or company, (2) slack work, or (3) the abolish ment of their position or shift. This means that workers whose job losses stemed from the completion of seasonal w ork, the failure o f self-em ploym ent businesses, or other miscellaneous reasons were not in cluded among those deemed to have been displaced. A further condition for inclusion among the displaced workers, for the purpose of this study, was tenure of at least 3 years on the lost job. In examining the displaced workers who were unemployed in January 1984, it is im portant to note that not all were continually unemployed since the job loss they reported. Many, particularly those who reported job losses which occurred in 1979 or the very early 1980’s, may subsequently have held other jobs, only to find themselves unemployed once again in January 1984. The data presented in this report were obtained through a special survey conducted in January 1984 as a supplement to the C urrent Population Survey (CPS), the m onthly survey o f about 59,500 households which pro vides the basic data on employment and unemployment for the Nation. The purpose o f this supplementary survey was to obtain inform ation on the number and characteristics o f workers 20 years o f age and over who had been displaced from their jobs over the previous 5 years, that is, over the period from January 1979 to January 1984. This is the period during which the economy went through two back-to-back recessions and the levels o f employment in some industries, particular ly the goods-producing sector, were reduced con siderably. Concepts and Definitions In order to identify workers who had been displaced from jobs, the survey respondents were first asked whether the household member had lost a job during the period in question because of a plant closing, an employer going out of business, a layoff from which the respondent was not recalled, or other similar reasons. If the answer to this question was “ yes,” the respondent was asked to identify, among the following reasons, the one which best fit the reason for the job loss: Plant or company closed down or moved Plant or company was operating but job was lost because of: Slack work Position or shift was abolished Seasonal job was completed Self-employment business failed Other reasons Estimating Methods The estimation procedure used in this survey involves the inflation of the weighted sample results to indepen dent estimates o f the total civilian noninstitutional population o f the United States by age, race, Hispanic origin, and sex. These independent estimates are based on updated statistics from the 1980 decennial census and the statistics on births, deaths, immigration and emigra tion, and the Armed Forces. After ascertaining the reason for the job loss, a series of questions were asked about the nature o f the lost jo b —including the year it was lost, the years o f tenure, the earnings, and the availability of health insurance. Other questions were asked to determine what transpired after the job loss such as: How long did the person go without work, did he or she receive unemployment insurance benefits, were the benefits ex hausted, and, finally, did the person move after the job loss. If the person was reemployed at the time o f the in terview, follow-up questions were asked to determine the current earnings. A nd, regardless of the employ Rounding of estimates The sums o f individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because o f indepen dent rounding o f totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums o f percent distributions may not always equal 100 percent because of rounding. Dif ferences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates Since the estimates in this report are based on a sam ple, they may differ somewhat from the figures that 15 estimate derived from all possible samples is included in the confidence interval. As a general rule, summary measures such as me dians, means, and percent distributions are not publish ed when the monthly base of measure is less than 75,000. Because o f the large standard errors involved, there is little chance that summary measures would reveal useful inform ation when computed on a smaller base. Estimated numbers are shown, however, even though the relative standard errors o f these numbers are larger than those for corresponding percentages. These smaller estimates are provided primarily to permit such combinations o f the categories as serve each user’s needs. In order to derive standard errors that would be ap plicable to a large num ber of estimates and could be prepared at a m oderate cost, a number of approxim a tions were required. Therefore, instead o f providing an individual standard error for each estimate, generalized sets of standard errrors are provided for various types o f characteristics. As a result, the sets of standard errors provided give an indication of the order o f magnitude of the standard error of an estimate rather than the precise standard error. The figures presented in tables A-2 and A-3 are ap proximations to standard errors o f various estimates. To obtain standard errors for specific characteristics other than Hispanic levels, factors from table A -l must be applied to the standard errors given in tables A-2 and A-3 in order to adjust for the combined effect o f sample design and the estimating procedure on the value o f the characteristics. Standard errors for Hispanic levels should be calculated directly using the form ula for the standard error o f an estimated number and the param eters in table A -l. Standard errors for in termediate values not shown in the gerneralized tables of standard errors may be approxim ated by interpola tion. Two parameters (denoted “ a ” and “ b ” ) are used to calculate standard errors for each characteristic; they are presented in table A -l. These param eters were used to derive the standard errors in tables A-2 and A-3, and to calculate the factors in table A -l. They also may be used to calculate directly the standard errors for estimated numbers and percentages. Methods for direct com putation are given in the following sections. would have been obtained had a complete census been taken using the same questionnaires, instructions, and enum erators. There are two types o f errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey—sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided for this report primarily indicate the magnitude o f the sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enum eration, but do not measure any systematic biases in the data. The full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Conse quently, particular care should be exercised in the inter pretation of figures based on a relatively small number of cases or on small differences between estimates. Nonsampling variability. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., inability to ob tain inform ation about all cases in the sample, defini tional difficulties, differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct inform ation, inability to recall inform a tion, errors made in collection such as in recording or coding the data, errors made in processing the data, errors made in estimating values for missing data, and failure to represent all units within the sample (under coverage). Sampling variability. The standard errors given in the following tables are primarily measures of sampling variability, that is, o f the variation that occurred by chance because a sample rather than the entire popula tion was surveyed. The sample estimate and its estimated standard error enable one to construct con fidence intervals, ranges that would include the average result of all possible samples with a known probability. For example, if all possible samples were selected and each surveyed under essentially the same general condi tions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its estimated standard error were calculated from each sample, then: 1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. 2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.6 standard errors below the estimate to 1.6 standard er rors above the estimate would include the average result o f all possible samples. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two standard errors below the estimate to two standard errors above the estimate would include the average result o f all possible samples. Standard errors o f estimated numbers. The approx imate standard error, 0x, o f an estimated num ber can be obtained in two ways. It may be obtained by use o f the form ula (1) The average estimate derived from all possible samples may not be contained in any particular com puted interval. However, for a particular sample, one can say with a specified confidence that the average ax = >/ax2 -(- bx where x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in table A -l associated with the particular type o f characteristic. Alternately, the standard error o f 16 an estimate may be obtained by use of the form ula (2) polation from table A-3. The standard errors in table A-3 were computed using form ula (3) above and the total employment param eters in table A -l. Direct com putation o f the standard errors using form ula (3) will provide more accurate results than use of the standard error tables. ax = fa where f is the appropriate factor from table A -l and o is the standard error of the estimate obtained by inter polation from table A-2. The standard errors in table A-2 were derived using form ula (1) above and the total employment param eters given in table A -l. Direct com putation of the standard errors using form ula (1) will give more accurate results than use of the interpolation in the standard error table. Illustration. Suppose that, of the 5,091,000 displaced workers, 2,492,000 or 48.9 percent lost their jobs when a plant or company closed down or moved. From table A -l, the appropriate b param eter is 2,206. Using for mula 3, the approximate standard error on 48.9 percent is Illustration. As indicated in table 4, there were 3,058,000 workers who lost or left a job involuntarily in the past 5 years and were employed in January 1984. From table A -l, the appropriate parameters are a = -0.0000157 and b = 2,327. Using form ula (1), the ap proximate standard error on an estimate of 3,058,000 is a xV-0.0000157 (3,058,000)2 + 2,327 (3,058,000) = 83,000 V2,206 5,091,000 (48.9) (51.1) = 1.0 Alternately, by interpolation in table A-3, the standard error on 48.9 percent using a factor of 0.97 is 1.1 (0.97 x 1.1) percentage points. Therefore, using the 1.0 estimate of standard error, the 68-percent confidence interval of the percentage of displaced workers who lost their jobs when a plant or company closed down or moved is from 47.9 to 49.9, and the 95-percent confidence interval is from 46.9 to 50.9. Alternatively, by interpolation in table A-2, the stand ard error on 3,058,000 using a factor o f 1.0 and round ing to the nearest thousand is 83,000 (1.0 x 83,000). Using the 83,000 estimate o f standard error, the 68-percent confidence interval as shown by the data is from 2,975,000 to 3,141,000. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 68 percent o f all possible samples. Similarly, we could conclude with 95 percent confidence that the num ber o f displaced workers who were current ly employed in January 1984 lies within the interval from 2,892,000 to 3,224,000 (using twice the standard error). Standard error o f a difference. For a difference be tween two sample estimates, the standard error is ap proximately equal to (5) a <x-y) = W x where <*x and Oy are the standard errors o f the estimates x and y; the estimates can be o f num bers, percents, ratios, etc. This will represent the actual standard errors quite accurately for the difference between two estimates of the same characteristic in two difference areas, or for the difference between separate and uncor related characteristics in the same area. If, however, there is a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the form ula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error. Standard errors o f estimated percentages. The approx imate standard error o f an estimated percentage, 0 (y,p), can be com puted in two ways. It may be obtain ed by use o f the formula (3) ° (y,p) = a (x,p) = V t - . p (ioo-p) Illustration. Suppose that, o f the 3,328,000 male displaced workers, 2,117,000 or 63.6 percent were employed in January 1984, and o f the 1,763,000 female displaced workers, 941,000 or 53.4 percent were employed in January 1984. The apparent difference bet ween these two groups is 10.2 percent. Using formula (3) and the appropriate b param eters (2,013 for males and 1,725 for females) from table A -l, the standard er ror on 63.6 percent with a base o f 3,328,000 is approx imately 1.2 percentage points, and for 53.4 percent with a base o f 1,763,000 is approximately 1.6 percentage points. Using form ula (5), the standard error on the where y is the size o f the subclass o f persons which is the base o f the percentage, p is the percentage (0< p < 100), and b is the param eter in table A -l associated with the particular type o f characteristic in the num erator o f the percentage. Alternately, standard errors may be approx imated by use o f the formula (4) ° x = f ° where f is the appropriate factor from table A -l and o is the standard error o f the estimates obtained by inter 17 estimated difference of 10.2 percentage points is ap proximately ° 95-percent confidence interval is from 6.2 to 14.2. Since this interval does not include zero, we can conclude with 95 percent confidence that the percentage o f male displaced workers currently employed is greater than the percentage of female displaced workers currently employed. (x-y) = V l.2 12 + (1.6)2 = 2.0 This means that the 68-percent confidence interval around the difference is from 8.2 to 12.2, and the Table A-2. Standard errors for estimated numbers Table A-1. “a ” and “b” parameters for computing approx imate standard errors of estimated numbers, percentages, and labor force participation rates for estimates of CPS labor force data a x 10-4 b f1 (2) 13.0 3 ,7 0 2 7 ,0 3 0 1 ,95 5 1.26 1.74 T o t a l............................................................................. - .1 5 7 2 ,3 2 7 1.00 W h i t e ..................................................................... B l a c k ..................................................................... H ispanic (p erc en tag es only) ..................... H ispanic (levels o n l y ) ..................................... - .1 7 7 -1 .4 4 4 (2) 8.1 2 ,3 2 7 2 ,3 2 7 4 ,3 9 4 1,84 7 1.00 1.00 1.37 Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ........................... - 1 .8 3 0 -2 .1 4 0 W hite, 16 to 19 y e a r s ..................................... B lack, 16 to 19 y e a r s ..................................... -1 2 .6 2 0 2 ,3 2 7 2 ,3 2 7 2 ,3 2 7 1.00 1.00 1.00 M en ........................................................................ M en , 2 0 ye ars and over or w h ite m en . . B lack m en .......................................................... H ispanic m en (p e rc e n ta g e s o n ly )............. W h ite m en, 2 0 ye ars and o v e r .................. B lack m en, 2 0 ye ars and o v e r .................. (2) -,3 0 4 -2 .7 7 6 2 ,0 1 3 2 ,0 1 3 2 ,0 1 3 3 ,1 3 9 2 ,0 1 3 2 ,0 1 3 .93 .93 .93 1.16 .93 .93 - .1 8 8 1 ,72 5 .86 -.2 0 5 1 ,72 5 .86 -1 .6 4 0 1 ,72 5 2 ,3 2 8 .86 1.00 2 ,2 0 6 2 ,5 3 6 1 ,86 4 1 ,60 0 .97 1.04 .90 C h aracteris tic A gricu ltural em ploym ent H ispanic (p erc en tag es only) .......................... H ispanic (levels o n l y ) .......................................... - .2 7 6 (In thousands) (3) All labor fo rc e d a ta o ther than unem ploym en t and argicultural em p lo ym en t data: - .2 4 9 -.2 7 4 -2 .4 2 6 (3) S ize of es tim a te Standard error 1 0 ........................................................................ 2 5 ................................................................ 5 0 .................................................................. 1 0 0 ............................................................................. 2 5 0 ........................................................................... 5 0 0 ........................................................................ 1 ,0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 ,5 0 0 ................................................................ 5 ,0 0 0 ................................................ 7 ,5 0 0 ..................................... 1 0 ,0 0 0 ............................................................................. 1 5 ,0 0 0 .................................................. 2 0 ,0 0 0 ..................................................................... 3 0 ,0 0 0 ............................................................................. 4 0 ,0 0 0 ..................................................... 5 0 ,0 0 0 ................................................................ 7 0 ,0 0 0 .................................................................. 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ..................................... 5 8 11 15 24 34 48 76 106 129 147 177 201 23 6 261 278 29 3 275 NOTE: T o obtain standard errors fo r th e ch a ra c te ris tic of interest, m ultiply th e s e values by th e app ropriate fa c to r provided in ta b le A -1 . Table A-3. Standard errors for estimated percentages (In thousand) Estim ated p e rc e n ta g e W o m en , total or w h ite ................................... W o m en , 2 0 years and over, total or w hite .................................................. B lack w o m en or B lack w o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r .......................................... H ispanic w o m en (p erc en tag es only) . . . U n em p lo ym en t Total or w h i t e .......................................................... B l a c k .......................................................................... H ispanic (p erc en tag es only) ........................... H ispanic (levels o n l y ) .......................................... (2) -.1 5 2 -1 .5 0 6 (2) 14.9 B ase of p erc e n ta g e 7 5 100 250 500 1 ,00 0 2 ,5 0 0 5 ,0 0 0 7 ,5 0 0 1 2 .0 0 0 2 5 ,0 0 0 5 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 (3) 1 T h e se fa cto rs a re to be app lied to th e standard errors in tables A-2 and A -3 to co m p u te stan d a rd errors for th e given type of ch a rac teristic. 2 N ot app licab le. ’ S tan d ard errors should b e ca lc u la te d directly using fo rm ula (1) and th e corresponding a and b p a ram eters . ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 15 or 85 25 or 75 1.8 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.1 1.4 1.0 .7 3.8 3.3 2.1 1.5 1.1 .4 .7 5.3 4.6 2.9 2 .0 1.4 .9 .6 .5 6.3 5.4 3.4 2.4 1.7 1.1 .8 .6 .5 .3 .2 .2 7.6 6 .6 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.3 .9 .8 .6 .7 .5 .3 .2 .2 .14 .10 .07 .05 .3 .5 .2 .2 .14 .10 .07 .4 .3 .2 .15 .11 .4 .3 .2 .14 50 8.8 7.6 4.8 3.4 2.4 1.5 1.1 .9 .4 .7 .5 .3 .2 .3 .2 NOTE: To obtain standard errors fo r the c h a ra c te ris tic of interest, m ultiply th e s e values by th e ap p ro p ria te fa c to r provided in ta b le A -1 . 18 Appendix B. Supplementary Tables Table B-1. Displaced workers by year of job loss, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1984 Percen t distribution by em p lo ym en t status in January 19 84 T o ta l’ (in thousands) Sex, race, H ispanic origin, and year of job loss Total Em ployed U nem ployed N ot in the labor force 5,091 567 703 1 ,01 6 1 ,34 6 1,44 7 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 60.1 6 3 .2 7 2 .9 66 .8 62 .4 4 5 .7 2 5 .5 14.1 14.8 16 .6 2 3 .2 4 3 .6 14 .4 22 .7 12.3 16.7 14.5 10 .6 3 ,3 2 8 34 4 46 2 670 880 96 5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 6 3 .6 6 8 .3 74 .4 7 1 .5 6 6 .4 4 8 .5 27.1 15.5 16.8 18.2 25 .5 4 4 .2 9.2 16.2 8.8 10.3 8.1 7.3 1 ,76 3 22 3 241 346 466 482 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 53 .4 55 .3 7 0 .0 5 7 .5 54 .7 4 0 .2 2 2 .5 11 .9 11.1 13 .5 18.8 4 2 .6 2 4 .2 3 2 .8 18.9 2 9 .0 2 6 .5 17 .3 4 ,3 9 7 1 ,96 9 2 ,4 1 8 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 6 2 .6 7 0 .2 56 .4 2 3 .4 13 .7 3 1 .3 13 .9 16.1 12.3 602 278 324 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 1 .8 5 0 .0 3 4 .8 4 1 .0 2 8 .7 5 1 .7 17.1 2 1 .3 13 .6 282 99 18 0 10 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 5 2 .2 6 2 .7 4 7 .0 3 3 .7 12.9 4 4 .4 14.1 24 .3 8 .5 TO TA L Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Lost job in: 1 9 7 9 ......................................... w.............................................................................. 1 9 8 0 ............................................................................................................................. 1981 .............................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 2 ............................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 3 2 ............................................................................................................................ Men Total, 2 0 years and over ............................................................................................................ Lost job in: 1 9 7 9 .......................................................................................................................... 1 9 8 0 .............................................................................................................................. 1981 .............................................................................................................................. 1 9 82 ............................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 3 2 ............................................................................................................................ W om en Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Lost job in: 1 9 7 9 .......................................................................................................................... 1 9 8 0 ............................................................................................................................. 1981 .............................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 2 ............................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 3 2 ............................................................................................................................ W hite Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Lost job in: 1979-81 .................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 2 -8 3 2 ..................................................................................................................... Black Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Lost job in: 1979-81 .................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 2 -8 3 2 ..................................................................................................................... Hispanic origin Total, 2 0 years and over ............................................................................................................ Lost job in: 1979-81 .................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 2 -8 3 2 ..................................................................................................................... 2 Includes a sm all num ber of w orkers w ho lost jobs in January 1984. N O T E : Detail fo r race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to to tals bec au se d ata fo r th e “ o ther ra c e s ” group are not p resen ted and H ispanics are included in both th e w hite and black population groups. 1 D a ta refer to persons with tenure of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job betw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 b ec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abo lishm ent of their positions or shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report th e year of job loss. 19 Table B-2. Displaced workers by full- or part-time status on lost job, age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1984 P ercen t distribution by em ploym ent status in January 1 9 8 4 Full- or part-tim e status on lost job, age, sex, race, and H ispanic origin T o ta l1 (in thousands) T o tal Em ployed U nem ployed N o t in th e labor fo rce 5,091 1 0 0.0 60.1 2 5 .5 14 .4 4 ,7 0 9 281 3 ,5 9 6 69 3 13 9 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 6 0 .9 7 1 .0 6 5 .3 41.1 2 3 .4 26.1 2 0 .4 2 5 .8 3 2 .8 12 .0 13.1 8 .6 8 .9 26.1 6 4 .5 3 ,2 1 7 17 0 2 ,5 2 2 451 75 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 6 4 .0 7 3 .4 6 8 .3 4 3 .2 2 0 .6 2 7 .2 2 0 .2 2 6 .9 3 4 .5 9 .8 8 .8 6 .4 4 .8 2 2 .3 6 9 .6 1 ,49 2 11 2 1 ,07 4 242 65 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 5 4 .2 6 7 .4 58 .3 37.1 2 3 .6 2 0 .6 23.1 2 9 .7 2 2 .2 11 .9 18 .6 3 3 .2 ft ft ft 4 ,0 5 4 2 ,8 1 9 1 ,2 3 5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 6 3 .5 6 6 .4 5 7 .0 2 3 .9 2 5 .2 21.1 1 2 .5 8 .4 2 1 .9 568 343 225 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 2 .2 4 4 .5 3 8 .8 4 1 .8 4 4 .8 3 7 .3 16 .0 10 .7 2 4 .0 277 18 9 88 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 5 2 .9 55 .2 4 8 .2 3 2 .9 3 5 .5 2 7 .2 1 4 .2 9 .3 2 4 .6 372 104 268 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 5 0 .7 5 5 .4 4 8 .9 18.1 2 2 .8 1 6 .2 3 1 .3 2 1 .9 3 4 .9 T O TA L T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ FU LL TIM E ON LO ST JOB T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 5 5 to 6 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 6 5 years and o v e r ....................................................................................................................... Men T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 5 5 to 6 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 6 5 years and o v e r ....................................................................................................................... W om en T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 5 5 to 6 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................... 6 5 years and o v e r ....................................................................................................................... W hite T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ M e n ..................................................................................................................................................... W o m e n .............................................................................................................................................. Black T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ M e n ..................................................................................................................................................... W o m e n .............................................................................................................................................. Hispanic origin Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ M e n ..................................................................................................................................................... W o m e n .............................................................................................................................................. PA RT TIM E ON LO ST JOB T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ M e n ..................................................................................................................................................... W o m e n .............................................................................................................................................. ' D a ta re fe r to persons with te n u re of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 bec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent o f th eir positions or shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report their fullor part-tim e status on lost job. 2 D a ta not show n w h ere bas e is less th an 7 5 ,0 0 0 . N O T E : D etail fo r ra ce and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to to tals bec au se d a ta for th e “o th er ra ces " group a re not p resen ted and Hispanics a re included in both th e w hite and b lack population groups. 20 Table B-3. Displaced workers by educational attainment, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1984 Percen t distribution by em p lo ym en t status in January 1 9 84 Educational attainm ent, sex, race, and H ispanic origin T o ta l' (in thousands) Total E m ployed U nem ployed N ot in th e labor fo rce 5,091 51 9 755 2 ,4 2 5 814 57 8 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 10 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 60.1 41.1 4 9 .6 6 0 .8 6 7 .5 77 .4 2 5 .5 3 2 .9 3 3 .3 2 5 .2 2 1 .5 15.7 14.4 2 5 .9 17.2 14.0 11 .0 6 .9 3 ,3 2 8 362 498 1 ,49 3 542 431 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 6 3 .6 4 3 .6 5 1 .9 6 5 .4 7 1 .0 7 8 .6 27.1 3 7 .8 3 7 .4 27.1 2 0 .5 14.9 9.2 18 .6 10.7 7.5 8 .6 6 .5 1 ,76 3 157 256 932 272 147 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 53 .4 35 .5 4 5 .0 53 .3 6 0 .7 7 4 .0 2 2 .5 2 1 .7 2 5 .3 2 2 .2 2 3 .4 18.2 2 4 .2 4 2 .8 29 .7 2 4 .5 15 .9 7.8 4 ,3 9 7 1,051 2 ,1 2 2 1 ,22 4 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 6 2 .6 49.1 6 3 .0 7 3 .7 2 3 .4 3 1 .5 2 3 .2 16 .9 13.9 19.3 13 .9 9.4 602 203 271 128 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 4 1 .8 31.1 4 5 .4 51.1 4 1 .0 4 1 .5 4 0 .5 4 1 .6 17.1 2 7 .4 14.1 7.3 282 149 93 40 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 5 2 .2 4 4 .4 57.1 (2) 3 3 .7 3 8 .7 3 1 .9 (2) 14.1 16 .9 11 .0 (*> TO TA L Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Elem entary school o n ly ............................................................................................................ High school: 1 to 3 years ....................................................................................................... 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................................... C ollege: 1 to 3 years .......................................................................................................... 4 or m ore years ..................................................................................................... Men Total, 2 0 years and over ............................................................................................................ Elem entary school o n ly ............................................................................................................ High school: 1 to 3 years ....................................................................................................... 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................................... C ollege: 1 to 3 years .......................................................................................................... 4 or m ore years ..................................................................................................... W om en Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ E lem entary school o n ly ............................................................................................................ High school: 1 to 3 years ....................................................................................................... 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................................... C ollege: 1 to 3 years .......................................................................................................... 4 or m ore years ..................................................................................................... W hite Total, 2 0 years and over ............................................................................................................ Less than 4 years of high s c h o o l....................................................................................... 4 years of high school .............................................................................................................. 1 ye ar or m ore of c o lle g e ....................................................................................................... Black Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Less than 4 years of high s c h o o l....................................................................................... 4 years of high school ............................................................................................................. 1 ye ar or m ore of c o lle g e ....................................................................................................... Hispanic origin Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Less th an 4 years of high s c h o o l....................................................................................... 4 years of high school ............................................................................................................. 1 ye ar or m ore of c o lle g e ....................................................................................................... 1 D a ta refer to persons with te n u re of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 84 b ec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent of their positions or shifts. 2 D a ta not show n w h ere b as e is less than 7 5 ,0 0 0 . N O T E : D etail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to to tals bec au se data for th e “ o ther ra c e s ” group are not p resen ted and H ispanics are included in both th e w hite and black population groups. 21 Table B-4. Displaced workers by educational attainment, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss P ercen t distribution by reason fo r job loss Total Plant or com pany closed dow n or m oved S lack work Position or shift w as abolished 5,091 519 75 5 2 ,4 2 5 814 578 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 9 .0 5 7 .2 5 3 .4 4 9 .5 44.1 4 0 .3 38 .7 3 6 .9 40.1 4 0 .2 4 0 .8 2 9 .3 12 .4 5.9 6 .6 10.3 15 .0 3 0 .4 3 ,3 2 8 362 498 1 ,49 3 542 431 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 4 6 .0 5 3 .7 4 9 .5 4 6 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .7 4 2 .9 40.1 4 4 .2 4 4 .9 4 7 .3 3 1 .3 11.1 6 .3 6.3 8 .5 12 .7 28.1 1 ,76 3 157 256 932 272 14 7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 5 4 .6 6 5 .2 6 0 .8 5 4 .2 5 2 .4 3 9 .2 3 0 .8 2 9 .7 3 2 .0 3 2 .6 2 7 .9 23 .4 14 .6 5.1 7.2 13 .2 19 .8 3 7 .4 4 ,3 9 7 1,051 2 ,1 2 2 1 ,22 4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 9 .6 5 5 .5 5 0 .8 4 2 .4 3 7 .9 3 8 .8 3 8 .7 3 5 .9 12 .5 5.7 10 .5 2 1 .8 602 203 271 12 8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 3 .8 5 2 .6 3 8 .0 42.1 4 4 .7 3 9 .2 5 2 .6 3 6 .6 11 .6 8 .2 9.5 2 1 .3 282 14 9 93 40 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 7 .4 5 1 .6 4 4 .2 0 4 5 .2 4 3 .4 54.1 (2) 7.3 5.0 1.6 O T o tal' (in thousands) E ducational attainm ent, sex, race, and H ispanic origin TO TA L T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ E lem en tary school o n ly ............................................................................................................ High school: 1 to 3 years ....................................................................................................... 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................................... C ollege: 1 to 3 years .......................................................................................................... 4 or m ore years ..................................................................................................... Men T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ E lem en tary school o n ly ............................................................................................................ High school: 1 to 3 years ....................................................................................................... 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................................... C ollege: 1 to 3 years .......................................................................................................... 4 or m ore years ..................................................................................................... W om en T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ E lem en tary school o n ly ............................................................................................................ High school: 1 to 3 years ....................................................................................................... 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................................... C ollege: 1 to 3 years .......................................................................................................... 4 or m ore years ..................................................................................................... W hite T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Less than 4 years of high s c h o o l....................................................................................... 4 years of high school ............................................................................................................. 1 ye ar or m ore of c o lle g e ....................................................................................................... Black T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Less th an 4 years of high s c h o o l....................................................................................... 4 ye ars of high school ............................................................................................................. 1 ye ar or m ore of c o lle g e ....................................................................................................... Hispanic origin T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................ Less than 4 years of high s c h o o l....................................................................................... 4 years of high school ............................................................................................................. 1 ye ar or m ore of c o lle g e ....................................................................................................... ' D a ta refer to persons with te nure o f 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job betw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 b ec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent of their positions or shifts. 2 D a ta not show n w h ere base is less th an 7 5 ,0 0 0 . N O T E : D etail fo r ra ce and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to to tals b ec au se d a ta fo r th e “ o ther ra ces " group are not p resen ted and Hispanics are included in both th e w hite and black population groups. 22 Table B-5. Displaced workers by industry and class of worker of lost job and reason for job loss P ercen t distribution by reason for job loss T o ta l' (in thousands) Industry and class of w orker of lost job Total Plant or com pany closed dow n or m oved S lack work Position or shift w as abolished T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................... 5,091 1 0 0 .0 4 9 .0 3 8 .7 12 .4 Nonagricultural private w a g e and salary w orkers ......................................................... 4 ,7 0 0 1 0 0 .0 50.1 3 9 .7 10.1 M in in g ................................................................................................................................................ C o n s tru c tio n .................................................................................................................................... 15 0 401 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 0 .2 5 0 .5 4 5 .4 45.1 4.4 4.4 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................................................................ D urable goods ........................................................................................................................... Lum ber and w ood p r o d u c ts ............................................................................................ Furniture and fix tu re s .......................................................................................................... S tone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ................................................................................... Prim ary m etal in d u s trie s .................................................................................................... F ab ricated m etal products .............................................................................................. M ach inery ex cep t electrical ............................................................................................ E lectrical m achinery, equipm ent, and supplies .................................................... Transpo rtation eq u ipm ent ................................................................................................ A u to m o b ile s .......................................................................................................................... O th e r transportation e q u ip m e n t................................................................................. P rofessional and photographic e q u ip m e n t.............................................................. O th e r durable goods in d u s trie s ..................................................................................... 2 ,4 8 3 1 ,67 5 81 65 75 219 173 396 19 5 354 224 130 54 62 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 4 8 .6 4 3 .9 5 5 .7 (12) 54 .2 39 .6 4 1 .6 38 .3 51.1 3 9 .3 4 4 .0 3 1 .3 (2) (*) 4 2 .5 48.1 3 1 .6 (2) 3 6 .6 52 .6 54 .7 5 3 .2 4 4 .2 5 1 .2 4 5 .4 6 1 .4 (2) ft 8 .9 8 .0 12.7 (2) 9.2 7.8 3.7 8 .5 4 .7 9.4 10 .6 7.4 <*) <*> N ondurable g o o d s .................................................................................................................... Foo d and kindred p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................. T extile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................................ A pparel and o ther finished textile p ro d u c ts ............................................................ P ap er and allied p r o d u c ts ................................................................................................ Printing and p u b lish in g ....................................................................................................... C hem ical and allied products ........................................................................................ R u bber and m iscellaneou s plastics p ro d u c ts ........................................................ O th e r nondurable goods in d u s trie s ............................................................................. 808 17 5 80 13 2 60 103 11 0 100 49 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 58 .2 6 4 .7 7 2 .0 6 0 .7 (2) 4 7 .6 4 3 .3 6 3 .6 (*) 3 0 .9 2 6 .6 17 .8 36 .3 (*) 3 0 .8 3 8 .6 3 0 .6 O 10.9 8 .6 10 .3 3.0 <*) 2 1 .6 18.1 5.8 C2) Transpo rtation and public u tilitie s ....................................................................................... T ra n s p o rta tio n ............................................................................................................................ C om m unication and o ther public u tilitie s .................................................................... 336 280 56 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 4 7 .4 4 7 .0 (*) 3 5 .8 4 1 .0 <*> 16 .8 12 .0 0 W h o le s a le and retail tr a d e ...................................................................................................... W h o le s a le trade ....................................................................................................................... R etail trade ................................................................................................................................. 732 234 498 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 8 .9 4 8 .8 6 3 .7 3 1 .6 41.1 2 7 .2 9.4 10.1 9.1 Finance, insurance and real e s t a t e ................................................................................... S e r v ic e s ............................................................................................................................................. Professional s e rv ic e s ............................................................................................................. O th e r service industries ....................................................................................................... 93 506 187 318 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 8 .9 4 6 .6 3 3 .3 5 4 .3 2 5 .9 3 7 .3 4 1 .3 3 4 .9 2 5 .3 16.1 2 5 .3 10 .7 Agricultural w a g e and salary w o r k e r s .................................................................................. G o ve rn m en t w o r k e r s ..................................................................................................................... S elf-em p lo ye d and unpaid fam ily w o r k e r s ......................................................................... 100 248 25 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 5 .0 2 6 .7 0 2 8 .9 2 2 .5 (*) 26.1 50 .8 1 D a ta refer to persons with te nure of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 b ec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent of their positions or 23 0 shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report industry or class of w orker. 2 D a ta not show n w h ere b a s e is less th an 7 5 ,0 0 0 . Table B-6. Displaced workers by sex, whether they received advance notice or expected layoff, reason for job loss, and employment status in January 1984 (In thousands) Plant or com pany closed dow n or m oved T o tal w ho lost jobs E m ploym ent status in January 19 84 Sex, and w h eth er or not w orkers received advance notice or e x p ected layoff T o ta l’ Em ployed U n em ployed 5,091 2 ,8 7 0 2 ,5 3 2 2,221 3 ,0 5 8 1 ,7 1 5 1 ,4 5 0 1 ,34 3 1 ,29 9 709 683 590 3 ,3 2 8 1,82 2 1 ,61 2 1 ,5 0 6 2 ,1 1 7 1 ,14 9 973 968 1,76 3 1 ,04 9 921 715 941 566 478 375 All o ther reasons E m ploym ent status in January 1 9 84 N ot in Total th e labor fo rce E m ploym ent status in January 1 9 84 N o t in Total th e labor force Em ployed U nem ployed N ot in th e labor force 2 ,5 9 9 1 ,3 4 6 1 ,20 2 1 ,25 3 1 ,51 2 770 664 741 791 412 393 378 296 163 14 5 13 4 343 19 0 18 6 153 16 4 1 ,79 8 101 935 841 93 863 63 1 ,09 5 55 4 480 541 560 298 288 262 14 4 83 73 60 165 107 10 4 59 273 18 2 161 91 417 217 183 200 231 114 10 5 11 7 15 3 80 72 73 Em ployed Unem ployed 7 3 3 2 ,4 9 2 4 4 6 1 ,5 2 5 3 9 9 1,331 287 967 1 ,54 7 945 787 602 509 297 290 211 437 283 254 15 4 90 3 489 474 414 30 7 1 ,5 2 9 184 887 16 5 771 643 12 3 1 ,02 3 59 5 492 427 396 221 20 9 176 426 262 234 16 4 524 349 294 17 5 TO TA L T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ......................................................... R ec eiv ed ad v an ce notice or e x p ected l a y o f f ........... R em ain ed at job until it e n d e d ....................................... Did not receive ad v an ce notice or ex p ect layoff .... Men Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ......................................................... R e c eiv ed ad v an ce notice or e x p ected layoff ........... R em ain ed at job until it e n d e d ...................................... Did not receive ad v an ce notice or e x p ect layoff .... W om en Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ......................................................... R ec eiv ed ad v an ce notice or ex p ected la y o f f ........... R em ain ed a t job until it e n d e d ...................................... Did not re ceive ad v an ce notice or ex p ect layoff .... 1 D a ta refer to persons w ith te nure of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job betw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 bec au se of plant 963 638 56 0 325 801 410 361 390 closings or m oves, slack work, or th e abo lishm ent of their positions or shifts. 24 Table B-7. Displaced workers by reason for job loss, whether or not they received or exhausted unemployment insurance benefits, age, and employment status in January 1984 (In thousands) Plant or com pany closed dow n or m oved T o tal w ho lost jobs A ge and em ploym ent status in January 1984 R ec eiv ed benefits T o ta l’ All o th er reason s R ec eiv ed ben efits Total Total E xhausted ben efits 5,091 4 ,7 4 9 1,69 2 1,21 8 90 0 93 9 3 ,4 9 7 3 ,3 2 7 1 ,17 8 869 652 629 1 ,6 7 0 1 ,60 4 544 416 330 314 2 ,4 9 2 2,331 72 4 54 2 496 56 8 1 ,5 8 9 1 ,5 1 9 454 352 323 391 755 732 213 17 3 152 195 2 ,5 9 9 2 ,4 1 8 967 675 404 371 1 ,90 8 1 ,80 7 724 517 328 238 91 5 872 331 243 178 120 3 ,0 5 8 2 ,8 1 8 1,08 9 83 7 54 7 34 5 1,97 3 1,85 5 721 55 8 371 205 802 760 286 241 15 6 76 1 ,54 7 1 ,41 5 48 3 402 311 218 904 845 276 252 18 5 13 2 357 341 111 10 9 68 53 1 ,51 2 1 ,40 3 606 434 236 127 1 ,06 8 1 ,0 1 0 445 306 18 6 73 445 418 175 132 88 24 1,29 9 1,23 0 43 5 29 3 241 261 1 ,04 3 1 ,0 0 6 337 245 206 218 541 52 8 172 12 8 117 11 0 509 487 163 98 105 12 2 390 384 12 4 67 88 10 4 203 19 9 61 43 46 49 791 743 272 195 13 6 13 9 653 622 212 178 11 8 11 4 338 329 11 2 85 71 61 73 3 701 167 88 112 334 481 466 120 66 74 206 327 316 85 47 56 128 437 428 78 42 80 229 294 290 53 33 50 15 4 19 5 19 2 41 21 37 93 296 273 90 46 32 10 5 187 17 6 67 33 24 52 132 124 45 25 19 35 Total E xhausted ben efits R ec eiv ed ben efits Total Total E xhausted benefits TO TA L Total, 2 0 years and o v e r .................................... 2 5 years and o v e r ............................................... 2 5 to 3 4 years ................................................... 3 5 to 4 4 years ................................................... 4 5 to 5 4 years ................................................... 5 5 years and o v e r ............................................ E m ployed Total, 2 0 years and over .................................... 2 5 years and o v e r ............................................... 2 5 to 3 4 years ................................................... 3 5 to 4 4 years ................................................... 4 5 to 54 years ................................................... 5 5 years and o v e r ............................................ U nem ployed Total, 2 0 years and over .................................... 2 5 years and o v e r ............................................... 2 5 to 3 4 y e a r s ................................................... 3 5 to 4 4 years ................................................... 4 5 to 54 years ................................................... 5 5 years and o v e r ............................................ N o t in th e labor fo rc e Total, 2 0 years and over .................................... 2 5 years and o v e r ............................................... 2 5 to 34 years ................................................... 3 5 to 4 4 years ................................................... 4 5 to 5 4 years ................................................... 5 5 years and o v e r ............................................ ' D a ta refer to persons with te n u re of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 84 bec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent of their positions or shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report w h eth er or not th ey received or ex h au sted their ben efits 25 Table B-8. Displaced workers by full- or part-time status on lost job, sex, group health insurance coverage on lost job, and employment status and coverage in January 1984 (Numbers in thousands) C o ve red by group health insurance on lost job Full- or part-tim e status, sex, and em ploym ent status in January 19 8 4 T o tal' Total N o t co v ere d under any plan in January 19 8 4 N um ber P ercen t N o t co vered on lost job TO TA L 5,091 3 ,9 7 7 1,381 3 4 .7 1 ,0 3 3 T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................................... E m p lo y e d ............................................................................................................................................... U n e m p lo y e d .......................................................................................................................................... N o t in th e labor f o r c e ...................................................................................................................... 4 ,7 0 9 2 ,8 6 6 1 ,22 8 616 3 ,8 6 2 2 ,3 9 4 1 ,01 2 456 1 ,3 4 7 561 601 184 3 4 .9 2 3 .5 59 .4 4 0 .3 772 426 19 2 153 M en , 2 0 years and over .................................................................................................................... E m ployed ............................................................................................................................................... U n e m p lo y e d .......................................................................................................................................... N o t in th e labor f o r c e ...................................................................................................................... 3 ,2 1 7 2 ,0 5 7 875 285 2 ,7 2 3 1,761 733 229 970 407 463 100 3 5 .6 23.1 6 3 .2 4 3 .8 434 262 12 2 50 W o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r .............................................................................................................. E m p lo y e d ............................................................................................................................................... U n e m p lo y e d .......................................................................................................................................... N o t in th e labor f o r c e ...................................................................................................................... 1 ,4 9 2 808 353 331 1 ,1 3 9 633 279 227 377 15 5 138 83 33.1 2 4 .5 4 9 .6 3 6 .7 338 16 4 69 104 372 109 34 3 1 .2 260 Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................................... Full tim e on lost job Part tim e on lost job Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................................... 1 D a ta refer to persons with te nure of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 19 84 b ec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abo lishm ent of their positions or shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report full- or part-tim e status or health insurance coverage, Table B-9. Displaced workers by weeks without work after job loss and other selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) W e e k s w ithout w ork after job loss C haracteristic T o ta l’ Less than 5 w ee ks 5 to 14 w ee ks 15 to 2 6 w ee ks 2 7 to 52 w ee ks M o re than 52 w ee ks M edian w ee ks w ithout w ork after job loss TO TA L Total, 2 0 years and o v e r .......................................................................................... M e n ................................................................................................................................... W o m e n ........................................................................................................................... W h ite ............................................................................................................................... B la c k ................................................................................................................................ H ispanic o r ig in ............................................................................................................ 5,091 3 ,3 2 8 1 ,76 3 4 ,3 9 7 602 282 1 ,27 8 836 442 1,181 84 72 91 2 630 28 2 77 8 115 48 707 485 222 625 69 31 983 644 339 831 133 70 1,211 732 479 983 201 62 24.1 2 1 .8 2 6 .3 2 1 .4 3 3 .9 2 6 .3 4 ,7 0 9 2 ,8 6 6 1 ,22 8 616 3 ,2 1 7 1 ,49 2 4 ,0 5 4 568 277 1 ,14 6 885 167 94 79 2 354 1,05 8 77 71 858 625 189 44 622 237 734 10 6 48 653 417 192 43 471 182 57 8 63 30 932 571 249 112 629 302 783 12 9 67 1,121 368 430 323 703 417 901 193 61 24 .3 13 .2 3 2 .6 62 .3 2 1 .6 2 6 .7 2 1 .5 3 5 .3 2 6 .2 372 10 4 268 123 38 85 54 9 45 54 14 40 52 15 37 90 29 61 2 0 .6 2 4 .3 16.8 Full tim e on lost job Total, 2 0 years and o v e r .......................................................................................... E m ployed in January 19 8 4 .................................................................................. U n em p lo ye d in January 1 9 8 4 ............................................................................ N o t in th e labor fo rce in January 19 8 4 ........................................................ M e n ................................................................................................................................... W o m e n ........................................................................................................................... W h ite ............................................................................................................................... B la c k ................................................................................................................................ H ispanic o r ig in ............................................................................................................ Part tim e on lost job Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ......................................................................................... M e n ................................................................................................................................... W o m e n ........................................................................................................................... 1 D a ta refer to persons w ith te n u re of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 19 8 4 b ec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abo lishm ent of their positions or shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report full- or part-tim e status or w ee ks w ithout work. N O T E : D etail fo r ra ce and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to to tals b ec au se d ata for th e “ o ther ra c e s ” group are not p resen ted and Hispanics are included in both th e w hite and black population groups. 27 Table B-10. Median weekly earnings of displaced workers on lost job and on both the old and new job for those reemployed in January 1984 by industry and class of worker (Numbers in thousands) W o rke rs w h o lost jobs in 1 9 7 9 -8 3 but w ere em ployed in January 19 8 4 Industry and class of w orker T o ta l’ M edian w eekly earnings on lost job Total M edian w eekly earnings on lost job M edian w eekly earnings on job held in January 19 8 4 * T o tal, 2 0 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................... 5,091 $295 3 ,0 5 8 $306 $272 N onagricultural private w a g e and salary w orkers ......................................................... 4 ,7 0 0 299 2 ,8 0 8 310 273 M in in g ................................................................................................................................................ C o n s tru c tio n .................................................................................................................................... 15 0 401 432 331 91 220 429 334 325 309 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................................................................ D urable g o o d s ........................................................................................................................... Lum ber and w ood p r o d u c ts ............................................................................................ Furniture and fix tu re s .......................................................................................................... S tone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ................................................................................... Prim ary m etal industries .................................................................................................... F ab ricated m etal products ............................................................................................... M ach inery e x cep t electrical ............................................................................................ Electrical m achinery, equipm ent, and supplies .................................................... Transpo rtation equ ipm ent ................................................................................................ A u to m o b ile s .......................................................................................................................... O th e r transportation e q u ip m e n t................................................................................. Professional and photographic e q u ip m e n t.............................................................. O th e r durable goods in d u s trie s ..................................................................................... 2 ,4 8 3 1 ,67 5 81 65 75 219 17 3 396 19 5 35 4 224 13 0 54 62 308 334 261 (3) $283 351 306 35 0 269 392 391 394 (3) (3) 1 ,45 2 974 55 36 36 100 10 7 247 94 222 141 81 39 39 319 344 (3) (3) (3) $407 306 366 272 399 406 380 (3) 0 266 273 (3) (3) (3) $246 259 298 260 319 337 305 (3) (3) N ondurable g o o d s .................................................................................................................... F ood and kindred p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................. T ex tile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................................ A pparel and other finished textile p ro d u c ts ............................................................ P ap er and allied p r o d u c ts ................................................................................................ Printing and p u b lish in g ....................................................................................................... C hem ical and allied products ........................................................................................ R u bber and m iscellaneou s plastics p ro d u c ts ........................................................ O th e r nondurable good s in d u s trie s ............................................................................. 808 17 5 80 13 2 60 103 11 0 10 0 49 $249 297 184 188 (3) $252 315 270 (3) 477 92 48 83 41 60 70 63 20 $260 307 (3) $202 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) $249 278 (3) $197 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Transpo rtation and public u tilitie s ....................................................................................... T ra n s p o rta tio n ............................................................................................................................. C om m unication and o ther public u tilitie s .................................................................... 336 280 56 $381 394 (3) 194 16 4 30 $397 417 (3) $348 354 O W h o le s a le and retail t r a d e ...................................................................................................... W h o le s a le trade ....................................................................................................................... R etail trad e ................................................................................................................................. 732 234 498 $240 29 9 207 450 163 287 $275 306 238 $255 318 215 Finance, insurance and real e s t a t e ................................................................................... S e r v ic e s ............................................................................................................................................. Professional s e rv ic e s .............................................................................................................. O th e r service industries ....................................................................................................... 93 506 187 318 286 250 246 250 73 329 12 0 209 (3) $264 246 267 (3) $268 287 258 Agricultural w a g e and salary w o r k e r s .................................................................................. G o v e rn m e n t w o r k e r s ..................................................................................................................... S elf-em p lo ye d and unpaid fam ily w o r k e r s ......................................................................... 100 248 25 251 239 (3) 70 157 19 (3) $262 (3) (3) $270 (3) 2 M edian w ee kly earnings on job held in January 1 9 8 4 a re based only on w a g e and salary w orkers (excluding incorporated se lf-em ployed) and th ere fo re a re not directly co m p a rab le to m edian earnings on lost job w hich are b ased on earnings from all classes of work. 3 D a ta not show n w h ere b as e is less th an 7 5 ,0 0 0 . ' D a ta re fe r to persons with te n u re of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 bec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent of their positions or shifts. Includes a sm all num ber of persons w ho did not report industry or class of w orker. 28 Table B-11. Reemployed workers by industry of lost job and industry of job held in January 1984 P ercen t distribution by industry in January 1 9 84 Industry of lost job T o tal' (in thousands) M anufacturing Total Con struetion Durable goods Total Non durable goods T ran sp o r tation and public utilities W h o le sale and S ervices retail trade O th er12 Total, 2 0 years and over ................................... 3 ,0 5 8 1 0 0.0 10 .6 2 8 .3 18.7 9 .6 7.5 2 0 .7 2 1 .0 11.8 C o n s tru c tio n ................................................................... M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................ D urable g o o d s .......................................................... N ondurable g o o d s ................................................... Transpo rtation and public u tilitie s ...................... W h o lesale and retail trad e .................................... S e r v ic e s ............................................................................ O th er2 ................................................................................ 281 1 ,47 4 98 0 493 198 455 34 7 300 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 4 3 .6 7.4 8 .5 5.1 11.6 4.1 7.6 8.7 6 .2 4 7 .0 46.1 4 8 .6 12.3 14 .6 12.0 7.4 4.0 31.1 3 9 .8 14 .0 7.7 9.0 8.1 5.0 2 .2 15 .8 6.3 3 4 .7 4 .6 5.6 3.9 2.3 4 .2 5.0 5.4 4 .4 4 2 .6 5.4 3.6 6.3 12 .6 15.4 16.7 12 .9 11 .8 50.1 19 .4 17 .7 2 3 .2 16 .8 15 .6 19.3 11.5 16.8 4 6 .4 2 3 .5 10.3 8.4 7.8 9.7 10.2 8.9 10.9 3 6 .4 shifts. 2 Includes mining; finance, insurance, and adm inistration; and farm ing, forestry, and fisheries. 1 D ata refer to persons with te n u re of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 bec au se of plant closings or m oves, slack w ork, or th e abolishm ent of their positions or real estate; public Table B-12. Displaced workers by selected manufacturing industry of lost job, sex, tenure when job ended, and median weeks without work after job loss P ercen t distribution by tenure Industry of lost job and sex T o ta l’ (in thousands) Total 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 2 0 or m ore years M edian years on lost job M edian w ee ks w ithout w ork afte r job loss T o tal, 2 0 years and over, all in d u s trie s ......................................... 5,091 10 0.0 3 6 .2 3 3 .6 14.7 6 .7 8.8 6.1 24.1 ' M ach inery ex cep t electrical: Total, 2 0 years and ove r ............................................................... M en, 2 0 years and o v e r .............................................................. W o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r ....................................................... 400 305 95 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 3 3 .3 3 3 .3 33.1 3 9 .8 3 5 .8 5 2 .5 17.3 19 .5 10 .2 5.8 6.9 2.3 3.8 4.5 1.7 6 .2 6.6 5.6 2 6 .3 2 1 .0 52.1 Prim ary m etal industries: Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ................................................................ M en, 2 0 years and o v e r .............................................................. W o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r ....................................................... 21 9 188 31 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 2 6 .7 2 4 .8 (2) 2 9 .2 2 7 .3 (2) 19 .2 19.7 (2) 6.7 6.8 (2) 18.3 2 1 .3 (2) 9.1 9 .7 (2) 5 2 .7 53.1 (2) Autom obiles: Total, 2 0 years and over ............................................................... M en, 2 0 years and o v e r .............................................................. W o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r ....................................................... 224 182 43 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 2 9 .5 2 3 .4 (2) 3 2 .7 32.1 (2) 2 3 .6 2 7 .9 (2) 6.3 7.8 (2) 7.8 8 .9 (2) 7.7 9.0 (2) 5 3 .6 5 2 .8 (2) A pparel and o ther finished textile products: Total, 20 years and over ............................................................... M en, 2 0 years and o v e r .............................................................. W o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r ....................................................... 132 34 98 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 3 1 .8 (2) 3 3 .3 3 5 .9 (2) 4 2 .2 20.1 (2) 13 .8 5.8 (2) 5.5 6.4 (2) 5.2 6 .8 (2) 6 .4 2 4 .8 (2) 3 0 .5 T extile mill products: Total, 2 0 years and o v e r ............................................................... M en, 2 0 years and o v e r .............................................................. W o m en , 2 0 years and o v e r ....................................................... 80 47 33 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0.0 2 4 .6 (2) (2) 4 0 .4 (2) (2) 8.5 (2) (2) 8.8 (2) (2) « 17.7 (2) (2) 6.4 (2) (2) 13.3 (2) (2) 1 D ata refer to persons with te nure of 3 or m ore years w ho lost or left a job b etw een January 1 9 7 9 and January 1 9 8 4 b ecause of plant closings or m oves, slack work, or th e abo lishm ent of their positions or shifts, 2 D a ta not shown w h ere bas e is less than 7 5 ,0 0 0 . 29 ORDER FORM Need additional copies of this or other recent BLS Publications? Mail order form to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 or Bureau of Labor Statistics Chicago Regional Office P.O. 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