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DISCIPLINARY POWERS
and PROCEDURES in
UNION CONSTITUTIONS
Bulletin No. 1350
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. W illard Wirtz, Secretary
BU REA U OF LABO R STA TISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner
DISCIPLINARY POWERS
and PROCEDURES in
UNION CONSTITUTIONS
Bulletin No. 1350
May 1963
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25
P reface
T h i s s t u d y o f un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s an d p r o c e d u r e s i s th e t h i r d in
a s e r i e s of b u l l e t i n s a n a l y z i n g u n io n g o v e r n m e n t a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
E a rlie r
s t u d i e s d e a l t w ith c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s g o v e r n i n g the e l e c t i o n a n d t e n u r e of
u n ion o f f i c e r s ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1239, 1958) a n d t r u s t e e s h i p a r r a n g e m e n t s ( B L S
B u l l e t i n 1 263, 1 9 5 9 ).
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y r e f l e c t s c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t in the e x t e n s i v e
p r o v i s i o n s r e g u l a t i n g d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n s w h ich a r e e m b o d i e d in th e L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 195 9 .
F e d e r a l l e g is la t io n d e alin g
w ith un ion b e h a v i o r c r e a t e s n ew n e e d s f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d i e s to p r o v i d e
b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r (1) a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e n f o r c e m e n t , a n d e v a l u a t i o n of the
a c t , (2) r e v i e w b y u n io n s o f t h e i r p r o c e d u r e s , an d (3) p u b l i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g .
T h e s t u d y i s c o n c e r n e d w ith th e f o r m a l r u l e s o f d i s c i p l i n e in the c o n
s t i t u t i o n s of n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s in the U n it e d S t a t e s .
W ithin the
f r a m e w o r k o f un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n a l la w , it i s c o m p r e h e n s i v e b o th in t e r m s o f the
n u m b e r o f u n io n s c o v e r e d an d in the s c o p e of the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s s t u d i e d .
T h e s t u d y a t t e m p t s to d e s c r i b e the w h ole — h e n c e , the f r e q u e n t u s e of s t a t i s t i c s — a n d
to i l l u s t r a t e the s p e c i f i c b y the a m p l e u s e o f e x c e r p t s f r o m id e n t i f i e d c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e e x t e n t to w h ich a c t u a l p r a c t i c e r e p r e s e n t s a m o d i f i c a t i o n o r d e p a r t u r e f r o m
th e w r i t t e n c l a u s e , o r o p e r a t e s in the a b s e n c e o f a s p e c i f i c c l a u s e , w a s n ot
i n v e s t i g a t e d ; t h is l i m i t a t i o n i s b r o u g h t to the r e a d e r ' s a t t e n t i o n a t a p p r o p r i a t e
p l a c e s in t h is r e p o r t .
T h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s i n i t i a t e d th is s t u d y s h o r t l y a f t e r the
L M R D A w a s e n a c t e d , a t the r e q u e s t of, an d with f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e f r o m , the
B u r e a u o f L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t s , w h ich a d m i n i s t e r s t h o s e p r o v i s i o n s o f the
a c t f o r w h ic h the U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r h a s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
A lt h o u g h the
s t u d y r e l a t e s b a s i c a l l y to un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y r u l e s e x i s t i n g a t the t i m e the a c t
w a s p u t into e f f e c t , the f i n a l c h a p t e r d e s c r i b e s c h a n g e s in t h is a r e a s u b s e q u e n t l y
i n t r o d u c e d into un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e s e c h a n g e s p r e s u m a b l y w e r e d e s i g n e d to
c o n f o r m to the a c t ' s r e q u i r e m e n t s a s i n t e r p r e t e d b y the u n i o n s .
The B u re a u
o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , w h ich t a k e s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the c o n te n t s of th is b u ll e t in ,
i s g r a t e f u l f o r the a s s i s t a n c e an d c o o p e r a t i o n t e n d e r e d b y the B u r e a u of L a b o r M anagem ent R ep orts.
T h i s b u l l e t i n w a s p r e p a r e d in the B u r e a u ' s D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l and
L a b o r R e l a t i o n s by H a r r y P . C o h an y , L e o n E . L u n d e n , a n d D a v i d A . S w a n k in ,
u n d e r the g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of J o s e p h W. B l o c h .
m
C ontents
Page
C h a p t e r I.
I n t r o d u c t io n -------------------------------------S c o p e and m e t h o d ________________________________________________________________________
S u m m a r y of f i n d i n g s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2
4
C h a p t e r II.
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s and l o c a l u nion o f f i c e r s ---------------------D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s ------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r o f f e n s e s o t h e r than n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s ---A p p e a l s f r o m s u m m a r y a c t i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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C h a p t e r III. G r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e r e q u i r i n g t r i a l of l o c a l union o f f i c e r s
and m e m b e r s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G e n e r a l g r o u n d s _________________________________________________________________________
G r o u n d s in l o c a l a s a g a i n s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l s -----------------------------------------------------
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C h a p t e r IV. T r i a l p o w e r s and p r o c e d u r e s a t the l o c a l union l e v e l _____________________
P r e v a l e n c e of p r o v i s i o n s ________________________________________________________________
P e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In voking t r i a l m a c h i n e r y -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C o m p o s i t i o n of the t r i a l a g e n c y -------------------------------------------------------S c o p e a n d p e n a l t i e s ______________________________________________________________________
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C h a p t e r V. T r i a l p r o c e d u r e s of l o c a l union o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
union l e v e l ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P r e v a l e n c e of p r o v i s i o n s _____________________________________________________________
P e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l _________________________________________________________________
E x t e n t o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n _____________________________________________________
C o m p o s i t i o n s a n d p o w e r s of t r i a l a u t h o r i t y -----------------------------------------------------------
65
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C h a p t e r VI. R i g h t s o f the a c c u s e d and r e l a t e d m a t t e r s -------------------------------------------S t a t u s of the a c c u s e d ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N o t i c e s a f e g u a r d s ________________________________________________________________________
A p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s ________________________________________________________________________
T i m e l i m i t s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
85
85
91
102
106
117
C h a p t e r VII. D i s c i p l i n e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s --------------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s --------------------------------------------------------I m p e a c h m e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------D u e - p r o c e s s p r o v i s i o n s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R e c a l l of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s _________________________________________________________
D i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s a v a i l a b l e to the A F L - C I O -------------------------------------------------------
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129
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140
146
152
C h a p t e r VIII. In flu e n c e of the l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t r e p o r t i n g a n d d i s c l o s u r e a c t on
d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s of u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s ---------------------------------A p p l i c a b l e p r o v i s i o n s of the l a w _________________________________________________________
A m e n d m e n t s to union c o n s t i t u t i o n s ----------------------------------------------------------------------I l l u s t r a t i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
154
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T ab les:
C h a p t e r I.
1-1. C o n s t i t u t i o n s of n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s s t u d i e d by u nion
s i z e and a f f i l i a t i o n , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------------------------1-2. P r o c e d u r e s f o r d i s c i p l i n i n g m e m b e r s , l o c a l o f f i c e r s , and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
e a r l y 1961 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C o n ten ts— C on tin ued
Page
T a b l e s --- C o n tin u e d
C h a p t e r II.
I I - 1.
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s and f o r o t h e r
r e a s o n s , n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 _______
II-Z .
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r than the n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l
o b l i g a t i o n s , by p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d and a f f i l i a t i o n , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------I I - 3.
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r than the n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l
o b l i g a t i o n s , by p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d and l e v e l in i t ia t i n g d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------II-4.
D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961
--------------------------------------------------------------------I I - 5.
D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961
____________________________________________________
II-6.
D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of a s s e s s m e n t s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961
II-7.
S e l e c t e d g r o u n d s f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e by l e v e l , p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d , and
p e n a l t i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _____
II-8.
S p e c i f i e d p r o v i s i o n s f o r a p p e a l i n g s u m m a r y a c t i o n s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------C h a p t e r III.
I l l - 1. P r o v i s i o n s r e f e r r i n g to g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n i n g m e m b e r s and l o c a l
o f f i c e r s a t l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l union l e v e l s , by p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d and
a f f i l i a t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ____
III-Z .
T y p e s of g r o u n d s f o r t r i a l of m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s a t the l o c a l o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I I I - 3. P r e v a l e n c e of s e l e c t e d o f f e n s e s p u n is h a b l e u n d e r n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------I I I - 4. P e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l at the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l on s e l e c t e d
g r o u n d s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _____
C h a p t e r IV.
I V - 1. P r o v i s i o n f o r t r i a l s o f m e m b e r s and l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s at the l o c a l
union l e v e l , n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ___
IV - Z .
F o r m of c h a r g e s in l o c a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------IV -3.
S a f e g u a r d s r e l a t i n g to c h a r g e s in l o c a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ___________________________
IV -4.
A g e n t r e c e i v i n g c h a r g e s in l o c a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------IV -5.
P u b l i c a t i o n o f c h a r g e s to the l o c a l u nion m e m b e r s h i p p r i o r to t r i a l ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------IV -6.
P r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w of c h a r g e s b e f o r e t r i a l at the l o c a l u nion l e v e l ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _________________
IV -7.
L o c a l u nion t r i a l b o d i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV -8.
S e l e c t e d i m p a r t i a l i t y p r o v i s i o n s in l o c a l union t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _______________________________
IV -9.
S p e c i f i c a t i o n s of i m p a r t i a l i t y f o r l o c a l union t r i a l a u t h o r i t i e s , n a t i o n a l
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ___________________________
I V - 10. E x t e n t of l o c a l union t r i a l bod y a s d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y , n a t i o n a l
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------I V - 11. F i n a l d e c i s i o n a u t h o r it y in l o c a l u nion t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l
union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------IV - 1 Z . S i z e of v o te r e q u i r e d to i m p o s e p e n a l t i e s o t h e r than e x p u l s i o n in l o c a l
union t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 __
vi
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1Z
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Z3
Z5
Z6
Z8
Z9
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41
41
4Z
43
43
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53
54
56
58
59
C o n te n ts— C on tin u ed
Page
T a b l e s — C on tin u ed
C h a p t e r I V . — C o n tin u ed
I V - 1 3 . S i z e of v o te r e q u i r e d to e x p e l in l o c a l union t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------------------------I V - 14. S i z e of v o t e s f o r e x p u l s i o n and l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s in l o c a l u n ion t r i a l s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ---------------------C h a p t e r V.
V -l.
T r i a l of m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------V -2.
E x t e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V -3.
P e r s o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to in vo k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V -4.
F o r m of c h a r g e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------V -5.
S a f e g u a r d s r e l a t i n g to c h a r g e s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------V -6.
P r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w of c h a r g e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V - 7.
I n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l a u t h o r i t y , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------C h a p t e r VI.
V I - 1. S t a t u s of the a c c u s e d in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I- 2 . S u s p e n s i o n of l o c a l union m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I-3.
P e r s o n s e m p o w e r e d to s u s p e n d an a c c u s e d b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f il e d ,
and g r o u n d s f o r s u c h a c t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V I-4.
P r o v i s i o n s f o r s u s p e n s i o n a f t e r fil i n g of c h a r g e s at the l o c a l union l e v e l ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V I-5.
P e r s o n s e m p o w e r e d to s u s p e n d an a c c u s e d a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d at
the l o c a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V I-6.
P r o v i s i o n f o r s u s p e n s i o n a f t e r f il i n g of c h a r g e s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 7 . N u m b e r of s e l e c t e d d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s s p e c i f i e d in l o c a l an d i n t e r
n a t i o n a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V I - 8 . S e l e c t e d d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o
c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -------V I-9.
A s s i s t a n c e of c o u n s e l in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V I - 1 0 . R e c o r d of p r o c e e d i n g s in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V I - 1 1 . M e th od of n o tify in g the a c c u s e d of c h a r g e s by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------V I - 12. N o t i c e of t r i a l body d e c i s i o n and of rig h t to a p p e a l by l e v e l ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 1 3 . A p p e a l f r o m d e c i s i o n s of l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l b o d i e s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 1 4 . P e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d to a p p e a l f r o m l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l d e c i s i o n s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 15. S t a t u s of m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s pen din g a p p e a l , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------
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C o n ten ts— C o n tin u ed
Page
T a b l e s — C o n tin u e d
C h a p t e r V I . — C o n tin u ed
V I - 16.
F i n a l a p p e a l b o d i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V I - 17.
P u b l i c r e v i e w of union d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n s , n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l
u n i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------V I - 18.
M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------V I - 19.
M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d to n otify the a c c u s e d a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d
by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -------V I - 20.
M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d to co n v e n e t r i a l bod y by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------V I-21.
M i n im u m t i m e b e t w e e n n o t ic e of t r i a l and co n v e n in g the t r i a l bod y by
l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------V I-22.
M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d l o c a l l e v e l t r i a l b o d i e s to r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I-23.
M a x i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l b o d y to r e n d e r a f in a l
d e c i s i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----V I-24.
T i m e l i m i t s in a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V I-25.
F r e q u e n c y of i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t iv e b o a r d m e e t i n g , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------V I - 26. F r e q u e n c y of c o n v e n t i o n s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------C h a p t e r VII.
V I I - 1.
V II - 2 .
V II-3.
V II-4.
V II-5.
V II-6.
V II-7.
V II - 8 .
V II-9.
V II-10.
V II-11.
V II-12.
V II-13.
V II - 1 4 .
M ethod of d i s c i p l i n i n g n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------A p p e a l s f r o m s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------G r o u n d s f o r i m p e a c h i n g n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------T r i a l b ody in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------T r i a l b o d i e s and b o d i e s e m p o w e r e d to han d down f in a l d e c i s i o n ( e x c e p t
in a p p e a l s ) , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ---V ote r e q u i r e d to i m p o s e p e n a l t y in i m p e a c h m e n t c a s e s , n a t i o n a l
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------F o r m of c h a r g e s r e q u i r e d to i n i t ia t e i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------S e l e c t e d d u e - p r o c e s s r i g h t s of a c c u s e d in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------F i n a l a p p e a l body in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------R o le of r e f e r e n d u m in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 -----------------------------------------C o n t e n t s of p e t it i o n s to r e c a l l n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i n i t ia t i o n and e n d o r s e m e n t of r e c a l l p e t i t i o n s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------A gen t a d m i n i s t e r i n g r e c a l l of n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------I s s u e s to be d e c i d e d and s i z e of v o te r e q u i r e d in r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s ,
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 -----------------------
A pp en d ixes:
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Disciplinary Powers and Procedures in Union Constitutions
Chapter I. Introduction
U n io n d i s c i p l i n e m a y b e d e f in e d a s the f o r m a l p r o c e d u r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y
a un ion to i m p o s e s a n c t i o n s u p o n m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s f o r v i o l a t i o n s o f d u t i e s to
the u n ion .
It i s b o th s u b s t a n t i v e — the s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f p r o h i b i t e d c o n d u c t— an d
p r o c e d u r a l — the f o r m a l m a c h i n e r y f o r e n f o r c e m e n t .
In i t s p r o c e d u r a l a s p e c t s ,
un ion d i s c i p l i n e e n c o m p a s s e s f o u r t y p e s o f p r o c e d u r e s — s u m m a r y , r e c a l l , t r i a l ,
and im p e a c h m e n t.
B r i e f l y , s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s a l l o w the i m p o s i t i o n o f p u n
i s h m e n t w ith o u t a h e a r i n g o r t r i a l ; r e c a l l i s a p r o c e d u r e f o r r e m o v i n g l o c a l o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s b y a v o te of the m e m b e r s h i p ; a n d t r i a l a n d i m p e a c h m e n t
a r e p r o c e d u r e s f o r the i m p o s i t i o n o f d i s c i p l i n e a f t e r h e a r i n g b e f o r e a l e g a l l y
c o n s t i t u t e d t r i b u n a l , w ith i m p e a c h m e n t l i m i t e d in s c o p e to d i s c i p l i n i n g i n t e r
n atio n al o f f i c e r s .
A fifth ty p e o f p r o c e d u r e — i m p o s i t i o n o f t r u s t e e s h i p b y a n a t i o n a l o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion o v e r a s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y — i s p r i m a r i l y a m e a n s of d i s c i p l i n i n g
a s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y r a t h e r th a n an in d i v i d u a l .
T h u s it f a l l s o u t s i d e the s c o p e o f
th is s t u d y , 1 e x c e p t w h e r e the i m p o s i t i o n o f a t r u s t e e s h i p a l s o i n v o l v e s d i s c i p l i n i n g
m em b ers or o ffice rs.
R e l i a n c e on f o r m a l d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e e d i n g s i s b y no m e a n s the on ly m e t h o d
b y w h ic h u n i o n s p o l i c e t h e i r i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , n o r d o e s f o r m a l d i s c i p l i n e p l a y an
e s p e c i a l l y p r o m i n e n t r o l l in the n o r m a l c o u r s e o f u n ion a f f a i r s .
In i t s i n t e r n a l
a f f a i r s , a u n io n fu n c t io n s m o r e l ik e a p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n th an a r u l e - e n f o r c e m e n t
agency.
It i s g e n e r a l l y m o r e c o n c e r n e d w ith the o b j e c t i v e o f m a i n t a i n i n g i t s
e f f e c t i v e n e s s th a n w ith p u n i s h in g v i o l a t i o n s , p e r s e , o r in a c h i e v i n g ‘' j u s t i c e 1' in
a legal sen se.
In a n y u n io n , know n v i o l a t i o n s m a y b e i g n o r e d , i f t r i v i a l , o r m a y
b e h a n d l e d b y m o r e i n f o r m a l m e a n s th an th r o u g h the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n e
p rocess.
T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s w o u ld b e e m p l o y e d m a y b e
d e t e r m i n e d b y a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s , s u c h a s the n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e , the id e n tity
o f the v i o l a t o r , a n d w h e t h e r t h e r e i s f a c t i o n a l i s m w ith in the u n io n , o r the e x i s t e n c e
of a r i v a l un ion .
R e g a r d l e s s o f the d e g r e e o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s , i t s
a v a ila b ility and its co n stitu tio n al b a s e a r e im p o rta n t.
T h e u n io n m u s t b e a b l e
to p r e v e n t o r p u n i s h a c t i v i t y w h ic h m i g h t t h r e a t e n i t s e x i s t e n c e ; to p r o s c r i b e
b e h a v i o r w h ic h i n t e r f e r e s w ith the c a r r y i n g out o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g o b l i g a t i o n s ;
an d to e n f o r c e s t a n d a r d s o f c o n d u c t , the v i o l a t i o n o f w h ich m a y b r i n g the n a m e
o f the u n ion into d i s r e p u t e .
T o m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s , the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s
s p e l l e d out in the u n i o n 's c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s a n a s s u r a n c e o r s a f e g u a r d s i m i
l a r in k in d , if not in d e g r e e , to a c i t i z e n ' s c o n f i d e n c e in the m a c h i n e r y of
j u s t i c e — a v a i l a b l e b u t, h o p e f u l l y , n e v e r r e q u i r i n g t e s t .
1
T r u s t e e s h i p m a y be i m p o s e d f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n , o r in a d d it i o n to,
d i s c i p l i n e . F o r a n a n a l y s i s o f un ion t r u s t e e s h i p p r o v i s i o n s , s e e U n io n C o n s t it u t i o n
P r o v i s i o n s : T r u s t e e s h i p , ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1263, 1959).
2
On the o t h e r h a n d , a b u s e o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r m a y h a v e s e v e r e c o n
s e q u e n c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r an y in d i v i d u a l who i s u n j u s t l y p u n i s h e d . 2 F u r t h e r
m o r e , u n w a r r a n t e d u s e o f d i s c i p l i n e b y t h o s e in p o w e r to s u p p r e s s b o n a fi d e
o p p o s i t i o n i s i r r e c o n c i l a b l e w ith t r a d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t s o f d e m o c r a c y , a n d b l i g h t s
the r e p u t a t i o n of r e s p o n s i b l e t r a d e u n i o n i s m .
A b a la n c e m u s t th e r e fo r e be s tr u c k betw een le g itim a te u s e s and a c tu a l
o r p o t e n t i a l a b u s e s , w h ic h a r e not a l w a y s s e l f - e v i d e n t . C o n g r e s s , in p a s s i n g the
L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 1 9 5 9 , a t t e m p t e d to p r o t e c t
m e m b e r s a g a i n s t s u c h a b u s e s b y s p e c i f y i n g m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s a s to s a f e g u a r d s ,
w ith w h ic h a u n i o n 's d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s h a d to c o n f o r m . 3 E v e n b e f o r e the
p a s s a g e o f th a t l a w , h o w e v e r , the i m p o s i t i o n o f u n ion d i s c i p l i n e h a d b e e n s u b j e c t
to s c r u t i n y b y S t a t e c o u r t s .
S u c h r e v i e w d a t e s b a c k to b e f o r e the t u r n of the
c e n t u r y , 4 a n d h a s b e e n b a s e d on the r e a s o n a b l e n e s s o f the g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e
an d the f a i r n e s s o f the p r o c e d u r e . 5 B e c a u s e of the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the L M R D A ,
the y e a r s a h e a d w i l l p r o b a b l y s e e c o u r t s a s w e l l a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c i e s t a k e
a g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t in un ion p r o c e e d i n g s .
Y e t , a s c o u r t s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c i e s s c r u t i n i z e u n ion a c t i o n s w ith
g r e a t e r c a r e , q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g to the a d e q u a c y o f s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s m a y
u l t i m a t e l y b e r e s o l v e d , in l a r g e m e a s u r e , b y the s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s
a d o p t e d b y u n io n s g e n e r a l l y .
It i s r e a s o n a b l e to a s s u m e th a t v a r i o u s c h a n g e s
in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s a r e in the o f fin g , a s u n i o n s s t r i v e to b r i n g t h e i r p r o v i s i o n s
in to c o n f o r m i t y w ith the la w .
B e c a u s e of i t s b r o a d b a s e , the p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l
s e r v e a s a b e n c h m a r k a g a i n s t w h ic h to m e a s u r e the n a t u r e an d d i r e c t i o n o f
th ese ch an ges.
S c o p e a n d M e th o d
T h i s s tu d y i s b a s e d on a n a n a l y s i s of p r o v i s i o n s in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s
an d th u s i s l i m i t e d to the f o r m a l a s p e c t s o f u n io n d i s c i p l i n e .
A co n stitu tio n
e m b o d i e s the u n i o n 's b a s i c la w a n d e s t a b l i s h e s the l e g a l f r a m e w o r k f o r a l l e x
e c u t i v e an d j u d i c i a l a c t i o n s .
T he d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s , a s to b o th p o w e r s an d
p r o c e d u r e s , m u s t c o n f o r m to the u n i o n s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r u l e s , i f it i s to b e a v a l i d
e x e r c i s e o f un ion g o v e r n m e n t a l p o w e r s .
A t the s a m e t i m e , w r i t t e n p r o v i s i o n s ,
2 In a d d it i o n to the e m b a r r a s s m e n t , h u m i l i a t i o n , an d s o c i a l o s t r a c i z a t i o n
th a t the in d i v i d u a l m a y s u f f e r , a n d h i s d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n f r o m f u r t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n
in the a f f a i r s o f the u n io n , b e in g o u s t e d f r o m m e m b e r s h i p m i g h t s u b j e c t h i m to
l o s s o f jo b .
H o w e v e r , S e c t i o n s 8 ( a )( 3 ) a n d 8 (b )(2 ) o f the N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s
A c t , a s a m e n d e d , h a v e a m i t i g a t i n g e f f e c t in th is r e s p e c t on e m p l o y e e s who w o r k
in e m p l o y m e n t s c o v e r e d b y th a t la w .
A s i n t e r p r e t e d , t h e s e s e c t i o n s p r o h i b i t the
d i s c h a r g e o f a n e m p l o y e e u n d e r a u n io n s e c u r i t y c l a u s e in a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g
a g r e e m e n t m e r e l y f o r the l o s s o f un ion m e m b e r s h i p f o r an y r e a s o n o t h e r th an
f a i l u r e to p r o f f e r d u e s .
3 S e e ch. VIII f o r an a n a l y s i s o f the e f f e c t of the L M R D A on u n io n d i s
c i p lin e p r o v i s i o n s .
4 A r e v i e w o f an e x p u l s i o n p r o c e e d i n g in 1889 ( P e o p l e e x r e l . D e v e r e l l
v. M u s i c a l M ut. P r o t e c t i v e U n io n , 118 N ew Y o r k 101, 23 N. E . 129) i s r e p o r t e d
in a n a r t i c l e b y C ly d e W. S u m m e r s , " T h e L a w of U n ion D i s c i p l i n e :
What the
C o u r t s do in F a c t . "
Y a l e L a w J o u r n a l , N ew H a v e n , Conn. , D e c e m b e r I 9 6 0 ,
p p . 175-224.
5 One a u t h o r i t y found f i v e g r o u n d s on w h ich the c o u r t s h a v e s e t a s i d e e x
p u lsio n s:
(1) P r o c e d u r a l v i o l a t i o n o f c o n s t i t u t i o n o r b y l a w s ; (2) e x p u l s i o n not
a u t h o r i z e d b y c o n s t it u t io n o r b y l a w s ; (3) p r o c e d u r e did n ot a f f o r d a f a i r h e a r i n g ,
e v e n th o u g h it c o n f o r m e d to the c o n s t it u t io n a n d b y l a w s ; (4) e x p u l s i o n , th o u g h
a u t h o r i z e d in c o n s t it u t io n o r b y l a w s , w a s u n r e a s o n a b l e ; an d (5) e x p u l s i o n w a s in
b a d f a it h . S e e a r t i c l e , " I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s o f L a b o r U n io n s U n d e r the L a b o r R e f o r m
A c t of 1 9 5 9 , " by A r c h i b a l d C o x , M i c h i g a n L a w R e v i e w , A p r i l I 9 6 0 , p p . 8 1 9 - 8 5 4 .
3
d e s p i t e t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e , t e l l on ly p a r t of the s t o r y o f un io n d i s c i p l i n e . B e c a u s e
th is s tu d y e x c l u d e s an y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s in a c t i o n , it d o e s
not r e v e a l how t h e s e f r e q u e n t l y c o m p l e x c l a u s e s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d in a c t u a l s i t u a
t i o n s an d to w h a t e x t e n t , i f a n y , p r a c t i c e s d e p a r t f r o m f o r m a l p r o n o u n c e m e n t s .
T h e r e a r e o t h e r l i m i t a t i o n s to b e t a k e n into a c c o u n t .
F o rem ost, p e r
h a p s , a r e the d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d in i n t e r p r e t i n g l e g a l i s t i c d o c u m e n t s , p a r
t i c u l a r l y w h en th ey s h o w , a s u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s f r e q u e n t l y m a y , e v i d e n c e o f
h a s t e o r i n e x p e r i e n c e in d r a f t i n g . I d e n t i c a l p h r a s e s m a y c a r r y d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s
in d i f f e r e n t u n i o n s , a s s h a p e d b y p a r t i c u l a r p r e c e d e n t s a n d t r a d i t i o n s .
A lso ,
c o m b in in g s i m i l a r p r o v i s i o n s in to g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s , f o r p u r p o s e s o f s t a t i s t i c a l
p r e s e n t a t i o n , g i v e s e q u a l w e i g h t h e r e to p r o v i s i o n s w h ic h a r e c a r r y o v e r s f r o m
the p a s t a n d a r e p r e s e n t l y i r r e l e v a n t a n d t h o s e w h ich a r e c u r r e n t l y a p p l i c a b l e .
In a d d it i o n , the a n a l y s i s o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s p r e s e n t s f o r m i d a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s
o f i t s own. R a r e l y i s the s u b j e c t t r e a t e d a s a u n it in a u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n , w ith
a ll a s p e c t s and s t e p s c l e a r ly d e lin e a te d .
In ste a d , d ir e c t and in d ir e c t r e f e r e n c e s
a r e s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t the t e x t of the c o n s t it u t io n , s o m e a p p e a r i n g in s e c t i o n s
d e a l i n g w ith the p o w e r s o f o f f i c e r s o r e x e c u t i v e b o d i e s , o t h e r s in t h o s e d e s c r i b i n g
the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f l o c a l u n i o n s , o b l i g a t i o n s o f m e m b e r s h i p , e t c .
B e c a u s e of
t h e s e c o m p l e x i t i e s , i n a d v e r t e n t o m i s s i o n s an d e r r o r s m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d in p a r
t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n s w ith o u t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on the o v e r a l l r e s u l t s .
F o r t h is s t u d y , the c o n s t i t u t i o n s of 158 n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s
w e r e a n a l y z e d ( t a b le 1-1). 6 T h e s e 158 u n io n s a c c o u n t e d f o r 16. 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s ,
T a b le 1-1.
Constitutions of N ation al and International Unions Studied
by Union Size and A ffiliatio n , Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
Union m em bership
AFL-CIO
Unions
U n affiliate d
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
• M em bers
A ll c o n stitu tio n s--------------------------------
158
16, 9 23.1
122
14, 2 2 8 .8
36
2, 694. 3
Under 1 ,0 0 0 m e m b e r s -----------------------1, 000 and under 5, 000 m e m b e r s ---------5, 000 and under 10, 000 m e m b e r s -------10, 000 and under 25, 000 m e m b e r s ------25, 000 and under 50, 000 m e m b e r s ------50, 000 and under 100, 000 m e m b e r s ----100, 000 and under 200, 000 m e m b e r s ---200, 000 and under 500, 000 m e m b e r s ---500, 000 m em bers and o v e r ------------------
9
30
14
21
17
27
19
14
7
4 .4
8 1 .5
1 0 2 .2
3 5 7 .7
6 0 7 .4
1, 8 0 9 .1
2, 8 6 2 .5
4 ,5 1 5 .5
6, 5 8 2 .9
4
14
10
20
15
23
17
14
5
1. 8
3 9 .0
7 5 .8
345. 1
5 4 5 .7
1 ,5 3 8 .8
2, 602. 5
4 ,5 1 5 .5
4, 564. 7
5
16
4
1
2
4
2
2. 6
4 2 .6
2 6 .4
1 2 .6
6 1 .6
270. 3
2 6 0 .0
2
2 ,0 1 8 .2
_
_
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equal to tals.
6
T he D i r e c t o r y o f N a t i o n a l a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ite d
S t a t e s , 1959 ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1267, I 9 6 0 ) l i s t e d 184 n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l unionsT
O f the 27 u n io n s l i s t e d t h e r e th a t w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d in t h is s t u d y , 19 w e r e c o m
p o s e d m a i n l y o f g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s , a n d the c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f 8 u n io n s w e r e not
a v a i l a b l e . One u n ion th a t w a s i n c l u d e d in the s tu d y , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l G u a r d s U nion
of A m e r i c a (Ind. ), w a s n ot l i s t e d in th a t D i r e c t o r y .
S ee ap p en d ix A fo r a l i s t of
u n io n s s t u d i e d .
4
o r a b o u t 93 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l m e m b e r s h i p o f a l l n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s
w ith h e a d q u a r t e r s in the U n it e d S t a t e s . 7
T h e a n a l y s i s f o c u s e d on the d i s c i p l i n a r y m e a s u r e s w h ic h m a y b e i n v o k e d
a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l a g a i n s t m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , a n d the
r i g h t s o f the a c c u s e d d u r i n g the p r o c e e d i n g s . S u b s e q u e n t c h a p t e r s d e s c r i b e p r o
v i s i o n s r e g u l a t i n g t r i a l s a n d r e c a l l p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , an d
‘c h a n g e s in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s s i n c e the p a s s a g e o f the L M R D A .
C o n stitu tio n s w e r e a n a ly z e d fo r co m m o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h o se p r e v a le n c e
w a s th en m e a s u r e d in t e r m s o f the n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s a n d the n u m b e r of
un ion m e m b e r s .
A n a p p r o a c h o f t h is s o r t , e s s e n t i a l l y s t a t i s t i c a l , in a n a r e a
m a r k e d b y g r e a t d i v e r s i t y h a s s h o r t c o m i n g s ; a t t i m e s , fin e s h a d i n g s o f m e a n i n g
a n d u n iq u e f e a t u r e s a r e l o s t .
On b a l a n c e , h o w e v e r , it w a s f e l t th a t t h is t e c h n iq u e
w o u ld y i e l d m o r e m e a n i n g f u l i n f o r m a t i o n on c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s
a s a w h o le th a n c o u ld b e p r o v i d e d th r o u g h d e s c r i b i n g , i n d i v i d u a l l y , the d i s c i p l i n e
p r o c e s s of a fe w s e l e c t e d u n i o n s .
E x c e p t f o r c h a p t e r VIII, the s t u d y i s p r i m a r i l y a s u m m a r y o f u n io n l a w s
in e f f e c t p r i o r to e n a c t m e n t of the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e
A c t , a lt h o u g h a f o u r t h of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d w e r e d a t e d s u b s e q u e n t to the
p a s s a g e o f the a c t . 8
S u m m a r y of F in d in gs
A ll o f the 158 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d p r o v i d e d f o r s o m e f o r m of d i s c i p l i n e .
M e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e e a c h s u b j e c t to d i s c i p l i n e u n d e r p r o v i s i o n s o f
a l l b u t two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , w h ile i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to d i s c m l i n e
u n d e r a l l b u t n in e ( t a b le 1-2).
N eith er s iz e nor affilia tio n w as of s ig n ific a n c e
w ith r e g a r d to the ty p e o f d i s c i p l i n e a u t h o r i z e d o r i t s a p p l i c a t i o n .
F o r u n io n s
o f a l l s i z e a n d a f f i l i a t i o n , the c o m b i n a t i o n o f t r i a l an d s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s w a s
the m o s t c o m m o n f o r b o th m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s . I m p e a c h m e n t w a s m o s t
f r e q u e n t l y the s o l e p r o c e e d i n g a v a i l a b l e to d i s c i p l i n e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s .
U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s v a r i e d g r e a t l y w ith r e g a r d to b o th the s u b s t a n t i v e
g r o u n d s f o r w h ic h d i s c i p l i n e c o u ld b e i m p o s e d , 9 a n d the p r o c e d u r a l s t e p s to b e
f o ll o w e d o n c e it w a s i n i t i a t e d .
One e x p l a n a t i o n f o r th is v a r i a t i o n w a s the d i f
f e r i n g d e g r e e o f s p e c i f i c i t y of b o th s u b s t a n t i v e a n d p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s .
At
one e x t r e m e w e r e t h o s e u n io n s w h ich s p e c i f i e d m o s t i f n o t a l l p h a s e s of the
d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s in m in u t e d e t a i l .
A t the o t h e r e x t r e m e w e r e u n io n s w h o s e
c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e c o u c h e d in b r o a d t e r m s , s p e c i f y i n g fe w i f a n y d e t a i l s .
T h e v a r i a t i o n in p a t t e r n s o f p r o c e d u r e s t e m s l a r g e l y f r o m the m u l t i p l e
f o r m o f u n io n g o v e r n m e n t , A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , the l o c a l un io n w a s the b o d y w ith
p l e n a r y o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , w h ile the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , in c a s e s in v o lv in g
7 T he c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s o f s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m
the s c o p e o f t h is s u r v e y .
A c u r s o r y c h e c k r e v e a l e d th a t in m a n y i n s t a n c e s l o c a l
u n io n s e i t h e r h a v e v e r y b r i e f o r no c o n s t i t u t i o n o r b y l a w s o f t h e i r ow n, th u s
g o v e r n i n g t h e m s e l v e s in w h o le o r in p a r t b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e i r p a r e n t b o d y .
In s o m e i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y in l a r g e r l o c a l u n i o n s , d e t a i l e d b y l a w s
w e r e n o t e d a n d t h e s e o fte n s u p p l e m e n t e d , s o m e t i m e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y , the c o n s t i t u
t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o
v i s i o n s in l o c a l u n ion b y l a w s d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e a d o p t e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion
m e r i t s a f u ll s c a l e s tu d y o f i t s own.
8 S e e a p p e n d i x A f o r d a t e s of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r
t h is s tu d y .
9 S e e in ch. Ill the s u b s e c t i o n e n t it le d " S p e c i f i c O f f e n s e s " (p. 2 7 ) f o r a
d i s c u s s i o n o f the v a r i a t i o n in g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e .
5
T a b le 1-2.
Procedures for D isciplin in g M em bers, L ocal O fficers, and In ternational O fficers,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffilia tio n
T ype of p rovision 1
AFL-CIO
Unions
A ll c o n stitu tio n s-------------------------------Constitutions providing for
d isciplin in g m em b ers2 ---------------------T r i a l ------------------------------------------S u m m a ry -------------------------------------T r ia l and s u m m a r y -----------------------No provision for disciplin in g
m e m b e r s --------------------------------------Constitutions providing for
disciplin in g lo c a l officers
--------------T r i a l -----------------------------------------S u m m a ry -------------------------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------T r ia l and s u m m a r y -----------------------R e c a ll and t r i a l ----------------------------R e c a ll, tria l, and su m m ary ------------No provision for disciplin in g
lo c a l o f fic e r s ----------------------------------C onstitutions providing for
d isciplin in g international officers 2 ----S u m m a ry -------------------------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------Im p e a c h m e n t-------------------------------R e c a ll and su m m a r y ---------------------Im peach m ent and s u m m a r y ------------Im peach m ent and r e c a l l -----------------Im peach m ent, r e c a ll, and su m m ary ---No provision for disciplin in g
international o f f i c e r s ------------------------
U n affiliated
M embers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
158
1 6 ,9 2 3 .1
122
1 4 ,2 2 8 .8
36
2, 694. 3
156
39
1
116
16, 9 1 4 .0
4, 3 5 8 .3
2 .0
12, 5 5 3 .7
121
28
93
1 4 ,2 2 5 .5
4, 091. 1
1 0 ,1 3 4 .4
35
11
1
23
2, 6 8 8 .5
2 6 7 .2
2 .0
2, 4 1 9 .3
2
9 .1
1
3. 2
1
5 .9
156
32
2
107
7
8
16, 8 8 2 .0
4, 0 4 6 .0
5 .2
120
23
1
36
9
1
1 1 ,6 4 7 .8
317.1
8 6 5 .9
85
4
7
14, 187. 7
3 ,8 1 4 .7
3 .2
9, 2 3 2 .7
2 7 5 .4
8 6 1 .7
22
3
1
2, 694. 3
2 3 1 .3
2 .0
2, 4 1 5 .1
4 1 .7
4 .2
2
4 1 .0
2
4 1 .0
149
6
13
82
5
25
11
7
16, 7 0 1 .3
1 1 8 .4
8 9 2 .5
9, 1 6 6 .9
2 2 7 .8
2, 522. 3
2, 1 9 6 .4
1, 5 7 6 .9
117
4
6
69
4
21
9
4
1 4 ,0 1 5 .0
1 0 8 .4
6 4 0 .8
7 ,5 2 3 . 1
1 2 7 .8
2 ,5 1 1 .8
2, 136. 1
9 6 6 .8
32
2
7
13
1
4
2
3
2, 6 8 6 .3
1 0 .0
2 5 1 .7
1, 6 4 3 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 .5
6 0 .3
6 1 0 .1
9
2 2 1 .8
5
2 1 3 .8
4
8 .0
-
-
-
1 For purposes of this ta b le , sum m ary d iscip lin e excludes a ll provisions authorizing such actio n only for non
paym ent of fin a n c ia l o b ligation s.
2 A d d itive.
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s , h a d a m o r e l i m i t e d o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , r e
s t r i c t e d , in the m a i n , to e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s a n d o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l un ion . F o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r u n ion , the d e g r e e o f l o c a l a u t o n o m y a s c o m
p a r e d w ith the d e g r e e o f c e n t r a l i z e d c o n t r o l in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l w a s o f te n r e f l e c t e d
in the d i v i s i o n o f a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n l o c a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o d i e s .
Interna
t i o n a l u n io n s know n to b e h ig h ly c e n t r a l i z e d te n d e d to r e t a i n j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r c a s e s
th a t a r o s e ou t o f s i t u a t i o n s i n i m i c a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n 's b e s t i n t e r e s t s .
T h e m u l t i p l e l e v e l s o f g o v e r n m e n t th u s g a v e r i s e to two b a s i c p a t t e r n s
o f t r i a l p r o c e d u r e — one f o r t r i a l s o r i g i n a t i n g a t the l o c a l l e v e l , a n d one f o r t r i a l s
o r i g i n a t i n g a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
A s to the f o r m e r , a t y p i c a l p a t t e r n w a s
a s fo llo w s:
(1) F i l i n g o f c h a r g e s b y a m e m b e r o r l o c a l o f f i c e r ; (Z) s e r v i c e of
6
c h a r g e s on, a n d n o t i c e of t r i a l to , the a c c u s e d ; (3) t r i a l b e f o r e the l o c a l g o v e r n
ing b o d y ; (4) d e c i s i o n by the m e m b e r s h i p a s to g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e ; (5) a p p e a l to
a d i s t r i c t c o u n c il o r o t h e r i n t e r m e d i a r y b o d y , i f a n y ; (6) a p p e a l to the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; a n d (7) a p p e a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l co n v e n tio n .
A s to t r i a l s o r i g i n a t i n g a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , the f o llo w in g g e n e r a l
p attern p re v a ile d :
(1) F i l i n g o f c h a r g e s by an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y ; (2) s e r v i c e
o f c h a r g e s on, a n d n o t ic e o f t r i a l to , the a c c u s e d ; (3) t r i a l b e f o r e , a n d d e c i s i o n
b y , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; an d (4) a p p e a l to the c o n v e n t io n .
V a r i a t i o n s f r o m the f o r e g o i n g p a t t e r n s a t an y o r a l l s t e p s w e r e c o m m o n .
F o r e x a m p l e , c h a r g e s m i g h t b e s u b j e c t to p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w b e f o r e t r i a l ; a
l o c a l t r i a l m i g h t b e h e l d b e f o r e the m e m b e r s h i p in the f i r s t i n s t a n c e ; o r the a p
p e a l m i g h t b e d i r e c t e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .
In a d d it i o n , the n a t u r e o f
the a p p e a l p r o c e s s w a s n ot the s a m e in a l l u n i o n s ; in s o m e , it w a s , in r e a l i t y ,
a n ew t r i a l , w h ile in o t h e r s , it w a s l i m i t e d to a r e v i e w o f the r e c o r d .
S till
a n o t h e r d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n o c c u r r e d in t h o s e i n s t a n c e s w h e r e a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l w a s
a u t h o r i z e d to t a k e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r a c a s e a l r e a d y p e n d in g a t the l o c a l l e v e l ,
b u t w h ic h f o r one r e a s o n o r a n o t h e r w o u ld n ot o r c o u ld not b e c a r r i e d to a c o n
clu sio n th e re.
A d d to th is the s e p a r a t e a n d v a r i e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t r i a l o f i n t e r
n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , r e c a l l o f o f f i c e r s , a n d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , a n d the v a r i e t y o f
p r o c e d u r e s b e c o m e s a l m o s t a s n u m e r o u s a s the n u m b e r o f u n i o n s .
P e r h a p s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t to b e w e i g h e d in e v a l u a t i n g any
j u d i c i a l s y s t e m i s the p r o t e c t i o n a f f o r d e d the a c c u s e d to i n s u r e a f a i r t r i a l .
U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e fo un d to c o n t a in a h o s t o f due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s .
N o n e t h e l e s s , on ly t h r e e p a r t i c u l a r s a f e g u a r d s — n o t ic e of c h a r g e s , n o t ic e o f t r i a l ,
a n d r i g h t to c o u n s e l ( p r o f e s s i o n a l o r n o n p r o f e s s i o n a l ) — a p p e a r e d in a m a j o r i t y of
c o n stitu tio n s.
A s m e n t i o n e d , a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r o f u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s l a c k
d e t a i l in t h e i r d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s .
F o r t h e s e u n i o n s , it m a y b e th a t, in p r a c
t i c e , an y o r a l l o f t h e s e due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s e x i s t .
S t i l l a n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n in e v a l u a t i n g the a d e q u a c y of the d i s c i p l i n e
p r o c e s s i s the t o t a l t i m e th a t e l a p s e s u n til a l l i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s h a v e b e e n e x
h a u s t e d an d the c a s e i s f i n a l l y r e s o l v e d .
U n due d e l a y m a y b e a s d e t r i m e n t a l to
the in d i v i d u a l c o n c e r n e d a s an y o t h e r f a i l u r e of d ue p r o c e s s . 101 U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s
w e r e fo u n d to b e a l m o s t t o t a l l y l a c k i n g a s p e c i f i c o v e r a l l t i m e l i m i t . E v e n e x
c lu d in g the f i n a l a p p e a l to the c o n v e n t io n , un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e not d r a f t e d in
s u c h a w a y a s to i n s u r e a s p e e d y t r i a l .
I n d i c a t io n s a l r e a d y e x i s t e d th a t th is i s
one of the a r e a s in w h ich un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w il l b e a m e n d e d in the f u t u r e . 11
A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , u n io n s d id n ot p r o v i d e f o r an " i n d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a r y , 11
e i t h e r w ith in o r o u t s i d e the u n ion , to a d m i n i s t e r the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s .
A fe w
u n i o n s , s u c h a s the U n ite d A u to W o r k e r s a n d the U p h o l s t e r e r s , h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d
an o u t s i d e j u d i c i a r y in the f o r m of p u b l i c r e v i e w b o a r d s . 12 It w o u ld s e e m th a t
on ly a fe w u n io n s a r e p r e s e n t l y p r e p a r e d to a d o p t s i m i l a r s t e p s , p a r t l y b e c a u s e
o f a g e n e r a l s e n s e of c o n f id e n c e in e x i s t i n g s y s t e m s , b o r n out o f t r a d i t i o n an d
p r i d e ; p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f a r e l u c t a n c e to d e l e g a t e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r v i t a l i n t e r n a l
a f f a i r s to o u t s i d e r s ; a n d , p e r h a p s , b e c a u s e o f the a b s e n c e o f c o n c e r t e d d e m a n d s
f o r s u c h c h a n g e s f r o m the r a n k a n d f i l e .
10 C o n g r e s s , in e n a c t in g the L M R D A , c o n s i d e r e d the s u b j e c t of un du e d e l a y ,
in S e c t i o n 101 ( a )( 4 ) .
S e e ch. VIII f o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n .
11 S e e ch. VIII, f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f c o n f o r m i n g a m e n d m e n t s m a d e b y u n io n s
in t h is a r e a s i n c e e n a c t m e n t of the L M R D A .
12 S e e ch. VI, p. 114, f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f the r o l e o f p u b l i c r e v i e w b o a r d s .
7
T h u s , e x c e p t a s r e f e r r e d to , the e n t i r e j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s n o r m a l l y r u n s
i t s c o u r s e w ith in the u n io n , t h e r e b y f o c u s i n g a t t e n t i o n on the a g e n t s a u t h o r i z e d
to i m p o s e o r u p h o ld p u n i s h m e n t .
A t the l o c a l l e v e l , the p o w e r to d i s c i p l i n e u s u
a l l y w a s p a r t i a l l y r e t a i n e d b y the m e m b e r s h i p a n d p a r t i a l l y d e l e g a t e d to the e x
e cu tiv e .
At the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , e x e c u t i v e a g e n c i e s e x e r c i s e d n e a r l y c o m p l e t e
p o w e r to d i s c i p l i n e , b o th a s t r i a l b o d i e s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l s a n d a s a p
p e l l a t e b o d i e s f o r l o c a l l e v e l t r i a l s . It i s f r e q u e n t l y c h a r g e d th a t the c e n t r a l i z a t i o n
o f f i n a l a u t h o r i t y in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e a g e n c y c o n s t i t u t e s a n e x c e s s i v e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o w e r w ith o u t a d e q u a t e ^ c h e c k s a n d b a l a n c e s .
H o w e v e r , in the
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f un ion a f f a i r s , in c l u d i n g d i s c i p l i n e , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y ,
by v irtu e of its e x p e r ie n c e and o b je c tiv ity , m a y a c t a s a r e s t r a in t a g a in s t i r r e
s p o n sib ility and a b u s e s at lo c a l l e v e l s .
On the o t h e r h a n d , w h en a d i s c i p l i n a r y
p r o c e e d i n g a r i s e s out of a f a c t i o n a l d i s p u t e w h ic h t h r e a t e n s the i n c u m b e n t a d
m i n i s t r a t i o n o r w h en o t h e r t y p e s o f s i t u a t i o n s i n v o l v e o f f i c e r s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
a u t h o r i t y m a y not b e the u l t i m a t e s o u r c e o f f a i r n e s s a n d i m p a r t i a l i t y . 13
In m o s t un io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the m e m b e r s h i p , a s s e m b l e d in c o n v e n t io n ,
h e l d u l t i m a t e p o w e r to i m p o s e , m o d i f y , o r w ith h o ld p u n i s h m e n t , s i n c e the f i n a l
a p p e a l u s u a l l y w e n t to th a t b o d y .
A s a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , h o w e v e r, b e c a u s e of
the p r e s s u r e s o f t i m e an d o t h e r b u s i n e s s , the c o n v e n t io n , a s a r u l e , c a n h a r d l y
b e c o n s i d e r e d a n a d e q u a t e a p p e a l b o d y , an d a n y p o s s i b l e i n j u s t i c e s th a t h a v e n ot
b e e n r e m e d i e d a t a n e a r l i e r s t a g e a r e not l i k e l y to b e r e m e d i e d b y a m e e t i n g of
h u n d red s o r th o u san d s of u n in te re ste d d e le g a t e s .
T h e i n f l u e n c e o f the L M R D A , a s d e t e r m i n e d th r o u g h the a n a l y s i s o f
7 0 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a m e n d e d a f t e r the a c t , w a s r e f l e c t e d in a v a r i e t y of a m e n d m e n t s
d e s i g n e d to c o n f o r m to f i v e s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of the la w — p r o t e c t i o n o f the
r i g h t to s u e , w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s , r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e , r i g h t
to a fu ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g , a n d a b o l i s h m e n t o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e . S i g n i f i c a n t a s
the fi n d i n g s in t h e s e 7 0 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e , it i s p r o b a b l y s t i l l too e a r l y to m e a s u r e
the fu ll e f f e c t o f the L M R D A on d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s , s i n c e the c o u r t s h a v e n ot
y e t h a d a d e q u a t e o p p o r t u n i t y to i n t e r p r e t t h e s e g e n e r a l l y b r o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s o f
the la w .
13
No r e l i a b l e s t a t i s t i c s a r e a v a i l a b l e on a b u s e s in u n io n d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o
ceed in gs.
I n d iv id u a l c o u r t c a s e s a r i s i n g out o f un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s a r e
o fte n c i t e d a s e v i d e n c e o f h ig h h a n d e d t a c t i c s an d d e n i a l o f due p r o c e s s r i g h t s .
T y p i c a l l y , th ey in v o l v e o n ly the m o s t f l a g r a n t a b u s e s o f e x e c u t i v e a u t h o r i t y . On
the o t h e r h a n d , o t h e r e q u a l l y r e p r e h e n s i b l e v i o l a t i o n s m a y h a v e t a k e n p l a c e w it h
out c o m i n g to the a t t e n t i o n o f the c o u r t s (and the p u b l i c ) , s i n c e m e m b e r s w e r e
r e l u c t a n t o r d id n ot h a v e the m e a n s to i n s t i t u t e l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s .
Chapter II. Summary Discipline of Members and Local Union Officers
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e m a y b e d e f in e d s i m p l y a s p u n i s h m e n t o r a p e n a l t y
v i s i t e d u p o n a u n io n m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r w ith o ut p r o c e e d i n g t h r o u g h the c o m b i
n a tio n of s a f e g u a r d s c o m m o n l y c a l l e d " d u e p r o c e s s . "
( S e e c h a p t e r VI. ) It m a y
b e a u t o m a t i c an d, in a s e n s e , s e l f - i n f l i c t e d , a s w hen a m e m b e r w il f u l ly f a i l s
to p a y d u e s w ith the k n o w l e d g e th a t s u c h d e lin q u e n c y m e a n s e x p u l s i o n . No c o n
n o t a t io n o f s e v e r i t y i s n e c e s s a r i l y a t t a c h e d to the t e r m , a s it i s u s e d in t h is
s tu d y ; p u n i s h m e n t m a y r a n g e f r o m a n o m i n a l fin e f o r f a i l u r e to v o te in a un ion
e l e c t i o n to e x p u l s i o n an d l o s s of j o b , d e p e n d in g on the n a t u r e of the o f f e n s e .
N o r d o e s s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e m e a n th a t p u n i s h m e n t i s f i n a l an d i r r e v o c a b l e ; a p
p e a l s an d h e a r i n g s p r o c e d u r e s m a y b e a v a i l a b l e , a s i n d i c a t e d in t h is c h a p t e r ,
but s u c h a s p e c t s o f due p r o c e s s fo ll o w r a t h e r th an p r e c e d e th e a c t of s u m m a r y
d iscip lin e .
T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith two t y p e s of o f f e n s e s by m e m b e r s an d l o c a l
u n ion o f f i c e r s f o r w h ich s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e w a s a u t h o r i z e d b y un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s
a t the t i m e the a n a l y s i s w a s p r e p a r e d : (1) N o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s to
the un ion ( d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s ) and (2) n e g l e c t of du ty an d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ,
d u a l u n i o n i s m , s t r i k e b r e a k i n g , an d o t h e r o f f e n s e s n ot in v o lv in g the f i n a n c i a l
o b ligatio n s of m e m b e r s .
V i r t u a l l y e v e r y n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n e x a m i n e d a u
t h o r i z e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e . O f 158 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d ( t a b le I I - 1), 155 c o n ta in e d 41
T a b le I I - l .
Sum m ary D isciplin e for N onpaym ent of F in an cial O bligations and for Other Reasons,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
AFL
U n affiliated
Members
i
Unions
1
i
O
Sum m ary d isciplin e provisions
o
T o ta l studied
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
-----------------------------------------
158
1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1
122
14, 2 2 8 .8
36
2, 694. 3
Constitutions providing for sum m ary
d isciplin e ------------------------------------------------For nonpaym ent of fin an cial ob ligation s
155
1 6 ,7 4 2 . 1
120
14, 1 0 3 .8
35
2 ,6 3 8 .3
111
32
12
1 1 ,8 7 0 .5
4, 4 9 5 .8
375. 8
88
24
8
9, 6 2 7 .9
4, 2 8 8 .7
1 8 7 .2
23
8
4
2, 2 4 2 .7
2 0 7 .0
188. 6
3
1 8 1 .0
2
1 2 5 .0
1
5 6 .0
A ll constitutions
and other reasons
---------------------------------------------------
For nonpaym ent of fin an cial o b li g a t i o n s ------For other r e a s o n s -------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for sum m ary
d isciplin e -------------------------------------------------
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
14
A s n o te d e a r l i e r , the c o n s t i t u t i o n s a n a l y z e d in t h is s t u d y w e r e p r i m a r i l y
t h o s e in e f f e c t p r i o r to the e n a c t m e n t of th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g and
D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959. T h a t a c t , by r e q u i r i n g a " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g " b e f o r e
a m e m b e r c a n b e fin e d , s u s p e n d e d , e x p e l l e d , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e d ( e x c e p t
f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f d u e s ) , h a s d r a s t i c a l l y c u r t a i l e d the r i g h t o f u n io n s to r e s o r t
to s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s to i m p o s e d i s c i p l i n e . T h e f i n d i n g s in t h is c h a p t e r , t h e r e
f o r e , s e r v e p r i m a r i l y a s a b e n c h m a r k o f p r a c t i c e s p e r m i t t e d p r i o r to the p a s s a g e
of the L M R D A . R e f e r e n c e s h o u ld b e m a d e to ch. VIII, w h e r e c h a n g e s in s u m m a r y
d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s s i n c e the 1959 e n a c t m e n t a r e t r e a t e d .
9
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 2
10
s u m m a r y a u t h o r i t y an d o n ly 3 d id not— n a m e l y , the L o n g s h o r e m e n ® s an d W a r e
h o u s e m e n s U n io n (ind. ), the S e a f a r e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion , an d th e M a r i n e
a n d S h i p b u i ld i n g W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a . T h e b u lk o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s (111) p e r m i t t e d
s u m m a r y a c t i o n b o th f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s to the u n io n an d f o r
o t h e r r e a s o n s . O n ly 32 c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d g r o u n d s f o r s u m m a r y a c t i o n e x c l u
s i v e l y to n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s , w h ile 12 a ll o w e d s u m m a r y p u n i s h
m e n t o n ly f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n f a i l u r e to m e e t f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s .
T h u s , of th e 155 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t i n g s u m m a r y a c t i o n , 143 a u t h o r i z e d
d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , an d 123 f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th an n o n p a y m e n t o f
f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . O f t h is l a t t e r g r o u p , l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s w e r e
s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e in 11 6 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ( t a b l e I I - 2, I I - 3); th e r e m a i n i n g
7 s u m m a r y p r o v i s i o n s a p p l i e d e x c l u s i v e l y to i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s .
D i s c i p l i n e f o r N o n p a y m e n t of F i n a n c i a l O b l i g a t i o n s
When a w o r k e r j o i n s a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , h e a s s u m e s an o b l i g a t i o n to
s u p p o r t the un ion b y w a y o f d u e s a n d w hen r e q u i r e d , b y p a y m e n t o f s p e c i a l a s s e s s
m en ts.
T h i s i s a b a s i c c o m m i t m e n t e n t a i l e d in s i g n i n g the m e m b e r s h i p c a r d ;
it s u b m i t s th e n ew m e m b e r to the n e c e s s a r y d i s c i p l i n e of an o r g a n i z a t i o n s u p p o r t e d
b y m e m b e r s h i p c o n t r i b u t i o n s . D e l i n q u e n c y in t h e s e p a y m e n t s i s o f te n v i e w e d n o t
o n ly a s a t h r e a t to the u n io n 1s o n ly o r m a j o r s o u r c e of r e v e n u e , b u t a s a w e a k e n
in g of th e u n io n 1s b a s i c i n t e r n a l d i s c i p l i n e , w h ich , if it w e r e to s p r e a d , c o u l d
s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r the u n io n t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s o r e v e n i t s e x i s t e n c e .
T herefore,
m e m b e r s r i s k p u n i s h m e n t , d ue a l l o w a n c e b e in g m a d e f o r s i m p l e n e g l i g e n c e , f o r
f a i l i n g to p a y t h e i r d u e s an d o t h e r f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . S i n c e th e p e n a l t i e s a r e
e x t r e m e , o fte n in v o l v in g l o s s o f e m p l o y m e n t , d e m a n d f o r d u e s e n f o r c e m e n t in s o m e
u n io n s i s f r e q u e n t l y t e m p e r e d by a r e a d y a c c e p t a n c e o f a n y r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e .
T a b le II—2.
Sum m ary D isciplin e for R easons Other Than the N onpaym ent of F in an cial O bligations, by Persons
A ffe cte d and A ffiliatio n , N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
Sum m ary d isciplin e provisions
AFL-CIO
Unions
A ll constitutions
-----------------------------------------
Constitutions providing for sum m ary
d iscip lin e* ----------------------------------------------M em bers ----------------------------------------------L ocal union officers --------------------------------International officers ------------------------------M em bers and lo c a l union officers -------------L ocal union and international o f f i c e r s ---------M em bers, lo c a l union, and international
officers ----------------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for sum m ary
d isciplin e ------------------------------------------------Constitutions with provisions covering: 3
M em bers ----------------------------------------------Local union officers
-------------------------------International officers --------------------------------
Unions
M embers
Unions
M em bers
158
1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1
122
14, 2 2 8 .8
36
2, 694. 3
2 123
1
22
7
57
12
1 2 ,2 4 6 . 3
4 0 .0
1 ,2 1 7 . 1
183. 3
6 ,5 4 3 .7
475. 3
96
1
19
4
43
9
9 ,8 1 5 .1
4 0 .0
1 ,2 0 7 .7
1 7 3 .3
4, 8 5 2 .4
4 6 5 .0
27
2, 4 3 1 .3
3
3
14
3
9 .4
1 0 .0
1 ,6 9 1 .4
10. 3
24
3 ,7 8 6 .9
20
3 ,0 7 6 .7
4
7 1 0 .2
35
.4 ,6 7 6 .8
26
4 ,4 1 3 .7
9
2 6 3 .0
82
115
43
1 0 ,3 7 0 .6
1 2 ,0 2 3 .0
4 ,4 4 5 .5
64
91
33
7 ,9 6 9 .1
9, 6 0 1 .8
3 ,7 1 5 .0
18
24
10
2 ,4 0 1 . 6
2 ,4 2 1 . 3
7 3 0 .5
A d ditive.
2 Includes provisions of 2 constitutions authorizing sum m ary d iscip lin e;
sp e cifie d .
3 N onadditive.
-
-
grounds for invoking d iscip lin e not
NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
U n affiliated
M em bers
11
Table II—3. Summary Discipline for Reasons Other Than the Nonpayment of Financial Obligations,
by Persons Affected and Level Initiating Disciplinary Action, National and
International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
Sum m ary d isciplin e provisions
A ll lev e ls
Unions
Constitutions providing for sum m ary
d isc ip lin e 1 -------------------------------------M em bers ----------------------------------------L ocal union officers ------------------------International officers -----------------------M em bers and lo c a l union officers -------L ocal union and international o f f i c e r s ---M em bers, lo c a l union, and international
officers ----------------------------------------Constitutions with provisions covering: 2
M em bers -----------------------------------Local union officers ---------------------International officers ---------------------
L o cal le v e l
International
le v e l
M embers Unions M embers Unions M em bers
123
12, 2 4 6 .3
11
4 7 6 .6
1
22
7
57
12
4 0 .0
1, 217.1
1 8 3 .3
6, 5 4 3 .7
475. 3
1
4
4 0 .0
3 6 8 .2
24
3, 7 8 6 .9
-
82
115
43
10, 3 7 0 .6
1 2 ,0 2 3 .0
4, 445. 5
7
10
-
-
6
-
-
6 8 .4
-
Unions
M em bers
62
3 ,9 2 0 .4
50
7, 8 4 9 .3
17
7
23
9
6 5 1 .7
1 8 3 .3
1, 3 3 8 .8
4 0 0 .1
1
197. 2
28
3
5 ,1 3 6 .5
7 5 .2
6
1, 3 4 6 .5
18
2, 4 4 0 .4
29
55
22
2, 6 8 5 .3
3, 7 3 7 .1
1 ,9 2 9 .9
46
50
3 21
7, 576. 9
7, 849. 3
2 ,5 1 5 .6
-
1 0 8 .4
4 3 6 .6
-
Local and
international
lev e ls
-
_
A d d itive.
2 N onadditive.
3 In each constitution the provisions involve the d iscip lin e of lo c a l union officers, or m em bers and lo c a l union
officers, in ad dition to international officers, hence the appearan ce of d isciplin e at the lo c a l le v e l.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
P r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z i n g d i s c i p l i n e f o r f i n a n c i a l d e lin q u e n c y w e r e w i d e
spread.
M o s t p r e v a l e n t w e r e d u e s d i s c i p l i n e c l a u s e s ( t a b le I I - 4 ) , f o l l o w e d b y
a s s e s s m e n t s p r o v i s i o n s ( t a b le I I -6) an d f i n a l l y b y f i n e s p r o v i s o s ( t a b l e I I - 5 ) .
O n ly 15 c o n s t i t u t i o n s m a d e no p r o v i s i o n f o r d u e s d i s c i p l i n e b y a f o r m a l c o n s t i
t u t i o n a l c l a u s e . 15
M a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d p r o v i s i o n s ( a g a i n , t h e r e m a y a l s o b e i n
f o r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t s ) e x o n e r a t i n g c e r t a i n m e m b e r s f r o m p a y m e n t s . 16 M e m b e r s
who a r e u n e m p l o y e d , f o r i n s t a n c e , m a y b e e x e m p t o r m a y p a y o n ly s h a r p l y r e
duced "o u t- o f- w o r k d u e s. n S im ila r e a sin g o r e r a s u r e of o b ligatio n s m a y a ls o
a p p ly to m e m b e r s on s t r i k e , s i c k m e m b e r s , an d m e m b e r s i n v o l v e d in th e o r
g a n i z i n g o f t h e i r p la n t .
A lth o u g h a n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o v e r e d d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y in on e p r o v i s i o n , m o r e c o m m o n l y o n ly d u e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s w e r e
t r e a t e d t o g e t h e r . U s u a l l y s u c h p r o v i s i o n s w e r e p a r t o f a n a r t i c l e on the r i g h t s
an d d u t i e s o f m e m b e r s h i p o r on the f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s o f m e m b e r s h i p .
D is
c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n e s w a s ofte n h a n d l e d s e p a r a t e l y , u s u a l l y in the p r o
v i s i o n f o r c h a r g e s , t r i a l s , an d p e n a l t i e s .
15 U n d e r a u n i o n - s h o p p r o v i s i o n in a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t ,
f a i l u r e to p a y o r to t e n d e r d u e s i s c a u s e f o r a u t o m a t i c d i s m i s s a l .
S e e U n ion
S e c u r i t y an d C h e c k o f f P r o v i s i o n s in M a j o r U n io n C o n t r a c t s . 1958—59 ( B U S B u l
letin 1272, I960).
16 F o r the v a r i e t y of t r a d e u n io n a p p r o a c h e s to d e f in in g w h at c o n s t i t u t e s
u n ion m e m b e r s h i p — a c l o s e l y a l l i e d q u e s t i o n — s e e D i r e c t o r y of N a t i o n a l an d I n
t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ited S t a t e s . 1961 ( B B S B u l l e t i n 1320, 1 9 6 2 ),
p p . 44—4 5 .
12
Table II-4. Discipline for Nonpayment of Dues, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(Membeys in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
D isciplin e provisions
AFL-CIO
Unions
Members
U n affiliated
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
-------- -------------- ----------- -------
158
1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1
122
14, 2 2 8 .9
36
2, 694. 3
Constitutions providing for d iscip lin e -------------A u tom atic d iscip lin e:
A fter g ra c e period; no notice — -------------A fter g race period; notice -------------------If not paid on due d ate -----------------------After g race period; notice only to those
on ch eckoff -------------------------------------Su b ject to d iscip lin e:
A fter g ra c e period; no notice ---------------A fter g race period; notice --------------------Other ------------ ------------------- --------------------Constitutions not providing for d isciplin e --------
143
1 6 ,3 6 6 .3
112
1 3 ,9 1 6 .7
31
2, 449. 7
89
19
8
1 0 ,7 0 3 .8
2 ,3 8 5 .7
5 7 3 .7
74
10
6
8 ,4 7 8 .3
2, 2 4 8 .5
5 4 4 .6
15
9
2
2 ,2 2 5 .5
1 3 7 .2
29. 1
2
1, 1 6 2 .0
2
1 ,1 6 2 .0
-
16
7
1 2
15
744. 1
717. 1
7 9 .9
5 5 6 .8
11
7
2
10
6 8 6 .2
7 1 7 .1
7 9 .9
3 1 2 .2
A ll constitutions
5
5 7 .9
-
-
-
-
5
2 4 4 .6
1 constitution allow ed lo c a l unions to d iscip lin e after a m inim um 6 months* g rac e period under rigid notice
requirem ents, but reserved sum m ary expulsion to the international union follow ing a 1-y ear m inim um g race period;
the second constitution authorized d isciplin e but g ave none of the d etails com m on ly found in other constitutions.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T a b le II-5 . D isciplin e for N onpaym ent of Fines, N ational and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 19611
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
AFL-CIO
D isciplin e provisions
Unions
U n affiliated
M em bers
Unions
M embers
Unions
M em bers
----— ------------------------ ---------
158
1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1
122
14, 2 2 8 .8
36
2 ,6 9 4 . 3
Constitutions providing for d isciplin e -------------A u tom atic d iscip lin e:
A fter grace period; no notice ----------- ---A fter g race period; notice --------------------If not paid on due d a t e ------------------------Su b ject to d iscip lin e:
After g race period; no notice ---------------After grace period; notice --------------------O th e r ------— -------------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for d i s c i p l i n e ----------
83
1 2 ,6 8 5 .4
73
11, 1 9 7 .9
10
1 ,4 8 7 . 6
48
10
8
7 ,7 9 6 .7
2, 374. 1
3 7 3 .5
44
8
7
6, 3 5 4 .7
2, 3 3 8 .2
3 6 9 .2
4
2
1
1 ,4 4 1 . 9
3 5 .9
4. 3
10
5
X2
75
6 9 6 .0
404. 1
1 ,0 4 1 .0
4, 2 3 7 .7
7
5
2
49
6 9 0 .5
404. 1
1 ,0 4 1 .0
3 ,0 3 0 .9
3
-
5 .5
-
A ll constitutions
-
26
-
1, 2 0 6 .8
1 constitution authorized d isciplin e but provided none of the d etails com m on ly found in other constitutions;
the other constitution approved lo c a l union sum m ary action that involved cases where the facts were not in dispute.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
R e lativ e ly sp eak in g, p r o v is io n s fo r d isc ip lin e fo r nonpaym ent of fin es
w e r e l e s s n u m e r o u s th a n s i m i l a r c l a u s e s c o v e r i n g d u e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s . T h i s
s u g g e s t s th a t s e p a r a t e e n f o r c e m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d u n n e c e s s a r y , s i n c e
i m p l i c i t in the i m p o s i t i o n o f f i n e s i s the e x i s t e n c e of m e a s u r e s to c o m p e l c o m
p l i a n c e , e i t h e r b y o t h e r s u m m a r y a c t i o n s o r b y in v o k in g the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e .
13
Table II—
6. Discipline for Nonpayment of Assessments, National
and International Unioix Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studi-ed
A ffiliatio n
D iscip lin e provisions
AFL-CIO
Unions
A ll constitutions
U n affiliated
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
----------- ------------- -----------------
158
1 6 ,9 2 3 .1
122
14, 2 2 8 .8
36
2, 694. 3
Constitutions providing for d iscip lin e -------------A u tom atic d iscip lin e:
A fter g race period; no notice ---------------A fter grace period; notice --------------------If not paid on due d a t e ------------------------Su b ject to disciplin e:
A fter g race period; no notice ---------------A fter g race period; notice ------------------Other ------------------------ ---------------------- —
Constitutions not providing for d i s c i p l i n e ----------
113
1 2 ,7 3 3 .8
89
10, 4 5 8 .2
24
2, 275 . 6
69
17
8
8 ,7 2 9 .7
2 ,7 1 0 .5
5 2 1 .0
56
12
6
6, 666. 1
2, 5 8 3 .2
4 9 1 .8
13
5
2
2 ,0 6 3 .7
127. 3
29. 1
12
4
*3
45
6 5 7 .4
28. 1
8 7 .2
4 ,1 8 9 .3
8
4
3
33
6 0 1 .9
2 8 .1
8 7 .2
3, 7 7 0 .6
4
5 5 .5
-
-
12
4 1 8 .7
1 3 constitutions authorized d iscip lin e but g av e none of the d etails com m only found in other constitutions.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T h e p e n a l t y f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f d u e s w a s , by an d l a r g e , e x p l i c i t l y and
f o r c e f u l l y s e t f o r t h . In c o n t r a s t , a lt h o u g h m a n y c l a u s e s c o v e r i n g f i n e s an d a s
s e s s m e n t s w e re eq u ally c l e a r co n cern in g d isc ip lin e , a sig n ific a n t n u m b er w ere
vague.
E i g h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t i e d f i n e s a n d / o r a s s e s s m e n t s to d u e s
b y s t i p u l a t i n g th a t p a y m e n t o f t h e s e o b l i g a t i o n s h a d to p r e c e d e p a y m e n t o f d u e s .
T h u s a r r e a r a g e s in f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s w e r e t r e a t e d a s a d e f a u l t in d u e s ,
u t i l i z i n g the p e n a l t i e s s e c t i o n o f the d u e s c l a u s e .
S e e , f o r i n s t a n c e , the form,
o f s t a t e m e n t o f f e r e d b y the F i r e m e n an d O i l e r s :
A l l d u e s a r e p a y a b l e on th e f i r s t d a y of e a c h m o n th . . . an d a l l
f i n e s a n d a s s e s s m e n t s l e v i e d b y the (union) m u s t b e p a i d b e f o r e d u e s
a r e c o llec te d .
A n o t h e r e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s d e f in e d f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s to m e a n d u e s .
A n u m b e r o f d u e s c l a u s e s w e r e s o b r o a d l y s t a t e d th a t th e y c o v e r e d a l l
c o n t i n g e n c i e s , i n c l u d i n g d e f a u l t in f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s .
D isc ip lin a r y action
c o u ld b e t a k e n , f o r i n s t a n c e , in f i v e t r a d e u n i o n s , if ‘' o b l i g a t i o n s 11 o r “ c o n s t i
t u t i o n a l o b l i g a t i o n s " h a d n ot b e e n m e t , o r if the m e m b e r s i m p l y w a s “ in a r r e a r s . “
T h r e e o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s o p e n e d th e d o o r to d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n e s
a n d / o r a s s e s s m e n t s by s t i p u l a t i n g p u n i s h m e n t f o r d e l i n q u e n c i e s in “ d u e s o r o t h e r
p a y m e n t s , “ o r in “ d u e s o r o t h e r m o n i e s ow e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . “
Four
c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d p u n i s h m e n t f o r t h o s e who o w e d “ a n a m o u n t e q u a l to
3 m o n t h s 1 d u e s " o r “ a n a m o u n t in e x c e s s o f 3 m o n t h s 1 d u e s . “
T h e p e n a l t y a t t a c h e d to n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s t y p i c a l l y w a s
su sp e n sio n o r e xp u lsio n .
W h e r e b o th p e n a l t i e s w e r e a u t h o r i z e d , th e y u s u a l l y
f o llo w e d in s e q u e n c e :
S u s p e n s io n fo r d elin q u en cy c o v e r in g a s p e c ifie d p e rio d ,
14
f o ll o w e d b y e x p u l s i o n f o r d e l i n q u e n c y c o n tin u e d into a l o n g e r p e r i o d .
Such a
p r o c e d u r e w a s a v a i l a b l e to the A m e r i c a n B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s 1
(A F L -C IO ):
M e m b e r s in a r r e a r s w ith d u e s a n d / o r a s s e s s m e n t s m o r e th an
2 m o n t h s s h a l l b e s u s p e n d e d by the l o c a l u n ion to w h ich th e y b e l o n g a s
w e l l a s b y th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n .
S u sp e n sio n sh a ll m e a n l o s s of a ll
l o c a l an d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n p r i v i l e g e s an d b e n e f i t s an d o f a l l r i g h t s to
p a r t i c i p a t e in l o c a l p r o c e e d i n g s .
M e m b e r s m a y b e e x p e l l e d f o r b e in g in a r r e a r s w ith t h e i r r e g u l a r
d u e s o r a n y a s s e s s m e n t m o r e th a n 6 m o n t h s , p r o v i d e d th a t th e y h a v e
r e c e i v e d n o t i c e o f t h e i r d e l i n q u e n c y a t l e a s t 24 h o u r s p r i o r to the
exp u lsio n .
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s o p h r a s e d t h e i r p e n a l t y c l a u s e th a t the u n ion to o k no d i r e c t
a c t i o n to s u s p e n d the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r ; but r a t h e r , the m e m b e r * s i n a c t i o n in
n ot p a y i n g h i s o b l i g a t i o n s w a s i n t e r p r e t e d a s s e l f - s u s p e n s i o n :
. . . W h e r e a m e m b e r a l l o w s h i s a r r e a r a g e f o r d u e s , f i n e s , and
a s s e s s m e n t s to ru n o v e r the l a s t d a y of the s e c o n d m o n th w ith o ut p a y
m e n t , h e d o e s t h e r e b y s u s p e n d h i m s e l f f r o m m e m b e r s h i p in t h is A s s o
c i a t i o n , an d the f a c t th a t the m e m b e r i s not in p o s s e s s i o n of h i s m o n th ly
w o r k i n g c a r d i s d ue n o t ic e to h i m of h i s s u s p e n s i o n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p
an d no f u r t h e r n o t ic e w il l b e n e c e s s a r y . . . ( S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y
an d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s ) .
P r e c a u t i o n s w e r e s o m e t i m e s t a k e n to g i v e n o t ic e to the d e lin q u e n t m e m
b e r th a t h i s m e m b e r s h i p s t a t u s w a s e n d a n g e r e d . 17
The fo r m of n o tice v a r ie d ;
s o m e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d w r i t t e n n o t i c e , w h ile o t h e r s s e t a p r i o r s u s p e n s i o n a s
the f i r s t s t e p in an i n e x o r a b l e d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s l e a d i n g to e x p u l s i o n w h ich
c o u ld o n ly b e h a l t e d by e r a s i n g a r r e a r a g e s .
T y p i c a l l y , p e n a l t i e s f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s w e r e s u m
m a r i l y a p p l i e d . In s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t e x c e p t i o n s f r o m t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s
w e re noted.
A m o n g t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w a s th at of the C e m e n t , L i m e an d
G ypsum W orkers:
E v e r y o f f i c e r and m e m b e r o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion s h a l l b e e n t it le d
to a j u s t an d i m p a r t i a l t r i a l f o r an y o f f e n s e of w h ich h e m a y be c h a r g e d
e x c e p t i n g the n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , f i n e s , and a s s e s s m e n t s . . . .
M o s t c o m m o n ly , a r r e a r a g e s w e r e a ll o w e d to p e r s i s t d u r i n g a g r a c e p e r i o d
r a n g i n g f r o m 1 m o n th to 1 y e a r , a f t e r w h ich p e n a l t i e s m i g h t be a p p l i e d w ith o u t
r e q u i r i n g n o t i c e to the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r , 18 a s , f o r e x a m p l e , in the B r i c k l a y e r s :
A n y m e m b e r o r a p p r e n t i c e in a r r e a r s f o r d u e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s f o r
3 m o n t h s s h a l l c e a s e to be a m e m b e r of th is U n io n w ith o ut n o t i c e .
17 S e e t a b l e s I I - 4 , I I - 5 , and I I - 6 . S u c h p r o v i s o s a p p e a r e d in 19, 10, an d
17 c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e f e r r i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y , to d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s .
18 S e e t a b l e s I I - 4 , I I - 5 , an d I I -6 . R o u g h ly 62, 58, and 61 p e r c e n t of the
c l a u s e s r e s p e c t i v e l y c o v e r i n g d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s in c l u d e d s u c h p r o v i s o s .
15
L e s s th a n 15 p e r c e n t of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s in e a c h s u b j e c t a r e a ( d u e s ,
f i n e s , and a s s e s s m e n t s ) p r o v i d e d f o r s i m i l a r g r a c e p e r i o d s a n d a l s o c a r e f u l l y
p r e s c r i b e d th a t th e d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r h a d to b e i n f o r m e d th a t h i s m e m b e r s h i p
w a s in j e o p a r d y b e f o r e a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n c o u ld be in v o k e d .
Typ
i c a l i s the R a i l r o a d S ig n a lm e n ® s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n :
W h e n e v e r a n y m e m b e r o f th e B r o t h e r h o o d s h a l l b e in a r r e a r s f o r
on e q u a r t e r w ith d u e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s , the f i n a n c i a l s e c r e t a r y s h a l l m a i l
s a i d m e m b e r a n o t i c e to h i s l a s t know n a d d r e s s , s a i d n o t i c e to s p e c i f y
the a m o u n t in a r r e a r s . If, a f t e r s u c h n o t ic e h a s b e e n duly f o r w a r d e d ”tcTthe
m e m b e r , h i s d u e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s r e m a i n u n p a id f o r a n o t h e r q u a r t e r ,
said m e m b e r sh a ll be a u to m a tic a lly susp en d ed .
A m o r e s e v e r e p r o c e d u r e , in e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o v e r i n g d u e s , e ig h t
c o v e r i n g f i n e s , an d e ig h t c o v e r i n g a s s e s s m e n t s , n e i t h e r g r a c e p e r i o d n o r n o t ic e
w a s a ll o w e d . If d u e s , f i n e s , o r a s s e s s m e n t s w e r e n ot p a i d b y a s p e c i f i e d c u to f f
d a t e , the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r r a n th e r i s k o f s w i ft an d a u t o m a t i c p u n i s h m e n t .
S u c h a c l a u s e w a s w r i t t e n into the R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s 1 ( A F L ~ C I O ) c o n s t it u t io n :
M e m b e r s h i p s h a l l t e r m i n a t e a t the end o f the l a s t d a y o f the p e r i o d
f o r w h ich a l l d u e s , a s s e s s m e n t s , an d o t h e r p a y m e n t s h a v e b e e n p a i d . . .
S o m e unions d iffe re n tia te d ,
sessm en ts.
a ll o w in g a g r a c e
p e rio d for d u es,
b u t n on e f o r a s
R e c o g n i z i n g m i t i g a t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , one un ion e s t a b l i s h e d a fund f r o m
w h ich l o a n s c o u ld b e m a d e f o r p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . T o p r o t e c t i t s e l f
f r o m a n o t h e r ty p e o f d e lin q u e n c y , the u n io n th en m a d e a n y m e m b e r who d e f a u l t e d
in p a y in g the l o a n s u b j e c t to c h a r g e s an d t r i a l .
A m o n g t h o s e c l a u s e s c l a s s i f i e d a s r e q u i r i n g p a y m e n t on the due d a te
w e r e s e v e r a l w h ich p r o v i d e d th a t a g u il t y m e m b e r w o u ld s t a n d s u s p e n d e d u n t il
the fin e w a s p a i d ; f o r i n s t a n c e , the B r i c k l a y e r s s t i p u l a t e d th at:
A n y m e m b e r o r s u b o r d i n a t e u n io n a g a i n s t w h ich a n y fi n e s h a l l be
i m p o s e d f o r a n y v i o l a t i o n of an y p r o v i s i o n o f t h i s C o n s t i t u t i o n s h a l l s t a n d
s u s p e n d e d u n t il s u c h fin e s h a l l h a v e b e e n p a i d .
T w e n t y - t h r e e d u e s p r o v i s i o n s , 15 f i n e s c l a u s e s , a n d 16 a s s e s s m e n t s
p r o v i s o s c o n t a in e d a s p e c t s o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , b u t o p e n ly r e c o g n i z e d an
e l e m e n t of d i s c r e t i o n to b e e m p l o y e d by the e n f o r c i n g a g e n c y .
T his d is c r e tio n
m a y , in p r a c t i c e , b e e x e r c i s e d in o t h e r u n i o n s .
T y p ically th e se p ro v isio n s
s t a t e d th a t a d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r " m a y b e " p e n a l i z e d o r " i s s u b j e c t t o " p u n i s h m e n t .
O t h e r w i s e the c l a u s e s c o n t a in e d a l l e l e m e n t s o f the p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d p r o v i s i o n s i n
c lu d in g g r a c e p e r i o d , n o t i c e , an d p u n i s h m e n t .
S u m m a r y D i s c i p l i n e f o r O f f e n s e s O th e r T h a n
N o n p a y m e n t of F i n a n c i a l O b l i g a t i o n s
A l l but 1 o f the 116 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e o f
l o c a l o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th an f a i l u r e to m e e t f i n a n c i a l o b l i
g a t i o n s d i r e c t e d s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s a t l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s , w h ile 82 o f t h e s e
p r o v i s i o n s r e f e r r e d to r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s ( t a b l e s I I- 2 a n d I I - 3). One c o n s t i
t u tio n , th a t o f the N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n ion , a p p l i e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e e x c l u
s i v e l y to m e m b e r s , s i n c e the un ion h ad no l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s in the c o m m o n l y
a c c e p t e d s e n s e o f th e t e r m , but on ly b r a n c h o f f i c e r s an d p o r t a g e n t s who, a l
though e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s h i p , w e r e d i r e c t l y a n s w e r a b l e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
un ion on a l l m a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r d u t i e s .
16
In d e fin in g the p e r s o n s s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y a c t i o n , s o m e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e
l e s s th a n p r e c i s e .
U s u a l l y , t h e s e c l a u s e s s p e c i f i e d th a t " m e m b e r s " c o u ld b e
s u m m a r i l y d i s c i p l i n e d , i m p l y i n g , b u t not e x p l i c i t l y s t a t i n g , th a t th e t e r m w a s
a l l - i n c l u s i v e , i. e. , m e a n t to in c l u d e o f f i c e r s a s w e l l a s m e m b e r s . On th e o t h e r
h an d , an o c c a s i o n a l un io n , s u c h a s th e S t a g e E m p l o y e s , e x p l i c i t l y d e f i n e d " m e m
b e r s ' : s o a s to l e a v e no d o u b t th a t o f f i c e r s w e r e i n c l u d e d .
T h e p o w e r to a p p ly s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y
m e n t of d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s and l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s
w a s m o s t o fte n v e s t e d in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un io n ( t a b l e I I - 3).
F o r in sta n c e , of
the 115 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e m p o w e r i n g s u m m a r y a c t i o n a g a i n s t l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s ,
55 s a n c t i o n e d a c t i o n a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l a l o n e , w h ile a n o t h e r 50 g a v e a u t h o r
ity j o i n t l y to l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l s .
T h u s , 105 o f 115 c o n s t i t u t i o n s
e m p o w e r e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n a g a i n s t l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s .
The re m a in in g
10 v e s t e d p o w e r s o l e l y in the l o c a l un ion . S i m i l a r l y , in the 82 p r o v i s i o n s c o v e r
in g r a n k an d f i l e m e m b e r s , 7 5 p r o v i s i o n s g a v e the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n a u t h o r i t y
to l e v y s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t , 29 a s s i g n i n g s o l e j u r i s d i c t i o n an d 46 s h a r i n g the
p o w e r b e t w e e n l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n s . A g a i n , the r e m a i n i n g s e v e n g a v e
a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l l e v e l on ly.
A lt h o u g h an o c c a s i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o r b y l a w s m i g h t a u t h o r i z e a m e m b e r
sh ip m e e t i n g to r e s o l v e i t s e l f into a c o m m i t t e e o f the w h o le in o r d e r to s u m
m a r i l y p u n ish an o ffe n d e r, s u m m a r y d is c ip lin e w as p r i m a r i l y an e x e c u tiv e fu n c
tio n , w ith the c h ie f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r ( l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l ) u s u a l l y e m p o w e r e d
f i r s t to d e t e r m i n e when s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e s h o u ld b e in v o k e d an d th en to a d
m i n i s t e r it. In 39 p r o v i s i o n s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t m i g h t d e l e g a t e a d e p u ty
to a c t in h i s s t e a d .
A s a c h e c k up on the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t s p o w e r , 12 c o n s t i t u t i o n s
p r o v i d e d f o r a s u b s e q u e n t e x e c u t i v e b o a r d r e v i e w an d a p p r o v a l of the p r e s i d e n t s
action .
E l e v e n o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s to o k the n e x t p r e c a u t i o n a r y s t e p b y v e s t i n g
s u m m a r y p o w e r jo i n t l y in the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d and th e e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r , w h ile
24 g a v e p o w e r s o l e l y to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
On the l o c a l l e v e l ,
e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s g a v e s u m m a r y p o w e r to the p r e s i d e n t , f i v e to the e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d , an d s e v e n to the m e m b e r s h i p .
R e a s o n s f o r d i s c i p l i n e o t h e r th an the n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s
w e r e n u m e r o u s an d d i v e r s e a m o n g the 123 c o n s t i t u t i o n s (in c lu d in g th e 7 th a t r e
f e r r e d on ly to the d i s c i p l i n e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s ) . M o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d
m o r e th a n one g r o u n d f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e y i e l d i n g , in t o t a l , m o r e th a n 40 d i f
f e r e n t g r o u n d s . S e v e r a l of t h e s e , b e l i e v e d to b e o f i m p o r t a n c e in u n ion a f f a i r s ,
w e r e e a r m a r k e d f o r s p e c i a l a n a l y s i s an d a r e d i s c u s s e d b e lo w . A s m a l l e r n u m b e r
a r e s u m m a r i z e d in t a b l e I I - 7.
In the m a i n , the a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d the fo llo w in g p a t t e r n : (1) T h e p r i m a r y
s u b j e c t of s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s w a s the l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r , a lt h o u g h m a n y c o v e r e d
m e m b e r s ; and (2) the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l w a s m o s t o fte n e m p o w e r e d to i n i t i a t e
s u m m a r y a c t i o n , a lt h o u g h a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r l e f t p o w e r a t the l o c a l l e v e l .
M i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n . W h e r e t h e r e w a s r e a s o n to b e l i e v e th a t m o n e y w a s
b e in g m i s a p p r o p r i a t e d o r m i s h a n d l e d , a n u m b e r of u n i o n s , in c lu d in g the T y p o
g r a p h i c a l U n ion , A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s , and O il, C h e m i c a l and A t o m i c W o r k e r s ,
e m p o w e r e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un io n to m o v e s w i f t l y a g a i n s t the o f fe n d in g l o c a l
17
T a b le 11- 7 .
S e le c te d Grounds for Sum m ary D isciplin e by L evel, Persons A ffe cte d , and P enalties,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
Grounds for sum m ary d iscip lin e
Sum m ary d iscip lin e provisions
Level at which action is in itiated -------Local union ---------------------------------International u n i o n -----------------------Both l e v e l s ----------------------------------Persons su bject to d i s c i p l i n e ---------------M em bers -----------------------------------L ocal union officers ---------------------M em bers and lo c a l union o f f i c e r s ----International officers --------------------M em bers, lo c a l union, and
international officers -----------------International and lo c a l union o ffic e rs-Penalty a p p lied -------------------------------A u tom atic fin e ----------------------------A u tom atic su sp e n sio n --------------------A u tom atic e x p u ls io n ---------------------Penalty at the d iscretion of the
disciplin in g body ------------------------
Dual
unionism
S trik e
breaking
15
1
13
1
15
-
2
12
-
Secession
Resort to
courts
11
1
4
20
8
4
-
2
11
1
2
-
4
7
1
13
7
20
-
-
2
1
-
-
1
15
3
10
11
1
1
7
-
2
2
-
'
-
1
4
-
4
19
-
Union law M isappro
v io latio n s1 priation
46
8
36
2
46
3
14
23
1
F alse
charges
14
2
12
-
14
-
10
2
-
21
8
4
9
21
2
-
17
1
5
46
5
2
14
1
16
28
6
13
1
21
6
4
-
1
7
1
11
1
-
20
2
-
Included in union law violation s are refu sal to follow orders or directions of union o ffic ia ls, as w ell as v io
lation s of the constitution or bylaw s of the union.
o fficer.
T h e A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s , f o r i n s t a n c e , a u t h o r i z e d a c t i o n w hen
a l l m o n i e s d u e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n w e r e n ot r e m i t t e d b y the l o c a l u n io n
a s expected:
. . . the o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s u c h f a i l u r e s h a l l be
s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y e x p u l s i o n o r s u s p e n s i o n an d s h a l l n o t b e a l l o w e d to
h o ld o f f i c e in th e o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r a p e r i o d o f 2 y e a r s . . .
A l o n g s i m i l a r l i n e s , th e S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y a n d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s
u n io n d i c t a t e d th a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r f i r s t h a d to " a s k 11 the
l o c a l u n io n to r e m o v e the o f fe n d in g f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e r a n d , in the e v e n t o f n o n c o m p l i a n c e , th en th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r c o u ld a c t a g a i n s t t h o s e
l o c a l o f f i c e r s who r e f u s e d to c o o p e r a t e .
T r u s t e e s o r m e m b e r s o f a u d it in g c o m m i t t e e s who c o l l u s i v e l y f a l s i f i e d
l o c a l u n io n f i n a n c i a l d a t a in o r d e r to b u r y e v i d e n c e o f m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n w e r e
s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t , u n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T o f o r e s t a l l f i n a n c i a l
m i s c o n d u c t in the a b s e n c e o f s p e c i f i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r , the
" c a t c h a l l " u n io n l a w v i o l a t i o n s c l a u s e m i g h t b e a p p l i e d w h en n e c e s s a r y .
Jo b D isc ip lin e .
T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of m e m b e r s an d o f f i c e r s to th e j o b
w a s the s u b j e c t o f a n u m b e r o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s . A m o n g the a c
t i v i t i e s in t h is a r e a th a t w e r e p u n i s h a b l e by s u m m a r y p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e (1) w o r k
in g in a n on u n ion sh o p ; (2) a c c e p t i n g w a g e s l o w e r th an un io n s t a n d a r d s ; (3) ta k i n g
a j o b a w a y f r o m a f e l l o w u n io n m e m b e r ; an d (4) v i o l a t i n g u n io n w o r k r u l e s . In
i t s e f f o r t to c o n t r o l j o b j u r i s d i c t i o n , one u n ion (the H o s i e r y W o r k e r s ) m a d e p r o
v i s i o n f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e o f a n y u n e m p l o y e d m e m b e r who f a i l e d to r e g i s t e r
w ith the un ion h i s o u t - o f - w o r k s t a t u s .
18
U n io n L o y a l t y . R i v a l r y b e t w e e n c o m p e t i t i v e u n io n s a n d s o m e t i m e s b e
tw e e n c l a s h i n g i d e o l o g i e s i s r e f l e c t e d in un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u m m a r y
d i s c i p l i n e f o r d u a l u n i o n i s m , n o t a b l y t h o s e of th e H o t e l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s ;
P u l p , S u lp h it e an d P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s ; A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s , an d th e B a k e r y
W o r k e r s (Ind. )• T h e B r e w e r y W o r k e r s ( A F L —CIO ), f o r e x a m p l e , w h ich f o r y e a r s
h a d e x p e r i e n c e d b i t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m the T e a m s t e r s , i n c l u d e d th e
f o ll o w in g p r o v i s o in i t s c o n s t it u t io n :
O f f i c e r s o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of l o c a l u n io n s o r . . .
of th e i n t e r
n a t i o n a l u n io n who a c c e p t m e m b e r s h i p o r a n y o f f i c i a l o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
p o s i t i o n in a r i v a l o r c o m p e t i n g l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l t h e r e b y a u t o
m a t i c a l l y f o r f e i t t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p an d o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n in the l o c a l a n d / o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion a s the c a s e m a y b e .
In on e c o n s t it u t io n , r e f u s a l to d e c l a r e u n d e r o a th w ith in 30 d a y s th a t h e
d id n ot h a v e d u a l u n ion m e m b e r s h i p w a s d e e m e d p r o o f of s u c h m e m b e r s h i p , an d
th e m e m b e r c o u ld th en b e e x p e l l e d by the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
S t r i k e b r e a k i n g , o r r e f u s i n g to s t r i k e w hen c a l l e d on to do s o , o r o t h e r
w i s e a i d in g a s t r u c k e m p l o y e r , c o u ld b e s u m m a r i l y p u n i s h e d in s e v e r a l u n i o n s ,
a m o n g th e m , L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s , the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n , an d a l s o the G l a s s
B o t t l e B l o w e r s A s s o c i a t i o n w h o s e c l a u s e i s p r e s e n t e d b e lo w :
A n y m e m b e r w o r k i n g in a p l a n t th a t h a s b e e n o r d e r e d on s t r i k e . . .
sh a ll a u to m a tic a lly be e x p e lle d fr o m m e m b e r s h ip . The n a m e o r n a m e s
o f t h o s e e x p e l l e d s h a l l b e i m m e d i a t e l y r e p o r t e d to the e n t i r e m e m b e r s h i p
b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y .
I n s t i g a t o r s of, an d p a r t i c i p a n t s in, w i l d c a t s t r i k e s w e r e l i k e w i s e s u b j e c t to s u m
m a r i l y a p p l i e d d i s c i p l i n e in a s m a l l n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n s , on e o f w h ich p l a c e d
th e b u r d e n o f p r o o f o f i n n o c e n c e up o n the a c c u s e d .
T o p r e v e n t p o s s i b l e a b u s e o f s t r i k e b e n e f i t s , th e M u s i c i a n s , f o r e x a m p l e ,
r u l e d th a t t h o s e m e m b e r s who r e c e i v e s t r i k e b e n e f i t s an d who th en a c c e p t a n o t h e r
e n g a g e m e n t f o r w h ich the h o u r s w e r e the s a m e a s t h o s e on the r e g u l a r j o b s h a l l
b y t h e i r a c t i o n a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e s i g n f r o m th e union.
W h e r e the t h r e a t of s e c e s s i o n e x i s t e d , the M in e , M i l l a n d S m e l t e r W o r k
e r s ; B r e w e r y W o r k e r s ; B a k e r y W o r k e r s ; an d G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s , w e r e a u t h o r i z e d
to s u m m a r i l y s u s p e n d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a n d / o r m e m b e r s . A s a g e n e r a l r u l e ,
the l o c a l u n ion w ou ld b e a d m i n i s t e r e d u n d e r a t r u s t e e s h i p a r r a n g e m e n t u n til s u c h
t i m e a s the t h r e a t to s e c e d e w a s d i s s i p a t e d .
R e s o r t to C o u r t s . V i r t u a l l y a l l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s p r o v i d e a n a p p e a l s
p r o c e d u r e f o r an a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m the d e c i s i o n s o f e i t h e r a l o c a l
o r in te rn a tio n al t r i a l body.
If the a g g r i e v e d e l e c t s to l i t i g a t e h i s c o m p l a i n t in
the c o u r t s r a t h e r th a n to fo ll o w the p r e s c r i b e d a p p e a l s m a c h i n e r y , u n d e r the t e r m s
of a n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h e c o u ld b e s u m m a r i l y e x p e l l e d , u s u a l l y b y the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l u n ion . T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ; P a p e r m a k e r s ;
P a c k i n g h o u s e W o r k e r s ; R u b b e r W o r k e r s ; M in e , M i l l an d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ( I n d .) ;
an d the B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s 1 ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l) U n ion p r o v i d e d the n e c e s s a r y
a u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r s u c h c a s e s . T y p i c a l of s u c h p r o v i s i o n s w a s the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e
f r o m the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n ^ c o n s t it u t io n :
If an y s u b o r d i n a t e u n io n o r a n y m e m b e r of a s u b o r d i n a t e u n ion , s h a l l
d i s r e g a r d a n y p r o v i s i o n of the c o n s t i t u t i o n o r l a w s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
19
u n ion p e r t a i n i n g to a p p e a l s . . . , a n d s h a l l s e e k a d j u s t m e n t o r s e t t l e
m e n t o f i t s o r h is c l a i m , d i f f e r e n c e s o r c o n t r o v e r s y b y o r t h r o u g h m e a n s
o f a n y s u i t , a c t i o n o r p r o c e e d i n g s o f a n y k in d o r c h a r a c t e r w h a t s o e v e r
in a n y c o u r t o f la w o r e q u i t y . . . w ith o u t h a v in g f i r s t e x h a u s t e d i t s
o r h is r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r , in a n d b y s a i d c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d l a w s o f
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , s h a l l t h e r e b y b e a u t o m a t i c a l l y e x p e l l e d f r o m the
i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , w ith o u t n o t ic e . . .
T h e T e a m s t e r s 1 (Ind. ) a n d M a i l e r s 1 (Ind. ) c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a m o n g s e v e r a l
o t h e r s , r e q u i r e d the a g g r i e v e d to p o s t a b o n d i f he r e s o r t e d to the c o u r t s .
The
b o n d w o u ld c o v e r the c o s t of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion * s l e g a l e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d
in the c a s e , an d w o u ld b e p a i d , i f the un ion w on , a s a p e n a l t y " i n the n a t u r e
of a fine. n
One a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n b r o a d e n e d the a r e a in w h ic h s u m m a r y d i s
c i p l i n e w o u ld b e a l l o w a b l e f r o m e x h a u s t i o n o f i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d
w ith d i s c i p l i n e to Ma c i v i l a c t i o n o f a n y n a m e o r n a t u r e n a g a i n s t the un ion o r the
em p lo y e rs* a sso c ia tio n .
E l e c t i o n e e r i n g a n d I n t e r n a l P o l i t i c s . E s t a b l i s h i n g r u l e s f o r u n ion e l e c
t i o n s i s an i m p o r t a n t fu n c tio n o f the u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n . G e n e r a l l y , t h e s e r u l e s
a l s o a t t e m p t e d to c o n t r o l the e x c e s s e s o r e x t r e m e s to w h ic h e l e c t i o n e e r i n g an d
p o litics are su sc ep tib le .
O r d i n a r i l y , r u l e v i o l a t i o n s w o u ld b e s u b j e c t to the
t r i a l p r o c e d u r e , but o c c a s i o n a l l y p r o v i s i o n s w e r e fo u n d w h ic h a u t h o r i z e d the u s e
of s u m m a r y d isc ip lin e .
In a n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e , s u m m a r y
d iscip lin e w as a u th o rized w here fa ls e o r r e c k l e s s c h a r g e s w ere file d a g a in st a
c a n d i d a t e o r i n c u m b e n t b y o p p o s i t i o n g r o u p s , c h a r g e s w h ic h w h en b r o u g h t to t r i a l
c o u l d n ot b e s u s t a i n e d . P u n i s h m e n t f o r f a l s e c h a r g e s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e
in t h is c h a p t e r , t o g e t h e r w ith a n u m b e r o f r e l a t e d m a t t e r s .
A d d i t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z e d the u s e o f s u m m a r y d i s
c i p l i n e f o r the f o ll o w in g :
(1) S l a n d e r ; (2) d i s t r i b u t i o n o f u n a u t h o r i z e d o r d i s a p
p r o v e d c i r c u l a r s ( u s u a l l y h a v in g p o l i t i c a l c o n t e n t ) ; a n d (3) f o r m a t i o n o f a " p o l i t i
c a l ” c lu b w h e r e u n ion a f f a i r s c o u l d b e d i s c u s s e d o u t s i d e o f the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g
a n d a w a y f r o m the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g p l a c e . A lth o u g h t h e s e r u l e s w e r e p r e s u m a b l y
d e s i g n e d to c u r b e x c e s s e s o f p o l i t i c a l r i v a l r y in the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the u n ion ,
th e y m i g h t a l s o l e s s e n p o l i t i c a l o p p o s i t i o n .
P erso n al M o ra ls.
D ru n k en n e ss, p ro fa n ity , o r oth er d istu r b a n c e s of
o t h e r w i s e o r d e r l y m e e t i n g s , in s o m e u n io n s w a s s u f f i c i e n t c a u s e f o r s u m m a r y
action .
T y p i c a l l y , a f i r s t o f f e n s e m i g h t d r a w a r e p r i m a n d f r o m the c h a i r , b u t
a s e c o n d a n d t h i r d o f f e n s e , a s i n d i c a t e d in the C a r p e n t e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n , o p e n e d
the d o o r to s u m m a r y a c t i o n :
A n y m e m b e r e n t e r i n g the m e e t i n g in a s t a t e o f i n t o x i c a t i o n , o r who
d i s t u r b s the h a r m o n y t h e r e o f , o r u s e s p r o f a n e o r u n b e c o m i n g l a n g u a g e
d u r i n g the m e e t i n g s h a l l b e a d m o n i s h e d b y the c h a i r , a n d , if the m e m b e r
a g a i n o f f e n d s , s h a l l b e f i n e d 50 c e n t s ; f o r the s e c o n d o f f e n s e , $ 1 a n d e x
c l u d e d f r o m the r o o m ; f o r the t h i r d o f f e n s e the m e m b e r s h a l l b e s u s p e n d e d
f o r 3 m o n th s . . . T h e p r e s i d e n t s h a l l s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e t h is s e c t i o n .
One o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n d e c l a r e d th a t m e m b e r s h i p w o u ld c e a s e
a n d i m m e d i a t e l y " f o r the s a l e o f i n t o x i c a t i n g l i q u o r s .
"fo rth w ith
20
L o s s o f m e m b e r s h i p s i m i l a r l y w a s the s u m m a r y p e n a l t y l e v i e d u n d e r
a fe w p r o v i s i o n s , s u c h a s the O r d e r o f R a i l w a y C o n d u c t o r s an d B r a k e m e n (Ind. ),
f o r o b t a in i n g th a t m e m b e r s h i p u n d e r f a l s e p r e t e n s e s . S t i l l o t h e r u n i o n s , l i k e the
B o o k b i n d e r s , in a d d it i o n to b a n n in g f r o m o f f i c e a n y c a n d i d a t e w ho h a d b e e n fo u n d
g u i l t y o f c o m m i t t i n g a f e l o n y a t a n y t i m e d u r i n g the p r e v i o u s 10 y e a r s , a u t h o r i z e d
the s u m m a r y r e m o v a l o f a n y o f f i c e r g u i l t y o f c o m m i t t i n g a f e lo n y :
. . . s h o u l d an in c u m b e n t o f f i c e r b e c o n v i c t e d o r fo u n d g u i l t y o f
c o m m i t t i n g a f e lo n y , he o r s h e s h a l l c e a s e to h o ld o f f i c e i m m e d i a t e l y ,
a n d s h a l l b e b a r r e d f r o m h o ld in g a n y o f f i c e in a n y s u b o r d i n a t e l o c a l u n io n
o r the I n t e r n a t i o n a l (union).
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e D i s c i p l i n e . T he c a t e g o r y w h e r e a u t h o r i z e d s u m m a r y p r o
c e d u r e w a s m o s t o f te n in v o k e d l a y in the g e n e r a l a r e a o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s c i p l i n e ,
l a r g e l y r e s u l t i n g f r o m the r e q u i r e m e n t s o r d u t i e s o f o f f i c e , a n d the n e c e s s i t y f o r
the s m o o t h o p e r a t i o n a n d i n t e r m e s h i n g o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d l o c a l u n io n a d m i n
i s t r a t i v e m a c h i n e r i e s . A lth o u g h s o m e o f the s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e d e s c r i b e d a p p l i e s
to m e m b e r s , m o s t o f it a p p l i e s to the a c t i v i t i e s o f l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s .
T h e m o s t f r e q u e n t i n t e r n a l r u l e ( a p p e a r i n g , a m o n g o t h e r s , in c o n s t i
tu t i o n s o f the C a r p e n t e r s ; C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s ; M e a t C u t t e r s ; R e t a i l C l e r k s ; S h e e t
M e t a l W o r k e r s ; H od C a r r i e r s ; M in e , M i l l an d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ; a n d L o c o m o t i v e
E n g i n e e r s ) e m p o w e r e d the l o c a l u n io n o r the l o c a l u n io n m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g to
d e c l a r e , v a c a n t a n y o f f i c e w h e r e the in c u m b e n t h a d b e e n a b s e n t f o r two o r t h r e e
co n se cu tiv e m e e tin g s.
A n ew e l e c t i o n m i g h t t a k e p l a c e i m m e d i a t e l y o r m i g h t
o c c u r a t a s u b s e q u e n t m e e t i n g . A s a s a f e g u a r d , m o s t c l a u s e s l i m i t e d the s u m
m a r y a c t i o n to t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e the o f f i c e r h a d no r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e f o r
h is a b s e n c e s .
T y p i c a l i s the p r o v i s i o n in the P a i n t e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n :
I f a n y o f f i c e r f a i l s to d i s c h a r g e the d u t i e s o f h i s o f f i c e f o r t h r e e
c o n s e c u t i v e m e e t i n g s w ith o u t a r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e , the o f f i c e s h a l l b e
d e c l a r e d v a c a n t , a n d an e l e c t i o n to f i l l the s a m e s h a l l t a k e p l a c e a t
the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g .
In a v e r y fe w c a s e s ,
m a r y fin es.
m e m b e r s f a i l i n g to a t t e n d m e e t i n g s w e r e
s u b j e c t to s u m
F o r f a i l i n g to f i le r e p o r t s , the U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s ( I n d . ) ; B r i c k l a y e r s ;
O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s ; a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r the l e v y i n g o f a u t o
m a t i c f i n e s , u s u a l l y n o m i n a l s u m s , a g a i n s t l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s .
T y p i c a l l y , the
d e lin q u e n t r e p o r t s r e f e r r e d to w e r e f i n a n c i a l r e p o r t s , d e e m e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
un ion to b e s o i m p o r t a n t to the c o n tin u o u s p r o t e c t i o n of fu n d s th a t no d e l a y s c o u l d
b e t o l e r a t e d . A c t i o n m i g h t a l s o b e t a k e n if t h e r e w a s a n y undue d e l a y in a n s w e r
in g c o m m u n i c a t i o n s f r o m the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion , o r i f the r e s p o n s i b l e l o c a l un ion
o f f i c e r h a d f a i l e d to f i le r e p o r t s n e c e s s a r y f o r the u n i o n 1 s c o m p l i a n c e w ith p e r
tin e n t F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l l a w s .
trates
T h e fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f r o m the G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s T c o n s t i t u t i o n i l l u s
a co m m o n fo r m of su ch c l a u s e s :
If he f a i l s o r n e g l e c t s to p r e p a r e an d f o r w a r d the s e m i a n n u a l r e p o r t
o f the l o c a l u n io n o r s u c h o t h e r r e p o r t s a s r e q u i r e d , to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r w ith in 10 d a y s a f t e r the l a s t d a y o f e a c h h a l f y e a r ,
he s h a l l b e f i n e d the a m o u n t o f $ 5. F a i l u r e to p a y s u c h fin e w i l l s u b j e c t
h im to s u m m a r y r e m o v a l f r o m o f f i c e .
21
U n d e r o t h e r c l a u s e s , m e m b e r s m i g h t b e s u m m a r i l y f i n e d f o r f a i l u r e to
c a s t a v o te in an e l e c t i o n ; a n e l e c t e d o f f i c e r m i g h t h a v e h is e l e c t i o n s e t a s i d e if
he f a i l e d to a p p e a r f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n ; o r a n o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r m i g h t b e s u m m a r i l y
p u n i s h e d f o r m a k i n g a p p e a l s to o t h e r l o c a l s w ith o u t i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i z a t i o n , o r
f o r f a i l i n g to e n f o r c e a un io n l a w .
J u d i c i a l D i s c i p l i n e . In an a t t e m p t to s a f e g u a r d i n t e r n a l j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s e s
a n d to a s s u r e a f a i r t r i a l , a n u m b e r o f r u l e s h a v e b e e n p r o m u l g a t e d , the v i o
l a t i o n o f w h ic h m i g h t r e s u l t in s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t . T h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t of_ t h e s e
r u l e s w e r e the p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d p r o v i s i o n s d e s i g n e d to p r o t e c t the a c c u s e d a g a i n s t
f a l s e c h a r g e s b y h o ld in g o u t to a f a l s e a c c u s e r the r i s k o f s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t .
A m o n g the u n io n s in v o k in g s u c h p r o c e d u r e s w e r e the T e a m s t e r s ( I n d . ) ; R u b b e r
W o r k e r s ; O il, C h e m i c a l an d A t o m i c W o r k e r s ; B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ; a n d
P a i n t e r s . T h e T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n io n , f o r e x a m p l e , a c t e d in the f o ll o w in g m a n n e r ;
A n y m e m b e r b r i n g i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n o t h e r w h ic h he f a i l s to s u s
t a i n b y p r o p e r e v i d e n c e m a y , b y a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f the u n io n , an d
w ith o u t r e f e r r i n g the m a t t e r to a n y t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , b e c e n s u r e d o r f i n e d
an a m o u n t e q u a l to the e x p e n s e o f the t r i a l , o r b o th c e n s u r e d a n d f i n e d .
In a r e l a t e d a u t h o r i t y , fo u n d in a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t m i g h t
a l s o b e in v o k e d a g a i n s t a n y a c c u s e r who r e f u s e d to s t a t e h is c h a r g e s in w r i t i n g .
S i m i l a r l y , a s m a l l n u m b e r o f p r o v i s i o n s in v o k e d s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t a g a i n s t
a w i t n e s s who i g n o r e d a s u m m o n s to t e s t i f y o r who f a i l e d to g i v e t r u e t e s t i m o n y .
A d e f e n d a n t who r e f u s e d to s t a n d t r i a l m i g h t b e s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d s u m m a r i l y ,
a n d m e m b e r s o f a t r i a l c o m m i t t e who a b s e n t e d t h e m s e l v e s f r o m the t r i a l w ith o u t
g o o d r e a s o n , o r who f a i l e d o r r e f u s e d to v o t e , w e r e a l s o s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y
p u n ish m en t.
U n io n L a w V i o l a t i o n s .
A r a t h e r l a r g e g r o u p o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (46) c o n
t a i n e d d i s c i p l i n e l a n g u a g e th a t a p p e a r e d to e n c o m p a s s v i r t u a l l y the w h o le r a n g e
o f u n ion a c t i v i t y a n d b e h a v i o r w ith o u t b e i n g s p e c i f i c a b o u t a n y s i n g l e v i o l a t i o n .
A lth o u g h in in v o k in g t h e s e Mc a t c h a l l ” c l a u s e s , the e n f o r c i n g a g e n t w o u ld h a v e to
b e s p e c i f i c c o n c e r n i n g the b e h a v i o r d e e m e d to b e in v i o l a t i o n , the b e h a v i o r o r
a c t th a t w o u ld b e v i o l a t i v e w o u ld n ot b e known to m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s e x c e p t
t h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e an d c u s t o m . S u c h c l a u s e s w e r e d i r e c t e d to l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s
m o r e o f te n th a n to r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s . E m p l o y i n g s u c h p r o v i s o s w e r e s o m e
o f the l a r g e r t r a d e u n io n s in c lu d in g the C a r p e n t e r s ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l
W o r k e r s ; H o d C a r r i e r s ; M a i n t e n a n c e o f W ay E m p l o y e s ; R e t a i l C l e r k s ; a n d U n it e d
M in e W o r k e r s (Ind. ). T h e f o ll o w in g e x a m p l e s a r e d r a w n f r o m the A l l i e d I n d u s
t r i a l W o r k e r s , a n d the S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y a n d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s *
co n stitu tio n s;
T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l , a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n in p e r s o n o r
t h r o u g h a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , h a v e the p o w e r to s u m m a r i l y e x p e l o r s u s p e n d
m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r d i n a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r v i o l a t i o n o f the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n , L o c a l U nion b y l a w s , o r L o c a l U n io n c o n t r a c t s ,
o r f o r s u c h o t h e r c a u s e s w h ic h a r e d e e m e d s u f f i c i e n t b y h im to r e q u i r e
p r o m p t a n d i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n on h is p a r t . A n y s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r
s u s p e n d e d b y the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l h av e the r i g h t to a p p e a l .
>!< * *
T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r i t y to d e a l w ith o f f i c e r s
o f a L o c a l D i v i s i o n f o r r e f u s a l to c a r r y out l a w s an d p o l i c i e s o f the
A s s o c i a t i o n • . . T h e l o c a l d i v i s i o n o r l o c a l o f f i c e r th u s s u s p e n d e d s h a l l
h a v e the r i g h t to a p p e a l to the f o ll o w in g C o n v e n tio n . . .
22
A s m a l l n u m b er of r e la te d c l a u s e s e m p o w ered s u m m a r y su sp e n sio n of o f f ic e r s
an d m e m b e r s Mf o r c a u s e " o r r e m o v a l o f an o f f i c e r f o r " n e g l e c t of duty. "
O t h e r S u m m a r y D i s c i p l i n e P r o v i s i o n s . O v e r a f o u r t h of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s
p r o v i d i n g f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e r e l a t e d the s u m m a r y a c t i o n to the e s t a b l i s h m e n t
of a t r u st e e s h ip .
O r d i n a r i l y a t r u s t e e s h i p i s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e
o f f i c e r f o r a n y on e o f a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s , and th e l o c a l i s a d m i n i s t e r e d b y h i s
a p p o in t e d t r u s t e e . T h e t r u s t e e u s u a l l y i s g iv e n the p o w e r to c o n tin u e th e o f f i c e r s
in o f f i c e , o r to s u s p e n d th e m . T h e s u b s e q u e n t h e a r i n g o r t r i a l i s c o n c e r n e d w ith
th e p r o p r i e t y o f the t r u s t e e s h i p and i t s c o n t in u a n c e , n ot w ith th e s u s p e n d e d s t a t u s
o f the o f f i c e r s . S i n c e t r u s t e e s h i p s and the g r o u n d s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t r u s t e e s h i p s
h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d f u l l y in o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s , 19 t h e s e m a t t e r s a r e
o n ly n o te d h e r e in r e l a t i o n to s u m m a r y a c t i o n .
A lth o u g h m a n y u n io n s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y b a r r e d m e m b e r s h i p to C o m m u n i s t s
o r to m e m b e r s o f s u b v e r s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a fe w p r o v i d e d , l i k e the B r o t h e r h o o d
o f M a i n t e n a n c e o f W ay E m p l o y e s , th a t i f C o m m u n i s t s w e r e d i s c o v e r e d in the
r a n k s , th e y w o u ld b e " f o r t h w i t h an d p r o m p t l y e x p e l l e d . " One l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n
m a d e a r e f u s a l to c o m p l y w ith the n o n - C o m m u n i s t a f f i d a v i t r e q u i r e m e n t o f the
L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e l a t i o n s A c t of 1947 ( s i n c e e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h is a c t) s u f
fic ie n t gro u n d s fo r s u m m a r y action .
Two ad d itio n al p r o v is io n s e m p o w e re d e x
e c u t i v e s to m o v e s u m m a r i l y a g a i n s t m e m b e r s who h a d n ot s o u g h t c i t i z e n s h i p
w ith in a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e a f t e r h a v in g b e e n c o n d i t i o n a l l y a d m i t t e d to m e m b e r s h i p .
A p p e a ls F r o m S u m m a r y A ction
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e i m p l i e s th a t t h e r e i s no r e c o u r s e to a h e a r i n g b e f o r e
p u n i s h m e n t i s v i s i t e d up o n the a c c u s e d m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r — it i s a n e m e r g e n c y
m e a s u r e . T h e v e r y n a t u r e o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , w hen t a k e n f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r
th an the n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e s u s p e n s i o n an d
e x p u l s i o n a r e a v a i l a b l e a s p e n a l t i e s , w ou ld s e e m to r e q u i r e p r o v i s i o n s f o r a
l a t e r a p p e a l o r re v ie w p r o c e d u r e , e s p e c ia lly sin c e s u m m a r y a c tio n s m a y be taken
in an e m o t i o n a l l y c h a r g e d a t m o s p h e r e , j u d g m e n t s m a y be o p e n to e r r o r , an d s o m e
o f the g r o u n d s f o r s u m m a r y a c t i o n le n d t h e m s e l v e s to p o l i t i c a l u s e .
U n d e r an a p p e a l s s y s t e m , the a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r i s g iv e n the r i g h t to
i n i t i a t e a c t i o n in h i s own d e f e n s e a g a i n s t the p r e c e d i n g s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e o f an
e x e c u t i v e o r e x e c u t i v e b o d y . A u t o m a t i c r e v i e w i m p l i e s th a t a n y s u m m a r y a c t i o n
i s s u b j e c t to r e v i e w c o n c e r n i n g i t s p r o p r i e t y a u t o m a t i c a l l y , w ith o ut a n y a c t i o n
n e c e s s a r y by th e a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r .
C o n c e i v a b l y , u n d e r an a p p e a l s
p r o c e d u r e a m e m b e r m a y f o r e g o r e e x a m i n a t i o n of the a c t i o n a g a i n s t h i m by n ot
in i t ia t i n g the a p p e a l , w h ile u n d e r a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w a l l a c t i o n s c o m e u n d e r s c r u t i n y .
In the a b s e n c e o f i n t e r n a l a p p e a l s m a c h i n e r y , the o n ly r e c o u r s e o f the
a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r o r l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r i s in the c o u r t s .
Sin ce litigatio n is
c o s t l y and s lo w , r e s o r t to c o u r t s r e m a i n s a d o u b tfu l r e m e d y , an d m o r e o v e r , it
m a y b e a n t i t h e t i c a l to the p r i n c i p l e s o f the a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r .
19
U n io n C o n s t i t u t i o n P r o v i s i o n s : T r u s t e e s h i p ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1263 1959) a
U n io n T r u s t e e s h i p s , a r e p o r t of the S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r to the C o n g r e s s u p o n the
o p e r a t i o n o f T i t l e III o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t t o
g e t h e r w ith a s t u d y b y the B u r e a u of L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t s ( S e p t e m b e r 196 2 ).
23
L e s s th a n h a l f o f the 123 c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t p r o v i d e d f o r s u m m a r y d i s
c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s a l s o p r o v i d e d
fo r a p p e a ls o r r e v ie w s a f e g u a r d s (tab le II-8 ).
In c o n t r a s t , v i r t u a l l y e v e r y on e
o f t h e s e s a m e 123 c o n s t i t u t i o n s i n c l u d e d a s y s t e m of a p p e a l s f r o m the d e c i s i o n s
o f t r i a l b o d i e s a lo n g w ith a v a r i e t y of a d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s c o n t a in e d in the t r i a l
p ro c ed u re itse lf.
T a b le II—8. S p e c ifie d Provisions for A pp ealin g Sum m ary A ctions,
N ation al and In ternational Union C onstitutions, Early 19611
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
App e al prov is io ns
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
M em bers
Unions
Unions
M em bers
Constitutions providing for sum m ary
d isciplin e -------------------------------------------------
123
12, 2 4 6 .3
96
9 ,8 1 5 . 1
27
2, 4 3 1 .3
Constitutions providing for ap p eals -----------------A pp eal -------------------------------------------------A u tom atic r e v i e w -----------------------------------A pp eal and au to m atic r e v i e w --------------------Only certain actions review ed ------------------Constitutions not providing for a p p e a l s -------------
56
50
4
1
1
2 67
7 ,5 9 6 .8
7, 062. 9
3 1 9 .3
1 2 4 .6
9 0 .0
4, 6 4 9 .6
48
43
3
1
1
48
7, 3 8 8 .9
6 ,8 5 5 .4
3 1 8 .9
1 2 4 .6
9 0 .0
2, 426. 2
8
7
1
2 0 7 .9
2 0 7 .5
.4
-
-
-
-
19
2, 2 2 3 .3
1 A p p eal provisions sp e c ific a lly related to sum m ary action ; does not include g en eral ap p eal clau ses d ealin g with
tr ia l decisions.
2 A ll but 1 constitution provided for ap p eal from tria l d ecision s.
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equal to tals.
A n a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e i n i t i a t e d b y the m e m b e r o r l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r w a s
th e p r e v a l e n t s a f e g u a r d in t h o s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g a p p e a l s o r r e v i e w s y s t e m s
f r o m s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e . In s o m e c a s e s the a p p e a l h ad to b e in w r i t i n g , w h ile
in o t h e r s the f o r m o f a p p e a l r e m a i n e d u n s p e c i f i e d .
T h e t i m e in w h ic h a p p e a l s
c o u ld be i n i t i a t e d r a n g e d f r o m 10 to 30 d a y s but, a g a i n , a n u m b e r of the c o n s t i
tu tio n s l e f t t i m e l i m i t s u n s p e c i f i e d e x c e p t to s t a t e th a t a p p e a l c o u ld b e m a d e
to the " n e x t " g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m e e t i n g o r c o n v e n t io n .
Under so m e p r o
c e d u r e s l i m i t s w e r e a l s o s e t on the t i m e f o r h e a r i n g a p p e a l s o n c e the p r o
c e d u r e w a s in v o k e d . A l l s t e p s of the a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e in v o l v in g t r i a l d e c i s i o n
m i g h t b e f o ll o w e d , o r s o m e m i g h t b e b y p a s s e d in the i n t e r e s t of a s p e e d y f i n a l
dete rm in atio n .
I llu s tr a tiv e of so m e of th e se c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
p r o v i s i o n s o f the B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s :
is
the
f o ll o w in g
a p p ea ls
A n y a c t i o n u n d e r t h is s e c t i o n s h a l l b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y ,
bu t an y . . . o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s s o s u s p e n d e d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t
to a p p e a l f r o m s a i d d e c i s i o n in w r it i n g w ithin 10 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r to the
g e n e r a l e x ecu tiv e b o a rd .
T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l g r a n t the
a c c u s e d a f u l l h e a r i n g w ith in 30 d a y s a f t e r s a i d s u s p e n s i o n i f a n a p p e a l
is so filed .
24
I n t e r e s t i n g l y , th e N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n ion e x c e p t s f r o m i t s a p p e a l s p r o
v i s i o n s t h o s e o f f i c e r s fo u n d " g u i l t y by a n y c o u r t o f l a w . . . o f c o m m i t t i n g
o f f e n s e s i n v o l v in g p o s s e s s i o n , s a l e , o r u s e o f n a r c o t i c s o r fo u n d g u i l t y o f r o b
b e ry , m u r d e r , o r any oth er c r im e s c o n sid e re d fe lo n ie s, n
In a fe w a d d i t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n s , s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n
n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s w a s s u b j e c t to a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w o r to b o th
a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w a n d a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e , a s i l l u s t r a t e d b y th e f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n
f r o m th e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y an d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s :
T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d * s a c t in s u s p e n d i n g . . .
a local d i
v i s i o n o f f i c e r . . . s h a l l b e f u ll y r e p o r t e d to th e c o n v e n t io n i m m e d i a t e l y
su c c e e d in g su ch action .
T h e . • . l o c a l o f f i c e r th u s s u s p e n d e d s h a l l
h a v e th e r i g h t to a p p e a l to the fo ll o w in g c o n v e n t io n an d h a v e the c a s e
f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d an d a c t e d u p o n b y the c o n v e n t io n , the a c t i o n o f the c o n
v e n t i o n to b e f i n a l in the d i s p o s i t i o n o f s u c h c a s e s • • .
It s h o u ld b e r e c o g n i z e d th a t t h is s t u d y d e a l s w ith f o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n
p r o v i s i o n s . M e a n s o f a p p e a l m i g h t e x i s t a m o n g t h o s e u n io n s h a v in g n e i t h e r a p p e a l
n o r r e v i e w of s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t . M o r e o v e r , in a n u m b e r o f s i t u a t i o n s , s u m
m a r y d i s c i p l i n e m a y n ot b e o f m a j o r s i g n i f i c a n c e ; th a t i s , th e l e v y in g o f s m a l l
f i n e s f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o v e r s i g h t s by l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s m a y b e in v o l v e d , r a t h e r
th a n s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n in w h ich r i g h t s of m e m b e r s an d i n t e r n a l u n io n p o l i
cies a r e at is s u e .
Chapter III. Grounds for Discipline Requiring Trial o f Local
Union Officers and Members
T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith the g r o u n d s u p o n w h ich t r i a l s c o u ld b e i n i t i a t e d
a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l s .
A fte r a co n sid e ra tio n of g e n e r a l grounds fo r
d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , the v a r i o u s t y p e s o f s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s a r e s e t f o r t h and a n a
ly zed .
T h e c l o s i n g s e c t i o n d i f f e r e n t i a t e s b e t w e e n t h o s e g r o u n d s w h ich m a y r e s u l t
in t r i a l s a t the l o c a l l e v e l an d a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion l e v e l .
T h e g r o u n d s f o r w h ich d i s c i p l i n e c o u ld be i m p o s e d a t e i t h e r the l o c a l o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion l e v e l w e r e s p e c i f i e d in a l l but f o u r of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a i n
in g t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s ( t a b le I I I - l ) .
T h e s e p r o v is io n s d efin ed and fo r b a d e conduct
th a t i n t e r f e r e d w ith the o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ l e g a l an d c o n t r a c t u a l o b l i g a t i o n s o r th a t w a s
o t h e r w i s e i n i m i c a l to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the u n ion .
T y p i c a l l y , un ion c o n s t i t u
t i o n s p r o h i b i t e d b o th m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s f r o m e n g a g i n g in the p r o s c r i b e d
c o n d u c t.
S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s, h ow ever, p ro v id e d ad d ition al grou n ds fo r lo c a l
o f f i c e r s ; and a fe w s p e c i f i e d w h o lly d i f f e r e n t a n d d i s t i n c t g r o u n d s .
T h ese offen ses
w e r e u s u a l l y r e l a t e d to o f f i c i a l d u t i e s , s u c h a s f a i l i n g to f i l e r e q u i r e d r e p o r t s ,
o r n ot fo ll o w in g d i r e c t i v e s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s .
T a b le III—1. Provisions R eferring to Grounds for D isciplin in g M em bers and L ocal O fficers at Local or
International Union Levels, by Persons A ffe cte d and A ffiliatio n , N ation al and International
Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
Unions
Constitutions referring to g ro u n d s-------Som e grounds for m em bers and
and lo c a l o f f i c e r s ---------------------Som e grounds ap p lic a b le to both
m em bers and o fficers; others
a p p lic a b le only to one or the
o t h e r -------------- ------------------------Different grounds a p p lic ab le to
m em bers and lo c a l o f f i c e r s ---------O th e r ----------------------------------------Constitutions not referring to g rou n d s----
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
T y p e of provisions
A ll constitutions providing for tria l
at the lo c a l or international l e v e l -----
A ffiliatio n
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
156
1 6 ,9 1 7 .9
121
14, 2 2 5 .6
35
2, 692. 3
152
1 6 ,7 4 6 . 1
117
14, 0 5 3 .8
35
2, 692. 3
99
9 ,6 7 3 .7
78
8, 6 5 0 .8
21
1 ,0 2 2 .9
40
6 , 594. 9
30
4, 948. 2
10
1, 6 4 6 .6
9
14
4
4 2 6 .6
5 0 .9
171. 8
6
3
4
4 1 1 .8
4 2 .9
1 7 1 .8
3
1
-
1 4 .8
8.0
-
1 Under 2 constitutions, grounds for d isciplin ing lo c a l officers were sp e cifie d , but no referen ce was m ad e to
grounds a p p lic a b le to m em bers; and under 2 constitutions, grounds ap p lied only to m em bers, there being no lo c a l officers
in the usual sense.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
A lth o u g h e a c h c o n s t i t u t i o n t y p i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d a n u m b e r o f s p e c i f i c o f
f e n s e s , the v a r i a t i o n a m o n g c o n s t i t u t i o n s w a s g r e a t , b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s in
em p h asis.
T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s , n o r m a l l y s c a t t e r e d th r o u g h o u t the c o n s t it u t io n ,
r a n g e d f r o m s i m p l e i n s t r u c t i o n s to e l a b o r a t e c l a u s e s th a t d e f i n e d e a c h e l e m e n t
o f the p r o s c r i b e d c o n d u c t.
25
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 3
26
Of the f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t c o n t a in e d no s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e to p u n i s h a b l e
c o n d u c t , two m e r e l y a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l u n io n s to e s t a b l i s h t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ; one
s p e c i f i e d th e d u t i e s of m e m b e r s h i p but d id not r e l a t e t h e s e o b l i g a t i o n s to d i s c i
p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s ; an d one c o n s t i t u t i o n ^ s o l e r e f e r e n c e to p u n i s h a b l e c o n d u c t
w a s in a c l a u s e p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l " i f s u f f i c i e n t g r o u n d s a r e fo un d. "
G e n e ra l G rounds
E v e r y c o n s t i t u t i o n th a t c o n t a in e d a r e f e r e n c e to g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e
p r o v i d e d a t l e a s t one g e n e r a l o r " c a t c h a l l " p r o h i b i t i o n th a t d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y d e
fin e the b e h a v i o r o u t l a w e d ( t a b le I I I - 2 ) .
In 13 u n i o n s , t h e s e g e n e r a l c l a u s e s w e r e
the o n ly ty p e fo un d, w h ile in 139 c o n s t i t u t i o n s th e y w e r e a d d e d to o t h e r p r o h i b i
t i o n s , m o r e s p e c i f i c in n a t u r e .
T a b le III—2.
T y pes of Grounds for T r ia l of M em bers and L o cal O fficers at the L o cal or International
Level, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
T y pe of grounds
AFL -CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
U n affiliated
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions providing for tria l at
the lo c a l or international l e v e l ----------
156
1 6 ,9 1 7 .9
121
14, 2 2 5 .6
35
2, 692. 3
Constitutions referring to g ro u n d s-------S p e c ific and gen eral g ro u n d s---------G en eral g ro u n d s--------------------------Constitutions not referring to grou nds----
152
139
13
4
1 6 ,7 4 6 . 1
16, 2 6 2 .8
483. 3
1 7 1 .8
117
107
10
4
14, 0 5 3 .8
13, 5 8 1 .5
4 7 2 .3
1 7 1 .8
35
32
3
-
2 ,6 9 2 .3
2, 6 8 1 .3
11.0
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
C e r t a i n g e n e r a l p r o h i b i t i o n s , in p r a c t i c e , c o u l d b e a s d e f in it e an d p r e c i s e
a s a s p e c i f i c p r o h ib it io n .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the o f f e n s e m o s t p r e v a l e n t l y c i t e d o r
p r o s c r i b e d , " v i o l a t e the c o n s t it u t io n , " c o u ld b e d e f i n e d b y r e f e r e n c e to s p e c i f i c
co n stitu tio n al p r o v is io n s .
O th e r g e n e r a l p h r a s e s s u c h a s " c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a
m e m b e r " o r " b r i n g i n g the un ion into d i s r e p u t e " w e r e p e r h a p s f a r l e s s d e t e r m i n a t e .
A lt h o u g h th e y m i g h t p r o s c r i b e c o n d u c t u n i v e r s a l l y d e n o u n c e d , j u s t a s a m u n i c i p a l
o r d i n a n c e f o r b i d s " d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t, " m e m b e r s w o u ld not know , e x c e p t p e r h a p s
t h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e , p r e c i s e l y w h at c o n d u c t e v o k e s a p e n a l t y .
O th e r e q u a l l y b r o a d
but l e s s p r e v a l e n t c a t c h a l l c l a u s e s p r o h i b i t e d " m a l f e a s a n c e , m i s f e a s a n c e o r n o n
f e a s a n c e , " v i o l a t i n g the " d u t i e s , o b l i g a t i o n s , an d f e a l t y o f a m e m b e r , " an d " a n y
d ish o n o ra b le act. "
E v e n in t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith in d e fin i t e c l a u s e s , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e
o f te n o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s of s u c h a n a t u r e a s to f o s t e r s p e c i f i c i t y .
F i r s t , a fe w
c o n s t i t u t i o n s d e f in e d s o m e of the e l e m e n t s o f the i n d e f in i t e p r o h i b i t i o n , a s , f o r
e x a m p l e , th a t of the C e m e n t W o r k e r s :
A n y . . . m e m b e r . . . c i r c u l a t i n g . . . an y f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s
statem en t . . .
o r who a d v o c a t e s . . . an y d u a l l a b o r m o v e m e n t o r
who v i o l a t e s the p r o v i s i o n s of th e C o n s t it u t i o n . . . s h a l l . . .
be
d e e m e d g u il t y of c o n d u c t u n b e c o m in g a m e m b e r . . .
27
S e c o n d , m a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s g u a r d e d a g a i n s t a r b i t r a r y u s e of g e n e r a l c l a u s e s b y
r e q u i r i n g a l l c h a r g e s to s t a t e the p a r t i c u l a r s of the c o n d u c t a l l e g e d to c o n s t i t u t e
the g e n e r a l o f f e n s e .
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 of e v e r y 10 m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to t r i a l a t the
l o c a l l e v e l u n d e r a g e n e r a l c l a u s e w e r e p r o t e c t e d b y t h is ty p e o f r e q u i r e m e n t ; 20
a n d n e a r l y h a l f o f the m e m b e r s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y s u b j e c t to t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
l e v e l e n j o y e d the s a m e p r o t e c t i o n .
T h ese sp e c ific ity re q u ire m e n ts u su a lly a p
p e a r e d in c o n n e c t io n w ith c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s
( d i s c u s s e d m o r e f u ll y in c h a p t e r IV ).
T h e f o ll o w in g c l a u s e i l l u s t r a t e s th is
re la tio n sh ip :
A c h a r g e . . . th a t a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s h a v e v i o l a t e d th is c o n
s t i t u t i o n o r e n g a g e d in c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r o f the U nion m u s t
b e s p e c i f i c a l l y s e t f o r t h in w r i t i n g an d s i g n e d b y the m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s
m a k i n g the c h a r g e s .
T h e c h a r g e s m u s t s t a t e the e x a c t n a t u r e of the
a l l e g e d o f f e n s e o r o f f e n s e s an d , if p o s s i b l e , the p e r i o d of t i m e d u r i n g
w h ich the o f f e n s e o r o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d l y to o k p l a c e .
(A u to m o b ile W o rk e rs)
A s d e s c r i b e d l a t e r in the s t u d y , c h a r g e s b a s e d on g e n e r a l c l a u s e s h a v e
to w it h s t a n d the s c r u t i n y o f a t r i a l b o d y and, in n e a r l y a l l u n i o n s , one o r m o r e
a p p ella te re v ie w s.
T h u s , a lth o u g h t h e s e g e n e r a l c l a u s e s m a y s e e m v a g u e , the
d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e , in i t s e n t i r e t y , m a y s e r v e to in h ib it the i m p o s i t i o n of
p e n a l t i e s f o r i n d e f in i t e r e a s o n s .
S p ecific O ffen ses.
T h e u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d c o n t a in e d a v a r i e t y of
sp e c ific p un ish able o ffe n se s.
A lt h o u g h t h e r e w a s s o m e s i m i l a r i t y in the s c o p e of
o f f e n s e s l i s t e d , no s i n g l e s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e a p p e a r e d in a m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s
( t a b l e I I I - 3 ) . A n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e d to t h is v a r i a t i o n a m o n g c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
E a c h u n io n *s u n iq u e e x p e r i e n c e s , i n t e r n a l c o n f l i c t s , p a r t i c u l a r j o b - r e l a t e d p r o b
l e m s , a n d , to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , e m p h a s i s on p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e un ion o b j e c t i v e s ,
w e r e r e f l e c t e d in d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s .
F o r e x a m p l e , c r a f t u n io n s e m p h a s i z e d
the p r o h i b i t i o n o f c o n d u c t g iv i n g r i s e to j o b - r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s , a s i l l u s t r a t e d in
the fo ll o w in g p h r a s e s :
. . . e n g a g e in s p e e d , r e c o r d o r o t h e r c o n t e s t s .
T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n io n )
. . . the s e l l i n g of a p a s s
m e n and E n g in em e n )
.
.
.
.
.
(In tern ation al
(B ro th erh o o d of L o c o m o tiv e F i r e
. . . u s e o f c h r o m i c a c i d . . . ( A m a l g a m a t e d L i t h o g r a p h e r s of
A m e r i c a , Ind. )
B a n s on s i g n i n g y e l l o w - d o g c o n t r a c t s ( o u t l a w e d b y the N o r r i s - L a G u a r d i a
A c t o f 1932) a n d on b e in g a c o m p a n y s p y , r e m n a n t s of an e a r l i e r t u r b u l e n t e r a in
A m e r i c a n l a b o r h i s t o r y , w e r e found in a n u m b e r of o l d e r u n i o n s .
P e r h a p s in
t r i b u t e to i t s f o r m e r G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y 21 who i s g e n e r a l l y c r e d i t e d with the i d e a
f o r o b s e r v i n g L a b o r D a y , the C a r p e n t e r s * c o n s t it u t io n a u t h o r i z e d f i n e s f o r m e m
b e r s who r e f u s e to p a r a d e on th a t h o l i d a y .
20 T h i s ty p e of p r o t e c t i o n h a s s i n c e b e c o m e c o m p u l s o r y u n d e r S e c t i o n 101(a)
(5) o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 1959 (73 S t a t . 523)
w h ich p r o v i d e s :
No m e m b e r o f a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y be f i n e d , s u s p e n d e d ,
e xp elled , or o th erw ise d isc ip lin e d ex c ep t fo r nonpaym ent of dues by
su ch o rg a n iz atio n o r by any o ffic e r th e reo f u n le ss su ch m e m b e r has
b e e n (A) s e r v e d w ith w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s ; (B ) g i v e n a r e a s o n a
b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e ; (C) a f f o r d e d a f u ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g .
21 P e t e r J . M c G u i r e , f i r s t g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y of the u n ion , e l e c t e d to o f f i c e
in 1881.
T h e f i r s t L a b o r D a y c e l e b r a t i o n w a s h e l d in N e w Y o r k C ity on S e p t e m
b e r 5, 1 882.
28
T a b le III—3.
P revalence of S e le c te d O ffenses Punishable Under N ation al and
In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
O ffenses
N um ber o f unions
A ll constitutions providing grounds 1
152
G en eral g rou n d s---------------------------------------------------V iolation of the c o n stitu tio n -----------------------------C onduct unbecom ing a m e m b e r -----------------------Bring the union into d isr e p u te --------------------------F in an cial -----------------------------------------------------------M isa p p ro p r ia tio n ---------------------------------------------Fraud ------------------------------------------------------------Job d iscip lin e ----------------------------------------------------V iolation of co lle c tiv e a g r e e m e n t --------------------V io latio n of work r u l e s -----------------------------------Injure fellow w o rk e rs--------------------------------------Union l o y a l t y ----------------------------------------------------D ual unionism ----------------------------------------------Secession ------------------------------------------------------S t r ik e b r e a k in g ------------------------------------------------D isclosure of union s e c r e t s -------------------------------Subversive a ctiv ity or s u p p o r t --------------------------F ailu re to exhaust internal r e m e d i e s -----------------E le c tio n e e r in g ----------------------------------------------------D istribution of unauthorized or slanderous m ate rial
F alsify in g b allo ts -------------------------------------------M oral ---------------------------------------------------------------D ru n k en n ess---------------------------------------------------F e l o n y ----------------------------------------------------------- 1
152
114
42
15
85
56
28
99
54
47
31
124
41
46
37
26
43
64
66
60
9
37
16
4
1 N onadditive.
D i f f e r i n g e m p h a s i s on p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e u n ion o b j e c t i v e s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by
the p r o v i s i o n s d e a l i n g w ith v i o l a t i o n of un ion l a b e l p o l i c y in the f o ll o w in g two
co n stitu tio n s:
A n y m e m b e r b u y in g . . . w ithout the l a b e l , w hen the l a b e l c a n b e
h a d , s h a l l b e f in e d two d o l l a r s .
(M e ta l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and
H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union)
M e m b e r s who p e r m i t l a b e l s to d r o p on the f l o o r an d r e m a i n t h e r e
s h a l l b e fi n e d o r e x p e l l e d . . . ( U n it e d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a )
T h e B o i l e r m a k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n d e a l t in d r a s t i c t e r m s w ith a t r a d e p r a c
t i c e to w h ich s o m e u n io n s t a k e no e x c e p t i o n :
T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d s t a n d s f o r the a b o l i s h m e n t of p i e c e
w o r k , p r e m i u m , m e r i t , t a s k , o r c o n t r a c t s y s t e m s . M e m b e r s w ho m a y b e
foun d g u il t y of a g i t a t i n g K or] o r e n c o u r a g i n g a n y o f t h e s e s y s t e m s s h a l l b e
l i a b l e to e x p u l s i o n ; and a n y s u c h p r a c t i c e s s h a l l be e n t i r e l y a b o l i s h e d a s
soon a s p o s s ib le .
E a c h c a s e m a y b e i n v e s t i g a t e d b y the e x e c u t i v e c o u n
c i l a n d a d a t e s e t f o r the a b o l i s h m e n t of s u c h p r a c t i c e w h en it s h a l l b e
deem ed ad v isab le.
M o s t t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s c o n t a in e d a t l e a s t one p r o h i b i t i o n f o r e a c h o f the
m a jo r c a te g o r ie s studied.
T r a d i t i o n a l un ion i n t e r e s t s , s u c h a s f i n a n c i a l i n t e g r i t y ,
jo b b e h a v i o r a p p r o p r i a t e to a un ion m e m b e r , u n ion l o y a l t y , an d a n t i e l e c t i o n e e r i n g
29
a c t i v i t i e s , w e r e t y p i c a l l y g u a r d e d by d i s c i p l i n a r y s a n c t i o n s . T h i r t y - s e v e n c o n s t i
t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g o v e r s i x m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , a l s o in v o k e d s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t i m
m o r a l b e h a v i o r ( d e fin e d in s o c i a l a s w e l l a s p la n t s a f e t y t e r m s ) .
N e a r l y a l l p r o h i b i t i o n s , a s w r i t t e n , a p p l i e d w ith e q u a l f o r c e to m e m b e r s
and lo c a l o f f ic e r s (tab le III-4).
Within e a c h c a t e g o r y o f s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e s , h o w
e v e r , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of the p r o h i b i t i o n to m e m b e r s
o r to l o c a l o f f i c e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , o f 124 u n io n s s p e c i f y i n g u n i o n - l o y a l t y o f f e n s e s ,
122 w e r e a p p l i c a b l e to m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , 1 to m e m b e r s o n ly , a n d 1 to
l o c a l o f f i c e r s o n ly.
T a b le III-—4.
Persons Su b ject to T r ia l at the L o cal or International Level on S e le c te d Grounds,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands^
T y p e of grounds
Persons su bject to
d iscip lin e
F in an cial
Job d iscip lin e
Union lo y alty
Unions M embers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers
A ll constitutions providing
sp e c ific g r o u n d s ------------Constitutions referring to
sp e c ifie d offense -----------M em bers and lo c a l
o f f i c e r s --------------------M e m b e r s--------------------L o cal o f f i c e r s --------------C onstitutions not referring
to sp e cifie d g ro u n d s--------
E lectioneering
M oral
Unions M em bers Unions M em bers
139
16, 262. 8
139
1 6 ,2 6 2 .8
139
1 6 ,2 6 2 .8
139
1 6 ,2 6 2 .8
85
12, 7 8 1 .8
99
1 3 ,8 9 2 .9
124
1 5 ,8 2 5 .8
66
9, 565. 4
37
6 , 109. 6
77
1
7
1 1 ,9 1 9 .5
1 3 ,6 9 5 .3
4 0 .0
1 5 7 .7
122
1
1
1 5 ,6 2 8 . 1
4 0 .0
1 5 7 .7
63
3
6, 0 6 9 .6
4 0 .0
-
9, 203. 4
362. 1
-
36
8 6 1 .2
97
1
1
54
3, 4 8 1 .0
40
2, 369. 8
15
4 3 7 .0
73
6, 697. 4
1.0
139 1 6 ,2 6 2 .8
1
-
-
102 10, 1 5 3 .2
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
F in an cial.
T h e c u s t o d y an d c o n t r o l o f u n ion fu n d s an d p r o p e r t y w e r e
r e g u l a t e d in 85 un io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e g r o u n d s f o r in v o k in g d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o
c e d u re s fo r fin an cial m isco n d u ct by a lo ca l o ffic e r or m e m b e r w ere u su a lly state d
a s ' ' m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n 1' o r " d e f r a u d i n g . "
M i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n c o n c e r n e d th e ft o r
e m b e z z l e m e n t , w h ile d e f r a u d i n g , a lt h o u g h s o m e t i m e s u s e d s y n o n y m o u s l y , o r d i
n a r ily m e a n t frau d u len t o r f a ls e a p p lic atio n s fo r s tr ik e , sic k , o r death b e n e fits.
One c o n s t i t u t i o n a p p l i e d the t e r m " d e f r a u d i n g " to m i s d e a l i n g in b a l l a n d p i c n i c
tic k e t s , and a n o th e r s p e c ifie d p a s s i n g b ad ch e ck s a s a p u n ish a b le fr a u d . T y p ic a lly ,
h o w e v e r , t h is offen& e w a s r e f e r r e d to in the f o ll o w in g c o n t e x t :
T h e b a s i s f o r c h a r g e s . . . s h a l l c o n s i s t o f . . . d e f r a u d i n g the
. . . u n io n . . .
of m on ey o r p r o p e r ty ; o r d raw in g and a c c e p tin g any
b e n e f i t s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n to w h ic h he o r s h e i s n ot e n t it le d .
( A m e r i c a n B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union)
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s o u t l a w e d " r a c k e t e e r i n g , " a n d o t h e r s p r o h i b i t e d b r i b e r y .
F o r e x a m p l e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r i c k l a y e r s p r o v i d e d :
A n y . . . o f f i c e r foun d g u il t y of a c c e p t i n g a n y b r i b e o r p r e s e n t f r o m
an y c o r p o r a t i o n , c o n t r a c t o r , o r a s s o c i a t i o n s h a l l b e . . . fi n e d . . . s u s
pended . . .
o r e xp e lle d .
30
Jo b D isc ip lin e .
N in e t y - n i n e of the t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d c o n t a i n e d a t
l e a s t one s p e c i f i c p r o h i b i t i o n on c e r t a i n j o b - r e l a t e d b e h a v i o r , a n d a t h i r d o f t h e s e
c o n t a i n e d m o r e th a n one s u c h p r o s c r i p t i o n . F i f t y - f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d s a n c
t i o n s to e n f o r c e un ion o b l i g a t i o n s u n d e r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t s .
T hese
s a n c t i o n s w e r e c o m m o n l y e x p r e s s e d a s g e n e r a l p r o h i b i t i o n s on ' V i o l a t i n g the e s
t a b l i s h e d un ion c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t , n " w i l l f u l f a i l u r e to o b s e r v e the
p r o v i s i o n s o f a n a g r e e m e n t , " o r " a c t i n g in a n y w i s e to c i r c u m v e n t , d e f e a t , o r
i n t e r f e r e " w ith an a g r e e m e n t .
A fe w of t h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s w e r e not a s b r o a d in
s c o p e , an d d e a l t on ly with p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e s of the c o l l e c t i v e a g r e e m e n t :
A n y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r o f a l o c a l un ion i n t e r f e r i n g in a n y m a n n e r
d e t r i m e n t a l to the s u c c e s s f u l c o n c l u s i o n of a g r i e v a n c e s h a l l be s u b j e c t
to e x p u l s i o n . . .
A l s o i n c l u d e d a m o n g the 54 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e p r o v i s i o n s o u tla w in g u n a u t h o r i z e d
o r w ild cat s t r i k e s .
U n d er th e se c o n stitu tio n s, c h a r g e s m ig h t be file d a g a in s t
m e m b e r s " s t a y i n g out a g a i n s t the I n t e r n a t i o n a l ^ o r d e r s , " e n g a g i n g in a s t r i k e
" w h i c h v i o l a t e s the w o r k i n g a g r e e m e n t , " c o n d u c t th a t te n d e d to " a g i t a t e i l l e g a l
s t r i k e s , " o r s i m p l y t a k in g p a r t in " w i l d c a t s . "
F o r t y - s e v e n o f the 99 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a u t h o r i z e d d i s c i p l i n e f o r v i o l a t i n g
w ork r u le s .
A m a r k e d d iv e r s it y d istin g u ish e d th e se p roh ib ition s fro m th o se r e g u
l a t i n g o t h e r a s p e c t s o f un ion a c t i v i t y , l a r g e l y b e c a u s e of e a c h u n i o n fs a d a p t a t i o n
to i t s i n d u s t r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t .
S e v e r a l u n i o n s , p r i n c i p a l l y in the c o n s t r u c t i o n
t r a d e s , p u b l i s h e d e x t e n s i v e r e g u l a t i o n s in s e p a r a t e r u l e b o o k s o r a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l
u n io n s to e s t a b l i s h t h e s e r u l e s .
The g e n e r a l o ffe n se " v io la te w ork r u l e s " r e
f e r r e d to t h e s e r u l e b o o k s o r to w o r k r u l e s e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h c o l l e c t i v e b a r
g a i n in g , a s f o r e x a m p l e , in the M a r i t i m e U nion, w h e r e " v i o l a t i o n of N a t i o n a l
S h ip p in g R u l e s " w a s a p u n i s h a b l e o f f e n s e .
A fe w u n io n s i n c o r p o r a t e d d e t a i l e d
w o r k i n g r u l e s into the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t it u t io n .
F o r e x a m p l e , in the M u s i c i a n s 1
c o n s t i t u t i o n w o r k i n g r u l e s w e r e s p e c i f i e d f o r n e a r l y a l l f o r m s of e n t e r t a i n m e n t in
w h ich m u s i c i a n s a r e e m p l o y e d , an d in the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n ’ s c o n s t i t u t i o n th e y
r e g u l a t e d the h i r i n g , h o u r s of w o r k , f e e d i n g co p y onto c y l i n d e r p r e s s e s , an d c r e w
s i z e s f o r c e r t a i n ty p e p r e s s e s .
In m a r i t i m e u n i o n s , t h e s e p r o s c r i p t i o n s i n c l u d e d
a c t i v i t i e s th a t w ou ld be d e a l t with b y the e m p l o y e r in m o s t s h o r e s i d e i n d u s t r i e s .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n io n ’ s c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d d i s c i p l i n e f o r
" a c c e p t in g r e l i e f j o b , " "n ot co m p letin g a s s i g n m e n t , " o r "le a v in g ship s h o r t h a n d e d ."
S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e g u l a t e d , o r a t t e m p t e d to r e g u l a t e , the t e c h n o l o g y o f the
c r a f t th r o u g h d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s ; f o r e x a m p l e , the L i t h o g r a p h e r s a s m e n t i o n e d
e a r l i e r , f o r b a d e the u s e of c h r o m i c a c i d , the L a t h e r s p r o h i b i t e d " t h e u s e o f s t i l t s
o r o t h e r u n s a f e e q u i p m e n t , " and the P a i n t e r s l i m i t e d the u s e of s p r a y g u n s .
T h i r t y - o n e u n i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c r a f t u n i o n s , f o r b a d e b e h a v i o r th a t te n d e d
to h a r m f e l l o w w o r k e r s on the jo b .
O ften the p r o s c r i p t i o n w a s in s u c h t e r m s a s
" w o r k i n g f o r l e s s th an the e s t a b l i s h e d s c a l e of w a g e s . "
In the p r i n t i n g t r a d e s ,
t h is o f f e n s e , known a s " r a t t i n g " w a s d e s c r i b e d a s f o l l o w s :
A m e m b e r of a s u b o r d i n a t e un ion e n g a g i n g to t a k e a s i t u a t i o n in the
j u r i s d i c t i o n of a n o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e un ion a t a l o w e r r a t e of w a g e s th an
the s c a l e o f p r i c e s o f the l a t t e r s u b o r d i n a t e un ion c a l l s f o r , i s g u il t y of
’ r a t t i n g , * e v e n th ough the s i t u a t i o n m a y not be o b t a in e d .
(in tern atio n al
M a i l e r s U n io n , Ind. )
A l s o in c lu d e d a m o n g the j o b - r e l a t e d g r o u n d s w e r e
c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich f o r b a d e w o r k i n g w ith n on u nion w o r k e r s .
p ro v isio n s
in n ine
31
U n ion L o y a l t y . U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e m o s t e x p l i c i t in p r o s c r i b i n g c o n
d u c t th a t t h r e a t e n e d the c o n tin u e d e x i s t e n c e o f the un ion .
In 124 u n i o n s , m e m
b e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n f o r b e h a v i o r th a t i n j u r e d the i n t e r n a l
s e c u r i t y o f the un ion .
O c c a s i o n a l l y , a s n o te d in c h a p t e r II, s u m m a r y s u s p e n s i o n
o r e x p u l s i o n w a s a u t h o r i z e d to p u n i s h m e m b e r s who e n g a g e d in s u c h a c t i v i t i e s .
T w o of the m o s t c o m m o n l y r e f e r r e d to o f f e n s e s in t h is c a t e g o r y w e r e
d u a l u n i o n i s m an d s e c e s s i o n .
D u a l u n i o n i s m u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to the a c t of j o in in g
o r f a v o r i n g a u n ion w h ich c l a i m e d r i v a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , w h ile s e c e s s i o n u s u a l l y r e
f e r r e d to the a c t o f w it h d r a w in g f r o m the un ion .
In m a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r ,
the d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t e r m s w a s not e n t i r e l y c l e a r , a n d in a fe w th e y
s e e m e d to b e u s e d a s s y n o n y m s .
S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x t e n s i v e l y d e f in e d the b e h a v i o r f o r b i d d e n b y t h e s e
p r o h i b i t i o n s , a s e x e m p l i f i e d in the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
N o p e r s o n s h a l l b e e l i g i b l e to . . . r e m a i n a m e m b e r in th is B r o t h
e r h o o d who h o ld s m e m b e r s h i p in o r a f f i l i a t i o n w ith an y g r o u p , clu b ,
s o c i e t y , o r o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n w h ich , in the o p in io n o f the G e n e r a l E x e c
u t iv e B o a r d , e x e r c i s e s o r c l a i m s to e x e r c i s e d u t i e s an d f u n c tio n s s i m i l a r
to t h o s e e x e r c i s e d b y th is B r o t h e r h o o d o r it s l o c a l s , o r w h ich c l a i m s
j u r i s d i c t i o n in w h ole o r in p a r t o v e r m a t t e r s w h ich a r e w ith in the j u r i s
d i c t i o n of t h is B r o t h e r h o o d .
( B r o t h e r h o o d of P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s and
P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r i c a )
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s f o r b a d e a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t e d a t
s u p p l a n t i n g the un ion a s the b a r g a i n i n g a g e n t :
W h e n e v e r it i s c h a r g e d th a t a m e m b e r i s a f f i r m a t i v e l y e n g a g e d in
the p r o m o t i o n , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , f u r t h e r a n c e , o r s u p p o r t o f a n y o t h e r un ion
o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g g r o u p w ith the p u r p o s e o r in te n t of s u p p la n t i n g
t h is I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion , o r a n y s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y t h e r e o f , a s the r e c o g
n i z e d c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g e n t , s u c h c h a r g e w il l be f i l e d w ith the I n t e r
n atio n al E x e c u tiv e B o a r d . . .
M o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , d id not d e f in e the a c t i v i t i e s f o r b i d d e n a s
e l a b o r a t e l y a s in the a b o v e i l l u s t r a t i o n s .
A n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s f o r b a d e nd u a l
u n i o n i s m " o r " s e c e s s i o n o r f o s t e r i n g s e c e s s i o n " w itho ut e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e s e
p h r a s e s w h ich w e r e in c l u d e d in a l i s t i n g of n u m e r o u s p u n i s h a b l e o f f e n s e s . S e v e r a l
c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d b r o a d c l a u s e s f o r b i d d i n g w i t h d r a w a l s f r o m the un ion o r
jo i n i n g an y o r g a n i z a t i o n th a t w a s h o s t i l e to o r in c o n f l i c t w ith the un ion .
For ex
a m p l e , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o h i b i t e d :
. . . a d v o c a t i n g o r a t t e m p t i n g to b r i n g a b o u t a w i t h d r a w a l f r o m the
I. B . E . W. o f a n y ( l o c a l union) o r o f an y m e m b e r o r g r o u p o f m e m b e r s .
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the M e t a l P o l i s h e r s p r o v i d e d :
No m e m b e r s h a ll a d v o ca te s e c e s s i o n , d is a ffilia tio n , n or s h a ll any
m e m b e r t a k e an y a c t i o n i n i m i c a l to the i n t e r e s t s o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n .
S trik eb reak in g .
When a union s t r i k e s to win it s b a r g a i n i n g d e m a n d s ,
e ffe c tiv e in te rn a l s o lid a r it y is p a r t ic u la r l y im p o rtan t.
C o n se q u e n tly , m a n y c o n
stitu tio n s a u th o riz e d d is c i p l in a r y s an c tio n s a g a in s t d is lo y a lty , co m m o n ly sp e c ify in g
" s t r ik e b r e a k in g " a s a ground fo r d isc ip lin e .
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the B r i c k l a y e r s
c h a r a c t e r i z e d s t r i k e b r e a k e r s a s "u n io n w r e c k e r s " in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e :
32
U n io n W r e c k e r s — A un io n w r e c k e r i s one who d e l i b e r a t e l y an d w ith
e v i l in te n t g o e s into the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f a un ion th a t i s on an a u t h o r i z e d
l e g a l s t r i k e , k n o w in g ly a c c e p t s e m p l o y m e n t a n d p e r s i s t s in r e t a i n i n g it
w h en he k n o w s th a t he i s d o in g s o c o n t r a r y to the l a w . . .
o r who
r e s i g n s f r o m o r l e a v e s a un ion . . . in o r d e r to d e f e a t a l e g a l s t r i k e . . .
T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s w e r e u n u s u a l l y e x p l i c i t in d e s c r i b i n g the s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o r th a t
f o r m e d the b a s i s f o r c h a r g e s , a s in the fo llo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
A n y m e m b e r . . . who c o n tin u e s a t w o r k w hen a s t r i k e on th e s y s
t e m w h e r e he i s e m p l o y e d h a s b e e n r e g u l a r l y d e c l a r e d b y the B r o t h e r
h oo d , o r a n y m e m b e r who t a k e s the p l a c e o f o r d o e s a n y o f the w o r k
f o r m e r l y o r o r d i n a r i l y don e b y a n y o n e e n g a g e d in a s t r i k e . . .
o r who
f ills any p o s itio n m a d e v a c a n t . . . by . . .
a strik e . . .
i f he i s
fo u n d g u il t y . . . w ill b e o r d e r e d e x p e l l e d . . . an d s h a l l f o r e v e r be
i n e l i g i b l e f o r r e a d m i t t a n c e . . . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of L o c o m o t i v e E n g i
n e e r s , Ind. )
D i s c l o s u r e of S e c r e t s . D i s c l o s i n g un io n s e c r e t s , c o n s i d e r e d a n o t h e r t h r e a t
to i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y , w a s the s u b j e c t o f d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n in 26 o f the 156 t r i a l
p r o v is io n s stu d ied . M o st c l a u s e s p ro h ib ited u n au th o rized d is c l o s u r e of any c o n fi
d e n t i a l m a t t e r o f the un ion , s u c h a s ’’s e c r e t s , ” ’’p r i v a t e t r a n s a c t i o n s , ” o r ’’b u s i
n e ss.”
A fe w c l a u s e s , r e l a t i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y to m e m b e r s h i p l i s t s , f o r b a d e the
’’f u r n i s h i n g o f a c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l l i s t o f the m e m b e r s h i p o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l
U n io n o r o f a n y l o c a l u n ion to a n y p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s ” o t h e r th a n t h o s e w h o s e
o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n e n t i t l e s t h e m to h a v e s u c h a l i s t .
F a i l u r e to E x h a u s t I n t e r n a l R e m e d i e s . 22 P r e m a t u r e r e s o r t to c i v i l c o u r t s ,
c o n s i d e r e d b y s o m e to b e a f l a g r a n t d i s p l a y o f d i s l o y a l t y , w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o
h ib it e d in 64 c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e g r a v e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h is c o n d u c t w e r e a l s o
i l l u s t r a t e d b y the n u m b e r of t i m e s it a p p e a r e d a s a g r o u n d f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i
p l i n e , a s n o te d in c h a p t e r II.
T y p i c a l l y , a m e m b e r w a s r e q u i r e d to p r o s e c u t e
a n d e x h a u s t a l l a p p e a l s w ithin the un ion b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g to c i v i l c o u r t s , a s s p e c i
f i e d in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n :
A c c e p t a n c e of m e m b e r s h i p . . . c o n s t i t u t e s
e v e ry m e m b e r . . . sh a ll exh au st all re m e d ie s
(union) . . . an d th at u n til s u c h r e m e d i e s a n d
h a u s t e d , s u c h a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r . . . s h a l l n ot
o t h e r t r i b u n a l o u t s i d e o f the UIU. ( U p h o l s t e r e r s *
N orth A m e r ic a )
an a g r e e m e n t w h ere b y
a n d a p p e a l s w ith in the
a p p e a ls have been e x
r e s o r t to an y c o u r t o r
I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n of
S u b v e r siv e A ctivity.
S u b v e r s iv e activ ity , o r su p p o rt of g ro u p s d e c la r e d
to be s u b v e r s i v e , w a s s p e c i f i e d a s a r e a s o n f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n ' i n 43 c o n s t i
tu tio n s.
T h e s e c l a u s e s n e a r l y a l w a y s e x p l i c i t l y i d e n t i f i e d the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ,
a s in the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e :
A n y m e m b e r who a d v o c a t e s the o v e r t h r o w of the g o v e r n m e n t . . . o r
who b e l o n g s to the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r a n y o t h e r s u b v e r s i v e g r o u p , o r
who s u b s c r i b e s to a n y of t h e i r d o c t r i n e s , s h a l l b e p u n i s h e d b y e x p u l s i o n .
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of B o i l e r m a k e r s , I r o n S h i p b u i l d e r s , B l a c k
s m i t h s , F o r g e r s an d H e l p e r s )
22
S e e ch. VIII f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f the
R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t on s u c h p r o v i s i o n s .
effect
o f the
Labor-M anagem ent
33
A fe w c l a u s e s a l s o in c l u d e d s u p p o r t o f N a z i o r F a s c i s t g r o u p s w ith in t h is p r o h i
b i ti o n .
One o f the m o s t e x t e n s i v e p r o v i s i o n s w a s th a t in the U n it e d M in e W o r k
e r s * (Ind. ) c o n s t it u t io n :
A n y m e m b e r a c c e p t i n g m e m b e r s h i p in th e I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s o f the
W o r ld , the W o r k in g C l a s s U n io n , the One B i g U n io n , o r a n y o t h e r d u a l
o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r m e m b e r s h i p in the N a t i o n a l C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e ,
the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of M a n u f a c t u r e r s , o r the K u K l u x K l a n , o r the
C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r F a s c i s t , N a z i , o r B u n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s h a l l be
exp e lle d . . .
P o l i t i c a l A c t i v i t y O u t s i d e the U n io n .
O nly a fe w o f th e 156 c o n s t i t u t i o n s
a u th o rized p un ish m en t fo r g e n e ra l p o litic a l a c tiv itie s.
T y p ically , th ese c la u se s
f o r b a d e i n t e r f e r e n c e w ith the l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s of the un io n .
F o r in stan ce ,
on e c o n s t i t u t i o n f o r b a d e " o p p o s i n g l e g i s l a t i o n d e s i g n e d to b e n e f i t the t r a d e , n an d
a n o t h e r p r o h i b i t e d " o p p o s i n g l e g i s l a t i o n e n d o r s e d b y the O r d e r . "
One c l a u s e
l i m i t e d the r i g h t to s p e a k f o r the u n io n o r a s a un ion m e m b e r , bu t d id n ot p r o
h ib it a c t i o n a s a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n :
When s u c h ( l e g i s l a t i v e ) p o l i c y h a s b e e n d e c l a r e d , no m e m b e r of the
B ro th erh o o d sh a ll a p p e a r b e fo re any le g is la tiv e c o m m itte e , le g is la tu r e ,
S ta te , p r o v in c ia l, o r F e d e r a l e x e c u tiv e , o r take any o th er actio n . . .
in o p p o s i t i o n to s u c h a p r o g r a m in a n y c a p a c i t y e x c e p t th a t of a p r i v a t e
c i t i z e n ; n o r s h a l l h e, in the n a m e o f the B r o t h e r h o o d , e n g a g e in a n y
p o lit ic a l c a m p a ig n a g a in s t a can d id ate fo r p u b lic o ffic e a f t e r su c h c a n d i
d a t e h a s b e e n e n d o r s e d b y the B r o t h e r h o o d . . . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of M a i n
t e n a n c e o f W ay E m p l o y e s )
E l e c t i o n e e r i n g — P r e e l e c t i o n U n io n C a m p a i g n A c t i v i t i e s .
The o ffe n se of
p u b l i s h i n g s l a n d e r o u s o r u n a u t h o r i z e d m a t e r i a l w a s p u n i s h a b l e in 60 c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
A n u m b e r of u n io n s b a n n e d a l l s l a n d e r o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s in c l a u s e s f o r b i d d i n g
" s l a n d e r in a n y w a y , " o r " s l a n d e r i n g o r o t h e r w i s e w r o n g in g a m e m b e r , " but
o n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y d e f in e d the m e a n i n g o f t h e s e t e r m s .
One of
th e se co n stitu tio n s stip u la te d :
N o u n t r u e s t a t e m e n t s m a y b e m a d e in p o l i t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , n o r s h a l l
a n y c o n c l u s i o n s be p u b l i s h e d w h ich i m p u g n the m o t i v e s o f c a n d i d a t e s .
T h e f a c t s f r o m w h ich c o n c l u s i o n s a r e d r a w n s h a l l be c l e a r l y s t a t e d s o
r e a d e r s c a n c o m p a r e an d a l s o d r a w t h e i r own c o n c l u s i o n s . . . A ll
m e m b e r s s h o u l d r e a l i z e th a t s c u r r i l o u s r e f e r e n c e s , s l a n d e r o r l i b e l
r e a c t on the r e p u t a t i o n o f the un ion .
T o t r y to e l e c t the b e s t o f f i c e r s
s h o u l d b e t h e a i m of e a c h m e m b e r o f the un ion .
(in te rn atio n al T y p o
g r a p h i c a l Union)
A d v a n c e a p p r o v a l o f c i r c u l a r s , w h ich w o u ld i n c l u d e c a m p a i g n m a t e r i a l ,
w as r e q u ir e d by s e v e r a l c o n stitu tio n s.
A n y m e m b e r p u b l i s h i n g s t a t e m e n t s th a t
r e f l e c t e d up on the c h a r a c t e r o r i n t e g r i t y o f an o f f i c e r w ith o u t f i r s t s u b m i t t i n g the
m a t e r i a l to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s s u b j e c t to c h a r g e s , a s in the f o l
lo w in g e x a m p l e :
No l o c a l u n ion o r m e m b e r . . . s h a l l c i r c u l a t e , p u b l i s h , o r c o m
m u n i c a t e to a n o t h e r l o c a l un ion o r to m e m b e r s o f the A s s o c i a t i o n a n y
s t a t e m e n t r e f l e c t i n g on the c h a r a c t e r , o f f i c i a l c o n d u c t , o r g o o d r e p u t e
of a n y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of the A s s o c i a t i o n , o r r e l a t i n g to m a t t e r s of
g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t to the m e m b e r s h i p . . . w itho ut f i r s t s u b m i t t i n g the
s a m e to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d an d o b ta in i n g i t s a p p r o v a l .
(In ter
n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l an d O r n a m e n t a l I r o n W o r k e r s )
34
E l e c t i o n e e r i n g — M i s c o n d u c t a t the P o l l s .
P r o c e d u r a l i r r e g u l a r i t y in the
c o n d u c t of e l e c t i o n s c o u ld b e a p p e a l e d b y c h a l l e n g i n g a s p e c i f i c v o te o r th e e n t i r e
e l e c t i o n , but w a s an e x p l i c i t b a s i s f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n in o n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u
tion s.
T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s on e l e c t i o n f r a u d s , h o w e v e r , a s the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e
i l l u s t r a t e s , c o v e r e d a w id e v a r i e t y of w r o n g d o in g :
A n y m e m b e r c o n v i c t e d of m i s r e p r e s e n t i n g r e t u r n s , a l t e r i n g , m u t i l a t
in g , o r d e s t r o y i n g d e p o s i t e d b a l l o t s , v o tin g f r a u d u l e n t l y , o r i n t e r f e r i n g
w ith a m e m b e r in the e x e r c i s e of h i s o r h e r r i g h t to c a s t h i s o r h e r
b a l l o t . . . s h a l l b e p u n i s h e d . . . ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l
W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a )
L o c a l o f f i c e r s who w il l f u l l y o r n e g l i g e n t l y d i s e n f r a n c h i s e d v o t e r s b y f a i l i n g to p e r
f o r m a n o f f i c i a l d u ty w e r e s u b j e c t to c h a r g e s u n d e r s p e c i f i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c l a u s e s
in a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a s t y p i f i e d b y the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e :
A n y s e c r e t a r y o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l u n io n fo u n d g u il t y o f h o ld in g l o c a l
u n io n v o t e u n til to o l a t e to be c o u n te d . . . s h a l l b e c h a r g e d w ith a
f l a g r a n t d i s p l a y of n o n u n i o n is m an d s h a l l b e d e a l t w ith a c c o r d i n g l y . . .
(in te rn a tio n al B ro th e rh o o d of B o o k b in d e rs)
M o r a l P ro h ib itio n s.
U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s u s u a l l y d id n ot u n d e r t a k e s p e c i
f i c a l l y to r e g u l a t e e t h i c a l o r m o r a l b e h a v i o r .
O f the 156 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g
f o r t r i a l , o n ly 37 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y a u t h o r i z e d p u n i s h m e n t f o r i m m o r a l b e
h av io r.
T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s on b e h a v i o r th a t w a s n ot c r i m i n a l , y e t m o r a l l y o f f e n
s i v e , w e r e fo un d m o s t o fte n in c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f u n io n s w h o s e m e m b e r s w e r e e n
g a g e d in the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n d u s t r y .
W illfu lly n e g l e c t i n g to s u p p o r t d e p e n d e n t s ,
a d d i c t i o n to n a r c o t i c s , o r c h a r g i n g u s u r i o u s i n t e r e s t w e r e a m o n g the p r o h i b i
tion s lis t e d .
D r u n k e n n e s s w a s the m o s t c o m m o n l y f o r b i d d e n ty p e o f i m m o r a l b e h a v i o r ,
w ith the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f y i n g nc h r o n i c d r u n k s , n " h a b i t u a l d r u n k e n n e s s , " a n d
" a l c o h o l i s m . n One c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d th a t " n o m e m b e r who e n g a g e s in the
s a l e o f i n t o x i c a t i n g d r i n k s c a n be a d m i t t e d o r r e t a i n e d a s a m e m b e r . "
D runken
o r d is o r d e r ly b e h a v io r at m e e tin g s , o c c a s io n a lly p u n ish ed s u m m a r ily , w as a ls o
s p e c i f i e d a s a g r o u n d f o r in v o k in g t r i a l m a c h i n e r y in s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d th a t p e r s o n s c o n v i c t e d o f a c r i m e m a y b e
d i s c i p l i n e d b y the un ion , a s in the f o llo w in g e x a m p l e :
When a m e m b e r i s foun d g u il t y o f the c o m m i s s i o n of a c r i m e o r
s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g a g a i n s t the l o c a l u n ion o r a g a i n s t the c o m m u n i t y , an d
w h en t h is c r i m e o r a c t o f s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g te n d s to b r i n g d i s h o n o r
u p o n the l o c a l un ion o r the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , it s h a l l b e the d uty
o f the l o c a l un ion to p r o c e e d to r e v o k e the m e m b e r s h i p o f s u c h m e m b e r .
( B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union)
G r o u n d s in L o c a l a s A g a i n s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i a l s
A s m en tio n e d e a r l i e r , s o m e co n stitu tio n s l is t e d s e p a r a t e g ro u n d s fo r
i n s t i t u t i n g t r i a l s a t the l o c a l an d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s
g r a n t e d the l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r v i o l a t i o n s of
i t s own c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n of th e U p h o l
s t e r e r s ® I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n p r o v i d e d :
C h a r g e s of o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t the I n t e r n a t i o n a l m u s t be f i l e d d i r e c t l y
w ith the I n t e r n a t i o n a l O f f i c e .
35
C h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r in v o l v in g o f f e n s e s s o l e l y a g a i n s t a l o c a l
un ion s h a l l b e f i l e d w ith the l o c a l un ion i n v o l v e d .
O t h e r s p r o v i d e d c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r v i o l a t i o n s o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n
s t i t u t i o n but g r a n t e d l o c a l u n io n s a n e x c l u s i v e r ig h t to t r y i n f r a c t i o n s o f l o c a l
b y l a w s , a s in the f o ll o w in g :
T h e l o c a l u n ion s h a l l h a v e e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f c h a r g e s o f v i o
l a t i o n s of l o c a l b y l a w s .
T h e n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a n d the l o c a l un ion
s h a l l h a v e c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n o f c h a r g e s of v i o l a t i o n s o f the n a t i o n a l
c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s .
(B ro th e rh o o d of U tility W o rk e rs of New E n g
la n d , I n d . )
O c c a s i o n a l l y , j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s b a s e d up o n a s p e c i f i c g r o u n d f o r d i s c i p l i n e ,
w ith i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l s l i m i t e d to c a s e s in v o l v in g s p e c i f i c a l l y e n u m e r a t e d
o f f e n s e s w h ile g e n e r a l j u d i c i a l p o w e r s w e r e v e s t e d in l o c a l un ion t r i a l b o d i e s .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the U n it e d M in e W o r k e r s * ( i n d . ) c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d :
When a n y l o c a l o f f i c e r , o r a n y m e m b e r n ot a n o f f i c e r , i s a c c u s e d of
v i o l a t i n g a n y o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ l a w s o r a n y t r a n s g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t the
o r g a n i z a t i o n . . . o t h e r th a n a s to the p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s d e s c r i b e d in
s e c t i o n 7 of t h is a r t i c l e , the c h a r g e m u s t b e f i r s t l o d g e d w ith an d p r o s
e c u t e d b e f o r e the l o c a l u n ion . . .
T h e p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s l i s t e d in th is c o n s t i t u t i o n w e r e :
S e c t i o n 7.
When a n y o f f i c e r . . . o r . . . m e m b e r . . . i s c h a r g e d
w ith f o m e n t i n g , l e a d i n g , o r e n c o u r a g i n g a d u a l u n io n o r d u a l m o v e m e n t
w ith in the o r g a n i z a t i o n , upon c h a r g e s b e in g f i l e d w ith th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
execu tiv e b o a rd . . .
a h e a r i n g . . . s h a l l b e h ad .
G r o u n d s f o r e x c l u s i v e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n in o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s i n
c l u d e d C o m m u n i s t a c t i v i t y , f a i l u r e to c o m p l y w ith i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i r e c t i v e s , a n d
v i o l a t i o n s o f the r u l e s f o r c o n d u c t in g e l e c t i o n s .
In a d d it i o n , a fe w i n t e r n a t i o n a l
t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s c o u ld b e in v o k e d o n ly in c a s e s c o n s i d e r e d to c o n s t i t u t e a n e m e r
gency.
T h e s e s i t u a t i o n s a r e a n a l y z e d m o r e f u ll y in the c h a p t e r on i n t e r n a t i o n a l
tr ia l ju r isd ic tio n .
Chapter IV. Trial Powers and Procedures at the Local Union Level
C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s c o n c e r n e d w ith the d i s c i p l i n e of o f f i c e r s a n d
m e m b e r s e s t a b l i s h , f r e q u e n t l y in s e p a r a t e a r t i c l e s , th e p r o c e d u r . e s to b e f o l
lo w e d a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith p r o c e d u r e s
a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l .
T h e c h a p t e r o p e n s w ith a s u m m a r y on th e p r e v a l e n c e
of s u c h p r o v i s i o n s a n d i d e n t i f i e s the p e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l . It d e s c r i b e s how
the t r i a l m a c h i n e r y m a y b e in v o k e d a n d the s a f e g u a r d s w h ic h a r e e s t a b l i s h e d
a g a in s t f a l s e and fr iv o lo u s c h a r g e s .
A m a j o r p o r t i o n of the c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith
the t r i a l b o d y i t s e l f , e s p e c i a l l y i t s c o m p o s i t i o n , a s s u r a n c e s of i m p a r t i a l i t y , a n d
th e s c o p e of i t s p o w e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w ith r e s p e c t to m a k i n g a f i n a l d e c i s i o n a s
to g u i l t a n d p e n a l t y .
C o n c lu d in g the c h a p t e r i s a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f r e c a l l p r o
c e d u r e s a g a i n s t l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s .
P r e v a l e n c e of P r o v i s i o n s
Of the 158 n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , on ly
12 d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y g r a n t l o c a l u n io n s the a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t t r i a l s ( t a b l e I V - 1);
a lth o u g h 10 o t h e r s g a v e l o c a l a f f i l i a t e s s u c h p o w e r s , b u t w e r e s i l e n t on p r o c e d u r a l
d e tails.
T h e r e m a i n i n g 136 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l s to h o ld
h e a r i n g s , d e t e r m i n e g u il t o r in n o c e n c e , a n d a s s e s s p e n a l t i e s .
A fe w o f t h e s e
c o n s t i t u t i o n s (11) l i m i t e d s u c h t r i a l s to m e m b e r s only, b u t m o s t (125) a p p l i e d the
t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s to both m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s .
S o m e t i m e s th e u n i o n s
(19) p r o v i d e d d i f f e r e n t t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , bu t m o s t (106) c o v e r e d both m e m b e r s
an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s by the s a m e p r o c e d u r e s .
T a b le IV -1.
Provision for T rials of M em bers and L o cal Union O fficers at the L o cal Union L evel,
N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o tal studied
T y pe of provisions
A ffiliatio n
M em bers
Unions
A ll c o n stitu tio n s-----------------------------C onstitutions providing lo c a l union
tria l p r o c e d u r e s ----------------------------M em bers and lo c a l o f f i c e r s ----------Id en tical tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s---------Different tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s---------M e m b ers-----------------------------------C onstitutions providing for lo c a l
union tria ls, but tr ia l procedures
were not sp e c ifie d 1 -----------------------Constitutions not providing for lo c a l
union t r i a l s -----------------------------------
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
158
16, 9 2 3 .1
122
14, 228. 8
36
2, 694. 3
136
125
106
19
11
15, 9 9 6 .4
1 5 ,0 1 7 .2
12, 5 8 7 .7
2, 4 2 9 .5
979. 2
111
102
87
15
9
1 3 ,9 8 6 .2
1 3 ,0 1 1 .4
1 0 ,5 9 8 .2
2 ,4 1 3 .2
9 7 4 .8
25
23
19
4
2
2, 0 1 0 . 2
2, 0 0 5 .8
1 ,9 8 9 .5
1 6 .3
4 .4
10
8 3 6 .6
7
229. 3
3
6 0 7 .3
12
9 0 .1
4
1 3 .3
8
7 6 .8
1 Includes 9 union constitutions that provided trials for m em bers and lo c a l union officers at the international
le v e l and 1 th at provided international trials for lo c a l union officers only.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
36
37
Of th e 12 u n io n s n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z i n g l o c a l u n io n t r i a l s , 2 d id not
m a k e p r o v i s i o n to t r y m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
T h e s e w e r e th e F l i g h t E n g i n e e r s an d th e L i f e I n s u r a n c e A g e n t s (Ind. ).
N in e of
th e r e m a i n i n g 10 u n i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l o f b o th g r o u p s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ,
an d th e te n th a p p l i e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s o n ly to o f f i c e r s .
T hese
12 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , d id not n e c e s s a r i l y r u l e out l o c a l l e v e l d i s c i p l i n a r y
h earin g s.
C o n c e i v a b l y , d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n w a s p e r m i s s i v e in s o m e o f t h e s e
12 u n i o n s , s i n c e s u c h m e a s u r e s m a y b e s e t f o r t h in th e c o n s t i t u t i o n s a n d b y l a w s
of s u b o r d i n a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . O t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e not c o m p l e t e l y s i l e n t , in
th a t t h e y c o n t a i n e d l a n g u a g e w h ic h i m p l i e d th e h o ld in g o f t r i a l s a t l o c a l l e v e l s o r
a l l o w e d l o c a l un ion p a r t i c i p a t i o n in t r i a l s a t a h i g h e r l e v e l .
The T ra in D i s
p a t c h e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , r e t a i n e d a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t t r i a l s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
l e v e l , but l o c a l u n io n s p e r f o r m e d a p r e t r i a l f a c t - g a t h e r i n g fu n c tio n . S i m i l a r l y , the
L o n g s h o r e m e n * s a n d W a r e h o u s e m e n * s U n io n ( I n d . ) d e l e g a t e d g e n e r a l t r i a l a u t h o r i t y
to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , but a l l o w e d s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s to ** . . . a d o p t an d
e n f o r c e a l l n e c e s s a r y l a w s f o r l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h do n ot c o n f l i c t w ith t h i s
c o n s t i t u t i o n . ,! T h e S h o e an d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n ( I n d . ) v e s t e d i t s l o c a l b o a r d s of
d i r e c t o r s w ith p o w e r to " s u m m o n " m e m b e r s f o r " e n f o r c e m e n t p u r p o s e s 11 a n d to
l e v y f i n e s , but m a d e no f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e to t r i a l s o r h e a r i n g s .
F i n a l l y , in r e
q u i r i n g s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s to i n f o r m th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l of v i o l a t i o n s a n d of th e p u n
i s h m e n t s th a t w e r e a s s e s s e d , th e J o u r n e y m e n S to n e C u t t e r s i m p l i e d th e e x i s t e n c e
o f l o c a l h e a r i n g s a b o u t w h ic h t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n w a s o t h e r w i s e s i l e n t .
S l i g h t l y l e s s o b s c u r e w e r e t h o s e 10
a c c u s e d m e m b e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to t r i a l , but
m a c h i n e r y s h o u l d be in v o k e d , n o r how it s h o u l d
s t i t u t i o n of th e U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s ( i n d . ), f o r
s t a n d t r i a l b e f o r e h i s l o c a l u n io n an d a s s u r e d
g a v e no d e t a i l s on p r o c e d u r a l m a t t e r s :
c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h s t i p u l a t e d th a t
d e s c r i b e d n e i t h e r how l o c a l t r i a l
o p e r a te once in itiate d . . T he c o n
e x a m p l e , d i r e c t e d th e a c c u s e d to
h i m of a n a p p e a l s m a c h i n e r y , but
When a n y l o c a l o f f i c e r o r a n y m e m b e r n ot a n o f f i c e r , i s a c c u s e d
o f v i o l a t i n g a n y of th e o r g a n i z a t i o n * s l a w s o r a n y t r a n s g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t
th e o r g a n i z a t i o n o r a n y of i t s o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s . . . th e c h a r g e
m u s t be f i r s t l o d g e d w ith an d p r o s e c u t e d b e f o r e th e l o c a l u n io n . . .
an d the d e c i s i o n o f the l o c a l un ion s h a l l c l o s e the c a s e s o f a r a s th a t t r i
b u n a l i s c o n c e r n e d , b u t . . . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t o f a p p e a l to the n e x t
h i g h e s t t r i b u n a l in a u t h o r i t y an d s o on u n t il a f i n a l d e c i s i o n i s r e a c h e d .
In m u c h th e s a m e m a n n e r , th e S t o v e M o u n t e r s p r e s c r i b e d th a t c h a r g e s
u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s m ig h t be f i l e d w ith th e l o c a l u n io n , but d id not d e s i g
n a te p r o c e d u r e s f o r th e l o c a l to f o ll o w :
Any m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d in g . . . m a y m a k e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
a n o t h e r m e m b e r . . . f o r v i o l a t i o n of an y p a r t of t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , an d
s u c h c h a r g e s . . . s h a l l be f i l e d w ith the l o c a l u n ion to w h ic h s u c h
m e m b e r belo n g s.
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f th e r e m a i n i n g 136 u n i o n s , c o v e r i n g v i r t u a l l y 16 m i l
l io n o f th e 1 6 . 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s i n c l u d e d in t h i s s tu d y , w e r e m o r e d e t a i l e d in
th a t th e y e i t h e r d e s c r i b e d th e p r o c e d u r e s th a t e a c h l o c a l w a s o b l i g e d to f o ll o w o r
c r e a t e d m i n i m u m p r o c e d u r a l s t a n d a r d s f o r th e c o n d u c t of l o c a l t r i a l s .
In g r e a t
d e t a i l , f o r i n s t a n c e , th e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s f i r s t d i r e c t e d t h e i r l o c a l s to
e r e c t t r i a l m a c h i n e r y in t h e i r b y l a w s a n d th e n l i s t e d th e m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s
th a t l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s m u s t m e e t :
T h e b y l a w s o r r u l e s of a l o c a l s h a l l s p e c i f y th e m a n n e r in w h ic h an
a c c u s e d p e r s o n s h a l l be t r i e d an d m u s t c o n f o r m w ith th e fo ll o w in g m i n i
m um stan d ard s: . . .
38
A m o n g th e s t a n d a r d s e s t a b l i s h e d w e r e t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g to th e s i z e an d c o m p o s i t i o n
of th e t r i b u n a l , d e s i g n a t i o n of p r o s e c u t i n g an d d e f e n s e c o u n s e l s , t i m e l i m i t s ,
t e s t i m o n y u n d e r o a t h , r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s , t r i a l r e c o r d , s t a t u s of
th e a c c u s e d , an d r i g h t o f a p p e a l .
L o c a l un io n b y l a w s th u s g e n e r a l l y g o v e r n e d t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w ith in th e
l i m i t s e s t a b l i s h e d by th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l ; in th e a b s e n c e o f l o c a l l y a d o p t e d t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s , th e m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s s e t by th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l , a s in th e C o m
m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , u s u a l l y a p p l i e d a s th e fu ll t r i a l p r o c e d u r e :
C h a r g e s m a y be m a d e by a m e m b e r a g a i n s t a n y o t h e r m e m b e r p u r
s u a n t to th e b y l a w s o f th e p a r t i c u l a r unit in w h ic h the m e m b e r b e in g
c h a r g e d h old s m e m b e r s h ip .
If th e b y l a w s o f th e p a r t i c u l a r unit . . .
m a k e no p r o v i s i o n f o r p r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s , th e p r o c e d u r e s o u t l in e d h e r e i n
below s h a ll ap p ly .
P e r s o n s S u b j e c t to T r i a l
A m o n g th e 136 n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s d e t a i l i n g l o c a l u n io n t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s , 11 r e s t r i c t e d c o v e r a g e to m e m b e r s o n ly , r e f e r r i n g t r i a l s of l o c a l u n ion
o f f i c e r s to h i g h e r l e v e l s .
In 7 o f t h e s e 11 u n i o n s , c h a r g e s a g a i n s t l o c a l u n ion
o f f i c e r s w e r e to be f i l e d w ith i n t e r m e d i a t e a g e n c i e s (i. e . , d i s t r i c t b o d i e s , jo in t
c o u n c i l s , e t c . ) . T h e B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s , f o r i n s t a n c e , f i r s t d e s i g
n a t e d th e l o c a l u n io n e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s the t r i a l a g e n c y f o r m e m b e r s o t h e r th a n
o f fic e r s a s fo llo w s:
A l l c h a r g e s , e x c e p t a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s an d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of l o c a l
u n i o n s . . . s h a l l be h e a r d an d t r i e d by th e l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e
board . . .
C h a r g e s a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , w e r e d i r e c t e d to th e n e x t h i g h e r l e v e l ,
w h ich , in th is c a s e , w a s th e g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i c t :
When a n y . . . o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i s c h a r g e d w ith an o f
f e n s e , by a n y o n e , s u c h c h a r g e s m u s t be w r i t t e n an d f i l e d d i r e c t l y w ith
th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l v i c e p r e s i d e n t of the d i s t r i c t in w h ic h th e l o c a l u n ion
is located . . .
In a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n , th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l v i c e p r e s i d e n t in c h a r g e of the d i s t r i c t
w a s e m p o w e r e d to c o n d u c t th e l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r ’ s t r i a l .
Only 4 o f the 11 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p l a c e d the t r i a l of l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , b u t s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s d i c t a t e d th is p r o c e d u r e f o r 2 of
the 4 c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n io n , f o r o n e , h a d no l o c a l un io n
o f f i c e r s in the c o m m o n l y a c c e p t e d s e n s e of the t e r m , bu t on ly b r a n c h o f f i c e r s an d
p o r t a g e n t s , w ho, a lth o u g h e l e c t e d by the m e m b e r s h i p , w e r e d i r e c t l y a n s w e r a b l e
to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion on a l l m a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r d u t i e s . T h e A m e r i c a n
R a d i o A s s o c i a t i o n , s i m i l a r l y , h a d p o r t " b r a n c h " o f f i c e r s e l e c t e d by the w h o le
m e m b e r s h i p to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ' s g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
T h e r e m a i n i n g two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , t h o s e of the G r a i n M i l l e r s an d the M in e ,
M i l l a n d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s (Ind. ) p r o v i d e d th a t e l e c t e d l o c a l un io n o f f i c e r s b e t r i e d
by the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n . T h e G r a i n M i l l e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e c i f i e d a c t i o n by both
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ' s p r e s i d e n t an d s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r in t h is j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s :
. . . S u c h c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r . . . m a y be f i l e d
by an y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n , w ith the G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r . . . If it a p p e a r s f r o m the f a c e of the c h a r g e s th a t t h e r e i s
p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r t r i a l , the ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t ) s h a l l fo r th w i th a p
p o in t an i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o a r d c o n s i s t i n g o f the d i s t r i c t v i c e p r e s i d e n t
. . . an d two o t h e r m e m b e r s of the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
39
In an o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of c o n s t i t u t i o n s (1 2 5 ), th e l o c a l t r i a l p r o
v i s i o n a p p l i e d to b o th m e m b e r s an d o f f i c e r s . I d e n t i c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a p p l i e d
to both in 106 c o n s t i t u t i o n s . S o m e of t h e s e , h o w e v e r , w e r e not e n t i r e l y c l e a r in
s p e c i f y i n g who. w a s c o v e r e d , u s u a l l y s t i p u l a t i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , th a t “ m e m b e r s 11
w e r e s u b j e c t to t r i a l , but a c l o s e r e a d i n g of th e d i s c i p l i n e an d r e l a t e d p r o v i s i o n s
i n d i c a t e d th a t in t h i s c o n t e x t “ m e m b e r s ’1 i n c l u d e d l o c a l o f f i c e r s a s w e l l .
M ost
of the 106 w e r e n e v e r t h e l e s s p r e c i s e in s e t t i n g f o r t h t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n .
The
B u il d in g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , f o r e x a m p l e , in e s t a b l i s h i n g
m i n i m u m l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , e x p r e s s e d jo i n t c o v e r a g e a s f o l l o w s :
A m e m b e r or o ffice r
c o n s t i t u t i n g a v i o l a t i o n of
l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r by
t a b l i s h e d by th e b y l a w s of
of a l o c a l un ion , c h a r g e d w ith an y o f f e n s e
th is co n stitu tio n , sh a ll . . .
be t r i e d by the
th e l o c a l un ion if s u c h t r i a l p r o c e d u r e i s e s
th e l o c a l un ion . . .
N in e t e e n o f th e 125 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d th a t m e m b e r s an d o f f i c e r s
w o u ld be t r i e d by th e l o c a l un ion , but u n d e r d i f f e r e n t p r o c e d u r e s .
T w e l v e of the
19 p r o v i d e d i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s , c o m m o n l y on
c h a r g e s of n e g l e c t of duty o r a b s e n c e f r o m m e e t i n g s .
G e n e r a l l y , th e o f f i c e r ' s
s t a t u s a s a n o f f i c e r but not a s a m e m b e r w a s a f f e c t e d by th e o u t c o m e .
The
N e w s p a p e r G u ild , f o r i n s t a n c e , c a r e f u l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n o f f e n s e s of an
o f f i c e r a s a n o f f i c e r an d o f f e n s e s o f a n o f f i c e r a s a m e m b e r , in the f o l l o w
in g m a n n e r :
S e c t i o n I.
A l o c a l o f f i c e r , c h a r g e d w ith v i o l a t i o n of ( s p e c i f i e d
c l a u s e s d e s c r i b i n g m e m b e r s h i p o f f e n s e s ) s h a l l be c h a r g e d a s a m e m b e r
in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e p r o v i s i o n s o f A r t i c l e XII . . .
S e c t i o n II.
l i c t i o n in du ty.
a m em ber.
A l o c a l o f f i c e r m a y be r e m o v e d f r o m o f f i c e f o r d e r e
S u c h r e m o v a l s h a l l not a f f e c t the o f f i c e r ' s s t a t u s a s
S u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s of th e s a m e a r t i c l e d e t a i l e d the p r o c e d u r e to be f o ll o w e d in
the d i s c i p l i n a r y r e m o v a l of a n o f f i c e r .
H a r s h e r p e n a l t i e s , d i r e c t l y a f f e c t i n g the m e m b e r s h i p s t a t u s of a n o f f i c e r ,
w e r e p r e s c r i b e d in a n a d d i t i o n a l 6 of the 19 u n io n s in w h ic h p r o c e d u r e s c o v e r i n g
o ffic e r s w ere s e p a r a te d fr o m th o se co v erin g m e m b e r s .
The Je w e lr y W o rk ers,
f o r e x a m p l e , a f t e r f i r s t s p e c i f y i n g v i o l a t i o n s f o r w h ic h c h a r g e s h a d to be f i l e d
and th e n r e q u i r i n g th a t th e c h a r g e s be in w r i t i n g , e s t a b l i s h e d p e n a l t i e s a f f e c t i n g
th e o f f i c e r ' s s t a t u s a s a n o f f i c e r an d a s a m e m b e r :
. . . an d if th e a c c u s e d i s fo un d g u il ty , the a c c u s e d m a y be r e p r i
m a n d e d , fi n e d , r e m o v e d f r o m o f f i c e , s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , a c c o r d i n g to
th e s e v e r i t y of th e c h a r g e s .
In v o k in g T r i a l M a c h i n e r y
N a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s h a v e e r e c t e d a n u m b e r of s a f e g u a r d s
f o r the e a r l y s t a g e s of th e t r i a l p r o c e s s by d e fin in g a v a r i e t y of p r o c e d u r a l s t e p s
d e s i g n e d to r e s t r a i n f r i v o l o u s a c t i o n s an d a b u s e s of d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s . 23 S u c h
p r o v i s i o n s d e s i g n a t e d t h o s e p e r s o n s who a r e to c a r r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a t e a c h s t e p
d u r i n g the i n i t i a t i o n of the t r i a l m a c h i n e r y , and o u tlin e d t h e i r d u t i e s .
23
S e l e c t e d due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s f o r t r i a l s
n a t io n a l l e v e l a r e d i s c u s s e d in c h a p t e r V I.
at the l o c a l un ion an d i n t e r
40
T y p i c a l l y , an y l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r c o u l d f i l e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
an y o t h e r o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r , b u t the a c c u s e r h a d to w r i t e an d s i g n the c h a r g e s .
P r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s l a t e r fo u n d to be f a l s e w a s g e n e r a l l y a p u n i s h a b l e o f f e n s e .
U n i o n s , a s a r u l e , r e q u i r e d th a t a l l c h a r g e s s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e the a l l e g e d v i o l a
tio n a n d the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s o r u n ion l a w s th a t w e r e s u p p o s e d l y b r o k e n .
E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s in d i v i d u a l l y , o r an e x e c u t i v e b o d y , w e r e u s u a l l y d e s i g n a t e d a s
r e c e i v i n g a g e n t s . A fe w u n i o n s i d e n t i f i e d an a l t e r n a t e r e c e i v i n g a g e n t if c h a r g e s
w e r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t the p e r s o n n o r m a l l y d e s i g n a t e d . C h a r g e s c o u l d b e r e a d to
a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g o r p u b l i s h e d in the u n i o n 1s n e w s p a p e r in o r d e r to d i s
s e m i n a t e t h e m to the w i d e s t p o s s i b l e g r o u p .
T h ey could a ls o be given a p r e
l i m i n a r y r e v i e w to a s s u r e th a t th e y h a d m e r i t .
T h e p r e v a l e n c e of t h e s e s a f e g u a r d s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y , but p r o v i s i o n s
s t i p u l a t i n g th e f o r m of c h a r g e s (i. e. , w r i t t e n , s p e c i f i c ) w e r e by f a r the m o s t
f r e q u e n t , a p p e a r i n g in n i n e - t e n t h s o f the 136 un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t g a v e d e t a i l s
on l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le I V - 2 ) . P r o v i s i o n s d e s i g n a t i n g t h o s e p e r s o n s
a u t h o r i z e d to r e c e i v e c h a r g e s ( t a b le I V - 4 ) w e r e s e c o n d m o s t p r e v a l e n t , fo u n d in
a b o u t t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the 136 u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
S a f e g u a r d s to a s s u r e t r u e
c h a r g e s (i. e. , s i g n a t u r e s , p e n a l t i e s f o r f a l s e c h a r g e s ) w e r e fo un d in t h r e e fifth s (tab le IV -3 ).
M u ch l e s s f r e q u e n t w e r e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r i n g the p u b l i c a t i o n
of c h a r g e s ( t a b le I V - 5 ) an d t h e i r r e v i e w f o r s u f f i c i e n c y ( t a b le I V - 6 ) , fo un d in
a b o u t a f o u r t h of th e 136 c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
F o r m of C h a r g e s . Of 136 n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s w h ic h s p e c i
f i e d l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , 125 e s t a b l i s h e d th e f o r m of c h a r g e s ( t a b le I V - 2 ) .
U n i f o r m l y , a c c u s a t i o n s h ad to be in w r i t i n g an d m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o r e q u i r e d
th a t the c h a r g e s s p e c i f y in d e t a i l the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e .
In 51 o f th e 125 u n i o n s , a m o n g t h e m th e O f f i c e E m p l o y e s , w r i t t e n c h a r g e s
w e r e th e s o l e r e q u i r e m e n t :
C h a r g e s m a y be b r o u g h t in w r i t i n g by an y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of th e
l o c a l u n ion o r o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n . . .
In th e P a t t e r n M a k e r s ,
fo r p un ish m en t:
r e f u s a l to r e d u c e
o r a l a l l e g a t i o n s to w r i t i n g w a s c a u s e
A ny m e m b e r . . . s h a l l be c o m p e l l e d to r e d u c e h i s s t a t e m e n t s o r
a c c u s a t i o n s to w r i t i n g . . . S h o u ld the m e m b e r m a k i n g the a c c u s a t i o n s
r e f u s e to r e d u c e h i s s t a t e m e n t s . . .
to w r i t i n g w ith in 10 d a y s , he s h a l l
be f i n e d $ 1 0 w itho ut an y f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
T h e r e m a i n i n g 74 u n io n s r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s b e b o th in w r i t i n g an d
s p e c i f i c c o n c e r n i n g th e o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d l y c o m m i t t e d .
A s a c k n o w l e d g e d b y the
T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n ion , th e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s a f f o r d e d the a c c u s e d
th e o p p o r t u n i t y to d e fe n d h i m s e l f :
A c c u s a t i o n s of c h a r g e s m u s t be m a d e in w r i t i n g by a m e m b e r o f the
un ion in g o o d s t a n d i n g . In a l l c a s e s c h a r g e s . . . s h a l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y
sp ecific . . .
to p e r m i t th e d e fe n d a n t to p r e p a r e a p r o p e r d e f e n s e .
O nly 7 o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s a m o n g t h e s e 74 u n io n s f a i l e d to s t i p u l a t e w h at
the r e q u i r e m e n t f o r s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s e n t a i l e d . S u c h c o n s t i t u t i o n s c a l l e d m e r e l y
fo r " s p e c if ic w ritten c h a r g e s " (R ailw ay C le r k s ), o r "w ritten s p e c i f ic a t io n s " (M a in
t e n a n c e o f Way E m p l o y e s ) , o r f o r c h a r g e s " s p e c i f i c a l l y s e t f o r t h in w r i t i n g "
(U n ite d P l a n t G u a r d s ) . T h e r e m a i n d e r of th e 74 u n io n s d e f i n e d " s p e c i f i c " c h a r g e s .
T h i r t y - e i g h t u n i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , o r d e r e d a c c u s e r s to s p e c i f y the n a t u r e of the
o f f e n s e in t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s o f c h a r g e s . A m o n g t h e s e w e r e th e B r i c k l a y e r s :
W henever a c h a rg e is p r e f e r r e d
s p e c i f i c a l l y the o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d to
t i m e s (if m o r e th a n o n c e ) , th e d a t e s
m i t m e n t , the n u m b e r an d n a m e s
a g a in st a bro th er . . .
it s h a l l s t a t e
h a v e b e e n c o m m i t t e d , th e n u m b e r o f
an d le n g th of t i m e d u r i n g s u c h c o m
of w i t n e s s e s to s u c h o f f e n s e . . .
41
Table IV-2. Form of Charges in Local Union Trial Procedures, National and
international Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffilia tio n
U n affiliated
AFL-|CIO
Form of charges
Unions
M em bers
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for lo c a l
union tria l p roced u res----------- ---------Constitutions providing for form of
charges --------------------------------------W ritten and s p e c i f i c --------------------Sp e cify nature of offen se --------—
Sp e cify nature of offense and
rule or constitu tion al provision
v io la te d
----------------------------No referen ce to d etails to
be s p e c i f i e d ------------------------W ritten ------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for form
of c h a r g e s ------------------------------------
Unions
M em bers
M em bers
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 ,9 8 6 .2
25
2, 0 1 0.2
125
74
38
15, 403, 0
1 1 ,4 7 0 .6
7 ,1 9 6 . 1
104
60
32
1 3 ,4 3 1 .8
9 ,7 7 3 .4
5, 606. 9
21
14
6
1 ,9 7 1 . 2
1 ,6 9 7 .1
1 ,5 8 9 . 1
29
3, 1 7 3 .0
23
3 ,0 8 5 .6
6
8 7 .4
7
51
1 ,1 0 1 .5
3 ,9 3 2 .4
5
44
1 ,0 8 0 .9
3, 658. 4
2
7
20.6
2 7 4 .0
11
5 9 3 .4
7
5 5 4 .4
4
3 9.1
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T a b le IV -3.
Safeguards R e latin g to C harges in L ocal Union T r ia l Procedures, N ation al
and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
Form of charges
Safegu ard provision
A ll constitutions providing for charges in
lo c a l union tria l procedures ------------------------Constitutions providing safeguards ------------------C harges must be signed and accusers
su b ject to p en alties for filin g
fa lse charges ----------------------------------------C harges must be s i g n e d -----------------------------A ccusers su bject to p en alties for
filin g fa lse charges --------------------------------C harges must be sworn or n o t a r iz e d --------------Other s a f e g u a r d s ---------------------------------------Constitutions not providing safeguards ---------------
T o ta l
studied
Written
and
sp e cific
W ritten
only
Form of
charges not
stipu lated
136
74
51
11
81
58
21
2
26
24
22
17
3
6
1
1
23
3
x5
55
12
3
4
16
11
-
1
30
_
9
1 Under 1 constitution, the accu ser was required to sign charges and post a security deposit; under 1 co n sti
tution, charges had to be sworn and the accu ser was su bject to pen alties if charges were proven fa lse ; under 1 co n
stitution, the accu ser had to sign the charges, post a security deposit, and was su bject to d iscip lin e if charges were
proven fa lse ; under 1 constitution, a ll charges had to b e signed and an accu ser of a lo c a l o ffice r su b ject to p en alties,
if charges were proven fa lse ; and under 1 constitution, a ll fa lse accusers were su bject to pen alties, and charges again st
lo c a l officers had to be signed by 15 m em bers.
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 4
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42
Table IV-4. Agent Receiving Charges in Local Union Trial Procedures, National and
International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
T o ta l studied
A gent provisions
A ll constitutions providing
for ch arges in lo c a l union
tr ia l procedures -------------------------------
C onstitutions providing for
identity of agen t ----------------------------L o cal union o f f i c e r -----------------------S e c r e t a r y --------------------------------Secretary , but different agent,
if ch arges file d against
secretary -----------------------------P r e s id e n t--------------------------------President, but different
agent if charges against
president -----------------------------Other o f f i c e r s --------------------------L ocal union b o d y --------------------------E xecutive b o a r d -----------------------Perm anent c o m m it t e e ---------------M em bership m eetin g ---------------L o cal union ----------------------------E xecutive board or perm anent
c o m m i t t e e ----------------------------L o cal o ffice r or lo c a l
b o d y ----------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for
identy of a g e n t --------------------------------
A ffiliatio n
U n affiliate d
A FL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 ,9 8 6 .2
25
2, 0 1 0 . 2
103
62
31
1 1 ,7 2 7 .5
8 , 3 0 7 .0
4, 435. 2
83
49
24
9, 8 3 2 .4
6, 6 8 7 .4
2, 8 7 0 .0
20
13
7
1 ,8 9 5 .1
1 ,6 1 9 .6
1, 5 6 5 .2
9
9
1 ,7 9 2 .0
2 9 2 .8
8
6
1 ,7 7 9 .4
2 5 9 .6
1
3
12.6
3 3 .2
6
l7
39
11
2
2
23
1 ,0 6 0 .8
7 2 6 .2
3 ,3 9 0 .6
3 9 1 .0
2 4 .5
7 .1
2 ,9 1 0 .0
5
6
32
9
1
1
20
1 ,0 5 4 .8
7 2 3 .6
3, 1 15.1
3 8 1 .5
2 3 .5
2 .5
2, 649. 6
1
1
7
2
1
1
3
6.0
2.6
2 7 5 .5
9 .5
1.0
4 .6
2 6 0 .4
1
5 8 .0
1
5 8 .0
-
-
22
2 9 .9
2
2 9 .9
-
-
33
4, 2 6 9 .0
28
4, 1 5 3 .8
5
115.1
1 Under 3 constitutions, charges were to be file d with any e le cted o fficers; under 1 constitution, with the pres
ident or secretary; under 1 constitution, with the secretary of the tria l body; under 1 constitution with an international
o ffice r; and under 1 constitution, charges again st m em bers were to be file d with the lo c a l president but charges
again st officers were to b e file d with a d istrict d irector.
2 Under 1 constitution, charges were to be file d with the recording secretary or the ex ecu tiv e board; and under
1 constitution, charges again st m em bers were to be file d with the recording secretary w hile charges again st lo c a l
officers were to be file d with the ex ecu tive board.
NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums of in dividu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
43
Table IV-5. Publication of Charges to the Local Union Membership Prior to Trial, National and
International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M embers, in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffilia tio n
P ublication provisions
M em bers
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for charges
in lo c a l tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s -----------------C onstitutions providing for p u blication
of c h a r g e s -----------------------------------C harges to be read at m em bership
m e e t i n g ----------------------------------Posted on b u lle tin b o a r d ---------------Published in union n ew spaper---------Other p u b lication p ro v isio n s-----------Constitutions not providing for p u b lic ation of c h a r g e s ------------------------------
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 ,9 8 6 .2
25
2,0 1 0 .2
39
4, 522. 4
34
4, 4 3 1 .2
5
9 1 .2
1 34
1
1
23
4 ,4 1 5 .0
9 .1
4 0 .0
5 8 .3
30
4, 3 5 0 .3
9. 1
4 0 .0
3 1 .8
4
6 4 .7
1
2 6 .5
97
1 1 ,4 7 4 .0
77
9, 5 5 5 .0
20
1 ,9 1 9 .0
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
1 Under 28 constitutions, e x p licit provisions required reading of charges to the m em bership; w hile under 6 co n
stitutions, provisions for prelim in ary review by the m em bership im p lied that charges were read at m em bership m eeting.
2 Under 1 constitution, the m em bership was notified by p u blication on b u lletin boards, the union newspaper, or
personal n otificatio n ; under 1 constitution, charges again st lo c a l officers were read at a m em bership m eetin g but there
was no referen ce to read in g charges against lo c a l m em bers; and under 1 constitution, the m em bership was notified but
the m ethod of p u b licatio n was not sp e cifie d .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T a b le IV -6 .
P relim inary R eview of C harges Before T r ia l at the L o cal Union L ev el, N ation al and
In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
J^Ndte^nbers^^tlhousaLndsJ^
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
Prelim inary review body
M em bers
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for charges in
lo c a l union tria l p r o c e d u r e s --------------C onstitutions providing for a p re lim inary review of c h a r g e s---------------------M em bership m e e t in g ---------------------L ocal ex ecu tiv e b o a r d --------------------International p r e s id e n t ------------------L ocal president review ed charges
again st officers; no provision for
review of ch arges again st m em b ers-2 or m ore au to m atic r e v ie w s ----------Other review b o d ie s -----------------------Constitutions not providing for p re lim inary review p r o v isio n s----------------------
U n affiliated
AFL-■ CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 .9 8 6 .2
25
2, 0 1 0 . 2
31
13
6
3
3 ,0 1 3 .0
1, 2 5 9 .9
3 7 7 .9
1 9 3 .2
26
13
6
3
2 ,9 5 3 .7
1 ,2 5 9 .9
3 7 7 .9
1 9 3 .2
5
-
5 9 .2
-
3
3
*3
2 3 .8
1, 1 0 5 .6
5 2 .5
2
2
-
1 9 .6
1 ,1 0 3 .1
-
1
1
3
4 .2
2 .5
5 2 .5
105
12, 9 8 3 .5
85
1 1 ,0 3 2 .4
20
1 ,9 5 1 .0
1 Under 1 constitution, 2 perm anent co m m ittees conducted the review , and under 2 others a co m m ittee
by the lo c a l union president perform ed this function.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
-
appointed
44
T h e U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s a s k e d f o r the " e x a c t n a t u r e " o f th e o f f e n s e , an d
the P l u m b e r s r e q u i r e d o n ly th a t the n a t u r e o f th e o f f e n s e b e s t a t e d " w i t h r e a s o n
a b l e c e r t a i n t y . 1I1 In c o n t r a s t , the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s s t i p u l a t e d th a t " c h a r g e s
s h a l l b e s p e c i f i c , s t a t i n g c l e a r l y , c o n c i s e l y , an d a s a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s i b l e the
t i m e , p l a c e , a n d n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e a l l e g e d . "
A n o t h e r 29 o f the 74 u n io n s r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s b e w r i t t e n , s p e c i f i c ,
an d d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n o r r u l e o f l a w a l l e g e d l y v i o
lated .
T h e R a i l r o a d S i g n a l m e n , f o r i n s t a n c e , d e m a n d e d a h ig h d e g r e e of p r e
c i s i o n in s e t t i n g f o r t h a l l e g a t i o n s :
C h a r g e s m u s t s e t f o r t h the s p e c i f i c n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e , the p a r t y
o r p a r t i e s in v olved , tim e , p la c e , and exten t of o ffe n s e , a g a in s t whom
c o m m i t t e d , s p e c i f i c l a w s v i o l a t e d , a m o u n t o f m o n e y o r fu n d s in v o l v e d ,
i f a n y , an d m u s t . . . c l e a r l y s t a t e w ith w h o m c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d .
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n B a k e r y an d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s ( A F L - C I O )
s i m i l a r l y c a l l e d f o r a c l e a r s t a t e m e n t o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s v i o l a t e d ,
a g a i n s t r e s s i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p of s u c h a s t a t e m e n t to the a c c u s e d ' s a b i l i t y to
defend h im s e lf :
T h e c h a r g e s m u s t b e f i l e d in w r i t i n g and b e s i g n e d b y a m e m b e r
in g o o d s t a n d i n g .
T h e c h a r g e s m u s t s p e c i f y b o th the p a r t i c u l a r p r o
v i s i o n s of t h is c o n s t it u t io n a l l e g e d l y in v o l v e d an d the p a r t i c u l a r c o n d u c t
c o n s t i t u t i n g s u c h a l l e g e d v i o l a t i o n , in s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l to a f f o r d the
c h a r g e d p a r t y f a i r o p p o r t u n i t y to d e fe n d h i m s e l f .
S e v e r a l u n io n s a m o n g the 74, m a i n l y t h o s e in the r a i l r o a d i n d u s t r y , r e
q u i r e d th a t a l l c h a r g e s b e p r e s e n t e d in a p r e s c r i b e d a f f i d a v i t f o r m .
T y p ical w as
th a t o f th e B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n :
. . . No m e m b e r s h a l l b e p l a c e d on t r i a l u n l e s s c h a r g e s d u ly s p e c i
f y in g the o f f e n s e , s o a s fu ll y to a p p r i s e h im o f the n a t u r e t h e r e o f , an d
e n a b l e h im to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e , h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d to, a n d a c c e p t e d
b y , the l o d g e in w r it i n g , s i g n e d b y a m e m b e r o f the B r o t h e r h o o d in g o o d
s t a n d i n g a n d in the fo ll o w in g f o r m :
I h e r e b y c h a r g e B r o t h e r _____________, a m e m b e r o f l o d g e
N o . _____ , w ith u n b e c o m in g c o n d u c t ( o r v i o l a t i o n o f h is o b l i g a
tio n , o r o t h e r o f f e n s e s , a s the c a s e m a y be) in t h i s :
S p ecific atio n first:
T h a t the s a i d b r o t h e r did on o r a b o u t
th e _____________ d a y of ______ 19 __ ( h e r e s t a t e f u ll p a r t i c u l a r s ) .
When the c h a r g e i s f o r c o n tin u e d o f f e n s e , th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n
m a y r e a d in a d d it i o n to the a b o v e 'a n d h a b i t u a l l y s i n c e th a t t i m e , '
o th e rw ise th ere m u st be a s e p a r a t e sp e c ific a t io n fo r each action .
S a f e g u a r d s to A s s u r e T r u e C h a r g e s .
N e a r l y 60 p e r c e n t (81) o f the
136 u n io n s d e t a i l i n g l o c a l u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s i n c l u d e d v a r i o u s s a f e g u a r d s d e
s i g n e d to d e t e r r e c k l e s s , p o o r l y b a s e d a c c u s a t i o n s ( t a b le I V - 3 ) .
T h r e e u n ion s,
f o r i n s t a n c e , d i r e c t e d th a t c h a r g e s be s w o r n o r n o t a r i z e d , a m o n g t h e m the R a i l
road T e le g ra p h e rs:
I do h e r e b y d e c l a r e u p o n m y h o n o r a s a m e m b e r of the O r d e r of
R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s , th a t the c h a r g e s a s s u b s c r i b e d to b y m e a r e
t r u e , a n d the s a m e a r e not m a d e out o f m a l i c e o r p r e j u d i c e on m y p a r t ;
b u t w ith a d e s i r e to s e e the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f th e o r d e r s u b s e r v e d , an d
in v i n d i c a t i o n of the vo w t a k e n w hen b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r o f t h is o r d e r .
45
M o r e c o m m o n l y (2 4 u n i o n s ) , the r e q u i r e m e n t w a s th a t a l l c h a r g e s b e
s i g n e d b y th e a c c u s e r , t h e r e b y r u l i n g ou t t r i a l s on a n o n y m o u s a c c u s a t i o n s .
T his
w a s e x p r e s s e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l G u a r d s U n io n o f A m e r i c a
(In d .) a s fo llo w s:
A c c u s a t i o n s . . . m u s t c o n t a in th e s i g n a t u r e o r s i g n a t u r e s o f the
accu sin g p arty or p a r tie s.
No a n o n y m o u s l e t t e r o r d o c u m e n t s s h a l l b e
h o n o r e d f o r th e p u r p o s e of c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r s . . .
U n d e r s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the s i g n a t u r e o f m o r e th a n on e c o m p l a i n a n t w a s
n e c e s s a r y to in v o k e the u n i o n s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y .
The S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R ailw a y
a n d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s , f o r e x a m p l e , d i r e c t e d th a t c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s
b e s i g n e d b y a t l e a s t 5 m e m b e r s a n d a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s b y a t l e a s t 10 m e m b e r s .
L o c a l s o f the A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( i n d . ) n e e d e d the e n d o r s e m e n t
o f 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p to a c t i v a t e the t r i a l m a c h i n e r y ; e x c e p t th a t in
l o c a l s o f 100 o r f e w e r m e m b e r s , a t l e a s t 20 s i g n a t u r e s w e r e r e q u i r e d , w h e r e a s
l o c a l s h a v in g o v e r 1, 000 m e m b e r s n e e d e d o n ly 150 s i g n a t u r e s .
Two oth er in t e r
n a t i o n a l s r e q u i r e d a c c u s e r s to l e a v e a d e p o s i t w ith the u n io n a t the t i m e o f f i lin g
c h a r g e s , the d e p o s i t to b e f o r f e i t e d i f the c h a r g e s w e r e n ot u p h e ld .
T h e p o w e r to p e n a l i z e a c c u s e r s f o r m a k i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s w a s g r a n t e d in
o v e r h a l f the 81 c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t p r o v i d e d th e s a f e g u a r d s d i s c u s s e d .
P en alties
r a n g e d f r o m r e p r i m a n d s ( A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s ) to e x p u l s i o n s ( M e a t C u t t e r s ) . O th e r
p u n i s h m e n t s c o n s i s t e d of (1) s u s p e n s i o n (i. e . , R u b b e r W o r k e r s ) ; (2) f i n e s in a
f i x e d a m o u n t ( i. e . , G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s ) ; a n d (3) f i n e s d e s i g n e d to c o v e r the
c o s t s o f the t r i a l on the o r i g i n a l c h a r g e s ( i. e . , I r o n W o r k e r s ) .
T h e a c c u s e r , u n d e r s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , w a s to b e s u m m a r i l y d i s c i p l i n e d
f o r i s s u i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s ( s e e c h a p t e r II), o r e l s e h e , to o , h ad to u n d e r g o a t r i a l ,
a s w a s r e q u i r e d b y the P l u m b e r s u n ion , to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r he h a d p r e f e r r e d
the c h a r g e s m a l i c i o u s l y :
When a m e m b e r i s found g u il t y b y th e l o c a l u n io n a f t e r d ue n o t ic e
and t r i a l . . .
of f i l i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s m a l i c i o u s l y a n d in b a d f a i t h . . .
he s h a l l b e a s s e s s e d an d p u n i s h e d b y the l o c a l u n io n . . .
D i r e c t m e m b e r s h i p a c t i o n r e p l a c e d a f u ll t r i a l in the R u b b e r W o r k e r s
c o n s t i t u t i o n , bu t m o r e th a n a m a j o r i t y v o t e w a s n e c e s s a r y to c o n v i c t the a c c u s e r
of m ak in g f a ls e c h a r g e s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , the v o te c o u ld n ot b e t a k e n a t the s a m e
m e e t i n g a t w h ic h the o r i g i n a l t r i a l w a s h e ld , th u s c o u n t e r a c t i n g the p r e s e n c e o f
h ig h e m o t i o n s , n o r c o u ld the a c c u s e r b e h e ld l i a b l e f o r a c t i o n s t a k e n in g o o d f a it h :
A n y m e m b e r b r i n g i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n o t h e r w h ic h he f a i l s to
s u s t a i n b y p r o p e r e v i d e n c e m a y , b y a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f the m e m b e r
s h i p p r e s e n t a n d v o ti n g a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the l o c a l un ion
fo ll o w in g the m e e t i n g a t w h ic h the d e c i s i o n o f the t r i a l b o a r d i s r e p o r t e d
a n d w ith o u t r e f e r r i n g the m a t t e r to a n y t r i a l b o a r d , b e r e p r i m a n d e d o r
s u s p e n d e d f o r a p e r i o d n ot e x c e e d i n g 3 m o n t h s , o r b o th r e p r i m a n d e d
and su sp e n d e d .
T h i s p a r a g r a p h s h a l l not be a p p l i c a b l e in c a s e s w h e r e
the m e m b e r b r i n g i n g the c h a r g e s c a n s h o w th a t s u c h c h a r g e s w e r e
f i l e d in g o o d f a i t h a n d w ith r e a s o n a b l e c a u s e to b e l i e v e t h a t a n o f f e n s e
w as co m m itte d .
46
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the L a d i e s * G a r m e n t W o r k e r s , h o w e v e r , e m p o w e r e d
th e s a m e t r i a l b o d y th a t h e a r d the o r i g i n a l c h a r g e s to t a k e a c t i o n a g a i n s t the
a c c u s e r if c h a r g e s w e r e f a l s e :
If a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r s h a l l k n o w in g ly p r e f e r f a l s e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
a n y o t h e r m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . . . the a c c u s e r m a y b e p l a c e d on t r i a l
f o r h a v in g b r o u g h t the f a l s e c h a r g e s an d s u c h t r i a l s h a l l be c o n d u c t e d
in the s a m e m a n n e r an d b e f o r e the s a m e b o d y a s the t r i a l o f the c h a r g e s
m a d e b y the a c c u s e r .
T y p i c a l l y , t h o s e u n io n s th a t p r e s c r i b e d the f o r m of c h a r g e s a l s o g u a r d e d
a g a i n s t a n o n y m o u s a n d b a d f a it h c h a r g e s ( t a b l e I V - 3).
Of the 74 u n io n s w h ich
r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s b e w r i t t e n an d s p e c i f i c , f o r i n s t a n c e , m o r e th a n t h r e e f o u r t h s (58) a l s o p r o v i d e d s a f e g u a r d s a g a i n s t f a l s e c h a r g e s .
On the o t h e r h an d,
f e w e r th a n h a l f (Z l) o f the 51 u n io n s w h ich r e q u i r e d o n ly th a t c h a r g e s b e in w r it i n g
p r o v i d e d a s s u r a n c e o f t r u e c h a r g e s . T h e s e w e r e l a r g e l y c o n c e r n e d w ith p e n a l i z i n g
t h o s e who p r e s e n t e d f a l s e c h a r g e s .
F i n a l l y , o f the 11 u n io n s th a t d id not s t i p u l a t e
th e f o r m o f c h a r g e s , o n ly 2 i n d i c a t e d th a t a l l e g a t i o n s s h o u ld b e in w r i t i n g , 1 un ion
r e q u i r i n g th a t the c h a r g e s b e s i g n e d , an d the o t h e r un ion r e q u i r i n g the c h a r g e s
be s ig n e d and f a l s e a c c u s e r s p u n ish ed .
F ilin g C h a r g e s .
A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , b o th m e m b e r s an d l o c a l u n io n o f
f i c e r s w e r e a u t h o r i z e d to p r e f e r c h a r g e s a g a i n s t o t h e r l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s an d
m em bers.
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , in f a c t , o b l i g a t e d o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s to b r i n g
c h a r g e s w h en a w a r e of v i o l a t i o n s , a s , f o r e x a m p l e , in the f o ll o w in g :
It s h a l l b e the duty of a n y m e m b e r o f a l o c a l l o d g e who m a y p o s
s e s s i n f o r m a t i o n th a t a m e m b e r of h is l o d g e h a s v i o l a t e d the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n to i m m e d i a t e l y p r e f e r c h a r g e s in w r i t i n g to the
p r e s i d e n t of the l o d g e . . . ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l D ie S i n k e r s 1 C o n f e r e n c e , Ind. )
N ot f i l i n g c h a r g e s w hen h a v in g s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c a u s e f o r p u n i s h m e n t in it s
own r i g h t in the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s , a m o n g o t h e r s :
A n y m e m b e r m a y be p e n a l i z e d f o r c o m m i t t i n g a n y on e of the f o l
lo w in g o f f e n s e s : . . . (3) h a v in g k n o w l e d g e o f the v i o l a t i o n o f a n y p r o
v i s i o n o f th is c o n s t it u t io n , o r the b y l a w s o r r u l e s of a l o c a l un ion , y e t
f a i l i n g to f i l e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t the o f f e n d e r o r to n o t ify the p r o p e r o f
f i c e r s o f the l o c a l un ion .
A r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n s (22 o f 136) n a m e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o f f i c e r s a m o n g t h o s e e m p o w e r e d to p r e s e n t c h a r g e s , bu t none g a v e t h e s e i n t e r
n atio n al e x e c u tiv e s so le au th o rity .
W hile s o m e of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s v e r y c a r e
f u l l y d e s c r i b e d an d l i m i t e d the e x t e n t of the a u t h o r i t y g r a n t e d to a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o f f i c e r , m o s t o f the 22 p e r m i t t e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r to f i l e c h a r g e s on an y
grounds.
T h e s e a s p e c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d in the n e x t c h a p t e r w h ic h d e a l s w ith t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
In 33 o f the 136 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ( t a b l e I V - 4 ) , the a g e n t o r a g e n c y w ith w h om
c h a r g e s w e r e to b e f i l e d w a s not i d e n t i f i e d .
T h u s, a m e m b e r filin g c h a r g e s
a g a i n s t a n o t h e r m e m b e r o r l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r c o u ld find h i m s e l f in a p r o c e d u r a l
quandary.
T h e c h a r g e s m i g h t n e v e r h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d b y a l o c a l u n io n t r i a l
c o m m i t t e e , s i m p l y b e c a u s e he d id n ot know w ith w h om to f i l e .
A n o t h e r 62 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , f o r m a l l y d e s i g n a t e d l o c a l u n io n o f
f i c e r s a s r e c e i v i n g a g e n t s , m o s t c o m m o n l y the l o c a l un ion s e c r e t a r y (40) an d
o c c a s i o n a l l y the l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t (1 5 ).
A m o n g t h e s e 62 c o n s t i t u t i o n s o n ly
47
15 p r o v i d e d f o r a l t e r n a t e r e c e i v i n g a g e n t s in the e v e n t c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d a g a i n s t
the p e r s o n who n o r m a l l y w ou ld be the r e c e i v i n g a g e n t .
In s u c h a n e v e n t, the
A u to W o r k e r s a d o p t e d the fo ll o w in g a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n a t i o n :
C h a r g e s m u s t b e s u b m i t t e d to the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f the l o c a l
u n ion o r the s h o p o r g a n i z a t i o n a s the c a s e m a y b e . . . p r o v i d e d th a t
i f the c h a r g e s a r e a g a i n s t the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y th e y s h a l l b e s u b
m i t t e d to the p r e s i d e n t o f the l o c a l un ion o r the c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r
o f the s h o p o r g a n i z a t i o n a s the c a s e m a y be . . .
A n a d d i t i o n a l 39 c o n s t i t u t i o n s d e s i g n a t e d a u n ion b o d y , r a t h e r th a n a n
o ffic e r , a s re c e iv in g agen t.
M o r e th a n h a l f (23) o f t h e s e 39 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o
v i d e d th a t the ’’l o c a l u n i o n ” s h o u ld a c t in t h is c a p a c i t y w ith o ut s p e c i f y i n g the
g ro u p o r in d iv id u al d ir e c t ly r e s p o n s ib le .
T h e r e m a i n i n g 16 u n io n s d e s i g n a t e d
the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s i l l u s t r a t e d b e l o w , o r a p e r m a n e n t c o m m i t t e e ,
o r the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g :
A n y m e m b e r o r l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r m a y f i l e c h a r g e s w ith the l o c a l
un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the l o c a l un ion
a l l e g i n g the c o m m i s s i o n of a n y o f the o f f e n s e s e n u m e r a t e d . . . ( R u b
b e r W orkers)
T h e J e w e l r y W o r k e r s p r o v i d e d in i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n th a t a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t
m e m b e r s w e r e to b e f i l e d w ith the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y w h ile c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
o f f i c e r s w e r e to go to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
T h e E l e v a t o r C o n s t r u c t o r s , on the
o t h e r hand, s t i p u l a t e d th a t c h a r g e s a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s c o u ld b e f i l e d
e i t h e r with the l o c a l u n ion p r e s i d e n t o r the l o c a l u n ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
P u b l i c a t i o n of C h a r g e s a n d P r e l i m i n a r y R e v i e w .
T h irty-n in e c o n st i
t u tio n s o f f e r e d a n a d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d b y r e q u i r i n g th a t l o c a l u n io n s b r i n g c h a r g e s
to the a t t e n t i o n o f the m e m b e r s h i p ( t a b l e I V - 5 ) .
N e a r l y h a l f (17) o f t h e s e a l s o
c a lle d fo r a p r e l im in a r y re v ie w of c h a r g e s .
R e a d i n g o f c h a r g e s a t a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s b y f a r the m o s t f r e
q u e n tly a d o p t e d f o r m of p u b l i c a t i o n , a p p e a r i n g in 34 o f the 39 c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e
q u irin g p u b licatio n :
C h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s m u s t be s i g n e d , s u b m i t t e d a n d r e a d a t a
r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f l o c a l un ion . ( A s b e s t o s W o r k e r s )
T h e C a r p e n t e r s s t i p u l a t e d th a t c h a r g e s w ould b e r e a d a t on e m e e t i n g but
th a t
f o r m a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f the c h a r g e s w ou ld be d e l a y e d u n til the n e x t m e e t i n g ,
th u s
a ll o w in g f o r a f u r t h e r d i s s e m i n a t i o n of the a c c u s a t i o n s to t h o s e m e m b e r s
who h ad not a t t e n d e d the f i r s t m e e t i n g , but who m i g h t be i n t e r e s t e d in p a r t i c i
p a t i n g in the s u b s e q u e n t p r o c e e d i n g s :
T h e c h a r g e s m u s t b e r e a d a t the m e e t i n g an d l a y o v e r u n til the
n e x t m e e t i n g , and the m e m b e r m u s t b e n o t if i e d b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l . . .
to b e p r e s e n t . . .
One un ion p r o v i d e d th a t c h a r g e s b e p u b l i s h e d
and a s e c o n d u n ion p r o v i d e d f o r c h a r g e s to be p o s t e d
board.
T he B r o t h e r h o o d o f L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s ( i n d . )
th a t
a u t h o r i z e d p u b l i c a t i o n o f c h a r g e s p r e p a r a t o r y to a
th eir su fficie n cy :
in the un ion n e w s p a p e r
on the u n i o n ! s b u l l e t i n
w a s 1 o f the 17 u n io n s
p re lim in a ry
r e v i e w of
. . . T h e c h i e f e n g i n e e r of the d i v i s i o n s h a l l , a t the n e x t r e g u l a r
m e e t i n g t h e r e o f , a f t e r c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d , c a u s e the s e c r e t a r y t r e a s u r e r to r e a d s a i d c h a r g e s in o p e n m e e t i n g a n d a p p o in t a c o m m i t t e e
o f 3 to i n v e s t i g a t e the c h a r g e s an d r e p o r t i t s f i n d i n g s to the n e x t r e g u l a r
m e e t i n g u n l e s s f u r t h e r t i m e s h a l l b e g iv e n .
48
P r o v i s i o n f o r a p r e t r i a l r e v i e w of c h a r g e s a p p e a r e d in 31 o f 13 6 c o n s t i
tu t i o n s s t u d i e d ( t a b l e I V - 6).
In i t s p u r p o s e , s u c h a r e v i e w w a s s o m e w h a t a k i n to
th a t p e r f o r m e d b y a g r a n d j u r y , and it s e r v e d two c l o s e l y r e l a t e d p u r p o s e s : F i r s t ,
a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n m i g h t p r o v e th a t the a l l e g a t i o n s h a d no m e r i t , r e
s u l t i n g in t h e i r b e in g d r o p p e d b e f o r e t r i a l ; s e c o n d l y , it s e r v e d a s a p r o c e d u r e
f o r g a t h e r i n g a l l p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n f o r l a t e r u s e b y the t r i a l b o d y .
Of the 31 u n io n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u c h r e v i e w , o n ly 3 d e s i g n a t e d the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t a s the r e v i e w i n g a g e n t .
M o re g e n e r a lly e xam in in g r e s p o n s i
b i l i t i e s w e r e d e l e g a t e d to the m e m b e r s h i p a s a w h o le , o r to a c o m m i t t e e e l e c t e d
b y the m e m b e r s h i p , a s in the O il, C h e m i c a l and A t o m i c W o r k e r s :
. . . s u c h c h a r g e s m u s t be p r e s e n t e d to th e m e m b e r s h i p a t a
r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l m e e t i n g c a l l e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e .
A m a j o r i t y o f the
m e m b e r s p r e s e n t an d v o tin g . . . s h a l l d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n ot the
c h a r g e s w a r r a n t a t r i a l , an d i f s o , w h e t h e r the t r i a l s h a l l b e r e f e r r e d
to a n i n v e s t i g a t i n g c o m m i t t e e o r b e h e ld b e f o r e the m e m b e r s h i p a s
a w h o le .
L e s s f r e q u e n t l y , the i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s to b e c o n d u c t e d b y the l o c a l u n ion
e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , o r a c o m m i t t e e a p p o in t e d b y it*.
When s u c h c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r , an d the
g e n e r a l c o m m i t t e e o r e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the d i v i s i o n in v o l v e d f i n d s th a t
the c h a r g e s h a v e s u f f i c i e n t m e r i t to w a r r a n t f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s , the
c h a i r m a n o f the c o m m i t t e e , o r o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l f u r n i s h the
a c c u s e d w ith a c o p y o f the c h a r g e s . . . ( C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s )
T h r e e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r m o r e th a n one p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w .
The M a
c h i n i s t s , f o r i n s t a n c e , f i r s t a l l o w e d the l o c a l u n io n p r e s i d e n t to e v a l u a t e c h a r g e s ,
bu t h i s d e c i s i o n to d r o p th e m w a s s u b j e c t to a f u r t h e r a u t o m a t i c m e m b e r s h i p
re v ie w .
T h e T y p o g r a p h e r s a n d the W atch W o r k e r s ( i n d . ) in e f f e c t a l s o a u t h o r i z e d
a t w o - s t e p r e v i e w b y a v o te on two s e p a r a t e q u e s t i o n s :
(1) W h e th e r the c h a r g e s
a s p r e s e n t e d w e r e d e e m e d c o g n i z a b l e ; an d , a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y a s p e c i a l c o m
m i t t e e , (2) w h e t h e r the c h a r g e s w e r e w o r t h y o f t r i a l .
F o u r u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r a p p e a l s f r o m p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w d e c i s i o n s .
T h e s e w e r e not a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w s b y a s e c o n d b o d y a s n o te d a b o v e , b u t w e r e to
b e i n i t i a t e d b y a n i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y who f e l t a g g r i e v e d b y the o u t c o m e o f the f i r s t
p r e lim in a r y rev iew .
In the T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , a l o c a l e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d * s d e c i s i o n to d r o p c h a r g e s c o u ld b e a p p e a l e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n rs
e x e c u t i v e c o u n c il , w h ile in the U p h o l s t e r e r s the a c c u s e d c o u ld a p p e a l f i r s t to
the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g an d th en to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .
The C h e m ic a l
W o r k e r s s i m i l a r l y c o u ld a p p e a l a l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d * s d e c i s i o n to d i s m i s s
c h a r g e s to the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g , but a t w o - t h i r d s m a j o r i t y v o te w a s n e c e s
s a r y to o v e r r u l e the d e c i s i o n .
F i n a l l y , in the A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s , w h e r e
the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s to s e r v e a s the p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w b o d y , the a c
c u s e r ^ a p p e a l w en t d i r e c t l y to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
C o m p o s i t i o n o f the T r i a l A g e n c y
A n u n b i a s e d t r i b u n a l i s f u n d a m e n t a l to the f a i r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c e .
T h e r e f o r e , the c o m p o s i t i o n o f the t r i a l b o d y , th e m e t h o d o f i t s s e l e c t i o n , a n d
the p r o v i s i o n s g u a r a n t e e i n g i t s i m p a r t i a l i t y a r e of p a r t i c u l a r r e l e v a n c e .
U n io n s
s e l e c t t r i a l b o d i e s in d i f f e r e n t w a y s , a s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .
U n lik e the c o u r t s ,
h o w e v e r , u n io n s m a y d i v e s t the t r i a l b o d i e s of f i n a l d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y , a s
d e s c r i b e d in the n e x t s e c t i o n .
49
A lt h o u g h a l l 136 u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l s a t the l o c a l
un ion l e v e l r e f e r r e d to t r i a l b o d i e s ( t a b l e I V - 7), in 19 th e y w e r e n ot c l e a r l y d e
fin e d .
N in e o f th e 19 p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l b y a " c o m m i t t e e " o f th e l o c a l un ion ,
w ith o ut p r e s c r i b i n g i t s m a k e u p o r s e l e c t i o n .
T he r e m a i n i n g 10 w e r e e q u a l l y
in d e fin i t e an d u s u a l l y d e l e g a t e d t h is a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l u n ion :
( T h e a c c u s e d ) s h a l l be g iv e n a n i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b y h i s l o c a l a f f i l i a t e
a s p r o v i d e d in the b y l a w s o f s a i d l o c a l a f f i l i a t e . . . ( L e a t h e r W o r k e r s )
T a b le IV —7.
L ocal Union T r ia l Bodies, N atio n al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffilia tio n
T o ta l studied
T r ia l body
A ll constitutions providing lo c a l
union tr ia l procedures --------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l by a
lo c a l governing b o d y ---------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l by
lo c a l union m em b ersh ip ------------------M em bership m eetin g ------------------C om m ittee se le c te d by the
m e m b e r s h ip -----------------------------C onstitutions providing for tr ia l by an
agent appointed by the lo c a l union
president -------------------------------------Constitutions providing pan el methods
for se lectin g a tria l b o d y -----------------Panel se le c te d by drawing lo ts--------Panel ele c te d by the m e m b e r s h ip ---Other p an el m e t h o d s --------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l by a
co m m ittee, no referen ce to d e t a i l s ---C onstitutions providing for tr ia l by the
lo c a l union, no referen ce
to d e t a i l s -------------------------------------C onstitutions providing for tr ia l by
other bodies ---------------------------------
U n affiliated
AFL- CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
2,0 1 0 .
136
15, 9 9 6 .4
111
13, 9 8 6 .2
25
62
7, 1 8 0 .2
56
5, 6 3 1 .4
6
1 ,5 4 8 .8
28
16
1 ,3 4 0 .5
7 7 6 .5
20
12
1, 1 3 9 .7
6 9 7 .8
8
200.8
4
7 8 .7
12
5 6 4 .0
8
4 4 1 .9
4
122.1
15
1 ,8 9 8 .9
11
1 ,8 8 4 .7
4
1 4 .2
10
2, 1 5 3 .4
1 ,2 8 2 .8
8 3 6 .8
3 3 .8
8
4 .2
2
1
2, 149. 3
1 ,2 8 2 .8
8 3 6 .0
3 0 .4
2
5
3
12
9
1 ,7 1 0 .2
7
10
1, 5 4 0 .2
22
173.1
5
2
-
-
1
1
.8
3 .3
1 ,6 3 3 .5
2
7 6 .6
7
1 ,3 7 4 .6
3
1 6 5 .6
2
1 73.1
-
-
* Under 1 constitution, the lo c a l president appointed a pan el; and under 1 the pan el was com posed of presi
dents of ad join in g lo c a l unions.
2 Under 1 constitution, an in vestigatin g co m m ittee conducted hearings in lo c als of m ore than 200 m em bers w hile
the m em bership m eetin g held trials in sm alle r lo c a ls; and under 1 a 5 -m em b er tr ia l co m m ittee included 2 persons ap appointed by the president, 2 by the v ic e president, and 1 by the accu sed .
NOTE:
B ecause of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
A l l o t h e r u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s (117) c l e a r l y d e s i g n a t e d who w a s to s e r v e
on the t r i a l b o a r d .
M o s t f r e q u e n t l y , the l o c a l f s g o v e r n i n g b o d y a c t e d a s the
tribu n al.
T h i s w a s a u t h o r i z e d in 62 u n io n s h a v in g a c o m b i n e d m e m b e r s h i p of
7. 2 m i l l i o n .
A n a d d i t i o n a l 15 u n i o n s , a c c o u n t i n g f o r a n o t h e r 1. 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s ,
e m p o w e r e d the l o c a l p r e s i d e n t to a p p o in t the t r i a l b o a r d .
In 77 u n i o n s , 24 t h e r e
f o r e , the l o c a l u n i o n s e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s s e r v e d on o r s e l e c t e d the t r i a l c o m
m i t t e e , a lt h o u g h in m o s t of t h e s e a n o t h e r b o d y , u s u a l l y the m e m b e r s h i p , h ad the
p o w e r to h an d down a f i n a l d e c i s i o n .
24
T h e 19 u n io n s r e f e r r e d to a b o v e m a y a l s o f a l l into th is
category.
50
A m o n g the 62 u n io n s n a m i n g a l o c a l g o v e r n i n g b o d y to a c t a s t r i a l c o m
m i t t e e w a s the H a t t e r s , w h ich p r o v i d e d the a l t e r n a t i v e s o f t r i a l b y f u l l e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d o r b y a s u b c o m m i t t e e r e s p o n s i b l e to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s f o l l o w s :
C h a r g e s m a d e b y a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l u n io n a g a i n s t a n o t h e r
m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of the s a m e l o c a l un ion s h a l l b e t r i e d b y th e l o c a l
e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r b y a s u b c o m m i t t e e to be d e s i g n a t e d b y s u c h b o a r d ,
s u c h c o m m i t t e e to r e p o r t b a c k i t s f i n d i n g s to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , an d
its r e c o m m e n d a tio n s, if any.
T h e T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s , on the o t h e r h an d, p l a c e d h e a r i n g a u t h o r i t y e x
c l u s i v e l y in the h a n d s o f a n ad h oc e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s u b c o m m i t t e e r a t h e r th a n in
the f u ll b o a r d :
In the e v e n t th a t the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h o u l d d e c i d e th a t the
c h a r g e s w a r r a n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d h e a r i n g , the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d
s h a l l e l e c t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e of t h r e e o f i t s own m e m b e r s an d s h a l l
d e s i g n a t e one of it s own m e m b e r s to p r e s e n t the c h a r g e s b e f o r e the
t r ia l co m m itte e .
T h e m e m b e r s o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e s e l e c t e d
b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r the t r i a l o f s u c h c h a r g e s . . .
T h e M a c h i n i s t s w e r e a m o n g the 15 u n io n s g iv i n g l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t s
the p o w e r to a p p o in t t r i a l b o a r d s .
In t h is un ion , the h e a r i n g a g e n c y a l s o c o n
d u c t e d a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the s u f f i c i e n c y of c h a r g e s :
. . . W henever c h a r g e s have been p r e f e r r e d a g a in s t a m e m b e r ,
th e p r e s i d e n t o f the l o c a l l o d g e s h a l l p r o m p t l y a p p o in t a t r i a l c o m m i t
t e e o f n ot m o r e than f i v e m e m b e r s , one o f w h o m s h a l l a c t a s c h a i r m a n
a n d one o f w h o m s h a l l a c t a s s e c r e t a r y . T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l c o n
d u c t a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the c h a r g e s an d d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t
s u b s t a n c e to w a r r a n t a t r i a l h e a r i n g b e in g h e l d .
If the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e
d e c i d e s a t r i a l h e a r i n g i s w a r r a n t e d , the c o m m i t t e e s h a l l , w ith in one
w e e k of i t s a p p o in t m e n t , n o t ify the m e m b e r of the c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h im
a n d w h en and w h e r e to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l . . .
T h e r e m a i n i n g 38 u n io n s v e s t e d t r i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y e i t h e r in g r o u p s o t h e r
th a n l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s , o r e l s e p r e s c r i b e d d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s f o r c h o o s i n g t r i
b u n a l m e m b e r s . In 28 u n i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e .
S i x t e e n of t h e s e u n io n s r e q u i r e d th a t t r i a l s b e h e ld a t r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l m e m b e r
s h i p m e e t i n g s , a s in the U n ite d T e x t i l e W o r k e r s :
( c h a r g e s ) w ill b e p r e s e n t e d to the E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e o f the l o c a l
u n ion w ith c o m p l a i n a n t p r e s e n t .
If s u f f i c i e n t c h a r g e d g r o u n d s a r e found
to w a r r a n t a h e a r i n g , the m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r c h a r g e d w ill b e . . . to ld
w hen to a p p e a l a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g , o r a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g c a l l e d
f o r th a t p u r p o s e . . . A n y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r a g a i n s t w h om c h a r g e s
have been p r e f e r r e d ,
who r e f u s e s to a p p e a r a t the i n v e s t i g a t i o n o r
h e a r i n g of the g e n e r a l b o d y s h a l l s t a n d s u s p e n d e d . . .
T h e r e m a i n i n g 12 u n i o n s , in c lu d in g the S to n e and A l l i e d P r o d u c t s W o r k e r s , a u t h o r
i z e d the m e m b e r s h i p to s e l e c t a c o m m i t t e e to h e a r the e v i d e n c e :
T h e l o c a l s h a l l e l e c t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e of a t l e a s t s e v e n m e m b e r s .
E l e c t i o n o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e w ill be h e ld a t a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the
l o c a l o r a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g c a l l e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e .
A n o t h e r 10 u n io n s a d o p t e d p a n e l p r o c e d u r e s f o r s e l e c t i n g m e m b e r s to
s e r v e on b o a r d s .
H a lf o f t h e s e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r a r a n d o m s e l e c t i o n f r o m
51
a m o n g the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t the t r i a l m e e t i n g to e s t a b l i s h a r o s t e r f r o m w h ich
the f i n a l t r i a l c o m m i t t e e c o u ld th e n b e c h o s e n .
T h i s w a s s e t f o r t h in th e R u b b e r
W o rk e rs co n stitu tio n a s fo llo w s:
A t r i a l b o a r d o f s e v e n m e m b e r s an d two a l t e r n a t e s to t r y e a c h c a s e
s h a l l b e c h o s e n by lo t f r o m the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g
of the l o c a l u n io n a t w h ich the c h a r g e s a r e r e p o r t e d .
S i n c e t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n i s one of a s m a l l n u m b e r th a t d e s c r i b e d p a n e l s e l e c t i o n
p r o c e d u r e s in d e t a i l , the p e r t i n e n t c l a u s e s a r e q u o te d in f u l l b e l o w :
(b)
The ch oo sin g by lo t sh a ll be a s fo llo w s:
1. T h e n a m e s of t h o s e p r e s e n t a t the m e e t i n g s h a l l be
p l a c e d in a n a p p a r a t u s f r o m w h ich the s e c r e t a r y o f the l o c a l
un io n s h a l l d r a w 15 n a m e s .
T he n a m e s a s d r a w n s h a l l be
p l a c e d on a l i s t in the o r d e r th u s d r a w n .
2. If the s e c r e t a r y o r an y m e m b e r o f the 15 s o d r a w n
h a s a n y d i r e c t c o n n e c t io n w ith the c h a r g e s , o r i s r e l a t e d to,
o r i s the c o u n s e l f o r e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r c o m p l a i n a n t , o r
m a y b e a w i t n e s s , he s h a l l b e d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m a c t i n g .
In
the e v e n t o f d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f the s e c r e t a r y , h is p l a c e s h a l l
b e t a k e n b y the h i g h e s t r a n k in g o f f i c e r o f the l o c a l un ion
n ot i n t e r e s t e d in the c a s e .
A n y p r o s p e c t i v e m e m b e r of the
t r i a l b o a r d , the s e c r e t a r y o r o f f i c e r a c t i n g in h is p l a c e
s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to i n t e r r o g a t i o n b y e i t h e r p a r t y , o r h is
c o u n s e l , in r e s p e c t to the m a t t e r s s e t f o r t h h e r e i n f o r the
p u r p o s e of a s c e r t a i n i n g h i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n - t o a c t a s a m e m b e r
o f s a i d t r i a l b o a r d , o r in the c a p a c i t y a s d e s i g n a t e d h e r e i n .
3. In the e v e n t o f the d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f a n y p r o s p e c
t i v e m e m b e r of the t r i a l b o a r d , a d d i t i o n a l n a m e s s h a l l be
d r a w n to s e c u r e the n e c e s s a r y n u m b e r to f i l l the t r i a l b o a r d .
4 . T h e c o m p l a i n a n t o r h is c o u n s e l s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d
a l i s t o f the n a m e s a s d r a w n ; the a c c u s e d o r h is c o u n s e l
s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d a l i s t o f the n a m e s a s d r a w n .
The c o m
p l a i n a n t o r h is c o u n s e l a n d the a c c u s e d o r h is c o u n s e l s h a l l
b e g i v e n the r i g h t to s t r i k e a s m a n y a s t h r e e n a m e s f r o m
said list.
T h e c o m p l a i n a n t an d the a c c u s e d s h a l l e x e r c i s e
t h e i r r i g h t to s t r i k e a s m a n y a s t h r e e n a m e s f r o m s a i d l i s t
w ith o u t a d v i s i n g e a c h o t h e r w h at n a m e s a r e b e in g s t r i c k e n .
T h e l i s t o f n a m e s s h a l l t h e r e u p o n be s u b m i t t e d to the s e c r e
t a r y of the l o c a l un ion who s h a l l a d v i s e the l o c a l u n io n w h at
n a m e s h a v e b e e n s t r i c k e n b y the c o m p l a i n a n t an d the a c
cu sed.
T h e f i r s t s e v e n n a m e s r e m a i n i n g on the t o t a l l i s t
s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the t r i a l b o a r d .
T he n e x t two n a m e s s h a l l
c o n s t i t u t e the a l t e r n a t e s on the t r i a l b o a r d .
5. If the c o m p l a i n a n t , o r the a c c u s e d , o r e i t h e r of
th e m , i s not p r e s e n t a t the m e e t i n g , and if e i t h e r the c o m
p l a i n a n t o r the a c c u s e d , h a s not d e s i g n a t e d c o u n s e l a s h e r e
in a b o v e p r o v i d e d , the t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l b e s e l e c t e d n o t w ith
stan d in g.
S h o u ld e i t h e r the c o m p l a i n a n t o r the a c c u s e d be
p r e s e n t p e r s o n a l l y o r r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o u n s e l a n d the o t h e r
n ot p r e s e n t an d not r e p r e s e n t e d by c o u n s e l , the t r i a l b o a r d
s h a ll be se le c te d a s p ro v id e d abo ve.
T h e r i g h t to s t r i k e
52
n a m e s o r i n t e r r o g a t e p r o s p e c t i v e m e m b e r s o f the t r i a l
b o a r d f r o m the l i s t d r a w n m a y b e e x e r c i s e d b y the c o m
p l a i n a n t o r the a c c u s e d who i s p r e s e n t o r the d e s i g n a t e d
c o u n se l of e ith er p a r ty .
A f t e r e x e r c i s i n g s u c h r i g h t , the
t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l c o n s i s t o f the f i r s t s e v e n n a m e s r e m a i n i n g
on the l i s t a n d the a l t e r n a t e s s h a l l c o n s i s t o f the n e x t two
p e r s o n s 1 n a m e s on the l i s t .
T h e f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n o f the
l o c a l un ion s h a l l b e r e s t r i c t e d to the p e r s o n a l e x p e n s e s i n
c u r r e d o r e a r n i n g s l o s t b y the m e m b e r s o f the t r i a l b o a r d
a n d to the p a y m e n t o f c o m p e n s a t i o n to a r e p o r t e r o r s t e
n o g r a p h e r f o r r e c o r d i n g the t e s t i m o n y a n d p r e p a r i n g a t r a n
s c r i p t , one c o p y o f w h ic h s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d b y the l o c a l
u n io n to the a c c u s e d u p o n h is r e q u e s t in a m p l e t i m e to
p e r m i t p r e p a r a t i o n o f an a p p e a l b r i e f .
(c)
If c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d b y o r a g a i n s t the p r e s i d e n t o r v i c e p r e s i
d e n t o f a l o c a l un ion the o f f i c e r b y o r a g a i n s t w h o m c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d
s h a l l n o t p r e s i d e in th a t p o r t i o n o f the m e e t i n g w h e r e a t r i a l b o a r d i s
selected .
In the e v e n t c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d b y o r a g a i n s t the p r e s i d e n t a n d
v i c e p r e s i d e n t o f a l o c a l u n io n t h e r e b y d i s q u a l i f y i n g t h e m to p r e s i d e a t
the m e e t i n g f o r the s e l e c t i o n o f a t r i a l b o a r d , th a t p o r t i o n o f the m e e t i n g
o f the l o c a l un ion a t w h ic h the t r i a l b o a r d i s to b e s e l e c t e d s h a l l b e p r e
s i d e d o v e r b y s o m e p e r s o n d e s i g n a t e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .
T h e p e r s o n p r e s i d i n g a t the m e e t i n g a t w h ic h the t r i a l b o a r d i s s e
l e c t e d i s e m p o w e r e d to d e t e r m i n e the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f p r o s p e c t i v e t r i a l
b o a r d m e m b e r s under th is s e c tio n .
(d)
T h e t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l m e e t a f t e r the b u s i n e s s m e e t i n g a n d s e l e c t
th eir c h a ir m a n .
U n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h r e e o t h e r u n i o n s , a m o n g t h e m the C a r p e n t e r s ,
the p a n e l w a s to b e n o m i n a t e d a t a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g a s f o l l o w s :
T h e l o c a l un ion o r d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l s h a l l n o m i n a t e the n a m e s
of
11 m e m b e r s m o s t c o m p e t e n t o f g iv i n g a f a i r a n d i m p a r t i a l h e a r i n g o f
the c a s e .
T h e r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y s h a l l p l a c e the n a m e s in the b a l l o t
b o x a n d the v i c e p r e s i d e n t s h a l l d r a w the s a m e f r o m the b o x a n d c a l l
the n a m e s a lo u d u n til f iv e h a v e b e e n d r a w n , w h en the c a s e w i l l b e g i v e n
to t h e m f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
A l l c h a r g e s s h a l l b e r e f e r r e d to a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , c o n s i s t i n g o f
f i v e , the a c c u s e d an d the a c c u s e r h a v in g the a l t e r n a t i v e o f e a c h c h a l
l e n g in g a n y t h r e e m e m b e r s o f s a i d c o m m i t t e e .
Any m e m b e r so c h a l
l e n g e d s h a l l n ot s e r v e on the c o m m i t t e e .
One o f the r e m a i n i n g two u n io n s p r o v i d i n g f o r p a n e l m e t h o d s a u t h o r i z e d c r e a t i o n
o f a p a n e l o f p r e s i d e n t s f r o m n e i g h b o r i n g l o c a l s , w h ile the s e c o n d un ion a u t h o r
i z e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a p e r m a n e n t n i n e - m e m b e r p a n e l to b e a p p o in t e d b y the
p r e s i d e n t w ith the a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , s u b j e c t to m e m b e r
ship r a tif ic a tio n .
F i n a l l y , two c o n s t i t u t i o n s i d e n t i f i e d o t h e r k i n d s o f t r i a l a r r a n g e m e n t s .
One p e r m i t t e d an i n v e s t i g a t i n g c o m m i t t e e to hea.r c h a r g e s a n d t a k e e v i d e n c e in
53
l o c a l s o f m o r e th a n 200 m e m b e r s , b u t in s m a l l e r l o c a l s the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g
w a s to c o n d u c t the t r i a l .
T h e s e c o n d c r e a t e d a n a d h oc t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f f i v e
m e m b e r s w ith two a p p o in t e d b y the l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t , two b y the v i c e p r e s i
d e n t, an d one b y the a c c u s e d .
F i f t y - s i x u n io n s p r o v i d e d v a r i o u s a s s u r a n c e s th a t t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s w ould
be im p a r t ia l (tab le IV -8 ).
M o s t f r e q u e n t l y , i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s s u c h a s the a c
c u s e d , a c c u s e r , and w i t n e s s e s w e r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y to b e d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m s e r v i n g
on the t r i a l b o a r d .
S u c h p r o v i s i o n s a p p e a r e d in 38 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , in c l u d i n g th a t
o f the H a t t e r s :
A n y l o c a l . . . o f f i c e r in v o l v e d in a n y c a s e s e i t h e r a s a c c u s e r o r
d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m s i t t i n g on the t r i a l b o d y in h is
own c a s e .
T a b le IV —8 . S e le c te d Im p artiality Provisions in L ocal Union T ria ls,
N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
i£ M e m b e r^
A ffilia tio n
T o tal studied
Im p artiality provisions
AFL- CIO
Unions
A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union
tria l procedures -----------------------------Constitutions specify in g im p artiality
provisions -------------------------------------Interested parties d i s q u a li f i e d ---------A ccu sed perm itted to ch allen g e
m em ber on tria l body or p a n e l ------Both d isq u a lific a tio n and
ch alle n g e provisions ------------------Other im p a rtia lity p r o v isio n s-----------C onstitutions not specify in g
im p a rtia lity provisions ---------------------
U n affiliated
M embers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
136
15, 9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 ,9 8 6 .2
25
2, 0 10.2
56
38
1 0 ,6 2 8 .5
7, 3 5 5 .5
48
31
9 ,1 0 8 .0
5 ,8 3 5 .7
8
7
1 ,5 2 0 .6
1 ,5 1 9 .8
10
1 ,6 4 9 .0
9
1 ,6 4 8 .2
1
.8
5
13
1 ,3 7 1 .4
2 5 2 .7
5
3
1, 3 7 1 .4
2 5 2 .7
-
-
80
5, 367. 9
63
4, 878. 2
17
4 8 9 .6
Under 1 constitution "d isin terested " m em bers were ex p licitly required only at trials of lo c a l o ffice rs; under
1 constitution the a ccu sed and accu ser were perm itted to ch allen g e 3 m em bers if tr ia l was held before a co m m ittee
but no ch allen g es if the m em bership m eetin g heard the c a se ; and under 1 constitution interested persons were alw ays
d isq u alifie d and if an ele c te d or appointed tr ia l body heard the case, the accu sed was perm itted to ch alle n g e any
2 m em bers.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T h e s e c l a u s e s w e r e found l a r g e l y a m o n g u n io n s a u t h o r i z i n g t h e i r l o c a l g o v e r n i n g
b o d i e s to a c t a s the t r i a l a g e n c y ( t a b l e I V - 9 ) .
In a n o t h e r 10 u n i o n s , i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s w e r e n ot to be a u t o m a t i c a l l y
d i s q u a l i f i e d , b u t t h e i r s e a t i n g on the t r i a l b o a r d o r t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e on a p a n e l
c o u l d b e c h a l l e n g e d . S i x of th e 10 u n i o n s w e r e a m o n g t h o s e w h ic h s e l e c t e d t r i a l
c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s by lo t o r by a n o t h e r p a n e l m e t h o d . B o th the a c c u s e r a n d the
a c c u s e d c o u ld i s s u e c h a l l e n g e s .
U s u a l l y t h e i r c h a l l e n g e s w e r e to be l i m i t e d in
n u m b e r , and, up o n t h e i r e x h a u s t i o n , a p r e d e t e r m i n e d n u m b e r of n a m e s w o u ld
54
T a b le IV —9. Sp e cific atio n s of Im p artiality for Local Union T r ia l Authorities,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
Local tr ia l authority
T y p e im p a rtiality provision
A ll constitutions providing
lo c a l union trial
procedures -------------------------
T o ta l
studied
Panel
m ethod
C om
m ittee
L o cal
union
Other
tr ia l
authority
2
136
62
28
15
10
9
10
56
27
5
8
9
4
3
38
22
3
6
1
3
3
10
2
1
6
1
5
1
-
*3
2
1
80
35
23
Constitutions specify in g
im p a rtia lity provisions --------Interested persons
d isq u alifie d ------------------A ccu sed p erm itted to
ch alle n g e m em ber on tria l
body or p a n e l -----------------Both d isq u a lific atio n and
ch a lle n g e p r o v isio n s---------Other im p a rtiality
nrrt\riciruic _ _______ _____ __
Constitutions not specify in g
im p a rtia lity provisions ----------
*
Governing M em ber
President
body
ship
2
2
7
1
-
5
7
2
Se e footnote 1, ta b le IV -8 .
re m ain *
T h e s e t h e r e u p o n w ou ld c o n s t i t u t e e i t h e r the t r i a l b o d y , o r the f i n a l l i s t
f r o m w h ic h the t r i b u n a l w ould b e s e l e c t e d .
The A u to m o b ile W o rk e rs adopted
the f o ll o w in g p r o c e d u r e :
. . . a t o t a l of 19 n a m e s s h a l l b e d r a w n .
The n a m e s s h a ll be r e a d
o ff in o r d e r in w h ich d r a w n . . . T he c h a r g i n g m e m b e r and c h a r g e d
m e m b e r , o r t h e i r d e s i g n a t e d c o u n s e l , s h a l l e a c h h a v e the r ig h t to s t r i k e
a s m a n y a s f i v e n a m e s w itho ut s t a t i n g a n y g r o u n d s o r r e a s o n s , it b e in g
in t e n d e d th a t e a c h s i d e b e l i m i t e d to fi v e c h a l l e n g e s e v e n th o u g h m o r e
th an one c h a r g e d o r c h a r g i n g p a r t y i s in v o l v e d .
The t r i a l c o m m itte e s h a ll
c o n s i s t of the s e v e n m e m b e r s w h o s e n a m e s w e r e f i r s t d r a w n , an d n e i t h e r
w it h d r a w n n o r s t r i c k e n , and the n e x t two m e m b e r s in o r d e r of d r a w i n g
who h a v e not b e e n w it h d r a w n n o r s t r i c k e n s h a l l s e r v e a s a l t e r n a t e s .
In 4 o f t h e s e 10 u n io n s the r ig h t to c h a l l e n g e w a s e x t e n d e d to t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s in
w h ich t h e r e w a s a p e r m a n e n t , r a t h e r th an a n ad h o c , t r i a l c o m m i t t e e .
The
S t a g e E m p l o y e s U n io n , f o r i n s t a n c e , p r o v i d e d f o r c h a l l e n g i n g a m e m b e r o f the
e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r o f a c o m m i t t e e e s t a b l i s h e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d :
T h e a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e o f c h a l l e n g i n g the r ig h t o f a n y
m e m b e r o f the b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e to s i t up on h is c a s e , and in the e v e n t
o f s u c h c h a l l e n g e , the o t h e r m e m b e r s of the b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e s h a l l
p a s s u p o n it s v a l i d i t y , s u s t a i n i n g o r o v e r r u l i n g it.
F i v e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n of i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s and a l s o
e s t a b l i s h e d the r ig h t to c h a l l e n g e , w h ile a n o t h e r t h r e e o f f e r e d v e r y s p e c i a l i z e d
im p a rtia lity p ro v isio n s.
55
S c o p e an d P e n a l t i e s
I n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y c o n c e r n i n g the
s c o p e o f a u t h o r i t y th a t w a s g r a n t e d to l o c a l un ion t r i a l b o d i e s .
L e s s th a n h a l f
o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s g a v e the t r i a l b o d i e s f i n a l p o w e r s to d e t e r m i n e g u i l t and
i m p o s e a p e n a l t y ; the m a j o r i t y , on the o t h e r h a n d , r e d u c e d t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s to
a d v i s o r y r o l e s b y d i v e s t i n g t h e m , e i t h e r f u l l y o r p a r t i a l l y , o f f i n a l a u t h o r i t y an d
b y p l a c i n g th is p o w e r in o t h e r l o c a l b o d i e s .
O v e r w h e l m i n g l y , w h e t h e r it c o n s t i
tu te d a t r i a l o r a n o n t r i a l b o d y , the l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s h i p w a s to b e the
fin al d e c is io n m a k e r .
O n ly r a r e l y w e r e l o c a l u n io n p o w e r s to i m p o s e p u n i s h m e n t l i m i t e d b y
s u p e r v i s i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , o t h e r th a n t h r o u g h n o r m a l a p
peal procedu res.
C o n s t i t u t i o n s o f o v e r h a l f the u n io n s g i v i n g d e t a i l s on l o c a l
un ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d the v o te n e c e s s a r y to i m p o s e s e n t e n c e .
M a
jo r it y v o tes w e re m o s t p re v a le n t, but tw o -th ird s v o te s w e re a ls o fre q u en tly s tip u
lated .
U s u a l l y , the s a m e m a r g i n w a s r e q u i r e d f o r e x p u l s i o n a s f o r l e s s e r p e n a l
ties.
In a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the s i z e o f the r e q u i r e d
v o t e s d i f f e r e d , i n v a r i a b l y r e q u i r i n g a h i g h e r v o te to e x p e l .
T h e m e a n i n g of m a
jo r it y and tw o - th ir d s v o te s d iffe r e d am o n g u n io n s.
M o st co m m o n ly , a m a jo r ity
o r a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f t h o s e p r e s e n t a t a m e e t i n g w a s to b e r e q u i r e d , a lt h o u g h
c o u n ts l i m i t e d j u s t to t h o s e v o tin g w e r e o f te n s t i p u l a t e d .
S co p e and L im ita tio n of T r i a l B o d y A u th o rity .
O n ly 58 o f 136 u n i o n s ,
c o v e r i n g n e a r l y £T m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l t r i a l b o d i e s to
m a k e f i n a l a n d b in d in g d e c i s i o n s (ta b le I V - 1 0 ) .
T y p i c a l w a s the b r i e f s t a t e m e n t
o f a u t h o r i t y i n c o r p o r a t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n of the A l u m i n u m W o r k e r s :
If the c h a r g e s , o r a n y p o r t i o n t h e r e o f , a r e s u s t a i n e d , th en the t r i a l
b o d y s h a ll r e n d e r ju d g m e n t and im p o s e d is c i p l in a r y actio n a s p r o v id e d
f o r in t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n .
If the c h a r g e s a r e n ot s u s t a i n e d , the s a m e
s h a l l b e d i s m i s s e d a n d the a c c u s e d s h a l l co n tin u e to b e e n t i t l e d to f u l l
r i g h t s o f m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the l o c a l u n io n .
In a n a d d i t i o n a l 59 u n i o n s , a f f e c t i n g 6 . 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , the t r i a l
b o a r d 1 s a u t h o r i t y w a s l i m i t e d to i s s u i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r r a t i f i c a t i o n by
an oth er body.
T he t r i a l c o m m i t t e e w a s to h e a r w i t n e s s e s , g a t h e r a n d s u m
m a r i z e e v id e n c e , and i s s u e fin d in gs co n ce rn in g gu ilt and p r o p o s e d p e n a l t ie s , but
t h e s e p e n a l t i e s w e r e to b e a p p r o v e d b y a n o t h e r b o d y , u s u a l l y the m e m b e r s h i p
m eetin g.
F o r ex am p le :
. . . s a i d c o m m i t t e e s h a l l h e a r a l l e v i d e n c e a n d r e n d e r ju d g m e n t
in a c c o r d a n c e t h e r e w i t h a n d r e p o r t s u c h ju d g m e n t a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
to the s e c r e t a r y o f the l o c a l un ion . . . T h e ju d g m e n t a n d r e c o m m e n d a
t i o n s s h a l l b e s u b m i t t e d to the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n io n ,
o r a s p e c i a l m eetin g c a lle d fo r su ch p u r p o se . . . its r e c o m m e n d a
tio n s h a l l b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e o n ly i f a p p r o v e d b y a v o t e o f the m a j o r i t y
o f the l o c a l un io n m e m b e r s h i p p r e s e n t a t s u c h m e e t i n g . . . ( A l l i e d
In d u strial W ork ers)
I n c lu d e d a m o n g the 59 u n io n s w e r e a few th a t n o t o n ly p r o h i b i t e d l o c a l
t r i a l c o m m it te e s fr o m m ak in g fin al d e c is io n s , but a ls o r e s t r i c t e d th e ir au th o rity
to r e c o m m e n d p e n a l t i e s .
The B o i l e r m a k e r s , fo r in s ta n c e , p e r m it t e d l o c a l t r i a l
b o a r d s to i s s u e fi n d i n g s a s to the g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d , b u t s u c h
b o a r d s c o u l d n ot a d v i s e a p e n a l t y e x c e p t to a d v o c a t e l e n i e n c y .
56
T a b le IV —10. Extent of L ocal Union T r ia l Body as D ecision m ak in g Authority,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
Unions
M em bers
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for lo c a l
union tr ia l b o d i e s ----------------------------Constitutions sp e cify in g the extent of
d ecision m ak in g authority:
T r ia l body d ecid e d guilt and
pen alty -----------------------------------T r ia l body's d ecisio n was
advisory -----------------------------------T r ia l body 's d ecisio n was fin al in
som e respects, but advisory
in o t h e r s ------------------------------------F in a l as to g u ilt; advisory on
pen alty --------------------------------F inal as to g u ilt and pen alty, but
could be m o d i f i e d ------------------F in a l as to g u ilt and a ll pen alties
------------------ex cep t expulsion
Extent of d ecision m akin g authority
v a ried for d ifferen t tria l bodies ----Other -------------------------------------------
U n affiliate d
AFL-CIO
Extent of d ecision m akin g authority
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
136
15, 9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 ,9 8 6 .2
25
2, 0 1 0 .2
58
5, 9 4 5 .4
44
4 ,1 0 8 .0
14
1 ,8 3 7 .3
59
6 ,9 1 7 .6
51
6 ,7 8 3 .1
8
1 3 4 .5
15
2, 9 0 7 .4
13
2, 870. 5
2
3 6 .9
5
1 ,5 1 3 .2
4
1 ,5 1 1 .4
1
1 .8
7
8 7 6 .2
7
876. 2
3
5 1 8 .0
2
4 8 2 .9
1
3 5 .1
*3
21
1 9 5 .7
3 0 .4
2
1
1 9 4 .2
3 0 .4
1
-
1 .5
-
1 Under a ll 3 constitutions, decisions rendered by the lo c a l m em bership m eetin g actin g as a tr ia l body were
fin a l, but decisions rendered by appointed or e le cte d tr ia l co m m ittees were advisory.
^ Under this constitution, the d ecisio n was fin a l or advisory, depending on ju risd ictio n of the lo c a l union (e . g . ,
wire service lo c a ls vs. newspaper lo c a ls).
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of in d ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , the t r i a l b o d y w a s to s u b m i t i t s a d v i s o r y r e p o r t in
w r i t i n g to th e n o n t r i a l b o d y e m p o w e r e d to i s s u e the f i n a l d e c i s i o n s o th a t the
r e p o r t m i g h t b e r e a d an d v o t e d up o n .
The F i r e m e n and O il e r s , fo r e x a m p le ,
p r o v i d e d th a t the w r i t t e n r e p o r t b e r e a d a t the f i r s t m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g f o l
lo w in g the t r i a l , a n d th a t a v o te b e t a k e n to a c c e p t o r r e j e c t the d e c i s i o n .
A
s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e w a s n o te d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r o o m an d W h isk M a k e r s :
. . . When the c o m m i t t e e h a s c o m e to a d e c i s i o n in the c a s e , the
c h a i r m a n s h a l l a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g , d e l i v e r the d e c i s i o n an d
s y n o p s i s o f e v i d e n c e , in w r i t i n g , to the p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r who s h a l l r e a d
the s a m e to the un ion .
T h e un ion s h a l l th en p r o c e e d w ith o ut d e b a t e to
v o te up on the q u e s t i o n , an d i f the a c c u s e d i s fo un d g u il t y he s h a l l b e
s e n t e n c e d a s the c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s d i r e c t .
O th e r u n io n s a m o n g the 59 m a d e the c h o i c e b r o a d e r by a ll o w in g the r a t i f y i n g
n o n t r i a l b o d y , in a d d itio n , to m o d i f y the r e p o r t . A d d it io n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e s t a b
l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e s w h e r e b y the n o n t r i a l bo d y c o u l d e i t h e r c o n s i d e r s e p a r a t e l y e a c h
m a j o r p a r t o f the t r i a l a g e n c y * s r e p o r t o r e x a m i n e e a c h c h a r g e s e p a r a t e l y , v o tin g
f i r s t on g u ilt, an d , if g u il t w a s foun d, v o tin g on p e n a l t y . In a d d itio n , in a s m a l l
n u m b e r o f u n i o n s , s o m e o r a l l p a r t i e s to the t r i a l w e r e s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d
to s t a t e t h e i r c a s e b e f o r e the r a t i f y i n g b o d y . T h u s , in the A m e r i c a n F l i n t G l a s s
W o r k e r s ' U n io n , f o r o n e , o n ly the a c c u s e d w a s s o a u t h o r i z e d , w h ile in the
B r o t h e r h o o d o f M a i n t e n a n c e of Way E m p l o y e s bo th the a c c u s e d an d the a c c u s e r ,
57
o r t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , c o u l d a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f t h is r i g h t .
T o t h e s e two
p a r t i c i p a n t s , the S t e r e o t y p e r s a d d e d the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e i t s e l f , so th a t a l l t h r e e
p o s i t i o n s m i g h t b e h e a r d b e f o r e the f i n a l v o te w a s h e l d . F i n a l l y , the T y p o g r a p h
i c a l U n ion p r o v i d e d the f u l l m e m b e r s h i p a u t h o r i z a t i o n to d e b a t e the t r i a l c o m
m itte e 's re p o rt b efo re reach in g a v e rd ic t.
A p r e v o t e d e b a t e w a s h e l d by the
U p h o l s t e r e r s u n d e r the f o ll o w in g p r o c e d u r e :
. . . A f t e r the s e c r e t a r y h a s r e a d the r e p o r t o f the t r i a l b o a r d ,
the c h a i r m a n o f the m e e t i n g s h a l l o f f e r the a c c u s e d an d the a c c u s e r the
p r i v i l e g e o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s t a t e m e n t s o r a l l y to the m e e t i n g .
T he a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e o f s p e a k i n g f i r s t , f o ll o w e d b y the
a c c u s e r o r the a c c u s e r s who in t u r n s h a l l b e f o ll o w e d b y the a c c u s e d in
fin al reb u ttal.
T h e a c c u s e d a n d the a c c u s e r s h a l l b e g r a n t e d an e q u a l
am ount of tim e ,
an d s h a l l be c o n fin e d to s p e a k i n g o n ly on m a t t e r s
g e r m a n e to the c a s e a n d p r e s e n t e d d u r i n g the t r i a l .
T h e r e s h a l l b e no
oth er s p e a k e r s o r d ebate . . . The m e m b e r s sh a ll d e cid e . . .
on e a c h
o f the f i n d i n g s o f the t r i a l b o a r d in the fo ll o w in g o r d e r :
1.
Z.
G u ilt o r i n n o c e n c e ; a n d
P e n a l t y , if an y.
A n o c c a s i o n a l un ion a m o n g the 59 r e s t r i c t i n g t r i a l b o d i e s to a d v i s o r y
fu n c t io n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d the v o tin g p r o c e d u r e s th a t w e r e to g o v e r n n o n t r i a l b o d i e s
in d e t e r m i n i n g p e n a l t i e s .
V o t e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , m i g h t b e ta k e n on the l i g h t e s t
p u n i s h m e n t f i r s t a n d th en on s u c c e s s i v e l y h e a v i e r p e n a l t i e s u n til on e f i n a l l y
a c h i e v e d the r e q u i r e d n u m b e r of v o t e s .
T he A s s o c i a t i o n o f S i d e r o g r a p h e r s , on
the o t h e r h an d , r e v e r s e d th is p r o c e d u r e an d a u t h o r i z e d a v o te on s u c c e s s i v e l y
lig h te r p e n a ltie s , a s fo llo w s:
. . . When the r e p o r t of the c o m m i t t e e i s m a d e , the l o c a l s h a l l
f i r s t v o te on s u s t a i n i n g the r e p o r t . . .
a s to the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of
the a c c u s e d , an d i f foun d g u il t y b y the a s s o c i a t i o n , the n e x t v o te s h a l l
b e on th e p u n i s h m e n t to b e i n f l i c t e d .
T h e v o te s h a l l b e b y b a l l o t s , an d
the f i r s t s h a l l b e on e x p u l s i o n .
If the v o te i s n ot in the a f f i r m a t i v e , the
n e x t v o te s h a l l b e on the q u e s t i o n of fin e ; i f in the n e g a t i v e , the n e x t
v o te s h a l l b e on r e p r i m a n d .
If a f t e r g o in g th r o u g h the d i f f e r e n t g r a d e s
o f p u n i s h m e n t t h e r e h a s b e e n no d e c i s i o n , the v o te s h a l l b e t a k e n o v e r
u n til a d e c i s i o n i s a r r i v e d a t.
F i f t e e n u n io n s v e s t e d l o c a l un ion t r i a l b o d i e s w ith d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p o w e r s
th a t w e r e p a r t i a l l y fi n a l an d p a r t i a l l y a d v i s o r y ( t a b le I V - 1 0 ) .
In f i v e u n i o n s , f o r
i n s t a n c e , the t r i a l b o d y fs d e c i s i o n on g u ilt w a s to be f i n a l , b u t a d v i s o r y o n ly on
p e n a l t i e s a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the R u b b e r W o r k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n :
T h e fi n d i n g s an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l be r e
p o r t e d a t th e n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n ion fo ll o w in g the t r i a l
b o ard *s d e cisio n .
A v o te b y s e c r e t b a l l o t s h a l l th e n b e t a k e n on the
p e n a l t y , if a n y, r e c o m m e n d e d b y the t r i a l b o a r d , bu t the t r i a l b o a r d * s
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on p e n a l t i e s m a y b e a m e n d e d . . . T h e l o c a l un ion
h a s no p o w e r to c h a n g e the d e c i s i o n o f the t r i a l b o a r d w ith r e s p e c t to
the g u il t o r in n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d . . .
In s e v e n u n i o n s ,
n on trial body:
the r e p o r t of the t r i a l b o d y w a s to b e f i n a l if a p p r o v e d b y the
T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e n d e r i t s f i n d i n g s a n d j u d g m e n t in w r i t
in g . . .
In the e v e n t the ju d g m e n t a n d f i n d i n g s o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e
p ro v id e fo r d is c i p l in a r y actio n . . . su ch findings s h a ll be fin al u n le s s
r e j e c t e d b y a t w o - t h i r d s m a j o r i t y v o te of the m e m b e r s b y s e c r e t b a l l o t
a t the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g a t the h e a d q u a r t e r s o f the l o c a l .
(M asters,
M a te s and P ilo t s)
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 5
58
One o f t h e s e s e v e n u n i o n s , the C i g a r M a k e r s , g a v e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l
u n io n to d i s c i p l i n e , s u b j e c t to a p p r o v a l b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
In
3 o f the 15 u n i o n s , t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s w e r e e m p o w e r e d to m a k e f i n a l d e c i s i o n s
e x c e p t w h e r e e x p u l s i o n o r s u s p e n s i o n w a s a t i s s u e , in w h ich c a s e the f i n a l d e
c i s i o n w a s to b e r e f e r r e d to a n o t h e r b o d y .
W h e r e , a s in t h r e e u n i o n s , p r o v i s i o n w a s m a d e f o r t r i a l b y th e m e m b e r
s h i p m e e t i n g o r a s p e c i a l l y e l e c t e d o r a p p o in t e d c o m m i t t e e , the l a t t e r ^ f i n d i n g s
w e r e s u b j e c t to r e v i e w an d r a t i f i c a t i o n .
I d e n tity of the D e c i s i o n m a k i n g B o d y .
In m o s t u n i o n s , the f i n a l d e c i s i o n
a s to g u il t and p e n a l t y r e s t e d with the l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s h i p o r in a s p e c i a l
c o m m i t t e e c o m p o s e d of m e m b e r s e l e c t e d o r s e l e c t e d a t a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g
( t a b l e I V - 11).
In c o n t r a s t , o n ly 29 u n io n s v e s t e d f i n a l p o w e r in the l o c a l s e x e c u
t i v e b o a r d o r in a s u b c o m m i t t e e of the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c il , w h ile 18 u n io n s c r e a t e d
a v a r ie ty of oth er a r r a n g e m e n ts .
T a b le IV —11. F in al D ecision Authority in L o cal Union T rials,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
T r ia l body
N ontrial body
D ecision authority
A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union
tr ia l procedures ----------------------------M em bership m eetin g or sp e c ia l
co m m ittee ele c te d at m em bership
m e e t i n g --------------------------------------L o cal ex ecu tiv e board or
su bcom m ittee -----------------------------L ocal ex ecu tiv e board or sp e c ia l
tr ia l body
----------------------------------S p e c ia l tria l co m m ittee se le cte d
by a pan el m ethod -----------------------Su b ject to international ex ecu tiv e
board review and a p p r o v a l-------------L ocal union ----------------------------------U n specified co m m ittee ------------------Other --------------------------------------------
Unions
M embers
136
15, 9 9 6 .4
58
5 ,9 4 5 .2
78
1 0 ,0 5 1 . 1
89
9, 875. 2
18
6 0 4 .8
71
9, 270. 4
29
5 ,0 1 0 .4
26
4, 3 8 2 .5
3
6 2 7 .9
4
223. 8
4
223. 8
2
4 .9
2
4 .9
1
7
1
3
6 .3
5 4 7 .4
7 6 .2
252. 1
6
1
11
1
1
6 .3
5 3 .5
Unions
-
M em bers
-
4 9 3 .9
7 6 .2
159.1
Unions
-
2 2
M em bers
-
9 3 .0
1 In lo c a ls with less than 200 m em bers, the trial body was the m em bership m eetin g, and in lo c a ls of 200 or
m ore m em bers, it was an investigatin g co m m ittee.
In both cases, the design ated body rendered the fin al d ecision .
2 Under 1 constitution, fin al decisions were rendered by the lo c a l union president; under 1 constitution, the
m em bership m eetin g was design ated as the fin a l d ecision m aker except that the lo c a l union m ight otherwise arrange
its tr ia l procedures should it so desire.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
In the 78 s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e n o n t r i a l b o d i e s w e r e g iv e n the p o w e r to m a k e
f i n a l d e c i s i o n s , the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y d e s i g n a t e d (71 c a s e s ) .
O n ly t h r e e c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e f e r r e d f i n a l a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , o r
s u b c o m m i t t e e , a f o u r t h to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , a n d a fifth to the
" l o c a l u n io n " w ith o ut d e fin in g f u r t h e r w h ich l o c a l un ion b o d y w a s to e m p l o y th is
au th o rity .
F i n a l l y , the B a r b e r s U n ion o r d e r e d it s t r i a l b o d i e s to r e p o r t t h e i r
f i n d i n g s to the l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t who th en w o u ld r e n d e r the f i n a l d e c i s i o n ,
an d the J e w e l r y W o r k e r s g a v e f i n a l a u t h o r i t y to the m e m b e r s h i p , u n l e s s l o c a l
u n io n b y l a w s p r o v i d e d o t h e r w i s e .
59
S p e c i a l L i m i t a t i o n s R e l a t i n g to S u s p e n s i o n a n d E x p u l s i o n .
O n ly 9 o f
136 u n io n s p l a c e d r e s t r i c t i o n s up on the r i g h t s o f t h e i r l o c a l a f f i l i a t e s to d i s
c i p l i n e , e i t h e r b y l i m i t i n g the p e n a l t i e s th a t c o u l d b e i m p o s e d o r b y r e q u i r i n g
in tern atio n al a p p ro v a l of su ch a c tio n s.
In the R a i l w a y P a t r o l m e n , H o s i e r y
W o r k e r s , an d the S to n e an d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n (Ind. ), f o r i n s t a n c e , the d i s
c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t y o f s u b o r d i n a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w a s l i m i t e d to the i m p o s i t i o n
of fin e s.
S i m i l a r l y , l o c a l u n io n s o f the A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t i o n
(Ind. ) w e r e a l l o w e d to s u s p e n d t h o s e m e m b e r s fo u n d g u i l t y o f a v a r i e t y o f o f
f e n s e s , b u t w e r e d e n i e d the r i g h t to l e v y l e s s e r o r h a r s h e r p e n a l t i e s . T o e x p e l
m e m b e r s , the B r i c k l a y e r s l o c a l s n e e d e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a p p r o v a l ,
a s d id the B o i l e r m a k e r s l o c a l s f o r s u s p e n s i o n s an d e x p u l s i o n s , l o c a l s o f the T o o l
C r a f t s m e n (Ind. ) f o r f i n e s an d e x p u l s i o n s , a n d t h o s e o f the P l u m b e r s f o r s u s
p e n s i o n s , e x p u l s i o n s , an d f i n e s o v e r $ 1 0 0 . L o c a l s o f the M o l d e r s w e r e r e q u i r e d
to s u b m i t a l l p r o p o s e d s u s p e n s i o n s o r e x p u l s i o n s to t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t
for a p p ro v a l.
O v e r h a l f the 136 u n io n s g iv i n g d e t a i l s on l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s e s t a b
l i s h e d the s i z e o f the v o te n e c e s s a r y to i m p o s e s e n t e n c e .
S e v e n t y - t h r e e u n io n s
s p e c i f i e d the v o te r e q u i r e d b e f o r e p u n i s h m e n t , o t h e r th a n e x p u l s i o n , c o u l d be
c a r r i e d ou t ( t a b le I V - 12); a n d 74 u n io n s s e t the s i z e o f the v o te n e c e s s a r y to
T a b le IV —12.
Size o f ;V ote R equired to Im pose Penalties Other T h aq Expulsion in L o cal Union T rials,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands!
T o tal studied
A ffiliatio n
Unions
M em bers
Unions
A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union
tria l p r o c e d u r e s -----------------------------Constitutions specify in g size of vote
to im pose sentences other than
expulsion -------------------------------------Requiring m ajority v o t e s ---------------M ajority present ---------------------M ajority not d e f in e d -----------------M ajority v o t i n g -----------------------M ajority e l i g i b l e ---------------------Requiring tw o-thirds v o t e s --------------Tw o-thirds present ------------------Tw o-thirds v o t i n g --------------------Requiring 60 percent v o t e --------------Size of vote d iffered with p e n a l t y ---Size of vote d iffered for other
reasons -----------------------------------Constitutions not specify in g size
of vote -----------------------------------------
U n affiliated
AFL-■ CIO
Size of vote
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
111
13, 9 8 6 .2
25
2,0 1 0 .2
73
46
60
37
15
7
9, 568. 9
7, 1 61.1
2, 707. 3
1 ,8 5 4 .1
1 ,4 3 9 .1
1, 1 6 0 .7
1 ,0 7 1 .9
7 4 1 .7
3 3 0 .3
4 1 .3
8 8 6 .4
13
9
5
9
9, 776. 7
7, 252. 2
2 ,7 6 0 .7
1 ,8 5 9 .3
1 ,4 7 1 .7
1, 1 6 0 .7
1 ,0 8 6 .0
7 4 1 .7
3 4 4 .4
4 1 .3
9 8 8 .9
2 0 7 .7
9 1 .1
5 3 .4
5 .2
3 2 .5
1 4.1
1 4.1
1 0 2 .5
12
408. 2
2
4 0 8 .2
-
63
6 ,2 1 9 .7
51
4 ,4 1 7 .2
12
20
13
8
5
15
7
8
1
11
6
5
13
7
6
1
2
2
-
2
-
2
-
2
1 ,8 0 2 .5
1 1 constitution required different size votes accordin g to status of the accu sed as an o ffice r or as a m em ber; and
1 constitution required different size votes accordin g to com position of the tr ia l body.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
60
e x p e l m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s fo un d g u il t y o f m a j o r o f f e n s e s ( t a b l e I V - 13).
In t o t a l , 76 u n io n s e s t a b l i s h e d s i z e o f v o t e s n e c e s s a r y ( ta b le I V - 14) in a l m o s t
a l l c a s e s f o r both e x p u l s i o n a n d l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s . Of th e r e m a i n i n g 60 u n i o n s —
th a t i s , o f t h o s e n ot s t i p u l a t i n g s i z e o f v o t e s — o v e r t w o - t h i r d s (46) w e r e a b o u t
e q u a l l y d iv id e d b e t w e e n t h o s e v e s t i n g f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p o w e r in the m e m b e r
s h i p a n d in the l o c a l u n io n e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
A m o n g the 76 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t i n g s i z e o f the v o t e , the v o tin g r e
q u i r e m e n t s w e r e m o r e s t r i n g e n t in a n u m b e r of u n i o n s w h en l o s s o f m e m b e r s h i p
w a s in v o l v e d . T h u s , u n d e r m o r e th a n h a l f o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a m a j o r i t y v o te
w a s s u f f i c i e n t to i m p o s e p e n a l t i e s s h o r t o f e x p u l s i o n w h ile a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 p e r
c e n t r e q u i r e d a t w o - t h i r d s v o te f o r p e n a l t i e s o t h e r th a n e x p u l s i o n . T o e x p e l , h o w
e v e r , a t w o - t h i r d s v o te w a s s t i p u l a t e d in 36 p e r c e n t o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f y i n g
s i z e o f v o t e , a n d s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n 50 p e r c e n t o f the u n io n s r e q u i r e d a m a j o r i t y
v o t e . Only one u n io n , the M e c h a n i c s E d u c a t i o n a l S o c i e t y , s e t a 60 p e r c e n t v o t e f o r
a l l t y p e s o f p e n a l t i e s , w h ile a few u n i o n s , w h e r e e x p u l s i o n w a s a t s t a k e , s t i p u l a t e d
a t h r e e - f o u r t h s v o te .
T a b le IV -13. Size of V ote R equired to Expel in L ocal Union T rials,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffilia tio n
T o ta l studied
Unions
A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union
tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s -------------------------------Constitutions specify in g size of vote
to ex p el ----------------------------------------R equiring m ajority v o t e s -----------------M ajority present ----------------------M ajority not d e f in e d ------------------M ajority votin g -----------------------M ajority e l i g i b l e -----------------------R equiring tw o-thirds v o t e s ---------------Tw o-thirds present --------------------Tw o-thirds votin g --------------------R equiring three-fourths v o t e s -----------Three-fourths p r e s e n t -----------------Three-fourths votin g -----------------Three-fourths in good s t a n d i n g ----Requiring 60 percent v o t e ---------------Size of vote d iffered with o f f e n s e ------Other size of vote a r r a n g e m e n t -------Constitutions not sp ecify in g s iz e ---------of vote to expel ------------------------------
M em bers
Unions
Unions
M em bers
15, 9 9 6 .4
111
1 3 ,9 8 6 . 2
25
74
35
18
9
5
3
27
14
13
8
2
5
1
1
12
2 1
9, 626. 5
5 ,6 5 9 .3
2, 479. 9
1 ,7 5 4 .2
4 8 4 .7
9 4 0 .5
2, 8 5 0 .7
9 6 1 .7
1 ,8 8 9 .0
9 1 4 .0
4 4 5 .0
2 8 8 .9
1 8 0 .2
4 1 .3
8 .8
1 5 2 .4
60
31
14
9
5
3
20
12
8
6
2
3
1
1
1
1
9 ,3 8 3 .7
5, 606. 7
2, 4 2 7 .3
1 ,7 5 4 .2
4 8 4 .7
9 4 0 .5
2, 6 6 8 .0
8 6 0 .7
1 ,8 0 7 .3
9 0 7 .3
4 4 5 .0
2 8 2 .1
1 8 0 .2
4 1 .3
8 .0
1 5 2 .4
14
4
4
7
2
5
2
2
1
-
62
6, 369. 8
51
4, 602. 5
11
136
1 V otes to ex p el v aried with the offen ses that had been co m m itted .
2 D ifferent size votes were required accordin g to com position of the tr ia l body.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Size of votes
M em bers
2, 0 1 0 . 2
2 4 2 .8
5 2 .6
5 2 .6
1 8 2 .7
1 0 1 .0 '
8 1 .7
6 .7
6 .7
.8
1 ,7 6 7 .4
61
T a b le IV —14. Size of V otes for Expulsion and Lesser P enalties in L o c al Union T rials,
N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
Size of votes stipu lated for expulsion
and lesser p en alties
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tria l p r o c e d u r e s ---------------
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
T o ta l stipu latin g size of votes ----------------------------------------------Som e size of vote for expulsion and lesser p en alties --------------M ajority p r e s e n t---------------------------------------------------------M ajority not d e f i n e d -------------------------------------------------—
M ajority e l i g i b l e --------------------------------------------------------M ajority votin g ---------------------------------------------------------Tw o-thirds p r e s e n t------------------------------------------------------Tw o-thirds votin g ------------------------------------------------------Other -----------------------------------------------------------------------D ifferen t size of votes for expulsion and lesser p e n a lt i e s ---------Size of vote stip u lated only for expulsion ----------------------------Size of vote stip u lated only for lesser p e n a ltie s ---------------------T o ta l not stipu latin g size of v o t e s -------------------------------------------
76
50
18
9
4
4
7
6
12
21
3
2
60
9, 922. 3
7 ,0 2 4 .0
2, 479. 9
1 ,7 5 4 .2
1,1 2 0 .7
4 1 1 .5
7 4 1 .7
3 2 2 .4
1 9 3 .7
2, 456. 9
1 4 5 .6
2 9 5 .8
6 ,0 7 4 .1
1 Under 1 constitution the size of vote d iffered accordin g to the com position of the tria l body, but not accordin g
to the pen alty; 1 constitution required a 60-percen t vote of m em bers present and votin g for expulsion and lesser p en alties.
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of in d ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
O f the 71 u n io n s th a t d e t a i l e d s i z e o f v o te r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r b o th e x p u l
s i o n a n d l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s , 50 s e t the s a m e s i z e v o te r e g a r d l e s s o f p u n i s h m e n t
( t a b le I V - 14).
A g a i n , m a j o r i t y v o t e s , fo u n d in 35 o f the 50 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , p r e
d o m in ate d .
T w e n t y - o n e u n io n s r e q u i r e d a d i f f e r e n t n u m b e r o f v o t e s f o r e x
p u l s i o n a n d l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s , i n v a r i a b l y s t i p u l a t i n g the l a r g e r v o te w h e r e e x
p u lsion w as at i s s u e .
M o s t o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d the b a s e to b e u s e d in c o m p u t in g
v o tes.
L e a s t p r e c i s e w e r e 13 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h s i m p l y c a l l e d f o r a m a j o r i t y
w ith o u t i n d i c a t i n g w h e t h e r t h is " m a j o r i t y " w a s o f m e m b e r s p r e s e n t , o r m e m b e r s
p r e s e n t and v o tin g:
. . . T h e m e m b e r s o f the l o c a l u n ion t h e r e a s s e m b l e d s h a l l v o t e ,
w ith o u t d e b a t e , s o l e l y on the q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r to r e j e c t the d e c i s i o n
a n d the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e a n d a m a j o r i t y v o te
s h a l l b e f i n a l , s u b j e c t o n ly to a p p e a l .
(S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s )
M o r e o f te n , h o w e v e r , the v o te w a s to b e b a s e d on the n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s
in a t t e n d a n c e a t a m e e t i n g , a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r i c k an d
C lay W o rk e rs:
A l l p e n a l t i e s up on a n y m e m b e r o f a l o c a l un io n s h a l l b e i m p o s e d
b y a m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the
l o c a l u n ion . . .
T h e M a i l e r s ( I n d . ), a m o n g o t h e r u n i o n s , r e f i n e d t h is d e c i s i o n m a k i n g
g r o u p b y in c l u d i n g o n ly t h o s e p r e s e n t a n d v o t i n g , th u s e l i m i n a t i n g t h o s e p r e s e n t
b u t a b s t a i n i n g f r o m v o tin g :
It s h a l l r e q u i r e t h r e e - f o u r t h s v o te o f m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a n d v o tin g
b y s e c r e t b a l l o t to s u s p e n d o r e x p e l .
62
In f iv e u n io n s — two
w h ere e x p u lsio n w as a ls o at
to d e t e r m i n e the p e n a l t y .
s p e c i a lly s e le c t e d c o m m itte e
a re la tiv e ly s m a ll group.
w h e r e l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s o n ly w e r e i n v o l v e d an d t h r e e
i s s u e --- a m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e e l i g i b l e to v o te w a s
In a l l s i t u a t i o n s the t r i a l b o d y w a s to c o n s i s t o f a
o r of a l o c a l u n ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , a l w a y s i n v o l v in g
O th e r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s s t i p u l a t i n g th a t the v o te w o u ld b e b a s e d
s o l e l y on t h o s e c a s t i n g a b a l l o t , l i k e w i s e l i m i t e d the d e c i s i o n to a b o d y s m a l l e r
th an t o t a l a t t e n d a n c e :
T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l , if it fi n d s the a c c u s e d g u i l t y , r e p r i m a n d ,
f i n e , s u s p e n d o r e x p e l a s it d e e m s n e c e s s a r y a c c o r d i n g to the s e v e r i t y
o f the c h a r g e s a n d r e p o r t the c a s e to the n e x t m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g f o r
approval . . .
A m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s v o ti n g s h a l l b e n e c e s s a r y f o r
ap p ro v al.
(Je w e lry W orkers)
?!<
Sfc
3|C
. . . S u c h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f the c o m m i t t e e m a y b e a m e n d e d , r e
j e c t e d , o r a n o t h e r p u n i s h m e n t s u b s t i t u t e d t h e r e f o r , a t the w i l l o f the m a
j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s v o tin g on the q u e s t i o n , e x c e p t th a t it s h a l l r e q u i r e
a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f t h o s e v o tin g to e x p e l the a c c u s e d f r o m m e m b e r
sh ip .
(Die S i n k e r s , Ind. )
In c o n t r a s t , the O il, C h e m i c a l a n d A t o m i c W o r k e r s b r o a d e n e d the b a s e b y
c a l l i n g f o r a v o te o f a l l " m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g , " p r e s u m a b l y b y m e a n s o f a
lo calw id e re fe re n d u m :
N e g l e c t o f duty o r b r e a c h e s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r l o c a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
law s o r r u le s by o f f ic e r s , or m e m b e r s , m a y be pun ish ed by r e p r im a n d
o r fin e . . .
a t the w i l l o f a m a j o r i t y , o r b y s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n
a t the w i l l o f t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g o f h is
l o c a l u n ion . . .
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the R a i l r o a d S i g n a l m e n , R a i l w a y an d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s ,
an d R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s , a lt h o u g h d i f f e r i n g s l i g h t l y f r o m e a c h o t h e r , o f f e r e d
b a s i c a l l y the s a m e u n iqu e v o tin g p r o c e d u r e .
To e x p e l a m e m b e r , a tw o -th ird s
v o te w a s n e c e s s a r y . If the r e q u i r e d t w o - t h i r d s v o te w a s n ot a c h i e v e d , th en the
v o t e s f o r e x p u l s i o n w o u ld b e a d d e d to the v o t e s f o r s u s p e n s i o n in o r d e r to m a k e
the t w o - t h i r d s v o te n e c e s s a r y to s u s p e n d the g u il t y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . I f , h o w
e v e r , the c o m b i n e d v o te s t i l l f a i l e d to r e a c h t w o - t h i r d s , th e n no f u r t h e r b a l l o t s
w o u ld b e t a k e n an d the p e n a l t y a u t o m a t i c a l l y l e v i e d w o u ld b e a r e p r i m a n d .
T h e P l u m b e r s un ion p r o v i d e d th a t the s i z e o f v o te s h o u l d v a r y a c c o r d i n g
to the s t a t u s o f the g u i l t y p e r s o n .
L e s s e r p e n a l t i e s in v o l v in g m e m b e r s , f o r
e x a m p l e , w o u ld r e q u i r e a m a j o r i t y v o t e , b u t to r e m o v e an o f f i c e r a t w o - t h i r d s
v o te w o u ld b e n e c e s s a r y .
T he I r o n W o r k e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , p r o v i d e d th a t
i t s v o te r e q u i r e m e n t s h o u l d v a r y a c c o r d i n g to the t r i a l b o d y , w h ic h w a s a l s o the
f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g b o d y . If the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a c t e d a s the t r i a l b o d y , 5 of
7 m e m b e r s w o u ld h a v e to a p p r o v e the p e n a l t y , b u t w h e r e an a d h oc t r i a l c o m
m i t t e e o f 12 m e m b e r s w a s e m p l o y e d , 9 v o t e s , o r t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the t r i a l c o m
m i t t e e w o u ld b e n e c e s s a r y to i m p o s e s e n t e n c e . T h e M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ' B e n e f i c i a l
A s s o c i a t i o n an d the T e c h n i c a l E n g i n e e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ( I n d .) s t i p u l a t e d th a t the v o te
to e x p e l s h o u l d b e v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g to the o f f e n s e th a t h a d b e e n c o m m i t t e d . T h e
M E B A , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d e x p e l a m e m b e r who w i l f u l l y n e g l e c t e d to p r o v i d e f o r h is
d e p e n d e n t s o r who w a s a c h r o n ic d ru n k , by a t h r e e - f o u r t h s v o t e , b u t e x p u l s i o n f o r
a n y o t h e r o f f e n s e w o u ld r e q u i r e o n ly a t w o - t h i r d s v o t e .
R e c a l l o f L o c a l U n io n O f f i c e r s . O n ly 15 o f 136 n a t i o n a l
u n i o n s , h a v in g a c o m b i n e d m e m b e r s h i p o f 1 . 2 m i l l i o n , p r o v i d e d
o f l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s b y m e a n s o f a r e c a l l v o t e . In 11 of the
o f fic e r s could a lso be re m o v e d a s a r e s u lt of d is c ip lin a r y action
an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l
f o r the r e m o v a l
15 u n i o n s , l o c a l
taken by a lo c a l
63
t r i a l b o d y . In the o t h e r f o u r u n io n s , h o w e v e r , r e c a l l w a s the o n l y p r o c e d u r e w h e r e b y
m e m b e r s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith the p e r f o r m a n c e o f a l o c a l o f f i c e r m i g h t u n s e a t h im b e
f o r e the e n d o f h is t e r m o f o f f i c e .
M o s t u n io n s p r o v i d i n g l o c a l u n ion r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e m o d e r a t e o r
s m a l l in s i z e . T w o u n i o n s , in f a c t , r e p r e s e n t e d f e w e r th a n 1, 000 w o r k e r s , a n d a
t h i r d f e w e r th a n 2, 000 w o r k e r s . N on e o f the u n io n s h a d m o r e th a n 36, 000 m e m
b e r s e x c e p t the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s , R a i l w a y C l e r k s , T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s , an d
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s , a l l A F L - C I O a f f i l i a t e s a n d e a c h w ith m e m b e r s h i p s in
e x c e s s of 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 .
A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , r e c a l l o f l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s c o u l d b e in v o k e d f o r
a lm o s t any r e a s o n .
T e n o f the 15 u n i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e , d id n o t g iv e r e a s o n s
f o r w h ic h r e c a l l m i g h t b e i n i t i a t e d , an d the r e m a i n i n g 5 u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d r a t h e r
broad re aso n s.
P r a c t i c a l l y a l l u n i o n s , h o w e v e r , r e q u i r e d the r e c a l l p e t i t i o n
s p e c i f i c a l l y to s t a t e the r e a s o n f o r s u c h a c t i o n .
A m o n g the fi v e u n io n s l i s t i n g
r e a s o n s f o r r e c a l l , the A i r L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s an d the T o b a c c o W o r k e r s d e c l a r e d ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , th a t r e c a l l m i g h t b e i n i t i a t e d " w i t h o r w ith o u t c a u s e " o r f o r " j u s t i
f i a b l e c a u s e . " T h e L i t h o g r a p h e r s (Ind. ) p e r m i t t e d a r e c a l l p e t i t i o n in the e v e n t
the o f f i c e r i n f r i n g e d the p r o v i s i o n s o f the u n i o n 1 s c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d g e n e r a l l a w s
o r fo r conduct un b ecom in g a lo c a l o f f ic e r .
U n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the R a i l
r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s ( A F L - C I O ) , f a i l u r e o r r e f u s a l to c a r r y o u t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o r
l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s w a s s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n f o r r e c a l l o f a l o c a l o f f i c e r an d u n d e r
the D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s c o n s t i t u t i o n , r e c a l l c o u l d b e in v o k e d w h en the l o c a l o f f i c e r
w a s u n a b le p r o p e r l y to p e r f o r m d u t i e s r e q u i r e d b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n .
N in e u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d th a t r e c a l l b e i n i t i a t e d b y p e t i t i o n , in w r i t i n g ,
c o n t a in in g s p e c i f i c r e a s o n s f o r r e c a l l , a n d b e a r i n g the s i g n a t u r e s o f a s p e c i
f i e d p r o p o r t i o n o f the l o c a l u n i o n 1 s m e m b e r s h i p .
T h is p ro p o rtio n ra n g e d fr o m
10 p e r c e n t o f the l o c a l 1 s m e m b e r s h i p ( L i t h o g r a p h e r s , I n d . ) to m o r e th a n 50 p e r
cent (R ailw ay C l e r k s ) .
T h e M a i l e r s ’ ( I n d .) c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , i n c l u d e d
the fo ll o w in g r e q u i r e m e n t s :
T h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a p e t i t i o n to a n y m e m b e r o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d
o f the l o c a l un ion s i g n e d b y m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g t o t a l i n g a t l e a s t
40 p e r c e n t o f the n u m b e r o f v o t e s c a s t f o r the o f f i c e f o r w h ic h a r e c a l l
i s p e t i t i o n e d s h a l l c a u s e s a i d un ion to s u b m i t the q u e s t i o n o f r e c a l l to a
r e f e r e n d u m v o te o f the m e m b e r s h i p .
T h e D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s p e r m i t t e d i t s l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to i n i t i a t e r e c a l l b y
r e c o m m e n d i n g th a t an o f f i c e be v o t e d v a c a n t , a n d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d
o f the T o b a c c o W o r k e r s c o u l d in v o k e l o c a l o f f i c e r r e c a l l in the s a m e m a n n e r .
O n ly f iv e u n io n s i d e n t i f i e d the p e r s o n o r b o d y c h a r g e d w ith c a r r y i n g out
the r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s . G e n e r a l l y , th is w a s the r e c o r d i n g o f f i c e r , o r s e c r e t a r y t r e a s u r e r , o r p r e s i d e n t . Tw o o f the f i v e u n io n s o f f e r e d a l t e r n a t i v e s in c a s e the
u s u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i n g o f f i c e r w a s the p e r s o n w h o s e r e c a l l w a s p e t i t i o n e d .
T he
R a i l w a y C l e r k s , f o r e x a m p l e , d e s i g n a t e d the B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s to a c t in s u c h
c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a s fo llo w s:
R u le 3.
T he
p etitio n is s ig n e d
He s h a l l t r a n s m i t
o f the l o d g e a n d
be r e c a lle d .
r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y s h a l l . . . c e r t i f y w h e t h e r the
b y the r e q u i s i t e n u m b e r o f q u a l i f i e d m e m b e r s . . .
the p e t i t i o n t o g e t h e r w ith c e r t i f i c a t i o n to the p r e s i d e n t
s h a l l f u r n i s h a c o p y t h e r e o f to the o f f i c e r s o u g h t to
64
R u le 4 .
T h e p r e s i d e n t o f the lo d g e . . . s h a l l a p p o in t a c o m m i t
te e o f 3 m e m b e r s to p r e p a r e a n d s u p e r v i s e the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the b a l l o t ,
t a b u l a t e the r e s u l t a n d r e p o r t n a m e to the l o d g e .
R u l e 5.
If the p e t i t i o n in v o l v e s the p r e s i d e n t o r the r e c o r d i n g
s e c r e t a r y , the p r o c e d u r e s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d b y the
b o a r d of t r u s t e e s .
O n ly the A i r l i n e
c a ll p r o c e d u re s .
P ilo ts
d i r e c t e d the
in tern atio n al
u n ion
to a d m i n i s t e r
the r e
A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , two o r m o r e m e e t i n g s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d f o r the r e c a l l
p rocess.
T h e f i r s t m e e t i n g w a s to b e d e v o t e d to p r e l i m i n a r y d e t a i l s , an d w a s
a l s o to s e r v e to n o t ify a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s o f the i m p e n d in g a c t i o n .
The seco n d
m e e t i n g w a s u s u a l l y to in c lu d e d e b a t e , a n d , in m a n y c a s e s , the r e c a l l b a l l o t i n g .
T he O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s e m p l o y e d the fo ll o w in g p r o c e d u r e :
W h e n e v e r 25 p e r c e n t o f the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g in a l o c a l
u n io n s h a l l f i l e w ith the r e c o r d i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y a p e t i t i o n
r e q u e s t i n g the r e c a l l f r o m o f f i c e o f a n y o f f i c e r o f the l o c a l u n ion . . .
w ith in 30 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n io n s h a l l h a v e
b e e n c a l l e d an d h e l d w ith a l l p e t i t i o n e r s p r e s e n t t h e r e a t , w h ic h s p e c i a l
m e e t i n g s h a l l h a v e b e e n d e v o t e d to v e r i f y i n g the s i g n a t u r e s o f a l l p e t i
t i o n e r s to s a i d r e c a l l p e t i t i o n an d c e r t i f y i n g b y the f i n a n c i a l s e c r e t a r y
o f the g o o d s t a n d i n g o f e a c h p e t i t i o n e r , th e n a n d n ot o t h e r w i s e the r e
c o r d i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y s h a l l n o t ify a l l m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d
in g o f . . . the d a te s e t f o r the v o tin g up on r e c a l l (w hich d a te s h a l l b e
the t h i r d r e g u l a r m e e t i n g fo llo w in g the m a i l i n g o f s u c h n o t ic e ) a n d a
v o te t h e r e o n s h a l l b e t a k e n a t s u c h m e e t i n g .
O n ly the B r o a d c a s t E m p l o y e e s a u t h o r i z e d the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to h o ld
h e a r in g s and m ak e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s .
T h ese re co m m en d atio n s, how ever, w ere
p u r e l y a d v i s o r y , n ot in the n a t u r e o f a d e c i s i o n b y a t r i a l b o d y to b e r a t i f i e d
b y the m e m b e r s h i p .
One c o n s t i t u t i o n , th a t o f the R a i l w a y C l e r k s , a l l o w e d the a c c u s e d o f f i c e r
to f i le a s t a t e m e n t a n s w e r i n g the c h a r g e s c i t e d in the p e t i t i o n .
No c o n s t i t u t i o n
c h a n g e d the s t a t u s o f the o f f i c e r p e n d in g o u t c o m e o f the r e c a l l r e f e r e n d u m , e x
c e p t th a t the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s p e r m i t t e d s u s p e n s i o n
o f o f f i c e r s w h e r e the c h a r g e s in c l u d e d c r i m i n a l a c t s .
F o u r u n io n s r e q u i r e d s e c r e t r e c a l l b a l l o t i n g . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h r e e
o f t h e s e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r v o tin g b y m a i l , w h ile the f o u r t h c o n s t i t u t i o n , th a t of
the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s , p r o v i d e d f o r v o tin g on r e c a l l b y s e c r e t b a l l o t a t the
m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g . T h r e e t e l l e r s , one a p p o in t e d b y the p e t i t i o n e r , one b y the
l o c a l * s p r e s i d e n t , an d one e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s , w e r e a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t
the v o te a n d t a b u l a t e the r e s u l t s .
E l e v e n o f 15 u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d the s i z e o f v o te n e c e s s a r y to r e c a l l , f i v e
r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y v o t e s , an d 6 c a l l e d f o r t w o - t h i r d s v o t e s . O f the f i v e m a j o r i t y
v o t e s , two s p e c i f i e d a m a j o r i t y o f the f u l l l o c a l m e m b e r s h i p a n d two o f t h o s e
voting.
T h e fifth s t i p u l a t e d th a t t w o - t h i r d s o f a l l e l i g i b l e m e m b e r s w e r e r e
q u i r e d to v o t e , an d o n ly if a m a j o r i t y v o t e d f o r r e c a l l c o u l d the l o c a l o f f i c e r
be re m o v e d .
O f the s i x u n io n s c a l l i n g f o r t w o - t h i r d s v o t e s , two s t i p u l a t e d th a t
the t w o - t h i r d s v o te r e f e r r e d to the f u ll m e m b e r s h i p , two to t h o s e m e m b e r s
p r e s e n t a t the r e c a l l m e e t i n g , a n d one to t h o s e v o t i n g . T h e s ix t h r e q u i r e d th a t
to r e m o v e the l o c a l o f f i c e r a t l e a s t a m a j o r i t y o f the n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s who
h a d v o t e d f o r the o f f i c e r s a t the t i m e o f t h e i r e l e c t i o n h a d to p a r t i c i p a t e in the
b a l l o t i n g , an d th a t the v o te f o r r e c a l l m u s t b e b y t w o - t h i r d s o f t h o s e v o t i n g .
Chapter V. Trial Procedures of Local Union Officers and Members
at the International Union Level
T h i s c h a p t e r , d e s c r i b i n g t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n l e v e l ,
i s , in the m a i n , o r g a n i z e d a lo n g the s a m e l i n e s a s the p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r d e a l i n g
w ith t r i a l s a t the l o c a l u n ion l e v e l .
A s p e c t s w h ic h a r e u n iq u e to p r o c e e d i n g s a t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion l e v e l , n o t a b ly m a t t e r s o f e x c l u s i v e o r c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c
tio n , a r e d i s c u s s e d a n d i l l u s t r a t e d in d e t a i l .
P r e v a le n c e of P r o v is io n s
Of the 158 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x a m i n e d , 116 p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l of m e m b e r s
o r l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n l e v e l ( t a b le V - l ) a s c o m p a r e d
w ith 146 p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l a t the l o c a l l e v e l .
U n d e r 10 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the i n
t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n w a s the on ly b o d y a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s .
T a b le V - l . T r ia l of M em bers 1 and L o cal O fficers at the International Level,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o tal studied
A ffiliatio n
T r ia l provision
AFL-CIO
Unions
A ll constitutions studied -------------------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l at the
international le v e l -----------------------------------L ocal m em bers and officers ---------------------Id e n tical tria l procedure ---------------- -----D ifferent tria l procedure ---------------------L o cal o fficers ----------------------------------------L ocal m em bers ---------------------------------------Constitutions not providing provisions for
international t r i a l s --------------------------------------
M em bers
U n affiliated
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M embers
158
16, 92 3 .1
122
14, 228. 8
36
2, 694. 3
116
93
83
10
21
2
13, 5 1 5 .0
12, 3 7 7 .9
11, 2 3 1 .7
1, 1 4 6 .3
1 ,0 1 1 .4
1 2 5 .6
92
73
64
9
17
2
1 0 ,9 7 0 .1
9, 8 6 1 .2
8 ,7 4 1 .5
1 ,1 1 9 .8
9 8 3 .2
1 2 5 .6
24
20
19
1
4
2, 5 4 4 .9
2, 5 1 6 .7
2, 490. 2
2 6 .5
2 8 .2
42
3 ,4 0 8 .1
30
3 ,2 5 8 .7
12
-
-
1 4 9 .4
* T h e term "m em b e rs” included any m em ber of a lo c a l union but not " m e m b e rs-a t-la rg e " or other m em bers
a ffilia te d d irectly with the international union. 2 constitutions, accounting for 261, 800 m em bers, providing for trial
of d irectly a ffilia te d m em bers only, were not included in this an alysis of international tria l provisions.
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of in dividu al item s m ay not equal to tals.
A ll b u t 2 o f the 42 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t p r o v i s i o n f o r t r i a l a t the i n t e r
n a t io n a l l e v e l p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l b y l o c a l u n i o n s .
M o r e o v e r , e v e n th o ugh t h e s e
42 c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a i n e d no e x p l i c i t p r o v i s i o n f o r t r y i n g m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s
o f l o c a l u n io n s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , j u r i s d i c t i o n m i g h t b e i n v o k e d , u n d e r
b r o a d p r o v i s i o n s c lo t h in g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s w ith g e n e r a l a u t h o r i t y to a d
m i n i s t e r a n d c o n d u c t the a f f a i r s o f the un ion o r to i n t e r p r e t a n d d e c i d e a l l q u e s
t i o n s o f un io n la w . F o r i n s t a n c e , the F l i g h t E n g i n e e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n v e s t e d " s u
p r e m e g o v e r n m e n t a l p o w e r s ” in i t s M a s t e r E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e a n d l e f t o p e n a
65
66
p o s s i b i l i t y o f d i s c i p l i n a r y h e a r i n g s b y p r o v i d i n g th a t " t h e r e s h a l l b e no r e s t r i c t i o n
on b u s i n e s s c o n d u c t e d a t an y m e e t i n g o f the c o m m i t t e e . 1,25
W hile l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e in v o k e d on ly b y fi l i n g c h a r g e s , two
r o u t e s w e r e p r o v i d e d f o r in v o k in g i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n .
U n d e r 115 o f the
116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , j u r i s d i c t i o n c o u ld b e b a s e d on c h a r g e s i f f i l e d
d i r e c t l y a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n , a n d u n d e r
28 o f t h e s e 115, j u r i s d i c t i o n c o u ld b e a s s u m e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o v e r c h a r g e s
th a t h a d b e e n f i l e d a t the l o c a l l e v e l ( t a b le V - 2 ) . 26
52
T h e a u t h o r i t y to d i v e s t the
l o c a l u n ion of j u r i s d i c t i o n an d t r a n s f e r the c a s e to an i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o d y w a s
o fte n l i m i t e d to e m e r g e n c i e s , a p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e , o r s i t u a t i o n s m a r k e d b y a
l o c a l ' s i n a b i l i t y to a f f o r d the a c c u s e d a f a i r t r i a l .
T a b le V -2 . Extent of International T r ia l Jurisdiction, N ation al
and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l Studied
A ffiliatio n
T r ia l ju risd iction
Constitutions providing for trial at the
international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions providing ju risd iction over
new cases ------------------------------------------------L ocal m em bers and officers ---------------------Local officers ----------------------------------------L ocal m em bers --------------------------------------Constitutions providing ju risd iction over
new and pending cases -------------------------------L ocal m em bers or officers -----------------------L o cal officers ----------------------------------------Constitutions providing ju risd iction over
pending c a s e s -------------------------------------------L o cal m em bers and officers ----------------------
U n affiliated
AFL -CIO
Unions
M em bers
116
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
13, 5 1 5 .0
92
1 0 ,9 7 0 .1
24
2, 544. 9
87
65
20
2
8, 1 2 5 .8
7 ,0 0 8 .7
9 9 1 .4
1 2 5 .6
68
50
16
2
7, 2 4 2 .5
6 , 1 5 3 .7
963. 2
1 2 5 .6
19
15
4
8 8 3 .3
8 5 5 .0
2 8 .2
28
27
1
5, 356. 3
5, 3 3 6 .3
2 0 .0
23
22
1
3, 694. 6
3 ,6 7 4 . 6
2 0 .0
5
5
1
1
3 3 .0
3 3 .0
1
1
3 3 .0
3 3 .0
-
-
1, 6 6 1 .7
1 ,6 6 1 .7
-
-
-
-
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
P e r s o n s S u b j e c t to T r i a l
Of the 116 p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , 93 a p p l i e d
to bo th m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s ( t a b le V - l ) , u s u a l l y w ith i d e n t i c a l p r o c e
d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e u s u a l l y l e s s d e t a i l e d th an
25 T w o o f t h e s e 42 c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s to m e m b e r s who
w e r e not a f f i l i a t e d w ith a l o c a l u n ion b u t who w e r e a t t a c h e d d i r e c t l y to the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l un ion ( t a b le V - l , fo o tn o te 1). P r o v i s i o n s a p p l i c a b l e to m e m b e r s - a t - l a r g e
w e r e not in c l u d e d in t h is a n a l y s i s .
26 F o r p u r p o s e s of th is s tu d y , p r o v i s i o n s f o r f i lin g c h a r g e s d i r e c t l y a t the
in tern atio n al lev el w e re d e s c r ib e d a s p r o v is io n s for ju r is d ic tio n o v er "n ew " c a s e s ,
w h ile p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r a n s f e r r i n g a c a s e f r o m the l o c a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l
w e r e d e s c r i b e d a s p r o v i d i n g f o r j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r " p e n d i n g " l o c a l u n io n c a s e s .
67
t h o s e g o v e r n i n g l o c a l u n io n t r i a l s , a lt h o u g h s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d the s a m e
e x t e n s i v e p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l s a t b o th l e v e l s .
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s
m e r e l y v e s t e d g e n e r a l d i s c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t y in an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c y w ith o u t
s p e c i f y i n g p r o c e d u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , a s in the fo llo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m a y e x e r c i s e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n to
t r y i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o f f i c e r s , s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r
d in a t e b o d i e s , an d in d i v i d u a l u n io n m e m b e r s f o r an y c o n d u c t s u b j e c t to
d is c ip lin a r y action .
(B a k e r y and C o n fe c tio n e ry W o r k e r s ' In tern a tio n a l
U n ion o f A m e r i c a , Ind. )
U n d e r 10 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s f o r
d i f f e r e d s o m e w h a t . T h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d s p e c i a l
o f f i c e r s c h a r g e d w ith m i s c o n d u c t in the p e r f o r m a n c e o f
l a t e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ' s s u p e r v i s o r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
F o r i n s t a n c e , u n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the S to n e C u t t e r s
p r o v i s i o n a p p l i e d to o f f i c e r s :
o f f ic e r s and fo r m e m b e r s
p r o v is io n s fo r d isc ip lin in g
th eir d u tie s, c lo s e ly r e
o v e r l o c a l u n ion a f f a i r s .
A s s o c i a t i o n , the fo llo w in g
T h e p r e s i d e n t s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y , s h o u l d h e b e s a t i s f i e d th a t
an y o f f i c e r i s d e r e l i c t in the p e r f o r m a n c e of h i s duty o r h a s b e e n g u il t y
o f a d i s h o n e s t a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m h i s o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n .
In
s u c h e v e n t , h e s h a l l f u r n i s h the o f f i c e r s o s u s p e n d e d w ith a d e t a i l e d
s t a t e m e n t o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r s o d o in g , an d he s h a l l a l s o f o r w a r d to the
e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s i m i l a r d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t , who s h a l l t h e r e u p o n t r y
s u c h s u s p e n d e d o f f i c i a l in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the l a w s g o v e r n i n g i m p e a c h
m e n t a n d t r i a l o f o f f i c e r s . If fo u n d g u il t y , h e s h a l l a t o n c e b e r e m o v e d
f r o m o f f i c e b y the p r e s i d e n t .
With r e g a r d to m e m b e r s , the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s e m p o w e r e d to i n i t i a t e c h a r g e s
u n d e r the fo ll o w in g l i m i t e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s :
A n y o n e who g o e s to a l o c a l w h e r e t h e r e i s t r o u b l e , in o r d e r th a t h e
m a y b e p l a c e d on the s t r i k e r o l l , s h a l l b e i m m e d i a t e l y e x p o s e d in the
j o u r n a l , a n d c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t h im b y the ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . .
E xten t of Intern ation al Ju r i s d i c t i o n
In a l l b u t 1 of the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d , the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l un ion w a s e m p o w e r e d to e x e r c i s e j u r i s d i c t i o n in new c a s e s , th a t i s , t h o s e
n ot p e n d in g a t the l o c a l un io n l e v e l ( t a b le V - 2 ) . U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g c o n s t it u t io n ,
a l l c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d w ith a l o c a l u n io n , b u t the p r e s i d e n t p o s s e s s e d the a u t h o r i t y ,
a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e , to t r a n s f e r the c a s e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l :
. . . In the e v e n t c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r o r
o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l un ion an d the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , in h i s d i s c r e t i o n ,
d e e m s it p r o p e r to do s o , he m a y o r d e r th a t the t r i a l o f s u c h m e m b e r
o r o f f i c e r b e h a d b e f o r e the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l in l i e u o f
the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the l o c a l o r a n y t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f s u c h l o c a l .
( D i s t i l l e r y , R e c t i f y i n g an d Wine W o r k e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a )
E i g h t y - s e v e n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n
o v e r new c a s e s d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y p e r m i t t r a n s f e r o f p e n d i n g l o c a l c a s e s to the
in tern atio n al le v e l.
T h e s e in c l u d e d 65 o f the 93 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith p r o v i s i o n s
a p p l i c a b l e to b o th m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s , a l l b u t 1 o f the 21 a p p l i c a b l e to o f f i c e r s
o n ly , an d the 2 w h ic h c o v e r e d m e m b e r s on ly.
Only 28 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g ,
h o w e v e r , m o r e th an 5 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , g r a n t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r b o th new an d
p e n d in g c a s e s . U n d e r t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r n ew c a s e s w a s in v o k e d
68
b y fi lin g c h a r g e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , w h ile j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e n d i n g c a s e s
w a s in v o k e d b y t r a n s f e r r i n g c h a r g e s a l r e a d y f i l e d w ith a l o c a l u n io n to the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l l e v e l , t y p i c a l l y in the f o ll o w in g m a n n e r :
T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t , b y n o t i c e in w r i t i n g to s u c h
( l o c a l ) r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y to a s s u m e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f a n y s u c h c h a r g e s
a n d , in th a t e v e n t, no a c t i o n upon s u c h c h a r g e s s h a l l t h e r e a f t e r b e ta k e n
b y the l o c a l un ion w ith w h ich th e y w e r e f i l e d , b u t a l l f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s
s h a l l b e t a k e n b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d in the s a m e m a n n e r a s th o u g h
c h a r g e s h a d o r i g i n a l l y b e e n f i l e d w ith it.
( In d e p e n d e n t W a t c h m e n ’s
A s s o c i a t i o n , Ind. )
J u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r new c a s e s u s u a l l y e x t e n d e d to i n c l u d e a l l o f f e n s e s
a g a i n s t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion , s u c h a s ’’v i o l a t i o n o r i n f r a c t i o n s o f the p r o v i s i o n s
o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n , ” o r a n y m a t t e r ’’i n i m i c a l to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s " o f th e u n ion .
In e f f e c t , t h e s e g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s v e s t e d c o m p l e t e d i s c i p l i n a r y
a u t h o r i t y in an i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d y .
T h e fo llo w in g p r o v i s i o n w a s one of the m o s t
e x p l i c i t in d e s c r i b i n g the s c o p e o f g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n :
The e xe cu tiv e b o a r d sh a ll h ave e n tire co n trol o v e r a ll ju d ic ia l b u s i
n e s s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion w h en not in s e s s i o n , v i z . . . ; a l l d e c i
s i o n s a s to the l a w s o r u s a g e s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o r of s u b o r d i n a t e
u n i o n s ; a l l c h a r g e s o r d i s p u t e s o f one m e m b e r a g a i n s t a n o t h e r o r h i s
u n io n ; an d a l l c h a r g e s o r d i s p u t e s o f on e un io n a g a i n s t a n o t h e r ; a l l
q u e s t i o n s a s to the la w r a i s e d o r r e p o r t e d b y d e p u t i e s — in f a c t , a l l
q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i v e to the l a w s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o r s u b o r d i n a t e
u n io n s a n d v i o l a t i o n s t h e r e o f .
( B r i c k l a y e r s , M a s o n s and P l a s t e r e r s ’
I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a )
T h i s g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n u s u a l l y w a s b r o a d e n o u g h to e x t e n d e v e n to c a s e s
w h ic h c o u ld b e the s u b j e c t o f c h a r g e s a t the l o c a l l e v e l . One c o n s t i t u t i o n e x p l i c i t l y
p ro v id e d c o n c u rre n t ju r is d ic t io n a s fo llo w s:
When a m e m b e r v i o l a t e s the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w s b y i n t e r f e r i n g w ith
the w o r k i n g s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d in c a r r y i n g ou t the l a w s ,
the b o a r d s h a l l h a v e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to m e t e out the s a m e p u n i s h m e n t to
t h e m th a t a l o c a l un ion h a s a n d the m e m b e r h a s the s a m e r i g h t to a p p e a l
th a t h e h a s f r o m the d e c i s i o n o f a l o c a l un ion . ( M e t a l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s ,
P l a t e r s a n d H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , s p e c i f i e d e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
l e v e l . F o r i n s t a n c e , the A m e r i c a n F l i n t G l a s s W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e d the
p r e s i d e n t to r e v i e w a l l c h a r g e s a n d r e t a i n j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h o s e c h a r g e s in v o l v in g
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion :
It s h a l l b e the duty o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t to r e f e r a l l c h a r g e s
a g a i n s t i n d i v i d u a l s to l o c a l u n io n s f o r t r i a l e x c e p t t h o s e w h ic h i n v o l v e the
i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o r p o l i c i e s o f a n d the s e c u r i t y o f the i n t e r n a
tion al o rg a n iz atio n .
L i m i t a t i o n s on N ew C a s e s . In 80 o f the 115 p r o v i s i o n s p e r m i t t i n g j u r i s
d i c t i o n o v e r n ew c a s e s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ’ s j u r i s d i c t i o n i n c l u d e d a n y o f f e n s e a g a i n s t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . U n d e r 21 o f the o t h e r 35 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g m o r e th an
2 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , on ly c h a r g e s a l l e g i n g p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s w e r e to b e a c c e p t e d
a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S e v e r a l o f t h e s e o f f e n s e s w e r e r e l a t e d to the p e r f o r m
a n c e o f o f f i c i a l d u t i e s b y a l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r a n d w e r e d e s i g n a t e d f o r t r i a l b y
69
in tern atio n al a g e n c ie s e x c lu siv e ly .
F o r e x a m p le ,
j u r i s d i c t i o n in n ew c a s e s in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e :
one
co n stitu tio n
a u th o rized
. . . (the p r e s i d e n t ) s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r i t y , s h o u l d he b e c o m e s a t i s f i e d
th a t an y o f f i c e r i s d e r e l i c t in the p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y du ty , o r h a s b e e n
g u il t y o f an y d i s h o n e s t a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m h i s o f f i c i a l
p o s i t i o n . In s u c h e v e n t, he s h a l l f u r n i s h the o f f i c e r s o s u s p e n d e d w ith
a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r s o d o in g .
The e x e cu tiv e b o a r d
s h a l l t r y s u c h s u s p e n d e d o f f i c e r u p o n the c h a r g e s p r e s e n t e d b y the p r e s i
d e n t.
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t e r e o t y p e r s ' a n d E l e c t r o t y p e r s ' U n io n o f N o r th
A m eric a)
I n c lu d e d a m o n g the 35 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e 6, c o v e r i n g m o r e th a n 6 0 0 , 000
m e m b e r s , w h ic h p e r m i t t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n o n ly in c a s e s th a t " v i t a l l y
a f f e c t e d " the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion o r p r e s e n t e d an i m m e d i a t e t h r e a t to the u n i o n 's
w e l f a r e , a s f o r e x a m p l e , in the U n it e d R u b b e r W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n :
The in te rn a tio n a l e x e c u tiv e b o a r d w ill e n te rta in and d e te r m in e
c h a r g e s p u r s u a n t to th is p a r a g r a p h in the e x e r c i s e o f i t s j u d i c i a l p o w e r s
o n ly in t h o s e r a r e a n d u n u s u a l c a s e s w h e r e the g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f the
URW i s in v o l v e d .
T h e r e m a i n i n g e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s in t h is c a t e g o r y s p e c i f i e d m o r e th an
one g r a n t o f j u r i s d i c t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y . T h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g n e a r l y 2 m i l
l io n m e m b e r s , p e r m i t t e d c h a r g e s to b e f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l in an y o f a
n u m b e r of d efin ed s itu a t io n s , su ch a s an e m e r g e n c y , o r fo r s p e c i f ie d o f fe n s e s .
C u m u lativ ely , th e se lim ite d g r a n t s p ro v id e d a b r o a d ju r is d ic t io n a l b a s i s fo r d i s
c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , a s c a n b e s e e n f r o m the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
In c a s e s o f e x t r e m e e m e r g e n c y a n d w h en i t a p p e a r s . . . th a t i r
r e p a r a b l e i n j u r y m a y r e s u l t to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n . . . , a n d , w ith o u t
r e g a r d to the e x i s t e n c e o f a p r e s e n t e m e r g e n c y , in a n y c a s e in w h ic h it
s h a l l a p p e a r to the b o a r d th a t 2 o r m o r e m e m b e r s h a v e e n g a g e d . . .
in c o n s p i r a c y to c o m m i t a n o f f e n s e a g a i n s t the u n ion . . .
W h e n e v e r it i s c h a r g e d th a t an y m e m b e r i s a f f i r m a t i v e l y e n g a g e d in
the p r o m o t i o n , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , f u r t h e r a n c e , o r s u p p o r t o f an y o t h e r
u n io n o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g g r o u p . . . s u c h c h a r g e w i l l b e f i l e d w ith
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
(U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e , A e r o s p a c e a n d
A g r ic u ltu r a l Im plem en t W ork ers of A m e r ic a )
L i m i t a t i o n s on P e n d in g C a s e s . C a s e s th a t w e r e a l r e a d y p e n d i n g b e f o r e a
l o c a l b o d y w e r e l e s s f r e q u e n t l y s u b j e c t to i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . Of the 29 c o n
s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e n d i n g c a s e s , 9, c o v e r i n g a l m o s t 9 0 0 , 000
m e m b e r s , g r a n te d a u th o rity fo r in te r n a tio n a l ju r is d ic t io n o v e r any o ffe n se a g a in s t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , w h ile 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d t h is a u t h o r i t y , t y p i c a l l y to
e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s o f the ty p e s t i p u l a t e d in the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e :
In a l l c a s e s in v o lv in g c h a r g e s w h ic h in the o p in io n o f the . . . ( p r e s
id e n t) . . . v i t a l l y a f f e c t e d the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the l o c a l u n io n o r the
i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion , the . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . m a y o r d e r the . . .
(execu tiv e b o a rd ) . . .
to ta k e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the c a s e a n d to
p r o c e e d to h e a r a n d t r y the a c c u s e d .
The . . . (p r e sid e n t) . . . sh a ll
h a v e t h is a u t h o r i t y a t a n y p o i n t in the p r o c e e d i n g s a n d t h i s a u t h o r i t y s h a l l
e x i s t e v e n th o u g h the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f the l o c a l u n io n h a s c o m m e n c e d
an d h a s c o n d u c t e d a h e a r i n g .
(M e tal P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and
H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
70
E i g h t o f t h e s e 20 u n io n s l i m i t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e n d i n g c a s e s to f a i l u r e
o f the l o c a l un ion e i t h e r to p r o s e c u t e o r to p u n i s h a m e m b e r c o n v i c t e d o f o f f e n s e s
a g a i n s t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion :
In the e v e n t th a t an y l o c a l un ion o r the m e m b e r s t h e r e o f f a i l to p r o
c e e d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s o f th is s e c t i o n , o r f a i l to r e f u s e to p u n i s h
m e m b e r s t h e r e o f who a r e g u il ty . . . ( T o b a c c o W o r k e r s I n t e r n a
t i o n a l U n ion )
U n d e r two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n c o u ld b e in v o k e d if
b i a s , h o s t i l i t y , o r f e a r o f r e p r i s a l s w o u ld i n t e r f e r e w ith the l o c a l ’s a b i l i t y to
p r o v i d e a f u ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g , w ith e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r a c c u s e r p e r m i t t e d to
p e titio n fo r a change of venue.
In the N e w s p a p e r G u il d , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c y
g r a n t i n g the r e q u e s t w a s a u t h o r i z e d to a p p o in t a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , c o m p o s e d of
m e m b e r s of n eig h b o rin g lo c a l u n io n s, a s fo llo w s:
W h e r e the . . . ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . i s c o n v in c e d , a f t e r r e c e i p t of
a p e t i t i o n f r o m e i t h e r the a c c u s e d m e m b e r o r f r o m t h o s e fi l i n g c h a r g e s ,
th a t a f a i r t r i a l i s i m p o s s i b l e in the a c c u s e d m e m b e r ’s l o c a l , b e c a u s e
o f p a r t i a l i t y , h o s t i l i t y , o r f e a r o f r e p r i s a l s , the ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) m a y
o r d e r t r i a l b e f o r e a t r i a l b o a r d to b e s e l e c t e d f r o m a t r i a l p a n e l of
m e m b e r s o f one o r m o r e n e a r b y l o c a l s .
T h e o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l b y the u n io n c o n v e n t io n u n d e r the f o l l o w
in g c i r c u m s t a n c e s :
T h e p r e s i d e n t of the . . . ( l o c a l un ion ) . . . w ith w h o m c h a r g e s
a r e f i l e d s h a l l . . . p r o c e e d to b r i n g the a c c u s e d to t r i a l . . . , e x c e p t
th a t the . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . m a y , w h en he d e e m s s u c h a c t i o n n e c e s
s a r y in o r d e r to p r o v i d e a f a i r t r i a l o r to p r o t e c t the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of
the IA M , d i r e c t th a t the a c c u s e d b e t r i e d e i t h e r b y a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e
d e s i g n a t e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e o r b y the G. L . C o n v e n tio n .
(In tern ation al
A ss o c ia tio n of M a c h in ists)
U n d e r two o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s e p a r a t e g r a n t s of p o w e r o v e r l o c a l un ion
c a s e s w e r e g i v e n to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a n d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t , w ith
the l a t t e r ’s a u t h o r i t y l i m i t e d to d e s i g n a t e d s i t u a t i o n s .
T h e T e a m s t e r s ' (Ind. )
co n stitu tio n d e lin e a te d th is a s fo llo w s:
N o t w i th s t a n d i n g an y o t h e r p r o v i s i o n o f t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the g e n e r a l
exe cu tiv e b o a rd sh a ll have ju r is d ic t io n . . . fo r a ll o ffe n se s c o m m itte d
a g a i n s t the o f f i c e r s o f . . .
o r the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .
In the
e v e n t c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d o r h e a r i n g s a r e p e n d in g . . . the j u r i s
d i c t i o n o f s u c h s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y s h a l l fo r th w ith t e r m i n a t e .
If the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . . .
i s s a t i s f i e d b y the e v i d e n c e
p r e s e n t e d th a t the in d i v id u a l i s a m e m b e r o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r of
a n y o t h e r s u b v e r s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r s u b s c r i b e s o r l e n d s s u p p o r t to t h e i r
d o c t r i n e s , the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l e x p e l s u c h in d i v i d u a l a f t e r
he h a s o b t a in e d a p r o p e r t r i a l .
If, in the o p in io n of the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , the a b o v e s e c t i o n h a s not
b e e n c o m p l i e d w ith in p r i n c i p l e an d in te n t . . . , h e . . . s h a l l b e e m
p o w e r e d to r e o p e n an d r e v i e w the c a s e a n d , i f he d e e m s it a d v i s a b l e ,
. . . t r a n s f e r the c a s e to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . . .
W h e n e v e r c h a r g e s in v o lv in g a m e m b e r . . . o f f i c e r o r . . . s u b o r
d in a t e b o d y c r e a t e , i n v o l v e , o r r e l a t e to a s i t u a t i o n i m m i n e n t l y d a n g e r o u s
to the w e l f a r e o f a . . . s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y , the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t i s e m
p o w e r e d , in h i s d i s c r e t i o n , to a s s u m e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n r e g a r d l e s s of
the f a c t th a t c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d w ith a n o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y a n d
a r e p e n d in g . . .
71
Invokin g I n t e r n a t i o n a l J u r i s d i c t i o n — P e r s o n s A u t h o r i z e d to I n i t i a t e .
A l
th ough 95 t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d to f i l e c h a r g e s
a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ( t a b le V - 3 ) , fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d th a t the p e r s o n s
T a b le V -3 .
Persons S p e c ific a lly Authorized to Invoke International Ju risdiction,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
Identity of persons
A ll constitutions providing for tria l at the
international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions sp e c ific a lly authorizing certain
persons to invoke international ju r i s d i c t i o n ----Constitutions specify in g international
authorities ------------------------------------------President ------------------------------------------E xecutive board 1----------------------------------President or ex ecu tiv e board -----------------Constitutions specify in g international and
lo c a l union authorities --------------------------President, ex ecu tiv e board, or
lo c a l o f f i c e r s -----------------------------------E xecutive board, or lo c a l officers, or
m em bers ----------------------------------------President, or lo c a l o fficers, or m em b ers---President, ex ecu tiv e board, lo c a l body,
or lo c a l o fficers, or m e m b e r s --------------Other ------------------------------------------------C onstitutions specify in g lo c a l union
a u t h o r it ie s -------------------------------------------L ocal o ffice r, or m em ber --------------------Other ------------------------------------------------Constitutions without identity provisions ----------
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
116
Unions
M em bers
Unions
1 3 ,5 1 5 .0
92
10, 97 0 .1
24
2, 544. 9
95
12, 2 5 2 .4
80
10, 3 6 0 .6
15
1 ,8 9 1 .9
52
27
14
44
25
9
7, 2 5 7 .6
4, 2 2 6 .4
2, 1 1 7 .7
9 1 3 .5
8
2
11
7 ,6 5 5 .7
4 ,3 5 2 .6
2, 372. 8
9 3 0 .3
2
398. 1
126. 2
255. 1
1 6 .8
29
4 ,0 7 0 .7
25
2, 644. 9
4
1 ,4 2 5 .8
12
2, 2 6 8 .3
9
8 4 3 .5
3
1 ,4 2 4 .8
5
3
5 6 9 .4
1 ,0 7 3 . 6
5
3
5 6 9 .4
1 ,0 7 3 .6
-
-
-
-
4
1 2 6 .3
33. 1
4
4
1 2 6 .3
3 2 .1
-
5 2 6 .0
4 6 6 .0
6 0 .0
1 ,2 6 2 . 6
11
4 5 8 .0
4 5 8 .0
3
1
2
9
25
14
12
32
21
10
11
-
12
-
6 0 9 .5
4
1
M em bers
1 . 0
68.0
8.0
6 0 .0
653. 1
* Th e phrase !'ex ecu tive b o ard " also included other governing bodies, such as boards of directors and boards
of trustees.
^ Under 3 constitutions, the president, ex ecu tiv e board, or a lo c a l body could invoke ju risd iction ; and under
2 constitutions e le cte d international officers or lo c a l bodies could invoke ju risdiction .
3 Under 1 constitution, a lo c a l body or m em bers or officers could invoke ju risdiction ; and under 1 constitution,
a lo c a l body by petition of 20 percent of its m em bership could invoke ju risdiction .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
l i s t e d w e r e the o n ly o n e s who c o u ld a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f t h is r ig h t .
In m a n y o f
t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s p e c i f i c p e r s o n s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d to in v o k e j u r i s d i c t i o n f o r
p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s , b u t f o r o t h e r o f f e n s e s no p e r s o n w a s n a m e d .
F o r in stan ce ,
the U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s ' c o n s t it u t io n a u t h o r i z e d the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to f i le
c h a r g e s in e x t r e m e e m e r g e n c i e s o r in c o n s p i r a c i e s , b u t d id n ot d e s i g n a t e a f i lin g
agen t fo r c h a r g e s of dual u n io n ism .
72
C o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t an y r e f e r e n c e to the id e n t i t y o f the
q u e n tly c o n t a in e d p r o v i s i o n s s i m i l a r to the one c i t e d b e l o w :
in itia to r
fre
When the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m a k e s a d e c i s i o n o r i s s u e s an o r d e r . . .
a n d s u c h l o c a l u n io n o r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y o r the o f f i c e r s t h e r e o f f a i l ,
n e g l e c t , o r r e f u s e to c o n f o r m o r c o m p l y w ith the d e c i s i o n o r o r d e r , the
c h a r t e r o f the l o c a l u n ion o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y m a y , a f t e r c o m p l a i n t
and h e a r in g , be re v o k e d o r su sp e n d e d , and s a i d o f f i c e r s m a y b e fined o r
e x p e l l e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
( S t o v e M o u n t e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n
of N orth A m e r ic a )
In m o r e th an h a l f (52) o f the p r o v i s i o n s id e n t i f y in g the p e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d
to in v o k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , on ly i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s , u s u a l l y the p r e s
id e n t, w e r e s p e c i f i c a l l y s o d e s i g n a t e d ( t a b le V - 3 ) .
T h e p r e s i d e n t w a s o f te n a u
t h o r i z e d to e x e r c i s e t h is p o w e r t h r o u g h a g e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in c a s e s in v o l v in g the
s u p e r v i s i o n o f l o c a l un ion a f f a i r s . F o r e x a m p l e , u n d e r the B r i c k a n d C l a y W o r k
e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n , a s p e c i a l t r u s t e e a p p o in t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t w a s to p e r f o r m the
f o ll o w in g f u n c t i o n s :
A f t e r the s p e c i a l t r u s t e e h a s ta k e n c h a r g e o r c o n t r o l of a s u b o r d i n a t e
body, he s h a ll m a k e an in v e stig a tio n of its b u s i n e s s a f f a i r s , fin a n c e s ,
a s s e t s an d l i a b i l i t i e s a n d m a k e c o m p l a i n t to the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l a g a i n s t
a n y m e m b e r o r f o r m e r o f f i c e r . . . ( f o r ) . . . an y a c t o f c o r r u p t i o n o r
f i n a n c i a l m a l p r a c t i c e o r of a n y v i o l a t i o n of l a w o r th is c o n s t i t u t i o n . . .
T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ’s p r o c e d u r e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r to i n i t i a t e p r o
ceedin gs w as r a r e ly sp ecifie d .
U s u a l l y , the b o a r d ’s a u t h o r i t y w a s b a s e d on a
g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , a s in the fo llo w in g c l a u s e :
T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , u p o n n o t ic e g i v e n it of an y e x e c u t i v e m a t t e r in
a n y m a n n e r o r f r o m a n y s o u r c e th a t an y . . . o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r . . .
h a s f a i l e d o r n e g l e c t e d to c o m p l y w ith the l a w s o f t h is i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n
o r i t s r u l e s o r o r d e r s o r the r u l e s o r o r d e r s o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . . .
s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y c a u s e n o t i c e of s a i d c o m p l a i n t to b e g iv e n to the . . .
o fficer or m em b er . . .
s o c h a r g e d . . . ( B r i c k l a y e r s , M a s o n s an d
P l a s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a )
U n d e r 29 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the a u t h o r i t y to in v o k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n
w a s v e s t e d in p e r s o n s a t b o th the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d l o c a l l e v e l s .
U s u a l l y , on ly
o f f i c e r s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d , b u t a few a l s o e x t e n d e d th is a u t h o r i t y to m e m b e r s of
the l o c a l u n ion . M o s t o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a t o r s f o r d i f
f e r e n t o f f e n s e s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s p o s s e s s e d t h is a u t h o r i t y f o r a n y v i o l a t i o n
o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d f o r a c t i o n s w h ic h r e q u i r e d the u s e o f o f f i c i a l
p o w e r s , s u c h a s s u s p e n d i n g b e f o r e o r a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d , o r d e r i n g a p e n d in g
l o c a l un ion c a s e t r a n s f e r r e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , o r d e c l a r i n g th a t a s i t u a t i o n
p r e s e n t e d a n i m m e d i a t e t h r e a t to the w e l f a r e o f the un ion .
L o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s
o r m e m b e r s w e r e c o m m o n l y p e r m i t t e d to f i l e c h a r g e s f o r an y v i o l a t i o n o f the i n
t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o r f o r f a i l u r e o f the l o c a l u n ion to h o ld a h e a r i n g .
For
i n s t a n c e , the P a i n t e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d the fo llo w in g
a u t h o r i t y to i n i t i a t e d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s :
In an y c a s e o v e r w h ich a s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y h a s j u r i s d i c t i o n , i f s u c h
c h a r g e s a r e a l s o v i o l a t i o n s o f th is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y to e x e r c i s e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n .
It s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r e d to a m e m b e r ' s o r o f f i c e r ’s a u t h o r i t y to f i l e c h a r g e s a t the
i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l in the f o llo w in g s i t u a t i o n :
(In the c a s e of) an y l o c a l un ion r e f u s i n g to t r y i t s m e m b e r s on
c h a r g e s p r o p e r l y p r e f e r r e d . . . the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s m a y
th en b r i n g the c h a r g e b e f o r e . . . (the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . .
73
U n d e r 14 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o n ly p e r s o n s a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l w e r e s p e
c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to in v o k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s u s u a l l y
p e r m i t t e d " a n y m e m b e r " to fi le c h a r g e s . L o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e i n c l u d e d w ith in th is
t e r m b y d e f in it io n a lt h o u g h the t e r m m i g h t a l s o in c lu d e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s who
w e r e n ot e x p l i c i t l y e x c l u d e d .
T he f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n w a s t y p i c a l :
P r o c e e d i n g s u n d e r th is a r t i c l e m a y b e i n i t i a t e d b y a n y m e m b e r o f the
I L A b y f i lin g w r i t t e n c h a r g e s , s p e c i f y i n g the a c t s o r c o n d u c t w ith w h ic h
the a c c u s e d i s c h a r g e d , w ith the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f the a p p r o p r i a t e
l o c a l un ion o r d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l o r d i s t r i c t o r g a n i z a t i o n o r w ith the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r a s the c a s e m a y b e .
(In tern ation al L o n g
sh o rem en * s A sso c iatio n )
O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y r e s t r i c t e d the p e r s o n s who c o u ld f i l e
c h a r g e s d i r e c t l y w ith an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c y .
U s u a lly , s u c h co n stitu tio n s e n u
m e r a t e d a l l p e r s o n s who m i g h t w i s h to f i l e c h a r g e s , a s in the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n :
A ch arge or c h a rg e s m ay be p r e f e r r e d a g a in st any m e m b e r by r e s o
lu tio n of: L o c a l c o u n c i l s , e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l s , b o a r d s of d i r e c t o r s ; o r b y
lo c a l co u n cil c h a irm e n , e x e c u tiv e co u n cil c h a ir m e n , o r b y any e le c te d
o f f i c e r o f the a s s o c i a t i o n .
(A ir L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n )
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s * B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n , in
s p e c i f y i n g who c o u l d f i le c h a r g e s , i n c l u d e d the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f o r e n d o r s e
m en t of c h a r g e s :
C h a r g e s . . . m a y be f i l e d b y a n a t i o n a l f u l l t i m e e l e c t e d o f f i c e r
o r a n y t h r e e m e m b e r s o f the n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e o r b y a 10 p e r
c e n t v o te o f the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d in g of s a i d s u b o r d i n a t e a s s o c i a t i o n .
P r o v i s i o n f o r C h a r g e s — F o r m o f C h a r g e s . Of the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l
p r o v i s i o n s ^ 100 s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s to b e f i l e d a s a f i r s t s t e p in in v o k in g
i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n (ta b le V - 4 ) . O n ly 19 o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s f a i l e d to
T a b le V -4 .
Form of C harges in International Level T r ia l Proceedings, N ational
and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o tal studied
A ffiliatio n
Form of charges
A ll constitutions providing for tr ia l at the
international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions stipu latin g form of charges ---------W ritten and s p e c i f i c --------------------------------Sp e cify nature of offense ---------------------Sp e cify nature of offen se, and rule or
constitution al provision v io la te d -------- Other w ritten and sp e c ific f o r m s ------------No referen ce to d e ta ils to be s p e c i f i e d ----W ritten only ------------------------------------------Constitutions requiring charges without
stipu latin g form of c h a r g e s --------------------------Constitutions not stipu latin g form of c h a r g e s -----
A FL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
116
U n affiliated
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
13, 5 1 5 .0
92
1 0 ,9 7 0 .1
24
2, 544. 9
81
48
20
9 ,9 1 4 .7
6, 0 90. 3
3 ,9 1 0 .9
67
42
16
8 ,3 1 8 .9
4, 532. 5
2, 4 1 2 .4
14
6
4
1 ,5 9 5 .8
1, 5 5 7 .8
1 ,4 9 8 .5
13
*4
11
33
8 0 7 .1
2 8 0 .0
1 ,0 9 2 .3
3, 8 2 4 .5
12
4
10
25
8 0 3 .8
2 8 0 .0
1 ,0 3 6 .3
3 ,7 8 6 .5
1
3 .3
1
8
5 6 .0
3 8 .0
19
16
1 ,7 1 1 .2
1, 8 8 9 .1
15
10
1, 0 2 1 .2
1 ,6 2 9 .9
4
6
6 9 0 .0
2 59.1
-
-
1 Under 1 constitution, charges contained a gen eral statem en t of the offen se and the p articu lar rule v io late d ;
under 1 constitution, charges were in the form of an ’’order to show cause why an o ffice r should not be rem oved "
and sp e cifie d the nature and fa c ts of the offen se; under 1 constitution, charges were in the form of "in form ation "
and "su bstantiated by w ritten testim o n y ;" and under 1 constitution, charges again st lo c a l officers were "w ritten and
sp e c ific " but ch arges again st m em bers sp e cifie d the p articu lar rule alle g e d ly v io late d .
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 6
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74
s t i p u l a t e the f o r m o f the c h a r g e s , t y p i c a l l y l i m i t i n g t h e m s e l v e s to b r i e f r e f e r e n c e s
s i m i l a r to the one n o t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n of the A lu m i n u m W o r k e r s :
T h e a c c u s e d s h a l l b e g i v e n a r e a s o n a b l e n o t ic e o f the c h a r g e s
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s
d id n o t d e fin e t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
.
.
.
(Ind. ) a l s o r e f e r r e d to c h a r g e s b u t
W hen a n y o f f i c e r . . .
o r m e m b e r i s c h a r g e d w ith f o m e n t i n g , l e a d
in g , o r e n c o u r a g i n g a d u a l un ion , o r d u a l m o v e m e n t w ith in the o r g a n i z a
tio n , up on c h a r g e s b e in g f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ,
. . . a h e a r i n g o f s a i d c h a r g e s s h a l l b e h ad .
E i g h t y - o n e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 o f e v e r y 10 m e m b e r s ,
d e s c r i b e d the f o r m f o r c h a r g e s in d e g r e e s o f d e t a i l r a n g i n g f r o m s i m p l e s t a t e
m e n t s th a t c h a r g e s b e " i n w r i t i n g " to e l a b o r a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s th a t the c h a r g e s
s t a t e the f a c t s o f the o f f e n s e , in c l u d i n g t i m e s a n d d a t e s , an d c i t e the p a r t i c u l a r
a r t i c l e , s e c t i o n , an d p a r a g r a p h o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l e g e d l y v i o l a t e d .
Under
48 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c h a r g e s m u s t b e w r i t t e n an d s p e c i f i c . A fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u
t i o n s c o n t a i n e d l a n g u a g e s i m i l a r to th a t in the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d
D i s c l o s u r e A c t ’ s s e c t i o n 101 (a) (5) (A), a s in the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e :
N o m e m b e r o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y b e f i n e d , s u s p e n d e d , e x p e l l e d ,
o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e d , e x c e p t f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f d u e s , b y the o r g a n i z a
tio n , o r b y a n y o f f i c e r t h e r e o f , u n l e s s s u c h m e m b e r h a s b e e n (i) s e r v e d
w ith w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s . . . ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r
g a n i z a t i o n o f M a s t e r s , M a t e s an d P i l o t s )
M o r e o f te n , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s to s p e c i f y c e r t a i n i t e m s . S e v e r a l
r e q u i r e d a s t a t e m e n t of the g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e o r v i o l a t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e :
No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l u n ion s h a l l b e t r i e d u n l e s s he o r
s h e s h a l l be s e r v e d w ith a w r i t t e n c o p y o f s u c h c h a r g e s s p e c i f y i n g the
n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e o f w h ic h he o r s h e i s a c c u s e d .
(In tern ation al
B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s o f
A m e r i c a , Ind. )
M o r e s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s c a l l e d f o r a s t a t e m e n t o f the f a c t s a l l e g e d to c o n s t i t u t e
an o f f e n s e . In a d d it i o n to p a r t i c u l a r a c t i o n s , p l a c e s o r d a t e s w e r e o f te n r e q u i r e d ,
a s in the C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n :
C h a r g e s s h a l l c o n t a in an a l l e g a t i o n o f the f a c t s c o n s t i t u t i n g the o f
f e n s e w ith w h ic h the a c c u s e d i s c h a r g e d a n d the a p p r o x i m a t e d a te o r
d a t e s s a i d o f f e n s e i s a l l e g e d to h a v e o c c u r r e d .
T h e m o s t s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d a c i t a t i o n o f the p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
p r o v i s i o n a l l e g e d l y v i o l a t e d in a d d it i o n to a s t a t e m e n t o f the f a c t s .
T y p ically ,
t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r to the fo llo w in g e x c e r p t :
T he c h a r g e s h a l l s t a t e the p r o v i s i o n s o f the A N G c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l e g e d
to h a v e b e e n v i o l a t e d an d s h a l l s p e c i f y the a c t o r a c t s a l l e g e d to c o n s t i
tute s u c h v i o l a t i o n .
( A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild )
A d d itio n al d e ta ils w e re
p atch ers
A sso c iatio n :
r e q u i r e d b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n T r a i n D i s
(a)
A ll c h a r g e s s h a l l : (1) B e in w r i t i n g ; (2) b e s i g n e d b y the p a r t y
p r e f e r r i n g the s a m e ; (3) c o n t a in a s t a t e m e n t o f the f a c t s ou t of w h ic h s u c h
c h a r g e s o r i g i n a t e d ; (4) r e f e r to the a r t i c l e , s e c t i o n , a n d p a r a g r a p h o f th is
c o n s t i t u t i o n , the e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s , d e c i s i o n s , l a w s , r u l e s , o r r e g u l a
t i o n s w h ic h it i s a l l e g e d h a v e b e e n , o r a r e b e i n g v i o l a t e d ; an d (5) s t a t e
the n a t u r e o f the v i o l a t i o n c l a i m e d .
75
T h e m o s t c o m m o n p r o v i s i o n (33) f o r the f o r m o f c h a r g e s m e r e l y r e
q u i r e d c h a r g e s to b e w r i t t e n . M o s t f r e q u e n t l y , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s
b u t d id n ot d e s c r i b e the f o r m e x c e p t f o r the a d d i t i o n a l w o r d s ’’w r i t t e n ” o r ” in
w r i t i n g , ” a s in the f o ll o w in g c o n s t i t u t i o n :
C h a r g e s s h a l l b e f i l e d in d u p l i c a t e , in w r i t i n g , w ith the s e c r e t a r y t r e a s u r e r of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion o f U n ite d B r e w
e r y , F l o u r , C e r e a l , S o ft D r i n k and D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a )
S a f e g u a r d s R e l a t i n g to T r u e C h a r g e s . Of the 100 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y
r e q u i r i n g c h a r g e s , 40 p r o v i d e d a s a f e g u a r d to a s s u r e t r u e c h a r g e s ( t a b le V - 5 ) .
T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e l e s s p r e v a l e n t a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l th an a t the l o c a l l e v e l .
W hile a n y m e m b e r o f the un ion w a s u s u a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to f i l e c h a r g e s a t the l o c a l
un ion l e v e l , in m a n y c a s e s o f f i c e r s o n ly w e r e p e r m i t t e d to i n i t i a t e p r o c e e d i n g s a t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . U n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s , t h e s e e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s w e r e s e l d o m
to b e r e q u i r e d to s w e a r th a t c h a r g e s w e r e n ot f i l e d out o f p e r s o n a l m a l i c e t o w a r d s
the a c c u s e d , n o r w e r e t h e s e o f f i c i a l s to b e s u b j e c t to p e n a l t i e s i f the c h a r g e s
p r o v e d to b e u n fo u n d e d .
T a b le V -5 . Safeguards R e latin g to Charges at the International Level,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
Form of charges
Safeguards
T o ta l unions
Written
and
sp e cific
W ritten
only
Form of
charges not
stipu lated
A ll constitutions providing for charges in
international le v e l tr ia l procedures ---------------
100
48
33
19
40
26
12
2
16
8
6
2
10
7
10
2
5
-
2
15
60
2
4
22
C onstitutions providing s a f e g u a r d s ------------------A ccusers were su b ject to p en alties for filin g
fa lse c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------C harges must be signed and accusers su bject
to p en alties for filin g fa lse c h a r g e s ----------C harges must be signed ----------------------------C harges must be signed and sworn or
notarized ---------------------------------------------Other safeguards -------------------------------------C onstitutions not providing safeguards -------------
_
_
1
21
_
17
1 Under 1 constitution, a ll charges must be signed and sworn in cases
involving lo c a l
o fficers; under 1 co n sti
tution, a ll charges must be signed and accu sers were
su bject to pen alties if charges again st lo c a l officers proved to
be fa lse ; under 1 constitution, a ll charges must be sworn and charges alleg in g subversive activ ity must be signed by
an international o ffice r; under 1 constitution, charges file d by the ex ecu tiv e board must be approved by tw o-thirds of
its m em bers; and under 1 constitution, accusers were su bject to p en alties if charges again st lo c a l officers proved to
be fa lse .
S a f e g u a r d p r o v i s i o n s w e r e r e c o r d e d m o r e o f te n in c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h a l s o
r e q u i r e d s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s th a n in c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t s u c h r e q u i r e m e n t s . M o r e
th a n h a l f o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r ’’w r i t t e n an d s p e c i f i c ” c h a r g e s h a d s a f e
g u a r d p r o v i s i o n s , b u t o n ly a l i t t l e m o r e th a n o n e - t h i r d o f the p r o v i s i o n s f o r
’’w r i t t e n ” c h a r g e s an d o n ly o n e - t e n t h o f the p r o v i s i o n s n ot s t i p u l a t i n g the f o r m
of c h a r g e s in clu d ed s p e c ific s a f e g u a r d s .
S a f e g u a r d s w e r e d e s i g n e d to e n c o u r a g e the a c c u s e r to f i l e t r u e c h a r g e s
b y p r o v i d i n g p e n a l t i e s if the c h a r g e s w e r e p r o v e n to h av e b e e n f a l s e l y f i l e d b e
c a u s e of m a lic e o r b a d faith .
T h e s e p e n a l t i e s , in c l u d i n g f i n e , s u s p e n s i o n , o r
76
e x p u l s i o n , w e r e u s u a l l y to b e i m p o s e d a f t e r t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s . F i l i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s
w a s a s e p a r a t e g r o u n d f o r d i s c i p l i n e a f t e r t r i a l in the A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r
G u i l d 1s c o n s t i t u t i o n :
T h e fo ll o w in g a c t s a r e
p li n e d .
. . .
b e r, local
v i d e d th a t
a l l e g e d to
o f f e n s e s f o r w h ic h m e m b e r s m a y b e d i s c i
(n) M a l i c i o u s l y an d f r i v o l o u s l y f i l i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m
o f fic e r , d is t r i c t o f fic e r , in tern atio n al o f fic e r , or lo c a l, p r o
s u c h c h a r g e m a y b e f i l e d o n ly a f t e r d i s m i s s a l o f the c h a r g e
have b e e n m a l ic io u s l y and fr iv o lo u s ly file d .
U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , a f o r m a l h e a r i n g w a s n ot e x p l i c i t l y r e q u i r e d ,
a s in the f o ll o w in g :
C h a r g e s N o t P r e f e r r e d in G o o d F a i t h
If c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d an d s u c h c h a r g e s a r e n ot s u s t a i n e d an d the
t r i a l b o d y o r a p p e l l a t e b o d y i s c o n v i n c e d th a t the s a m e w e r e n o t b r o u g h t
in g o o d f a i t h o r w e r e a c t u a t e d b y m a l i c e , the t r i a l b o d y o r a p p e l l a t e
b o d y m a y i m p o s e s u c h p e n a l t y b y the w a y o f p u n i s h m e n t a s in i t s j u d g e
m e n t i s d e e m e d p r o p e r u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r
h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s o f A m e r
i c a , Ind. )
U n d e r the 19 c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r i n g s i g n e d c h a r g e s , o n ly one s i g n a
tu re w as m o s t frequ en tly re q u ire d .
W h e r e m o r e than one s i g n a t u r e w a s r e
q u i r e d , two p e r s o n s ’ s i g n a t u r e s w e r e u s u a l l y a d e q u a t e .
O cc asio n ally ch a rg e s
w e r e to b e s i g n e d b y a c e r t a i n p e r c e n t a g e o f l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s , a s in the
f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n :
U p on the p r e s e n t a t i o n to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t o f a p e t i t i o n r e
q u e s t i n g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l to i n v e s t i g a t e the a f f a i r s o f a n y l o c a l , s t a t i n g
the r e a s o n s f o r s u c h r e q u e s t a n d s i g n e d b y 20 p e r c e n t o f the m e m b e r s h i p
in g o o d s t a n d in g o f the l o c a l i n v o l v e d . . . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’ s
an d W a r e h o u s e m e n ’ s U n io n , I n d . )
P r o v i s i o n s f o r P r e l i m i n a r y R e v i e w i n g o f C h a r g e s . O n ly 14 o f the 100 c o n
s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r c h a r g e s , c o v e r i n g l e s s th a n a m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , p r o v i d e d
f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w o f c h a r g e s (ta b le V - 6 ) . In a fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
the r e v i e w a g e n t w a s a l s o d e s i g n a t e d a s the t r i a l b o d y . In m o s t c a s e s , h o w e v e r ,
r e v i e w s w e r e to be c o n d u c t e d b y a n a g e n t o t h e r th a n the t r i a l b o d y .
U s u a l l y , the s c o p e o f p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w w a s to b e c o n fin e d to d e t e r m i n
in g w h e t h e r a v i o l a t i o n w a s a l l e g e d , a s in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n :
If p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r t r i a l d o e s n ot a p p e a r to the p r e s i d e n t f r o m the
f a c e o f the c h a r g e s , the c h a r g e s s h a l l be d i s m i s s e d in a p r e s i d e n t ’ s
d e c i s i o n w h ic h s h a l l be s u b j e c t to s e c t i o n 13 ( A p p e a l) o f t h is a r t i c l e .
(A m e ric an F e d e ra tio n of G rain M ille rs)
O c c a s i o n a l l y , h o w e v e r , th is r e v i e w w a s a l s o to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r c h a r g e s s h o u l d
b e t r i e d a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . T he U p h o l s t e r e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r
e x a m p l e , r e q u i r e d the p r e s i d e n t to d e t e r m i n e the f o ll o w in g : )i(
(i) I f v i o l a t i o n s o f un io n l a w s o r p o l i c i e s a r e i n v o l v e d a s a l l e g e d ;
(ii) if the c h a r g e s a r e s u c h a s s h a l l b e f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e ,
an d i f th e y a r e n ot, (he) s h a l l r e t u r n t h e m to the a c c u s e r w ith i n s t r u c
t i o n s to f i l e t h e m w ith the l o c a l un ion in v o l v e d . . .
77
Table V-6. Preliminary Review of Charges in International Trial Procedures,
National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for charges in
international le v e l tria l procedures --------------Constitutions providing for a prelim inary
review of charges -------------------------------------International president or g en eral ex ecu tive
board could dism iss charges --------------------L o c al officers review ed and could refuse to
forward charges to the international l e v e l ---In ternational president review ed charges
involvin g a request for chan ge of v e n u e ----Constitutions not providing for prelim inary
review of ch arges --------------------------------------
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
T ype of provisions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
100
1 1 ,6 2 6 .0
82
9 ,3 4 0 .1
18
2, 2 8 5 .8
14
9 8 9 .0
13
9 8 5 .0
1
4 .0
11
9 5 0 .6
11
9 5 0 .6
2
8 .0
1
4 .0
1
4 .0
1
3 0 .4
1
3 0 .4
_
_
86
10, 6 3 7 .0
69
8, 3 5 5 .1
17
2, 2 8 1 .8
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
U n d e r two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s w e r e to r e v i e w c h a r g e s b e f o r e
th e y w e r e f o r w a r d e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion a n d w e r e to b e p e r m i t t e d to e x e r
c i s e d i s c r e t i o n in d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r to f o r w a r d the c h a r g e s .
One o f t h e s e p r o
v isio n s r e a d as fo llow s:
C h a rg e s m u st be subm itted . . .
to the c h a i r m a n o f the g e n e r a l
g r i e v a n c e c o m m i t t e e o f the s y s t e m w ith w h ic h the a c c u s e d i s c o n n e c t e d .
T h e c h a i r m a n . . . w i l l p r o s e c u t e s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s he d e e m s n e c e s
s a r y to a r r i v e a t the f a c t s in the c a s e , an d i f in h is j u d g m e n t the
c h a r g e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y g r a v e an d c a n b e s u s t a i n e d , he w i l l r e p o r t h is
f i n d i n g s to the g r a n d p r e s i d e n t . . . ( R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s o f A m e r i c a )
U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g
tion al o ffic e r .
12 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , r e v i e w p o w e r s w e r e v e s t e d in an i n t e r n a
P r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w s o f te n w e r e d e s i g n e d to t e s t o n l y the f o r m a l s u f f i
c i e n c y o f the a l l e g a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d in the c h a r g e s , b u t s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o
a u t h o r i z e d an in d e p e n d e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the f a c t s , a s in the a b o v e - q u o t e d R a i l
r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r * s c o n s t i t u t i o n . T h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e u s u a l l y to b e c o n d u c t e d
b y p e r s o n s l o c a t e d n e a r the p l a c e w h e r e the a l l e g e d a c t s o c c u r r e d . T h e i n v e s t i
g a t o r w a s th en to s u b m i t the f i n d i n g s o f f a c t a n d h is r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the
p r e s i d e n t f o r a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the m e r i t s .
T h e g e n e r a l c h a i r m a n s h a l l m a k e an i n v e s t i g a t i o n to d e t e r m i n e a l l
a v a ilab le fa c t s .
A f t e r s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n , he s h a l l r e p o r t . . .
to the
p r e s i d e n t w ith a l l d a t a an d d o c u m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e an d h is r e c o m m e n d a
ti o n s . . .
If the p r e s i d e n t d e c i d e s th a t a t r i a l s h o u l d b e h e l d , he s h a l l
o r d e r the a c c u s e d to b e t r i e d . . . ( A m e r i c a n T r a i n D i s p a t c h e r s
A sso c iatio n )
If c h a r g e s w e r e d i s m i s s e d , one o r , in a fe w c a s e s , two a v e n u e s o f
a p p e a l w e r e o p e n to the a c c u s e r .
E l e v e n o f the 14 p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w p r o v i
s i o n s g r a n t e d the a c c u s e r g e n e r a l a p p e a l r i g h t s b y p e r m i t t i n g na n y i n t e r e s t e d
78
p a r t y " to a p p e a l an a d v e r s e d e c i s i o n . T h r e e o f t h e s e 11 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o s p e c i f
ic a lly a u th o rized a p p ea l of a p r e lim in a r y re v ie w body* s d e c isio n .
T he A m e r i c a n
N e w s p a p e r G u i l d 1 s c o n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e d th a t " t h e a c c u s e r s s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to
a p p e a l f r o m a r e f u s a l o r f a i l u r e o f the e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e to r e f e r a c h a r g e to
a t r i a l b o a r d . " T h e G r a i n M i l l e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r m i t t e d " a n y l o c a l u n io n , o f f i c e r ,
o r m e m b e r a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d t h e r e b y " to a p p e a l f r o m a p r e s i d e n t s d e c i s i o n d i s
m i s s i n g c h a r g e s ; an d the U p h o l s t e r e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r a p p e a l a s f o l l o w s :
If the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t d e t e r m i n e s th a t no v i o l a t i o n o f u n ion
l a w s o r p o l i c i e s i s i n v o l v e d , he m a y d i s m i s s the c h a r g e s , in w h ic h e v e n t
the a c c u s e r , if n ot s a t i s f i e d w ith the a c t i o n o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t ,
m a y a p p e a l to the G E B f o r r e i n s t a t e m e n t o f the c h a r g e s .
C o m p o s i t i o n s a n d P o w e r s o f T r i a l A u t h o r it y
E a c h o f the 116 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d s p e c i f i e d the id e n ti ty of the b o d y
a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ( t a b le V - 7 ) , u s u a l l y the
execu tiv e b o a rd .
O nly e ig h t i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s v e s t e d d i s c i p l i n a r y
p o w e r s in b o d i e s th a t did n ot h a v e o t h e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d u t i e s .
T hese p erm itted
the a c c u s e d a n d a c c u s e r to a p p o in t an e q u a l n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s to a t r i a l b o a r d
or p ro v id e d fo r tr ia l b e fo re s p e c ia l o r p e rm a n en t ju d ic ia l c o m m itte e s.
T a b le V -7.
International T r ia l Authority, N ational and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o tal studied
T r ia l authority
A ll constitutions providing for tria l at the
international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions providing 1 tr ia l authority
for a ll cases ---------------------------------------------E xecutive board 1 -------------------------------------President ----------------------------------------------S p e c ia l co m m ittees --------------------------------S e le c te d by the parties ---------------------------Convention -------------------------------------------Constitutions providing 2 or m ore tria l
authorities ----------------------------------------------Executive board for most cases; president
for sp e cifie d cases --------------------------------President for m ost cases; execu tive board
for sp e cifie d cases --------------------------------E xecutive board for most cases; convention
for sp e cifie d cases --------------------------------President, ex ecu tiv e board, and convention
enjoyed equal tr ia l authority ------------------Other authorities ------------------------------------
*
2
vention;
under 1
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Unions
M embers
116
Unions
M embers
Unions
M em bers
1 3 ,5 1 5 .0
92
1 0 ,9 7 0 .1
24
2, 544. 9
91
63
20
4
2
2
9 ,4 0 6 .2
5 ,7 1 9 .7
2, 806. 3
7 7 3 .9
38. 3
6 7 .9
71
47
18
4
1
1
8, 3 01.1
4, 7 7 0 .7
2, 68 0 .1
7 7 3 .9
3 5 .0
4 1 .3
20
16
2
1 ,1 0 5 .1
9 4 9 .0
1 2 6 .2
1
1
3 .3
2 6 .5
25
4 ,1 0 8 . 8
21
2, 6 6 9 .0
4
1 ,4 3 9 .8
14
2 ,7 2 8 .8
12
1, 2 9 8 .0
2
1 ,4 3 0 .8
3
1 4 8 .6
3
1 4 8 .6
_
_
3
3 1 .5
1
2 2 .5
2
9 .0
2
23
2 7 .7
1, 172. 1
2
3
2 7 .7
1, 172.1
_
_
-
-
-
The phrase "e x e c u tiv e board" includes other governing bodies, such as board of directors and board of tru stees.
Under 1 constitution, the president tried the case h im self or in his d iscretion referred the case to the co n
under 1 constitution, the accu sed chose betw een trial by ex ecu tiv e board and tria l by sp e c ia l co m m ittee; and
constitution, ex ecu tive board and sp e c ia l co m m ittee possessed origin al tr ia l ju risdiction .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
79
T rial Body.
S i x t y - t h r e e o f the 91 p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f y i n g
au th o rity fo r all c a s e s , c o v e rin g n e a r l y 2 of e v e r y 3 m e m b e r s ,
a u t h o r i t y in the union* s e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T y p i c a l l y , t r i a l s w e r e to
the w h o le b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e s o f the b o a r d . S e v e r a l p r o v i s i o n s ,
m i t t e d the b o a r d to d e l e g a t e i t s a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t h e a r i n g s , in
b o a r d r e s e r v e d the p o w e r to r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n :
a sin gle t r ia l
v e ste d ju d icial
be h eld b e fo r e
h ow ever, p e r
w h ic h c a s e the
W h e n e v e r the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d h a s j u r i s d i c t i o n to t r y an d
h e a r a n y m a t t e r , it m a y d e p u t i z e a n y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l u n ion to c o n d u c t the t r i a l o r h e a r i n g on i t s b e h a l f .
H ow ever,
the p e r s o n s o d e p u t i z e d s h a l l , a t the c o n c l u s i o n o f the t r i a l o r h e a r i n g ,
r e p o r t to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , in w r i t i n g , an d the d e c i s i o n in the
m a t t e r s h a l l b e m a d e b y the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . ( B a k e r y a n d C o n
f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a , Ind. )
A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (20) c o v e r i n g j u s t u n d e r 3 m i l l i o n
m e m b e r s , v e s t e d t r i a l a u t h o r i t y in the un ion p r e s i d e n t . A fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u
t i o n s , w h ile d e s c r i b i n g a t s o m e le n g t h the e x t e n t o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s , w e r e n ot
e q u a l l y f u l l r e g a r d i n g p r o c e d u r a l a s p e c t s an d d e t a i l s o f the t r i a l . F o r e x a m p l e ,
in the R a i l w a y a n d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s * c o n s t i t u t i o n , the p r e s i d e n t * s a u t h o r i t y e n
c o m p a s s e d the f o ll o w in g :
. . . (the p r e s i d e n t ) . . . s h a l l h a v e p o w e r to s u s p e n d , e x p e l , o r
o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e a m e m b e r , b u t o n ly a f t e r s e r v i n g . . . w r i t t e n
c h a r g e s s t a t i n g the g r o u n d s t h e r e f o r a n d a f f o r d i n g the m e m b e r r e a s o n a b l e
t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e an d a f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g . T h e g r a n d p r e s i
d e n t s h a l l r e n d e r h is d e c i s i o n w ith in 30 d a y s a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f the
h earin g . . .
O th e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d the m e t h o d s b y w h ic h the p r e s i d e n t e x e r c i s e d h is t r i a l
a u t h o r i t y . In s o m e , he w a s p e r m i t t e d to d e l e g a t e t h is a u t h o r i t y to o t h e r s w h ile
retain in g fin al d e c isio n m a k in g p o w e r s:
In the m a t t e r o f the t r i a l o f m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s o f l o c a l u n io n s o r
j o i n t c o u n c i l s b y the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , he m a y d e p u t i z e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
to a c t on h is b e h a l f . S u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l h a v e the s a m e p o w e r s a s
the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t r e s p e c t i n g the t r i a l . . . H o w e v e r , w h en a t r i a l
s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d b y a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t s u c h
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l m a k e h is r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t
o r a l l y o r in w r i t i n g an d the d e c i s i o n in the c a s e s h a l l b e m a d e b y the
g en e ral p resid e n t h im se lf.
( L a u n d r y , D r y C l e a n i n g a n d D ye H o u s e
W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion , I n d .)
A u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r the p r e s i d e n t * s c h o i c e o f d e p u t i e s w a s n e a r l y a l w a y s c o n fin e d to
m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s o f the u n ion . In tw o c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the p r e s i d e n t
w a s p e r m i t t e d to go o u t s i d e the un ion in s e l e c t i n g h e a r i n g o f f i c e r s . In the c o n
s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a i n M i l l e r s , it w a s p r o v i d e d t h a t:
W h e n e v e r in h is j u d g m e n t the f a c t s an d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a n y c a s e
. . . n e c e s s i t a t e m o r e f o r m a l an d c o m p r e h e n s i v e h e a r i n g a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n
th a n i s c o n t e m p l a t e d b y a l l the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s e t f o r t h h e r e i n , the
p r e s i d e n t , w ith the c o n s e n t o f the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , m a y a p p o in t
a s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r to h e a r a n d d e c i d e the c h a r g e s .
T he s p e c i a l
h e a r i n g o f f i c e r n e e d n o t b e a m e m b e r o f the . . . (union) . . . an d
m a y b e v e s t e d w ith a l l o r p a r t o f the j u d i c i a l p o w e r s b y t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n
c o n f e r r e d up on a l o c a l u n ion t r i a l b o a r d , a l o c a l un ion , an i n t e r n a t i o n a l
t r i a l b o a r d an d the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
T he e x t e n t of the p o w e r s
an d j u r i s d i c t i o n o f s u c h s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r an d the t e r m s and c o n d it i o n s
80
u n d e r w h ic h the h e a r i n g s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d s h a l l b e d e s c r i b e d in a n a p
p r o p r i a t e r e s o l u t i o n o f the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , b u t no s u c h r e s o l u t i o n
s h a l l e v e r h a v e the e f f e c t of d e p r i v i n g d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d m e m b e r s o f
the r i g h t to a p p e a l a d e c i s i o n o f a s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r to the n e x t
r e g u l a r c o n v e n t io n . . .
The
U p h o ls t e r e r s 1 p ro v isio n ,
read
by
itse lf,
w as
not
as
e xp licit.
It
stated :
A n y q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n c o m p e t e n t to c o n d u c t s u c h a h e a r i n g m a y b e
a p p o i n t e d a h e a r i n g o f f i c e r b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .
T h e in te n t o f t h is p r o v i s i o n , h o w e v e r , i s to p r o v i d e f o r o u t s i d e h e a r i n g o f f i c e r s . 27
E i g h t o f t h e s e 91 c o n s t i t u t i o n s v e s t e d t r i a l a u t h o r i t y in b o d i e s o t h e r th a n
the p r e s i d e n t o r g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . In tw o , the t r i a l b o d y w a s the c o n v e n
t io n .
In two o t h e r s , it w a s a b o d y s e l e c t e d b y the p a r t i e s t h e m s e l v e s , in the
f o llo w in g m a n n e r :
A t r i a l b o d y to h e a r the p r e f e r r e d c h a r g e s s h a l l b e
f o ll o w in g m a n n e r :
s e l e c t e d in the
T h e s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r w i l l s u b m i t to the d e f e n d a n t a n d a c c u s e r a
l i s t o f a l l c h a p t e r p r e s i d e n t s . E a c h s h a l l c r o s s o ff a l t e r n a t i v e l y one n a m e
u n t il a p a n e l o f n in e n a m e s s h a l l r e m a i n . T h e s e n in e m e n s h a l l c o m p r i s e
the t r i a l b o d y . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f P e t r o l e u m W o r k e r s , Ind. )
In the o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s t h e r e w e r e s p e c i a l p e r m a n e n t t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s ,
the A i r L i n e P i l o t s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n :
a s in
T h e a p p e a l b o a r d s h a l l b e c o m p o s e d o f f iv e r e g u l a r a n d t h r e e a l t e r
n a te m e m b e r s . . . in g o o d s t a n d in g a p p o in t e d b y the e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e
fr o m a l i s t of ca n d id a te s fu rn ish e d by e ac h m a s t e r e xecu tiv e co u n cil . . .
D i f f e r e n t T r i a l B o d y f o r S p e c i f i e d C a s e s . T w e n t y - f i v e o f the 116 p r o v i
s i o n s s t u d i e d v e s t e d t r i a l a u t h o r i t y in two o r m o r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s . One o f
t h e s e b o d i e s w a s u s u a l l y g r a n t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r n e a r l y a l l c a s e s f i l e d a t the
i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , w h ile the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the o t h e r b o d i e s w a s u s u a l l y l i m i t e d
to s p e c i f i e d o f f e n s e s o r e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s . T h e b o d y w ith g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n
w a s n e a r l y a l w a y s the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; the p r e s i d e n t w a s u s u a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to
e x e r c is e ju r isd ic tio n ov er sp e c ifie d c a s e s .
A fe w (5) o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s d id n o t s p e c i f y the s i t u a t i o n s in w h ic h e a c h
b o d y e x e r c i s e d t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . T he c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i c a
ti o n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( I n d .) , f o r i n s t a n c e , in a d d it i o n t o p r e s c r i b i n g the j u r i s d i c t i o n
a n d p r o c e d u r e f o r t r i a l s b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , v e s t e d t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n in the
c o n v e n t io n a s f o l l o w s :
T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t io n s h a l l h av e the p o w e r to b r i n g to t r i a l
a n d s u s p e n d f r o m o f f i c e a n y o f f i c e r o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r a s u b d i v i
sion th e re o f.
27
In the t r i e n n i u m r e p o r t o f the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to the 32d c o n
v e n tio n , h e l d in 1 959, the b o a r d s p o k e o f the p r o c e d u r e o f " h a v i n g i n i t i a l t r i a l s
o f m e m b e r s c o n d u c t e d b y an o b j e c t i v e l e g a l l y t r a i n e d t r i a l e x a m i n e r u n c o n n e c t e d
w ith the u n io n o r i t s o f f i c e r s . "
81
In the r e m a i n i n g 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r m o r e th a n on e t r i a l b o d y ,
c o v e r i n g n e a r l y 3 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , the d i v i s i o n o f a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n the two t r i a l
b o d i e s w a s s e t f o r t h in g r e a t e r d e t a i l . U n d e r s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o n ly c h a r g e s
in v o lv in g e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s w e r e to b e t r i e d b y o t h e r th a n the u s u a l b o d y .
T h e s e s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t e d a c t i o n w h e n e v e r the d a n g e r o f i m m i n e n t i n j u r y
to the u n ion w a s too g r e a t to a w a i t a d e t e r m i n a t i o n th r o u g h n o r m a l t r i a l p r o c e e d
i n g s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the P a i n t e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , in a d d it i o n to v e s t i n g g e n e r a l j u r i s
d ic t io n in the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , p e r m i t t e d the p r e s i d e n t to t a k e a c t i o n a s f o l l o w s :
W h e n e v e r c h a r g e s i n v o l v in g a m e m b e r . . .
or o fficer . . . c re ate
o r i n v o l v e , in the j u d g m e n t o f the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , a s i t u a t i o n i m m i
n e n t ly d a n g e r o u s to the w e l f a r e o r b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the l o c a l u n io n ,
d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l , o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y o f t h i s b r o t h e r h o o d , the
g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t i s a u t h o r i z e d , in h is d i s c r e t i o n , to a s s u m e o r i g i n a l
ju r isd ic tio n . . .
F i v e o f t h e s e 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s b a s e d , the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f e a c h t r i a l b o d y on
the p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d b y the c h a r g e s . F o r e x a m p l e , the O p e r a t i n g E n g i
n e e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d the p r e s i d e n t to t r y C o m m u n i s t s ; the T o b a c c o W o r k
e r s 1 p r e s i d e n t w a s p e r m i t t e d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s in v o l v in g a r e f u s a l b y a l o c a l un ion
o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r to o b e y i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i r e c t i v e s ; an d the P o t t e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n
a u t h o r i z e d the c o n v e n t io n to e x e r c i s e e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r c h a r g e s a l l e g i n g
s la n d e r o r lib e l during e le c tio n c a m p a i g n s .
In f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a c t i o n s t a k e n , o r n o t t a k e n , b y the a c c u s e d d e t e r
m i n e d the i d e n t i t y o f the b o d y h e a r i n g h is c a s e , a s the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n s f r o m
two o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s i n d i c a t e :
T he . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . m a y in h is d i s c r e t i o n , a s s i g n . . .
(a
v i c e p r e s i d e n t ) . . . to ta k e t e s t i m o n y w h en c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d . . .
o v e r w h ic h . . . the ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . h a d o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n
. . . p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , th a t s u c h a c t i o n s h a l l n ot b e t a k e n . . . w i t h
o u t the c o n s e n t o f the a c c u s e d .
(U n ite d S l a t e , T i l e an d C o m p o s i t i o n
R o o f e r s , D a m p an d W a t e r p r o o f W o r k e r s A s s o c i a t i o n )
>!< >:< *
If the a c c u s e d m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s m a k e no r e q u e s t f o r t r i a l w ith in
10 d a y s , th e y s h a l l b e d e e m e d to h av e w a i v e d t h e i r r i g h t to t r i a l a n d
. . . c o n s e n t e d to the d i s p o s i t i o n o f t h e i r c a s e in the m a n n e r d e s c r i b e d
in the n e x t . . . p a r a g r a p h .
. . . the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t s h a l l r e f e r the s a m e to the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , who s h a l l , b y a m a j o r i t y v o t e , d i s p o s e o f the s a m e . . .
( A m e r i c a n F l i n t G l a s s W o r k e r s * U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a )
T y p i c a l l y , m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e s i m i l a r b u t a fe w p r o c e d u r e s
d i f f e r e d in t r i a l s b e f o r e e a c h b o d y . If the p r i n c i p a l b o d y w a s r e q u i r e d to s e r v e
n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s an d g r a n t the a c c u s e d an o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e , the
s a m e r e q u i r e m e n t s u s u a l l y a p p l i e d to the o t h e r t r i a l b o d y . D i f f e r e n c e s o f te n i n
v o l v e d no m o r e th a n the le n g t h o f t i m e a l l o w e d f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the t r i a l ; p r i n
c i p a l b o d i e s , a s a r u l e , w e r e a l l o w e d m o r e t i m e th a n o t h e r b o d i e s . 28 In s o m e
c o n stitu tio n s, e v e r y p r o c e d u r e w as id e n tic a l. The M a c h i n i s t s 1 co n stitu tio n , fo r
28
T h r o u g h o u t the fo llo w in g s e c t i o n s , the t r i a l b o d y w ith the b r o a d e s t j u r i s
d ic t io n w a s c o n s i d e r e d f o r a n a l y s i s .
82
e x a m p l e , o r d e r e d e a c h b o d y to a d h e r e to the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the " T r i a l P r o c e
d u r e " s e c t i o n o f the a r t i c l e on t r i a l s a n d h e a r i n g s , a s f o l l o w s :
In the e v e n t the . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . r e f e r s the c h a r g e s to t r i a l
b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n t io n . . . the m a t t e r
s h a l l b e h e a r d an d d e c i d e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d
in s e c t i o n 5 o f th is a r t i c l e .
S p e c i f i c P r o v i s i o n s f o r I m p a r t i a l i t y of T r i a l B o d y .
T w e n t y - s i x o f the
116 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , c o v e r i n g 1 o f e v e r y 3 m e m
b e r s s u b j e c t to t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , c o n t a i n e d a v a r i e t y o f i m p a r t i a l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s
o f the k in d d i s c u s s e d in the s e c t i o n on l o c a l un io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . T w e n ty - tw o
o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i s q u a l i f i e d i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s f r o m s i t t i n g on the t r i a l
board.
A fe w o f t h e s e m e r e l y g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d an " i m p a r t i a l " t r i b u n a l ,
b u t a l a r g e r n u m b e r s p e c i f i e d the e l e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y to d i s q u a l i f y e a c h p e r s o n .
T h e fo ll o w in g e x a m p l e i s f r o m a c o n s t i t u t i o n w h e r e the t r i a l w a s c o n d u c t e d b y the
e xecu tiv e b o a r d .
No m e m b e r who i s d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d w ith o r p e r s o n a l l y
f a m i l i a r w ith the f a c t s out o f w h ic h the c h a r g e s a r o s e s h a l l b e e n t i t l e d
to a c t a s a m e m b e r o f the t r i a l b o a r d .
(In tern ation al B ro th e rh o o d of
F i r e m e n an d O i l e r s )
W h e re h e a r i n g s w e r e c o n d u c t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t o r p e r s o n s
w a s o f te n d i s q u a l i f i e d if he i n i t i a t e d the p r o c e e d i n g s :
s e l e c t e d b y h im ,
he
. . . the n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t o r in the e v e n t he s h a l l h av e f i l e d the
c h a r g e s , th e n , the n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r s h a l l d e s i g n a t e a t r i a l
c o m m i t t e e . . . ( N a t io n a l M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ' B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n )
O f the r e m a i n i n g p r o v i s i o n s in t h is a r e a , two p e r m i t t e d e a c h p a r t y to
s e l e c t an e q u a l n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s to s i t on the t r i a l b o a r d , an d two p e r m i t t e d
e i t h e r p a r t y to c h a l l e n g e an d r e m o v e b i a s e d o r i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s . T h e c o n s t i t u
tio n o f the A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f M u s i c i a n s d e s c r i b e d th is p r o c e d u r e t h u s l y :
T he b o a r d o r a s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e r e o f s h a l l b e d e e m e d e l i g i b l e to
h e a r , d e c i d e , an d d e t e r m i n e a l l m a t t e r s . . . A n y one o r m o r e o f t h e m
m a y b e e x c u s e d f r o m e i t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i n g o r v o t i n g , b u t a n y o b j e c t i o n to
the e l i g i b i l i t y o r q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f a n y s u c h m e m b e r o f the b o a r d o r s u b
c o m m i t t e e m u s t b e p r e s e n t e d in w r i t i n g b e f o r e a n y a c t i o n i s t a k e n b y
s u c h b o a r d o r s u b c o m m i t t e e w ith r e s p e c t to a n y s u c h m a t t e r o r q u e s t i o n .
T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the s a i d b o a r d o r s u b c o m m i t t e e w ith r e s p e c t to an y
s u c h o b j e c t i o n an d w ith r e s p e c t to the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o r e l i g i b i l i t y o f a n y
of its m e m b e r s s h a ll be fin a l and c o n c lu siv e .
F in al D e c isio n .
T r i a l b o d i e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , u n lik e
t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s on tne l o c a l l e v e l , w e r e n e a r l y a l w a y s a u t h o r i z e d to r e n d e r a
f i n a l d e c i s i o n b o th on the g u il t o f the a c c u s e d an d the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d . 29 Of
the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d , 9 r e q u i r e d a n o t h e r b o d y to a p p r o v e
the t r i a l b o d y 1 s d e c i s i o n b e f o r e it b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e .
T y p i c a l l y , t h e s e g a v e the
t r i a l b o d y a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t the h e a r i n g an d p r e p a r e an a d v i s o r y r e c o m m e n d a
tio n on (1) the g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d and (2) the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d
if the a c c u s e d w a s fo u n d g u il t y . T h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n if the
29
F o r the id e n t i t y o f the f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g b o d y , s e e a p p e n d i x B - l .
F o r the r o l e of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o d i e s in the e n t i r e t r i a l p r o c e s s ,
se e ap p en d ix B - 2 .
83
p r e s i d e n t w a s a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t the t r i a l o r a p p o in t a t r i a l b o d y .
the C a r p e n t e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d :
F o r in stan ce ,
W h e n e v e r it a p p e a r s to the s a t i s f a c t i o n o f the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t th a t
a n y l o c a l un ion o r m e m b e r t h e r e o f . . . i s a c t i n g c o n t r a r y to the w e l f a r e
of the U n it e d B r o t h e r h o o d o f C a r p e n t e r s an d J o i n e r s o f A m e r i c a , he m a y
a p p o in t a c o m m i t t e e to h o ld a h e a r i n g . . . upon c o m p l e t i o n o f the h e a r
in g , the c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t i t s f i n d i n g s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the
g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T h e . . . b o a r d i s e m p o w e r e d to ta k e s u c h a c
tio n a s i s n e c e s s a r y a n d p r o p e r f o r the w e l f a r e o f the . . . (union) . . .
T h e p r o v i s i o n in the U p h o l s t e r e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n w a s m o r e e x p l i c i t :
. . . the h e a r i n g o f f i c e r , s h a l l p r e p a r e a r e p o r t o f the p r o c e e d i n g s
w h ic h s h a l l c o n t a in an a c c u r a t e s u m m a r y o f the t e s t i m o n y a n d e v i d e n c e
p r e s e n t e d a t the h e a r i n g , an d the h e a r i n g o f f i c e r s 1 r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s
to :
(i) F i n d i n g s o f f a c t ; (ii) c o n c l u s i o n s ; (iii) g u il t o r in n o c e n c e o f the
a c c u s e d ; and (iv) p e n a l t y , if a n y , s u c h a s e x p u l s i o n , s u s p e n s i o n , m o n e
t a r y fine, (statin g am ount th e re o f), d e p riv a tio n of rig h ts a n d /o r c e n s u r e .
In e ig h t o f t h e s e n in e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s v e s t e d w ith
a u t h o r i t y to r e n d e r the f i n a l d e c i s i o n . In the n in th , th a t of the S to n e C u t t e r s , the
p r e s id e n t had th is au th o rity .
A s a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , the a c t u a l id e n t i t y o f the p e r s o n s c o n d u c t in g the
h e a r i n g an d r e n d e r i n g the d e c i s i o n m i g h t d i f f e r in c o n s t i t u t i o n s e m p o w e r i n g the
t r i a l a g e n t to r e n d e r d e c i s i o n s i f h e a r i n g s w e r e , in p r a c t i c e , c o n d u c t e d b y an
a p p o in t e e o r d e l e g a t e . A s n o t e d e a r l i e r , the p o w e r to a p p o in t s o m e o n e to a c t a s
the h e a r i n g a u t h o r i t y ’ s a g e n t a n d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s w a s f a i r l y c o m m o n in i n t e r
n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . If th is p o w e r w e r e e x e r c i s e d , c a s e s w o u ld th en
b e r e v i e w e d b y two d i s t i n c t p e r s o n s b e f o r e a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s r e n d e r e d .
For
e x a m p l e , the O ffic e E m p l o y e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n p r o v i d e d f o r d e p u t i z e d h e a r i n g
e x a m i n e r s who w e r e to r e p o r t f i n d i n g s o f f a c t a n d c o n c l u s i o n s to the t r i a l a u t h o r
it y f o r a f i n a l t r i a l d e c i s i o n , a s f o l l o w s :
T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l a p p o in t a n d d e p u t i z e a n y o f f i c e r o r a g e n t
o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion to a c t a s a h e a r i n g o f f i c e r in the m a t t e r o r it
m a y a p p o in t a n d d e p u t i z e a n y o f f i c e r s o r a g e n t s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion
to a c t a s a h e a r i n g c o m m i t t e e in the m a t t e r .
T he h e a r i n g o f f i c e r o r
c o m m i t t e e s h a l l c o n d u c t the h e a r i n g a n d r e p o r t in w r i t i n g to the e x e c u
tiv e b o a r d w ith f i n d i n g s , c o n c l u s i o n s , an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .
T he P a i n t e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n
d e cisio n s:
also
req u ired
the
trial
au th o rity
to
render
fin al
In a l l h e a r i n g s , t r i a l s , an d o t h e r m a t t e r s w h ic h a r e to b e d e c i d e d
an d a c t e d up on b y the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t o r g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , the
c o n d u c t o f the h e a r i n g an d the t a k i n g o f e v i d e n c e m a y b e p e r f o r m e d b y
a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the b r o t h e r h o o d d u ly a p p o in t e d to a c t in the m a t t e r .
A t the c o n c l u s i o n o f the t r i a l o r h e a r i n g , s u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l m a k e
a s u m m a r y o f the e v i d e n c e an d r e p o r t h is f i n d i n g s an d c o n c l u s i o n s to
. . . w h o e v e r a p p o in t e d h im , a n d the d e c i s i o n in the c a s e s h a l l b e m a d e
b y the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t o r the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
In r a r e i n s t a n c e s o n ly , a s in the fo llo w in g e x a m p l e ,
e x a m i n e r s e m p o w e r e d to r e n d e r f i n a l d e c i s i o n s :
w ere
d ep u tized h earin g
A f t e r the c o m m i t t e e h a s t a k e n a l l the t e s t i m o n y th a t it s h a l l d e e m
s u f f i c i e n t , it s h a l l th en d e t e r m i n e a s a j u r y w h e t h e r o r n ot the a c c u s e d
i s g u il t y , o r g u i l t y in p a r t , o r n o t g u i l t y ; if g u il t y , it s h a l l a s s e s s the
p en alty . (In tern ation al B ro th erh o o d of B o i l e r m a k e r s , Iro n S h ip b u ild e rs,
B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s an d H e l p e r s )
Chapter VI. Rights of the Accused and Related Matters
T h i s c h a p t e r e x a m i n e s a v a r i e t y o f the d ue p r o c e s s r i g h t s g u a r a n t e e d to
l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s d u r i n g the e n t i r e c o u r s e o f th e d i s c i p l i n a r y
p ro c ee d in g .
It b e g i n s w ith the s t a t u s of the a c c u s e d b e f o r e he s t a n d s t r i a l , an d
th en d e s c r i b e s the p r o t e c t i o n a v a i l a b l e to h im d u r i n g the h e a r i n g .
Subsequent
s e c t i o n s d e a l w ith the v a r i o u s t y p e s o f n o t ic e r e q u i r e m e n t s an d a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s ,
in c l u d i n g a s u m m a r y o f the f o u r p u b l i c r e v i e w b o a r d s th a t h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d .
T h i s c h a p t e r c l o s e s w ith a n a n a l y s i s o f the t i m e l i m i t s th a t p r e v a i l b e t w e e n v a r i o u s
p h a s e s o f the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s .
S t a t u s o f the A c c u s e d
In m o r e th an h a l f (81) o f the l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n s , the t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s s t u d i e d — a f f e c t i n g n e a r l y t w o - t h i r d s o f the m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to t r i a l
p r o v i s i o n s — r e g u l a t e d the s t a t u s o f a c c u s e d l o c a l o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s d u r i n g
the p e r i o d b e f o r e t r i a l ( t a b le V I - 1).
N e a r ly a ll of th ese p r o v is io n s p e rm itte d
T a b le V I-1 .
Status of the A ccu sed in L o cal and In ternational Level T r ia l Provisions,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
Status of the accu sed
A ll constitutions providing for tr ia l
at lo c a l or international l e v e l -----------
A ffiliatio n
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
156
1 6 ,9 1 7 .9
121
14, 2 2 5 .6
35
2, 692. 3
75
22
40
13
6
1 0 ,7 1 9 .0
2, 4 2 1 .9
6 ,8 2 6 .0
1 ,4 7 1 .2
1 3 1 .3
62
20
33
9
5
9, 0 1 5 .0
2, 339.8
5, 250. 3
1 ,4 2 4 .9
1 2 9 .8
13
2
7
4
1
1 ,7 0 4 .1
8 2 .1
1 ,5 7 5 .7
4 6 .3
1 .5
75
6, 067. 5
54
5, 0 8 0 .8
21
9 8 6 .7
Constitutions providing for change
in status ---------------------------------------Before charges were f i l e d ---------------A fter ch arges were f i l e d -----------------Before and after charges were f i l e d ---Status e x p lic itly u n affected ---------------Constitutions not providing for
change in status -----------------------------
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
the u n io n to a l t e r the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d , u s u a l l y b y s u s p e n s i o n f r o m o f f i c e o r
m em b ersh ip .
O c c a s i o n a l l y , t h is p o w e r w a s l i m i t e d to w ith h o ld in g a n o f f i c e r !s
salary .
In t h o s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h e r e s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e s w e r e n ot foun d, s u c h
m e a s u r e s w e r e p r o b a b l y a v a i l a b l e to o f f i c e r s an d g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s u n d e r g e n e r a l
g r a n t s o f a u t h o r it y .
S i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d th a t the s t a t u s
o f the a c c u s e d c o u ld n ot b e a f f e c t e d u n t il the t r i a l h ad ru n i t s c o u r s e , a s in the
f o ll o w in g :
A m e m b e r a g a in s t whom
suspended o r d e b a rred fro m
a n y r i g h t s an d p r i v i l e g e s . .
( U n ite d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s o f
c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d s h a l l n ot be
b ein g a can d id ate fo r any o ffic e o r fr o m
. p e n d i n g a d e c i s i o n on c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d .
A m eric a)
85
86
M o s t (40) p r o v i s i o n s f o r a f f e c t i n g the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d c o u ld n ot be
in v o k e d u n til a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d .
M o r e o v e r , in t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t b o th
the l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d w a s u s u a l l y a f f e c t e d
o n ly w h en an i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r d e t e r m i n e d th a t s u s p e n s i o n w a s n e c e s s a r y to
p r o t e c t the un ion .
A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (35) a u t h o r i z e d s u s p e n s i o n
b e fo r e c h a r g e s w ere filed at e ith e r lev el.
T his au th o rity w as n e a r ly a lw a y s
l i m i t e d to e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s o r v a r i o u s e n u m e r a t e d o f f e n s e s .
B e f o r e C h a r g e s A r e F i l e d a t E i t h e r L e v e l . 30
U n d e r 34 o f the 35 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t i n g s u s p e n s i o n b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d , s u c h p r o v i s i o n s a p p l i e d
to l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s ( t a b le V I - 2 ) .
U n d e r 2 9 o f t h e s e 35 p r o v i s i o n s , a s t a t e m e n t
T a b le V I-2 .
Suspension of L ocal Union M em bers or O fficers Before C harges Were F iled ,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
T y p e of provisions
L ocal officers only
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for
suspension before charges
were file d -----------------------------------Constitutions requiring both charges and
a hearing after a ll su sp e n sio n s----------Constitutions providing for charges or
a hearing after suspension in
ce rtain situations --------------------------C harges follow ed suspension but
hearings had to be requested -------C harges option al; but if not file d ,
suspension a u to m atic ally
term in ated after a
sp e cifie d tim e ---------------------------
Persons su b ject to suspension
Members
L ocal officers and
m em bers
M em bers only
Unions M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M embers
35
3 ,8 9 3 .0
23
1 ,8 1 4 .4
11
1, 2 4 3 .6
1
8 3 5 .0
29
3, 5 6 0 .5
20
1 ,6 2 2 .2
8
1, 1 0 3 .4
1
8 3 5 .0
6
3 3 2 .5
3
1 9 2 .3
3
1 4 0 .2
3
1 9 2 .3
3
192. 3
3
1 4 0 .2
-
3
1 4 0 .2
-
-
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
o f c h a r g e s an d a h e a r i n g fo ll o w e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y a f t e r s u s p e n s i o n .
T he r e m a i n i n g
s i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i s p e n s e d w ith one o r the o t h e r o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s .
T hree
o f the s i x r e q u i r e d the s u s p e n d i n g o f f i c e r to f i l e c h a r g e s , b u t did n ot c a l l f o r a
h e a r i n g u n l e s s it w a s r e q u e s t e d by the a c c u s e d l o c a l o f f i c e r .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the
c o n s t i t u t i o n o f T h e O r d e r of R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s p r o v i d e d :
. . . S u c h o f f i c e r w il l be n o t ifi e d o f the s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s a n d ,
r e q u e s t i s m a d e w ithin 10 d a y s , he s h a l l h a v e a h e a r i n g . . . .
T h re e oth er co n stitu tio n s r e q u ir e d n eith e r c h a r g e s
f o r a u t o m a t i c r e s t o r a t i o n of m e m b e r s h i p if c h a r g e s
c i f i e d p e r i o d , r a n g i n g f r o m 45 to 90 d a y s .
For
C l e a n i n g an d D ye H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n
if
n o r a h e a r i n g , bu t p r o v i d e d
w e r e not f i l e d w ith in a s p e
e x a m p l e , the L a u n d r y , D r y
(ind. ) c o n s t it u t io n s t i p u l a t e d :
E m e r g e n c y a c t i o n s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e o n ly f o r 45 d a y s u n l e s s w ith in
s u c h 45 d a y s w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a r e c a u s e d to b e s e r v e d . . .
30
T he d i s t i n g u i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e t w e e n p r o v i s i o n s in th is c a t e g o r y a n d
t h o s e c o n s i d e r e d a s s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e i s th a t in t h e s e i n s t a n c e s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y
is av a ilab le .
87
M a n y o f the 35 p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i e d the m a x i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e
c h a r g e s a f t e r the a c c u s e d w a s s u s p e n d e d .
T h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s ( a l s o d e s c r i b e d in
the " t i m e l i m i t s " s e c t i o n sh o w n s u b s e q u e n t ly ) r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s w ith in a " r e a s o n
a b l e " t i m e , a t the s a m e t i m e , o r w ith in a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f d a y s s ifter s u s
p e n sio n .
S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d the t i m e a l l o w e d to c o n v e n e the t r i a l
b o d y and r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n .
F o r e x a m p l e , one c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d ;
( T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t ) m a y s u m m a r i l y s u s p e n d an o f f i c e r o r
c o m m i t t e e m a n f r o m h is o f f i c e o r p o s i t i o n . . . , p e n d in g the fi lin g o f
c h a r g e s , h e a r i n g and d e c i s i o n t h e r e o n .
W ithin 30 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r he
s h a l l s e r v e s u c h o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e m a n w ith s p e c i f i c w r i t t e n c h a r g e s .
T he s u s p e n d e d o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e m a n s h a l l b e g iv e n a r e a s o n a b l e
tim e . . .
to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e and s h a l l be p r o m p t l y a f f o r d e d a fu ll
an d f a i r h e a r i n g . . . . T he G r a n d P r e s i d e n t s h a l l r e n d e r h is d e c i s i o n
w ithin t h i r t y (30) d a y s a f t e r the c o m p l e t i o n o f the h e a r i n g . . . ( B r o t h e r
hood o f R a i l w a y an d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d l e r s , E x p r e s s and
Statio n E m p lo y e e s )
T h e a u t h o r i t y to s u s p e n d an a c c u s e d b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d w a s c o n
fin e d to i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s and w a s e x e r c i s e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
p r e s i d e n t , o c c a s i o n a l l y in c o n ju n c t io n w ith the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ( t a b le V I - 3 ) .
T his
a u t h o r i t y w a s l i m i t e d u n d e r s i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s to s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s , but, n o n e t h e l e s s
a p p e a r e d to o f f e r c o n s i d e r a b l e l a t i t u d e . U n d e r n in e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a c t i o n co u ld
b e t a k e n in e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s a s d e f in e d b y the p r e s i d e n t .
F o r e x a m p l e , the
c o n s t it u t io n o f the B o i l e r m a k e r s p e r m i t t e d it s c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r to a c t when
T a b le V I-3.
Persons Empowered to Suspend an A ccused Before C harges Were F iled , and Grounds for Such A ction,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o tal
Grounds for suspension before
charges were file d
A ll constitutions providing for suspension
before charges were file d -----------------C onstitutions specify in g grounds for
suspension before c h a r g e s ------------------G en eral grounds ----------------------------S p e c ific g r o u n d s ----------------------------G en eral and sp e c ific grounds -----------Em ergency s it u a t i o n s ---------------------Other lim itatio n s --------------------------Constitutions not specify in g grounds for
suspension before charges ------------------
Unions
Members
Persons em pow ered to suspend
International
president
Unions
Members
International p resi
dent or gen eral
ex ecu tiv e board
Unions M embers
Other
persons
Unions M embers
35
3 ,8 9 3 .0
27
2, 166. 4
5
3 8 0 .6
3
1, 3 4 6 .0
31
9
6
5
9
32
2 ,9 8 9 .0
635. 1
8 2 6 .9
1 7 5 .4
7 4 6 .3
6 0 5 .3
24
7
3
5
7
2
2 ,0 9 7 .4
4 2 6 .9
2 5 3 .8
1 7 5 .4
6 3 6 .0
6 0 5 .3
5
1
2
2
-
3 8 0 .6
7 3 .2
1 9 7 .0
110. 3
2
11
21
5 1 1 .0
1 3 5 .0
3 7 6 .0
-
4
9 0 4 .0
3
6 9 .0
-
-
-
-
-
41
8 3 5 .0
* Under this constitution, the lo c a l unions, the international president, and the gen eral ex ecu tiv e board had
authority to suspend.
2 Under this constitution, the person with authority to suspend was not id en tified .
3 Under 1 constitution, the power to suspend was based on general grounds or the presence of an em ergency;
and under 1 constitution, this power was based on g en eral and sp e c ific grounds, or the presence of an em ergency.
4 Under this constitution, the power to suspend was vested in the lo c a l union m em bership m eetin g.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
in h is o p in io n “ . . . g r e a t an d i r r e p a r a b l e d a m a g e s h a l l o r m a y b e do n e to the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d . . . 11 T h e p r e s i d e n t o f the L a u n d r y W o r k e r s (in d. )
e n j o y e d a s i m i l a r g r a n t o f p o w e r to ‘ ' p r e s e r v e the r i g h t s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l
U n io n o r a n y a f f i l i a t e t h e r e o f , o r o f a n y o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s t h e r e o f , an d f o r the
p u r p o s e o f p r e s e r v i n g the s t a t u s quo. “
O t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s a u t h o r i z e d the s u s p e n s i o n o f a n a c c u s e d b e f o r e c h a r g e s
w e r e f i l e d f o r a v a r i e t y of g e n e r a l g r o u n d s , s u c h a s “ f a i l u r e to c o m p l y w ith the
c o n s t i t u t i o n 11 o r f o r r e f u s a l “ to a d h e r e to o r c a r r y ou t the i n s t r u c t i o n s , d i r e c t i o n s ,
an d d e c i s i o n s 1' o f the l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s .
G re a te r re strictio n s w ere
n o te d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f s e v e r a l u n i o n s , w h ich l i m i t e d i m m e d i a t e s u s p e n s i o n
to s p e c i f i c a l l y e n u m e r a t e d o f f e n s e s , s u c h a s f i n a n c i a l m a l p r a c t i c e s .
In one c o n
s t i t u t i o n , o n ly f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to s u s p e n s i o n :
T h e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y to o r d e r the
i m m e d i a t e r e m o v a l , p e n d in g i n v e s t i g a t i o n , o f f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e r s o f s u b
o r d i n a t e b o d i e s who a r e n e g l e c t f u l , i n e f f i c i e n t o r in c o m p e t e n t in the p e r
f o r m a n c e of t h e i r d u t i e s .
( B r o t h e r h o o d of P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d
P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a )
M e m b e r s who w e r e a c c u s e d o f b e i n g d u a l u n i o n i s t s c o u ld b e s u s p e n d e d u n d e r a
fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s :
A n y m e m b e r o f the A m a l g a m a t e d who i s o r b e c o m e s a m e m b e r o f
a n y o t h e r l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y b e s u m m a r i l y s u s p e n d e d p e n d in g the
f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s and a h e a r i n g . . . . ( A m a l g a m a t e d C lo th in g W o r k e r s
of A m eric a)
S u s p e n s i o n A f t e r F i l i n g o f C h a r g e s — L o c a l U n io n L e v e l .
In l o c a l un ion
p r o c e e d i n g s , l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e f a r m o r e f r e q u e n t l y s u b j e c t to s u s p e n s i o n a f t e r
c h a r g e s h a d b e e n i s s u e d th a n w e r e m e m b e r s ( t a b l e V I - 4 ) .
In p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t
b o th , h o w e v e r , s u s p e n s i o n w a s n e a r l y a l w a y s d i s c r e t i o n a r y r a t h e r th a n m a n d a t o r y .
T a b le V I-4.
Provisions for Suspension A fter F ilin g of C harges at the L o c al Union Level,
N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers i a thousands)
M em bers
Local officers
Suspension after charges
M em bers
Unions
M embers
125
1 5 ,0 1 7 .2
136
15, 9 9 6 .4
30
24
6
-
5 ,6 6 1 .4
5 ,2 1 7 . 2
444. 1
-
15
13
1
l l
2, 409. 4
2, 3 2 7 .1
1 .2
8 1 .1
95
9 ,3 5 5 .9
121
13, 5 8 7 .0
Unions
All constitutions providing lo c a l union
tria l procedures ------------------------------------------Constitutions providing for suspension
after charges ---------------------------------------------Suspension d isc r e tio n a ry -----------------------------Suspension a u t o m a t i c --------------------------------Other suspension provisions ------------------------Constitutions not providing for suspension
after charges ----------------------------------------------
1 Under this constitution, m em bers were not perm itted to p articip ate in the lo c a l union affairs while under
charges unless the international president was petition ed for r e lie f w ithin 10 days after suspension.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
89
T y p i c a l l y , an a c c u s e d c o u l d b e s u s p e n d e d o n ly w h en a d e s i g n a t e d a u t h o r i t y d e
t e r m i n e d th a t the s i t u a t i o n w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y s e r i o u s to w a r r a n t s u c h a c t i o n , a s in
the fo ll o w in g e x a m p l e s :
U pon f i l i n g o f s u c h c h a r g e s , a n d i f the s a m e a r e o f s u c h m a g n i t u d e
an d s e r i o u s n e s s a s to j e o p a r d i z e the i n t e r e s t s o f the L o c a l o r I n t e r n a
t i o n a l , th en a n d in th a t e v e n t the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , i f the m a t t e r i s
b r o u g h t to h i s a tt e n t i o n , m a y , i f he d e e m s it a d v i s a b l e , i m m e d i a t e l y
s u s p e n d s u c h m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the L o c a l
U n io n u n til a d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n r e n d e r e d in the c a s e . ( B u ild i n g S e r v i c e
E m p l o y e e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
❖
* #
W h e n e v e r c h a r g e s . . . a l l e g i n g th a t an o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l un ion h a s
b e e n g u i l t y o f d u a l u n i o n i s m , m i s h a n d l i n g o f fu n d s o r a c t i n g a s an a g e n t
o f an e m p l o y e r , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , i f it f i n d s t h a t r e a s o n
a b l e g r o u n d s e x i s t f o r b e l i e v i n g s u c h c h a r g e to b e t r u e , s h a l l h a v e the
p o w e r to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m o f f i c e p e n d i n g f i n a l d e c i s i o n b y the
l o c a l u n ion on s u c h c h a r g e s .
(U n ite d P a c k i n g h o u s e , F o o d a n d A l l i e d
W orkers)
o ffice rs.
S i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n o f a c c u s e d l o c a l u n ion
T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r to the fo ll o w in g e x c e r p t :
A n y o f f i c e r o f a L o c a l U nion a g a i n s t w h o m c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n r e
f e r r e d b y the L o c a l U n io n to an I n v e s t i g a t i n g C o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e r e l i e v e d
o f h is d u t i e s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s u n t il a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the c h a r g e s
. . . ( O il, C h e m i c a l an d A t o m i c W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
N e a r l y a l l c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith s u s p e n s i o n p r o v i s i o n s i d e n t i f i e d the a g e n t who w o u ld
be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r e m o v i n g l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s (table V I - 5). F o r l o c a l
u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , an a l m o s t e q u a l n u m b e r d e s i g n a t e d l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l
le v e l a u th o rities.
T a b le V I-5 .
Persons Em powered to Suspend an A ccu sed After C harges Were F iled at the L ocal Level,
N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
L o cal officers
M em bers
Identity o f persons
Unions
A ll constitutions authorizing suspension
after c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------------C onstitutions identifyin g p e r so n s-----------------------International president or ex ecu tiv e
board ---------------------------------------------------L o cal ex ecu tiv e b o a r d --------------------------------L o cal m em bership m eetin g ------------------------Local union; agen cy not sp e cifie d --------------Other p erso n s---------------------------------------------Constitutions not identifyin g p e rso n s-------------------
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
30
5 ,6 6 1 .4
17
2 ,6 1 9 .8
25
5, 2 4 5 .5
14
2, 3 8 1 .0
13
6
3
2
l l
5
2 ,5 1 7 .6
2 0 9 .5
1 ,0 4 0 .4
1 ,0 3 5 . 1
4 4 2 .9
4 1 5 .8
7
2
2
2
21
3
2, 2 6 1 .5
7 .1
26. 3
3 2 .6
5 3 .5
2 3 8 .8
1 Under this constitution, the international president, or ex ecu tive board, and lo c a l ex ecu tiv e board were e m
pow ered to suspend.
2 Under this constitution, the international president and lo c a l union were em pow ered to suspend.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
690-094 0 -6 3 - 7
90
Intern ation al L e v e l .
C o n stitu tio n al p r o v is io n s fo r s u s p e n s io n a fte r
c h a r g e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , u n lik e t h o s e in l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ,
w e r e n e a r l y a s o fte n d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t m e m b e r s a s a g a i n s t l o c a l o f f i c e r s ( t a b le V I - 6 ) .
In o t h e r r e s p e c t s , h o w e v e r , l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w e r e q u it e s i m i l a r .
N e a r l y a l l p r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z e d d i s c r e t i o n a r y r a t h e r th an a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n .
U n d e r one c o n s t i t u t i o n , a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n f o r b o th m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s w a s
p e r m i t t e d f o r one s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e o n ly :
U pon r e c e i p t o f i n f o r m a t i o n s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y w r i t t e n t e s t i m o n y , t e n d
in g to s u b s t a n t i a l l y e s t a b l i s h an y s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r a s b e i n g a
m e m b e r o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r i t s a f f i l i a t e s , o r a s s u c h s y m p a
t h i z e r , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y s u s p e n d
s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r f r o m h i s o f f i c e o r f r o m m e m b e r s h i p , u n t il s u c h
t i m e a s the a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e b e e n t r i e d a t an i m p a r t i a l h e a r i n g . . .
( S w i t c h m e n ’s U n ion o f N o r th A m e r i c a )
One c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d s u s p e n s i o n w h en the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e t e r m i n e d
th a t t h e r e w a s r e a s o n a b l e g r o u n d to b e l i e v e the a c c u s e d g u il ty . A n o t h e r a u t h o r i z e d
s u s p e n s i o n in c a s e s o f d u a l u n i o n i s m i f two m e m b e r s s u b m i t t e d s w o r n a f f i d a v i t s
c o n ta in in g a l l f a c t s n e c e s s a r y to p r o v e the g u i l t o f the a c c u s e d , a s f o l l o w s :
If two o r m o r e m e m b e r s . . . t r a n s m i t . . . a f t e r c h a r g e s . . .
h a v e b e e n f i l e d , an a f f i d a v i t o r a f f i d a v i t s s t a t i n g the f a c t s a n d c i r c u m
s t a n c e s w ith in t h e i r p e r s o n a l k n o w le d g e w h ic h , if t r u e , w o u ld e s t a b l i s h
the g u il t o f the a c c u s e d , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l m a y b y m a
j o r i t y v o te i m p o s e up on the a c c u s e d the i n e l i g i b i l i t y s e t f o r t h . . . f o r
the p e r i o d e n d in g w ith the d e l i v e r y of i t s d e c i s i o n b y the b o d y c o n d u c t in g
the h e a r i n g on the c h a r g e s .
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l M a i l e r s U n ion , Ind. )
U n d e r on e c o n s t it u t io n , the a c c u s e d w a s n ot s u b j e c t to s u s p e n s i o n a t any
t i m e a f t e r the fi lin g o f c h a r g e s u n til the t r i a l b o d y r e c o m m e n d e d a p e n a l t y o f
s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n to the f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g b o d y :
. . . i f the s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d s th a t the c h a r g e d m e m
b e r b e s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , it s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y to t e m p o r a r i l y
s u s p e n d the c h a r g e d m e m b e r u n til the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d h a s
t a k e n a c t i o n on the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , U n it e d A u t o
m o b i l e , A e r o s p a c e an d A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p l e m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a )
T a b le V I-6.
Provision for Suspension after F ilin g of C harges at the International Level,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
L o c al officers
M em bers
Suspension after charges
A ll constitutions providing for trials at
international l e v e l -------------------------------------Constitutions providing for suspension
after c h a r g e s ---------------------------------------------Suspension d is c r e t io n a r y ---------------------------A u to m a tic ally suspended for a ll o f f e n s e s ------A u to m a tic ally suspended for
sp e cifie d offenses ----------------------------------Constitutions not providing for suspension
after c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------------
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
113
1 3 ,3 8 5 .4
94
1 2 ,4 9 9 .6
29
26
2
4 ,0 2 3 .0
3, 675. 7
3 2 8 .5
21
18
2
4 ,1 7 0 .4
3 ,6 8 5 .0
4 6 6 .4
1
1 8 .8
1
1 8 .8
84
9, 362. 4
73
8, 3 2 9 .2
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
91
A s u s p e n d e d l o c a l o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r w a s u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d to a w a i t the
t r i a l b o d y 's d e c is io n b e fo r e se e k in g r e lie f fr o m a h ig h e r body.
O nly on e c o n
s t it u t io n e x p l i c i t l y a u t h o r i z e d an i m m e d i a t e a p p e a l f r o m an a c t i o n o f s u s p e n s i o n
p e n d in g t r i a l .
T h i s u n iq u e p r o v i s i o n f o l l o w s :
A p p e a l s by a M e m b e r S u s p e n d e d f r o m M e m b e r s h i p
o r O ffice P en d in g T r i a l
W h e n e v e r an y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r h a s b e e n s u s p e n d e d f r o m m e m b e r
s h i p o r o f f i c e by the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t - S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . . .
s u c h m e m b e r s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to t a k e an i m m e d i a t e a p p e a l to the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d f r o m s u c h s u s p e n s i o n by s e n d in g a n o t ic e
of s u c h a p p e a l to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t - S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . ( M e t a l
P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s an d H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union)
D u e -P ro c e ss Safeguards
D u e - p r o c e s s p r o v i s i o n s a s f o r m a l i z e d in un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s s e r v e b a
s i c a l l y the s a m e p u r p o s e a s t h o s e in g e n e r a l l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s .
They e sta b lish
p r o c e d u r a l s a f e g u a r d s f o r the a c c u s e d a t h i s t r i a l , r e g u l a t e the c o n d u c t of the
h e a r i n g , an d a id the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s by e x c l u d i n g i n f l u e n c e s th a t m i g h t d i s t r a c t
f r o m an o b j e c t i v e a n a l y s i s of the g u il t o r in n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d .
U n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s n e a r l y a l w a y s s p e c i f i e d on e o r m o r e d u e - p r o c e s s
s a f e g u a r d s ( t a b le V I-7 an d a p p e n d ix C , t a b l e s 1 a n d 2).
T h o s e r e l a t i n g to the
T a b le V I-7 .
Number of S e le c te d Due-Process Safeg u ard s1 S p e cifie d in L o cal and International Union
T r ia l Procedures, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
T r ia l procedures
Num ber of se le c te d safeguards
L ocal
International
A ll constitutions sp ecify in g tr ia l procedures ------------------------------
136
116
Constitutions sp ecify in g se le c te d safeguards -----------------------------1 safeguard --------------------------------------------------------------------2 s a fe g u a r d s--------------------------------------------------------------------3 sa fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------4 sa fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------5 s a fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------6 sa fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------7 s a fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------8 s a fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------9 s a fe g u a r d s--------------------------------------------------------------------10 s a fe g u a r d s ------------------------------------------------------------------11 sa fe g u a r d s ------------------------------------------------------------------12 sa fe g u a r d s ------------------------------------------------------------------Constitutions not sp ecify in g se le c te d s a f e g u a r d s -------------------------
132
5
14
11
18
19
21
16
13
7
4
2
2
4
99
18
14
12
11
7
9
11
8
3
5
1
17
1 Includes a ll safeguards for notice hearings, or tim e lim its which were sp e cifie d in union constitutions. However,
only fa irly com m on safeguards were tab u lated or analyzed in d e ta il.
Less prevalen t or unique safeguards were noted
in tex tu al discussions.
f o r m o f c h a r g e s w e r e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r ; t h o s e d e a l i n g w ith the t i m e a l l o w e d f o r
e a c h p h a s e o f the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s a r e d e s c r i b e d in a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n ;
a n d t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g to the h e a r i n g i t s e l f and to a d v a n c e n o t ic e a r e d i s c u s s e d in
the n e x t s e c t i o n s .
92
H e a r i n g S a f e g u a r d s . A lth o u g h u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s t y p i c a l l y g u a r a n t e e d
s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s , o n ly the r i g h t to c o u n s e l a p p e a r e d in a m a
j o r i t y o f the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s t u d i e d ( ta b le V I - 8). One o f the p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n s
f o r the a b s e n c e o f p a r t i c u l a r due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s i s th a t c o n s t i t u t i o n s a r e u s u
a l l y n o t in t e n d e d to s e r v e a s p r o c e d u r a l m a n u a l s .
T a b le V I-8 .
S e le cte d D ue-Process Safeguards in L o c al and In ternational T r ia l Procedures,
N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers ig thousands)
L o cal prpcedures
In ternational procedures
Safeguards
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions providing tria l procedures 1
at lo c a l or international l e v e l ----------------------
136
1 5 ,9 9 6 .4
116
1 3 ,5 1 5 .0
C ounsel ----------------------------------------------------Im p artial tr ia l b o d y -------------------------------------F u ll and fa ir hearing -----------------------------------Introduce evid en ce -------------------------------------Invite w itnesses ------------------------------------------T e stify on own b e h alf ----------------------------------R ecord of p r o c e e d in g s ----------------------------------Confront and cross-exam ine w it n e s s e s -------------Continue or postpone h e a r i n g ------------------------R epresen tation when unable to attend h e a r in g ---Se p a ra te w itnesses --------------------------------------R equ ire testim on y under oath -----------------------Subm it w ritten defense --------------------------------Subpena w itnesses --------------------------------------C hange v e n u e ----------------------------------------------
96
58
55
56
58
54
45
45
15
14
14
12
3
7
4
12, 3 8 3 .7
1 1 ,0 7 2 .4
7 ,1 0 8 . 6
7 ,0 2 5 .3
6 ,7 8 5 .3
5, 824. 5
6, 995. 9
4, 889. 4
2 ,0 8 6 .0
2, 9 9 7 .0
2, 363. 8
1 ,7 6 6 .1
3 3 8 .5
1 3 5.1
1 9 7 .7
50
26
37
39
29
45
28
26
7
5
3
4
6
4
1
7 ,0 3 3 .1
4, 643. 6
3 ,0 8 2 .6
4 ,6 6 6 . 9
5 ,1 9 8 .6
7 ,8 2 2 .3
4, 2 2 9 .8
3 ,2 0 1 .1
4 6 0 .2
1 ,2 4 5 .7
6 3 9 .6
4 8 9 .4
1 ,8 2 0 . 1
111. 1
3 0 .4
Unions
M em bers
* N onadditive.
G e n e r a l g u a r a n t e e s , s i m i l a r to the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e , w e r e f a i r l y c o m m o n
in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
No m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d in g s h a l l b e d e p r i v e d o f h is m e m b e r s h i p
o r of any rig h t, p r iv ile g e , o r b e n e fit d e r iv e d t h e r e f r o m , e x c e p t upon a
w r i t t e n c o m p l a i n t , n o t i c e , and h e a r i n g .
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l H o d C a r r i e r s 1,
B u i l d i n g a n d C o m m o n L a b o r e r s 1 U n io n o f A m e r i c a )
S o m e u n io n s b r i d g e the g a p b e t w e e n b r o a d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l a n g u a g e an d
s p e c i f i c h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s b y p u b l i s h i n g s e p a r a t e p r o c e d u r a l g u i d e s to a i d l o c a l
u n io n s in the c o n d u c t o f t r i a l s . 31 The t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h e m i
c a l W o r k e r s U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e s u p p l e m e n t e d in a T r i a l P r o
c e d u r e H a n d b o o k , a n d the u p h o l s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion p u b l i s h e d a p a m p h l e t
s p e c i f y i n g the P r o c e d u r e o f an UIU T r i a l B o a r d . T h e s e p r o c e d u r a l m a n u a l s d e
f i n e d the p r e c i s e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f e a c h g e n e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t e e a n d e x t e n
s i v e l y d e s c r i b e d how e a c h p h a s e o f the t r i a l i s to b e c o n d u c t e d .
31
L e s s f o r m a l l y , l o c a l un io n o f f i c e r s t u r n to i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s o r i n
t e r n a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f o r g u id a n c e in d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s .
T h is is
p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e in l o c a l u n io n s th a t h a v e l i t t l e e x p e r i e n c e in t h is a r e a o r in
c a s e s th a t c a l l f o r a p o l i c y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f r o m h i g h e r u n io n a u t h o r i t i e s .
93
D i s t r u s t o f t e c h n i c a l l e g a l p r o c e d u r e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d to the a b s e n c e
o f s p e c i f i c due p r o c e s s g u a r a n t e e s an d p r o c e d u r a l d e t a i l s . In f a c t , s e v e r a l c o n
s t i t u t i o n s e x p r e s s e d the b e l i e f th a t o v e r l y l e g a l i s t i c r e q u i r e m e n t s m i g h t f r u s t r a t e
the b a s i c i n q u i r y into the g u i l t o r i n n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d . T h e f o ll o w in g e x c e r p t s
are illu strativ e :
. . . the g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d r u l e s o f c o u r t e v i d e n c e s h a l l n ot a p p ly ,
b u t the e v i d e n c e m u s t b e p r e s e n t e d , w i t n e s s e s c r o s s - e x a m i n e d , a n d t e s t i
m o n y r e j e c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d the p r i n c i p l e s o f
j u s t i c e . ( R a i l r o a d S ig n a l m e n )
* * *
A ll t r i a l s and h e a r in g s s h a ll be co n d ucted im p a r t ia l ly and in fo r m a lly .
T h e t e c h n i c a l r u l e s o f e v i d e n c e an d o t h e r s i m i l a r l e g a l t e c h n i c a l i t i e s n e e d
n o t b e f o l l o w e d , b u t d e c i s i o n s h a l l b e b a s e d o n ly up o n the f a c t s p r e s e n t e d
to the t r i a l b o d y d u r i n g the t r i a l . ( A m e r i c a n B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y
W o r k e r 1 s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
* >{< *
T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . . . s h a l l m a k e e v e r y e f f o r t to a f f o r d due
p r o c e s s ; p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , th a t b y " d u e p r o c e s s " i s n o t m e a n t s t r i c t ,
b u r d e n s o m e , d e l a y i n g t e c h n i c a l i t i e s b u t, i n s t e a d , i s m e a n t p r o c e d u r a l
a n d s u b s t a n t i v e due p r o c e s s . (T h e W ood, W ir e an d M e t a l L a t h e r s I n t e r
n a t i o n a l U n ion )
A n o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t in fl u e n c e on the n u m b e r o f h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s s p e c i
f i e d m a y b e the e x t e n t o f the t r i a l b o d y * s d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y .
In m a n y
t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , p r i m a r i l y a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l , the t r i a l b o d y w a s l i m i t e d
to h e a r i n g the f a c t s a n d m a k i n g a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to a n o t h e r b o d y .
The c o n
s t i t u t i o n s o f t h e s e u n io n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y p r o v i d e d fe w s p e c i f i c s a f e g u a r d s a t
the h e a r i n g , b u t g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to a p p e a r a n d a r g u e h is c a s e a t
a m e e t i n g o f the b o d y a u t h o r i z e d to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the
U t i l i t y W o r k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e c i f i e d fe w t r i a l s a f e g u a r d s , b u t g r a n t e d the a c
c u s e d a " f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t h is p o s i t i o n on a l l m a t t e r s b e a r i n g upon h is
t r i a l " b e f o r e the f i n a l d e c i s i o n a u t h o r it y .
N e a r l y a l l o f the d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s s t u d i e d w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t in
l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s th a n in p r o c e d u r e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S e v e r a l
c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , th a t d id n o t p r o v i d e e x t e n s i v e d u e - p r o c e s s p r o t e c t i o n s a t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l l e v e l d i r e c t e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to d e v e l o p
r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t r i a l s . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r to the fo ll o w in g
e x t r a c t f r o m the B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * U n io n (Ind. ):
The G e n e r a l E x e c u tiv e B o a r d s h a ll adopt a code of p r o c e d u r e fo r
the c o n d u c t o f . . . t r i a l s a n d a p p e a l s w h ic h s h a l l c o m p l y w ith the e l e
m e n t s o f due p r o c e s s o f l a w .
F u ll and F a i r H e a r i n g .
T h e r i g h t to a " f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g , " on e o f
the s a f e g u a r d s g u a r a n t e e d e v e r y u n i o n m e m b e r b y the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g
a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t * s " B i l l o f R i g h t s , " 32 w a s a l s o s p e c i f i e d in 55 o f 136 l o c a l
a n d 37 o f 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l u n i o n s * t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le V I - 8 ) . T h e p h r a s e
" f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g 1* c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d to in c l u d e m a n y , i f n o t a l l , o f the
s p e c if ic h e a rin g s a f e g u a r d s s e l e c t e d fo r study.
W hile a f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g
g u a r a n t e e w a s the s o l e d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s p e c i f i e d in a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
m o s t o f t h e s e g u a r a n t e e s a p p e a r e d in c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h a l s o p r o v i d e d o t h e r
s p e c i f i c s a f e g u a r d s s u c h a s a n i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b o d y , the r i g h t to c o n f r o n t a c c u s e r s ,
32
S e c t i o n 101 ( a )( 5 ) ( c ) .
94
a n d the r i g h t to p r e s e n t a d e f e n s e . F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r o t h e r
h o o d o f R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n , in a d d it i o n to d e s c r i b i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y the m e t h o d o f
c o n d u c t in g h e a r i n g s , i n c l u d e d the f o ll o w in g i n t r o d u c t o r y c l a u s e :
A n y m e m b e r v i o l a t i n g a n y o f the d u t i e s o f m e m b e r s h i p , o r a n y o f the
p r i n c i p l e s o f the B r o t h e r h o o d , s h a l l , up on n o t l e s s th a n f i f t e e n (15) d a y s
w r i t t e n n o t ic e o f s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s , f u ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g t h e r e u p o n a n d
upon co n v ictio n th e re o f, be r e p r im a n d e d , s u s p e n d e d , o r e x p e lle d . . .
C o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y p r o v i d e f o r " f u l l a n d f a i r " h e a r i n g s
o f te n g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the s a m e e s s e n t i a l g u a r a n t e e t h r o u g h the i n c l u s i o n o f
a v a r i e t y o f s p e c i f i c h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s 1
c o n s t i t u t i o n , w h ic h d id n ot u s e th is p a r t i c u l a r t e r m , m a y h a v e in t e n d e d to a c h i e v e
the s a m e r e s u l t b y p r o v i d i n g the fo llo w in g h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s :
. . . A l l p a r t i e s s h a l l b e g iv e n f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t a l l r e l e
v a n t e v i d e n c e an d e x h i b i t s w h ic h th e y d e e m n e c e s s a r y to the p r o p e r p r e s
e n t a t io n o f t h e i r c a s e an d s h a l l b e e n t i t l e d to c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s
o f the o t h e r p a r t y o r p a r t i e s .
E a c h p a r t y s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e o f
s e l e c t i n g a n y g o o d s t a n d in g m e m b e r o f the l o c a l un io n to a c t a s h is
c o u n s e l in the t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , . . .
The L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r tin g and D i s c lo s u r e A ct is p e r h a p s l a r g e l y
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the p h r a s e " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g . "
S i m i l a r g u a r a n t e e s in e f f e c t
p r i o r to the a c t w e r e e x p r e s s e d in v a r i o u s r e l a t e d p h r a s e s .
F o r e x a m p l e , the
J e w e l r y W o r k e r s g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d a " f a i r a n d j u s t t r i a l , " a n d the A g r i
c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s (now m e r g e d w ith the M e a t C u t t e r s ) g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d " a l l
n a t u r a l r i g h t s a n d p r i v i l e g e s g u a r a n t e e d a n y o t h e r c i t i z e n b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n an d
l a w s o f the U n it e d S t a t e s ; " an d the P u l p , S u l p h i t e , a n d P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s e n
t i t l e d e v e r y m e m b e r to a " j u s t a n d i m p a r t i a l " t r i a l .
O c c a s i o n a l l y , the s c o p e o f t h is g u a r a n t e e w a s l i m i t e d . D i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n
a g a i n s t a m e m b e r who f a i l e d to p a y d u e s w a s e x p l i c i t l y e x c l u d e d in s e v e r a l c o n
stitu tio n s.
F o r e x a m p l e , the S t a g e E m p l o y e s * c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d :
N o th in g in the p r o v i s i o n s o f th is c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y - l a w s s h a l l be
c o n s t r u e d to d e p r i v e a m e m b e r c h a r g e d w ith a v i o l a t i o n . . . (of) the
r i g h t to a f a i r t r i a l w h e r e b y h is g u il t o r in n o c e n c e m a y b e d e t e r m i n e d ,
w ith the e x c e p t i o n th a t a m e m b e r who h a s d e f a u l t e d in the p a y m e n t o f
any d u e s , f e e s , fin e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s law fu lly im p o s e d . . . s h a ll not
b e e n t i t l e d to s t a n d t r i a l . . . (but m a y b e ) . . . p u n i s h e d s u m m a r i l y .
O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d a d d i t i o n a l e x c l u s i o n s .
S o m etim es
t h e s e e x c e p t i o n s s e e m e d to a d m i t o f s i g n i f i c a n t m o d i f i c a t i o n o f the g u a r a n t e e .
F o r e x a m p le :
F A I R T R I A L G U A R A N T E E D : E x c e p t a s e l s e w h e r e p r o v i d e d in th is
co n stitu tio n fo r au to m atic s u s p e n s io n fo r n on paym en t of o r g a n iz a t io n a l
fin a n c ial o b lig a tio n s, or fix e d fin e s , o r au to m atic re sig n a tio n by p u b lic ly
jo i n i n g o r a s s u m i n g o f f i c e in a d u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r in o t h e r c a s e s a s
f i x e d b y r e g u l a t i o n o f the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , o r in c a s e s o f e m e r
g e n c y a c t i o n b y the P r e s i d e n t o r the G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r , no
m e m b e r . . . a n d no o f f i c e r s h a l l b e ( d i s c i p l i n e d ) . . . w ith o u t p r o p e r
n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s a n d a f a i r o p p o r t u n i t y to b e h e a r d in h is d e f e n s e b e f o r e
an i m p a r t i a l t r i b u n a l . . . ( A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a i n M i l l e r s )
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s u p p l e m e n t e d the r i g h t o f the a c c u s e d to a f u l l an d
f a i r h e a r i n g b y g r a n t i n g h im the r i g h t to a s k f o r a c h a n g e o f v e n u e ( p l a c e ) o f
the t r i a l .
T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s u s u a l l y p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to m o v e the t r i a l to
95
a n o t h e r l o c a l a f t e r a fin d in g b y an i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r th a t the a c c u s e d ’ s l o c a l
c o u l d n o t b e d e p e n d e d u p o n to c o n d u c t a f a i r t r i a l .
F o r e x a m p le :
A t r i a l m a y b e h e l d in a n y s u b o r d i n a t e d i v i s i o n , o t h e r th a n the m e m
b e r ’ s ow n, b y d i s p e n s a t i o n o f the P r e s i d e n t w h en s o r e q u e s t e d b y the
a c c u s e d up o n p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e an d the d i v i s i o n w h e r e
the c h a r g e s a r e p e n d in g b e n o t i f i e d to s h o w c a u s e w h y a c h a n g e o f v e n u e
s h o u l d n ot b e g r a n t e d . In no c a s e s h a l l the a c c u s e d b e e n t i t l e d to m o r e
th an one t r a n s f e r o r c h a n g e o f v e n u e . ( O r d e r o f R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s )
U n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith s a f e g u a r d p r o v i s i o n s u s u a l l y g u a r a n t e e d the a c
c u s e d s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s (ta b le V I - 7 ) . M a n y t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s
s p e c i f i e d f r o m f o u r to s e v e n s a f e g u a r d s a n d a n u m b e r p r o v i d e d e ig h t o r m o r e .
T y p i c a l o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h e m b o d i e d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f g u a r a n t e e s i s th a t
o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h i n i s t s , w h ic h s p e c i f i e d 13 p o i n t s f o r the
trial procedu re:
T rial Procedure
S e c t i o n II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
C a l l t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to o r d e r .
E x a m i n e due b o o k s .
C l e a r the t r i a l c h a m b e r o f a l l p e o p l e e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e ,
the t r i a l r e p o r t e r (who n e e d n ot b e a m e m b e r o f the IA M ), the
p l a i n t i f f an d h is a t t o r n e y , the d e f e n d a n t an d h is a t t o r n e y , a n d r e p
r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the G r a n d L o d g e , if in a t t e n d a n c e .
T h e p l a i n t i f f an d the d e fe n d a n t s h a l l r e m a i n in the t r i a l c h a m b e r
u n til t r i a l i s c o n c l u d e d , b u t s h a l l s i t a p a r t .
T h e c h a i r m a n s h a l l r e a d the c h a r g e s an d a s k the d e f e n d a n t i f he i s
’' g u i l t y ” o r ’ ’n o t g u i l t y . ” If the p l e a i s " n o t g u i l t y , ” the t r i a l s h a l l
th an p r o c e e d ; i f the p l e a i s " g u i l t y , ” the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l c o n
d u c t s u c h f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s a s in i t s j u d g e m e n t a r e r e q u i r e d .
T h e p l a i n t i f f o r h is a t t o r n e y s h a l l p r e s e n t h is c a s e f i r s t .
W i t n e s s e s s h a l l b e c a l l e d into the t r i a l c h a m b e r one a t a t i m e , an d
w i l l l e a v e the t r i a l c h a m b e r up o n c o m p l e t i n g t h e i r t e s t i m o n y , s u b j e c t
to r e c a l l b y e i t h e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the p l a i n t i f f , the d e fe n d a n t,
o r the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the G . L .
A l l p e r s o n s g i v i n g t e s t i m o n y s h a l l b e r e q u i r e d to a f f i r m th a t the
t e s t i m o n y th a t th e y g iv e s h a l l b e the t r u th .
D e fe n d a n t an d h is a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e
p lain tiff’s w itn e sse s.
D e f e n d a n t ’ s w i t n e s s e s s h a l l th en b e c a l l e d .
P l a i n t i f f a n d h is a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e the
d efen d an t’s w it n e s s e s .
F o l l o w i n g the c o m p l e t i o n o f c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n , the p l a i n t i f f an d d e
f e n d a n t s h a l l b e g iv e n the o p p o r t u n i t y to m a k e a s t a t e m e n t o r s u m
m a t i o n o f t h e i r c a s e , w ith the p l a i n t i f f h a v in g the f i r s t a n d l a s t o p
p ortu n ity fo r r e m a r k s .
B e f o r e the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e g i n t h e i r d e l i b e r a t i o n s upon the
t e s t i m o n y g i v e n , a l l p e r s o n s e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l l e a v e
the t r i a l c h a m b e r .
A t the o t h e r e n d o f the s c a l e w e r e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a s t h a t o f the G l a s s an d
C e r a m i c W o r k e r s , w h ic h p r o v i d e d l i t t l e p r o c e d u r a l d i r e c t i o n a n d s p e c i f i e d fe w
h earin g s a f e g u a r d s :
T h e l o c a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l h e a r a l l the e v i d e n c e a n d in a c c o r d
ance th e rew ith they s h a ll b rin g b a c k a w ritte n r e p o r t and r e c o m m e n d a tio n
to . . . the l o c a l un ion fo llo w in g the c o n c l u s i o n o f the t r i a l .
96
E v i d e n c e . N e a r l y a l l l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s g r a n t i n g the
r i g h t to in t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e ( ta b le V I - 8) p r o v i d e d f o r a c c e p t a n c e o f a l l e v i d e n c e
p r e s e n t e d b y the a c c u s e d .
The A llie d I n d u s t r ia l W o r k e r s 1 co n stitu tio n d ir e c t e d
the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to h e a r " a l l e v i d e n c e ; " the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the R e t a i l C l e r k s
g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d "th e r i g h t to p r e s e n t w i t n e s s e s an d o t h e r e v i d e n c e on h is
b e h a l f ; " a n d the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the O il , C h e m i c a l a n d A t o m i c W o r k e r s r e q u i r e d
the t r i a l b o d y to g r a n t the a c c u s e d " e v e r y r e a s o n a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y " to p r e s e n t
e v i d e n c e . A fe w m o r e e x t e n s i v e p r o v i s i o n s e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d th a t t e c h n i c a l r u l e s o f
e v i d e n c e w e r e i n a p p l i c a b l e in u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , a s in the f o ll o w in g e x a m p l e :
S t r i c t r u l e s of ev id e n ce s h a ll not a p p ly sin c e e ffo r t s s h a ll be m a d e
to a s c e r t a i n a l l o f the r e l e v a n t a n d m a t e r i a l f a c t s .
(T h e W ood , W ir e
a n d M e t a l L a t h e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion )
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p r e s s l y r e q u i r e d t h a t a l l e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b e
r e l e v a n t to the i s s u e s in the c a s e . T h e C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n e x p r e s s e d
t h is q u a l i f i c a t i o n a s f o l l o w s :
T h e a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to p r e s e n t a n y e v i d e n c e r e l e v a n t
to the c h a r g e s w h ic h he b e l i e v e s w i l l s u p p o r t h i s c a u s e .
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the W indow G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a w a s m o r e p r e c i s e :
T h e t r i a l s h a l l b e l i m i t e d to a h e a r i n g o f the a l l e g a t i o n s s p e c i f i e d
in the c h a r g e s a n d s h a l l n ot b e p e r m i t t e d to e m b r a c e m a t t e r s h ot g e r
m a n e to the p r o o f o r d i s p r o o f o f s u c h c h a r g e s .
S i m i l a r l y , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r r e s o l v i n g d o u b t s a r i s i n g
f r o m c o n f l i c t i n g e v i d e n c e . S p e c i f i e d p r i n c i p a l l y f o r c a s e s in v o l v in g p o s s i b l e e x
p u l s i o n , t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a s in the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e , r e q u i r e d the e v i d e n c e to
p r o v e the a c c u s e d ’ s g u il t b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t:
He s h a l l h a v e a f a i r h e a r i n g a n d he s h a l l n ot b e e x p e l l e d u n l e s s
t h e r e i s a fin d in g th a t b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t he h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f
t r e a s o n to the B r o t h e r h o o d o r to the c a u s e o f l a b o r . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f S h o e
a n d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n , Ind. )
accu sed
S o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y i n d i c a t e d th a t a c o n f e s s i o n o f g u i l t b y the
a v o i d e d the n e c e s s i t y o f in t r o d u c in g e v i d e n c e , o r c o n tin u in g the t r i a l :
When m i s c o n d u c t h a s b e e n c o n f e s s e d b y the a c c u s e d , the lo d g e s h a l l
p r o c e e d to v o te up on h is o r h e r p u n i s h m e n t w ith o u t t r i a l . ( B r o t h e r h o o d ,
R ailw ay C a rm e n of A m e ric a)
R ig h t to T e s t i f y in H i s Own B e h a l f . U n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s o f te n g u a r a n
t e e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to t e s t i f y in h is ow n b e h a l f .
T h ese p ro v isio n s w ere
c h a ra c te ristic a lly b rief.
F o r i n s t a n c e , the M u s i c i a n s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the
a c c u s e d " a n o p p o r t u n i t y to d e fe n d h i m s e l f ; " an d the U n it e d A u t o m o b ile W o r k e r s 1
c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the " r i g h t to b e h e a r d in p e r s o n . " S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o
s p e c i f i e d t h a t an a c c u s e d c o u l d n ot be c o m p e l l e d to t e s t i f y a g a i n s t h i m s e l f . T h e s e
p r o v i s i o n s , m o s t c o m m o n in the p r i n t i n g t r a d e s , w e r e u n e q u i v o c a l :
T h e d e fe n d a n t to c h a r g e s s h a l l n ot b e c o m p e l l e d to t e s t i f y .
n a t i o n a l S t e r o t y p e r s 1 an d E l e c t r o t y p e r s 1 U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a )
testify .
(In ter
A m o n g the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , one e x p r e s s l y r e q u i r e d the a c c u s e d to
T h i s p r o v i s i o n a p p l i e d o n ly in t r i a l s o f l o c a l o f f i c e r s :
T h e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e s h a l l h av e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to d i r e c t the c h a r g e d
o f f i c e r to . . . s u b m i t to e x a m i n a t i o n .
(M arin e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f ic i a l
A s so ciatio n )
97
T h e a c c u s e d o f te n w a i v e d h i s r i g h t to t e s t i f y i f h e w a s u n a b l e o r f a i l e d
to a tt e n d the h e a r i n g .
In a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the a b s e n c e o f the a c c u s e d ( p r e
s u m a b ly u n e x c u se d ) w a s c o n s id e r e d an a ctio n of co n tem p t, and ju d g m e n t a g a in s t
h im w as r e n d e re d a u to m a tic a lly .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the O r d e r of
R a i l w a y C o n d u c t o r s an d B r a k e m e n (Ind. ) p r o v i d e d a u t o m a t i c e x p u l s i o n f o r i g n o r i n g
the n o t ic e to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l :
S h o u ld a n y m e m b e r i g n o r e t h is s u m m o n s ,
p e l l e d f o r c o n t e m p t w ith o u t f u r t h e r n o t i c e .
In m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r ,
a s in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n :
he m a y b e d e c l a r e d e x
t r i a l p r o c e e d e d in the
a b s e n c e o f the a c c u s e d ,
F a ilu re . . .
to a p p e a r in a n y t r i a l . . .
a t the t i m e d e s i g n a t e d
in the n o t ic e f o r a p p e a r a n c e , s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a w a i v e r o f a p p e a r a n c e an d
d e f e n s e , a n d the t r i a l . . . s h a l l p r o c e e d in the a b s e n c e o f s u c h p a r t y .
( B r o t h e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r i c a )
S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s m a d e s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n f o r t h o s e who p l e a d e d i n
a b i l i t y to a tt e n d the t r i a l . C o m m o n l y , in s u c h c a s e s the a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d
to s u b m i t a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t , a s in the B r e w e r y W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n :
If the a c c u s e d i s u n a b le to b e p r e s e n t a t the t r i a l , he m a y p r e s e n t
h is c a s e in w r i t i n g .
T h e S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s o e x t e n d e d t h is p r i v i l e g e to an a c c u s e d
who w a s n 100 m i l e s d i s t a n t f r o m the t r i a l . "
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r c o u n s e l i f the a c c u s e d f a i l e d to a tt e n d
the t r i a l .
T y p i c a l l y , the a c c u s e d w a s to s e l e c t c o u n s e l h i m s e l f .
F o r in stan ce,
the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the S w i t c h m e n 1 s U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a p r o v i d e d th a t:
A m e m b e r f a i l i n g to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l o r a p p o in t c o u n s e l to r e p r e s e n t
h i m , s h a l l b e r e p o r t e d g u i l t y b y d e f a u l t o f the o f f e n s e w ith w h ic h he i s
charged.
One c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r u n i o n - a p p o i n t e d c o u n s e l :
If the a c c u s e d r e f u s e s o r n e g l e c t s to s t a n d t r i a l a f t e r . . . h a v in g
b e e n d u ly s u m m o n e d , he w i l l b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o u n s e l an d fu ll an d
f a i r l y h e a r d a s th o u g h p r e s e n t .
(R a ilro a d T rain m en )
W i t n e s s e s . C o n s t i t u t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s g u a r a n t e e i n g the a c c u s e d the r i g h t
to in v ite w i t n e s s e s i n s u r e d h is r i g h t to o b t a in a l l a v a i l a b l e t e s t i m o n y .
T y p i
c a l l y , the a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to s e l e c t a n y w i t n e s s he c h o s e , w ith o u t r e g a r d
to l e g a l i s t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f c o m p e t e n c y . In a d d it i o n , s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r
m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to p r e s e n t w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s f r o m w i t n e s s e s who w e r e u n a b le
to a tt e n d the t r i a l , an d a few a l s o p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to u s e the t r i a l b o d y fs
" s u b p e n a " p o w e r to c o m p e l the a t t e n d a n c e o f w i t n e s s e s .
S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s
s p e c i f i e d a d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s to a s s u r e tr u t h f u l t e s t i m o n y .
T h e s e g r a n t e d the
a c c u s e d the r i g h t to c o n f r o n t an d c r o s s - e x a m i n e the w i t n e s s e s , r e q u i r e d w i t n e s s e s
to t e s t i f y u n d e r o a t h , o r r e q u i r e d the s e p a r a t i o n o f w i t n e s s e s .
O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d th a t the t e s t i m o n y o f c e r t a i n w i t n e s s e s
w a s i n a d m i s s i b l e in un ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . One c o n s t i t u t i o n d e n i e d n o n m e m b e r s
the r i g h t to t e s t i f y in p e r s o n , b u t p e r m i t t e d the t r i a l b o d y to s e c u r e s u c h t e s t i m o n y :
N o p e r s o n n ot a m e m b e r o f th is o r d e r c a n t e s t i f y a s a w i t n e s s b e f o r e
a n y t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , b u t the t e s t i m o n y o f an o u t s i d e r m a y b e ta k e n b y
a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e in s u c h a w a y th a t the o u t s i d e r w i l l n o t know w h a t u s e
i s to be m a d e t h e r e o f .
(B ro th erh oo d , R ailw ay C a r m e n of A m e r ic a )
98
A fe w p r i n t i n g t r a d e s u n io n s e x c l u d e d the t e s t i m o n y o f p e r s o n s w h o s e p a s t a c t i o n s
h a d p r o v e n th e m to b e u n t r u s t w o r t h y .
T h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d th a t p e r s o n s
w ho " r a t " (w o r k f o r l e s s th an the u n ion s c a l e ) c o u l d n ot t e s t i f y , a s in the f o l
lo w in g c l a u s e :
E v id en c e by " R a t s " B a r r e d a t T r i a l s
T h e e v i d e n c e o f " r a t s " s h a l l not b e r e c e i v e d in the t r i a l o f u n io n
m e n f o r a n y c a u s e w h a t e v e r , a s th e y a r e u n d e r the b a n o f the u n io n ,
a n d n ot r e c o g n i z e d b y it a s h o n o r a b l e m e n .
(In tern ation al M a i le r s
U n io n , Ind. )
B e c a u s e u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s e m p h a s i z e d s e c u r i n g a l l a v a i l a b l e e v i
d e n c e , p r o v i s i o n s f o r s e c u r i n g the t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s who w e r e u n a b l e o r
u n w illin g to a t t e n d the h e a r i n g w e r e c o m m o n .
S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s s p e c ific a lly
a l l o w e d w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s f r o m w i t n e s s e s who w e r e u n a b le to a t t e n d the t r i a l .
The r a ilw a y b r o th e rh o o d s g e n e r a lly a d m itte d a ffid a v its if t r u s t w o r th in e s s w a s
a s s u r e d b y the a t t e s t a t i o n o f ‘'t h r e e m e m b e r s , o r an o f f i c e r o f a D i v i s i o n , o r
b y a J u s t i c e o f the P e a c e o r o t h e r P u b l i c O f f i c e r . "
U n io n s in the e n t e r t a i n m e n t
i n d u s t r y c o m m o n l y s p e c i f i e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r s u b m i t t i n g w r i t t e n q u e s t i o n s and
a n s w e r s , b u t e x c l u d e d a n y p a r t o f a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t th a t w a s d e n i e d b y the
op p osin g p a rty .
F o r i n s t a n c e , one c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d :
If a w i t n e s s b e u n a b l e to a tt e n d . . . w r i t t e n i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s an d
c r o s s - i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s , on n o t ic e to the a d v e r s e p a r t y , m a y b e a l l o w e d
u p o n d ue a p p l i c a t i o n to the t r i a l b o d y ; o r . . . ta k e n in the f o r m o f an
a f f i d a v i t , an d in w h ich l a t t e r c a s e s u c h p o r t i o n s o f it a s a r e not d e n i e d
b y the a d v e r s e p a r t y s h a l l b e a d m i t t e d a s e v i d e n c e .
(In tern ation al A ll i
a n c e o f T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p l o y e s a n d M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s
of the U n it e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a )
S ev eral trial
ten dance of w it n e s s e s
g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e to
the t r i a l a u t h o r i t y to
p r o c e d u r e s p r o v i d e d " s u b p e n a " p o w e r s to r e q u i r e the a t
who w e r e u n w illin g to a t t e n d the h e a r i n g .
T h is rig h t w as
the a c c u s e d , b u t in a fe w i n s t a n c e s it w a s in the h a n d s o f
u s e a s it s a w fit:
In an y t r i a l , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to c a l l f o r an y
b o o k s , p a p e r s , o r w i t n e s s e s it m a y d e e m n e c e s s a r y f o r a f a i r a n d j u s t
trial.
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l J e w e l r y W o r k e r s ' U nion)
D i s c i p l i n a r y s a n c t i o n s e n c o u r a g e d a s u b p e n a e d w i t n e s s to o b e y the t r i a l
b o d y 's co m m an d ,
A m e m b e r - w i t n e s s who f a i l e d to h e e d the o r d e r to a p p e a r a t
t r i a l c o u l d b e fi n e d , s u s p e n d e d , o r e v e n e x p e l l e d .
O c c a sio n a lly , pun ish m en t
f o ll o w e d a s u m m a r y c o n t e m p t p r o c e e d i n g , b u t m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d a s e p a
rate tria l.
S u b p e n a p r o v i s i o n s i n f r e q u e n t l y r e f e r r e d to c o m p e n s a t i n g a w i t n e s s
f o r e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d in a t t e n d in g the t r i a l . O f the fe w p r o v i s i o n s th a t m e n t i o n e d
w i t n e s s ' s e x p e n s e — n e a r l y a l l in i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s — m o s t a u
t h o r i z e d the e x p e n d i t u r e o f u n io n fu n d s :
T h e ( g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to d i r e c t
. . . an y m e m b e r . . . to a p p e a r b e f o r e th e m to g i v e t e s t i m o n y . . . an d
s h a l l b e a u t h o r i z e d to p a y the e x p e n s e s o f w i t n e s s e s out o f the g e n e r a l
fu n d s o f the I. L . G . W. U. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a d i e s ' G a r m e n t W o r k e r s 1 U n ion )
U n d e r one c o n s t i t u t i o n ,
w ere com pen sated:
w i t n e s s e s w e r e n ot c o m p e l l e d to a tt e n d t r i a l s u n l e s s th ey
E x p e n s e s an d l o s s o f e a r n i n g s m a y b e a l l o w e d to w i t n e s s e s in the
d i s c r e t i o n o f the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , b u t in the e v e n t s u c h a l l o w a n c e to
w i t n e s s e s i s n ot m a d e , the T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l a d m i t in e v i d e n c e a l l r e l
e v a n t t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s w h ich e i t h e r p a r t y s u b m i t t e d in a f f i d a v i t
fo rm s.
(Sh eet M etal W o r k e r s ' In tern atio n al A s s o c ia t io n )
99
M any c o n stitu tio n s s p e c ifie d s a f e g u a r d s a im e d at s e c u r in g tru th ful t e s t i
m ony.
T he r i g h t to c o n f r o n t an d c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s w a s c o m m o n u n d e r
lo c a l and in te rn a tio n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s .
T h i s s a f e g u a r d e n a b l e d the a c c u s e d to
t e s t the c r e d i b i l i t y o f w i t n e s s e s a p p e a r i n g a g a i n s t h i m a n d e l i c i t a l l r e l e v a n t f a c t s
f r o m w i t n e s s e s who m i g h t b e in c l i n e d to h o ld b a c k c e r t a i n f a c t s . C o n s t i t u t i o n a l
l a n g u a g e g u a r a n t e e i n g the a c c u s e d t h is s a f e g u a r d w a s t y p i c a l l y b r i e f , s u c c i n c t ,
an d c o n fin e d to the q u e s t i o n i n g o f w i t n e s s e s a p p e a r i n g a g a i n s t h i m .
F o r in stan ce,
the L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d ’’the r i g h t to q u e s
tio n a l l w i t n e s s e s who m a y a p p e a r a g a i n s t h i m , ” a n d the A m e r i c a n B a k e r y and
C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to " c r o s s - e x a m i n e
w it n e s s e s a p p e a rin g a g a in s t h im . ”
T h e u n iq u e p r o v i s i o n in the P o t t e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s o l i m i t e d the s c o p e
of c r o ss-e x a m in a tio n :
T he a c c u s e d s h a l l th en h a v e the r i g h t to q u e s t i o n the o p p o s i t e s i d e ,
in o r d e r to b r i n g out o r c l e a r up a n y p o in t in the c a s e , . . . b u t no
ab u siv e or im p e rtin e n t q u e stio n s or lan g u ag e sh a ll be p e rm itte d .
S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d w i t n e s s e s to t e s t i f y u n d e r o a th .
E ith er
the a c c u s e d o r a c c u s e r w a s u s u a l l y p e r m i t t e d to r e q u e s t the t r i a l b o d y to r e q u i r e
e a c h w i t n e s s to s w e a r to the t r u t h f u l n e s s o f h i s t e s t i m o n y .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the
S t a g e E m p l o y e s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e d an o a th " w h e n e v e r the a c c u s e d o r e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e s o r e q u e s t , " a n d the U n ite d R u b b e r W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t it u t io n
g r a n t e d s u c h p a r t y the r i g h t to:
. . . d e m a n d th a t w i t n e s s e s b e s w o r n b y a n o t a r y p u b l i c o r o f f i c i a l
a u t h o r i z e d to a d m i n i s t e r o a t h s o r to t a k e a n a f f i r m a t i o n to t e l l the tr u th .
A ny w i t n e s s who r e f u s e s to ta k e an o a th . . . s h a l l b e b a r r e d f r o m
testify in g .
O cc asio n a lly ,
a s p e c i f i c o a th w a s r e q u i r e d ,
Y o u do
of R ailw ay
in t h is c a s e
of R ailw ay
a s in the f o ll o w in g e x a m p l e :
s o l e m n l y a f f i r m , up o n y o u r h o n o r a s a m e m b e r of the O r d e r
C o n d u c t o r s a n d B r a k e m e n , th a t the e v i d e n c e y o u s h a l l g i v e
. . . s h a l l b e the tr u th a n d nothing b u t the tr u th .
(O rder
C o n d u c t o r s a n d B r a k e m e n , Ind. )
A f u r t h e r s a f e g u a r d in a n e f f o r t to a s s u r e t r u t h fu l
of w itn e s se s — w as s o m e tim e s p ro v id ed .
T hese p ro v isio n s
n e s s e s b e e x c l u d e d f r o m the h e a r i n g u n til th e y w e r e c a l l e d
v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d t h is s e p a r a t i o n of w i t n e s s e s in e v e r y t r i a l ,
s e p a r a t i o n o n ly w h en r e q u e s t e d b y one o f the p a r t i e s , a s in
testim o n y — se p a ra tio n
r e q u i r e d th a t a l l w i t
to t e s t i f y .
M ost p r o
b u t a fe w p r o v i d e d f o r
the f o llo w in g e x a m p l e :
T h e a c c u s e d o r a c c u s e r s h a v e the r i g h t to e x c l u d e a l l w i t n e s s e s u n til
c a l l e d b y the J u d g e to p r e s e n t t h e i r t e s t i m o n y .
(In tern atio n al W ood
w o r k e r s of A m e r ic a )
R ig h t to C o u n s e l . T h e r i g h t to c o u n s e l w a s the m o s t p r e v a l e n t s a f e g u a r d
s p e c i f i e d in l o c a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le V I - 9 ) .
N e a rly a ll con
s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , q u a l i f i e d t h is r i g h t b y b a r r i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l a t t o r n e y s .
One
c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d " t o s e l e c t o n ly a m e m b e r , " a n d
a n o t h e r d i r e c t e d the a c c u s e d " t o a p p e a r in p e r s o n o r b y o r w ith a m e m b e r o f the
un ion to a n s w e r " c h a r g e s .
S e v e r a l g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to " h a v e the
a s s i s t a n c e o f a n y m e m b e r of the un io n to a c t a s h i s c o u n s e l , " a n d , w h ile not
s p e c i f i c a l l y e x c l u d i n g m e m b e r s who w e r e a l s o a t t o r n e y s , it i s u n l i k e l y th a t a
s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f un ion m e m b e r s w e r e a t t o r n e y s - a t - l a w . A fe w t r i a l p r o c e
d u r e s g u a r d e d a g a i n s t t h is p o s s i b i l i t y b y a d o p t in g l a n g u a g e s i m i l a r to the f o ll o w in g :
B o t h the c h a r g i n g p a r t y an d the c h a r g e d p a r t y . . . s h a l l h a v e the
r i g h t to b e . . . r e p r e s e n t e d b y an y m e m b e r o f t h is I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion
n ot a c t i v e l y e n g a g e d in the p r a c t i c e o f la w . . . ( A m e r i c a n B a k e r y a n d
C on fection ery W orkers)
100
T a b le V I-9. A ssistan ce of C ounsel in L o cal and In ternational T r ia l Proceedings,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
J^M em bersj^tho^
L o cal procedures
C ounsel provisions
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for counsel
in lo c a l or international tria l
p r o c e e d in g s-----------------------------------C onstitutions granting assistan ce of
counsel in a ll trials -----------------------C ounsel guaranteed without
q u a lific a tio n s ----------------------------Only m em bers e lig ib le to act
as counsel --------------------------------Other ----------------------------------------Constitutions granting assistan ce of
counsel at d iscretio n of the
tria l body --------------------------------------
Members
International procedures
Percent
of
m em bers
Unions
M em bers
Percent
of
m em bers
96
12. 3 8 3 .7
100
50
7 ,0 3 3 .1
100
91
1 1 ,8 4 0 .7
96
46
6 ,7 5 1 .9
96
9
1 ,2 4 8 .6
10
8
1 ,4 1 7 .0
20
80
l 2
10, 4 3 9 .7
1 5 2 .4
84
1
38
5 ,3 3 4 .9
76
_
5
5 4 3 .0
4
4
-
-
2 8 1 .2
4
* Under 1 constitution, an accu sed o ffice r was guaranteed the assistan ce of a m em ber as counsel, but m em bers'
rights to counsel were not sp e cifie d ; and under 1 constitution, the other party had the right to em ploy counsel if
1 party was assisted by a m em ber or an attorney.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f b o th the O f f i c e E m p l o y e s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion a n d U p h o l s t e r e r s '
I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n f o r b a d e l a w y e r s a t t r i a l , b u t p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d l e g a l c o u n
s e l in p r e p a r i n g h i s d e f e n s e :
A ny a c c u s e d m e m b e r s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to b e r e p r e s e n t e d in h i s
d e f e n s e b y an y o t h e r m e m b e r o f the . . . un ion a n d s h a l l h a v e the f u r
t h e r r i g h t o f a d v i c e a n d c o n s u l t a t i o n o f l e g a l c o u n s e l , i f d e s i r e d , b u t no
a t t o r n e y - a t - l a w s h a l l b e e n t it le d to b e p r e s e n t in a n y s u c h p r o c e e d i n g .
( O f f i c e E m p l o y e s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x t e n d e d the r i g h t to c o u n s e l to p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v o c a t e s .
F o r e x a m p l e , the I n s u r a n c e W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n e x p l i c i t l y g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d
the r i g h t to b e r e p r e s e n t e d " b y a m e m b e r o f the u n ion in g o o d s t a n d i n g o r b y
l e g a l c o u n s e l o f h i s own c h o o s i n g . " One l a r g e u n io n , a c c o u n t i n g f o r m o s t o f the
m e m b e r s c o v e r e d b y t h e s e c l a u s e s , i m p l i e d the r i g h t to l e g a l c o u n s e l in the
f o llo w in g c l a u s e :
A m e m b e r p r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s , and a m e m b e r a g a in s t w hom c h a r g e s
a r e p r e f e r r e d s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n b y c o u n s e l o f h i s own
c h o i c e ; s u c h c o u n s e l , h o w e v e r , s h a l l b e r e q u i r e d to a b i d e b y the T r i a l
Procedure . . . .
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e , A e r o s p a c e
and A g r ic u ltu r a l Im p lem en t W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a )
E q u a l l y i n f r e q u e n t w e r e p r o v i s i o n s w h ic h l e f t the p r e s e n c e o f c o u n s e l to
the d i s c r e t i o n o f the t r i a l b o d y . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s e n a b l e d the t r i a l b o d y to a s s u r e
th a t e a c h s i d e e n j o y e d an e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t i t s c a s e .
F o r e x a m p le ,
the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e d e n i e d b o th p a r t i e s the r i g h t to c o u n s e l u n l e s s t h is r i g h t w a s
g r a n t e d b y the t r i a l b o d y :
101
N on e o f the p a r t i e s in v o l v e d s h a l l b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y l e g a l c o u n s e l
u n l e s s s p e c i f i c p e r m i s s i o n t h e r e f o r s h a l l h a v e b e e n g r a n t e d b y the T r i a l
B o a r d . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a r b l e , S l a t e , a n d S to n e P o l i s h e r s ,
R u b b e r s and S a w y e r s , T ile and M a r b le S e t t e r s ' H e lp e r s and M a r b le
M o s a ic and T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s ' H e lp e r s )
U n d e r two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the t r i a l b o d y w a s e x p l i c i t l y r e q u i r e d to g r a n t e a c h s i d e an
e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o u n s e l . One o f t h e s e p r o v i d e d a s f o l l o w s :
The m e m b e r s e l e c t e d a s c o u n se l s h a ll not be a la w y e r .
If h e i s a
l a w y e r , h e s h a l l b e i n e l i g i b l e to r e p r e s e n t the p a r t y c h a r g e d .
The t r i a l
b o a r d m a y , h o w e v e r , in i t s d i s c r e t i o n , p e r m i t the a c c u s e d to b e r e p
r e s e n t e d b y a l a w y e r b u t, w h en h e d o e s s o , the o t h e r s i d e s h a l l h a v e
the s a m e r i g h t . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s a n d P a p e r h a n g e r s
of A m e r ic a )
R eco rd of P r o c e e d in g s .
C o n stitu tio n al p r o v is io n s fo r a r e c o r d of p r o
c e e d i n g s a s s u m e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o t e c t i v e r o l e in c a s e o f a p p e a l to a h i g h e r a u
t h o r i t y . T h i s r e c o r d s e r v e s to p r o v i d e th e a p p e a l b o d y w ith a l l the p e r t i n e n t f a c t s
b e a r i n g on the i s s u e s .
O n ly a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith s u c h p r o v i s i o n s
c a l l e d f o r s t e n o g r a p h i c t r a n s c r i p t s o f the t r i a l ( t a b le V I - 10).
U nder fou r con
s t i t u t i o n s , t h e s e t r a n s c r i p t s w e r e r e q u i r e d in e v e r y t r i a l a n d p a i d f o r f r o m un ion
f u n d s , w h ile u n d e r f i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s th e y w e r e p r o v i d e d o n ly w h en r e q u e s t e d b y
one o f the p a r t i e s . B e c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e n s e w o u ld b e i n c u r r e d in o b ta in in g
a t r a n s c r i p t v e r b a t i m , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d the p a r t y r e q u e s t i n g the m o r e
d e t a i l e d r e c o r d to p a y the a d d e d c o s t .
T a b le V I-1 0 . R ecord of Proceedings in L o c al and International T r ia l Procedures,
N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
(
L o c al procedures
R ecord of proceedings
A ll constitutions providing for a record
o f p r o c e e d in g s ----------------------------Constitutions providing for steno
graph ic records ---------------------------Stenograph ic record provided
by u n i o n -------1------------------------Stenograph ic record provided at
expense of requestin g p a r ty --------Stenograph ic record provided; other
q u a l i f i c a t i o n s -------------------------C onstitutions m erely providing for
a record ------------------------------------R ecord provided by u n i o n -----------R ecord provided a t expense of
requesting p a r t y ----------------------- 12
International procedures
Unions
M em bers
Percent
of
m em bers
45
6 ,9 9 5 .9
100
28
4 ,,2 2 9 .8
100
12
2, 2 7 0 .0
32
6
8 7 3 .3
21
4
5 6 4 .5
8
3
2 7 7 .4
7
5
1 ,0 4 2 .6
15
2
1 5 9 .6
4
13
6 6 3 .0
9
*1
4 3 6 .3
10
33
32
4 ,7 2 5 . 9
4, 5 4 1 .4
68
65
22
20
3, 356. 5
3, 1 4 8 .5
79
74
1
1 8 4 .5
3
2
2 0 8 .0
5
Unions
M em bers
Percent
of
m em bers
1 Under 2 constitutions, a stenographic record was provided at d iscretion of the tr ia l body; and under 1 co n sti
tu tion a stenographic record was provided at the requesting party's expense if not provided by the tr ia l body.
2 Under 1 constitution, a stenographic record was provided at the discretion of the tr ia l body.
NOTE: B ecau se o f rounding, sum s o f individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
102
In a m a j o r i t y o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r i n g a r e c o r d o f p r o c e e d i n g s , the
f o r m o r co n te n t o f the r e c o r d w a s not p r e c i s e l y d e f in e d .
T y p ic a lly , th e se p r o
v i s i o n s d i r e c t e d the s e c r e t a r y to t a k e m i n u t e s th a t w e r e " c o m p l e t e , " " a c c u r a t e , "
o r " c o m p r e h e n s i v e , " an d th a t d id n ot o v e r l o o k an y v i t a l p a r t o f the t r i a l .
In one
c o n s t i t u t i o n , the p a r t i e s w e r e g r a n t e d an o p p o r t u n i t y to r e v i e w the r e c o r d b e f o r e
i t w a s t r a n s m i t t e d to the a p p e l l a t e b o d y .
T h is p r o v is io n , cited b elow , p e r m itte d
the p a r t i e s to c o r r e c t an y e r r o r s in the r e c o r d .
T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l e l e c t a s e c r e t a r y w h o s e duty it s h a l l b e
to r e d u c e to w r i t i n g the s u b s t a n c e o f the t e s t i m o n y . . . T h e p a r t i e s
s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d w ith a c o p y o f the m i n u t e s o f the t r i a l a n d s h a l l e i t h e r
a t t e s t t h e r e o n to the c o r r e c t n e s s t h e r e o f o r s u b m i t to the s e c r e t a r y . . .
in w r i t i n g an y o b j e c t i o n s t h e r e t o . F a i l u r e to s u b m i t s u c h o b j e c t i o n s w ith in
te n (10) d a y s . . . s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a w a i v e r t h e r e o f on a p p e a l .
(Sheet
M etal W o r k e r s' Intern ation al A sso c ia tio n )
D o u b le J e o p a r d y . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y s a f e g u a r d e d the a c c u s e d
a g a i n s t r e p e a t e d p r o s e c u t i o n f o r the s a m e o f f e n s e .
T h e s e d o u b le j e o p a r d y s a f e
g u a r d s u s u a l l y d e p a r t e d f r o m the p o p u l a r c o n c e p t th a t a n a c c u s e d m a n b e p r o s e
c u t e d o n ly o n c e f o r the s a m e o f f e n s e , b y p e r m i t t i n g a t l e a s t on e r e t r i a l .
For
i n s t a n c e , the p r o v i s i o n c i t e d b e l o w d id n ot e x c l u d e the p o s s i b i l i t y o f a s e c o n d
p r o s e c u t i o n b y a d i f f e r e n t t r i a l b o d y a t a h i g h e r l e v e l o f the u n io n :
No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . . . s h a l l b e t r i e d t w ic e b y the s a m e b o d y
on the s a m e c h a r g e .
(U n ite d S h o e W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a )
A fe w p r o v i s i o n s e x p l i c i t l y p e r m i t t e d one r e t r i a l . F o r i n s t a n c e ,
lo w in g p r o v i s i o n s a ll o w e d a s e c o n d t r i a l b e f o r e the s a m e b o d y :
the f o l
. . . If s u c h r e p o r t (of the t r i a l b o dy) i s n o t a c c e p t e d by the l o d g e ,
a n ew c o m m i t t e e m a y be a p p o in t e d . . . e x c e p t th a t in no e v e n t s h a l l
an y m e m b e r b e s u b j e c t e d to t r i a l b e f o r e a c o m m i t t e e a f t e r the r e p o r t of
the s e c o n d c o m m i t t e e .
( B r o t h e r h o o d o f M a i n t e n a n c e of Way E m p l o y e s )
One c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y p e r m i t t e d a r e t r i a l i f the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , a f t e r
r e v e r s i n g the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n , s e n t the c a s e b a c k f o r a s e c o n d t r i a l on t e c h
n ical g ro u n d s:
No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . . . s h a l l b e t r i e d t w i c e b y the s a m e b o d y
on the s a m e c h a r g e , e x c e p t w h e r e a c o n v ic t io n h a s b e e n r e v e r s e d b y a
h i g h e r b o d y on t e c h n i c a l g r o u n d s a n d the c a s e i s s e n t b a c k f o r r e t r i a l .
(U n ite d H a t t e r s , C a p a n d M i l l i n e r y W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion)
N o tice S a f e g u a r d s
F o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r a d v a n c e n o t ic e of im p e n d in g d i s c i
p l i n a r y a c t i o n s a f e g u a r d e d the r i g h t o f the a c c u s e d to an a d e q u a t e o p p o r t u n i t y to
p r e p a r e f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the p r o c e e d i n g s .
N e a rly a ll lo c a l tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s ,
a n d m o r e th an t h r e e o f e v e r y f i v e i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , g u a r a n t e e d the
a c c u s e d n o t ic e th a t c h a r g e s h a d b e e n f i l e d a g a i n s t h i m .
A slig h tly s m a l l e r n u m
b e r o f t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t e a c h l e v e l a l s o g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d a d v a n c e n o t i c e o f
the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l .
A s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r s a f e g u a r d e d the o p p o r t u n i t y of the
a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e a t i m e l y a n d r e s p o n s i v e a p p e a l , t h r o u g h f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r
n o t i c e o f the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n . T he f o r m o f n o t i c e o f c h a r g e s a n d d e c i s i o n s a n d
the m e t h o d s f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g n o t ic e to the a c c u s e d a r e d i s c u s s e d in t h is s e c t i o n .
103
N o t ic e o f C h a r g e s . N o t i c e th a t c h a r g e s h a d b e e n f i l e d a g a i n s t h i m w a s
g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d in 129 l o c a l u n io n s a n d 71 i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le V I - 11).
In s o m e o f t h o s e w ith o u t t h is s p e c i f i c g u a r a n t e e , a
r e q u i r e m e n t th a t the a c c u s e d b e g i v e n n o t i c e o f the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l w o u ld , in f a c t ,
i n f o r m h im th a t h e w a s u n d e r c h a r g e s . O f the 7 p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l a t the l o c a l
l e v e l th a t d id n ot r e q u i r e n o t ic e o f the fi l i n g o f c h a r g e s , 3 p r o v i d e d f o r n o t i c e o f
the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l ; o f the 45 w ith o u t n o t i c e - o f - c h a r g e s p r o v i s i o n s a t the i n t e r
n a t io n a l l e v e l , 11 c o n t a in e d p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t ic e o f the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l .
T a b le V I-11.
... - -
Method of N otifying the A ccused of C harges by Level, N ation al and
International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
- .....-
m em bers in thousands!
Method of notifying the accu sed
L o cal procedures
Unions
A ll constitutions requiring notice of charges in
lo c a l or international tria l procedures ----------Constitutions specify in g m e t h o d ---------------------R egistered m a il -------------------------------------R egistered m a il or personal s e r v i c e ------------M ailed or s e n t ----------------------------------------M ailed, sent, or served in person --------------Other m e t h o d s ----------------------------------------Constitutions requiring notice of charges,
m ethod not g i v e n ----------------------------------------
129
73
32
20
13
3
x5
56
International procedures
M embers
Unions
M embers
15, 6 6 7 .7
71
10, 2 6 1 .4
10,
4,
3,
2,
585. 6
394. 4
4 7 1 .3
388. 4
4 0 .4
29 1 .1
46
20
10
12
1
23
6, 6 4 8 .0
1 ,9 7 4 .5
2, 365. 5
2 ,0 1 9 .0
5 .9
2 8 3.1
5, 082. 1
25
3 ,6 1 3 .4
1 Under 1 constitution, extensive altern ativ e methods were given if personal service was im possib le; under 1 co n
stitution, m ethod of notifying m em bers was not sp e cifie d , but officers were notified by registered m a il or in person;
under 2 constitutions, notice by te le g ra m was sp e cifie d in addition to other m ethods; and under 1 constitution, notice
was co m m u n icated by teleph on e.
2 Constitutions sp e cifie d te le g ra m in addition to registered m a il or personal se rv ic e.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
T h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r n o t ify in g the a c c u s e d o f c h a r g e s r e s t e d w ith an
o f f i c e r o f the u n io n , u s u a l l y the s e c r e t a r y , b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y th e p r e s i d e n t .
Fur
n is h in g the a c c u s e d w ith a co p y o f the c h a r g e s w a s u s u a l l y the p r e s c r i b e d w a y
o f g iv i n g n o t i c e .
A su b sta n tia l n u m ber of p r o v is io n s at each le v e l, co v erin g
a p p r o x i m a t e l y one o f e v e r y t h r e e m e m b e r s , r e q u i r e d the r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c e r to
n o tify the a c c u s e d o f c h a r g e s , b u t m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to the m e t h o d o f n o t ic e .
A m a j o r i t y o f the p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r , s t i p u l a t e d the m e t h o d o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n
the o f f i c e r w a s to e m p l o y .
R e g i s t e r e d m a i l , o c c a s i o n a l l y w ith a r e t u r n r e c e i p t ,
w a s the m o s t p r e v a l e n t r e q u i r e m e n t .
L e s s f r e q u e n t l y , the o f f i c e r w a s s i m p l y
r e q u i r e d to " m a i l " o r " s e n d " n o t ic e to the a c c u s e d .
F o r i n s t a n c e , one c o n
s t it u t io n p r o v i d e d :
A c o p y o f the c h a r g e s a t t e s t e d b y the s e a l o f the l o c a l u n io n , s i g n e d
b y the s e c r e t a r y . . . s h a l l b e i m m e d i a t e l y s e n t to the a c c u s e d to h i s
l a s t know n a d d r e s s on the b o o k s o f the L o c a l U n ion . . . a n d t h is s h a l l
b e d e e m e d d ue n o t i c e . . . .
(U n ite d A s s o c i a t i o n o f J o u r n e y m e n a n d
A p p r e n t i c e s o f the P l u m b i n g an d P i p e F i t t i n g I n d u s t r y o f the U n it e d S t a t e s
and C an ad a)
104
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d p e r s o n a l n o t ic e o r , f a i l i n g t h i s , n o t i c e b y r e g i s
tered or ord in ary m ail.
One p r o v i s i o n a l s o a u t h o r i z e d s e r v i c e b y p u b l i c a t i o n in
the u n io n ' s p a p e r i f p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e o r r e g i s t e r e d m a i l w e r e u n s u c c e s s f u l :
T h e C o m m i t t e e i s e x p e c t e d to u s e r e a s o n a b l e e f f o r t s to s e r v e the
a c c u s e d m e m b e r in p e r s o n w ith s a i d c h a r g e s a n d n o t i c e ; b u t i f a f t e r s u c h
e f f o r t s the a c c u s e d s h a l l n ot b e fo u n d , a c o p y o f s a i d c h a r g e s a n d n o t i c e
s h a l l b e d e l i v e r e d b y one o r m o r e m e m b e r s o f the C o m m i t t e e , o r s e n t
b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l to h i s u s u a l o r l a s t know n p l a c e of r e s i d e n c e ; i f s u c h
p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e i s n ot kn o w n , n o t i c e . . . s h a l l b e p u b l i s h e d in one
i s s u e o f the B . o f L . E . J o u r n a l . . . .
(B ro th erh o o d of L o c o m o tiv e
E n g i n e e r s , Ind. )
U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s w a s a l s o to s p e c i f y the
d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l , t h e r e b y e l i m i n a t i n g a s e p a r a t e t r i a l n o t i c e , a n d a fe w p r o
v i s i o n s a l s o r e q u i r e d the n o t ic e to a d v i s e the a c c u s e d o f h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s .
One c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d th is i n f o r m a t i o n on the f o ll o w in g o f f i c i a l f o r m :
N o t i c e o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s o f t h is A l l i a n c e s h a l l b e p r e s e n t e d
u p o n the f o llo w in g o f f i c i a l f o r m :
I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e of T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p l o y e s a n d M o v in g P i c t u r e
M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s of the U n it e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a
N O TIC E O F CH ARGES
B r o t h e r ________________________ :
Y o u a r e h e r e b y n o t if i e d th a t c h a r g e s o f w h ic h the e n c l o s e d i s a
c o p y h a v e b e e n f i l e d a g a i n s t y o u b e f o r e the B o a r d o r C o m m i t t e e
o f t h is L o c a l an d th a t the ________________
________________________
Day
M onth
______________ ______________________ h a s b e e n f i x e d f o r y o u r t r i a l
Year
T im e
b e f o r e the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d o r C o m m i t t e e a t ____________________
P l a c e of T r i a l
Y o u r r i g h t s a s a m e m b e r a r e p r o t e c t e d b y y o u r L o c a l C o n s t it u t i o n
a n d B y l a w s a n d the C o n s t it u t i o n a n d B y l a w s of the I. A . T . S . E . a n d
M . P . M . O. o f the U . S . a n d C. R e a d t h o s e p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g to c h a r g e s ,
t r i a l s , a n d a p p e a l s c a r e f u l l y , th en s t u d y the e n c l o s e d c h a r g e s .
A t the
t i m e o f the t r i a l yo u a r e e n t it le d to b r i n g a s m a n y w i t n e s s e s a s yo u c h o o s e
a n d to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a f e ll o w m e m b e r a s y o u r c o u n s e l . If y o u c a n n o t
a tt e n d the t r i a l a t the t i m e s e t , yo u m a y a s k the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d o r
C o m m i t t e e to p o s t p o n e y o u r h e a r i n g .
Y o u a r e not to d i s c u s s t h e s e c h a r g e s w ith an y m e m b e r of the B o a r d
o r C o m m i t t e e b e f o r e the h e a r i n g a n d y o u r d e f e n s e w i l l n ot b e h e a r d b e
f o r e th a t t i m e .
N o t ic e o f T r i a l .
M o s t t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t e a c h l e v e l g u a r a n t e e d the
a c c u s e d a d v a n c e n o t ic e of the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l .
S e v e r a l of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s
w ith o u t th is r e q u i r e m e n t p r o v i d e d f o r a n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s , w h ic h , in p r a c t i c e ,
m i g h t a l s o in c l u d e n o t ic e of the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l — 16 of the 20 a t the l o c a l l e v e l ,
105
a n d 13 o f the 47 a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .
P r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t i c e o f the d a t e s e t
w e r e s i m i l a r to p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t i c e o f c h a r g e s . A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f ic a l ly p r o v i d e d f o r s e r v i n g t h e s e n o t i c e s t o g e t h e r , a s in the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
T h e c o m m i t t e e s h a l l s e r v e the a c c u s e d b r o t h e r w ith a c o p y o f the
c h a r g e s a n d n o tify h im in w r i t i n g of the d a t e a n d h o u r o f the t r i a l . • . .
( A s s o c i a t i o n o f R a i l w a y T r a i n m e n a n d L o c o m o t i v e F i r e m e n , Ind. )
S i m i l a r l y , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the U n it e d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a p r o v i d e d :
T h e l o c a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l d u ly n o tify the m e m b e r o f the n a t u r e
o f the c h a r g e s an d o f the t i m e a n d p l a c e o f t r i a l . . . .
U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the t r i a l b o d y w a s r e q u i r e d to n o tify the a c
c u s e d o f the d a te s e t f o r t r i a l w ith o u t e x p l i c i t p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s .
One of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d m i n i m u m p r o c e d u r a l s t a n d a r d s but d id n ot e x
c lu d e the p o s s i b i l i t y th a t a co p y of the c h a r g e s m i g h t b e i n c l u d e d in th e n o t ic e of
the d a te s e t f o r t r i a l .
T h e B y l a w s o r R u l e s o f a L o c a l s h a l l s p e c i f y the m a n n e r in w h ich
a n a c c u s e d p e r s o n s h a l l b e t r i e d a n d m u s t c o n f o r m w ith the fo ll o w in g
m in im u m s t a n d a r d s :
. . . (3) T h e t r i a l s h a l l b e h e l d s p e e d i l y w ith d ue n o t i c e to the a c
cu sed.
( C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a )
N o t i c e o f the d a t e o f t r i a l w a s o fte n r e q u i r e d to p r e c e d e the t r i a l b y a
s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f d a y s . T h i s i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n n o t ic e a n d c o n v e n in g o f the t r i a l
b o d y a l l o w e d the a c c u s e d a n o p p o r tu n i ty to p r e p a r e h i s d e f e n s e .
T h is w ill be
d i s c u s s e d m o r e f u ll y in the s e c t i o n d e a l i n g w ith t i m e l i m i t s .
N o t ic e o f D e c i s i o n .
Only a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r o f u n ion c o n s t i
t u tio n s r e q u i r e d th a t the a c c u s e d o r o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s b e n o t i f i e d o f the
t r i a l b o d y ’s d e c i s i o n ( t a b le V I - 12).
P r e s u m a b l y , a t the o r d i n a r y un ion t r i a l ,
T a b le V I-1 2 . N otice of T r ia l Body D ecision and of R ight to A pp eal by Level,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
l M em bers in thousands!
L o cal procedures
International procedures
N otice provisions
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for notice of tria l
d ecision or a p p e a l r i g h t s ---------------------------W ritten d ecision o n l y ----------------------------------W ritten d ecision and a p p e al r i g h t s -----------------N otified of a p p e a l rights, no referen ce to
w ritten d e c i s i o n ----------------------------------------N otified if not present at m eetin g, no
referen ce to w ritten d ecisio n or
a p p ea l rights ------------------------------------ •------N otified, no referen ce to written d ecision
or ap p e a l rights -----------------------------------------
Members
Members
36
5 ,4 7 7 .7
32
4. 6 0 2 .4
25
1
3 ,0 5 0 .3
7 5 .0
23
-
1 ,3 1 0 .4
-
1
1 3 5 .0
1
1 3 5 .0
1
5 5 .0
8
2, 1 6 2 .5
8
3, 1 5 7 .0
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 8
Unions
106
p a r t i c u l a r l y a t the l o c a l l e v e l , a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d to b e
p r e s e n t a n d th u s i n f o r m e d o f the o u t c o m e o f the c a s e . T h i s , p l u s the a v a i l a b i l i t y
o f the r e c o r d of the t r i a l in a n u m b e r of c a s e s , m a y h a v e a c c o u n t e d f o r the l a c k
o f f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s in th is a r e a . M o r e o v e r , the a b s e n c e of a f o r m a l n o t i f i c a t i o n
r e q u i r e m e n t d id n o t r u l e out the p o s s i b i l i t y th a t a w r i t t e n d e c i s i o n m i g h t b e s e n t , a s
a m a t t e r o f p r a c t i c e , to a l l c o n c e r n e d , o r th a t the d e c i s i o n m i g h t b e p u b l i c i z e d
in the u n i o n 's p a p e r o r b u l l e t i n b o a r d .
F o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l n o t i c e - o f - d e c i s i o n p r o v i s i o n s o c c u r r e d in o n ly
36 l o c a l a n d 32 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . T h e s e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d the t r i a l
b o d y to p r e p a r e a w r i t t e n d e c i s i o n an d f u r n i s h a c o p y to e a c h p a r t y , a s in the f o l
lo w in g i l l u s t r a t i o n :
E v e r y d e c i s i o n . . . s h a l l b e r e d u c e d to w r i t i n g an d a c o p y t h e r e o f
f u r n i s h e d to e a c h d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y .
(B ro th erh oo d of P a in t e r s ,
D e c o r a t o r s and P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a )
A fe w o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d the c o n t e n t s o f the d e c i s i o n ,
f o ll o w in g :
a s in the
T h e d e c i s i o n s h a l l c o n t a in a fin d in g o f the f a c t s , the B o a r d ' s c o n
c l u s i o n s a s to the g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d , a n d the p e n a l t y , i f
a n y , to b e i m p o s e d .
(A m e ric an T ra in D isp a tc h e r s A sso c ia tio n )
P r o m p t n o t i c e o f the t r i a l b o d y ’s d e c i s i o n , in c lu d in g the r e a s o n s f o r the
d e c i s i o n , w a s d e s i g n e d to p e r m i t the a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e a p p e a l .
The t r i a l body
w a s o f te n r e q u i r e d to g i v e " p r o m p t " o r " i m m e d i a t e " n o t ic e to the a c c u s e d .
In
a fe w p r o v i s i o n s , the t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e a n a p p e a l w a s c o m p u t e d f r o m the t i m e
the a c c u s e d w a s n o t i f i e d o f the d e c i s i o n , a s in the f o ll o w in g c o n s t i t u t i o n :
A l l m a n n e r o f a p p e a l s s h a l l b e ta k e n w ith in f i f t e e n (15) d a y s f r o m
the d a t e the d e c i s i o n i s p l a c e d in the m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e t r a n s m i t t e d
to the i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s .
(In tern ation al B ro th erh o o d of T e a m s t e r s ,
C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n a n d H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , Ind. )
O n ly two c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y r e q u i r e d the n o t i c e o f d e c i s i o n to b e of
s u c h n a t u r e a s to a d v i s e the p a r t i e s of t h e i r r i g h t to a p p e a l to a h i g h e r a u t h o r it y .
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s U n io n r e q u i r e d t h i s n o t i c e to p o in t
ou t th a t a p p e a l s m u s t b e f i l e d w ith in 30 d a y s a f t e r the t r i a l b o d y r e n d e r e d i t s
d e c i s i o n , w h ile the S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r a n o t ic e th a t
w o u ld " a d v i s e the p a r t i e s of t h e i r r i g h t to a p p e a l . "
Appeal P ro v isio n s
U n d e r the u n ion j u d i c i a l s y s t e m , the a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e a f f o r d s f u r t h e r
c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the c a s e , an d th u s s e r v e s to c o r r e c t e r r o r s w h ich m a y h a v e
o c c u r r e d a t l o w e r un ion t r i b u n a l s . It i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f un ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ,
h o w e v e r , th a t u n lik e c i v i l s y s t e m s , a u t h o r i t i e s e x e r c i s i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e an d
e x e c u t i v e fu n c t io n s a l s o a c t in j u d i c i a l c a p a c i t i e s , in c l u d i n g d u r i n g the a p p e a l
p r o c e s s . T h e un ion a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e th u s m a y , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o f f i c e r s a r e a m o n g the l i t i g a n t s , r e q u i r e the a c c u s e d to a p p e a l to the s a m e a g e n t
o r a g e n c y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the c h a r g e s in the f i r s t p l a c e .
T h e f i n a l a p p e a l b o d y , t y p i c a l l y , i s the c o n v e n t io n , r e p r e s e n t i n g the m e m
b e r s h i p a s a w h o le .
W h e th e r s u c h a m e e t i n g o f d e l e g a t e s , e v e n it it w e r e to
a s s e m b l e a n n u a ll y , w h ich m o s t do not, c a n p r o p e r l y e x e r c i s e j u d i c i a l f u n c t i o n s ,
107
h a s b e e n s e r i o u s l y q u e s t i o n e d . 33 A t p r e s e n t , a n in d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a r y in the
f o r m o f an " o u t s i d e " r e v i e w b o d y i s fo u n d in on ly f o u r u n i o n s .
T h e s e and
o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f the a p p e a l p r o c e s s a r e d e s c r i b e d in t h is s e c t i o n .
P r o v i s i o n s f o r A p p e a l . N e a r l y a l l u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l
a u t h o r i z e d a p p e l l a t e r e v i e w o f the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n ( t a b le V I - 13). A p p e a l p r o
v i s i o n s w e r e e x p r e s s e d u s u a l l y in b r o a d g e n e r a l l a n g u a g e g r a n t i n g the r i g h t to
a p p e a l an y t r i a l d e c i s i o n . O nly a fe w (11) a p p e a l c l a u s e s , u s u a l l y in c o n s t i t u t i o n s
T a b le V I-13. A p p eal From D ecisions of L ocal or International Level T r ia l Bodies,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
A pp eal provisions
AFL-CIO
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for tria l at lo c a l or
international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions providing for a p p e a l ------------------A ll tria l decisions a p p e a l a b l e --------------------Som e, but not a ll, tr ia l d ecisions
a p p e a la b le -------------------------------------L o cal decisions a p p e a la b le ; no referen ce
to international d e c is i o n s ---------------In ternational d ecisions a p p e a la b le ; no
referen ce to lo c a l d ecisions -----------M em bers could ap p eal; no referen ce
to officers ----------------------------------O fficers could a p p eal; no referen ce
to m em bers --------------------------------Only sp e cifie d p en alties a p p e a l a b l e ---C onstitutions without ap p eal provisions -----------
NOTE: Because of rounding,
U n affiliated
M embers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
Members
156
16, 9 1 7 .9
121
14, 2 2 5 .6
35
2, 692. 3
153
142
16, 9 1 2 .3
16, 1 1 9 .0
121
112
14, 2 2 5 .6
1 3 ,4 4 2 .0
32
30
2, 6 8 6 .7
2, 676. 9
11
7 9 3 .4
9
7 8 3 .6
2
9 .8
3
3 7 5 .7
3
3 7 5 .7
2
1 0 .5
1
2 .5
1
8 .0
3
3 1 4 .2
2
3 1 2 .4
1
1 .8
1
2
3
7 5 .0
1 8 .0
5 .6
1
2
7 5 .0
1 8 .0
-
-
-
3
5 .6
sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
33 One a u t h o r i t y h a d the f o llo w in g to s a y on the s u b j e c t :
T h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s b y w h ich l o c a l m e m b e r s h i p a s s e m b l i e s an d c o n v e n t io n
d e l e g a t e s fu n c tio n a s c o u r t s i s p e r h a p s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the
j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s in u n i o n s an d the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s e s of p u b l i c g o v e r n m e n t s in the
U n it e d S t a t e s . C o u r t v e r d i c t s a r e n ot r e f e r r e d to the b o d y p o l i t i c o r to the l e g i s
l a t i v e b r a n c h o f the g o v e r n m e n t f o r r e v i e w a n d fi n a l d e c i s i o n .
E v e n N ew E n g l a n d
town m e e t i n g s do n ot s i t in ju d g m e n t o f l a w v i o l a t i o n s ; i n d e p e n d e n t j u d g e s an d
c o u r t s p e r f o r m t h is fu n c tio n .
T h e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r p o p u l a r v o tin g on the tr u th
o r f a l s i t y o f c h a r g e s r e s e m b l e s r a t h e r the s o - c a l l e d " p e o p l e s c o u r t s " o f S o v i e t
g o v e r n m e n t s . T h e y a r e d e f e n d e d a s a f o r m o f d i r e c t d e m o c r a c y , b u t the l e s s o n s
of h i s t o r y a r e c l e a r th a t in d e p e n d e n t c o u r t s an d j u d g e s a r e a s e s s e n t i a l to p r o t e c t
i n d i v id u a l r i g h t s an d l i b e r t i e s a g a i n s t p o p u l a r m a j o r i t i e s a s a g a i n s t e x e c u t i v e
o f f i c i a l s a n d the l e g i s l a t i v e b o d i e s o f g o v e r n m e n t s .
W i l l i a m M. L e i s e r s o n ,
A m e r i c a n T r a d e U n io n D e m o c r a c y , N ew Y o r k , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,
1959, p. 265.
108
o f s m a l l e r u n i o n s , d id n ot a u t h o r i z e a p p e a l f r o m a l l t r i a l d e c i s i o n s . A m o n g t h e s e ,
the C o o p e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e d a p e n a l t y o f $ 5 o r s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n
b e f o r e a n a p p e a l c o u ld b e ta k e n ; an d the R e t a i l , W h o l e s a l e , an d D e p a r t m e n t S t o r e
U n io n 1s c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d m e m b e r s the r i g h t to a p p e a l f r o m a n y t r i a l d e c i s i o n ,
b u t p r o v i d e d th a t a l o c a l u n i o n 's d e c i s i o n to d i s c i p l i n e l o c a l o f f i c e r s w o u ld b e
f i n a l a n d b in d in g .
T h e f i r s t s t e p u n d e r the a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e w a s s a t i s f i e d b y f i l i n g a w r i t t e n
n o t i c e o f a p p e a l w ith the n e x t h i g h e r un ion a u t h o r i t y .
F o r m o r t e c h n i c a l c o n te n t
w as g e n e r a lly not s e t fo rth .
F o r e x a m p le ;
No s p e c i f ic fo r m o r fo r m a lity s h a ll be r e q u ir e d , e x c e p t that s u c h
n o t i c e s h a l l c l e a r l y s t a t e a n a p p e a l i s b e in g t a k e n .
(Laun dry, D ry C le an
in g a n d D y e H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , I n d . )
O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d th e b a s i s f o r a p p e a l s .
the J e w e l r y W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t it u t io n s t i p u l a t e d :
A p p eals
1.
2.
3.
to a h i g h e r
body m ay
be m ad e
up on
One o f t h e s e ,
the f o ll o w in g
b a sis:
A d d itio n al e v id e n ce .
F a i l u r e of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to f o ll o w p r o c e d u r e r e g a r d i n g
c h a r g e s an d t r i a l s .
V io l a t i o n b y the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n
o r the l o c a l B y l a w s in c o n d u c t in g a t r i a l a n d m a k i n g i t s d e c i s i o n .
T h e f i r s t a p p e a l b o d y w a s u s u a l l y the n e x t h i g h e r l e v e l o f un ion a u t h o r i t y .
In a t y p i c a l a p p e a l s e q u e n c e a l o c a l un ion d e c i s i o n w ou ld f i r s t b e r e v i e w e d b y a
d i s t r i c t b o d y o r , i f n on e e x i s t e d , b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .
F r o m t h is l e v e l ,
a p p e a l s w e r e u s u a l l y t a k e n to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , th en to the c o n v e n t io n .
In r a r e i n s t a n c e s , c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d d i f f e r e n t a v e n u e s o f a p p e a l , d e p e n d in g
u p o n th e g r o u n d on w h ich the a p p e a l w a s b a s e d .
F o r i n s t a n c e , the S t e r e o t y p e r s 1
c o n stitu tio n p ro v id e d :
C h a r g e s o f i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , o n ly, m a y be a p p e a l e d d i r e c t l y to th e I n t e r
n atio n al E x e c u tiv e B o a r d .
A l l o t h e r a p p e a l s m u s t b e f i l e d w ith the I n t e r
n atio n al P r e s id e n t .
( T h e r e a f t e r , a p p e a l s m a y b e t a k e n f r o m the d e c i s i o n
o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . )
A p p e a l s on i r r e g u l a r i t i e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d a s f o l l o w s :
(a)
(b)
(c)
T h e s e r v i n g o r p r e s e n t i n g of c h a r g e s ;
T h e c o n d u c t o f the t r i a l ;
Q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g to a n y i r r e g u l a r i t y in th e c h a r g e s , f i n d i n g s o f
the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , o r v o te of the l o c a l u n ion .
P e r s o n s e n t it le d to a p p e a l .
W hile a l l un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t i d e n t i f i e d
th e p a r t y e n t i t l e d to a p p e a l f r o m the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d
t h is v i t a l s a f e g u a r d , a l a r g e n u m b e r (89) a l s o p e r m i t t e d p e r s o n s o t h e r th a n th e
a c c u s e d to f i l e a n i n i t i a l a p p e a l ( t a b le V I - 14).
M o r e th a n h a l f o f t h e s e c o n s t i
tu ti o n s a u t h o r i z e d a p p e a l b y a n y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y .
The c o n stitu tio n al d e fin itio n s
of a n " i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y , " w h e r e t h e r e w e r e s u c h d e f i n i t i o n s , w e r e w i d e l y v a r i e d .
U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith the d e c i s i o n w a s s u f f i c i e n t :
A m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a n y s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y who h a s b e e n c o n v i c t e d
o f a n y o f f e n s e a s h e r e i n s e t fo r t h , o r the a c c u s e r w hen the a c c u s e d h a s
b e e n a c q u i t t e d , o r a n y m e m b e r who h a s a g r i e v a n c e o r b e l i e v e s th a t an
i n j u r y h a s b e e n don e in a n y w a y . . . .
(R e ta il C le rk s In tern ation al
A sso c iatio n )
* * >!<
Any m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith the d e c i s i o n . . . m a y
a p p e a l . . . . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f P u l p , S u lp h it e a n d P a p e r
M ill W o rk e rs)
109
O t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d the p a r t y to b e “ a f f e c t e d 11 b y the d e c i s i o n in o r d e r
to h a v e a n a p p e a l a b l e i n t e r e s t .
A n y l o c a l u n io n , c o u n c i l , o f f i c e r . . . o r m e m b e r . . . who i s
a f f e c t e d b y a n y d e c i s i o n . . . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to a p p e a l . . . ( S h e e t
M etal W orkers)
S t i l l o t h e r s r e q u i r e d th e i n t e r e s t to be “ d i r e c t ' ’:
A n y d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y to a p r o c e e d i n g in w h ic h a f i n a l d e
c isio n h as been r e n d e re d , fe elin g a g g r ie v e d o v e r su ch d e c isio n , m a y
tak e an a p p e a l th e r e f r o m .
( B r o t h e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d
P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a )
C l a u s e s t h a t l i m i t e d the r i g h t to a p p e a l o n ly to the a c c u s e d an d a c c u s e r
w e r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y m o r e p r e c i s e th a n the in d e f in i t e “ i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y 1' c l a u s e s ,
a s in the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n :
A p p e a l s f r o m d e c i s i o n s . . . m a y b e t a k e n in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d
. . . b y the a c c u s e d o r b y the p e r s o n f i l i n g the c h a r g e . ( T e x t i l e W o r k e r s
U n io n o f A m e r i c a )
T a b le V I- 14.
Persons Authorized to A pp eal From L ocal or International T r ia l D ecisions
N atio n al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
AFL-CIO
Persons authorized to ap p eal
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l --------------Constitutions authorizing the accu sed and other
parties to a p p ea l ---------------------------------------Any interested p a r t y --------------------------------A ccu sed and accu ser only ------------------------V aries for in itia l and subsequent a p p e a l s ------C onstitutions authorizing only the accu sed
to ap p e a l ------------------------------------------------A ccu sed only for in itia l and subsequent
ap p eals ----------------------------------------------V aries for in itia l and subsequent ap p eals ----C onstitutions without identity provisions ----------
U n affiliated
Members
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
153
16, 9 1 2 .3
121
14, 2 2 5 .6
32
2, 6 8 6 .7
89
47
41
l l
12, 5 4 0 .9
6, 3 5 4 .6
5, 1 9 3 .7
9 9 2 .7
71
36
34
1
1 0 ,0 7 9 .9
4, 6 6 9 .0
4 ,4 1 8 .2
9 9 2 .7
18
11
7
2, 4 6 1 .0
1 ,6 8 5 .5
7 7 5 .5
-
39
2, 5 01.1
33
2, 355. 3
6
1 4 5 .8
2 35
3 4
25
2, 1 6 1 .5
3 3 9 .6
1 ,8 7 0 .3
30
3
17
2 ,1 1 5 .7
2 3 9 .6
1 ,7 9 0 .4
5
1
8
4 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
7 9 .9
-
1 Under 1 constitution, only the accu sed or accu ser w ere authorized to file an in itia l a p p eal but any interested
party w as authorized to f ile subsequent ap p eals.
2 Under 1 constitution, 1 clau se providing that verd icts of not guilty were fin a l and not ap p e alab le was in
terpreted to m ean th at only the accu sed could be the "a g g r ie v e d " in a clau se granting any ag griev ed person the right
to ap p e a l.
3 Under 3 constitutions, only the accu sed was authorized to f ile in itia l ap p eals but any interested party was
authorized to f ile subsequent ap p eals; and under 1 constitution, only the accu sed was p erm itted to a p p e al from in ter
nation al le v e l tr ia l d ecision s but no referen ce was provided for ap p eal from lo c a l union le v e l tr ia l d ecisions.
NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equal to tals.
110
U n d e r 39 o f the 153 a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s , o n ly th e a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d
to a p p e a l f r o m the t r i a l b o d y * s d e c i s i o n .
T h e a c c u s e d w a s th u s s e c u r e d f r o m
r e p e a t e d h a r a s s m e n t an d p e r s e c u t i o n th a t m i g h t f o ll o w i f the a c c u s e r w e r e p e r
m i t t e d to a p p e a l v e r d i c t s o f a c q u i t t a l .
U n io n a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s th a t p e r m i t t e d
o n ly the a c c u s e d to f i l e an a p p e a l o r th at d e n i e d a n y a p p e a l f r o m an a c q u i t t a l
p r o t e c t e d the a c c u s e d f r o m d o u b le j e o p a r d y a t a n a p p e l l a t e l e v e l , a s in- th e f o l
lo w in g c l a u s e :
In the e v e n t of an a c q u i t t a l the d e c i s i o n s h a l l b e f i n a l an d n ot s u b
j e c t to a p p e a l . In the e v e n t o f a g u il ty v e r d i c t the a c c u s e d m a y a p p e a l .
( L a u n d r y , D r y C l e a n in g an d D y e H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , I n d .)
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s q u a l i f i e d the d o u b le j e o p a r d y s a f e g u a r d b y p e r m i t t i n g
the a c c u s e r to f i l e s u b s e q u e n t a p p e a l s if the a c c u s e d h a d i n i t i a l l y a p p e a l e d f r o m
a v e r d i c t of g u il ty a s in the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
A n y m e m b e r who h a s b e e n c o n v i c t e d o f a n y o f f e n s e . . . a n d who
b e l i e v e s h is c o n v ic t io n w a s i r r e g u l a r o r u n j u s t i f i e d m a y a p p e a l to the
In tern ation al E x ecu tiv e B o a rd . . .
E i t h e r the a p p e l l a n t o r r e s p o n d e n t m a y a p p e a l a d e c i s i o n of the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , o r an y L o c a l U n ion a f f e c t e d a s s u c h by
a d e c i s i o n o r a c t i o n of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y a p p e a l to
the n e x t s u c c e e d i n g c o n v e n tio n . . . (U n it e d R u b b e r , C o r k , L i n o l e u m
and P l a s t i c W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a )
S t a t u s P e n d in g A p p e a l .
In the g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s , t h e r e w e r e no
e x p l i c i t p r o v i s i o n s f o r s t a y i n g e x e c u t io n o f the t r i a l b o d y ^ d e c i s i o n p e n d i n g d e
t e r m i n a t i o n o f the f i n a l a p p e a l ( t a b l e V I - 15).
T h i s w a s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e w ith r e g a r d
to a p p e a l s b y l o c a l o f f i c e r s , w ith o n ly f i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v i d i n g
fo r a stay .
It s h o u ld be b o r n e in m in d , h o w e v e r , th a t in s o m e o f the 52 c o n
s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r a s t a y o f e x e c u t i o n in c a s e s in v o l v in g " m e m b e r s " the t e r m
m a y h a v e b e e n u s e d in i t s b r o a d s e n s e s o a s to in c l u d e o f f i c e r s a s w e l l.
Of the a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s th a t s p e c i f i e d a s t a y o f e x e c u t i o n , the m o s t
c o m m o n p r o v i s i o n (in 28 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ) w a s one w h ich g a v e the a p p e l l a t e b o d y
d i s c r e t i o n a r y a u t h o r it y .
F o r e xam p le :
P e n d i n g a n a p p e a l , the d e c i s i o n a p p e a l e d f r o m s h a l l r e m a i n in f u ll
f o r c e an d e f f e c t u n l e s s the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , up on a p p l i c a t i o n an d the s h o w
in g o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y g o o d c a u s e , d e e m s it a p p r o p r i a t e to s t a y the e n f o r c e
m e n t o f the ju d g m e n t .
( B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l
U n io n o f A m e r i c a , I n d . )
O n ly fi v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a n a u t o m a t i c s t a y o f e x e c u t i o n o f a l l
d e c i s i o n s p e n d in g a p p e a l b y m e m b e r s .
T h e n o t i c e of a p p e a l u s u a l l y m a r k e d the
p o in t a t w h ich the w a i v e r of e n f o r c e m e n t b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e .
S i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a n a u t o m a t i c s t a y of e x e c u t i o n o f a l l p e n a l
t i e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s e x c e p t t h o s e in v o l v in g f i n e s .
T y p i c a l l y , the un ion w a s to
h o ld the fin e in a n e s c r o w a c c o u n t un til a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s r e n d e r e d .
A s m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y , m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d m e m b e r s on t r i a l
to c o m p l y w ith the t r i a l b o d y * s d e c i s i o n p e n d in g a f i n a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n b y a n
a p p e l l a t e b o d y . T h e s e m e m b e r s , if s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , w o u ld f o r f e i t m e m b e r
s h i p f r o m the t i m e the t r i a l b o d y r e n d e r e d it s d e c i s i o n .
A m e a s u r e of p ro te c tio n ,
h o w e v e r , w a s s o m e t i m e s g r a n t e d , a s sh o w n in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e :
W hile a n y m e m b e r . . .
i s e x e r c i s i n g the r i g h t o f a p p e a l , the f i n a n
c i a l s t a n d i n g of s u c h m e m b e r . . . s h a l l n ot be i m p a i r e d b y r e f u s a l to
a c c e p t d u e s . . . u n til a f t e r the ( E x e c u t i v e C o u n c il) h a s p a s s e d upon
the a p p e a l . . . ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of M a c h i n i s t s )
Ill
T a b le V I-15. Status of M em bers and Local O fficers Pending A pp eal,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
^ M e m i^
L o cal officers
M embers
Status pending ap p eal
A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l -------------Constitutions providing for stay of ex ecu tion of
a ll or som e decisions of tr ia l body
pending ap p eal ----------------------------------------A pp eal body could stay a ll d e c is i o n s ----------D ecisions of lo c a l could be stayed ; no refe rence to international decisions ---------------A ll d ecisions were a u to m atic ally s t a y e d ------A ll decisions ex cep t on fin es were
a u to m a tic a lly stayed ----------------------------A ll d ecisions ex cep t on fines and officers'
rem oval were a u to m a tic ally stayed ---------Other ---------------------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for stay of execu tion
of decisions of tr ia l body pending ap p eal -------
Unions
M embers
Unions
Members
152
16, 9 0 6 .5
150
16, 8 6 8 .7
52
28
8 ,3 1 1 .6
5, 4 9 7 .4
5
-
9 9 6 .8
-
9
5
8 6 2 .7
6 1 .4
6
2 9 4 .6
_
.
5 .9
_
1 ,5 9 5 .5
4
-
9 9 0 .9
14
2 100
8, 594. 9
145
15, 8 7 2 .0
-
* Under 1 constitution, a ll decisions were in fu ll force and effe ct, but the international president could w aive
the paym ent of fin es; under 1 constitution, the ap p eal body could stay lo c a l, but not international decisions; and under
2 constitutions, only d ecisions to reprim and and censure were au to m atic ally stayed.
2 Includes 28 constitutions which sp e cifie d that a ll decisions were in fu ll force and e ffe ct; 19 constitutions which
sp e cifie d that a ll international decisions were in fu ll force and effe ct, with no referen ce to lo c a l decisions; and 53 con
stitutions with no referen ce to stay of execution.
3 Includes 2 constitutions which sp e cifie d th at a ll d ecisions were in fu ll force and e ffe c t, and 143 constitutions
with no referen ce to stay of execu tion.
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals.
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A p p e l l a t e R e v i e w . T h e un ion a p p e a l p r o c e s s w a s c h a r
a c t e r i z e d b y p r o v i s i o n s f o r f r e q u e n t r e v i e w s of the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n , c o m
m o n l y c o u p le d w ith a p o w e r to g r a n t th e a c c u s e d a n ew t r i a l b e f o r e the a p p e a l
body.
A l o c a l un ion d e c i s i o n w a s u s u a l l y r e v i e w e d by e a c h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l
up to the c o n v e n t io n .
T h u s the d i s t r i c t bo d y , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t , and the
g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d p a s s e d on the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d .
T he
p r o c e d u r a l d e t a i l s o f the a p p e l l a t e h e a r i n g b e f o r e t h e s e b o d i e s w e r e r a r e l y s p e
cifie d .
M o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s g r a n t e d w id e d i s c r e t i o n to the a p p e a l b o d y .
For
e x a m p le :
A p p e a l s s h a l l be h e a r d e i t h e r on the r e c o r d m a d e b e f o r e the t r i a l
t r i b u n a l o r b y a r e - t r i a l , in the d i s c r e t i o n o f the b o d y h e a r i n g the
a p p e a l . . . . p a r t i e s m a y , in the d i s c r e t i o n o f the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , be
a c c o r d e d the r i g h t to a p p e a r b e f o r e the a p p e l l a t e b o d y an d p r e s e n t a r g u
m e n t on the c a s e .
(in tern atio n al B ro th erh o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C h au ffeu rs,
W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s o f A m e r i c a , Ind. )
O th e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i r e c t e d the a p p e a l b o d y to e s t a b l i s h p r o c e d u r a l r u l e s .
C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a , fo r ex a m p le , p ro v id e d :
T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the U n io n s h a l l e s t a b l i s h r e a s o n a b l e a p p e a l
p r o c e d u r e s w ithin the s t r u c t u r e o f the U nion to r e v i e w c o m p l a i n t s of
m e m b e r s w h ich a l l e g e v i o l a t i o n o f the c o n s t it u t io n , L o c a l B y l a w s , o r
the r i g h t s an d p r i v i l e g e s of m e m b e r s .
T he
112
O n ly a fe w a p p e a l c l a u s e s s p e c i f i c a l l y l i m i t e d the s c o p e o f r e v i e w to
i s s u e s r a i s e d a t the t r i a l .
F o r e x a m p l e , the M u s i c i a n s * c o n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e d th a t
a p p e a l s " s h a l l b e d e c i d e d o n ly up on the e v i d e n c e u s e d in the h e a r i n g o f s u c h
m a t t e r . 11
F in al A ppeal Body.
In un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , th e p o w e r to end l i t i g a t i o n by
r e n d e r i n g a c o n c l u s i v e d e c i s i o n w a s u s u a l l y v e s t e d in the b o d y w h ich a l s o h ad
s u p r e m e a u t h o r i t y in l e g i s l a t i v e a n d e x e c u t i v e a f f a i r s , the u n io n c o n v e n t io n
( t a b l e V I-16).
T h e c o n v e n t io n w a s d e s i g n a t e d a s a c o u r t o f l a s t r e s o r t in 129 o f
T a b le V I-16.
F in al A ppeal Bodies,* N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l studied
AFL-CIO
F in al ap p eal bodies
Unions
A ll constitutions providing
for a p p e a l ----------------------------------C onstitutions providing for fin al
a p p e a l to union convention -----------C onvention for a ll a p p e a l s -----------t C onvention or pu blic
review ----------------------------------C onvention or r e fe r e n d u m -----------C onvention or president or
ex ecu tiv e board depend
ing upon the offense or
p e n a l t y ----------------------------------Constitutions providing for fin al
a p p e a l to other b o d i e s ------------------E xecutive b o a r d ------------------------R eferendum ----------------------------Internal a p p eal b o a r d -----------------Other fin a l ap p e al b o d i e s -------------
U n affiliated
M embers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
153
1 6 ,9 1 2 .3
121
14, 2 2 5 .6
32
2 ,6 8 6 .7
129
109
14, 3 5 5 .7
1 0 ,0 4 9 . 1
105
88
13, 2 4 6 .0
9, 547. 8
24
1, 1 0 9 .7
5 0 1 .3
4
9
1, 2 4 8 .8
1, 2 1 0 .6
4
7
1 ,2 4 8 .8
1,2 0 2 .2
-
-
2
8 .4
7
1 ,8 4 7 .2
6
1, 247. 2
1
6 0 0 .0
24
17
3
22
22
2, 5 5 6 .7
2 ,3 2 6 .7
1 1 .4
2 1 3 .8
4 .8
16
9 7 9 .6
7 5 1 .4
1 1 .4
2 1 3 .8
3 .0
8
7
-
1 ,5 7 7 .0
1 ,5 7 5 .2
10
3
2
1
21
1
_
_
1.8
A fin a l ap p eal body was defined as the highest body authorized to pass on an a p p e al before the accu sed was
considered to have exhausted a ll rem ed ies w ithin the union.
2 Under 1 constitution, a lo c a l union referendum was held if the ex ecu tiv e board reversed a lo c a l tria l d ecision,
otherw ise the ex ecu tiv e board 's d ecision was fin a l; and under 1 constitution, the president of the union rendered fin al
a p p e lla te d ecision s.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums o f individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
the 153 c o n s t i t u t i o n s h a v in g a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s , a lt h o u g h in s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s it
s h a r e d t h is p o w e r w ith a n o t h e r b o d y .
P r o c e d u r a lly , re v ie w w as p e r f o r m e d by an
a p p e a l s c o m m i t t e e , u s u a l l y a p p o in t e d b y the u n io n *s e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s , f r e q u e n t l y
b y the s a m e o f f i c e r who s e r v e d in i n t e r m e d i a t e a p p e l l a t e f u n c t i o n s .
The c o m
m i t t e e th u s a p p o in t e d r e v i e w e d the r e c o r d , a t t i m e s h e a r d a r g u m e n t s of e a c h
p a r t y , and i s s u e d i t s d e c i s i o n in the f o r m o f a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to the c o n v e n
tio n .
T h e f o ll o w in g e x c e r p t s s u m m a r i z e d th is p r o c e d u r e :
T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l a p p o in t the fo ll o w in g c o m m i t t e e s
. . . A p p e a l s an d G r i e v a n c e s . . . T h e C o m m i t t e e . . . s h a l l h e a r o r
r e c e i v e w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s on the s a m e a n d r e p o r t t h e r e o n to the I n t e r
n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d C o n v e n tio n .
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of B o i l e r
m a k e r s , Iro n S h i p b u i l d e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s a n d H e l p e r s )
sjc
>J«
113
W h e re a n a p p e a l i s ta k e n to th e C o n v e n tio n f r o m a d e c i s i o n o f the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d it s h a l l b e h e a r d b y the A p p e a l s C o m m i t t e e
w h ich s h a l l r e n d e r a r e p o r t to the C o n v e n tio n .
The m otion p r e s e n te d
to the C o n v e n tio n w il l b e the a d o p t io n o f the C o m m i t t e e ' s r e p o r t .
The
u s u a l r u l e s g o v e r n i n g d e b a t e on s u c h m o t i o n s w il l a p p ly , e x c e p t th a t
the p a r t i e s to the a p p e a l m a y s p e a k on the m o t i o n e v e n i f th e y a r e not
d e le g ate s.
A m e m b e r o f the A p p e a l s C o m m i t t e e m a y n ot s i t on a n y c a s e in
w h ich he h a s a n y i n t e r e s t o r w h ic h a r o s e in a L o c a l o f w h ic h he i s a
m em ber.
T h e P r e s i d e n t m a y s u b s t i t u t e m e m b e r s to the A p p e a l s C o m
m itte e fo r th ose d isq u a lifie d .
T h e P r e s i d e n t m a y d i r e c t the A p p e a l s C o m m i t t e e to c o m e to th e C o n
v e n tio n c i t y f o r the p u r p o s e o f h e a r i n g a p p e a l s b e f o r e the C o n v e n tio n o f f i
c ially b e g in s.
( A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of M u s i c i a n s )
U n d e r m a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to a p p e a r a t the
c o n v e n t io n a n d p r e s e n t h is a r g u m e n t s , e v e n i f he w a s no l o n g e r a m e m b e r , a s
in the f o ll o w in g :
A n y m e m b e r , o r f o r m e r m e m b e r (who w a s a m e m b e r a t t i m e of
h o ld in g o f p r e v i o u s c o n v e n tio n ) . . . m a y a p p e a r in p e r s o n a t the c o n
v e n t i o n a t h is own e x p e n s e , to a r g u e h is w r i t t e n a p p e a l a n d he s h a l l b e
r e s t r i c t e d in h is r e m a r k s to the c o n t e n t s o f h i s w r i t t e n a p p e a l . ( O p e r a t i v e
P l a s t e r e r s ' an d C e m e n t M a s o n s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f the U n ite d
S ta te s and C anada)
O f the 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich a u t h o r i z e d e i t h e r the c o n v e n t io n o r a n a l t e r
n a t e b o d y to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n , 9 p r o v i d e d f o r a m e m b e r s h i p w i d e r e f e r e n d u m
a n d 7 s p e c i f i e d v a r y i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a p p e a l to d i f f e r e n t b o d i e s .
In the l a s t g r o u p , f o r i n s t a n c e , the U n ite d T e x t i l e W o r k e r s ' g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d w a s the c o u r t o f l a s t r e s o r t f r o m l o c a l t r i a l d e c i s i o n s an d the co n v e n tio n
th e f i n a l a p p e a l b o d y f r o m t h o s e m a d e b y the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d .
T he
C a r p e n t e r ' s c o n s t i t u t i o n v e s t e d the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w ith f i n a l d e t e r
m i n a t i o n o f c a s e s in v o l v in g t r a d e r u l e s b u t l e f t o t h e r c a s e s to th e c o n v e n t io n .
U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o n ly c a s e s in v o l v in g d e s i g n a t e d p e n a l t i e s c o u ld
b e t a k e n to th e c o n v e n tio n .
F o r e x a m p le :
A n a p p e a l c a n b e m a d e to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d f r o m a n y
d e c i s i o n , o f w h a t e v e r k in d , o f a L o c a l o r a n y o t h e r a u t h o r i t y .
A fu rth er
a p p e a l c a n b e m a d e to a c o n v e n t io n in a n y c a s e in v o l v in g a n u l t i m a t e fin e
o f $ 5 0 0 o r m o r e , o r e x p u l s i o n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p in the F e d e r a t i o n . . . .
(A m e ric a n F e d e ra tio n of M u sician s)
N e x t to the c o n v e n t io n , the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ( o r o t h e r g o v e r n i n g
b o dy) w a s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y d e s i g n a t e d a s the f i n a l a g e n c y in the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s .
A s the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e s i l l u s t r a t e , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s e x p l i c i t l y r e s t r i c t e d f u r t h e r
a p p e a ls:
In a l l m a t t e r s in v o l v in g o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s an d i n d i v i d u a l
m e m b e r s t h e r e s h a l l b e no f u r t h e r a p p e a l f r o m the d e c i s i o n o f the G e n e r a l
E x e cu tiv e B o a r d .
(in tern atio n al B ro th erh o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C h au ffeu rs,
W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , Ind. )
^
114
The In tern atio n al E x e c u tiv e C ouncil s h a ll th ereu p on p a s s upon su c h
a p p e a l , e i t h e r r e v e r s i n g , a f f i r m i n g , o r m o d i f y i n g the a c t i o n o f the L o c a l
U n io n , a n d i t s a c t i o n . . . s h a l l be f i n a l a n d c o n c l u s i v e .
(N ation al
A s s o c i a t i o n o f B r o a d c a s t E m p l o y e e s and T e c h n i c i a n s )
Tw o c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r f i n a l r e v i e w b y p e r m a n e n t ‘‘a p p e a l b o a r d s 11
w ith in the un ion .
T h e s e b o a r d s w e r e c o m p o s e d of r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s , a n d
w e r e in d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a l b o d i e s , f r e e f r o m o t h e r e x e c u t i v e an d l e g i s l a t i v e r e
sp o n sib ilitie s.
T h e c h a i r m a n w a s e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s o f the b o a r d .
One
o f t h e s e two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n ^ , p r o v i d e d two i n t e r n a l a p p e a l
b o ard s.
One o f the b o a r d s , the B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s an d I n s u r a n c e , w a s e m p o w e r e d
to h e a r a p p e a l s f r o m e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s in w h ich the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t e x e r
c ise d tr ia l ju risd ic tio n .
T h e o t h e r b o a r d , the B o a r d of A p p e a l s , h ad a u t h o r i t y to
h e a r a p p e a ls fr o m a ll re m ain in g t r i a l d e c is io n s .
T h e s e v e n m e m b e r s of th is
l a t t e r b o a r d w e r e e l e c t e d b y the c o n v e n t io n a n d s e r v e d u n til the f o ll o w in g c o n
vention.
T o b e e l i g i b l e f o r e l e c t i o n to t h is b o a r d , a m e m b e r w a s r e q u i r e d to
m e e t the fo ll o w in g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s :
M e m b e r s o f the B o a r d o f A p p e a l s m u s t h o ld r o s t e r r i g h t s in e i t h e r
on e o f the c l a s s e s o f s e r v i c e r e p r e s e n t e d b y the B r o t h e r h o o d . . . and
s h a l l h a v e h ad n ot l e s s th a n 4 y e a r s e x p e r i e n c e a s a m e m b e r o f a g e n
e r a l g r i e v a n c e c o m m i t t e e . . . . G e n e r a l C h a i r m e n . . . (and) F i e l d
s u p e r v i s o r s w il l not b e e l i g i b l e f o r e l e c t i o n . . . .
In a d d it i o n ,
m e m b e r s w e r e to o b s e r v e the
fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f o r i m p a r t i a l i t y :
A m e m b e r . . . w ill n ot b e p e r m i t t e d to r e p r e s e n t the G r a n d L o d g e
in a n y o t h e r c a p a c i t y w h ile s e r v i n g a s a m e m b e r o f one o f t h e s e B o a r d s .
. . . In a n a p p e a l in w h ich a B o a r d m e m b e r ' s l o d g e i s in d i r e c t
c o n t r o v e r s y w ith s o m e o t h e r l o d g e , he m u s t d i s q u a l i f y h i m s e l f o r be
e x c u s e d b y the c h a i r m a n of s a i d B o a r d . . . .
T h e s e c o n d c o n s t it u t io n , th a t o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r L i n e P i l o t s ' A s s o
c i a t i o n , p r o v i d e d f o r a b o a r d c o m p o s e d of f i v e r e g u l a r a n d t h r e e a l t e r n a t e m e m
b e r s to b e a p p o in t e d by the u n i o n 's e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e f r o m a p a n e l n o m i n a t e d
by d is t r ic t co u n cils.
F o r e a c h h e a r i n g , the c o m p o s i t i o n o f th is b o d y w a s to be
d e t e r m i n e d in the f o ll o w in g m a n n e r :
. . . e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s s h a l l
h a v e the r i g h t o f c h a l l e n g i n g a m e m b e r o f the H e a r i n g an d A p p e a l s B o a r d .
When s u c h c h a l l e n g e i s e x e r c i s e d , one o f the a l t e r n a t e s s e l e c t e d b y the
c h a l l e n g e r s h a l l b e c o m e a r e g u l a r m e m b e r . . . f o r h e a r i n g the s u b j e c t
case.
P u b lic R ev iew .
F o u r un ion s, a ll A F L - C I O a f f ilia t e s , p ro v id e d fo r re v ie w
of d is c ip lin a r y action under s p e c ifie d c ir c u m s t a n c e s by ou tsid e re v ie w b o a r d s .
T h e s e r e v i e w b o a r d s c o m p o s e d o f w e l l known i n d i v i d u a l s s e l e c t e d , in the m a i n ,
f r o m s u c h f i e l d s a s r e l i g i o n , la w , a n d e d u c a t i o n , p r o v i d e d the a c c u s e d a n o p p o r
tu n ity to a p p e a l to a b o d y th a t w a s s e p a r a t e an d f r e e f r o m un ion c o n t r o l .
istratio n .
O u t s i d e r e v i e w i s a r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t in un ion j u d i c i a l a d m i n
T h e f i r s t p r o c e d u r e w a s i n s t i t u t e d in 195 3 , w hen the U p h o l s t e r e r s '
115
un ion a m e n d e d i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n to p r o v i d e f o r a p p e a l to a n o u t s i d e " a p p e a l b o a r d "
( t a b le V I - 17). B y 1959 t h r e e o t h e r u n io n s h a d fo ll o w e d s u it . 34
T a b le V I - 17. Public R eview of Union D isciplinary A ctions,
N ational and International Unions, Early 1961
Union
Upholsterers' International
Union (A F L - C IO ).......... ...........
United A utom obile Workers
(AFL-CIO ) ----------------------
Y ear
provision
adopted
N am e of review
board
Size
of
board
(
T erm of o ffice
How se lecte d
By convention.
1953
A pp eal board.
9 m em b ers.2 U n specified .
1957
Public review
board. ^
7 m em bers.
Period betw een
conventions.
President appoints, su bject
to approval of ex ecu tive
board and ratific atio n
of convention.
M arine Engineers' B e n eficial
A ssociatio n (AFL-CIO ) -------
1958
N ational pan el.
3 m em bers.
U n specified .
By n ation al ex ecu tive
co m m ittee.
Packinghouse, Food and A llie d
Workers (AFL-CIO ) -----------
1959
Public advisory re-^
view com m ission. 5 m em b ers.2 U n specified .
4
By execu tive b o ard .2
1 Source: G en eral law s, a rticle X X XIV , sections 6 (a) and 6 (b); appendix B.
2 Not sp e cifie d in constitution.
3 Source: C onstitution of the international union, article 31.
4 Source: N ation al constitution, appendix, constitution for districts and subordinate associations, a rticle VIII,
section 7.
5 Source: Established in Ju ly 1959, by the International E xecutive Board, and unanim ously endorsed and approved
(resolution number 3) by the 12th constitution al convention, May 1960.
P r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g to t h r e e o f the f o u r r e v i e w b o a r d s w e r e g iv e n c o n
stitu tio n al s ta tu s.
T h e fo u r t h , i n s t i t u t e d by the P a c k i n g h o u s e , F o o d an d A l l i e d
W o r k e r s , w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d u n d e r i t s a u t h o r i t y Mto do t h o s e
t h in g s n e c e s s a r y to i n s u r e p r o p e r a n d e f f e c t i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f the a f f a i r s o f
th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n . " T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the P a c k i n g h o u s e W o r k e r s n a m e d
a f i v e - m e m b e r c o m m i s s i o n a s the r e v i e w b o a r d .
34
A S e n a t e v e r s i o n o f the b i ll th a t s u b s e q u e n t l y b e c a m e th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t
R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959 w ou ld h a v e r e q u i r e d e v e r y union to a d o p t a
s y s t e m of im p a r t ia l rev iew :
S e c . 101(a) (6) . . . D i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n m a y b e t a k e n u n l e s s s u c h m e m b e r
has been . . .
(e)
a f f o r d e d f i n a l r e v i e w on a w r it t e n t r a n s c r i p t o f the h e a r i n g , by an
im p a rtia l p e rso n or p erso n s
(i) a g r e e d to b y s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n an d the a c c u s e d , o r
(ii) d e s i g n a t e d b y a n in d e p e n d e n t a r b i t r a t i o n o r m e d i a t i o n a s s o c i a t i o n o r
board.
( S e n a t e B i l l 1555, 86th C o n g . , 1 s t S e s s . (1 0 5 C o n g . R e c . 5 810,
A p r i l 22, 1959)
T he b i l l f i n a l l y e n a c t e d did n ot c o n ta in t h is p r o v i s i o n .
R a t h e r , it p l a c e d the r e
s p o n s i b i l i t y in the h a n d s o f un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t i e s an d , u l t i m a t e l y , the
civ il c o u r ts .
116
T h e U p h o l s t e r e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n ’ s b o a r d w a s c o m p o s e d o f " i m p a r t i a l
p e r s o n s of g o o d r e p u t e n ot h a v in g m e m b e r s h i p o r an y o t h e r d i r e c t i n t e r e s t in the
(u n io n )."
Its j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s s e t f o r t h a s f o l l o w s :
T h e A p p e a l B o a r d . . . s h a l l h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n to h e a r an d d e t e r m i n e
o n ly s u c h a p p e a l s a s a r i s e f r o m a d e c i s i o n o r a c t i o n o f the G e n e r a l E x e c
u t iv e B o a r d in a c a s e in v o lv in g c h a r g e s o f v i o l a t i o n s o f the l a w s o r
p o l i c i e s the U. I. U. o r o f a n y o f i t s s u b d i v i s i o n s , bu t s h a l l n ot h a v e
j u r i s d i c t i o n to h e a r o r d e t e r m i n e an y a p p e a l f r o m a c t i o n s o r d e c i s i o n s
o f the U. I. U. , . . . in m a t t e r s n ot in v o l v in g a n a t t e m p t to i m p o s e d i s c i
p l i n e up on a . . . m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the U. I. U. o r o f a n y o f i t s
su b o rd in ate b o d ie s.
T h e c o n s t it u t io n o f the A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s r e q u i r e d th a t th e P u b l i c
R e v i e w B o a r d o f th a t un ion b e c o m p o s e d o f " i m p a r t i a l p e r s o n s o f g o o d p u b li c
r e p u t e , n ot w o r k i n g u n d e r th e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the UAW. "
T his b o a r d 's ju r is d ic t io n
w a s b r o a d e r th an h e a r i n g an d d e c i d i n g d i s c i p l i n e c a s e s , e x t e n d i n g a l s o to c a s e s
in v o l v in g v i o l a t i o n o f the u n i o n 's o r the A F L - C I O * s C o d e of E t h i c a l P r a c t i c e s .
T h i s r e v i e w b o a r d , w ith in d e p e n d e n t i n v e s t i g a t i n g p o w e r an d the a u t h o r i t y to a c t
e v e n in the a b s e n c e o f an a p p e a l , w a s a l s o a m o n i t o r o f the u n i o n 's e t h i c a l a f f a i r s .
T h e p r e a m b l e to the P u b l i c R e v i e w B o a r d p r o v i s i o n s t a t e d the r e a s o n f o r e s t a b
l i s h i n g the b o a r d to b e " f o r the p u r p o s e of i n s u r i n g a c o n tin u a t io n o f h ig h m o r a l
a n d e t h i c a l s t a n d a r d s in the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d o p e r a t i v e p r a c t i c e s of the i n t e r
n a t i o n a l un io n . "
T h e p u b l i c r e v i e w b o d y of the M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n ,
c o m p o s e d o f " t h r e e p u b l i c p e r s o n s , " h ad a n a r r o w e r g r a n t o f a u t h o r i t y .
H ere,
the N a t i o n a l P a n e l ' s j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s l i m i t e d to i m p e a c h m e n t of e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s
of l o c a ls and d i s t r i c t s .
T h e M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d it s N a t i o n a l P a n e l to d e t e r
m i n e i t s own p r o c e d u r e s , an d g a v e no o t h e r d e t a i l s .
T h e U p h o l s t e r e r s an d the
A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , d e a l t w ith p r o c e d u r a l m a t t e r s in c o n
s id e r a b le d e tail.
B o th a u t h o r i z e d t h e i r b o a r d s to e l e c t t h e i r own c h a i r m e n a n d
p e r m i t t e d h e a r i n g s to b e c o n d u c t e d b y p a n e l s o f the b o a r d s .
The A u to m o b ile
W o r k e r s ' b o a r d w a s a u t h o r i z e d to d i s m i s s a p p e a l s th a t " f a i l to s t a t e a l l e g a t i o n s
s u f f i c i e n t l y s e r i o u s " o r th a t w e r e " m a n i f e s t l y f r i v o l o u s " w ith o u t g r a n t i n g the a c
cu se d a fo r m a l h earin g .
B o th b o a r d s w e r e e m p o w e r e d to a s s e s s a p e n a l t y a g a i n s t
fa ls e o r m alic io u s a c c u s e r s .
T h e U p h o l s t e r e r s ' A p p e a l B o a r d w a s to d e t e r m i n e
" w h e t h e r c o s t s o f the a p p e a l s h a l l b e l e v i e d on e i t h e r p a r t y , " an d the A u t o m o b i l e
W o r k e r s ’ P u b l i c R e v i e w B o a r d w a s to a s s e s s a fin e " i f the f a c t s i n d i c a t e the
a c c u s e r a c t e d in b a d f a i t h o r w ith m a l i c i o u s in te n t an d in a w i l lf u l e f f o r t to d iv id e
a n d d i s r u p t the un ion . "
In the M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ’ an d the A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s * u n i o n s , the d e
c i s i o n o f the r e v i e w b o a r d w a s f i n a l a n d b in d in g .
In the U p h o l s t e r e r s ' U n ion ,
the c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r m i t t e d a f u r t h e r a p p e a l to the u n ion c o n v e n t io n in c a s e s i n
vo lv in g e x p u lsio n :
. . . T h e a p p e l l a n t m a y e l e c t e i t h e r one o f t h e s e two a v e n u e s to
a p p e a l but n ot both , e x c e p t th a t in the e v e n t the A p p e a l B o a r d u p h o ld s a
p e n a l t y o f e x p u l s i o n the a p p e l l a n t m a y . . . m a k e f i n a l a p p e a l to the
n e x t c o n v e n t io n .
On the v a l u e o f p u b li c r e v i e w b o a r d s in d i s c i p l i n a r y m a t t e r s , A r c h i b a l d
C o x , th en c h a i r m a n o f the U p h o l s t e r e r s ' r e v i e w b o a r d , w r o t e a s f o l l o w s in th e
1959 r e p o r t o f th a t b o a r d :
T h e v a l u e o f the i m p a r t i a l A p p e a l B o a r d c a n n o t b e m e a s u r e d b y the
vo lu m e of its b u s i n e s s .
Its v e r y e x i s t e n c e w ou ld te n d to i n s u r e f a i r n e s s
117
e v e n th ough it h e a r d no c a s e s .
If t h e r e w e r e d a n g e r o f . . . o f f i c e r s
b e c o m i n g c a r e l e s s o r a r b i t r a r y in a d i s c i p l i n a r y m a t t e r , the v e r y e x i s t
e n c e o f the B o a r d w ou ld r e m i n d th e m th a t t h e i r c o n d u c t w a s o p e n to
s c r u t i n y b y o u t s i d e r s an d t h e y w ou ld a c t m o r e c a r e f u l l y in o r d e r to a v o id
the e m b a r r a s s m e n t o f b e in g o v e r r u l e d .
Thus u n fa irn e ss is p rev e n ted by
s e l f - d i s c i p l i n e b e f o r e the u n f a i r n e s s o c c u r s w ith o u t the n e e d f o r A p p e a l
B o ard p ro c ee d in g s.
E l s e w h e r e in the r e p o r t , C h a i r m a n C o x d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
o f the a p p e a l b o a r d a n d the i n t e r n a l t r i a l p r o c e s s .
Q u o tin g f r o m a n a p p e a l b o a r d
o p in io n :
T h e p r i m a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h e a r i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t in d i v i d u a l
m e m b e r s a n d th en d e t e r m i n i n g t h e i r g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e r e s t s w ith in the
un ion . . . It i s i m p o r t a n t th a t the un ion r e t a i n t h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ; i t s
p e r f o r m a n c e i s an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f d e m o c r a t i c s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t .
Our
fu n c tio n i s n ot to s u b s t i t u t e o u r s e l v e s f o r the u n io n *s t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s .
O u r t a s k a s a n a p p e a l b o a r d i s to s e e th a t th e c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s
w e r e f a i t h f u l l y f o ll o w e d a n d th a t the t r i a l w a s c o n d u c t e d a n d the d e c i s i o n
w a s r e n d e r e d w ith o u t u n f a i r n e s s to the a c c u s e d .
T h is g e n e r a l in q u iry
in v o lv e s th re e s p e c i f ic i s s u e s :
(1)
W as the h e a r i n g c o n d u c t e d in a m a n n e r c a l c u l a t e d to e l i c i t the
tr u t h , g iv i n g (the a c c u s e d ) n o t i c e of the c h a r g e s a n d a f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y to
p r e p a r e a n d p r e s e n t h is d e f e n s e ;
(2)
W as t h e r e s u b s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e to s u p p o r t the fin d in g .
(3)
D id the m i s c o n d u c t w a r r a n t the p e n a l t y i m p o s e d .
.
. ; an d
T im e L im its
C o n s t i t u t i o n a l t i m e l i m i t s m a y s e r v e t h r e e j u d i c i a l p u r p o s e s (1) to i m p o s e
a ’’ s t a t u t e o f l i m i t a t i o n s , ” (2) to g u a r a n t e e a s p e e d y t r i a l , a n d (3) to a l l o w the
a c c u s e d s u f f i c i e n t t i m e to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e .
E x c e s s i v e d e la y or e x c e s s iv e
s p e e d m a y b o th b e c o n t r a r y to f a i r t r e a t m e n t .
F o r no u n io n c o n s t it u t io n w a s it p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e th e p r e c i s e t i m e
l i m i t s a l l o w e d f o r the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s . 35 In the f i r s t p l a c e , t i m e l i m i t a t i o n s
w e r e not w i d e s p r e a d a t e i t h e r l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l p r o c e e d i n g s .
Of the
t i m e l i m i t s s t u d i e d , o n ly the m i n i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d f o r the a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e a
d e f e n s e , a n d the t i m e w ith in w h ich to f i l e a n a p p e a l , w e r e s p e c i f i e d in a m a j o r i t y
of co n stitu tio n s.
In l e s s th a n a m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s , it w a s fo un d th a t t i m e w a s a ll o w e d
to f i l e c h a r g e s ; to n o t ify the a c c u s e d o f c h a r g e s ; to c o n v e n e the t r i a l b o d y ; to
r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n ; to c o n v e n e the a p p e a l b o d y ; o r to r e n d e r a f i n a l a p p e l l a t e
d e cisio n .
S e c o n d l y , w h e r e c e r t a i n t i m e l i m i t s w e r e s p e c i f i e d it w a s n ot p o s s i b l e
to a d d the t i m e l i m i t s f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s a n d a r r i v e a t the
to tal allo w ab le tim e .
A t l e a s t one p h a s e o f the t r i a l w a s n ot s u b j e c t to a t i m e
lim ita tio n .
S o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , r e q u i r e d the t r i a l b o d y to c o n v e n e
w ith in a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r of d a y s a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d , b u t no l i m i t a t i o n s
w e r e p l a c e d on the t i m e in w h ich a d e c i s i o n h ad to b e h a n d e d dow n , w h ile o t h e r
c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d a d e c i s i o n w ithin a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f d a y s a f t e r h e a r i n g ,
b u t m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to the t i m e w ith in w h ich the h e a r i n g w a s to t a k e p l a c e
a f t e r c h a r g e s w e re file d .
35
T h e t e r m ’ ’d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s ” i n c l u d e s th a t p e r i o d o f t i m e f r o m the
f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s to the f i n a l a p p e a l d e c i s i o n .
118
E v e n e x c lu d in g a p p e a l s p r o v i s i o n s , o n ly the R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n ' s c o n
s t i t u t i o n a c c o u n t e d f o r the t o t a l t i m e b e t w e e n the f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s a n d the t r i a l
b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n , an d th en o n ly f o r c e r t a i n t r i a l s , n a m e l y , a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l
t r i a l o f a m e m b e r on the g r o u n d s th a t he w a s a n " i n f o r m e r , s p o t t e r , s p y o r
o p e ra tiv e fo r any d ete ctiv e agen cy, r a ilr o a d com pany, o r other p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s . "
In s u c h c a s e s , the h e a r i n g h ad to c o m m e n c e w ithin 30 d a y s a f t e r the f i l i n g o f
c h a r g e s ; a t the c l o s e o f the h e a r i n g , the m a t t e r w a s s u b m i t t e d to the p r e s i d e n t ,
who w a s r e q u i r e d to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w ith in 10 d a y s .
One o f the m o s t e x p l i c i t c o n s t i t u t i o n s w a s th a t o f the A i r L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s
A sso ciatio n .
In th a t c o n s t it u t io n , a h e a r i n g h ad to b e h e ld n ot l e s s th an 30 but
n ot m o r e th a n 60 d a y s f r o m the f i l i n g of c h a r g e s ; d e c i s i o n s h ad to b e a n n o u n c e d
w ith in 30 d a y s o f the h e a r i n g ; a p p e a l s h ad to b e t a k e n w ithin 30 d a y s o f the d a t e
o f d e c i s i o n ; a n d a p p e a l s h ad to b e d e c i d e d w ithin the fo ll o w in g 30 d a y s .
H ow ever,
the p r o v i s i o n f o r a h e a r i n g d u r i n g the 3 0 - to 6 0 - d a y p e r i o d f r o m th e f i l i n g o f
c h a r g e s c o u ld b e w a i v e d b y m u t u a l c o n s e n t .
T i m e p e r i o d s w e r e o fte n e x p r e s s e d in g e n e r a l t e r m s , s u c h a s " r e a s o n a b l e
t i m e " o r " w ith o u t un du e d e l a y , " w h ich p r e c l u d e d a n y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l e l a p s e d
tim e.
F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t it u t io n o f the R e t a i l C l e r k s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n
stip u late d :
T h e t r i a l . . . s h a l l b e h e ld a s s o o n a s p r a c t i c a b l e , b u t no l a t e r
th a n t h i r t y (30) d a y s fo llo w in g the d a t e on w h ic h c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d . . . .
. . . the T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l , w itho ut undue d e l a y , d e t e r m i n e the g u ilt
o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d . . .
T h e d e c i s i o n o f the T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l b e p r e s e n t e d a t the n e x t m e m
b e rsh ip m eetin g.
M a x i m u m T i m e A ll o w e d to F i l e C h a r g e s .
O n ly 21 l o c a l a n d 8 i n t e r
n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d the m a x i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s
a f t e r a n o f f e n s e h ad b e e n c o m m i t t e d o r b e c a m e known ( t a b le V I - 18).
Such a
T a b le V I- 18. M axim um T im e A llow ed to F ile C harges by Level,
N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
^Members^ii^
L ocal procedures
International procedures
M axim um tim e
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
21
3, 495. 3
8
3 4 8.1
6
4 7 4 .6
2, 423. 9
2 8 9 .2
3 0 .4
1 4 .3
2 6 2 .9
1
1
1
1
Unions
A ll constitutions specify in g tim e lim its to
f ile c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------------30 days ------------------------------------------------------60 days ------------------------------------------------------90 days ------------------------------------------------------6 months ---------------------------------------------------1 y e a r --------------------------------------------------------Other tim e l i m i t s -----------------------------------------
7
4
1
2
11
2
3
1
11.8
2 5 5 .4
20.0
3 0 .4
1 6 .8
1 3 .7
1 Under this constitution, lo c a l union bylaws could provide lim itatio n s of not less than 3 years.
2 Under this constitution, a 90-d ay tim e lim it was ap p lic ab le only to charges involving m em bers of different
lo c a l unions.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
119
r e q u i r e m e n t , c o m p a r a b l e to a s t a t u t e of l i m i t a t i o n s in g e n e r a l l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s ,
a i m e d to i n s u r e th a t c h a r g e s w o u ld be f i l e d w h ile the f a c t s w e r e s t i l l f r e s h in the
m i n d s of p a r t i e s a n d w i t n e s s e s . In a d d it i o n , th ey w o u ld r e m o v e l i n g e r i n g f e a r s
o f p r o s e c u t i o n f o r p a s t o f f e n s e s , an d th u s e l i m i n a t e p o s s i b l e r e p r i s a l s th a t m i g h t
a f f e c t a m e m b e r ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the a f f a i r s of h i s un io n .
In t h o s e fe w i n s t a n c e s w h e r e t i m e l i m i t s w e r e g i v e n , th e y t y p i c a l l y a l
lo w e d the a c c u s e r a p e r i o d o f 60 to 90 d a y s a f t e r the o f f e n s e to f i l e c h a r g e s .
S e v e r a l c o n stitu tio n s s p e c ifie d s h o r t e r and s e v e r a l s p e c ifie d lo n g e r p e r i o d s , but
o n ly o n c e d id the t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s e x c e e d 1 y e a r .
The tim e lim it
n e a r l y a l w a y s b e g a n to r u n f r o m the t i m e the a c c u s e d c o m m i t t e d a n o f f e n s e .
In
a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the co u n t b e g a n a t the t i m e the a c c u s e r b e c a m e
a w a r e o f the o f f e n s e :
C h a r g e s m u s t b e s u b m i t t e d . . . w ith in s i x t y (60) d a y s o f the t i m e
the c o m p l a i n a n t f i r s t b e c a m e a w a r e , o r r e a s o n a b l y s h o u l d h a v e b e e n
a w a r e , of the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e .
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e ,
A e r o sp a c e and A g ric u ltu ra l Im plem en t W o rk ers of A m e r ic a )
M a x i m u m T i m e A llo w e d to N o t ify the A c c u s e d A f t e r C h a r g e s W e r e F i l e d .
A lth o u g h v i r t u a l l y a l l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e
n u m b e r a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l r e q u i r e d th a t a m e m b e r b e n o t i f i e d th a t c h a r g e s
w e r e f i l e d a g a i n s t h i m , fe w s t i p u l a t e d a t i m e l i m i t w ith in w h ic h s u c h n o t ic e w a s
r e q u i r e d to r e a c h the a c c u s e d ( ta b le V I - 19).
Of t h o s e p r o v i d i n g t i m e l i m i t s , the
p e r i o d u s u a l l y b e g a n to run f r o m the d a y c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d .
A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
h o w e v e r , s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d s b a s e d up o n the t i m e a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w b o d y r u l e d
the c h a r g e s a c c e p t a b l e f o r t r i a l .
T a b le V I-1 9 .
M axim um T im e A llow ed to N otify the A ccu sed A fter C harges Were F ile d by L evel,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
L o cal procedures
In ternational procedures
M axim um tim e
Unions
A ll constitutions providing for notice that
charges had been file d --------------------------Constitutions providing m axim u m tim e lim its
S p e c ific tim e p e r i o d s --------------------------3 days -----------------------------------------5 days -----------------------------------------7 days -----------------------------------------10 days ----------------------------------------14 d a y s-----------------------------------------15 days ----------------------------------------30 days ---------------------------------------G en eral tim e periods --------------------------Other tim e periods -----------------------------Constitutions providing no tim e lim its -------
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
129
1 5 ,6 6 7 .8
71
1 0 ,2 6 1 .4
52
19
8 ,0 3 4 . 1
3 ,8 4 0 . 1
200. 1
3 6 6 .9
3 ,2 5 8 .3
22
1 ,7 0 6 . 1
75. 3
1
7
9
-
1
1
-
25
18
77
-
3 .0
11.8
-
3 ,8 3 9 .5
3 5 4 .5
7 ,6 3 3 .6
1 Under
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
3 5 .0
-
1
11.8
3
17
2 8 .5
1 ,6 3 0 .8
-
49
-
8, 5 5 5 .3
6 constitutions, tim e lim its were operative from the tim e charges were acc e p te d for trial, and were
7 days, 10 days, 1 w eek after acc ep tan ce, and at the sam e m eeting the report was rendered; under 1 con
stitution, notice was given a week in advance of trial; and under 1 constitution, a 2 1 -d ay tim e lim it applied to
charges against m em bers but no referen ce was provided for charges again st lo c a l o fficers.
5 days,
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
120
In l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , a s lig h t l y l a r g e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t it u t io n s
p r o v id e d f o r g e n e r a l th an fo r s p e c i f i c p e r i o d s . G e n e r a l l im it a t i o n s r e q u i r e d n o tic e
" p r o m p t ly , " "w ith in a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " o r s i m i l a r l y in d e fin ite p e r i o d s .
A fe w o f
t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s in d ic a t e d th a t n o t ic e s w e r e to b e t r a n s m i t t e d on th e s a m e d a y th e
c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d .
F o r e x a m p le , the I n t e r n a tio n a l T y p o g r a p h ic a l U n io n 1s c o n
s tit u t io n r e q u ir e d th e l o c a l p r e s i d e n t to " im m e d ia t e l y c a u s e to b e d e l i v e r e d to th e
a c c u s e d m e m b e r a c o m p le t e co p y o f th e c h a r g e s a s f ile d , " an d th e B r o th e r h o o d
o f R a i l r o a d T r a in m e n ’ s t r i a l p r o c e d u r e r e q u ir e d n o tic e " a t th e s a m e t i m e " a s
c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d .
S p e c i f ic l im it a t i o n s s t a t e d th e m a x im u m n u m b e r o f d a y s
a llo w e d to c o m m u n ic a te n o tic e to th e a c c u s e d .
N e a r ly a ll m e m b e r s c o v e r e d by
th e s e c l a u s e s in l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e g u a r a n t e e d n o tic e w ith in 7 d a y s a f t e r
c h a r g e s w e r e f ile d , an d no p r o v is io n a llo w e d th e l o c a l u n io n m o r e th a n 15 d a y s
to n o tify th e a c c u s e d .
T im e l i m i t s f o r n o tify in g th e a c c u s e d w e r e l e s s p r e v a le n t in in t e r n a t io n a l
tria l p ro c ed u res.
L e s s th an o n e - t h ir d o f the c o n s t itu tio n s w ith a n o t ic e r e q u i r e
m e n t s p e c i f i e d th a t th e n o tic e b e d e liv e r e d w ith in a g iv e n tim e p e r i o d .
In v i r
t u a lly a l l c a s e s t h e s e r e q u ir e m e n t s w e r e e x p r e s s e d in g e n e r a l t e r m s , b y s t i p u
la t in g " r e a s o n a b l e " tim e o r s i m i l a r l y in d e fin ite p e r i o d s .
T im e A llo w e d to C o n v e n e th e T r i a l B o d y . F o r t y - n i n e l o c a l a n d 33 i n t e r
n a t io n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d the p e r i o d w ith in w h ich th e t r i a l b o d y m u s t
b e g in h e a r i n g s .
In e f f e c t , t h e s e r e q u ir e m e n t s w e r e d e s ig n e d to f r e e th e a c c u s e d
f r o m th e s t i g m a o f c h a r g e s an d t h r e a t s o f d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t io n i f th e t r i a l b o d y
f a i l e d to h e a r th e c a s e w ith in the a llo t t e d tim e .
F o r in s t a n c e , th e R u b b e r W o rk
e r s ’ c o n s t itu tio n o r d e r e d c h a r g e s d i s m i s s e d w ith o u t p r e ju d i c e to th e a c c u s e d if
th e y w e r e n ot " c a l l e d to t r i a l w ith in 30 d a y s o f th e d a te th e t r i a l b o a r d w a s
se le c te d . "
T h e s e lim it a t io n s u s u a l ly b e g a n to ru n a t th e tim e c h a r g e s w e r e
f i le d , b u t a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r w e r e r e la t e d to o th e r s t e p s in th e t r i a l p r o
c e d u r e . 36 S ix ty d a y s w a s the lo n g e s t s p e c i f i c tim e p e r i o d a llo w e d to c o n v e n e th e
t r i a l b o d y ( ta b le V I - 2 0 ).
T a b le V I-20. M axim um T im e Allow ed to C onvene T r ia l Body 1 by Level,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
L ocal procedures
International procedures
M axim um tim e
Unions
M embers
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions specify in g m axim u m tim e lim its
to convene tria l b o d i e s --------------------------------
49
8 , 5 8 2 .6
33
3, 6 7 6 .9
S p e c ific tim e p e r io d s -----------------------------------15 days -------------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------------60 days -------------------------------------------------G eneral tim e p e r i o d s -----------------------------------R eason ab le t i m e -------------------------------------N ext m e e t i n g ------------------------------------------
35
9
19
7
14
12
2
4, 864. 9
6 6 1 .7
2, 8 6 6.1
1 ,3 3 7 .1
3 ,7 1 7 .7
3, 3 9 1 .7
3 2 6 .0
16
5
7
4
17
13
4
1 ,4 8 0 .4
6 6 0 .4
601. 1
2 1 8 .9
2 ,1 9 6 .5
1 ,9 7 5 .8
2 2 0 .7
1 Most tim e lim its b egan at the tim e charges were file d .
In several constitutions, however, the tim e to co n
ven e was rela ted to the tim e the accu sed was n otified, the tim e the prelim inary body reported, the tim e the accu sed
was suspended, or other events in the trial procedure. The number of each of these referen ce points is shown in
appendix ta b le s C -3 and C -4 .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
36
S e e a p p e n d ix t a b le s C - 3 a n d C - 4 .
121
G e n e r a l l im it a t i o n s w e r e s t a t e d in 14 c o n s t itu tio n s f o r th e l o c a l t r i a l
l e v e l an d in 17 c o n s t itu tio n s f o r the in t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l l e y e l.
T h e s e lim it a t i o n s
r e q u ir e d th e t r i a l b o d y to b e g in h e a r in g s "w ith in a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e , " " a s so o n a s
p r a c t i c a b l e , " o r "w ith r e a s o n a b l e d is p a t c h . "
M in im u m T im e A llo w e d f o r th e A c c u s e d to P r e p a r e a D e f e n s e .
In 92
in s t a n c e s a t th e l o c a l l e v e l , an d 57 a t th e in t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l , u n io n c o n s t itu tio n s
s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v id e d f o r a m in im u m tim e - in t e r v a l b e tw e e n th e d a te n o t ic e o f t r i a l
w a s s e n t an d th e d a te s e t f o r c o n v e n in g th e t r i a l ( ta b le V I - 2 1 ). * A s m a l l e r n u m
b e r o f c o n s t itu tio n s (2 4 f o r l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a n d 12 f o r in t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s ) p r o v id e d f o r n o tic e o f t r i a l , b u t r e q u ir e d no m in im u m tim e b e tw e e n
th e s e n d in g o f s u c h n o t ic e an d the co n v e n in g o f th e t r i a l .
In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s ,
w h ile n o t ic e o f t r i a l w a s n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u ir e d , it m ig h t w e ll b e th a t in p r a c t i c e
n o t ic e th a t c h a r g e s h ad b e e n f i le d in c lu d e d n o tic e o f th e d a te o f t r i a l .
T a b le V I-21.
M inim um T im e Between N otice of T r ia l and Convening the T r ia l Body
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
L ocal procedures
M inim um tim e
A ll constitutions providing for notice of t r i a l ---Constitutions specify in g m inim um
tim e p e r i o d s -------------------------------------------S p e c ific tim e p e r io d s -----------------------------3 days ---------------------------------------------5 days ---------------------------------------------7 days ---------------------------------------------10 days -------------------------------------------14 days -------------------------------------------15 days -------------------------------------------20 days -------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------40 days -------------------------------------------G en eral tim e p e r i o d s -----------------------------R eason ab le t i m e -------------------------------One m eetin g before t r i a l --------------------Other tim e p e r i o d s ------- -------------------------Constitutions without m inim um tim e
period p ro v isio n s---------------------------------------
Unions
by Level,
International procedures
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
116
14 , 9 3 6 .3
69
9 , 8 7 9 .1
92
72
1
13
13
21
8
10
13 , 4 4 4 .5
10 , 6 4 3 .6
2 8 .5
1 , 4 7 2 .1
2 , 3 7 4.1
3 , 1 3 1 .4
1, 7 9 3 .1
1 , 7 2 7 .9
57
37
8 , 5 9 1 .3
4 , 723 . 0
-
6
-
-
1 1 6 .5
-
-
8
3
12
4
3
2
4
1
17
17
-
7 0 9 .9
2 7 7 .4
1 , 9 8 2 .3
5 0 6 .6
2 1 5 .3
6 .7
1 , 0 1 6 .9
8 .0
2 , 77 6 . 0
2 , 7 7 6 .0
17
15
2
1 3
2 , 7 7 1 .3
1 , 8 8 6 .3
8 8 5 .0
2 9 .6
23
1 , 0 9 2 .4
24
1 , 4 9 1 .8
12
1 , 2 8 7 .8
-
-
1 Under 1 constitution, the tim e was 10 days if accu sed was notified in person, but 14 days if n otified by m ail;
in 2 constitutions, tim e lim it d iffered for m em bers and lo c a l o ffice rs. 1 constitution provided 10 days for lo c a l o fficers
and 7 days for m em bers, and 1 provided 14 days for lo c a l officers but did not specify the tim e for m em bers.
2 Under 1 constitution, the tim b lim it was 10 days if the accu sed was notified in person, but 12 days if notified
by m a il; under 2 constitutions, a different tim e lim it ap p lied for sp e c ia l offen ses.
1 provided 5 days in trials of
dual unionism but a "re a so n ab le " tim e in other trials, and 1 provided 2 days in "e m e rg e n c ie s" but 10 days for
other trials.
NOTE: B ecau se o f rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals.
M o s t l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s (72) an d a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r (37) o f
in t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s e x p r e s s e d th is tim e p e r i o d a s a s p e c i f i c n u m b e r o f
d ay s.
T y p ic a l ly , a t l e a s t 10 d a y s e l a p s e d a f t e r n o tic e o f t r i a l a n d b e f o r e h e a r in g s
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 9
122
b e g a n ; r a r e l y w a s th is p e r i o d m o r e th a n 30 o r l e s s th an 5 d a y s .
T h e se p r o v is io n s
o fte n s t a t e d the p u r p o s e o f th is lim it a t io n , a s in th e fo llo w in g i l l u s t r a t i o n :
A c o p y . . . (o f th e c h a r g e s ) . . . s h a l l b e f u r n is h e d b y th e lo d g e
to th e a c c u s e d m e m b e r . . .
a t l e a s t te n d a y s in a d v a n c e o f t r i a l s o
th a t he m a y b e a d v is e d o f th e n a t u r e o f th e c h a r g e an d m a y b e e n a b le d
to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e .
( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f B o i l e r m a k e r s ,
Ir o n S h i p b u i ld e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s an d H e lp e r s )
S e v e r a l c o n s t itu tio n s e x p r e s s e d th is lim it a t io n in a g e n e r a l w a y , o c c a
s i o n a l l y u s in g la n g u a g e s i m i l a r to th a t u s e d in s e c t io n 1 0 1 (a )(5 )(B ) o f th e L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t in g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t.
F o r in s t a n c e , on e c o n s t itu tio n s t i p u
la t e d th a t:
T h e T r i a l C o m m itte e s h a l l n ot c o n v e n e u n til th e a c c u s e d h a s a r e a
s o n a b le o p p o r tu n ity to p r e p a r e h is c a s e .
( in t e r n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t io n o f
M a s t e r s , M a t e s an d P i lo t s )
O c c a s io n a l ly , d if f e r e n t tim e l i m i t s a p p lie d in s p e c i f i e d s i t u a t i o n s .
Tw o
c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id e d e x p e d ite d p r o c e d u r e s f o r c h a r g e s in v o lv in g c e r t a i n o f f e n s e s .
T h e H o te l & R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s ’ c o n s t itu tio n a llo w e d a s fe w a s 48 h o u r s to
p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e to c h a r g e s a ll e g in g ” a s itu a t io n in v o lv in g a s e r i o u s d a n g e r ” to
th e u n io n , b u t n ot l e s s th an 10 d a y s f o r o th e r o f f e n s e s .
T h e U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s ’
c o n s t itu tio n , on th e o th e r h an d , p r o v id e d fo r ” due n o t ic e ” o f t r i a l fo r m o s t o f
f e n s e s b u t g u a r a n t e e d n ot l e s s th an 5 d a y s f o r c h a r g e s th a t a l l e g e d
’’fo m e n tin g ,
le a d in g , o r e n c o u r a g in g a d u a l u n ion o r d u a l m o v e m e n t w ith in ” th e u n ion .
O ne c o n s t itu tio n , th a t o f th e M a r in e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n ,
p r o v id e d d if f e r e n t tim e l i m i t s d e p e n d in g upon th e m e th o d u s e d to n o tify th e a c c u s e d ,
an d h is lo c a t io n , a s fo llo w s :
. . . In c a s e o f p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e n ot l e s s th an te n ; in c a s e o f s e r v
ic e b y m a i l n ot l e s s th an tw e n ty d a y s t h e r e a f t e r .
S h o u ld th e a c c u s e d
r e s i d e b e y o n d th is ju r i s d i c t i o n , th ir t y d a y s s h a l l b e a llo w e d , to a p p e a r
an d a n s w e r c h a r g e s , o r sh o u ld th e a c c u s e d b e e m p lo y e d in an y s e r v i c e
w h e r e b y he ca n n o t p e r s o n a l l y b e b r o u g h t to t r i a l , s u c h tim e s h a l l b e
g r a n t e d a s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y in s u c h c a s e n o t e x c e e d in g s ix t y d a y s .
In a fe w c o n s t it u t io n s , th e a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to g a in a d d itio n a l tim e
to p r e p a r e h is d e fe n s e b y r e q u e s t in g a p o s tp o n e m e n t o f th e d a te s e t f o r t r i a l .
For
i n s t a n c e , th e c o n stitu tio n o f th e S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ’ I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n
a u t h o r iz e d p o s tp o n in g th e t r i a l ’’f o r a r e a s o n a b l e p e r i o d o f tim e if v a lid r e a s o n s
a r e p r e s e n t e d to th e t r i a l c o m m it t e e . ” In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , p r o v i s i o n s s i m i l a r
to th e on e c ite d b e lo w g o v e r n e d :
S h o u ld th e a c c u s e d b e u n a b le . . .
a n d p l a c e d e s ig n a t e d , he s h a l l , a t th e
o r c o m m it t e e , an d upon a p p lic a t io n , b e
tin u a n c e to s o m e p la c e an d d a te a g r e e d
T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p lo y e s an d M o v in g
U n ite d S t a t e s an d C a n a d a )
to a tte n d th e h e a r in g a t the tim e
d i s c r e t i o n o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d
g r a n t e d a p o s tp o n e m e n t o r c o n
upon.
( in t e r n a t io n a l A ll ia n c e o f
P i c t u r e M a c h in e O p e r a t o r s o f th e
M a x im u m T im e A llo w e d to R e n d e r a F i n a l D e c i s io n .
T h is tim e l im it ,
j u s t a s tim e l i m i t s on c o n v e n in g the t r i a l b o d y , b e g a n to ru n a t d if f e r e n t p h a s e s
123
o f th e t r i a l .
A t b o th th e l o c a l an d in t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l , th e m o s t c o m m o n r e f e r
e n c e p o in t w a s f r o m th e tim e th e t r i a l b o d y c o n v e n e d .
In a fe w c o n s t it u t io n s ,
h o w e v e r , it w a s th e d a y th e h e a r in g c l o s e d . F o r e x a m p le :
T h e d e c is io n o f th e T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l b e r e n d e r e d p r o m p t ly , an d in
no e v e n t . . . l a t e r th an th ir t y d a y s fo llo w in g th e d a te w hen h e a r in g i s
h e ld .
(In t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a r b le , S la t e an d S to n e P o l i s h e r s ,
R u b b e r s an d S a w y e r s , T ile an d M a r b le S e t t e r s 1 H e lp e r s an d M a r b le
M o s a ic an d T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s ' H e lp e r s )
* * *
A d e c is io n s h a l l b e r e n d e r e d w ith in fifte e n (15) d a y s a f t e r the c a s e
i s c l o s e d b e f o r e th e o r i g i n a l tr ib u n a l.
( L a u n d r y , D r y C le a n in g an d D y e
H o u se W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion , Ind. )
A g a in , it sh o u ld b e e m p h a s iz e d th a t th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f a tim e lim it f o r
a fin a l d e c is io n w a s n ot in d ic a t iv e o f t o t a l tim e e l a p s e d f r o m th e tim e o f th e filin g
of c h a rg e s.
A p p r o x im a t e ly o n e - t h ir d o f th e l o c a l u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s tu d ie d s p e c i
fie d the tim e a llo w e d to r e n d e r a d e c is io n .
L o c a l u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , a s n o te d
e a r l i e r , fr e q u e n t ly in v o lv e d tw o p h a s e s : F i r s t , a h e a r in g b e f o r e th e t r i a l b o d y ,
fo llo w e d b y a f in a l d e t e r m in a t io n b y th e l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s h i p .
A lth o u g h s o m e
c o n s t itu tio n s (20) s p e c i f ie d th e t o t a l tim e w h ich m a y e l a p s e u n til a v e r d i c t is
r e a c h e d , a l a r g e r n u m b e r (26) s p e c i f i e d o n ly th e tim e a llo w e d to c o n s id e r an d
r e s o l v e th e t r i a l b o d y 's r e p o r t ( ta b le V I - 2 2 ).
T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u ir e d th e
f i n a l a u t h o r ity to r e n d e r a d e c is io n a t th e s a m e m e e tin g th e fin d in g s w e r e p r e
s e n te d o r , m o r e o fte n , a t th e n e x t m e e tin g a f t e r th e t r i a l b o d y r e p o r t e d it s fin d in g s .
T a b le V I- 22.
M axim um T im e A llow ed Local Level T ria l Bodies to R ender a D ecision,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
F in al d ecision body
T o ta l studied
M axim um tim e
T r ia l body
Unions
Unions
A ll constitutions with tim e lim its to
render d ecision ----------------------------------------T im e from tria l to fin a l d ecision ------------------20 days -------------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------------60 d a y s ------------------------- ------------------------R eason ab le t i m e -------------------------------------N ext m e e t in g ------------------------------------------O th e r ----------------------------------------------------T im e from tria l body's report to fin al
d ecision -------------------------------------------------N ext m eetin g after report rendered -------------Sam e m eetin g report rendered ---------------■—
Other tim e periods -----------------------------------
Another body
M em bers
M em bers
Unions
46
7 ,7 5 8 .3
12
1 ,8 9 5 .4
34
20
1
3
2
8
4
1 2
4, 0 0 8 .7
1.0
1 4 4 .7
2, 445. 2
9 9 9 .6
2 0 8 .2
2 1 0 .0
12
1
3
1
3
2
2
1 ,8 9 5 .4
1.0
1 4 4 .7
1 ,4 1 8 .2
3 7 .8
8 3 .7
2 1 0 .0
8
-
26
13
11
2 2
3 ,7 4 9 .7
2, 1 4 2 .6
1 ,4 8 8 .6
1 1 8 .4
-
-
-
1
5
2
26
13
11
2
M em bers
5 ,8 6 2 .9
2, 113. 3
1 ,0 2 7 .0
9 6 1 .8
1 2 4 .5
-
3, 7 4 9 .7
2 ,1 4 2 .6
1 ,4 8 8 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 Under 1 constitution, a fin a l d ecision was required w ithin 10 days in cases o f raidin g and secession; in 1 co n
stitution a fin a l d ecision was rendered at the sam e m eetin g at which the prelim inary review body reported.
2 Under 1 constitution, the fin al body d ecid ed within 30 days in a ll trials; and under 1 constitution, the fin al
body d ecid ed within 30 days if the accu sed was suspended.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
124
S e v e r a l o f th e 20 c o n s t itu tio n s th a t s p e c i f i e d th e t o ta l t im e a llo w e d f r o m
t r i a l to f in a l d e c i s i o n in c lu d e d s e p a r a t e lim it a t i o n s f o r th e t r i a l b o d y a n d th e fin a l
d e c is io n b o d y , w h ile o t h e r s p r o v id e d on e l im it a t i o n f o r a l l b o d i e s , a s in th e f o l
lo w in g p r o v i s i o n :
A ll d e c i s i o n s . . . s h a l l b e m a d e . . . w ith in s ix t y (60) d a y s o f th e
d a te th e h e a r in g o f t r i a l c o m m e n c e d , u n l e s s o t h e r w is e o r d e r e d b y th e
G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d .
( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s ,
C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n a n d H e lp e r s o f A m e r i c a , In d. )
T h e tim e a llo w e d to r e n d e r a f in a l d e c is io n w a s r a r e l y s p e c i f i e d in i n t e r
n a t io n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( ta b le V I - 2 3 ). M o s t o f t h e s e l im it a t i o n s ( I I ) a p p lie d
in a l l t r i a l s , w h ile th e r e m a in in g fe w (7) w e r e o p e r a t iv e o n ly i f th e a c c u s e d w a s
s u s p e n d e d p r i o r to t r i a l .
S p e c i f ic tim e p e r i o d s , r a n g in g f r o m 5 to 120 d a y s ,
w e r e m o r e p r e v a le n t th an in d e fin ite nr e a s o n a b l e t i m e " l im i t a t i o n s .
T y p ic a l ly ,
t h e s e s p e c i f i c tim e p e r i o d l im it a t i o n s r e q u ir e d th e t r i a l b o d y to r e n d e r a d e c is io n
w ith in 15 o r 30 d a y s .
T im e C o n su m e d b y A p p e lla t e P r o c e d u r e .
N o t o n ly w a s it u s u a l l y i m
p o s s i b l e to c a lc u l a t e th e s p e c i f i c a m o u n t o f tim e th a t e l a p s e d f r o m th e in i t ia l
f ilin g o f c h a r g e s to th e fin a l a p p e a l, it w a s a l s o u s u a l ly i m p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m in e
th e le n g th o f t im e c o n s u m e d b y the a p p e l la t e p r o c e d u r e s a lo n e , th a t i s , f r o m
th e t r i a l d e c i s i o n to th e fin a l a p p e a l.
T h is i s a t t r ib u t a b le to th e f a c t th a t m o s t
c o n s t it u t io n s d id n ot p r o v id e a t o t a l a p p e a l t i m e ; l ik e w is e , th e y d id n o t s p e c i f y
th e a m o u n t o f tim e a llo w e d to e x h a u s t e a c h s t e p in th e a p p e l la t e p r o c e d u r e .
O n ly
th e t im e a llo w e d to f i le an a p p e a l w a s s p e c i f i e d in a m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t itu tio n s
( t a b le V I - 2 4 ).
T w e n ty c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i e d th e tim e w ith in w h ich th e a p p e l la t e
b o d y ( o r b o d ie s ) w e r e to b e c o n v e n e d , an d 28 s p e c i f i e d th e t o t a l p e r i o d f o r d e c id in g
th e a p p e a l.
W ith r e g a r d to th e f ilin g o f a p p e a l s , 30 d a y s w a s
p e r i o d s p e c i f i e d , a s in th e fo llo w in g c o n s titu tio n :
th e m o s t p r e v a le n t
E v e r y a p p e a l m u s t b e ta k e n w ith in th ir t y (30) d a y s f r o m th e d a te th e
d e c i s i o n o f the lo w e r t r ib u n a l i s r e n d e r e d .
( B r o th e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s ,
D e c o r a t o r s an d P a p e r h a n g e r s o f A m e r ic a )
W hile e x p l ic i t l im it a t i o n s on th e tim e a llo w e d to c o n v e n e a n a p p e a l b o d y
o r r e n d e r a n a p p e l la t e d e c is io n w e r e in fr e q u e n t, n e a r l y a l l c o n s t it u t io n s s p e c i f i e d
th e fr e q u e n c y o f m e e t in g s f o r th e g e n e r a l e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , on e o f th e c o m m o n
a p p e a l b o d ie s.
T h e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d s u s u a l l y m e t a t s p e c i f i e d i n t e r v a l s to d e c id e
a p p e a ls an d t r a n s a c t u n ion b u s i n e s s .
Y e a r ly m e e t i n g s w e r e n ot u n c o m m o n , b u t
q u a r t e r l y o r s e m ia n n u a l m e e t in g s w e r e m o r e t y p ic a l ( ta b le V I - 2 5 ).
In a s m a l l
n u m b e r o f c o n s t it u t io n s , th e b o a r d w o u ld m e e t a t i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , g e n e r a l l y
w hen c a l l e d b y th e in t e r n a t io n a l p r e s i d e n t o r b y th e m e m b e r s o f th e g e n e r a l e x e c u
t iv e b o a r d .
F r e q u e n t ly , h o w e v e r , the e x e c u tiv e b o a r d c o u ld b e c a ll e d in to s e s s i o n a t
o t h e r th an r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s i f the p r e s s u r e o f b u s i n e s s w a r r a n t e d it .
F o r exam
p l e , th e R a ilw a y ~ a n d S t e a m s h ip C l e r k s * c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d :
. . . (th e a p p e a l s h a ll) s a y w h e th e r it i s o f s u c h n a tu r e a s to d e m a n d
a s p e c i a l m e e t in g o f th e G r a n d E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il.
The (S e c re ta ry ) sh a ll
t a b u la t e th e o p in io n o f th e m e m b e r s o f th e ( c o u n c il) an d i f a m a j o r i t y
a r e in f a v o r o f a s p e c i a l m e e t in g , h e w ill i s s u e a c a l l f o r th e s a m e .
O t h e r w is e , th e a p p e a l w ill b e h a n d le d a t i t s n e x t r e g u l a r s e s s i o n .
125
T a b le V I-2 3 .
M axim um T im e A llow ed In ternational L evel T r ia l Body to Render a F in al D ecision,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands'
T im e lim it
ap p lied in
a ll trials
T o ta l studied
M axim um tim e
Unions
M em bers
Unions
T im e lim it ap p lied
only if the accu sed
was suspended
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions with tim e lim its to
render d ecision -----------------------------------------
18
3 ,1 2 5 .3
11
1 ,9 8 2 .1
7
1, 1 4 3 .2
S p e c ific tim e p e r io d s -----------------------------------5 days ---------------------------------------------------15 days -------------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------------40 d a y s ---------------------* ---------------------------60 days -------------------------------------------------120 d a y s ------------------------------------------------R eason ab le t i m e ------------------------------------------Other tim e p e r i o d s ----------------------------------------
10
1
3
3
1
1
1
7
11
2 ,1 9 0 .4
6 2 .3
1 1 3 .9
3 8 4 .0
2 0 0 .1
1 ,4 1 8 .2
1 1 .8
9 1 4 .6
2 0 .3
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1 ,7 1 0 .3
6 2 .3
1 3 .7
4 .2
20 0 .1
1 ,4 1 8 .2
1 1 .8
2 5 1 .4
2 0 .3
4
2
2
4 8 0 .0
-
1 0 0 .2
3 7 9 .8
-
-
-
-
3
"
-
6 6 3 .2
-
1 Under 1 constitution, the tr ia l body determ ined the guilt or innocence of the accu sed , but a different body
assessed the pen alty.
T h e tr ia l body d ecid ed within 15 days after hearing the charges; no referen ce was m ad e to
the tim e allow ed the fin a l body.
NOTE: B ecau se of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
T a b le V I-2 4 »
T im e Lim its in A p p eal Procedures, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
jJM e m b e r sj^
F ile ap p eal
C onvene ap p e a l body
D ecid e the ap p eal
T i ixi0 lim its
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l -------------
153
16, 9 1 2 .3
153
1 6 ,9 1 2 .3
153
1 6 ,9 1 2 .3
C onstitutions providing tim e l i m i t s ---------------T im e lim its a p p lied to a ll b o d i e s -------------S p e c ific l im it a t io n s ----------------------------G en eral l i m i t a t i o n s ----------------------------S p e c ific and g en eral l i m i t a t i o n s ----------T im e lim its ap p lied to som e but not
a ll b o d i e s -------------------------------------------S p e c ific l im it a t io n s ----------------------------G en eral l i m i t a t i o n s ----------------------------S p e c ific and g en eral lim itatio n s ----------Constitutions not providing tim e l i m i t s -----------
125
101
94
2
5
15, 4 2 8 .2
13, 5 3 0 .5
1 3 ,1 7 5 .7
6 0 .0
2 9 4 .7
20
10
4, 269. 4
2 ,1 4 5 . 2
28
14
7
6
1
4, 489. 4
2, 505. 3
1 7 4 .6
2 ,1 7 1 .6
159.1
24
24
1, 8 9 7 .8
1 ,8 9 7 .8
10
4
3
3
133
14
7
7
1 ,9 8 4 .1
3 4 2 .5
1 ,6 4 1 .7
-
28
-
1, 4 8 4 .1
-
10
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
-
2 ,1 4 5 .2
-
2 ,1 2 4 .2
6 4 6 .4
9 3 5 .6
5 4 2 .2
12, 6 4 2 .9
-
125
-
12, 4 2 2 .9
126
T a b le V I-25. Frequency of International E xecutive Board M eetin g,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
Q u alification s on frequen cy of m eetin gs
T o tal unions Provision for
sp e cial
m eetin g
Frequency of m eetings
A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l --------------Constitutions providing for m eetin g at regular
intervals -------------------------------------- ---------Every 1 m o n t h --------------------------------------Every 2 months -------------------------------------Every 3 months -------------------------------------Every 4 months -------------------------------------Every 6 months -------------------------------------Every 12 months -----------------------------------Every 24 months -----------------------------------Other regu lar i n t e r v a ls ----------------------------Constitutions providing for m eetings at
irregular i n t e r v a l s ----7------------------------------C a lle d by international p r e s id e n t --------------C a lle d by ex ecu tiv e b o a r d -----------------------C a lle d by either president or execu tive
board ------------------------------------------------C onstitutions not providing frequency of
m eetin g ----- -------------------------------------------
Provision for
Provision for
sp e c ia l
No
w aiving
m eetin g and
referen ce to
form al
w aiving
q u alificatio n s
hearing
fo rm al
hearing
153
58
22
37
36
100
4
2
26
11
31
22
2
12
51
4
1
13
6
14
13
7
33
9
-
-
-
37
11
8
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
4
2
9
5
11
6
2
-
1
13
5
1
3
1
1
18
5
5
18
2
7
1
8
16
4
2
1
9
-
4
-
-
-
2
3
-
-
1 Under 1 constitution, m eetings held every 6 months if fin an ces perm itted , but no later than 9 months in any
event; and under 1 constitution, m eetings were held before and after each convention and 3 tim e s betw een m eetings
of bian nu al convention.
T a b le V I-2 6 .
Frequency of C onventions, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 1
(M em bers in thousands)
T o tal studied
A ffiliatio n
AFL -CIO
Frequency of conventions
Unions
U n affiliated
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
A ll constitutions providing for fin al ap p eal to
the c o n v e n t io n -------------------------------------------
129
14, 3 5 5 .7
105
1 3 ,2 4 6 .0
24
1, 1 0 9 .7
Y e a rly ------------------------------------------------------Every 2 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Every 3 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Every 4 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Every 5 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Set by referendum --------------------------------------Set by convention or governing b o d y ---------------Other f r e q u e n c ie s ----------------------------------------No referen ce to frequency of convention ----------
20
44
19
28
7
3
2
X5
1
1 ,0 1 5 .9
4, 684. 4
1 ,0 9 4 .3
5, 527. 3
5 5 6 .9
7 5 1 .6
6 0 0 .3
1 2 3 .2
1 .9
10
39
17
26
6
3
1
2
1
7 2 7 .4
4, 623. 5
1 ,0 3 1 .7
5, 4 4 8 .5
5 5 3 .9
7 5 1 .6
.3
1 0 7 .3
1 .9
10
5
2
2
1
2 8 8 .5
6 0 .9
6 2 .6
7 8 .8
3 .0
-
1
3
-
6 0 0 .0
1 5 .9
-
1 Under 1 constitution, a gen eral m eetin g was held monthly ex cep t in Ju ly and A ugust; under 1 constitution,
a body com bining the functions of convention and gen eral ex ecu tiv e board m et 3 tim es a year; under 2 constitutions,
conventions were held tw ice a y ear; and under 1 constitution the convention m et every 18 months.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
127
A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t itu tio n s p e r m i t t e d th e b o a r d to c i r c u l a t e th e a p p e a l an d
r e n d e r a d e c is io n w ith o u t a s s e m b l i n g in a f o r m a l h e a r in g .
F o r in s t a n c e , th e
fo llo w in g p r o v is io n a u t h o r iz e d the b o a r d to a c t on an a p p e a l b y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e :
W hen an a p p e a l f r o m a n y d e c i s i o n o f th e I. P . i s m a d e to th e I. E . C.
th en the I. E . C , s h a l l r e n d e r a d e c is io n a t it s n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t in g .
H o w e v e r , th e I. E . C . m a y , w hen it f e e l s s u c h i s p r a c t i c a l , a c t on a p p e a l
by c o rre sp o n d e n c e .
( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s)
N u m e r o u s q u a li f ic a t io n s , in a d d itio n to th o s e d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , f r u s t r a t e d
a n y a tt e m p t to d e t e r m in e th e t y p ic a l t im e a llo w e d to p r o c e s s an a p p e a l.
T h e fe w
c o n s t itu tio n s th a t p r o v id e d e x p l ic i t tim e l i m i t s f o r s o m e , r a r e l y s p e c i f i e d an
o v e r a l l in d ic a t io n o f the tim e a llo w e d f o r a l l s t e p s o f th e a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e .
L im i t a t i o n s c o m m o n ly a p p lie d to o n ly on e o f s e v e r a l a p p e a l b o d ie s .
G en eral
l im i t a t i o n s , s u c h a s na r e a s o n a b l e t i m e 11 o fte n r e g u la t e d th e le n g th o f tim e a llo w e d
to c o n v e n e th e a p p e a l b o d y o r to r e n d e r an a p p e l la t e d e c is io n .
H o w e v e r , one
tim e l im it a t io n , th e fr e q u e n c y o f c o n v e n tio n s , p r o v id e s a g r o s s in d ic a t io n o f th e
a b s o l u t e m a x im u m tim e th a t co u ld e l a p s e in the l a r g e n u m b e r o f p r o c e d u r e s (1 2 9 )
in w h ich th e c o n v e n tio n e x e r c i s e d fin a l a p p e l la t e a u t h o r ity .
T h e p e r i o d b e tw e e n
c o n v e n tio n s r a n g e d f r o m a fe w m o n th s to 5 y e a r s , w ith b ie n n ia l c o n v e n tio n s m o s t
fr e q u e n t ly s p e c i f i e d ( ta b le V I - 2 6 ).
Chapter VII. Discipline of International Officers
A ll b u t 9 o f th e 158 c o n s t itu tio n s s tu d ie d p r o v id e d f o r on e o r m o r e m e th o d s
o f d is c i p l in in g in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s ( ta b le V I I - 1). I m p e a c h m e n t, th e m o s t c o m m o n
ty p e o f c o n s t it u t io n a l p r o c e d u r e , w a s p r o v id e d b y 125 o f th e c o n s t it u t io n s . R e c a l l
an d s u m m a r i l y im p o s e d d i s c i p l i n e , tw o o th e r m e th o d s o f d i s c i p l i n e , w e r e f a r l e s s
f r e q u e n t ly p r o v id e d f o r , o c c u r r in g in 36 an d 43 c o n s t it u t io n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T a b le V II-1.
Method of D isciplining N ational O fficers, N ation al and International
tJnion Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands!
T o ta l
A ffiliatio n
T y p e of provisions
AFL -CIO
Unions
U n affiliated
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
A ll c o n stitu tio n s--------------------------------
158
16, 9 2 3 .1
122
14, 2 2 8 .8
36
2, 694. 3
C onstitutions providing for d i s c i p l i n e ---Im p e a c h m e n t-------------------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------Sum m ary d iscip lin e ---------------------Im peach m en t and re c a ll ---------------Im peach m en t and sum m ary
d i s c i p l in e ----------------------------------R e c a ll and sum m ary d is c ip l in e -------Im peach m en t, r e c a ll, and sum m ary
d i s c i p l in e ----------------------------------Constitutions not providing d isciplin e
provisions -------------------------------------Constitutions c o v e rin g : 1
Im p e a c h m e n t---------- --------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------Sum m ary d iscip lin e ----------------------
149
82
13
6
11
1 6 ,7 0 1 .3
9 ,1 6 6 .9
8 9 2 .5
1 1 8 .4
2 ,1 9 6 .4
117
69
6
4
9
1 4 ,0 1 5 .0
7, 5 2 3 .1
6 4 0 .8
1 0 8 .4
2, 136.1
32
13
7
2
2
2, 686 . 3
1 ,6 4 3 .8
2 5 1 .7
1 0 .0
6 0 .3
25
5
2, 522. 3
2 2 7 .8
21
4
2 ,5 1 1 .8
1 2 7 .8
4
1
1 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
7
1 ,5 7 6 .9
4
9 6 6 .8
3
6 1 0 .1
9
2 2 1 .8
5
2 1 3 .8
4
8 .0
125
36
43
1 5 ,4 6 2 .5
4, 893. 5
4, 445. 5
103
23
33
1 3 ,1 3 7 .8
3, 8 7 1 .5
3 ,7 1 5 .0
22
13
10
2, 324. 6
1, 0 2 2 .0
7 3 0 .5
1
N onadditive.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T he c h a r a c t e r is t ic s of su m m a r y d is c ip lin e h av e b een p r e v io u s ly d e
s c r i b e d . (S e e c h a p te r I I .) I m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e s , a s th e t e r m i s u s e d in th is
r e p o r t , r e q u i r e th e filin g o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r b e f o r e a t r i
b u n a l, r e s u lt i n g in a h e a r in g , o r t r i a l , b e f o r e s u c h b o d y . R e c a l l i s a p r o c e d u r e
b y w h ich an o f f i c e r c o u ld b e r e m o v e d f r o m o f f ic e d i r e c t l y b y a v o te o f th e
m e m b e rsh ip .
In t e r m s o f p r o c e d u r e , th e m o s t s ig n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n r e c a l l
an d im p e a c h m e n t w a s th a t im p e a c h m e n t p r o v id e d f o r a h e a r in g o r t r i a l w h e r e a s
r e c a l l u s u a l ly d id n o t. H o w e v e r , th e lin e b e tw e e n th e tw o p r o c e d u r e s s o m e t i m e s
a p p e a r e d in d is t in c t . T h is w a s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e in th e 22 o f th e 125 c o n s t itu tio n s
128
129
c o n ta in in g im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w h e r e th e c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d th a t th e d e
c i s i o n o r r e c o m m e n d a tio n o f th e t r i a l b o d y b e s u b m itte d to a r e f e r e n d u m v o te f o r
a p p ro v a l o r d isa p p r o v a l.
H o w e v e r , a lth o u g h t h e s e c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id e d f o r a
r e f e r e n d u m v o te , a s i s th e c a s e in r e c a l l , th e y w e r e c o n s id e r e d a s im p e a c h m e n t
p r o v i s i o n s , s in c e th e d e te r m in in g f a c t o r w a s ta k e n to b e th e e x i s t e n c e o f t r i a l
m a c h in e r y , an d n o t th e l o c u s o f th e f in a l d e c is io n .
A p p r o x im a t e ly t w o - t h ir d s o f th e 149 c o n s t itu tio n s c o n ta in in g p r o v i s i o n s
f o r th e d i s c i p l i n e o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s s p e c i f i e d on e p a r t i c u l a r m e th o d to th e
e x c lu s io n o f th e o t h e r s . O f t h e s e , th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y (82) p r o v id e d f o r im p e a c h
m e n t a s th e o n ly m e a n s o f d i s c i p l i n e .
On th e o th e r h a n d , s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s ,
c o v e r in g s lig h t l y o v e r 1 .5 m il lio n m e m b e r s , p r o v id e d f o r a l l t h r e e ty p e s o f d i s
c ip lin e . T h e r e m a in d e r (41) p r o v id e d f o r tw o o f th e th r e e p r o c e d u r e s .
In g e n e r a l , im p e a c h m e n t a p p e a r s to c a r r y a c o n n o ta tio n o f p u n ish m e n t
f o r w r o n g d o in g , w h e r e a s r e c a l l s e e m s m o r e o f a m e a n s o f r e m o v in g an o f f i c e r
b e c a u s e o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith th e w ay h e p e r f o r m s h is jo b . S u c h a h y p o t h e s is
i s s u p p o r t e d b y th e f a c t th a t w h ile t w o - t h ir d s o f th e im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s
s p e c i f i e d th e g r o u n d s on w h ich im p e a c h m e n t w a s to b e b a s e d , o n ly 17 p e r c e n t o f
th e r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d s .
O ne c o n s t itu tio n e v e n r e f e r r e d to th e
" p r i v i l e g e 11 o f r e c a l l :
It s h a l l b e th e p r i v i l e g e o f th e A s s o c i a t i o n s o f th e L e a g u e to r e c a l l
L e a g u e o f f i c e r s . ( P a t t e r n M a k e r s * L e a g u e o f N o rth A m e r ic a )
T h e r e w e r e , h o w e v e r , m a n y e x c e p t io n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th o s e c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich
d id n o t p r o v id e fo r b o th r e c a l l an d im p e a c h m e n t.
On th e w h o le , t h e r e w e r e no m a r k e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n u n io n s a f f il ia t e d
w ith th e A F L —CIO an d th o s e u n a f f ilia t e d .
F o r b o th g r o u p s , th e m o s t p r e v a le n t
ty p e o f p r o v i s i o n c a ll e d f o r im p e a c h m e n t a s th e e x c l u s i v e m e a n s o f im p o s in g
d isc ip lin e .
S u m m a r y D i s c ip li n e o f I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r s
A s m e n tio n e d in c h a p te r II, c o n s t it u t io n a l p r o v i s i o n s p e r m it t in g s u m m a r y
d i s c i p l i n e f o r o th e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b lig a t io n s 37 w e r e fo u n d to a p p ly
p r i m a r i l y to l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s .
S u c h p r o v i s i o n m u c h l e s s fr e q u e n t ly a p p lie d
to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s .
M o r e o v e r , o n ly s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s lim it e d s u m m a r y
d i s c i p l i n e e x c l u s i v e l y to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s (ta b le V I I - 2).
G r o u n d s an d P e n a l t i e s . T h e g r o u n d s f o r w h ich s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e c o u ld
b e im p o s e d u p o n in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s w e r e g e n e r a l ly s i m i l a r to t h o s e s p e c i f ie d
f o r l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a n d / o r m e m b e r s . In th e e a r l i e r s e c t io n ( c h a p t e r II) d i s
c u s s i n g s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e a s a p p lie d to l o c a l o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s , m o r e th a n
40 g r o u n d s w e r e fo u n d an d t h e s e w e r e g r o u p e d in to m a j o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in c lu d
in g jo b d i s c i p l i n e , u n io n lo y a lt y , in t e r n a l p o l i t i c s , an d v io la t io n o f u n io n la w .
A m o n g th e 43 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith s u m m a r y d i s c i p l in e p r o v i s i o n s a p p lic a b le to i n
t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s , th e s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d s w e r e fe w e r , b u t th e p r o v i s i o n s c o v e r e d
a l m o s t a s w id e a r a n g e o f v io l a t io n s .
37
S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b lig a t io n s a s it a p p lie d
to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s w a s n ot s tu d ie d , a s th is i s m o s t a p p lic a b le to r a n k - a n d f i le m e m b e r s .
130
Table VII-2. Appeals from Summary Discipline of International Officers, National and International
Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
Sum m ary d iscip lin e a p p lic a b le to —
T o ta l
International
officers only
Type of ap p ea l provisions
Sum m ary d iscip lin e autom a tic a lly r e v i e w e d ------------A pp eal m ay be tak en from
sum m ary a c t i o n -----------------No referen ce to ap p eal from
sum m ary a c t i o n ------------------
In ternational and
lo c a l o ffice rs
and m em bers
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
43
4, 445. 6
7
1 8 3 .3
12
4 7 5 .3
24
3 ,7 8 6 .9
2
6 0 4 .0
2
6 0 4 .0
18
3 ,0 1 0 . 3
-
23
8 3 1 .2
7
Unions
A ll constitutions with sum m ary
d iscip lin e for international
o ffice rs -----------------------------
International and
lo c a l officers
-
-
-
4
3 0 2 .0
14
2, 708. 3
8
1 7 3 .3
8
4 7 4 .6
183. 3
-
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T h e s e v e n c o n s t itu tio n s in w h ich s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e w a s a p p lic a b le o n ly
to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s l i s t e d o n ly tw o g r o u n d s .
F i v e o f th e s e v e n s u b je c t e d
o f f i c e r s to d i s c i p l i n e i f th e y m i s s e d m o r e th an a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f b o a r d m e e t
in g s , a s f o r in s t a n c e th e W indow G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r ic a :
T h e N a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l d e c l a r e v a c a n t an y o f f ic e o f an E x e c u t iv e
B o a r d M e m b e r who i s a b s e n t w ith o u t a c c e p t a b l e c a u s e fo r tw o c o n s e c u t iv e
m e e t i n g s , an d s h a l l f i l l su c h v a c a n c y a s h e r e t o b e f o r e p r o v id e d .
T h e o th e r tw o l i s t e d m a l f e a s a n c e an d n o n f e a s a n c e in o f f ic e . U n d e r t h e s e s e v e n
c o n s t it u t io n s , th e o f fic e o f th e v i o l a t o r w a s to b e d e c l a r e d v a c a n t, a lth o u g h , a c
c o r d in g to on e , th e o f f i c e r so r e m o v e d w a s e lig ib le to b e a c a n d id a te to s u c c e e d
h im se lf.
In th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich a llo w e d s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e a g a i n s t i n t e r
n a tio n a l o f f i c e r s a s w e ll a s a g a i n s t l o c a l o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s , th e g r o u n d s w e r e
v a r ie d .
E a c h o f th e fo llo w in g g r o u n d s a p p e a r e d o n c e : D u a l u n io n is m , s t r i k e
b r e a k in g , s e c e s s i o n , r e s o r t to c o u r t s , an d b r in g in g f a l s e c h a r g e s .
U n d e r tw o
c o n s t it u t io n s , d is c i p l in e c o u ld b e im p o s e d f o r e x c e s s i v e a b s e n t e e i s m f r o m b o a r d
m e e t i n g s , an d a n o th e r s p e c i f ie d d is c i p l in e f o r a n o th e r f o r m o f a b s e n t e e i s m ,
a s f o llo w s :
A n y m e m b e r o f s a i d ( t r i a l ) C o u r t w ho a b s e n t s h i m s e l f w ith o u t g o o d
an d s u f f i c ie n t c a u s e , o r w ho, w h ile a tte n d in g s a i d c o u r t , s h a l l f a i l o r
r e f u s e to v o te on th e i s s u e b e f o r e it, s h a l l b e s u b je c t to a fin e . . .
o r e x p u ls io n f r o m o f f ic e , o r m a y b e s u b je c t to an y o th e r d i s c i p l i n a r y
a c tio n w h ich th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a y o r d e r .
(S to v e M o u n t e r s 1 I n t e r
n a tio n a l U n ion o f N o rth A m e r ic a )
131
O th e r s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s in c lu d e d m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f fu n d s ,
C o m m u n is t P a r t y , an d c o n v ic tio n f o r a s e r i o u s c r i m e .
m e m b e r s h i p in th e
In a d d itio n to th e a b o v e m e n tio n e d s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s , fo u r ty p e s o f g e n
e r a l g r o u n d s w e r e n o te d .
T h e g e n e r a l m a l f e a s a n c e c l a u s e i s e x e m p lif ie d b y
th e fo llo w in g :
In c a s e o f n o n p e r fo r m a n c e o f d u t ie s o r d i s a b i l i t y o r in c o m p e t e n c e o f
an y I n t e r n a tio n a l V ic e P r e s i d e n t o r th e I n t e r n a t io n a l S e c r e t a r y o r I n t e r
n a tio n a l T r e a s u r e r , th e I n t e r n a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t h a s p o w e r to r e m o v e s u c h
o f f i c e r , w ith s u c h r e m o v e d o f f i c e r h a v in g th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e
I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il.
( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i
c a l W o r k e r s)
A
th a t fo u n d
an d P a p e r
m o v ed fo r
s e c o n d ty p e o f g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n w a s th e Mc a t c h a l l " c l a u s e , s u c h a s
in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f P u lp , S u lp h ite
M ill W o r k e r s , w h e r e an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r c o u ld b e s u m m a r il y r e
" ju s t c a u se . "
U n io n la w v io la t io n , th e t h ir d g e n e r a l g r o u n d , w a s p r o v id e d in s e v e n
c o n s t it u t io n s .
U n d e r th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f B r i d g e ,
S t r u c t u r a l an d O r n a m e n ta l Ir o n W o r k e r s , fo r e x a m p le , th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t
h a d th e p o w e r to s u s p e n d an y o f f i c e r f o r f a ilin g to " p r o m p t l y c o m p ly w ith h is
in str u c tio n s. "
A fo u r th ty p e w a s on e c o n ta in in g a c o m b in a tio n o f g e n e r a l g r o u n d s ,
ty p ifie d b y th e fo llo w in g c l a u s e :
as
T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r ity sh o u ld h e b e c o m e
c o n v in c e d th a t an y L o c a l U n ion o f f i c e r o r I n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r o r r e p
r e s e n t a t iv e i s d e r e l i c t in th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y d u ty , o r h a s b e e n
g u ilty o f an y d is h o n e s t o r d is r e p u t a b l e a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r o r
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r o m h is o f f i c i a l p o s it io n f o r a p e r i o d n o t to e x c e e d n in e ty
(90) d a y s , s u c h o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e h a v in g th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to
th e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . (U n ite d R u b b e r , C o r k , L in o le u m an d
P l a s t i c W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a )
A m o n g th e p e n a l t ie s im p o s e d a s a r e s u l t o f s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e , th e
m o s t c o m m o n w a s r e m o v a l f r o m o f f ic e . In a n u m b e r o f c o n s t it u t io n s , th e t e r m
" s u s p e n s i o n " w a s s p e c i f i e d a s the p e n a lty , bu t it w a s n o t c l e a r w h e th e r s u s p e n s io n
o f th e in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r in v o lv e d m e m b e r s h i p a s w e ll a s o f f ic e .
F i n e s an d e x p u ls io n w e r e s p e c i f i e d in o n ly a fe w c o n s t it u t io n s .
P ro
v i s i o n s w h ich l e f t th e p e n a lty to th e d i s c r e t i o n o f th e d is c i p l in in g a g e n t w e r e
a l s o in fr e q u e n t.
A p p e a ls f r o m S u m m a r y A c tio n . S lig h tly l e s s th a n h a l f o f th e c o n s t itu tio n s
w h ich p e r m i t t e d s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s p r o v id e d f o r an a p
p e a l f r o m s u c h d is c i p l in e (ta b le V I I - 2),
O n ly tw o c o n s t itu tio n s s t ip u la t e d a u t o m a t ic r e v ie w .
T h e c o n stitu tio n o f
th e U n ited M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ( I n d .), on e o f t h e s e tw o , p r o v id e d :
A ll a p p o in t m e n ts , s u s p e n s i o n s , an d r e m o v a l s f r o m o f f ic e don e by
th e P r e s i d e n t s h a l l b e s u b je c t to th e a p p r o v a l o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u
tiv e B o a r d .
132
In th e o th e r c o n s t itu tio n , f o r th e R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s o f A m e r i c a , t h e r e
a p p e a r e d to b e p r o v i s i o n f o r an a u t o m a t ic r e v ie w b y th e c o n v e n tio n :
T h e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d s h a l l • .
o r e x p e l any o ffic e r o r m e m b e r
d u t ie s f o r w h ich h e w a s e le c t e d
m e m b e r s u s p e n d e d w ill b e w ith o u t
e r a l A ss e m b ly .
• h a v e a u t h o r it y to c e n s u r e , s u s p e n d ,
who f a i l s o r r e f u s e s to p e r f o r m th e
o r a p p o in te d . . .
Any o ffic e r o r
p a y , p e n d in g f i n a l a c tio n o f th e G e n
T h e 23 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich d id n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v id e f o r a n a p p e a l i n
c lu d e d th e 7 w h ich lim it e d s u m m a r y a c tio n e x c l u s i v e l y to d i s c i p l i n e o f i n t e r
n a tio n a l o f f i c e r s .
I m p e a c h m e n t o f I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r s
I m p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w e r e fo u n d in 125 c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g m o r e
th an 15 m il lio n m e m b e r s . In 119 o f t h e s e , s u c h p r o v i s i o n s a p p lie d to a l l e le c t e d
in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s .
In t h r e e o t h e r s , th e in t e r n a t io n a l p r e s i d e n t w a s s p e c i f i
c a l l y e x c lu d e d ; in t h r e e , h e w a s th e s o l e o f f i c e r s u b je c t to im p e a c h m e n t.
G ro u n d s.
A p p r o x im a t e ly a th ir d o f th e c o n s t it u t io n s w h ich c o n ta in e d
im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to th e g r o u n d s on w h ich s u c h p r o
c e e d in g s c o u ld b e b a s e d (ta b le V I I - 3 ).
F o r e x a m p le , on e c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d :
T h e c h a r g e s s h a l l b e d e fin e d p la in ly in w r itin g , an d a c o p y s e n t to
e a c h an d e v e r y m e m b e r o f th e B o a r d . . . N o c h a r g e o th e r th a n th o s e
m a d e in w r itin g , a s a f o r e s a i d , s h a l l b e c o n s id e r e d . . . ( A m a lg a m a t e d
M e a t C u t t e r s an d B u tc h e r W o rk m e n o f N o rth A m e r ic a )
T a b le V II-3.
Grounds for Im peach in g N ation al O fficers, N ation al and In ternational
Union Constitutions, Early 1961
T o tal
A ffiliatio n
T y p e of grounds
M em bers
Unions
A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ---------------Constitutions providing referen ce
to g r o u n d s -------------------------------------G en eral grounds o n ly ---------------------S p e c ific grounds o n l y --------------------G en eral and sp e c ific gounds ----------C onstitutions not providing referen ce
to g r o u n d s --------------------------------------
U n affiliated
A F L -C IO
Unions
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
125
1 5 ,4 6 2 .5
103
13, 137. 8
22
2, 324. 6
83
52
1
30
8, 3 9 7 .3
4, 7 8 1 .3
2 6 .6
3, 589. 4
67
41
1
25
7 ,5 1 0 . 1
4, 669. 1
2 6 .6
2 ,8 1 4 .4
16
11
5
8 8 7 .2
1 1 2 .2
7 7 5 .0
42
7, 065. 2
36
5, 627. 7
6
1 ,4 3 7 .4
-
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s do not n ecessarily equ al to tals.
In s u c h c a s e s , p r e s u m a b l y , it w a s th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e t r i a l b o d y to w e ig h
th e c h a r g e s a c c o r d in g to i t s ow n s t a n d a r d s o f w h at c o n s t itu te d im p e a c h a b le
c o n d u c t.
W ithout an y c o n s t it u t io n a l g u id e s , in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s , l o c a l u n io n s ,
an d in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s w ou ld p r o b a b ly p r o c e e d on th e b a s i s th a t th e p u r p o s e
o f th e im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w a s to p r o t e c t th e u n io n a g a i n s t m a j o r o f f e n s e s .
133
O f th e 83 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich c o n ta in e d s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e s , th e m a jo rity r e f e r r e d to g e n e r a l g r o u n d s o n ly , s u c h a s " v io la t i o n o f th e c o n s t itu tio n , 11 " u n b e
c o m in g c o n d u c t, " " m a l f e a s a n c e , " an d " m i s f e a s a n c e , " T y p ic a l o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s
w a s th e fo llo w in g :
A n y e le c t i v e o r a p p o in tiv e o f f i c e r , E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m e m b e r , o r
b u s i n e s s a g e n t o f a L o c a l U n io n , J o i n t B o a r d , D i s t r i c t C o u n c il, o r G e n
e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a y b e r e m o v e d f r o m h is o f f ic e o r h is p o s it io n
f o r an y v io la t io n o f t h is C o n s titu tio n o r th e b y la w s o f th e b o d y w h ich h e
s e r v e s , o r b e c a u s e o f th e c o m m i s s i o n o f an y a c t w h ich m a y b e c a lc u l a t e d
to i m p a i r th e u s e f u l n e s s o f th e U n io n , o r w h ich i s u n b e c o m in g to th e
d ig n ity o f th e o f f ic e o r p o s it io n h e ld b y h im , ( I n t e r n a tio n a l L a d i e s * G a r
m e n t W o r k e r s * U nion)
O n ly s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s w e r e l i s t e d in on e c o n s t itu tio n , th a t o f th e A m e r ic a n
F l in t G l a s s W o r k e r s * U n io n o f N o r th A m e r i c a . U n d e r th a t c o n s t itu tio n , an E x e c u
tiv e B o a r d m e m b e r w ho a p p e a r e d a t a c o n fe r e n c e b e tw e e n e m p l o y e r s an d th e u n io n
in a n in t o x ic a t e d c o n d itio n w a s s u b je c t to im p e a c h m e n t.
In th e r e m a in in g 30 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d s , b o th g e n e r a l
an d s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s w e r e l i s t e d .
F o r e x a m p le , th e N a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f
P a c k in g h o u s e W o r k e r s (In d. ) s p e c i f ie d :
A n o f f e n s e a g a i n s t th is C o n stitu tio n o r th e g e n e r a l g o o d an d w e lf a r e
o f th e N a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d . . .
a s a g e n e r a l g r o u n d f o r im p e a c h m e n t, an d a l s o m a d e th e im p e a c h m e n t m a c h in e r y
a v a i l a b l e a g a i n s t a n o f f i c e r who:
. . . b e l i e v e s in o r i s a m e m b e r o f o r s u p p o r t s an y o r g a n iz a t io n
th a t b e l i e v e s in o r t e a c h e s th e o v e r t h r o w o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t
b y f o r c e o r b y an y i l l e g a l o r u n c o n s t it u tio n a l m e t h o d s .
In t h e s e 30 c o n s t it u t io n s , b o th th e g e n e r a l an d s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s m e n tio n e d w e r e ,
in th e m a in , s i m i l a r to th o s e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r in th is s tu d y . (S e e c h a p te r I I I . )
A s s u m in g th a t g e n e r a l g r o u n d s w ou ld a l s o h a v e s u f f i c e d in m o s t i f n ot
a l l o f th e 42 c o n s t itu tio n s n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r i n g to g r o u n d s , it w ou ld h a v e
b e e n p o s s i b l e to in i t ia t e im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d in g s on g e n e r a l g r o u n d s in v i r t u a l l y
a l l o f th e 125 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s . I n i t i a t o r s th u s h ad r e
l a t iv e ly w id e la t itu d e in b r in g in g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s ; a c c u s e d
o f f i c e r s , in tu r n , r e l i e d up o n th e " d u e - p r o c e s s " p r o v i s i o n s o f u n io n c o n s t itu tio n s
f o r p r o t e c t io n a g a i n s t u n fo u n d e d c h a r g e s .
P r e l i m i n a r y R e v ie w .
S ix t e e n o f th e 125 c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id in g f o r i m
p e a c h m e n t o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s m a d e p r o v i s i o n f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w a s a
f i r s t s t e p in th e im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e .
M o s t o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r,
w e r e n o t s p e c i f i c a s to w h at th is p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w in v o lv e d . S o m e , s u c h a s th e
c o n s t itu tio n o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s * U n io n o f N o r th A m e r i c a , r e
f e r r e d to " i n v e s t i g a t i o n " :
A n y o f f i c e r o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l . . . m a y b e im p e a c h e d b y th e E x
e c u t iv e C o u n c il. A f t e r in v e s t ig a t io n , im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d in g s m a y b e
c o n d u c te d . . .
134
O th e r s u s e d no lik e
r e v ie w in g a g e n t:
te rm ,
but
s im p ly
in d ic a t e d
d i s c r e t i o n on th e
p a r t o f th e
C h a r g e s . . . s h a l l b e . . . f ile d . . • w ith th e G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t ,
who s h a l l , b y in s p e c t io n , d e t e r m in e w h e th e r th e y b e o f a n a t u r e * to j u s
t ify t r i a l . . .
If, in h is o p in io n , th e c h a r g e s b e s u c h a s to j u s t i f y a
t r i a l , h e s h a l l . . . ( t r i a l p r o c e d u r e o u tlin e d ) ( I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n
o f B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l an d O r n a m e n ta l Iro n W o r k e r s )
In a l l 16 c o n s t it u t io n s , th e r e w a s la n g u a g e to in d ic a t e th a t th e r e v ie w in g a g e n t
c o u ld d r o p c h a r g e s a t h is d i s c r e t i o n .
In tw o c a s e s , w h e th e r o r n o t a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w w ou ld b e u n d e r ta k e n
d e p e n d e d u p o n who h ad in itia te d c h a r g e s .
T h e c o n s t itu tio n s o f th e B r o th e r h o o d
o f R a i l r o a d T r a in m e n an d th e A s s o c i a t i o n o f R a ilw a y T r a in m e n an d L o c o m o t iv e
F i r e m e n (In d. ) p r o v id e d f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w i f c h a r g e s w e r e b r o u g h t b y a
m e m b e r , bu t th e t r i a l w a s a u t o m a t ic if c h a r g e s w e r e b r o u g h t b y a n i n t e r n a
tio n a l o f f i c e r .
In o n ly 2 o f th e 16 c o n s t itu tio n s w a s th e d e c is io n o f th e s c r e e n i n g b o d y
s u b je c t to a u t o m a t ic r e v ie w b y a n o th e r b o d y .
T h u s , th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e
A m e r ic a n R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n s t ip u la t e d th a t:
T h e N a t io n a l C o u n c il s h a l l a p p r o v e o r d is a p p r o v e th e c h a r g e s an d
s h a l l s u b m it t h e ir fin d in g s to on e m e m b e r s h i p m e e tin g a t e a c h B r a n c h
o f f ic e f o r a p p r o v a l . . .
A s i m i l a r p r o v is io n w a s fo u n d in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e N a t io n a l M a r it im e
U n io n o f A m e r ic a :
T h e N a t io n a l O ffic e s h a l l s u b m it it s d e c i s i o n to e ith e r a c c e p t o r
r e j e c t th e c h a r g e s to th e n e x t r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l m e m b e r s h i p m e e tin g
a t th e N ew Y o r k H e a d q u a r t e r s o f th e U n ion f o r a p p r o v a l o r r e je c t i o n .
In th e o th e r 14 c o n s t it u t io n s , a d e c i s i o n to d r o p th e c h a r g e s c o u ld end
th e c a s e , s in c e no o th e r s t e p s to b e a u t o m a t ic a l ly ta k e n w e r e d e s c r i b e d . In tw o
c o n s t it u t io n s o n ly , t h o s e o f th e U n ited T r a n s p o r t S e r v i c e E m p lo y e e s an d th e S t a g e
E m p lo y e e s an d M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h in e O p e r a t o r s o f th e U n ited S t a t e s an d C a n a d a ,
w a s t h e r e a s p e c i f i c r ig h t to a p p e a l a d e c i s i o n to d r o p c h a r g e s :
T h e a c c u s e r o f an y I n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r , o r g a n i z e r , o r an y e m p lo y e e
o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion m u s t p r e s e n t h is c h a r g e in w r itin g to th e I n
t e r n a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t . . .
If th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t c o n s i d e r s th e
c h a r g e n ot to h a v e m e r i t , th e a c c u s e r h a s th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e
G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . If th e a c c u s e r o r th e a c c u s e d i s d i s s a t i s f i e d
w ith th e d e c is io n o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , e it h e r s h a l l h a v e th e
r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e n e x t B ie n n ia l C o n v e n tio n . (U n ited T r a n s p o r t S e r v
ic e E m p lo y e e s )
T h e r ig h t o f a p p e a l b y an a c c u s e r f r o m a d e c is io n to d r o p c h a r g e s a t
th is p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w l e v e l w a s u n c e r t a in in o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s .
In s o m e ,
th e la n g u a g e u s e d in th e a p p e a l s e c t io n w a s b r o a d en o u g h to a p p e a r to m a k e it
p o s s i b l e f o r an a p p e a l to b e ta k e n f r o m s u c h d e c i s i o n s .
In o t h e r s , th e s c o p e
135
o f th e a p p e a l s e c t i o n w a s u n c l e a r .
In th e fo llo w in g c l a u s e , f o r e x a m p le , it
a p p e a r s to b e a m a t t e r o f in t e r p r e t a t io n a s to w h e th e r th e d e c i s i o n to d r o p c h a r g e s
w a s in c lu d e d in th e a p p e a l p r o v is io n :
T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , i f it fin d s th a t th e c h a r g e s h a v e
s u f f ic ie n t m e r i t to w a r r a n t f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s , s h a l l f u r n is h th e a c c u s e d
w ith a co p y o f th e c h a r g e s . . . T h e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a y ,
f o r g o o d c a u s e , s u s p e n d th e a c c u s e d f r o m h is d u t ie s a s an O f f i c e r , p e n d
in g d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h im . . . T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x
e c u tiv e B o a r d s h a l l h o ld a h e a r in g . . . D e c i s io n s o f th e B o a r d m a d e
h e r e in u n d e r m a y b e a p p e a le d to th e n e x t I n t e r n a t io n a l C o n v e n tio n . (C o m m e r i c a l T e l e g r a p h e r s * U nion)
In s o m e o f th e o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , th e a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s s e e m e d to a p p ly
e x c lu s iv e ly to d e c i s i o n s o f th e t r i a l b o d y , an d n o t to d e c i s i o n s to d ro p c h a r g e s
m a d e a t p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w :
E it h e r p a r t y to th e t r i a l c a n a p p e a l f r o m th e d e c i s i o n o f th e E x e c u
tiv e B o a r d to th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y . . . ( E m p h a s is a d d e d ) ( R a il r o a d
Y a r d m a s t e r s o f A m e r ic a )
In tw o o f th e 16 u n io n s, th e A m e r ic a n R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n an d th e I n t e r
n a tio n a l P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s * U n ion o f N o r th A m e r i c a , th e a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s w e r e
n o t a p p lic a b le to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s . A s m e n tio n e d a b o v e , h o w e v e r, th e A m e r
ic a n R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n d id p r o v id e f o r a v o te o f th e m e m b e r s h i p on d e c i s i o n s
to d r o p c h a r g e s .
In g e n e r a l , t h e s e 16 c o n s t itu tio n s w e r e v a g u e a s to g r o u n d s fo r r e m o v a l
o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s .
S e v e n o f th e 16 m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to g r o u n d s fo r
im p e a c h m e n t; 7 o t h e r s m e n tio n e d g e n e r a l g r o u n d s o n ly .
O n ly on e c o n s titu tio n , th a t f o r th e U n ited P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d an d A llie d
W o r k e r s , a l s o p r o v id e d f o r r e c a l l . T h u s , in c o n s t it u t io n a l t e r m s , d i s m i s s a l a t
th e p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w l e v e l m ig h t w e ll l e a v e th e m e m b e r o r l o c a l b r in g in g
c h a r g e s w ith o u t a f u r t h e r m e a n s o f a ir in g c o m p la in t s a g a i n s t th e o f f i c e r c o n c e r n e d .
T ria l Body.
If c h a r g e s a r e n o t d r o p p e d in a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w , th e
n e x t s te p in im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e s i s to p r o c e e d to t r i a l . In 90 c o n s t it u t io n s ,
th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d w a s n a m e d a s th e t r i a l b o d y u n d e r a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s (ta b le
V I I- 4 ).
N in e o th e r c o n s t itu tio n s n a m e d th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d a s th e b o d y w h ich
w ou ld c o n d u c t th e t r i a l in m o s t i n s t a n c e s , b u t m a d e p r o v i s i o n f o r a n o th e r b o d y
to c o n d u c t th e t r i a l u n d e r s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . F o r in s t a n c e , th e I n t e r n a tio n a l
M o ld e r s * an d F o u n d r y W o r k e r s U n ion o f N o rth A m e r i c a c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d f o r
a t r i a l b y th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d w hen c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d b y a l o c a l u n io n , b u t
s p e c i f i e d a t r i a l b y th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s ( c o n s is t i n g o f s o m e b u t n ot a l l o f th e
m e m b e r s o f th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d ) u n d e r th e fo llo w in g c i r c u m s t a n c e s :
T r u s t e e s . . . s h a l l h a v e s u p e r v i s i o n o v e r a l l o f f i c e r s an d s h a l l
h a v e p o w e r to r e m o v e an y o f f i c e r f o r in c o m p e t e n c y o r u n f a it h f u ln e s s ,
a f t e r b e in g d u ly c h a r g e d , t r i e d , an d fo u n d g u ilty .
S u c h a c tio n to b e
ta k e n o n ly b y c o n s e n t o f fiv e m e m b e r s o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d .
O th e r u n io n s m a d e a d is t in c t io n a s to t r i a l b o d y n ot on th e b a s i s o f who p r e f e r r e d
c h a r g e s , b u t r a t h e r on th e b a s i s o f who w a s c h a r g e d . F o r e x a m p le , th e B r o t h e r
h oo d o f M a in te n a n c e o f W ay E m p lo y e s 1 c o n s t itu tio n n a m e d th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d a s
th e b o d y to t r y in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s o th e r th an m e m b e r s o f th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d .
If c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a b o a r d m e m b e r , th e t r i a l w a s to be c o n d u c te d
b y an a p p e a l b o a r d , c o n s is t i n g o f a l l e le c t e d in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s e x c e p t th e one
b e in g t r i e d .
S ix o f t h e s e n in e c o n s t itu tio n s n a m e d th e c o n v e n tio n a s th e t r i a l b o d y
u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s . O ne m e th o d , a s in th e c a s e o f T h e O r d e r of R a i l
r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s , w a s to g iv e th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d th e o p tio n to t r y th e c a s e
T a b le V II-4.
T r ia l Body in Im peachm ent P roceedings, N ation al and In ternational
Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
A ffiliatio n
T o ta l
U n affiliate d
A FL-CIO
T r ia l body
Unions
M em bers
M em bers
Unions
Unions
M em bers
A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ----------------
125
15, 4 6 2 .5
103
1 3 ,1 3 7 .8
22
2, 324. 6
E xecutive board -------------------------------E xecutive board ordinarily; other
governing body in sp e c ia l c a s e s ---------E xecutive board ordinarily; convention
in sp e c ia l cases -----------------------------T r ia l co m m itte e —ad h o c --------------------T r ia l c o m m itte —p e r m a n e n t---------------2 governing bodies in jo in t s e s s io n -------C onvention -------------------------------------C onvention or outside body j ---------------Differs accordin g to offen se
--------------International p r e sid e n t-----------------------R e fe r e n d u m -------- ----------- ------------- —
90
11, 3 9 5 .6
75
9 ,1 6 9 . 4
15
2, 226. 2
3
1 ,0 0 6 .2
3
1 ,0 0 6 . 2
6
13
3
2
2
2
2
1
5 3 8 .6
1 ,4 5 7 .1
5 1 0 .9
8 .5
6 7 .9
3 9 .5
3 8 1 .2
5 6 .0
5 3 8 .6
1 ,4 4 5 .6
5 1 0 .9
4 .2
4 1 .3
3 9 .5
3 8 1 .2
-
4
1
1
1 1 .6
4 .3
2 6 .5
5 6 .0
1
1.0
6
9
3
1
1
2
2
1
1.0
-
1
-
1 1 constitution provided that the ex ecu tive board try cases involving com m unism , for other offen ses the accu sed
had the option of being tried by the ex ecu tiv e board or a tria l body se le c te d by lot. The other constitution provided
for tria l by a board se lecte d by lo t for most offenses, and for trial by the international president in em ergen cies.
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals.
i t s e l f , o r to r e f e r it to a s p e c i a l c o n v e n tio n c a ll e d f o r th e p u r p o s e o f c o n d u c tin g
th e t r i a l .
In th e A m e r ic a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild , th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d h ad s u c h
a n o p tio n —
If th e n e x t r e g u l a r m e e tin g o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d i s
s c h e d u le d f o r a tim e w ith in 2 w e e k s b e f o r e a C o n v e n tio n . . . .
T r i a l c o m m it t e e s , th e s e c o n d m o s t p r e v a le n t ty p e o f b o d y n a m e d to c o n
d u c t t r i a l s o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s , w e r e p r o v id e d f o r on an a d h o c b a s i s , a s
in th e c a s e o f th e U n ited W e ld e r s o f A m e r i c a ( I n d .):
T h e P r e s i d e n t s h a l l a l s o n o tify a l l L o c a l P r e s i d e n t s an d th e y w ill
m e e t w ith t h e ir B o a r d s to s e l e c t a T r i a l J u r o r an d A lt e r n a t e f r o m t h e ir
re sp e c tiv e L o c a ls .
E a c h j u r o r o r a lt e r n a t e m u s t b e a f o r m e r L o c a l
o r N a t io n a l O f f i c e r , a m e m b e r in g o o d s ta n d in g , an d s h a l l n ot b e in
o f f ic e a t th e t im e . S u c h j u r o r s o r a l t e r n a t e s s o s e l e c t e d s h a l l c o n s t i
tu te th e T r i a l C o m m itt e e .
O th e r
fo r m u la s
w ere
u se d
to s e l e c t
ad hoc
tria l
c o m m it t e e s .
For
e x a m p le :
. . . T h e s a i d c h a r g e s a r e to b e r e f e r r e d to an in v e s t i g a t i n g c o m
m it t e e , c o n s is t i n g o f th r e e m e m b e r s in g o o d s ta n d in g , s e l e c t e d a s fo llo w s :
O ne b y th e G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r ; on e b y th e p a r t y p r e
f e r r i n g th e c h a r g e s , an d t h e s e tw o m e m b e r s s h a l l e le c t a th ir d m e m
b e r . . . ( in te r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a r b le , S la t e an d S to n e P o l i s h e r s ,
R u b b e r s an d S a w y e r s , T ile an d M a r b le S e t t e r s 1 H e lp e r s an d M a r b le
M o s a i c an d T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s 1 H e lp e r s )
137
P e r m a n e n t t r i a l b o d ie s w e r e p r o v id e d
I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f U n ited B r e w e r y , F l o u r ,
W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a , f o r in s t a n c e , p r o v id e d f o r
o f t h r e e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d m e m b e r s an d th r e e
b y th e b o a r d .
f o r in t h r e e c o n s t it u t io n s .
The
C e r e a l , S o ft D r in k an d D i s t i l l e r y
a s ta n d in g T r i a l B o a r d c o m p o s e d
a lt e r n a t e m e m b e r s , a l l s e l e c t e d
T r i a l b o d ie s o th e r th a n th e o n e s a l r e a d y m e n tio n e d w e r e in fr e q u e n t. In
th e B r o th e r h o o d o f S h o e an d A llie d C r a f t s m e n ( i n d . ) c o n s t itu tio n , tw o b o d ie s , th e
e x e c u tiv e b o a r d an d a c o n tr o l b o a r d ( c o n s is t i n g o f th e g e n e r a l v i c e - p r e s i d e n t
o r g a n i z e r an d tw o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m e a c h l o c a l) w e r e to m e e t in jo in t s e s s i o n
to c o n d u c t a t r i a l . In th e A m e r ic a n T r a i n D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n c o n stitu tio n ,
th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d and th e b o a r d o f t r u s t e e s w e r e s p e c i f i e d .
T r i a l b y a b o d y in d e p e n d e n t o f an y a f f il ia t i o n to th e u n io n w a s p r o v id e d
in tw o c o n s t itu tio n s ( A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t io n o f G r a in M i l l e r s an d N a t io n a l A g r i
c u lt u r a l W o r k e r s U n io n ). 38 O ne o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s i s r e p r o d u c e d b e lo w :
W h e n ev er in h is ju d g m e n t th e f a c t s an d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f an y c a s e
a r i s i n g u n d e r th is C o n stitu tio n n e c e s s i t a t e m o r e f o r m a l an d c o m p r e h e n
s i v e h e a r in g an d d e lib e r a t io n th a n i s c o n te m p la t e d b y a l l th e t r i a l p r o
c e d u r e s s e t fo r th h e r e in , th e P r e s i d e n t , w ith th e c o n s e n t o f th e G e n e r a l
E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , m a y a p p o in t a S p e c i a l H e a r in g O f f i c e r to h e a r an d
d e c id e th e c h a r g e s . T h e S p e c i a l H e a r in g O f f i c e r n e e d n o t b e a m e m b e r
o f th e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a in M i l l e r s an d m a y b e v e s t e d w ith
a l l o r p a r t o f th e j u d i c i a l p o w e r s b y th is C o n stitu tio n c o n f e r r e d upon a
L o c a l U n io n T r i a l B o a r d , a L o c a l U n io n , an I n t e r n a t io n a l T r i a l B o a r d
an d th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . ( A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a in M i l l e r s )
F i n a l D e c i s io n .
In m o s t c o n s t it u t io n s , th e b o d y c o n d u c tin g th e t r i a l w a s
a l s o e m p o w e r e d to r e n d e r th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n ( ta b le V I I- 5 ). O n ly 16 o f th e 125 i m
p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s r e q u ir e d th e t r i a l b o d y to s u b m it i t s fin d in g s to a n o th e r
b o d y f o r a f i n a l d e c is io n . In c o n t r a s t , 78 o f th e 136 p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l o f m e m
b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , a t th e l o c a l l e v e l , a s d e s c r i b e d in c h a p te r IV , p r o v id e d
th a t the f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s to b e r e n d e r e d b y a b o d y o t h e r th a n th e t r i a l b o d y .
F o u r t e e n o f th e 16 c o n s t it u t io n s th a t d id n o t a llo w th e t r i a l b o d y to m a k e
th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n s p e c i f i e d th a t th e t r i a l b o d y *s a u t h o r ity w o u ld b e lim it e d to
m a k in g a r e c o m m e n d a tio n to a n o th e r b o d y .
In 9 o f t h e s e 14, s u c h r e c o m m e n
d a tio n w a s to b e s u b m itte d to a m e m b e r s h i p r e f e r e n d u m .
T h e fo llo w in g c l a u s e
w a s t y p ic a l:
U pon r e c e i v in g th e e v id e n c e f r o m b o th th e a c c u s e r an d th e a c c u s e d ,
th e B o a r d s h a l l c o n s u lt p r i v a t e l y on s a m e an d s h a l l d e t e r m in e th e g u ilt
o r in n o c e n c e o f th e a c c u s e d up o n c h a r g e an d s p e c i f i c a t i o n . I f fo u n d g u ilty ,
it s h a l l b e th e d u ty o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d to i s s u e a c i r c u l a r
c o n ta in in g t h e ir fin d in g s an d t e s t im o n y th e r e o n in b r i e f , w ith f u ll r e c o m
m e n d a tio n s a tt a c h e d . C o p y o f s a m e to b e s e n t to e a c h L o c a l U n io n , w h ich
s h a l l a t a s p e c i a l m e e tin g c a ll e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e , p r o c e e d to v o te on
s a m e . . . (U n ite d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r ic a )
In on e o th e r c o n stitu tio n , th e A lu m in u m W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion ,
if th e t r i a l b o a r d m a d e a fin d in g o f g u ilt, it th en r e c o m m e n d e d to th e e x e c u tiv e
b o a r d w h at it c o n s id e r e d to b e an a p p r o p r ia t e p e n a lty ; th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n a s to
th e a c t u a l p e n a lty w a s le f t to th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d .
In th e o th e r c o n stitu tio n ,
th e L a u n d r y an d D r y C le a n in g I n t e r n a tio n a l U n io n , th e t r i a l b o d y ^ d e c is io n w a s
f in a l e x c e p t w h e r e th e c h a r g e w a s m a l f e a s a n c e in o f f ic e , in w h ich c a s e th e f in a l
d e c is io n w a s l e f t to th e c o n v e n tio n .
38
T h e N a t io n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s U n io n h a s s in c e
A m a lg a m a t e d M e a t C u t t e r s an d B u tc h e r W o rk m e n o f N o rth A m e r i c a .
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 1 0
m erged
w ith the
138
T a b le V II-5.
T r ia l Bodies and Bodies Empowered to Hand Down F in al D ecision (E xcept in A pp eals),
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(Num ber of unions!
Body m aking fin al decision
T r ia l body
T o ta l
studied Executive C on
board
vention
A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ----
125
89
E xecutive b o a r d --------------------E xecutive board ordinarily;
other governing body in
sp e c ia l c a s e s ---------------------E xecutive board ordinarily;
convention in sp e c ia l c a s e s ---T r ia l co m m ittee—ad h o c -------T r ia l co m m ittee—p e r m a n e n t---2 governing bodies in jo in t
s e s s i o n -----------------------------Convention ------------------------Convention or outside b o d y ----Differs accordin g to offense ^ ---International p r e sid e n t----------R e fe r e n d u m -------------------------
90
79
3
*3
6
13
3
25
1
-
2
2
2
2
1
1
-
1
6
R e fe r
endum
10
Two
Perm anent Ad hoc
trial
bodies in
trial
com
join t
co m m ittee
session
m ittee
Other
3
3
2
8
No
referen ce
to body
m aking
fin al
d ecision
9
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
3
8
-
-
-
2
-
-
1
-
-
2
4 1
1
-
4
-
-
32
1
-
-
-
1
-
_
1
-
* If tria l is by other governing body, it also m akes fin al decision.
2 If tr ia l is by convention, it also m akes fin al d ecision.
3 Under 1 constitution ex ecu tiv e co m m itte e 's d ecision is fin al if accu sed is held innocent, otherwise d ecision
by referendum .
In the other, fin al d ecision is m ade by international president.
4 If tria l is by outside body, it also m akes the fin al d ecision .
^ Se e footnote 1, tab le V II-4.
h o u se ,
A u n iq u e v a r ia t i o n w a s fo u n d in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e U n ited P a c k i n g
F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s :
T h e p e n a lty o f r e m o v a l f r o m o f fic e f o r th e r e m a in d e r o f th e a c
c u s e d ^ t e r m o r o f s u s p e n s io n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p in th e U n io n , o r b o th ,
m a y b e r e c o m m e n d e d o n ly i f th e a c c u s e d i s fo u n d g u ilty o f d u a l u n io n is m ,
m is h a n d lin g o f u n ion fu n d s o r a c tin g a s a g e n t o f an e m p lo y e r .
F o r an y o f fe n s e o th e r th a n t h o s e s p e c i f ie d . . . a b o v e , th e p e n a lty
r e c o m m e n d e d b y th e t r i a l c o m m it t e e m a y n ot a f f e c t th e m e m b e r s h i p
s t a t u s o f th e a c c u s e d b u t m a y in c lu d e s u s p e n s io n f r o m o f f ic e f o r a p e r i o d
up to s ix t y d a y s an d m a y a l s o in c lu d e a d ir e c t io n th a t a r e c a l l b a llo t
b e h e ld . . .
T h e d e c is io n an d r e c o m m e n d a tio n o f th e t r i a l c o m m it t e e s h a l l b e
r e p o r t e d to th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , w h ich m a y u p h o ld , r e j e c t , o r m o d ify
it . T h e p o w e r s o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d a s to p e n a l t ie s s h a l l b e s u b je c t
to th e s a m e lim it a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d . . . a b o v e e x c e p t a s e n l a r g e d . . .
( a s p r o v id e d in th e fo llo w in g p a r a g r a p h , w h e r e the b o a r d i s g iv e n p o w e r
to a p p o in t an A d m in is t r a t o r in c e r t a i n s it u a t io n s ) .
139
S iz e o f V o te R e q u i r e d . M o r e th an h a lf o f th e c o n s t itu tio n s w ith im p e a c h
m e n t p r o v i s i o n s d id n ot s p e c i f y th e s i z e o f v o te r e q u ir e d to im p o s e s e n te n c e
( ta b le V II- 6 ).
A m o n g th e o t h e r s , s e v e r a l d if f e r e n t ty p e s o f v o tin g p r o c e d u r e s
w e r e fo u n d . S o m e m e r e l y r e q u ir e d a " m a j o r i t y , " w ith o u t f u r t h e r s p e c i f ic a t io n :
T h e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , b y a m a j o r i t y v o te , s h a l l a p p r o v e , d is a p p r o v e ,
o r m o d ify th e r e c o m m e n d a tio n , an d s h a l l i s s u e i t s d e c i s i o n . . . ( A m a l
g a m a t e d M e a t C u t t e r s an d B u tc h e r W o rk m e n o f N o rth A m e r ic a )
T a b le V II-6. Vote R equired to Im pose Penalty in Im peachm ent C ases,
N ation al and International Urlion Constitutions, Early 1961
(Num ber of unions)
V ote required
Body im posing pen alty
T o tal
studied
M ajority M ajority Two-thirds Tw o-thirds M ajority
No
M aj ority of those of those of those
of those
of those Other referen ce
elig
ib
le
e
lig
ib
le
votin g
present
present
A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ----
125
8
6
8
3
14
15
5
66
Penalty im posed by tria l body - E xecutive b o a r d ---------------Perm anent b o d y -----------------S p e c ia l body ------------------C o n v e n tio n ---------------------R e fe r e n d u m --------------------O th e r -----------------------------Penalty im posed by other than
tria l body ------------------------E xecutive b o a r d ---------------C o n v e n tio n ---------------------R e fe r e n d u m --------------------O th e r -----------------------------No referen ce to body im posing
p e n a lty ------------------------------
105
79
3
7
2
1
13
6
6
7
6
2
2
12
10
4
12
-
4
4
-
-
16
3
3
9
1
2
1
1
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
14
13
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
22
56
36
2
4
2
1
11
2
1
41
1
1
-
1
1
-
2
2
-
1
1
-
1
3l
-
6
1
5
-
-
“
”
4
-
-
1 Under 1 constitution, three-fourths of the m em bers of the ex ecu tive board; in the other, tw o-thirds of the
m em bers of the board present and voting.
2 Under 1 constitution, trial body consists of 2 governing bodies in join t session, and the vote must be tw othirds of those present and votin g; in the other, both the ex ecu tive board and the convention can act as the tr ia l body,
when the convention im poses the pen alty, the vote size required is a m ajority of those present and votin g, no r e f
erence to vote size when the ex ecu tiv e board im poses the penalty.
3
Differs by offen se.
4
When fin a l d ecision is by referendum , a m ajority of the m em bership must vo te ; no referen ce to vote size
when fin a l d ecision is m ade by the ex ecu tive co m m ittee.
M o s t o f th e p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r ,
in th e fo llo w in g e x a m p le :
w ere m o re
p r e c i s e a s to th e
v o te co u n t,
. . . S u c h s u s p e n s io n o f an y I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r o r I n t e r n a tio n a l
E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r s h a l l o c c u r o n ly by a t w o - t h ir d s (z/s) v o te o f
th e B o a r d , th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r o r B o a r d M e m b e r n ot v o tin g . (O il, C h e m
i c a l an d A to m ic W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U nion)
as
140
D u e - P r o c e s s P r o v i s i o n s 39
F o r m o f C h a r g e s , O f th e 125 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s ,
1 1 0 , o r 88 p e r c e n t , m a d e r e f e r e n c e to c h a r g e s ( ta b le V I I- 7 ). O f t h e s e , h o w e v e r ,
34 m e r e l y s t ip u la t e d th a t c h a r g e s h a d to b e f i le d , m a k in g no m e n tio n o f th e f o r m
o f th e c h a r g e s . In a d d itio n , 31 o t h e r s s im p ly s t a t e d th a t th e c h a r g e s w e r e to b e
in w r itin g .
T h e m o s t d e t a ile d p r o v i s i o n s w e r e fo u n d in th e 13 c o n s t it u t io n s in
w h ich b o th th e c o n s t itu tio n a l p r o v i s i o n v io la t e d an d th e a c t s a ll e g e d ly c o m m it te d
h a d to b e s e t ou t in th e c h a r g e .
T h e p u r p o s e b e h in d s u c h a r e q u ir e m e n t w a s
s p e l le d ou t in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e U n ited R u b b e r , C o r k , L in o le u m an d P l a s t i c
W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a :
In a l l c a s e s , c h a r g e s m u s t b e s ig n e d b y th e c o m p la in a n t an d s h a l l
b e s u f f i c ie n t l y s p e c i f i c a s to th e p r o v i s i o n s o f U n io n la w v io la t e d an d o f
th e a ll e g e d a c t s w h ich c o n s t itu te th e b a s i s o f th e c h a r g e to p e r m i t th e
d e fe n d a n t to p r e p a r e a p r o p e r d e f e n s e .
T a b le V II-7. Form of C harges R equired to In itiate Im peachm ent Proceedings,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands!
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
AFL-CIO
T y pe o f provisions
Unions
Unions
A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s -----------------Constitutions providing for form of
charges ------------------------------------------W ritten and s p e c i f i c -----------------------S p e cify nature of o ffe n se --------------Sp e cify fa cts of the o ffe n se ----------Sp e cify fa c ts and constitution al
provision v i o l a t e d --------------------Other 1 -------------------------------------No referen ce to d etails to be
s p e c i f i e d --------------------------------W ritten o n l y ----------------------------------S p e c ific only, no referen ce to d etails
to be s p e c ifie d -----------------------------Constitutions referring to charges, but
m aking no referen ce to f o r m --------------C onstitutions not providing for referen ce
to c h a r g e s ---------------------------------------
U n affiliated
M em bers
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
125
1 5 ,4 6 2 .5
103
13, 1 3 7 .8
22
2, 324. 6
76
41
10
8
8, 080. 4
3, 3 5 7 .0
4 2 4 .0
7 5 2 .6
68
35
8
8
7, 9 9 9 .2
3, 282. 6
4 1 8 .4
7 5 2 .6
8
6
2
-
8 1 .3
7 4 .4
5 .6
13
3
1, 3 0 1 .5
1 2 4 .7
12
2
1 ,2 9 8 .2
123. 2
1
1
3 .3
.1 .5
7
31
7 5 4 .2
4, 344. 7
5
29
6 9 0 .2
4, 3 3 7 .9
2
2
6 4 .0
6 .9
4
3 7 8 .7
4
3 7 8 .7
_
_
34
3, 6 6 3 .1
23
2, 9 3 0 .4
11
7 3 2 .7
15
3 ,7 1 8 .9
12
2, 208. 2
3
1 ,5 1 0 .6
_
1 Includes 2 constitutions which require sworn charges, and 1 which requires only that the constitu tion al pro
vision a lle g e d ly v io la te d be sp e cifie d .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
39
A lth o u g h th e p r e v a l e n c e o f d u e - p r o c e s s c l a u s e s a p p lic a b le to in t e r n a t io n a l
o f f i c e r s d if f e r e d f r o m th o s e f o r m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , th e ty p e s o f p r o
v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r . T h e e a r l i e r s e c t io n (c h . VI) c o v e r in g m e m b e r s an d l o c a l
u n io n o f f i c e r s sh o u ld b e r e f e r r e d to f o r e x a m p le s o f c l a u s e s .
141
I n itia tio n an d E n d o r s e m e n t s ,
F i f t y o f th e 125 c o n s t it u t io n s w h ich p r o
v id e d fo r im p e a c h m e n t o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to a s p e c i f i c
a g e n t o r b o d y a u t h o r iz e d to in it ia t e s u c h p r o c e e d in g , a lth o u g h no m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r
w a s b a r r e d f r o m d o in g s o .
In th e o th e r 75 u n io n s, c e r t a i n p e r s o n s o r b o d ie s
w e r e d e s ig n a t e d a s e lig ib le to in it ia t e im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s .
In s o m e o f
t h e s e , w o r d s o f lim it a t io n w e r e u s e d , m a k in g it e x p l ic i t th a t o n ly th e p a r t y d e
s ig n a t e d c o u ld in it ia t e c h a r g e s . F o r in s t a n c e , on e c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d :
. . . D u r in g th e r e c e s s o f th e (c o n v e n tio n ) th e o f f i c e r s o f th e G ra n d
D iv is io n a r e a m e n a b le o n ly to th e T r u s t e e s , an d no on e e l s e c a n p r e f e r
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t th e m d u r in g t h e ir t e r m o f o f f ic e .
( O r d e r o f R a ilw a y
C o n d u c to r s an d B r a k e m e n , I n d . )
In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , lim it a t i o n s s u c h a s "n o on e e l s e " o r " o n ly " d id
n o t a p p e a r , b u t th e la n g u a g e n e v e r t h e l e s s im p lie d th a t th e p a r t y d e s i g n a t e d w a s
to b e th e e x c l u s i v e on e (o r o n e s) to in it ia t e c h a r g e s . F o r e x a m p le , th e A m e r ic a n
F e d e r a t i o n of. M u s i c i a n s 1 c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d :
A n y F e d e r a t i o n o f f i c e r m a y b e r e m o v e d f r o m h is p o s it io n f o r c o n d u c t
u n b e c o m in g h is p o s it io n o r f o r in a tte n tio n to th e d u t ie s o f h is s t a t io n . . .
on c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d b y a L o c a l o f th e F e d e r a t i o n o r a n y m e m b e r o f
th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . . .
A p p r o x im a t e ly o n e - t h ir d o f th e 75 u n io n s s p e c if y in g an in i t ia t o r p r o v id e d
a lt e r n a t iv e m e t h o d s . F o r in s t a n c e , th e U n ited A u to m o b ile , A e r o s p a c e an d A g r i
c u lt u r a l I m p le m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a a llo w e d im p e a c h m e n t to b e in it ia t e d —
. . . U pon w r itte n a f f id a v it s ig n e d b y fiv e o r m o r e B o a r d M e m b e r s
an d file d w ith th e I n t e r n a t io n a l S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r .
A nd a l s o —
. . . U pon w r itt e n a f f id a v it s ig n e d b y a L o c a l U n io n m e m b e r an d
e n d o r s e d b y h is ow n L o c a l U n ion an d b y a t l e a s t te n (10) a d d itio n a l L o c a l
U n io n s in th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , o r in th e c a s e o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an
I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r , u p o n w r itt e n a f f id a v it s ig n e d b y
th e L o c a l U n io n m e m b e r an d e n d o r s e d b y h is ow n L o c a l U n io n an d a
m a j o r i t y o f th e L o c a l U n io n s w ith in th e r e g io n f r o m w h ich th e i n t e r
n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r i s e le c t e d .
tio n s,
M e m b e r s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d in a p p r o x im a t e ly o n e - h a lf o f th e 75 c o n s t it u
an d " l o c a l u n io n s " in a b o u t o n e - t h ir d .
U n d e r s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , o n ly th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d (fo u r) o r th e p r e s i d e n t
(th r e e ) c o u ld b r in g c h a r g e s . O n ly on e o f t h e s e , th e B r o th e r h o o d o f S h o e an d A llie d
C r a f t s m e n ( I n d .), h a d p r o v i s i o n s f o r r e c a l l an d th u s a m e m b e r o r a l o c a l u n io n
a p p a r e n t ly c o u ld n ot d i r e c t l y b r in g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r .
N in e te e n o f th e 75 c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c if y in g an in i t ia t o r in c lu d e d a r e q u i r e
m en t fo r e n d o rse m e n t.
T h e p e r s o n s o r b o d y n a m e d a s e n d o r s e r in c lu d e d th e
e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , s p e c i f i e d p r o p o r t io n s o f l o c a l u n io n s o r m e m b e r s , o r a fix e d
n u m b e r o f l o c a l s . In 6 o f th e 19, th e e n d o r s e m e n t r e q u ir e m e n t v a r i e d d e p e n d in g
u p o n who in it ia t e d c h a r g e s . O ne o f t h e s e , th e U t ility W o r k e r s U n ion o f A m e r i c a ,
r e q u ir e d no m e m b e r s h i p o r l o c a l u n io n e n d o r s e m e n t w hen fo u r o r m o r e e x e c u tiv e
m e m b e r s b r o u g h t c h a r g e s ; w hen a l o c a l u n io n w a s th e in it ia t in g p a r t y , h o w e v e r,
e n d o r s e m e n t s w e r e r e q u ir e d f r o m 10 l o c a l s w ith 20 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f th e t o t a l
u n io n m e m b e r s h i p . O th e r v a r i a t i o n s in c lu d e d th e fo llo w in g :
142
G e n e r a l o f f i c e r s , c h a r g e d w ith v io la t io n o f th e C o n s t itu tio n , s h a l l
b e t r i e d o n ly u p on w r itte n c h a r g e s s ig n e d an d a u t h o r iz e d b y t h r e e L o c a l
U n io n s in g o o d s t a n d in g , o r s ig n e d an d a u t h o r iz e d b y tw o m e m b e r s o f
th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d .
( L a u n d r y , D r y C le a n in g an d Dye_ H o u s e
W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion , Ind. )
S a f e g u a r d s D u r in g T r i a l .
E ig h t y - e ig h t c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g s lig h t l y
m o r e th a n 8. 8 m illio n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f i c a l l y g u a r a n t e e d th e a c c u s e d c e r t a i n r ig h t s
a t h is t r i a l ( ta b le V II- 8 ).
In 26 u n io n s, th is g u a r a n t e e w a s in th e f o r m o f a
g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t th a t th e a c c u s e d w a s e n title d to a " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r in g , " w ith
ou t g o in g in to fu r t h e r d e t a i l s . In 19 u n io n s, th e r ig h t to p r e s e n t e v id e n c e an d
r e fu t e c h a r g e s w a s s t ip u la t e d , w h ile in 14 o t h e r s , a l l A F L —CIO a f f i l i a t e s , th e
r ig h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e an d c o n fr o n t w i t n e s s e s w a s a d d it io n a lly g u a r a n t e e d . A m o n g
th e " o t h e r r i g h t s " g u a r a n t e e d th e a c c u s e d in th e 17 c o n s t itu tio n s in th is c a t e g o r y
w e r e th e r ig h t s to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y l e g a l c o u n s e l, to h a v e a l l w i t n e s s e s s w o r n ,
an d to h a v e a w r itte n t r a n s c r i p t o f th e p r o c e e d in g s .
T a b le V II-8. S e le cte d Due-Process Rights of A ccused in Im peachm ent Proceedings,
N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands!
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
Unions
M em bers
Unions
A ll constitutions with im peachm ent
provisions -------------------------------------C onstitutions providing for referen ce
to due-process rights of a c c u s e d ---------"F u ll and fa ir hearin g" or sim ilar
s t a t e m e n t ----------------------------------C ro ss-exam in e and confront
w itn e sses-----------------------------------Present evid en ce to refute c h a r g e s ---C ross-exam in e and confront
witnesses, and present evid en ce to
refute c h a r g e s ----------------------------C h allen g e m em bers of tria l b o d y ----C h allen g e m em bers of tria l body, and
present evid en ce to refute charges - C ross-exam in e and confront
witnesses, present evid en ce to refute
charges, and ch allen g e m em bers of
tria l b o d y ----------------------------------None of the above rights sp e cifie d ,
but other rights g i v e n ------------------C onstitutions not providing for referen ce
to due-process rights of a c c u s e d ----------
U n affiliated
AFL-CIO
R ights of accu sed
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
125
1 5 ,4 6 2 .5
103
13, 1 3 7 .8
22
2, 3 2 4 .6
88
8 ,8 2 7 .9
73
8, 5 5 7 .0
15
2 7 0 .9
26
1 ,5 8 3 .8
21
1 ,4 8 4 .7
5
9 9 .1
8
19
7 4 5 .8
1, 906. 2
5
14
7 3 9 .5
1, 8 1 9 .5
3
5
6 .3
8 6 .7
14
2
1 ,4 2 9 .9
7 6 .3
14
1
1 ,4 2 9 .9
1
7 6 .2
1
1 ,0 2 7 .0
1
1 ,0 2 7 .0
1
7 1 .5
1
7 1 .5
17
1, 9 8 7 .4
16
1 ,9 8 4 .8
1
2 .6
37
6, 634. 6
30
4, 580. 7
7
2 ,0 5 3 .7
(M
_
1 Less than 100 m em bers.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals.
S t a t u s P e n d in g T r i a l .
T h e s t a t u s o f o f f i c e r s d u r in g im p e a c h m e n t p r o
c e e d in g s w a s s tu d ie d a t th r e e s t a g e s : (1) B e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d ;40 (2) a f t e r
c h a r g e s h a d b e e n f ile d ; an d (3) a f t e r t r i a l , p e n d in g a p p e a l. T h e l a t t e r c a t e g o r y
w ill b e d i s c u s s e d s u b s e q u e n t ly in th e s e c t io n d e a lin g w ith a p p e a l s .
40
T h e d is t in g u is h in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e tw e e n p r o v i s i o n s in th is c a t e g o r y an d
t h o s e c o n s id e r e d a s s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e i s th a t h e r e t r i a l m a c h in e r y i s a v a i l a b l e .
143
O n ly 14 o f th e 125 u n io n s h a v in g im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s , c o v e r in g fe w e r
th a n h a lf a m illio n m e m b e r s , d e a l t w ith an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s s t a t u s b e f o r e
c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d . In e a c h o f t h e s e 14 u n io n s, th e c h o ic e o f w h e th e r to s u s p e n d
th e o f f i c e r w a s o p tio n a l w ith th e b o d y a u t h o r iz e d to im p o s e d i s c i p l i n e . In s o m e ,
th e a u t h o r iz a t io n w a s in th e f o r m o f an e m e r g e n c y - t y p e c l a u s e :
In an e m e r g e n c y , th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t m a y s u s p e n d a n I n t e r
n a tio n a l O f f i c e r . H e s h a l l c a l l an e m e r g e n c y m e e tin g o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l
E x e c u t iv e B o a r d to g iv e s a i d o f f i c e r a j u s t an d f a i r t r i a l .
( A llie d I n
d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a )
In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , th e c l a u s e a u t h o r iz in g s u s p e n s io n b e f o r e c h a r g e s
w a s o f a m o r e r o u tin e n a tu r e an d d id n ot c o n ta in la n g u a g e lim it in g s u c h s u s p e n
s io n s to e m e r g e n c y s it u a t io n s :
H e (th e p r e s id e n t ) s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r ity sh o u ld h e b e c o m e s a t i s f i e d
th a t an y I n t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r i s d e r e l i c t in th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f an y d u ty ,
o r h a s b e e n g u ilty o f an y d is h o n e s t a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m
h is o f f i c i a l p o s it io n ; in s u c h e v e n t h e s h a l l f u r n is h th e o f f i c e r s o s u s
p e n d e d w ith a d e t a ile d s t a t e m e n t o f h is r e a s o n s f o r s o d o in g . . . ( in
t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of B o o k b i n d e r s )
T h ir ty - o n e c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g 3. 6 m il lio n m e m b e r s , p r o v id e d f o r a
c h a n g e o f s t a t u s a f t e r th e filin g o f c h a r g e s .
In c lu d e d in th is g r o u p w e r e 10 o f
th e 14 c o n s t itu tio n s u n d e r w h ich a c h a n g e in s t a t u s c o u ld ta k e p l a c e b e f o r e th e
f ilin g o f c h a r g e s .
In 13 o f th e 31 c o n s t it u t io n s , s u s p e n s io n w a s o p tio n a l a f t e r
c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d . On th e o th e r h an d , fiv e o t h e r s r e q u ir e d a u t o m a t ic s u s p e n
s io n u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s :
T h e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d s h a l l e x a m in e a l l c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d
to it . . . an d s h a l l h a v e th e p o w e r to d e c l a r e s u c h c h a r g e s c o g n iz a b le
o r n o t. If c o g n iz a n c e i s ta k e n o f th e c h a r g e s th e a c c u s e d s h a l l b e t e m
p o r a r i l y s u s p e n d e d f r o m o f f ic e . . . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l A ll ia n c e o f T h e a t r i c a l
S t a g e E m p lo y e e s and M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h in e O p e r a t o r s o f th e U n ited
S t a t e s an d C a n a d a )
A s m a l l e r g r o u p o f u n io n s (four) a u t h o r iz e d th e t r i a l b o d y to s u s p e n d an
o f f i c e r a f t e r it h ad m a d e a fin d in g o f g u ilt, p e n d in g r a t i f i c a t i o n o f i t s fin d in g s
in a r e f e r e n d u m v o te .
In c o n t r a s t , tw o c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h ib it e d an y c h a n g e o f s t a t u s ,
u n til th e c a s e h ad b e e n d e c id e d :
U n til s u c h c h a r g e s an d in v e s t i g a t i n g r e p o r t h a v e b e e n f i n a l ly a c te d
upon b y th e I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n a t th e c o n v e n tio n , h e s h a l l co n tin u e
to a c t a s G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o
c ia t io n o f M a r b le , S la t e an d S to n e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s an d S a w y e r s , T ile
an d M a r b le S e t t e r s 1 H e lp e r s an d M a r b le M o s a ic an d T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s
H e lp e r s )
* * *
. . . h e s h a l l a c t a s I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t u n til s u c h c h a r g e s a r e
p r o v e n a g a i n s t h im .
(T h e G r a n it e C u t t e r s 1 I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f
A m e r ic a )
144
A p p e a ls.
T h e c o n v e n tio n p l a y s a l a r g e r o l e in a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e , s in c e
i t s p o w e r s a r e u s u a l ly g r e a t e r th an th o s e o f th e e x e c u t iv e b o d ie s w h ich r e n d e r
th e f i n a l d e c is io n .
(A s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r ( ta b le V I I- 4 ), 99 c o n s t it u t io n s n a m e d
th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d a s th e t r i a l b o d y in a l l o r m o s t im p e a c h m e n t c a s e s , an d
89 a u t h o r iz e d th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d to r e n d e r th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n ( t a b le V I I- 5 ).
O f th e 85 c o n s t itu tio n s th a t m a d e r e f e r e n c e to a p p e a l s , 7 0 , c o v e r in g j u s t 8. 6 m i l
lio n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f ie d th e c o n v e n tio n a s th e f in a l a p p e a l b o d y in a l l c a s e s
( ta b le V I I- 9 ).
In a d d itio n , 6 o t h e r s , c o v e r in g 1. 3 m il lio n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f i e d
th e c o n v e n tio n a s an a lt e r n a t iv e f i n a l a p p e a l b o d y , in c lu d in g 4 o f th e 11 w h ich
p r o v id e d f o r a p p e a l b y r e f e r e n d u m .
T h e l a t t e r s it u a t io n i s i l l u s t r a t e d b e lo w :
(T h e im p e a c h e d o f f ic e r ) s h a l l h a v e th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e n e x t
C o n v e n tio n o r d e m a n d a r e fe r e n d u m v o te on h is r e m o v a l f r o m o f f ic e .
( I n t e r n a tio n a l U n io n o f U n ite d B r e w e r y , F l o u r , C e r e a l , S o ft D r in k an d
D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a )
T a b le V II-9. F in al A p p eal Body in Im peachm ent Procedure, N ation al and International
Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands^
T o ta l studied
F in al ap p eal body
AFL-CIO
Unions
A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s --------------Constitutions providing for
referen ce to ap p eal -----------------------F in al ap p ea l body:
C o n v e n tio n -----------------------------R eferendum ----------------------------C onvention or referendum ---------C onvention or pu blic review
body -----------------------------------Other 1 -----------------------------------C onstitutions not providing for
referen ce to a p p e a l -------------------------
A ffiliatio n
M embers
Unions
U n affiliated
M embers
Unions
M em bers
125
1 5 ,4 6 2 .5
103
1 3 ,1 3 7 .8
22
2, 324. 6
85
1 0 ,8 1 7 .0
70
8, 546. 0
15
2, 271. 1
70
7
4
8 ,6 1 9 .8
5 9 4 .0
2 9 0 .9
56
6
4
6, 404. 7
5 3 8 .0
2 9 0 .9
14
1
2 ,2 1 5 .1
5 6 .0
-
-
2
2
1 ,0 8 3 . 1
229. 2
2
2
1 ,0 8 3 . 1
2 2 9 .2
-
-
-
-
40
4, 645. 4
33
4, 5 9 1 .9
7
5 3 .6
Under 1 constitution, decisions of the ex ecu tiv e board m ay be ap p ealed to the convention, but decisions of
m em bership referendum are fin a l.
In the other constitution, the convention is the fin a l a p p e al body, but if the
next convention is more than 1 year away from the tim e of the fin al d ecision of the ex ecu tiv e board, an a p p eal
to convention is ruled out.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
In th e A m e r ic a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild , a r e fe r e n d u m c o u ld b e c a ll e d o n ly in
th o s e c a s e s w h e r e th e n e x t c o n v e n tio n w a s m o r e th an 4 m o n th s a w a y .
(in th is
u n io n , th e c o n v e n tio n i s h e ld a n n u a lly . )
T h e a p p e a ls o p tio n s in th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , U n ite d A u to m o b ile , A e r o
s p a c e an d A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p le m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a an d th e U p h o l s t e r e r s 1
I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f N o rth A m e r i c a , n a m e ly o f g o in g e it h e r to th e c o n v e n tio n
o r to a p u b lic r e v ie w b o a r d , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d e s c r i b e d ( c h a p t e r V I).
145
In th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e A m e r ic a n B a k e r y an d C o n fe c tio n e r y W o r k e r s 1
I n t e r n a tio n a l U n io n , a n a p p e a l to th e c o n v e n tio n w a s p r o v id e d , b u t in in s t a n c e s
w h e re th e c o n v e n tio n w a s m o r e th a n 1 y e a r a w a y f r o m th e t im e o f th e f i n a l d e
c i s i o n o f th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d , th a t d e c is io n w a s fin a l, (T h e u n io n m e e t s in c o n
v e n tio n e v e r y 4 y e a r s . ) In th e U n ited P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s
U n io n , m o s t d e c i s i o n s o f th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d c o u ld b e a p p e a le d to th e c o n v e n
tio n but:
If a r e c a l l r e fe r e n d u m i s h e ld a s p a r t o f th e p e n a lty im p o s e d , th e
r e s u l t s o f s u c h a r e fe r e n d u m s h a l l b e b in d in g an d m a y n o t b e r e v e r s e d
b y c o n v e n tio n a c tio n d u r in g th e c u r r e n t t e r m o f o f f ic e .
R o le o f R e fe r e n d u m in I m p e a c h m e n t P r o c e e d i n g s . A r e f e r e n d u m w a s n ot
a c o m m o n p r o c e d u r e in im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , w ith o n ly 22 u n io n s, c o v e r in g
2. 2 m il lio n m e m b e r s , a llo w in g f o r i t s u s e a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s (ta b le V I I - 10).
In
on e u n io n , it w a s n ot c l e a r a t w h at l e v e l th e r e f e r e n d u m c a m e in to u s e , a s th e
fo llo w in g c l a u s e in d i c a t e s :
A n y g e n e r a l o f f i c e r m a y b e s u s p e n d e d by th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d upon
c h a r g e s b e in g f i le d a g a i n s t h im , p e n d in g i n v e s t i g a t i o n an d f i n a l a c tio n .
If s u c h c h a r g e s a r e s u s t a in e d b y a m a j o r i t y o f th e m e m b e r s h i p o f th e
I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n v o tin g , h e s h a l l b e r e m o v e d .
( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o o m
an d W h isk M a k e r s * U n ion o f A m e r ic a )
T a b le V II-10.
R ole of R eferendum in Im peachm ent Proceedings, N atio n al and International
Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands!
T o ta l studied
R ole of referendum in im p eac h
m ent proceedings
Right of accu sed to present defense statem en t
S p e cifie d
Unions
Unions
A ll im peach m en t provisions
---------------
C onstitutions providing for
referen ce to referendum ------------------T r ia l is conducted by
referendum -------------------------------R eferendum em ployed to ratify
tr ia l body's d e c is io n --------------------F in a l ap p e a l is a referendum ---------Constitutions not providing for
referen ce to referendum in
im peach m en t proceedings ----------------
offen se.
Not sp e cifie d
M em bers
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
125
1 5 ,4 6 2 .5
103
13, 1 3 7 .8
22
2, 324. 6
22
2, 228. 2
6
4 4 2 .8
16
1 ,7 8 5 .4
1
1 .0
1
1 .0
10
11
1 ,3 4 2 .3
8 8 4 .9
*3
3
2 1 8 .2
2 2 4 .6
7
8
1 ,1 2 4 .1
6 6 0 .3
103
1 3 ,2 3 4 .3
97
12, 6 9 5 .0
6
5 3 9 .2
Under 1 constitution, referendum can be an ap p eal or a ra tific a tio n authority depending upon the nature of the
It is treated as a ratific a tio n authority in this ta b le .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals.
tria l
A r e f e r e n d u m w a s m o s t o fte n s t ip u la t e d to ( l ) r a t i f y th e d e c is io n o f th e
b o d y , o r (2) a c t a s a f in a l a p p e a l b o d y .
W ith r e s p e c t to r a t i f i c a t i o n , a
146
t y p ic a l c l a u s e ,
i c a , p r o v id e d *
f r o m th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s U n ion o f A m e r
T h e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il s h a l l h a v e th e p o w e r to r e m o v e
an y o f th e o f f i c e r s e n u m e r a te d . . . w ho, a f t e r d u e t r i a l u p o n w r itt e n
ch arges . . .
i s foun d g u ilty o f d is h o n e s t y , m a l f e a s a n c e , o r m a l a d m i n
i s t r a t i o n , an d s u c h fin d in g s a r e a p p r o v e d in a r e f e r e n d u m by a m a j o r i t y
o f th e m e m b e r s o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n ion .
A s sh ow n in ta b le V I I -9 , th e r e fe r e n d u m a s th e e x c lu s iv e f i n a l a p p e a l w a s
foun d in s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , an d a s an a lt e r n a t iv e m e th o d in fo u r o t h e r s .
In
10 o f t h e s e 11 u n io n s th e i s s u e w a s s u b m itte d to a v o te o f th e " m e m b e r s h i p , 11
a lth o u g h in a fe w c a s e s th is w a s lim it e d to th e " a f f e c t e d m e m b e r s h i p . "
In th e
e le v e n th c o n s t itu tio n , th e i s s u e w a s s u b m itte d to a v o te o f th e l o c a l s .
O n ly 6 o f th e 22 u n io n s s p e c i f i c a l l y g r a n t e d th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r th e r ig h t
to s u b m it a d o c u m e n t s t a t in g h is v e r s i o n o f th e c a s e on th e b a l lo t . F o r e x a m p le :
T h e r e f e r e n d u m b a llo t s h a l l b e a c c o m p a n ie d b y a s t a t e m e n t b y th e
E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a j o r i t y an d a s t a t e m e n t b y th e a c c u s e d . (O il, C h e m i
c a l an d A to m ic W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U nion)
T h is
c o n stitu tio n :
r ig h t to
e n c lo s e
a sta te m e n t
w as
le s s
sp e c ific
in
th e
fo llo w in g
. . . T h e fin d in g s o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , w ith a c o p y o f
a l l e v id e n c e , ( s h a l l be) s u b m itte d to a g e n e r a l v o te o f th e L o c a l U n io n s
w ith in th ir t y d a y s .
(U n ite d B r o th e r h o o d o f C a r p e n t e r s an d J o i n e r s
o f A m e r ic a )
P r e su m a b ly ,
th e a c c u s e d * s
p o s it io n c o u ld b e fo u n d
s o m e w h e r e in th e e v id e n c e .
F i f t e e n c o n s t itu tio n s d e fin e d th e s i z e o f v o te r e q u ir e d in th e r e f e r e n d u m .
In 13 o f t h e s e , a m a j o r i t y o f th o s e v o tin g w a s r e q u ir e d . In a n o th e r , th e A ir l in e
C o m m u n ic a tio n s E m p lo y e e s A s s o c i a t i o n (In d. ), tw o - t h ir d s o f th e m e m b e r s e l i
g ib le to v o te w a s s p e c i f i e d . In th e o th e r c o n s t itu tio n , th e U n ited G a r m e n t W o r k e r s
o f A m e r i c a , w h e r e th e r e fe r e n d u m i s u s e d to r a t i f y d e c i s i o n s o f th e t r i a l b o d y ,
e a c h l o c a l u n io n w a s e n title d to the s a m e n u m b e r o f v o te s it w ou ld h a v e a t a c o n
v e n tio n , an d a m a j o r i t y v o te w a s r e q u ir e d to u p h o ld th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d .
S t a t u s P e n d in g A p p e a l.
O n ly e ig h t c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e
to th e s t a t u s o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s p e n d in g th e o u tc o m e o f t h e ir a p p e a l.
In
o n e , th e s t a t u s o f a n in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r c o u ld n ot b e a l t e r e d u n til a f t e r a f in a l
d e c i s i o n o f g u ilt w a s u p h e ld on a p p e a l.
In th e o th e r s e v e n u n io n s, th e a p p e l la t e
b o d y , a t i t s d i s c r e t i o n , w a s e m p o w e r e d to s t a y th e d e c is io n p e n d in g th e o u tc o m e
o f th e a p p e a l.
R e c a l l o f I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r s
T h i r t y - s i x c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g n e a r l y 5 m il lio n m e m b e r s , p r o v id e d
f o r th e r e c a l l o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s ( ta b le V I I - 1). In 1 8, r e c a l l w a s an a l t e r
n a tiv e to im p e a c h m e n t a s a m e th o d o f r e m o v a l. F i v e o f th e r e m a in in g 18 p r o
v id e d f o r r e c a l l an d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , w h e r e a s in 13, c o v e r in g fe w e r th an
1 m il lio n m e m b e r s , r e c a l l w a s th e o n ly m e th o d a v a i l a b l e to r e m o v e an i n t e r
n a t io n a l o f f i c e r .
147
G r o u n d s . In 29 o f th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s , g r o u n d s
f o r in itia tin g a r e c a l l p e tit io n w e r e n o t in d ic a t e d , th e r e b y p u ttin g no l im it a t i o n s
on th is r e m o v a l m e th o d . O ne o f th e 29 c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i e d th a t r e c a l l c o u ld
b e in it ia t e d ,!w ith o r w ith o u t c a u s e . 11 In m o s t o f th e r e m a in in g s e v e n , b r o a d
g r o u n d s w e r e g iv e n , s u c h a s " f o r ju s t i f i a b l e c a u s e , " " f o r g o o d an d s u f f ic ie n t
c a u s e , " an d " d e r e l i c t in h is d u t i e s . "
In one o f t h e s e s e v e n , th e g r o u n d s w e r e
lim it e d to on e s p e c i f i c o f fe n s e :
( P a r t ic ip a t io n ) in th e w o r k o f an y C o m m u n is t, N a z i , F a s c i s t , o r an y
o th e r u n - A m e r ic a n o r g a n iz a t io n . ( A s s o c i a t e d U n io n s o f A m e r i c a , I n d .)
O f th e 11 c o n s t it u t io n s w h ich r e f e r r e d to th e c o n te n ts o f th e r e c a l l p e t i
tio n (ta b le V II-1 1 ), o n ly o n e , th a t o f th e U tility W o r k e r s o f N ew E n g la n d ( I n d .) ,
c o n ta in e d a l im it a t io n on g r o u n d s a n d a r e q u ir e m e n t th a t " w r it t e n c h a r g e s . . .
be f ile d ."
T a b le V II-11. Contents of Petitions to R e c a ll N ation al O fficers,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands)
T o ta l studied
A ffiliatio n
AFL-CIO
Contents of petition
Unions
Unions
A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s----------------------------C onstitutions providing for referen ce
to contents
-----------------------------------P etition must be s p e c i f i c -----------------P etition must recite acts or conduct
co m p lain ed o f -----------------------------P etition must set forth the r e a s o n ------P etition must be a cco m p an ied
by c h a r g e s ---------------- ------------------Constitutions not providing for referen ce
to contents --------------------------------------
U n affiliated
M embers
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
36
4, 893. 5
23
3 ,8 7 1 .5
13
1 ,0 2 2 .0
11
4
2, 2 1 4 .5
1, 2 2 2 .4
9
4
2, 109. 9
1, 2 2 2 .4
2
1 0 4 .6
1
3
2 5 5 .4
5 4 5 .5
1
3
2 5 5 .4
5 4 5 .5
3
1 9 1 .2
1
8 6 .6
2
1 0 4 .6
25
2, 6 7 9 .0
14
1 ,7 6 1 .6
11
9 1 7 .4
-
_
-
_
NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
I n it ia t o r an d E n d o r s e m e n t . A ll bu t 5 o f th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e r e f e r
e n c e to th e in d iv id u a l o r g r o u p a u t h o r iz e d to in it ia t e a r e c a l l p e tit io n (ta b le V II-1 2 ).
T h e i n i t ia t o r , in m o s t c a s e s , w a s th e l o c a l u n io n (2 2 ); o n ly 9 o f th e 36 r e c a l l
p r o v i s i o n s e x p l ic i t l y p e r m i t t e d a m e m b e r to in it ia t e r e c a l l . M o r e o v e r , 10 o f th e
22 c o n s t itu tio n s th a t p r o v id e d fo r s o m e a g e n t o th e r th an a m e m b e r to in it ia t e
c h a r g e s c o n ta in e d no im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s ; th u s a n in d iv id u a l m e m b e r , in t h e s e
u n io n s, w a s a p p a r e n t ly w ith o u t a m e a n s o f s e t tin g m a c h in e r y in m o tio n to r e
m o v e an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r . T h ir ty on e c o n s t itu tio n s r e q u ir e d an e n d o r s e m e n t
o f th e r e c a l l p e tit io n .
T h r e e o f th e fiv e c o n s t itu tio n s w ith o u t th is r e q u ir e m e n t
a l s o f a il e d to s t a t e an in itia tin g a g e n t.
148
T a b le V II-12. R equirem en ts for In itiation and Endorsement of R e c a ll Petitions,
N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961
(Number of unions)
Endorsed by—
In itiatin g agents
A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s----------------------------M e m b e r ------------------------------------------L o cal u n i o n -------------------------------------E xecutive board -------------------------------M em ber or lo c a l union ---------------------L o cal union or ex ecu tiv e board -----------No r e f e r e n c e ------------------------------------
Percent
Unions Percent Percent Number
of lo c a ls
of
of
of
and
lo c als m em bers lo c a ls
m em bers
36
8
18
1
1
3
5
8
4
3
.
5
6
1
.
4
-
-
-
-
1
-
5
-
-
Num ber of
V aries
lo c a ls and
by
percent of
initiato r
m em bers
6
4
2
2
4
.
-
-
-
-
-
1
Other
No r e f
erence
5
-
1
1
3
-
-
-
1
1
-
3
1 If the union's governing body rules again st subm itting the p etition to a r e c a ll v o te , the in itiatin g lo c a l m ay
p etition a ll other subordinate lo c a ls to overrule the board of directors, with a m ajority of lo c a ls required to v ote
for overruling.
P ro ced u re.
O n ly e ig h t c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i e d th a t th e r e c a l l p e tit io n h a d
to b e r e v ie w e d b e f o r e b e in g s u b m itte d to a v o te , a fu n c tio n a s s i g n e d to th e e x
e c u t iv e b o a r d o r a n o th e r g o v e r n in g b o d y . In fiv e o f th e e ig h t, th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d
w a s e m p o w e r e d to d r o p th e c h a r g e s , a lth o u g h in t h r e e o f t h e s e th e e x e c u tiv e
b o a r d * s d e c is io n c o u ld b e r e v e r s e d e it h e r , in tw o u n io n s , b y a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r
o f l o c a l u n io n s o r , in on e u n io n , by th e n e x t c o n v e n tio n .
In a s ix th
o f th e c h a r g e s by
d a tio n s na s s e e m
l o c a l u n io n s f o r a
c o n s t itu tio n , th e r e w a s p r o v i s i o n f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y in v e s t ig a t io n
th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , a s a r e s u l t o f w h ich c e r t a i n r e c o m m e n
j u s t i f i e d b y th e f a c t s " w e r e to b e m a d e an d s u b m itte d to th e
v o te .
In th e r e m a in in g tw o c o n s t it u t io n s ,
w a s s o m e w h a t d if f e r e n t .
O ne p r o v id e d :
th e n a t u r e o f th e r e v ie w p r o c e d u r e
I f th e p e tit io n s h a l l b e fo u n d to b e s u f f i c ie n t , th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s
s h a l l s u b m it a r e c a l l b a l lo t to th e m e m b e r s h i p . . . (B r o th e r h o o d o f
R a ilw a y an d S t e a m s h ip C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d le r s , E x p r e s s an d S ta tio n
E m p lo y e e s )
W h eth er th e r e v ie w w a s lim it e d to an e x a m in a tio n f o r t e c h n ic a l s u f f i c ie n c y , o r
w a s b r o a d e n o u g h to in c lu d e s u b s t a n t i v e s u f f i c ie n c y , w a s n o t e x p l ic i t in th e a b o v e
la n g u a g e .
T h e r e m a in in g p r o v i s i o n w a s a l s o s u s c e p t i b l e to m o r e th a n on e i n
t e r p r e t a t io n :
If a p e tit io n s ig n e d b y te n p e r c e n t (10% ) o r m o r e o f th e t o t a l m e m
b e r s in g o o d s ta n d in g no m o r e th an o n e - t h ir d (V 3 ) s i g n a t u r e s to b e g o t
te n b y an y on e L o c a l p r o p o s in g p e tit io n s h a l l b e m a n d a to r y an d s h a l l
b e s u b m itte d to th e r a n k an d f i l e w ith in t h ir t y d a y s (30) a f t e r p r e s e n t in g
s a i d p e tit io n to th e G e n e r a l B o a r d an d t h e ir a c c e p t a n c e .
( E m p h a s is
a d d e d . ) (B r o th e r h o o d o f S h o e an d A llie d C r a f t s m e n , I n d . )
A g e n t A d m in is t e r in g R e c a l l .
T h e t e r m " a d m i n i s t e r i n g a g e n t " r e f e r s to
th e p e r s o n o r b o d y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e , in c lu d in g th e s u b m ittin g
o f th e p e t it io n to th e m e m b e r s h i p f o r a v o te an d th e ta b u la t io n o f r e s u l t s .
149
T h e o f f ic e o f s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r w a s fo u n d to b e th e on e m o s t o fte n
c a ll e d up o n to a d m i n i s t e r th e r e c a l l p e tit io n (ta b le V I I - 13).
In s e v e n u n io n s,
a lt e r n a t iv e a g e n ts w e r e d e s i g n a t e d to c o v e r th o s e s it u a t io n s w h e r e th e o f f i c e r who
w ou ld o r d i n a r i l y a d m i n i s t e r th e p e t it io n w a s h i m s e l f in v o lv e d .
(A p e titio n ) s h a l l b e f i le d w ith th e S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r o f th e U n
io n , p r o v id e d , h o w e v e r , th a t a p e tit io n d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t th e S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r s h a l l b e f i le d w ith th e P r e s i d e n t . (C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o r k e r s
o f A m e r ic a )
T a b le VTI-13. A gent A dm inistering R e c a ll o f N atio n al O fficers,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands^
T o ta l studied
A ffilia tio n
A gents
A FL-CIO
Unions
Unions
A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s--------------------------C onstitutions referring to adm inistering
a g e n t -------------------------------------------E xecutive board --------------------------President ------------------------------------S e c r e ta r y - tr e a s u r e r -----------------------Board of t r u s t e e s --------------------------Constitutions not referring to
adm inistering a g e n t --------------------------
U n affiliated
M em bers
M em bers
Unions
M em bers
36
4 ,8 9 3 .5
23
3 ,8 7 1 .5
13
1,0 2 2 .0
30
21
3
3 ,8 2 1 .6
5 0 4 .9
5 .7
2, 6 7 1 .2
6 3 9 .8
9
3
3
4
4, 832. 2
6 1 0 .2
1 4 6 .8
3, 275. 4
7 9 9 .8
2
1
1 ,0 1 0 .7
1 0 5 .4
14 1 .1
6 0 4 .2
1 6 0 .0
6
6 1 .3
2
4 9 .9
4
1 1 .4
10
14
212
7
1
10
1 Includes 3 constitutions in which the president is the adm inistering agent in a ll cases ex cep t where the r e c a ll
is d irected ag ain st h im , in which ca se another agen t is sp e cifie d .
2 Includes 4 constitutions in which the secretary-treasu rer is the adm inistering agen t in a ll cases ex cep t where
the r e c a ll is d irected ag ain st him , in which case another agent is sp e cifie d .
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equal to tals.
S t a t u s P e n d in g R e c a l l . O n ly s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g j u s t o v e r o n e h a lf m il lio n m e m b e r s , m a d e r e f e r e n c e to th e s t a t u s o f th e in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r
a f t e r r e c a l l a c t io n h ad b e e n in it ia t e d . In tw o c o n s t it u t io n s , a n y c h a n g e o f s t a t u s
w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h ib it e d :
T h e o f f i c e r s h a l l r e t a in o f f ic e u n til th e r e s u l t s o f th e s p e c i a l e le c t io n
a r e o f f i c i a l l y d e c l a r e d . (B r o th e r h o o d o f M a in te n a n c e o f W ay E m p lo y e s )
In th e o th e r fiv e c o n s t it u t io n s , th e s t a t u s o f th e o f f i c e r w a s a l t e r e d p e n d
in g r e c a l l . F o r in s t a n c e , th e I n t e r n a t io n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n s an d W a r e h o u s e m e n s
U n io n ( I n d .), p r o v id e d th a t th e o f f i c e r —
. . . s h a l l im m e d i a t e ly sta n d s u s p e n d e d f r o m
c a l l e le c t io n .
o f f ic e p e n d in g a r e
In th e W indow G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a , w h e r e th e r e c a l l p e
titio n g o e s th r o u g h a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w b y th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , th e s u s p e n s io n
w a s e f f e c t iv e o n ly a f t e r th e r e v ie w in g a g e n t v o te d to a c c e p t th e p e tit io n .
150
In on e c o n stitu tio n ,
lo w in g s it u a t io n s :
s u s p e n s io n
p e n d in g
r e c a ll w as
lim it e d to
th e f o l
A n o f f i c e r o f th e U n ion , M e m b e r o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , N a t io n a l
D i r e c t o r , C o lle c t iv e B a r g a i n in g C o m m itt e e M e m b e r o r L o c a l . O f f i c e r
a g a i n s t w h om a p e tit io n f o r r e c a l l . • . h a s b e e n f i le d on g r o u n d s o f
e m b e z z le m e n t , l a r c e n y , w ilfu l m i s a p p l i c a t i o n
o f U n ion a s s e t s , s h a l l
fo r th w ith b e s u s p e n d e d , p e n d in g th e d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e r e c a l l p r o c e e d
in g s an d th e U n ion s h a l l c a u s e a s u b s t i t u t e to b e a p p o in te d to s e r v e in
h is s t e a d d u r in g h is s u s p e n s io n . ( C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a )
In tw o o f th e fiv e c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich p r o v id e d fo r s u s p e n s io n , th e m a t t e r
o f p a y d u r in g s u s p e n s io n w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y d e a lt w ith :
T h e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , in it s d i s c r e t i o n , s h a l l d e c id e w h e th e r o r n ot
h is p a y sh o u ld c o n tin u e . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f M in e , M ill an d S m e l t e r
W o r k e r s , Ind. )
R ig h t to E n c l o s e S t a t e m e n t . F o u r t e e n o f th e c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e r e f e r
e n c e to th e r ig h t o f th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r to e n c lo s e a s t a t e m e n t g iv in g h is d e f e n s e
a lo n g w ith th e r e c a l l b a l lo t . T e n o f t h e s e 14 m e r e l y s p e c i f i e d th a t th e a c c u s e d
h a d th e r ig h t to e n c lo s e a s t a t e m e n t , w ith o u t f u r t h e r d e t a il , a s in th e fo llo w in g :
S a id p e tit io n (fo r r e c a l l ) to a c c o m p a n y c h a r g e s f o r w h ich a r e c a l l
i s a s k e d an d d e fe n s e o f th o s e c h a r g e d . (U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r
ic a , I n d .)
In th e o th e r fo u r c o n s t it u t io n s , th e le n g th o f th e s t a t e m e n t w a s lim it e d ,
a s in th e fo llo w in g e x c e r p t :
S u c h o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s m a y . . . f i le a w r itte n s t a t e m e n t o f d e
f e n s e , c o n ta in in g n ot m o r e th an 500 w o r d s , w ith th e G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r , who s h a l l c a u s e th e s a m e to b e p r in te d an d m a i le d to a l l
L o c a l L o d g e s c o n c u r r e n t ly w ith th e c a l l f o r th e e n d o r s e m e n t s f o r n o m
in e e s . . . (In te r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h in is t s )
T im e A llo w e d A c c u s e d to P r e p a r e D e f e n s e . S e v e n o f th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s
m a d e r e f e r e n c e to th e tim e a llo w e d th e a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e .
Four
u n io n s a llo w e d th e a c c u s e d a s p e c i f i c n u m b e r o f d a y s f o r th is p u r p o s e .
Two
s p e c i f i e d 15 d a y s , on e s p e c i f ie d 30 d a y s , an d th e o th e r g r a n t e d 90 d a y s .
T h e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e U n ited P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s
c o n ta in e d p e r h a p s th e m o s t d e t a ile d p r o v i s i o n w ith r e s p e c t to p r o c e d u r e . In th e
f i r s t in s t a n c e , b e f o r e a l o c a l u n io n c o u ld in i t ia t e c h a r g e s , it h a d to a llo w th e
a c c u s e d 14 d a y s * n o t ic e , a t w h ich tim e h e h a d th e r ig h t to a tte n d o r b e r e p r e
s e n te d a t a s p e c i a l m e e tin g c a ll e d f o r th e p u r p o s e o f a p p r o v in g th e r e c a l l p e tit io n .
T h e r e w a s th en a 4 5 - d a y p e r i o d w ith in w h ich a l l th e r e q u ir e d e n d o r s e m e n t s h ad
to b e r e c e i v e d .
W ithin 7 m o r e d a y s , th e p e tit io n an d e n d o r s e m e n t s w e r e r e
f e r r e d to th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d . A t th is p o in t, th e a c c u s e d w a s o n c e a g a in n o t ifie d ,
an d g iv e n na fu ll o p p o r tu n ity to b e h e a r d an d b e r e p r e s e n t e d in h is ow n d e f e n s e . "
T h e b a l lo t , r e c o m m e n d a t io n s o f th e b o a r d , an d a n s w e r o f th e a c c u s e d , if a n y ,
w e r e th en s e n t to th e l o c a l s f o r a r e f e r e n d u m v o te , an d h ad to b e r e t u r n e d w ith
in 30 d a y s .
151
if ie d .
In tw o u n io n s th e a c c u s e d h ad to b e n o t ifie d , bu t no d e t a i l s w e r e s p e c
O ne o f t h e s e c o n s t itu tio n s s tip u la te d :
. . . T h e o f f i c e r to b e r e c a l l e d s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d to m a k e a c o m
p le te s t a t e m e n t o f d e fe n s e in th e s a m e i s s u e o f O U R JO U R N A L o r in th e
s a m e m a i l s e n t ou t to th e l o c a l u n io n s o r i t s m e m b e r s h i p . (M e ta l P o l
i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s an d H e lp e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U nion)
B a l lo t I s s u e .
In th e m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t itu tio n s w ith r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s , th e
q u e s t io n s u b m itte d to a v o te w a s w h e th e r o r n ot th e o f f i c e r sh o u ld b e r e c a l l e d
o r r e ta in e d :
. . . th e T r u s t e e s s h a l l o r d e r th e p e tit io n to b e s e n t to e v e r y l o c a l
in g o o d s ta n d in g , w h ich s h a l l ta k e an a y e an d n a y v o te upo n s u s t a in in g
th e r e c a l l . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f E l e c t r i c a l , R a d io an d M a c h in e W o r k e r s)
In fiv e c o n s t it u t io n s , h o w e v e r , th e b a l lo t i s s u e u p o n w h ich v o t e s w e r e
c a s t w a s n ot on th e q u e s t io n o f th e r e c a l l i t s e l f , b u t r a t h e r w a s an e le c tio n b a llo t ,
in w h ich th e v o te w a s to r e t a in th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r in o f f ic e o r r e p l a c e h im w ith
a n o th e r ( ta b le V II- 1 4 ).
T a b le V II-14. Issues to be D ecid ed and Size of V ote R equired in R e c a ll Procedures,
N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961
(M em bers in thousands!
T o ta l studied
B allot issue
R e c a ll
Size of votes
Unions
E lection of o ffice rs
Not sp e cifie d
M em bers '
Unions
M em bers
Unions M em bers
1 ,5 2 9 .1
12
1 ,4 7 5 .3
5
4
-
1, 5 2 9 .1
5 3 6 .4
-
7
4
3
-
6 7 3 .4
323. 1
43. 2
307. 1
~
3
1
1
1, 2 1 3 .7
6 4 .0
2 6 9 .7
2 8 0 .0
6 0 0 .0
6
1 ,2 1 5 .8
-
5
2 6 1 .6
36
4, 893. 5
19
C onstitutions specify in g size of v o t e ------M ajority of m em bers v o tin g ------------Tw o-thirds of m em bers votin g -------M ajority of m em bers e l i g i b l e ---------P l u r a l i t y -------------------------------------Constitutions not sp ecify in g size
of v o t e -------------------------------------------
25
13
2
3 ,4 1 6 .1
9 2 3 .5
3 1 2 .9
5 8 7 .1
1, 5 9 2 .7
11
1 ,4 7 7 .4
7
4
Unions
5
A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s---------------------------
12
Members
6
1 ,8 8 9 .1
1
-
9 9 2 .7
-
2
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals.
T h e fo llo w in g
in v o lv e d an e le c tio n :
p r o v isio n w as
t y p ic a l o f t h o s e in w h ich
th e r e c a l l i s s u e
If th e p e tit io n s h a l l b e fo u n d to b e s u f f i c ie n t , th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s
s h a l l s u b m it a r e c a l l b a l lo t to th e m e m b e r s h i p w ith in t h ir t y (30) d a y s
a f t e r th e p e t it io n h a s b e e n f ile d w ith it .
The B o a rd of T r u s t e e s s h a ll
p u b lis h o r c a u s e to b e p u b lis h e d n o tic e o f an d m a k e a l l a r r a n g e m e n t s
f o r h o ld in g s u c h e le c t io n b y s e c r e t b a llo t an d s a m e s h a l l b e c o n d u c te d ,
an d r e tu r n e d an d r e s u l t t h e r e o f b e d e c l a r e d . . . T h is b a l lo t s h a l l a l s o
c o n ta in th e n a m e s o f th e c a n d id a t e s who h a v e b e e n n o m in a te d b y l o c a l
lo d g e s f o r th e G r a n d L o d g e o f f i c e r f o r w h ich th e r e c a l l i s m a d e .
It
s h a l l b e n e c e s s a r y th a t e a c h n o m in e e h a v e th e e n d o r s e m e n t o f n ot l e s s
th an fifty (50) l o d g e s .
152
T h e s u c c e s s o r o f a n y o f f i c e r r e m o v e d b y r e c a l l s h a l l h o ld o f f i c e d u r
in g the u n e x p i r e d t e r m of h i s p r e d e c e s s o r . . . A n y o f f i c e r w h o s e r e
m o v a l i s s o u g h t c a n b e a c a n d i d a t e to s u c c e e d h i m s e l f , an d u n l e s s h e
r e q u e s t s o t h e r w i s e in w r it i n g to th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s , the B o a r d o f
T r u s t e e s s h a l l p l a c e h i s n a m e on the o f f i c i a l b a l l o t w ith o u t n o m in a t i o n .
( B r o t h e r h o o d of R a i l w a y an d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d l e r s , E x
p r e s s an d S t a t i o n E m p l o y e s )
T o r e m o v e the o f f i c e r , a p l u r a l i t y o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (1Z) s p e c i f i e d a m a
j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s v o tin g ; s e c o n d in f r e q u e n c y (7) w a s a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r
t w o - t h i r d s o f the m e m b e r s v o tin g .
F i n a l l y , o n ly s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d a s e c r e t b a l l o t in r e c a l l v o t e s .
A lt h o u g h n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d in the o t h e r 29 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , n e i t h e r w a s it
p r e c l u d e d , a n d the r u l e s o f o r d e r f o r th e c o n d u c t o f v o tin g m a y r e q u i r e a s e
c r e t b allo t.
D i s c i p l i n a r y P o w e r s A v a i l a b l e to the A F L r C I O
T h e d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s o f the A F L —CIO w e r e v e s t e d b y i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n
p r i m a r i l y in the p r e s i d e n t an d the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l . 41 In a r t i c l e VIII, s e c t i o n 2,
the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s g iv e n g e n e r a l p o w e r , b e t w e e n c o n v e n t io n s , to—
. . . d i r e c t the a f f a i r s of the F e d e r a t i o n an d to t a k e s u c h a c t i o n s
a n d r e n d e r s u c h d e c i s i o n s a s a r e n e c e s s a r y an d a p p r o p r i a t e to s a f e
g u a r d an d p r o m o t e the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the F e d e r a t i o n an d i t s a f f i l
i a t e d u n io n s . . . 42
M o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s e m p o w e r e d ( a r t i c l e VIII,
s e c t i o n 12) to r e m o v e f r o m o f f i c e an y o f f i c e r who, a f t e r n o t i c e and h e a r i n g ,
w a s found i n e l i g i b l e (by a t w o - t h i r d s v o te ) to h o ld o f f i c e b e c a u s e o f m e m b e r s h i p
in o r a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d the a c h i e v e m e n t o f th e p u r p o s e s o f the C o m m u n i s t
P a r t y ( a s p r o v i d e d in a r t i c l e V, s e c t i o n 10).
I m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s o f th e F e d e r a t i o n an d
m e m b e r s o f th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w e r e s p e c i f i e d in s e c t i o n 11 of a r t i c l e VIII.
T h e g r o u n d s l i s t e d w e r e " m a l f e a s a n c e o r m a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , n a n d the e x e c u t i v e
c o u n c i l w a s n a m e d a s the b o d y to f i l e c h a r g e s a n d a c t a s the t r i a l b o d y . U p o n
c o n c l u s i o n of s u c h t r i a l , it w a s to " m a k e a r e p o r t to the c o n v e n t io n r e c o m m e n d
in g a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . "
T h e c h a r g e d o f f i c e r h a d to b e f u r n i s h e d w ith a c o p y
o f th e w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a t " r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " b e f o r e th e h e a r i n g .
41 C o m p o s e d o f the p r e s i d e n t , s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r , an d 27 v i c e - p r e s i d e n t s .
F o r a s u m m a r y o f the s t r u c t u r e o f the A F L r “C IO , s e e th e D i r e c t o r y of N a t i o n a l
a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ite d S t a t e s . 1961 ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1 3 2 0 ).
42 On M a y 20, 195 7 , D a v e B e c k , f o r m e r p r e s i d e n t o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l
B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , w a s r e m o v e d f r o m the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l .
A t th a t
t i m e , P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e M e a n y s t a t e d th a t the a c t i o n w a s t a k e n u n d e r A r t . VIII,
S e c . 2.
( A F L - C I O N e w s , M a y 25, 1 9 5 7 . )
153
With r e g a r d to d i s c i p l i n e
s u b v e r s i o n , it w a s p r o v i d e d th at:
a g a in st a ffilia te s
c h a r g e d w ith c o r r u p t i o n o r
• . . T h e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l, w hen r e q u e s t e d to do s o b y th e P r e s i
d e n t o r b y a n y o t h e r m e m b e r o f th e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l, s h a l l h a v e the
p o w e r to c o n d u c t a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n . . .
o f a n y s i t u a t i o n in w h ich t h e r e
i s r e a s o n to b e l i e v e th a t a n y a f f i l i a t e i s d o m i n a t e d , c o n t r o l l e d , o r s u b
s t a n t i a l l y in f l u e n c e d in the c o n d u c t o f i t s a f f a i r s b y a n y c o r r u p t i n f l u e n c e ,
o r th a t the p o l i c i e s o r a c t i v i t i e s o f a n y a f f i l i a t e a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y d i r e c t e d
t o w a r d th e a d v o c a c y , s u p p o r t , a d v a n c e m e n t o r a c h i e v e m e n t o f th e p r o
g r a m o r o f th e p u r p o s e s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , a n y f a s c i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n
o r o t h e r t o t a l i t a r i a n m o v e m e n t • • • ( a r t i c l e VIII, s e c t i o n 7)
A n y s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s to b e c a r r i e d out b y a s t a n d i n g o r s p e c i a l
c o m m i t t e e a p p o in t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t .
U p on c o m p l e t i o n o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
w h ich w a s to i n c l u d e a h e a r i n g i f r e q u e s t e d , th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s f u r t h e r
em pow ered:
. . . to m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o r g i v e d i r e c t i o n s to the a f f i l i a t e
in v o l v e d an d s h a l l h a v e the f u r t h e r a u t h o r i t y , u p o n a t w o - t h i r d s v o te , to
s u s p e n d a n y a f f i l i a t e fo un d g u il t y o f a v i o l a t i o n o f t h is s e c t i o n . . .
Such e x e c u tiv e co u n cil actio n
a b l e to th e c o n v e n t io n .
a g a in s t an a ffilia te w as s p e c i f ic a l ly m a d e a p p e a l -
In a d d it i o n , th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s g iv e n r u l e m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y to p r o
v i d e f o r th e d i s c i p l i n e , in c lu d in g s u s p e n s i o n , e x p u l s i o n , an d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f
t r u s t e e s h i p s o f S t a t e a n d l o c a l c e n t r a l l a b o r b o d i e s ( a r t i c l e X I V , s e c t i o n 3) an d
o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e s , n a t i o n a l c o u n c i l s , an d d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d l o c a l u n io n s
( a r t i c l e X V , s e c t i o n 2)43
43
R u l e s an d r e g u l a t i o n s i s s u e d u n d e r t h e s e s e c t i o n s b y th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n
c i l d e s i g n a t e th e P r e s i d e n t a s th e a g e n t to a d m i n i s t e r d i s c i p l i n e , an d d e t a i l e d
t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s h av e been p u b lish ed .
690-094 0 - 6 3 - 1 1
Chapter VIII. Influence of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act on Discipline Provisions of Union Constitutions
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s of 70 n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s w h ic h h e ld c o n
v e n t i o n s b e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 14, 1959, an d l a t e 1961 w e r e s t u d i e d f o r c h a n g e s
in d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s a d o p t e d a f t e r the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s
c l o s u r e A c t w e n t into e f f e c t . 44 Of the 70 u n io n s s t u d i e d , 55, c o v e r i n g o v e r 9 m i l
l io n m e m b e r s , h ad a m e n d e d one or m o r e of t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s r e
l a t i n g to d i s c i p l i n i n g o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s .
T h e r e m a i n i n g 15 h a d n ot a m e n d e d
th e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s in t h is a r e a .
In s e v e r a l of the r e m a i n i n g u n io n s, the d i s c i
p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s a p p e a r e d to c o n t a in m o s t , if not a l l , o f the s a f e g u a r d s a n d g u a r
a n t e e s i n t r o d u c e d b y o t h e r u n io n s to c o n f o r m to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the 1959 A c t.
T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s v a r i e d in b o th s u b s t a n c e an d d e g r e e .
In s o m e c a s e s , f o r e x a m p l e , the c h a n g e s i n v o l v e d a s e n t e n c e o r two c l a r i f y i n g
e x i s t i n g p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s ; in o t h e r s , d e t a i l e d s u b s t a n t i v e c h a n g e s w e r e
adopted.
A g e n e r a l s a v i n g s c l a u s e w a s a d d e d in a fe w i n s t a n c e s ; f o r e x a m p l e ,
the P a p e r m a k e r s a d o p t e d the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n a t t h e i r I 9 6 0 co n v e n tio n :
In the e v e n t a n y p r o v i s i o n o f th is C o n s t it u t i o n s h a l l h e r e a f t e r b e
d e t e r m i n e d to be i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s of T i t l e I o r T i t l e IV
o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g and D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1 959, the I n
t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y t h e r e u p o n c e a s e g iv i n g e f f e c t to s u c h
p r o v i s i o n s an d m a y a d o p t a s u b s t i t u t e p r o v i s i o n p e n d in g a c t i o n b y the
n e x t r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l c o n v e n t io n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n .
E x c e p t w h e r e a n a m e n d m e n t , a s in the f o r e g o i n g c l a u s e , s p e c i f i c a l l y
m e n t i o n e d the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t , it c a n n o t b e
i n f e r r e d th a t a l l a m e n d m e n t s in d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e d u r e s w e r e a d o p t e d d i r e c t l y a s a
r e s u l t of th e a c t . 45* T h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s m o r e s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d in s o m e c a s e s
th an in o t h e r s .
F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e i s l i t t l e r e a s o n to d o u b t th a t the a c t w a s
44 A t l e a s t 45 a d d i t i o n a l u n io n s w e r e kn ow n to h a v e h e ld c o n v e n t io n s d u r i n g
t h is p e r i o d , b u t t h e ir c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e not a v a i l a b l e a t the t i m e t h is a n a l y s i s
w as com p leted .
It m u s t b e e m p h a s i z e d th a t the a c t i s a l s o a p p l i c a b l e to s u b
ord in ate b o d ie s.
45 In a n u m b e r of c a s e s , a lt h o u g h the a m e n d m e n t s d id not r e f e r to the a c t ,
c o n v e n t io n p r o c e e d i n g s a n d s t a t e m e n t s in un ion n e w s p a p e r s o r o t h e r un ion p e r i
o d i c a l s l e f t no d o u b t a s to the r e a s o n f o r the c h a n g e . F o r i n s t a n c e , the a m e n d
m e n t s to the M a c h i n i s t s * c o n s t i t u t i o n w e r e
p r e f a c e d w ith the
s t a t e m e n t th a t nt h e s e
a m e n d m e n t s r e p r e s e n t c h a n g e s in o u r C o n s t it u t i o n s o a s to c o n f o r m to the r e q u i r e
m e n t s of the L a n d r u m - G r i f f i n A c t. n ( S e e p r e a m b l e to the r e s o l u t i o n c o n t a in in g
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s p r e s e n t e d to the 25th C o n v e n tio n , S e p t e m b e r I 9 6 0 . )
U n ion s t a t e m e n t s to the e f f e c t th a t a m e n d m e n t s to c o n f o r m to the r e q u i r e
m e n t s of the L a n d r u m - G r i f f i n A c t , " a r e r e q u i r e d b y the A c t , n e tc . , do n ot n e c e s
s a r i l y r e f l e c t o f f i c i a l G o v e r n m e n t o r j u d i c i a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the a c t ! s r e q u i r e
m en ts.
T h i s c a u t io n fo un d i t s w a y into s o m e un ion s t a t e m e n t s , a s , f o r e x a m p l e ,
the fo ll o w in g i s s u e d by the M a r b l e , S l a t e , a n d S to n e P o l i s h e r s :
. . . o u r G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l . . . f o llo w in g r e v i e w
of the p e r t i n e n t s e c t i o n s of o u r C o n s t it u t i o n a n d upon a d v i c e
of o u r a t t o r n e y , h a v e c o n c lu d e d th a t the c h a n g e s ,
alte ratio n s,
a m e n d m e n ts-, a n d d e l e t i o n s n o te d h e r e i n w il l s a t i s f y the r e
q u i r e m e n t s of the L a w w ith r e s p e c t to o u r c o n s t it u t io n .
154
155
p r i m a r i l y , if not e n t i r e l y , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the a d o p t io n by s o m e u n io n s o f a
4-m onth e x h a u stio n -o f-r e m e d ie s p ro v isio n .
The c a u s e and e ffe c t r e la tio n sh ip is
l e s s c e r t a i n , h o w e v e r , w ith r e g a r d to an a m e n d m e n t a d d in g , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e
q u i r e m e n t th a t w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f y u n d e r o a th .
F e w g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c a n b e d r a w n a s to the n a t u r e o f the a m e n d m e n t s .
C h a n g e s r e l a t i n g to g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e , due p r o c e s s , an d r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s
w e r e p r e v a l e n t , b u t no s p e c i f i c i s s u e w a s p r e d o m i n a n t .
It c a n be s a i d with
c e r t a i n t y , h o w e v e r , th a t the a c t p r o v i d e d a s t r o n g s t i m u l u s f o r u n io n s to r e
v i e w the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , in s o m e u n io n s f o r the
f i r s t t i m e in m a n y y e a r s . 46 T h e o v e r a l l r e s u l t h a s b e e n a t r e n d t o w a r d m o r e
f o r m a l i z e d un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s w ithin a f r a m e w o r k o f b r o a d g u a r a n t e e s
an d p r o h i b i t i o n s .
A p p l i c a b l e P r o v i s i o n s o f the L a w
A t l e a s t 12 p r o v i s i o n s of the a c t d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t e to the d i s
c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s a s c o n c e i v e d in th is s tu d y . T h e s e a r e d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y b e l o w 47
S e c t i o n 201(a) r e q u i r e s e v e r y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n to a d o p t a c o n s t it u t io n
a n d b y l a w s , an d s u b s e c t i o n s 5(H) and 5(1) of th is s e c t i o n r e q u i r e r e p o r t s to be f i l e d
w ith the S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r in d i c a t in g t h e i r d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s .
T i t l e I, e n t it le d nB i l l of R ig h t s o f M e m b e r s of L a b o r O r g a n i z a t i o n s , n h a s
a n u m b e r of r e le v a n t s e c t io n s .
T h e f i r s t , a p r o v i s o in s e c t i o n 101(a) (2), m a y
a f f e c t un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w h ich m a k e u n i o n - l o y a l t y v i o l a t i o n s a g r o u n d
fo r d iscip lin e .
S e c t i o n 101(a) (4), in p r o t e c t i n g the r ig h t to s u e , b e a r s d i r e c t l y
up on un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w h ich c a l l f o r the s u s p e n s i o n , e x p u l s i o n , o r
fin in g o f a n y m e m b e r who r e s o r t s to a c i v i l c o u r t b e f o r e e x h a u s t i n g the i n t e r n a l
r e m e d i e s o f the union.
A t h ir d s e c t i o n , 101(a) (5)^ f o c u s e s d i r e c t l y on d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s ,
a n d e n c o m p a s s e s the e n t i r e d u e - p r o c e s s a r e a . A n y c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n w h ich
v i o l a t e s o r i s i n c o n s i s t e n t with t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s ( a s w e l l a s w ith a n y o f the
t i t l e I r e q u i r e m e n t s ) i s d e c l a r e d i n o p e r a t i v e u n d e r s e c t i o n 101(b).
T i t l e IV, w h ich d e a l s with un ion e l e c t i o n s , c o n t a in s f i v e r e l e v a n t s e c
tio n s.
E le c t io n e e r in g a s a ground fo r d is c ip lin e h as been so m e w h a t c i r c u m
s c r i b e d b y s e c t i o n 4 0 1 ( c ) , w h ich g u a r a n t e e s m e m b e r s who a r e c a n d i d a t e s f o r
un ion o f f i c e the r ig h t to d i s t r i b u t e c a m p a i g n l i t e r a t u r e ; a s s u r a n c e s r e g a r d i n g
the r i g h t to v o te a n d to p a r t i c i p a t e in e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n s a r e s e t f o r t h in s e c
tio n 4 0 1 ( e ) .
S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (h ), p r o v i d i n g f o r the r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s g u il ty of s e r i o u s
m i s c o n d u c t , by v o te o f the m e m b e r s h i p , in c a s e s w h e r e the c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s
o f the un ion p r o v i d e no a d e q u a t e r e m o v a l p r o c e d u r e , w ill p r o b a b l y h a v e i t s g r e a t e s t
i m p a c t a f t e r the S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r p r o m u l g a t e s m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s a s to w h at
c o n s t i t u t e s s u c h p r o c e d u r e s , a s p r o v i d e d in s e c t i o n 40 l ( i ) . 48 S e c t i o n 4 0 2 (a ) a p
p l i e s a 3 - m o n t h e x h a u s t i o n - o f - r e m e d i e s t i m e l i m i t to t i t l e IV, t h e r e b y a f f e c t i n g
th is a s p e c t o f un ion d u e - p r o c e s s p r o v i s i o n s .
T i t l e V, s e c t i o n 5 0 4 ^ p r o h ib it s p e r s o n s who a r e o r who h a v e b e e n m e m b e r s
o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r who h a v e b e e n c o n v ic t e d of s p e c i f i e d m a j o r c r i m e s ,
f r o m h o ld in g un ion o f f i c e f o r a 5 - y e a r p e r i o d .
F o r e x a m p l e , the B i l l P o s t e r s , B o i l e r m a k e r s , a n d M e a t C u t t e r s .
S e e p. 163 f o r the t e x t o f a l l s e c t i o n s of the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g
a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 1959
c ite d in th is c h a p t e r .
48 P r o p o s e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r the r e m o v a l of o f f i c e r s , i s s u e d by the S e c r e t a r y
of L a b o r , w e r e p u b l i s h e d in the F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r , N o v e m b e r 7, 1962.
156
T i t l e V, s e c t i o n 5 0 4 ^ p r o h ib it s p e r s o n s who a r e o r w ho h a v e b e e n m e m b e r s
of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r who h a v e b e e n c o n v i c t e d of s p e c i f i e d m a j o r c r i m e s ,
f r o m h o ld in g un ion o f f i c e f o r a 5 - y e a r p e r i o d .
S e c t i o n 609 p r o h i b i t s the d i s c i p l i n i n g of m e m b e r s f o r e x e r c i s i n g a n y r i g h t
to w h ic h th e y a r e e n t it le d u n d e r the a c t , a n d t h e r e b y s e r v e s a s a n o v e r a l l c h e c k
on g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e u n d e r un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
In a d d i t i o n to the 12 s e c t i o n s
d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , 2 o t h e r s e c t i o n s , 101(a) (1) a n d 610, m e r i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
A m e n d m e n t s to U n ion C o n s t i t u t i o n s
P r o t e c t i o n of T h e R ig h t to S u e .
T h e ’’p r o t e c t i o n of the r i g h t to s u e ”
p r o v i s i o n of the la w ( S e c . l u T fa ] ( 4)J) s e e m s to h a v e h a d a c l e a r e f f e c t up o n
un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s .
F i f t e e n of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , c o v e r i n g m o r e th a n
2 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , h a d c h a n g e s d e s i g n e d to c o n f o r m w ith t h is p r o v i s i o n .
One m e t h o d w a s to e n a c t a n
the L a u n d r y W o r k e r s (Ind. ):
in terp re tatio n
clau se,
as
in the
c a s e of
T h e s e b y l a w s s h a l l not b e c o n s t r u e d a s r e q u i r i n g a n y m e m b e r . . .
to e x h a u s t h i s r e m e d i e s f o r a p e r i o d m o r e th a n f o u r m o n t h s a f t e r the
d a t e of s e r v i c e of c h a r g e s .
A s e c o n d a p p r o a c h w a s to w ith h o ld s a n c t i o n s i f i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s w e r e
p u r s u e d f o r a 4 - m o n t h p e r i o d , w ith o u t a f i n a l d e c i s i o n .
F o r e x a m p l e , the c o n
s t it u t io n of the G r a n i t e C u t t e r s , p r i o r to th e 1959 law , c o n t a in e d the f o l l o w
in g p r o v i s i o n :
No o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of the A s s o c i a t i o n o r a n y l o c a l b r a n c h s h a l l
r e s o r t to c o u r t p r o c e e d i n g s o f a n y d e s c r i p t i o n in a n y m a t t e r p e r t a i n i n g
to t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , i t s l o c a l b r a n c h e s o r i t s m e m b e r s h i p u n til a l l
r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r w ith in the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d the L o c a l
B r a n c h L a w s h a v e b e e n f u ll y e x h a u s t e d .
T h e s a m e c o n s t it u t io n , a s a m e n d e d in I 9 6 0 , r e t a i n e d t h i s c l a u s e ,
f o ll o w in g p r o v i s o :
b u t a d d e d the
P r o v i d e d th a t a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r s h a l l n ot b e s u b j e c t to a n y c h a r g e s
h e r e u n d e r i f he h a s e x h a u s t e d h i s r e m e d i e s f o r a p e r i o d not to e x c e e d
fo u r m o n t h s .
T h e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t of the tw o p r o v i s i o n s j u s t c i t e d w a s to v a r y the
id e n ti ty of the f i n a l d e c i s i o n b o d y o r f i n a l a p p e a l w ith in the u n io n w h e r e d i s
c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n w a s n ot c o m p l e t e d w ith in 4 m o n t h s .
In a t h i r d ty p e of p r o v i s i o n ,
t h i s w a s d e a l t w ith d i r e c t l y .
T h e L a t h e r s * c o n s t it u t io n , f o r e x a m p l e , c o n t a in e d
the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n b e f o r e the 1959 A c t :
T h e a p p e l l a t e b o dy, w h e t h e r it b e the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t a n d / o r the
E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l a n d / o r the C o n v e n tio n of th e ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l ) , s h a l l h a v e
the p o w e r to a f f i r m , r e v e r s e , m o d i f y o r a m e n d a n y d e c i s i o n o r to r e n d e r
s u c h a n ew d e c i s i o n o r p e n a l t y a s it, the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , b e l i e v e s to b e
f a ir and ju st.
157
F o l l o w i n g e n a c t m e n t of th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t, the
E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l i s s u e d th e fo ll o w in g r u l e r e g a r d i n g th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d a p
p l i c a t i o n of the a b o v e p r o v i s i o n :
If an a p p e a l h a s not o r c a n n o t be h e a r d o r a c t e d up o n by th e C o n
v e n tio n of th e ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l) w ith in th e f o u r m o n th p e r i o d r e f e r r e d to
an d d e s c r i b e d in T i t l e I, S e c t i o n 10 1 (a ) (4) of th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t
R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959, th e n , if l i t i g a t e d by th e m e m b e r
o r m e m b e r s in v o l v e d , th e d e c i s i o n o f th e a p p e l l a t e b o d y w h ic h l a s t h e a r d
an d d e c i d e d th e m a t t e r s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d a s the f i n a l a p p e l l a t e d e
c i s i o n on th e m e r i t s of the q u e s t i o n o r m a t t e r in v o l v e d .
F i n a l l y , s o m e u n io n s a d o p t e d a g e n e r a l s a v i n g s c l a u s e ,
th e F i r e m e n a n d O i l e r s :
as,
fo r e xam p le ,
C o n s i s t e n t w ith e x i s t i n g la w , no m e m b e r s h a l l a p p e a l to the C i v i l
C o u r t s f o r r e d r e s s u n til a f t e r e x h a u s t i n g a l l r i g h t s o f a p p e a l p r o v i d e d in
th is C o n stitu tio n .
S o m e u n io n s th a t d id not a m e n d t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s in t h i s a r e a m a y h a v e
c h a n g e d t h e i r p r o c e d u r e s by a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c t i o n .
T h e f o llo w in g e x c e r p t f r o m
a l e t t e r to l o c a l u n io n s o f the M a r b l e P o l i s h e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , o u t l in e d a new
p o lic y fo r exp e d itin g a p p e lla te h e a r in g s .
. . . In o r d e r to c o m p l y w ith the in ten t o f the l a w it s h a l l be o u r
p o l i c y th a t, w h e r e a p p e a l s a r e t a k e n t i m e l y an d w ith in th e p r o v i s i o n s
of o u r C o n s t it u t i o n , the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r m a y ,
w ith in h is d i s c r e t i o n , c a l l a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g of th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
C o u n c i l f o r th e p u r p o s e of h e a r i n g o r d e c i d i n g a n y a p p e a l w ith in th e p r e
sc rib e d statu tory period .
It w il l not be n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , to a m e n d ,
c h a n g e , o r a l t e r th e p r e s e n t p r o v i s i o n s o f o u r C o n s t i t u t i o n .
(C ircu lar
l e t t e r f r o m G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t to a l l l o c a l u n i o n s , d a t e d 2 - 2 6 - 6 0 . )
R ig h t to a F a i r T r i a l .
A n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s c o u l d be
t r a c e d to th e s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of s u b s e c t i o n s A, B , an d C of s e c t i o n 1 01(a) (5).
In s o m e , a m e n d m e n t s t o o k th e f o r m of i n c o r p o r a t i n g th e l a n g u a g e of s e c
tio n 10 1 (a ) (5). T h i s w a s t r u e of u n io n s w h ic h a l r e a d y h ad e x t e n s i v e h e a r i n g p r o
v i s i o n s s u c h a s th e T y p o g r a p h e r s , a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h ic h p r e v i o u s l y h ad fe w
d e t a i l s , s u c h a s the C i g a r M a k e r s .
F i f t e e n u n io n s a d o p t e d a m e n d m e n t s to t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t f e l l w ith in
th e s c o p e of th e 10 1 (a ) (5) (A) r e q u i r e m e n t th a t m e m b e r s be f u r n i s h e d w ith w r i t t e n
s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s . Of t h e s e , 12 w e r e c o n c e r n e d w ith th e s p e c i f i c i t y of the c h a r g e s
(at e i t h e r th e l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , o r at b o th ). F i v e o f th e 12, a s w e l l
a s 3 o t h e r s , d e a l t w ith th e m e d i u m f o r n o t ify in g th e a c c u s e d .
M o s t of th e 12 c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c h a n g e s c o n c e r n i n g s p e c i f i c i t y of c h a r g e s
stiffen ed e x istin g r e q u ir e m e n ts .
F o r i n s t a n c e , th e S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y an d
M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s un ion m a d e the f o ll o w in g c h a n g e s in i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n in
late S e p te m b e r 1959:
When an y c h a r g e o r c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r o r
m e m b e r s , s u c h c h a r g e o r c h a r g e s s h a l l be in w r i t i n g A N D S H A L L B E
SP E C IFIC .
(a u th o r's e m p h a sis)
158
In o t h e r u n i o n s , the a m e n d m e n t s w e r e m o r e d e t a i l e d .
in I 9 6 0 th e O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s m a d e th e f o llo w in g c h a n g e :
F o r e x am p le ,
A ll c h a r g e s m u s t be p r e f e r r e d in w r i t i n g , s i g n e d by the c o m p l a i n a n t
a n d f i l e d w ith the R e c o r d i n g - C o r r e s p o n d i n g S e c r e t a r y . . . C H A R G E S
S H A L L B E S P E C I F I C , ST A T IN G C L E A R L Y , C O N C IS E L Y AND AS A C
C U R A T E L Y AS P O S S I B L E T H E T IM E , P L A C E , N A T U R E AND C IR C U M
S T A N C E S O F T H E O F F E N S E A L L E G E D , (a u th o r's e m p h a sis)
S e c t i o n 101(a) (5) (A) r e q u i r e s not on ly " s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s , " but a l s o th a t
t h e s e c h a r g e s be " s e r v e d " on the a c c u s e d .
M o s t of th e u n io n s m a k i n g c h a n g e s
in t h i s a r e a r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s be s e r v e d in p e r s o n o r by r e g i s t e r e d m a i l .
F o r m e r l y , m o s t of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s e i t h e r c o n t a i n e d no s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r s e r v i c e , o r m e r e l y s t a t e d th a t an a c c u s e d m u s t be " n o t i f i e d . " T h e r e w e r e
v a r y i n g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s b e t w e e n u n io n s a s to how b e s t to i m p l e m e n t th e " s e r v i c e "
r e q u i r e m e n t s of the a c t .
F o r i n s t a n c e , th e C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s ' c o n s t i
tu tio n f o r m e r l y p r o v i d e d :
When s u c h c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r , th e P r e s i d e n t
o r G e n e r a l C h a i r m a n of the D i v i s i o n s h a l l w ith in 10 d a y s M A I L a c o p y
of s u c h c h a r g e s to the a c c u s e d m e m b e r .
(a u th o r's e m p h a sis)
H o w e v e r , in 1959, a f t e r p a s s a g e of th e a c t , th e r e q u i r e m e n t th a t a c o p y of the
c h a r g e s be " m a i l e d " w a s d r o p p e d , an d th e w o r d s " s h a l l f u r n i s h th e a c c u s e d w ith
a c o p y of the c h a r g e s " w e r e s u b s t i t u t e d .
On th e o t h e r hand, a lt h o u g h the B o i l e r
m a k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n f o r m e r l y a l l o w e d s e r v i c e e i t h e r by p e r s o n a l d e l i v e r y o r by
r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l , s i n c e 1961 the c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s o n ly f o r s e r v i c e
by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l .
E i g h t e e n u n io n s a d o p t e d a m e n d m e n t s w h ic h r e f l e c t e d the 10 1 (a ) (5) (B)
r e q u i r e m e n t th a t a n a c c u s e d m e m b e r be " g i v e n a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is
d efen se, "
T h e r e w a s a d i f f e r e n c e of o p in io n , h o w e v e r , a s to w h at c o n s t i t u t e d a
r e a s o n a b l e t i m e , a s the fo llo w in g t a b u l a t i o n i n d i c a t e s : 49
Unions
1
-------------------------------- ----- — -
Days
5
2 ------------------5 ------------------------------------------------------------1 ..................-................... - ........- .........
3 -----------------------------------------------------
10
14
1
20
___________________ _____________
2 ___________________________________
2 ______________________________________________
1 ______________________________________________
7
15
30
"A reason ab le tim e "
"A reason ab le tim e,
but in no event
less than 10 d ays"
W h e re d i f f e r e n t t i m e l i m i t s w e r e s p e c i f i e d f o r the l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l
t r i a l l e v e l s , the l o c a l l e v e l p r o v i s i o n i s g iv e n .
159
E ig h t of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l r e a d y h ad d e s i g n a t e d s p e c i f i c p e r i o d s of
t i m e f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e a c c u s e d ' s d e f e n s e , an d in e a c h i n s t a n c e the p e r i o d
w as in c r e a se d , a s fo llo w s:
Increase
Unions
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From
3
5
5
7
7
10
10
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
To
10
7
10
14
15
15
30
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
T h e two u n io n s w h ic h s p e c i f i e d " a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " p r e v i o u s l y c o n t a in e d
no r e f e r e n c e on t h i s m a t t e r . On th e o t h e r h an d, two u n io n s w h ic h f o r m e r l y s p e c i
f i e d " a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e , " c h a n g e d t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s by s p e c i f y i n g the n u m b e r of
d a y s . F o r e x a m p l e , th e C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s f o r m e r l y s p e c i f i e d a " r e a s o n a
b le t i m e , not to e x c e e d 30 d a y s , " but s i n c e 1959 th e c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s th a t
" 3 0 d a y s s h a l l be a l l o w e d (the a c c u s e d ) in w h ic h to f u r n i s h a d e f e n s e . "
One un ion , th e S e a f a r e r s , c h a n g e d f r o m a s p e c i f i c to a g e n e r a l p r o
v isio n .
T h e p e r t i n e n t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n o f th a t un ion , b e f o r e the 1959 A c t,
w as a s fo llo w s:
S u c h c o m p l a i n t s m u s t be f i l e d not m o r e th a n 90 d a y s f r o m th e d a te
th a t the g r i e v a n c e a r o s e .
U pon th e fi l i n g of a c o m p l a i n t th e bo d y h a v in g j u r i s d i c t i o n s h a l l f i x
a d a t e not l e s s th a n tw e n ty d a y s n o r m o r e th a n f o r t y d a y s f r o m th e d a t e
of f i lin g s a i d g r i e v a n c e f o r h e a r i n g .
In 1 961,
th a t l a n g u a g e w a s d e l e t e d an d the fo ll o w in g s u b s t i t u t e d :
T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l e s t a b l i s h r u l e s an d p r o c e d u r e s f o r fi l i n g
of g r i e v a n c e s o r c o m p l a i n t s and f o r h e a r i n g a n d d i s p o s i t i o n of an y g r i e v
a n c e o r c o m p l a i n t f a l l i n g w ith in th e j u r i s d i c t i o n of the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d .
T h e t h i r d r e q u i r e m e n t in s e c t i o n 10 1 (a ) (5), n a m e l y , th a t an a c c u s e d be
" ( C ) a f f o r d e d a f u ll an d f a i r h e a r i n g , " w a s a l s o r e f l e c t e d in c o n f o r m i n g c o n s t i t u
t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s . T h i r t e e n u n io n s i n c o r p o r a t e d the t e r m " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g "
into t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s ; 10 a p p l i c a b l e to t r i a l s at the l o c a l l e v e l , 1 at th e i n
t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l l e v e l , an d 2 at both t r i a l l e v e l s . In s o m e of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
s u c h a s th at o f the T y p o g r a p h e r s , th e fu ll an d f a i r h e a r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t w a s
s u p e r i m p o s e d on a n u m b e r of e x i s t i n g s p e c i f i c s a f e g u a r d s , s u c h a s the r ig h t to
i n t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e , to t e s t i f y , an d to r e q u i r e w i t n e s s e s to t e s t i f y u n d e r o a t h .
In
o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a s th e C i g a r M a k e r s , t h e r e h ad b e e n fe w , i f an y, s p e
cific s a f e g u a r d s .
In 12 o t h e r u n i o n s , w h e r e the t e r m " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g " w a s not i n
c o r p o r a t e d , a v a r i e t y of h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s w e r e a d d e d . F o r e x a m p l e , th e A l l i e d
I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s a m e n d e d i t s c o n s t it u t io n by p r o v i d i n g a n u m b e r of d u e - p r o c e s s
g u a r a n t e e s , n a m e l y , the r ig h t to i n t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e , to t e s t i f y , to in v ite w i t n e s s e s ,
and to c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s .
160
T w o of th e u n io n s a d d in g a fu ll and f a i r h e a r i n g c l a u s e , a s w e l l a s
two o t h e r s , a l s o a d o p t e d s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s to a s s u r e an i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b o a r d .
B y f a r the m o s t d e t a i l e d of t h e s e w a s th a t of th e M a s t e r s , M a t e s , a n d P i l o t s ,
a d o p t e d in I 9 6 0 :
1.
When th e A c c u s e d i s P r e s e n t :
T h e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r at the m e e t i n g s h a l l d r a w s e v e n t e e n n a m e s .
If a n y m e m b e r d e c l i n e s to s e r v e on th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e a n o t h e r n a m e
s h a l l be d r a w n .
T h e a c c u s e d m e m b e r a n d the c h a r g i n g m e m b e r s h a l l
e a c h h a v e the r ig h t to s t r i k e fi v e n a m e s . T h e f i r s t s e v e n of the n a m e s
r e m a i n i n g s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , f i v e o f w h o m s h a l l c o n
stitu te a q u o ru m .
If th e q u o r u m f o r a L o c a l ’ s r e g u l a r m e e t i n g i s l e s s th a n tw e n ty ,
e l e v e n n a m e s s h a l l be d r a w n an d e a c h s i d e ’ s r ig h t to s t r i k e s h a l l be
l i m i t e d to t h r e e n a m e s an d the r e m a i n i n g f i v e n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e th e
T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , t h r e e of w h ich s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a q u o r u m .
2.
When the A c c u s e d i s not P r e s e n t :
When c h a r g e s a r e p r o p e r l y m a d e a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r of th e O r g a n i
z a t i o n a n d a r e p r o p e r l y s e r v e d a g a i n s t the m e m b e r of th e O r g a n i z a t i o n ,
a n d w h en s a i d m e m b e r i s not p r e s e n t w h en th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e i s s e
l e c t e d , the p r o c e d u r e s h a l l be a s f o l l o w s :
T h e a c c u s e d m a y d e s i g n a t e an y p e r s o n to a c t a s h is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
an d in s u c h e v e n t, the p r o c e d u r e f o r the s e l e c t i o n of the T r i a l C o m m i t
t e e s h a l l be th e s a m e a s if th e a c c u s e d w a s p r e s e n t .
In th e a b s e n c e of
s u c h d e s i g n a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r the a c c u s e d , th e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r a t
th e m e e t i n g s h a l l d r a w s e v e n n a m e s . If a n y m e m b e r d e c l i n e s to s e r v e
on th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , a n o t h e r n a m e s h a l l be d r a w n .
T h ese seven
n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , f i v e o f w h o m s h a l l c o n s t i
tu te a q u o r u m .
If th e q u o r u m f o r a L o c a l ' s r e g u l a r m e e t i n g i s l e s s th a n tw e n ty ,
th e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r s h a l l d r a w f i v e n a m e s .
If an y m e m b e r d e c l i n e s
to s e r v e on the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , a n o t h e r n a m e s h a l l be d r a w n .
T hese
f iv e n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , t h r e e of w h ic h s h a l l
c o n stitu te a q u o ru m .
S u m m ary D isc ip lin e .
In a d d it i o n to the p o s i t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s of s e c
t i o n 101(a) (5), the o v e r a l l e f f e c t of the s e c t i o n , it w ou ld s e e m , i s to p r o h i b i t o r
s h a r p l y l i m i t s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s o t h e r th a n f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s . 50
50 T h e l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y i n d i c a t e s th a t the 101(a) (5) r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e
a p p l i c a b l e on ly to m e m b e r s , a n d not to o f f i c e r s , in th e f o ll o w in g l a n g u a g e :
"In
p a r a g r a p h (5), r e l a t i n g to s a f e g u a r d s a g a i n s t i m p r o p e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , it
s h o u ld be n o t e d th a t the p r o h i b i t i o n on s u s p e n s i o n w ithout o b s e r v i n g c e r t a i n s a f e
g u a r d s a p p l i e s on ly to s u s p e n s i o n o f m e m b e r s h i p in th e u n ion ; it d o e s not r e f e r
to s u s p e n s i o n of a m e m b e r ' s s t a t u s a s a n o f f i c e r in th e u n i o n . " (H. R . R e p . 1147,
86th C o n g . 1 st s e s s . 1 9 5 9 .)
S o m e o b s e r v e r s h a v e q u e s t i o n e d w h e t h e r s e c . 101(a) (5) p r o h i b i t s a l l
s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s .
F o r e x a m p le , E d w ard H ickey,
J r . , has
said :
"O n i t s f a c e , s e c . 101(a) (5) o f th e a c t w o u ld p r o h i b i t s u m m a r y a c t i o n
o f a n y kin d, but p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n o f i t s p r o v i s i o n s w ith th e r ig h t of a un ion
u n d e r s e c . 101(a) (2) not on ly to a d o p t r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s a s to a m e m b e r ' s r e
s p o n s i b i l i t y to h is un ion a s an i n s t i t u t i o n but a l s o to e n f o r c e s u c h r u l e s , m a y
s a v e th e p r o v i s i o n in s e c . 101(a) (5) f r o m t h is u n r e a l i s t i c a p p l i c a t i o n . "
(48 G e o .
L . J . 226, 236 ( 1 9 5 9 ) ) .
161
T w e n ty of th e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d w e r e a m e n d e d to a b o l i s h s o m e o r a l l
f o r m s of s u m m a r y d is c ip lin e .
T he F u r n itu r e W o r k e r s, B o i l e r m a k e r s , and R a i l
w a y C a r m e n w e r e a m o n g t h o s e th a t a b o l i s h e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e e n t i r e l y . T h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n of the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n w a s a m e n d e d to a b o l i s h s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e
of m e m b e r s (fo r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s ) by th e a d d it i o n , in 1961,
of th e f o llo w in g s e c t i o n :
N o t w i th s t a n d i n g an y o t h e r a r t i c l e o r s e c t i o n o f t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , an y
p r o v i s i o n t h e r e o f w h ic h p r o v i d e s f o r th e i m p o s i t i o n A G A I N S T AN I N D I
V I D U A L M E M B E R of an y p e n a l t y , f o r f e i t u r e , s u s p e n s i o n , e x p u l s i o n , r e
v o c a t i o n o r an y o t h e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , i s h e r e b y a m e n d e d to r e q u i r e
the fi l i n g an d s e r v i c e of w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r of a s u b
o r d i n a t e un ion c h a r g e d w ith a v i o l a t i o n of an y a r t i c l e o r s e c t i o n of t h i s
c o n s t i t u t i o n an d l a w s , e x c e p t n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , a r e a s o n a b l e o p p o r
tu n ity f o r s u c h m e m b e r o r s u b o r d i n a t e un ion to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e w h ic h
i s d e f in e d a s not l e s s th a n 15 d a y s fo ll o w in g the s e r v i c e o f s a i d w r i t t e n
c h a r g e s a n d a h e a r i n g t h e r e o n b e f o r e an i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b o a r d c o n s t i t u t e d
in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d l a w s . . . ( a u t h o r ' s e m p h a s i s )
O th e r u n io n s a b o l i s h e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r c e r t a i n o f f e n s e s . F o r i n
s t a n c e , the A uto W o r k e r s ' a n d M a s t e r s , M a t e s and P i l o t s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n s no l o n g e r
p e r m i t s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e s o r t to c o u r t , w h ile p e r s o n s c h a r g e d w ith d u a l
u n i o n i s m m a y no l o n g e r be p u n i s h e d s u m m a r i l y u n d e r th e c o n s t i t u t i o n of th e H o te l
and R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s .
On the o t h e r h an d , th e P o t t e r s a p p e a r to h a v e a d d e d
s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e s o r t to c o u r t , b y a d o p t in g the f o ll o w in g a m e n d m e n t ,
e f f e c t i v e J u l y 1, I 9 6 0 :
Any m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s . . . a t t e m p t i n g to , o r a c t u a l l y r e s o r t i n g
to c o u r t a c t i o n in an a t t e m p t to r e d r e s s an a c t u a l , o r s o - c a l l e d g r i e v
an ce a g a in s t any m e m b e r . . .
o r a n a c t o f th e C o n v e n tio n o r an y a u
t h o r i z e d a g e n t o r a g e n t s t h e r e t o , w ith o ut f i r s t e x h a u s t i n g e v e r y p o s s i b l e
e f f o r t to r e d r e s s the g r i e v a n c e u n d e r the . . . C o n s t i t u t i o n , s h a l l be
c o n s i d e r e d a s a ( s i c ) v i o l a t i o n o f th e C o n s t it u t i o n / A N D D E A L T W ITH
U N D E R A P P R O P R I A T E LAW S O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L B R O T H E R
HOOD O F P O T T E R J S / an d s u s p e n d e d by th e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . / j B r a c k e t e d
w o rd s d e le te d ; u n d e r s c o r e d w o rd s addedT?
A t h i r d g r o u p of u n i o n s , w h ic h i n c l u d e d t h e C l o t h i n g W o r k e r s , C o m
m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s , an d B r i c k l a y e r s , a m e n d e d t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s
r e l a t i n g to s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s to c o n f o r m to the 1959
la w .
T h e n a t u r e of t h e s e a m e n d m e n t s w a s to l i m i t s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e s t r i c t l y
to the n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , a s a g a i n s t n o n p a y m e n t of f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s .
T h u s , f o r e x a m p l e , th e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s in I 9 6 0 m a d e th e f o ll o w in g
c h a n g e in i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n :
A m e m b e r in d e f a u l t , w ithout g o o d c a u s e , in th e p a y m e n t of an y
i n s t a l l m e n t of d u e s / o r an y fin e o r a s s e s s m e n t / f o r s i x t y (60) d a y s f r o m
th e d a y s u c h a m o u n t b e c o m e s d u e, s h a l l be a u t o m a t i c a l l y s u s p e n d e d . . .
/B ra c k e te d w ords d e le te d //
S o m e of th e s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e a m e n d m e n t s p r o v i d e d p r o t e c t i o n s b e y o n d
the r e q u i r e m e n t s of th e 1959 la w . F o r e x a m p l e , th e C lo t h in g W o r k e r s not o n ly
l i m i t e d t h e i r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n to n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , r a t h e r th a n
d u e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s , but a l s o f u r t h e r s p e c i f i e d th a t e v e n n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s
w o u ld not r e s u l t in s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e if the m e m b e r " i s u n e m p l o y e d b e c a u s e of
a p la n t sh u tdo w n , in a b i l i t y to o b t a in w o r k o r i l l n e s s . "
T h e C h a i r m a n of the
C o m m i t t e e on L a w an d C o n s t i t u t i o n r e p o r t e d to the C lo th in g W o r k e r s ' I 9 6 0 c o n
v e n tio n th a t th e f o r e g o i n g a m e n d m e n t " a f f o r d s o u r m e m b e r s g r e a t e r p r o t e c t i o n
162
th a n th a t r e q u i r e d by l a w . M In o t h e r u n i o n s , p r o t e c t i o n s th a t a p p e a r e d to go b e
yon d th e r e q u i r e m e n t s of th e la w w e r e in th e f o r m of d e l e t i n g s u m m a r y d i s
c i p l i n e f o r o f f i c e r s . 51
F o r e x a m p l e , in I 9 6 0 th e R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n a m e n d e d
th e p r o v i s i o n of i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n d e a l i n g w ith the d u t i e s of th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i
d e n t, a s f o l l o w s :
He s h a l l not h a v e p o w e r to s u s p e n d o r r e m o v e an y s u b o r d i n a t e
l o d g e o f f i c e r o r C o m m i t t e e o r b o a r d m e m b e r e x c e p t w h en th e y a r e
c h a r g e d w ith v i o l a t i o n of th e C o n s t it u t i o n o r o f t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n a s a n
o f f i c e r , a n d not th e n u n til s a i d o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e o r b o a r d m e m b e r
s h a l l h a v e h a d a f a i r t r i a l in h is own l o d g e , ( a u t h o r ’ s e m p h a s i s )
A lt h o u g h n u m e r o u s o t h e r c h a n g e s in d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e m a d e in
un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , th e y f o ll o w e d no p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n .
In I 9 6 0 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
c h a n g e s w e r e n o te d th a t w e r e o b v i o u s l y the r e s u l t of the 1959 l a w .
F o r in sta n c e ,
in I 9 6 0 th e O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s a d o p t e d the f o llo w in g a m e n d m e n t :
. . . A ny . . . m e m b e r p u b l i s h i n g o r c i r c u l a t i n g l i t e r a t u r e of a
d e f a m a t o r y n a t u r e in v i o l a t i o n of t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o w a r d th e I n t e r
n a t i o n a l U n ion o r an y of i t s s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n . . .
m a y be d i s c i p l i n e d . ! ! ( a u t h o r ' s e m p h a s i s )
It w i l l be n o t e d th a t t h i s n ew l a n g u a g e ,
z a t i o n / a s an i n s t i t u t i o n " i s d r a w n f r o m
A c t ( s e c t i o n 10 1 (a ) ( 2 ) J * T h e M a r b l e ,
w a s a l s o a m e n d e d to c o n f o r m to the f r e e
" r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . . . t o w a r d the O r g a n i
the " f r e e s p e e c h " p r o v i s i o n of the 1959
S l a t e and S to n e P o l i s h e r s '
co n stitu tio n
s p e e c h p r o v i s i o n , in the f o llo w in g m a n n e r :
No . . . o f f i c e r . . .
o r m e m b e r . . . s h a l l s e n d out o r p u b l i s h
an y c i r c u l a r s , l e t t e r s , w r i t i n g s o r p r i n t e d m a t t e r of an y k in d o r g iv e
out an y i n t e r v i e w s f o r g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , e i t h e r p r i v a t e l y o r p u b l i c l y ,
v i l l i f y i n g o r im p u g n in g th e h o n e s t y o r c h a r a c t e r of an y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r
. . . /[W ITHOUT F I R S T S U B M I T T I N G S U C H C I R C U L A R S , L E T T E R S ,
W RITING S, P R IN T E D M A T T E R , OR IN T E R V IE W S TO T H E G E N E R A L
E X E C U T IV E C O U N C IL AND SE C U R IN G IT S C O N SE N T AND A P P R O V A L
T H E R E T O . . Z J /[B rack eted w o rd s d e l e t e d ^
In s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a m e n d m e n t s c o u l d not be r e l a t e d to s p e c i f i c r e
q u i r e m e n t s of th e L M R D A .
In a n u m b e r of i n s t a n c e s , m o r e o v e r , th e c h a n g e s
d i f f e r e d f r o m t h o s e m a d e by o t h e r u n i o n s . F o r i n s t a n c e , w ith r e g a r d to w h e t h e r
a d e c i s i o n i s s t a y e d p e n d in g a n a p p e a l , s e v e n u n io n s a d o p t e d p r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z i n g
th e a p p e a l b o d y to s t a y the d e c i s i o n at i t s d i s c r e t i o n , t h r e e u n io n s a d o p t e d p r o
v is io n s p ro h ib itin g a sta y .
T o i n d i c a t e the d i v e r g e n c e f u r t h e r , w ith r e g a r d to
f iv e c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t p r e v i o u s l y h ad no p r o v i s i o n c o n c e r n i n g the s t a t u s of a n a c
c u s e d d u r i n g a p p e a l , two a d o p t e d "no s t a y " p r o v i s i o n s , two a d o p t e d " a u t o m a t i c
s t a y " p r o v i s i o n s , an d one a d o p t e d an " o p t i o n a l s t a y " p r o v i s i o n .
L a c k of u n i f o r m i t y w a s a l s o n o te d in o t h e r a r e a s .
For
A i r l i n e D i s p a t c h e r s a d o p t e d a p r o v i s i o n r e q u i r i n g c h a r g e s to be
y e a r o f th e d a te of the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e ; the S e a f a r e r s , on the o t h e r
a p r o v i s i o n w h ic h c a l l e d f o r c h a r g e s to be f i l e d w ith in 90 d a y s
"th e g r i e v a n c e a r o s e . "
i n s t a n c e , the
f i l e d w ith in a
h an d, d r o p p e d
f r o m the d a te
I llu s tr a tiv e C o n stitu tio n s
T o i l l u s t r a t e the s c o p e an d c o m p l e x i t y o f d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e d u r e s in t h e i r
e n t i r e t y , an d the s p e c i f i c c h a n g e s e n a c t e d s i n c e the p a s s a g e of the L M R D A ,
p e r t i n e n t c l a u s e s a r e show n in a p p e n d i x D f o r two u n i o n s , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o
c i a t i o n o f M a c h i n i s t s a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of T e a m s t e r s .
51
Sec.
101(a) (5) a p p l i e s to m e m b e r s o n ly.
See su p ra,
fo o tn o te 50.
163
S e l e c t e d S e c t i o n s f r o m the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959
S e c t i o n 101(a) (1)
E Q U A L R IG H T S.
E v e r y m e m b e r of a la b o r o r g a n iz a tio n s h a ll have equ al
r i g h t s an d p r i v i l e g e s w ithin s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n to n o m i n a t e c a n d i d a t e s , to v o te in
e l e c t i o n s o r r e f e r e n d u m s o f the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , to a tt e n d m e m b e r s h i p m e e t
i n g s , an d to p a r t i c i p a t e in the d e l i b e r a t i o n s a n d v o tin g up on the b u s i n e s s o f s u c h
m e e t i n g s , s u b j e c t to r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s in s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ c o n
s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s .
S e c t i o n 101(a ) (Z)
F r e e d o m o f S p e e c h an d A s s e m b l y .
E v e r y m e m b e r of any la b o r o r g a n i
z a t i o n s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to m e e t a n d a s s e m b l e f r e e l y w ith o t h e r m e m b e r s ; and
to e x p r e s s a n y v i e w s , a r g u m e n t s , o r o p i n i o n s ; an d to e x p r e s s a t m e e t i n g s of the
l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n h is v i e w s , upon c a n d i d a t e s in a n e l e c t i o n of the l a b o r o r g a n i
z a t i o n o r up o n a n y b u s i n e s s p r o p e r l y b e f o r e the m e e t i n g , s u b j e c t to the o r g a n i
z a t i o n ^ e s t a b l i s h e d a n d r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s p e r t a i n i n g to the c o n d u c t o f m e e t i n g s :
P r o v i d e d , T h a t n o th in g h e r e i n s h a l l b e c o n s t r u e d to i m p a i r the r i g h t o f a l a b o r
o r g a n i z a t i o n to a d o p t an d e n f o r c e r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s a s to the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f e v e r y
m e m b e r t o w a r d the o r g a n i z a t i o n a s an in s t i t u t i o n a n d to h i s r e f r a i n i n g f r o m c o n d u c t
th a t w ou ld i n t e r f e r e w ith i t s p e r f o r m a n c e o f i t s l e g a l o r c o n t r a c t u a l o b l i g a t i o n s .
S e c t i o n 101(a) (4)
P r o t e c t i o n of the R ig h t To S u e .
N o l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l l i m i t the
r i g h t o f a n y m e m b e r t h e r e o f to i n s t i t u t e a n a c t i o n in a n y c o u r t , o r in a p r o c e e d i n g
b e f o r e a n y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c y , i r r e s p e c t i v e of w h e t h e r o r n ot the l a b o r o r g a n i
z a t i o n o r i t s o f f i c e r s a r e n a m e d a s d e f e n d a n t s o r r e s p o n d e n t s in s u c h a c t i o n o r
p r o c e e d i n g , o r th e r i g h t o f a n y m e m b e r of a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n to a p p e a r a s a
w i t n e s s in a n y j u d i c i a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , o r l e g i s l a t i v e p r o c e e d i n g , o r to p e t i t i o n
a n y l e g i s l a t u r e o r to c o m m u n i c a t e w ith a n y l e g i s l a t o r :
P r o v id e d , That any such
m e m b e r m a y b e r e q u i r e d to e x h a u s t r e a s o n a b l e h e a r i n g p r o c e d u r e s (but n ot to
e x c e e d a 4 - m o n t h l a p s e o f t i m e ) w ith in s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n , b e f o r e in s t i t u t i n g l e g a l
o r a d m in is tr a tiv e p ro c e e d in g s a g a in s t such o rg a n iz atio n s o r any o ffic e r th e reo f:
A n d p r o v i d e d f u r t h e r , T h a t no i n t e r e s t e d e m p l o y e r o r e m p l o y e r a s s o c i a t i o n s h a l l
d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y f i n a n c e , e n c o u r a g e , o r p a r t i c i p a t e in, e x c e p t a s a p a r t y , a n y
s u c h a c t i o n , p r o c e e d i n g , a p p e a r a n c e , o r p e t it io n .
S e c t i o n 101(a) (5)
S a fe g u a rd s A g a in st Im p ro p er D isc ip lin a ry A ction .
No m e m b e r of a n y
l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y be fin e d , s u s p e n d e d , e x p e l l e d , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e d
e x c e p t f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s by s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n o r b y a n y o f f i c e r t h e r e o f
u n l e s s s u c h m e m b e r h a s b e e n (A) s e r v e d with w r it t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s ; (B ) g iv e n
a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e ; (C) a f f o r d e d a f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g .
S e c t i o n 101(b)
A n y p r o v i s i o n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n and b y l a w s of a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n
w h ic h i s i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s of t h is s e c t i o n s h a l l b e of no f o r c e o r
effect.
S e c t i o n s Z 0 l ( a ) (5) (H) an d Z01(a) (5) (I):
E v e r y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l a d o p t a c o n s t i t u t i o n and b y l a w s and s h a l l
f i l e a co p y t h e r e o f w ith the S e c r e t a r y , t o g e t h e r w ith a r e p o r t , s i g n e d by i t s p r e s i
dent and s e c r e t a r y o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r s , c o n t a in in g the f o llo w in g
in fo rm atio n . . .
164
(5) d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t s , o r r e f e r e n c e s to s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s o f d o c u m e n t s f i l e d
u n d e r t h is s u b s e c t i o n w h ich c o n ta in s u c h s t a t e m e n t s , s h o w in g the p r o v i s i o n m a d e
a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o ll o w e d w ith r e s p e c t to e a c h o f the f o ll o w in g :
. . . (H) d i s c i p l i n e o r r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s o r a g e n t s f o r b r e a c h e s o f t h e i r t r u s t ,
(I) i m p o s i t i o n o f f i n e s , s u s p e n s i o n s , and e x p u l s i o n s of m e m b e r s , i n c l u d i n g the
g r o u n d s f o r s u c h a c t i o n an d a n y p r o v i s i o n m a d e f o r n o t i c e , h e a r i n g , ju d g m e n t on
the e v i d e n c e a n d a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s . . . .
S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (c )
E v e r y n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , e x c e p t a f e d e r a t i o n of
n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , an d e v e r y l o c a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
a n d i t s o f f i c e r s , s h a l l b e u n d e r a du ty, e n f o r c e a b l e a t the s u i t of a n y b o n a fi d e
c a n d i d a t e f o r o f f i c e in s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n in the d i s t r i c t c o u r t o f th e U n it e d
S t a t e s in w h ic h s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a i n t a i n s i t s p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e , to c o m p l y
w ith a l l r e a s o n a b l e r e q u e s t s o f a n y c a n d i d a t e to d i s t r i b u t e b y m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e
a t the c a n d i d a t e ^ e x p e n s e c a m p a i g n l i t e r a t u r e in a i d o f s u c h p e r s o n ^ c a n d i d a c y
to a l l m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g o f s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d to r e f r a i n f r o m
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in f a v o r of o r a g a i n s t a n y c a n d i d a t e w ith r e s p e c t to the u s e of
l i s t s o f m e m b e r s , and w h e n e v e r s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r it s o f f i c e r s a u t h o r i z e
the d i s t r i b u t i o n by m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e to m e m b e r s o f c a m p a i g n l i t e r a t u r e on b e h a l f
o f a n y c a n d i d a t e o r o f the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n i t s e l f w ith r e f e r e n c e to s u c h e l e c t i o n ,
s i m i l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n a t the r e q u e s t o f a n y o t h e r b o n a f i d e c a n d i d a t e s h a l l b e m a d e
b y s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i t s o f f i c e r s , w ith e q u a l t r e a t m e n t a s to the e x p e n s e
of su ch d istrib u tio n .
E v e r y b o n a fi d e c a n d i d a t e s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t , o n c e w ithin
30 d a y s p r i o r to a n e l e c t i o n of a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n in w h ich he i s a c a n d i d a t e ,
to i n s p e c t a l i s t c o n ta in in g the n a m e s a n d l a s t kn ow n a d d r e s s e s o f a l l m e m b e r s
of the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n who a r e s u b j e c t to a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t
r e q u i r i n g m e m b e r s h i p t h e r e i n a s a c o n d itio n o f e m p l o y m e n t , w h ic h l i s t s h a l l be
m a i n t a i n e d and k e p t a t the p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e o f s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n b y a d e s i g
nated o ffic ia l th e reo f.
A d e q u a t e s a f e g u a r d s to i n s u r e a f a i r e l e c t i o n s h a l l be
p r o v i d e d , in c l u d i n g the r i g h t o f a n y c a n d id a t e to h a v e an o b s e r v e r a t the p o l l s
a n d a t th e c o u n tin g of the b a l l o t s .
S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (e )
In a n y e l e c t i o n r e q u i r e d b y th is s e c t i o n w h ic h i s to b e h e ld b y s e c r e t
b a l l o t a r e a s o n a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y s h a l l b e g i v e n f o r the n o m in a t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s and
e v e r y m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d i n g s h a l l b e e l i g i b l e to b e a c a n d i d a t e an d to h old
o f f i c e ( s u b j e c t to s e c t i o n 504 a n d to r e a s o n a b l e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s u n i f o r m l y i m p o s e d )
an d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to v o t e f o r o r o t h e r w i s e s u p p o r t the c a n d i d a t e o r c a n d i
d a t e s o f h is c h o i c e , w itho ut b e in g s u b j e c t to p e n a l t y , d i s c i p l i n e , o r i m p r o p e r
i n t e r f e r e n c e o r r e p r i s a l of a n y k in d b y s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n o r a n y m e m b e r t h e r e o f .
N o t l e s s th a n 15 d a y s p r i o r to the e l e c t i o n n o t i c e t h e r e o f s h a l l be m a i l e d to e a c h
m e m b e r a t h is l a s t known h o m e a d d r e s s .
E a c h m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d i n g s h a l l
b e e n t it le d to one v o t e .
No m e m b e r w h o s e d u e s h a v e b e e n w ith h e ld b y h is e m
p l o y e r f o r p a y m e n t to s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n p u r s u a n t to h is v o l u n t a r y a u t h o r i z a t i o n
p r o v i d e d f o r in a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t s h a l l b e d e c l a r e d i n e l i g i b l e to
v o t e o r b e a c a n d i d a t e f o r o f f i c e in s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n by r e a s o n o f a l l e g e d d e l a y
o r d e f a u l t in the p a y m e n t of d u e s .
The v o te s c a s t by m e m b e r s of e a c h lo c a l
l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l be c o u n te d , an d the r e s u l t s p u b l i s h e d , s e p a r a t e l y .
The
e l e c t i o n o f f i c i a l s d e s i g n a t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s o r the s e c r e t a r y , if
no o t h e r o f f i c i a l i s d e s i g n a t e d , s h a l l p r e s e r v e f o r 1 y e a r the b a l l o t s a n d a l l o t h e r
r e c o r d s p e r t a i n i n g to the e l e c t i o n .
T h e e l e c t i o n s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e
w ith the c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s of s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n i n s o f a r a s th e y a r e n ot
i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is t i t l e .
165
S e c t i o n 401(h)
If the S e c r e t a r y , up on a p p l i c a t i o n of a n y m e m b e r o f a l o c a l l a b o r o r g a n i
z a t i o n , fin d s a f t e r h e a r i n g in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P r o c e d u r e A c t
th a t the c o n s t it u t io n a n d b y l a w s o f s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n do n ot p r o v i d e an
a d e q u a t e p r o c e d u r e f o r the r e m o v a l o f a n e l e c t e d o f f i c e r g u i l t y o f s e r i o u s m i s
c o n d u c t , s u c h o f f i c e r m a y be r e m o v e d , f o r c a u s e sh o w n a n d a f t e r n o t i c e an d
h e a r i n g , by the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d in g v o tin g in a s e c r e t b a l l o t c o n d u c t e d b y
th e o f f i c e r s of s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w ith i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d
b y l a w s i n s o f a r a s th e y a r e n ot i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is t i t l e .
S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (i)
The S e c r e t a r y s h a ll p r o m u lg a t e r u le s and r e g u la tio n s p r e s c r i b i n g m i n i
m u m s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the a d e q u a c y of the r e m o v a l p r o
c e d u r e s to w h ic h r e f e r e n c e i s m a d e in s u b s e c t i o n (h).
S e c tio n 402(a)
A m e m b e r of a la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n —
(1)
who h a s e x h a u s t e d th e r e m e d i e s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n and
b y l a w s of s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n an d of a n y p a r e n t b o d y , o r
(2)
who h a s in v o k e d s u c h a v a i l a b l e r e m e d i e s w ith o u t o b t a in i n g a f i n a l
d e c i s i o n w ith in t h r e e c a l e n d a r m o n t h s a f t e r t h e i r i n v o c a t i o n , m a y f i l e a c o m
p l a i n t w ith the S e c r e t a r y w ith in one c a l e n d a r m o n th t h e r e a f t e r a l l e g i n g the v i o
l a t io n o f a n y p r o v i s i o n of s e c t i o n 401 ( in c l u d i n g v i o l a t i o n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n an d
b y l a w s o f the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n p e r t a i n i n g to the e l e c t i o n a n d r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s ) .
T h e c h a l l e n g e d e l e c t i o n s h a l l b e p r e s u m e d v a l i d p e n d in g a f i n a l d e c i s i o n t h e r e o n
( a s h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d ) a n d in the i n t e r i m the a f f a i r s of the o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l
b e c o n d u c t e d b y the o f f i c e r s e l e c t e d o r in s u c h o t h e r m a n n e r a s i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n
an d b y l a w s m a y p r o v i d e :
S e c t i o n 504
(a) No p e r s o n who i s o r h a s b e e n a m e m b e r o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r
who h a s b e e n c o n v i c t e d of, o r s e r v e d an y p a r t of a p r i s o n t e r m r e s u l t i n g f r o m
h i s c o n v ic t io n o f, r o b b e r y , b r i b e r y , e x t o r t i o n , e m b e z z l e m e n t , g r a n d l a r c e n y ,
b u r g l a r y , a r s o n , v i o l a t i o n o f n a r c o t i c s l a w s , m u r d e r , r a p e , a s s a u l t w ith in te n t
to k i l l , a s s a u l t w h ic h i n f l i c t s g r i e v o u s b o d i l y i n j u r y , o r a v i o l a t i o n o f t i t l e II
o r III of th is A c t , o r c o n s p i r a c y to c o m m i t any s u c h c r i m e s , s h a l l s e r v e —
(1) a s an o f f i c e r , d i r e c t o r , t r u s t e e , m e m b e r of a n y e x e c u t i v e b o a r d
o r s i m i l a r g o v ern in g body, b u s i n e s s agen t, m a n a g e r , o r g a n i z e r , o r
o t h e r e m p l o y e e ( o t h e r th an a s a n e m p l o y e e p e r f o r m i n g e x c l u s i v e l y c l e r i
ca l o r c u sto d ia l d u tie s) of any lab o r o rg a n iz atio n , or
(2) a s a l a b o r r e l a t i o n s c o n s u l t a n t to a p e r s o n e n g a g e d in an i n d u s
try o r a c tiv ity affe ctin g c o m m e r c e , o r a s an o f fic e r , d i r e c t o r , age n t, or
e m p l o y e e ( o t h e r th an a s an e m p l o y e e p e r f o r m i n g e x c l u s i v e l y c l e r i c a l o r
c u s t o d i a l d u t i e s ) of an y g r o u p o r a s s o c i a t i o n o f e m p l o y e r s d e a l i n g w ith
an y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
d u r i n g o r f o r 5 y e a r s a f t e r the t e r m i n a t i o n o f h i s m e m b e r s h i p in the C o m m u n i s t
P a r t y , o r f o r 5 y e a r s a f t e r s u c h c o n v ic t io n o r a f t e r the en d o f s u c h i m p r i s o n
m e n t , u n l e s s p r i o r to the end o f such. 5 - y e a r p e r i o d , in the c a s e o f a p e r s o n s o
166
c o n v i c t e d o r i m p r i s o n e d , (A) h i s c i t i z e n s h i p r i g h t s , h a v in g b e e n r e v o k e d a s a
r e s u l t o f s u c h c o n v ic t io n , h a v e b e e n f u lly r e s t o r e d , o r (B) the B o a r d of P a r o l e
of the U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of J u s t i c e d e t e r m i n e s th a t s u c h p e r s o n ' s s e r v i c e
in an y c a p a c i t y r e f e r r e d to in c l a u s e (1) o r (2) w o u ld n ot be c o n t r a r y to the p u r
p o s e s of th is A c t . P r i o r to m a k i n g an y s u c h d e t e r m i n a t i o n , the B o a r d s h a l l h o ld
an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h e a r i n g an d s h a l l g i v e n o t ic e of s u c h p r o c e e d i n g b y c e r t i f i e d
m a i l to the S t a t e , co u n ty , an d F e d e r a l p r o s e c u t i n g o f f i c i a l s in the j u r i s d i c t i o n o r
j u r i s d i c t i o n s in w h ich s u c h p e r s o n w a s c o n v ic t e d .
T h e B o a r d ' s d e t e r m i n a t i o n in
an y s u c h p r o c e e d i n g s h a l l b e f i n a l . No l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n o r o f f i c e r t h e r e o f s h a l l
k n o w in g ly p e r m i t an y p e r s o n to a s s u m e o r h o ld any o f f i c e o r p a i d p o s i t i o n in
v i o l a t i o n o f th is s u b s e c t i o n .
(b) A n y p e r s o n who w i l l f u l l y v i o l a t e s th is s e c t i o n s h a l l b e fin e d not m o r e
th an $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d f o r not m o r e th an 1 y e a r , o r both .
(c)
F o r the p u r p o s e s of th is s e c t i o n , an y p e r s o n s h a l l b e d e e m e d to
h a v e b e e n " c o n v i c t e d " an d u n d e r the d i s a b i l i t y o f " c o n v i c t i o n " f r o m the d a t e of the
j u d g m e n t o f the t r i a l c o u r t o r the d a t e o f the f i n a l s u s t a i n i n g o f s u c h ju d g m e n t on
a p p e a l , w h i c h e v e r i s the l a t e r e v e n t, r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r s u c h c o n v i c t i o n o c
c u r r e d b e f o r e o r a f t e r the d a t e o f e n a c t m e n t of t h is A c t.
S e c t i o n 609
It s h a l l b e u n la w fu l f o r a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r a n y o f f i c e r , a g e n t , sh o p
s t e w a r d , o r o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r an y e m p l o y e e t h e r e o f
to fi n e , s u s p e n d , e x p e l , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e a n y o f i t s m e m b e r s f o r e x e r c i s i n g
a n y r i g h t to w h ich he i s e n t it le d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s of t h is A c t .
The p r o v is io n s
o f s e c t i o n 102 s h a l l b e a p p l i c a b l e in the e n f o r c e m e n t of t h is s e c t i o n .
S e c t i o n 610
It s h a l l b e u n la w fu l f o r a n y r e a s o n t h r o u g h the u s e of f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e , o r
t h r e a t of the u s e of f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e , to r e s t r a i n , c o e r c e , o r i n t i m i d a t e , o r
a t t e m p t to r e s t r a i n , c o e r c e , o r i n t i m i d a t e a n y m e m b e r o f a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n
f o r the p u r p o s e o f i n t e r f e r i n g with o r p r e v e n t i n g the e x e r c i s e o f a n y r i g h t to
w h ic h he i s e n t it le d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is A c t .
A n y p e r s o n who w il f u l ly
v i o l a t e s t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l b e fin e d n ot m o r e th an $ 1 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d f o r n ot
m o r e th a n 1 y e a r , o r both .
A p p e n d ix A:
Listing of National and International Unions Studied
D a t e of
M em ber
constitution
s h ip 2
stu died
Union 1
A g r i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s U nion ; N a t i o n a l ___________________________________
A i r L i n e C o m m u n i c a t i o n E m p l o y e e s A s s o c i a t i o n (Ind) ________________
A i r L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ---------------------------------------------------A i r L i n e P i l o t s A s s o c i a t i o n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ---------------------------------------A lu m i n u m W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union -------------------------------------------A s b e s t o s W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of H e a t and
F r o s t I n s u l a t o r s and --------------------------------------------------------------------A s s o c i a t e d U n io n s of A m e r i c a (I n d )--------------------------------------------------A u t o m o b il e , A e r o s p a c e and A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p l e m e n t W o r k e r s of
A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union, U n ited _________ ________________________
B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union;
Amp.-riran
-B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of
A m ftrir a (Tnrl)
B a r b e r s , H a i r d r e s s e r s , C o s m e t o l o g i s t s and P r o p r i e t o r s 1
I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of A m e r i c a ; J o u r n e y m e n ---------------------------------B i l l P o s t e r s , B i l l e r s and D i s t r i b u t o r s of the U n ite d S t a t e s and
C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e o f --------------------------------------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s , Ir o n S h i p b u i l d e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s and
H e l p e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of -------------------------------------------B o o k b i n d e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f ---------------------------------------B r e w e r y , F l o u r , C e r e a l , S o ft D r i n k and D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s of
A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of U n i t e d ________________________________
B r i c k and C l a y W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n i t e d ____________________________
B r i c k l a y e r s , M a s o n s and P l a s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of
A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B r o a d c a s t E m p l o y e e s a n d T e c h n i c i a n s ; N a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f ______
B r o o m and W h isk M a k e r s * Union of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l _________
B u i ld in g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion _____________________
C a r p e n t e r s and J o i n e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited B r o t h e r h o o d o f --------------C e m e n t , L i m e and G y p s u m W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion ; U n i t e d _____
C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s U nion ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l -------------------------------------------C h r i s t i a n L a b o r A s s o c i a t i o n o f the U n ited S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a (Ind)-----C i g a r M a k e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of A m e r i c a --------------------------------C lo th in g W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d __________________________
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t i o n ; A m e r i c a n (Ind) __________________________
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------C o o p e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of N o r th A m e r i c a _______________________
D ie S i n k e r s 1 C o n f e r e n c e ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) ____________________________
D i s t i l l e r y , R e c t i f y i n g an d Wine W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union
of A m e r i c a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E l e c t r i c a l , R a d io and M a c h i n e W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union o f ______
E l e c t r i c a l , R a d io and M a c h i n e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d ( I n d ) ____
E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of ---------------------------E l e v a t o r C o n s t r u c t o r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of ---------------------------------E n g i n e e r s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of T e c h n i c a l ---------------------------------E n g i n e e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; T e c h n i c a l (ind) _________________________________
E n g i n e e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of O p e r a t i n g ------------------------------------E n g r a v e r s and S k e t c h m a k e r s ; F r i e n d l y S o c i e t y of ( I n d ) ---------------------S e e f o o t n o t e s at end of t a b l e .
167
4, 500
1 , 800
630
13 ,6 6 4
24, 000
U n d a te d
1952
1959
1958
1957
13, 700
5, 850
I 960
1959
1, 027, 000
1959
71, 500
1958
8 8 , 077
1958
73, 000
1959
1 , 600
1958
1 3 2 ,3 5 6
59,000
1957
1959
6 2 ,0 0 0
23, 500
1959
1959
159, 1 2 6
5, 702
1, 000
1958
1959
1946
1955
1959
1959
I 960
260,000
8 3 5 ,0 0 0
3 9 ,746
8 1 ,1 4 4
1, 200
6 , 294
3 76,000
8 , 000
255, 365
3, 951
6 , 000
33, 000
278,2 8 1
160,000
7 5 0 ,0 0 0
9, 855
12, 450
807
2 8 0 ,0 0 0
525
1958
1956
1955
1959
I 960
1959
1957
1954
1959
1959
1959
1956
1958
1957
I960
1955
168
Listing of National and International Unions Studied— Continued
U nion 1
F i r e m e n and O i l e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f ______________________
F l i g h t E n g i n e e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n _____________________________
F u r n i t u r e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited __________________________________
G a r m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d ____________________________________
G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’ U nion ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a d i e s ' ________________________
G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s A s s o c i a t i o n of the U n ite d S t a t e s
and C a n a d a --------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------G l a s s and C e r a m i c W o r k e r s o f N o r th A m e r i c a ; U n i t e d ----------------------G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a ; W i n d o w _______________________________
G l a s s W o r k e r s ’ U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; A m e r i c a n F l i n t ----------------G lo v e W o r k e r s ’ U nion of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ________________________
G r a i n M i l l e r s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of --------------------------------------------G r a n i t e C u t t e r s ’ I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a ; T h e -------------G u a r d W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited P l a n t (Ind) ----------------------------------G u a r d s U nion of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) -----------------------------------H a t t e r s , C a p and M i l l i n e r y W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion; U n i t e d -------H od C a r r i e r s ' , B u i ld in g and C o m m o n L a b o r e r s ' Union of
A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t io n a l -------------------------------------------------------------------H o r s e s h o e r s of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union
o f Jm vrnoyrnen
H o s i e r y W o r k e r s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f ----------------------------------------H o t e l and R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s an d B a r t e n d e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l
TTr) ior|
, ........
...............
._ ... __
_ __ _.
I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t io n a l U nion, A l l i e d -------------I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s U nion; N a t io n a l (Ind) ------------------------------------------I n s u r a n c e A g e n t s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of L i f e ( I n d ) ______________________
I n s u r a n c e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion --------------------------------------------I r o n W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l
and O r n a m ^ n f a l
. ....... J e w e l r y W o r k e r s ' U nion; I n t e r n a t i o n a l --------------------------------------------L a c e O p e r a t i v e s o f A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d (Ind) -------------------------------L a t h e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion; Th e Wood, W ire and M e t a l --------------------L a u n d r y and D r y C l e a n i n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion __________________________
L a u n d r y , D r y C l e a n i n g and D ye H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l
U nion (Ind) ________________________________________________________________
L e a t h e r G o o d s , P l a s t i c and N o v e lt y W o r k e r s ’ U nion;
Tntp.motion a 1
_ _ ___________ ______
L e a t h e r W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t io n a l Union of A m e r i c a -----------------------------L i t h o g r a p h e r s of A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d (Ind) ---------------------------------L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s ; B r o t h e r h o o d of (Ind) --------------------------------------L o c o m o t i v e F i r e m e n and E n g i n e m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f ------------------------L o n g s h o r e m e n ’ s A s s o c i a t i o n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l --------------------------------------L o n g s h o r e m e n ’ s and W a r e h o u s e m e n ' s U nion; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) ------M a c h in e P r i n t e r s ' B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n of the U n ite d S t a t e s ( i n d ) ---M a c h i n i s t s ; I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of --------------------------------------------M a i l e r s U nion; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) ----------------------------------------------------M a i n t e n a n c e of Way E m p l o y e s ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f ---------------------------------M a r b l e , S l a t e and Ston e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s and S a w y e r s , T i l e and
M a r b l e S e t t e r s ' H e l p e r s and M a r b l e M o s a i c and T e r r a z z o
W o r k e r s ' H e l p e r s ; I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of -----------------------------M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n ; N a t io n a l ------------------------M a r i n e and S h ip b u ild in g W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n d u s t r i a l U nion o f ------M a r i t i m e Union of A m e r i c a ; N a t i o n a l -----------------------------------------------S e e f o o t n o t e s at end of t a b l e .
D a te of
M em ber c o n s ti t u t i o n
sh ip 2
st u d i e d
5 5 ,0 0 0
3, 2 0 0
5 0 ,0 0 0
35 ,0 0 0
4 4 2 ,9 0 1
1956
1958
1958
1957
1959
53, 500
5 2 ,5 0 0
1 , 600
2 6 , 619
2, 538
35,000
3, 500
12,580
2 , 600
4 0 ,0 0 0
1957
I 960
1959
1959
1959
1958
I 960
1958
1958
1959
4 7 6 ,5 9 8
1956
281
5, 875
1957
1957
436, 315
80, 0 0 0
150
2 , 000
22 ,6 5 0
1957
1959
1959
1959
1959
152, 389
4, 000
1 8 ,0 0 0
20, 307
1956
1959
U n d a te d
I 960
1958
76, 240
I 960
28,5 0 0
1957
1959
1958
1956
I 960
1959
1959
1957
20,000
10,000
35, 087
5 0 ,0 0 0
7 8 ,4 1 2
90,000
5 6 ,0 0 0
1, 000
992,6 8 9
4, 200
1 8 3 ,0 0 0
9 ,7 8 8
8 , 000
5 0 ,0 0 0
4 0 ,0 0 0
1961
1960
1958
I 960
1959
1958
I960
169
Listing of National and International Unions Studied— Continued
U nion 1
M a s t e r s , M a t e s and P i l o t s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n of ______________
M e a t C u t t e r s and B u t c h e r W o rk m e n of N o r th A m e r i c a ;
A m a l g a m a t e d _____________________________________________________________
M e c h a n i c s E d u c a t i o n a l S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a _______________________________
M e t a l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t io n a l
Union
M in e , M i l l and S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of (Ind) _________
M in e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d (Ind) __________________________________
M o l d e r s ' and A l l i e d W o r k e r s 1 U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ;
I n t e r n a t i o n a l ______________________________________________________ ________
M u s i c i a n s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of _____________________________________
N e w s p a p e r G u ild ; A m e r i c a n -------------------------------------------------------------N e w s p a p e r and M a i l D e l i v e r e r s ' U nion of New Y o r k and
V ic in ity (TnH)
__
O f f ic e E m p l o y e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union _____________________________________
O il, C h e m i c a l and A t o m i c W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion _______________
P a c k i n g h o u s e W o r k e r s ; N a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of ( I n d ) ___________________
P a c k i n g h o u s e , F o o d and A l l i e d W o r k e r s ; U n ite d ________________________
P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s and P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r i c a ;
Rrnt.Vip.rhnnri of
. _.ni
P a p e r m a k e r s and P a p e r w o r k e r s ; U n ite d ------------------------------------------P a t t e r n M a k e r s ' L e a g u e of N o r th A m e r i c a _____________________________
P e t r o l e u m W o r k e r s , In c. ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of (Ind) _________________
P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s ' U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ______________
P l a s t e r e r s ’ and C e m e n t M a s o n s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of the
U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; O p e r a t i v e ____________________________________
P l a t e P r i n t e r s ' , D ie S t a m p e r s ' and E n g r a v e r s 1 U nion of N o r th
A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ___________________________________________________
P l u m b i n g a n d P i p e F i t t i n g I n d u s t r y of the U n ited S t a t e s and C a n a d a ;
U n ite d A s s o c i a t i o n of J o u r n e y m e n and A p p r e n t i c e s of the ____________
P o r t e r s ; B r o t h e r h o o d of S l e e p i n g C a r ____________________________________
P o t t e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f O p e r a t i v e ________________________
P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n and A s s i s t a n t s ' U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ;
Tntprnqtinnal
............
P u lp , S u lp h ite an d P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l
B r o t h e r h o o d of _________________________________________________________ _
R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n ; A m e r i c a n ------------------------------------------------------------R a i l r o a d S i g n a l m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f _____________________________________
R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s ; T h e O r d e r of ____________________________________
R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d of _____________________________________
R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s of N o r th A m e r i c a , In c. (Ind) ___________________
R a i l w a y C a r m e n of A m e r i c a ; B r o t h e r h o o d ----------------------------------------R a i l w a y C o n d u c t o r s and B r a k e m e n ; O r d e r of (Ind) ______________________
R a i l w a y E m p l o y e e s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of (Ind) _________________
R a i l w a y P a t r o l m e n ' s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion ------------------------------------------R a i l w a y and S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d l e r s , E x p r e s s and
S t a ti o n E m p l o y e s ; B r o t h e r h o o d of ----------------- -------------------------------R a i l w a y and A i r l i n e S u p e r v i s o r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; T h e A m e r i c a n __________
R a i l w a y T r a i n m e n a n d L o c o m o t i v e F i r e m e n ; A s s o c i a t i o n of ( I n d ) _____
R e t a i l C l e r k s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n --------------------------------------------R e t a i l , W h o l e s a l e and D e p a r t m e n t S t o r e Union ---------------------------------S e e f o o t n o t e s a t end of t a b l e .
6 9 0 -094 0 - 6 3 - 1 2
M em ber
sh ip 2
D a te of
c o n s ti t u t i o n
stu died
9, 050
I 960
325, 304
4 1 ,3 2 5
1956
1959
1 4 ,0 0 0
I 960
1959
1960
100,000
6 0 0 ,0 0 0
73, 209
3 0 ,430
1959
1959
I 960
4, 000
4 5 ,9 6 0
1 8 0 ,1 7 5
1959
1959
1959
6 , 500
1 5 7 ,6 9 0
1959
1958
184, 502
1 3 5 ,0 0 0
15 ,0 0 0
3, 344
1 6 ,9 2 8
1960
1957
1958
1959
1959
65,8 8 1
I960
800
1947
25 5 ,8 0 0
8 , 000
22, 547
1956
1956
I 960
1 1 0 ,5 0 0
1956
1 6 5 ,0 0 0
1, 000
14, 000
1959
1956
62, 276
1956
I 960
1954
1946
I 960
1958
1956
1958
2 6 2 , 882
2 0 0 , 111
4, 000
1, 500
1 5 6 ,9 0 0
26, 532
400
3, 000
360,899
5, 97 4
1, 000
3 05,000
160,000
1960
1959
1957
1948
1959
1958
170
Listing of National and International Unions Studied— Continued
U nion 1
M em persh ip 213
R o o f e r s , D a m p an d W a t e r p r o o f W o r k e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; U n ited
20,861
S l a t e , T i l e an d C o m p o s i t i o n ----------------------------------------------------------R u b b e r , C o r k , L i n o l e u m and P l a s t i c W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ;
TTnit^H
1 5 8 ,5 7 0
S e a f a r e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of N o r th A m e r i c a -----------------------------7 5 ,0 0 0
7 5 ,0 0 0
S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n ________________________
4, 300
Shoe a n d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d of (Ind) -------------------------------5 8 ,0 0 0
Shoe W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited ----------------------------------------------------4 0 ,0 0 0
Shoe W o r k e r s ’ U n ion ; B o o t and --------------------------------------------------------40
S i d e r o g r a p h e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of ___________________________
S t a g e E m p l o y e s and M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s of the
6 4 ,6 0 7
U n it e d S t a t e s an d C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e of T h e a t r i c a l --------960,000
S t e e l w o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited -----------------------------------------------------S t e r e o t y p e r s ' and E l e c t r o t y p e r s ' U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ;
14, 000
I n t e r n a t i o n a l -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ston e an d A l l i e d P r o d u c t s W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d _______________
11, 815
Ston e C u t t e r s A s s o c i a t i o n of N o r th A m e r i c a ; J o u r n e y m e n -----------------1, 900
S to v e M o u n t e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of N o r th A m e r i c a ----------------------7, 265
S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y and M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s o f A m e r i c a ;
124, 637
A m a l g a m a t e d A s s o c i a t i o n of ----------------------------------------------------------S w i t c h m e n 's U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a -----------------------------------------------1 8 ,8 0 0
T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n and H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a ;
I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of (Ind) ---------------------------------------------------- 1,418, 246
T e l e g r a p h e r s ' U nion ; T h e C o m m e r c i a l --------------------------------------------T e x t i l e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d -------------------------------------------------T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U nion of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------T o b a c c o W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union -----------------------------------------------T o o l C r a f t s m e n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of (Ind) -----------------------------T o y W o r k e r s of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion
of D o l l and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T r a i n D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; A m e r i c a n ----------------------------------------T r a n s p o r t S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ; U n ited -----------------------------------------------T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s Union of A m e r i c a -----------------------------------------------T y p o g r a p h i c a l U nion ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ---------------------------------------------------U p h o l s t e r e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ------------------------U t ility W o r k e r s of New E n g l a n d , Inc. ; B r o t h e r h o o d of ( I n d ) ---------------U t ilit y W o r k e r s U nion of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------W atch W o r k e r s U nion ; A m e r i c a n (Ind) -----------------------------------------------W a t c h m e n ' s A s s o c i a t i o n ; In d e p e n d en t (Ind) ----------------------------------------W e l d o r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union, U n ite d (Ind) ----------------------------------------W o o d w o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ---------------------------------------------
29,262
4 6 ,0 0 0
1 9 7 ,2 0 0
34, 89 4
75 0
1 8 ,9 0 0
4, 198
3, 000
1 3 5 ,0 0 0
1 1 0 , 449
5 6 ,1 0 1
4, 600
66,000
2, 510
3, 000
1, 500
86,620
D a t e of
co n stitution
studied
1958
I 960
1957
1958
1959
1959
1957
1959
1956
I 960
I 960
1958
1957
1959
1959
1959
1957
1959
1956
1958
1956
1958
1958
1956
1958
1957
I 960
1956
1958
1959
1954
I960
1959
1959
A f f i l i a t e d with A F L - C I O , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d .
M e m b e r s h i p f i g u r e s a r e t h o s e r e p o r t e d in the D i r e c t o r y of N a t io n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l
L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ite d S t a t e s , 1959 ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1267). F o r l a t e r m e m b e r s h i p f i g u r e s ,
s e e 1961 D i r e c t o r y ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1320).
3 Not i n c lu d e d in 1959 D i r e c t o r y , m e m b e r s h i p f i g u r e r e p o r t e d d i r e c t l y to B u r e a u
in I 9 6 0 .
1
2
A p p e n d ix B
Table B - l . International Level D ecision Authority, National and
International Union Constitutions, E arly 1961
( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
A ffiliatio n
T o t a l st u d i e d
D e c isio n auth ority
A FL -C IO
U n io n s
U n ion s
A ll constitution s p rovidin g for
t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l
___
C o n s t it u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g 1 d e c i s i o n
a u t h o r i t y f o r a l l c a s e s _____________
E x e c u t i v e b o a r d _________________
P r e s i d e n t _________________________
C o n v en tio n ________________________
O th e r d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t i e s _____
C o n s t it u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g 2 o r m o r e
d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t i e s _______________
E x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e c i d e d the
c a s e s it h e a r d ; p r e s i d e n t d e
c i d e d the c a s e s he h e a r d _____
E x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e c i d e d the
c a s e s it h e a r d , w h ile the c o n
vention d e c i d e d the c a s e s
it h e a r d _________________________
O th e r d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t i e s
____
U n affiliated
M em bers
M em bers
U n io n s
M em bers
13, 515. 0
92
1 0 ,9 7 0 . 1
24
2, 544. 9
9 ,0 8 4 .
6 ,9 9 1 .
1, 946.
67.
79.
73
53
17
20
0
1
2
7, 979. 5
6 , 042. 1
1, 820. 4
41. 3
75. 7
2
1
1
1, 105.
949.
126.
26.
3.
23
4 ,4 3 0 . 4
19
2, 990. 6
4
1,439. 8
15
2, 755. 5
13
1, 3 2 4 . 6
2
1 ,430. 8
3
31. 5
1, 643. 4
1
22. 5
1, 643. 4
2
9. 0
5
-
-
116
93
69
19
2
25
6
1
6
9
16
1
0
2
5
3
1 U nder 2 co n stitu tio n s, p e rm an e n t c o m m it te e s re n d e re d d e c i s i o n s , and under 1 co n
s t i t u t i o n , d e c i s i o n s w e r e r e n d e r e d by the p e r s o n s s e l e c t e d by the p a r t i e s .
2 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t y w a s v e s t e d in the p r e s i d e n t , e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ,
o r co n v e n tio n f o r c a s e s t r i e d by e a c h body; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t y w a s v e s t e d
in the p r e s i d e n t o r c o n v e n tio n f o r c a s e s t r i e d by e a c h body; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , the e x e c u t i v e
b o a r d d e c i d e d c a s e s h e a r d by it a s did a p e r m a n e n t c o m m i t t e e ; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , p e r s o n s
s e l e c t e d by the p a r t i e s r e n d e r e d a l l d e c i s i o n s e x c e p t that t h o s e in v o lv in g s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l
sio n w e r e to be a p p r o v e d by the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; a n d u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , a p e r m a n e n t c o m
m i t t e e r e n d e r e d a l l d e c i s i o n s e x c e p t that f i n e s o f m o r e than $25 w e r e s u b j e c t to a p p r o v a l by the
exe cu tiv e b o ard .
NOTE:
B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s .
171
690-094 0 - 63-13
172
Table B -2 . Role of the President and Executive Board in International D isciplin ary
P rocedu res, National and International Union Constitutions, E arly 1961
( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
A ffiliation
T o t a l st u d i e d
R o le of p r e s i d e n t and
execu tiv e b o a rd
M em bers
U n io n s
T o t a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s _______________
P r e s id e n t o r exe cu tiv e b o ard
p e r f o r m s f u n c t i o n s _________________
In v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e ________
In voke an d d e c i d e __ _____________
In v o k e , t r i a l , d e c i d e , and
a p p e a l ___________________________
T r i a l an d d e c i d e __________________
T r i a l , d e c i d e , an d a p p e a l _______
S u s p e n d , in v o k e , t r i a l ,
an d d e c i d e _______________________
S u spen d , invoke, t r i a l,
d e c i d e , an d a p p e a l ___ __________
O t h e r ___
_ _ ___ _______________
E x e c u t i v e b o a r d only p e r f o r m s
fu n c t io n s ____________________________
In v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e ________
T r i a l a n d d e c i d e ____________ _____
T r i a l , d e c i d e , an d a p p e a l _______
T r i a l an d a p p e a l __________________
Su spen d , invoke, t r i a l,
and d e c i d e _____ _______________
____________________________
O th e r
P r e s i d e n t only p e r f o r m s
fu n c t io n s _______________ __________
In v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e ________
T r i a l a n d d e c i d e __ __ ___________
N o r e f e r e n c e to p r e s i d e n t o r
e x e c u t i v e b o a r d on t h e s e
f u n c t io n s ____________________________
U n affiliated
A F L -C IO
U n io n s
M em bers
U n io n s
M em bers
116
13, 515. 0
92
10, 970. 1
24
2, 544. 9
69
30
8 , 792. 9
3, 054. 6
62
28
6 , 724. 8
7
2
2
47 7 . 9
2
3. 048. 0
47 7. 9
-
2 , 068. 1
6. 5
-
6
4
3
2, 647. 7
231. 3
881. 7
5
4
-
2
1, 229. 5
231. 3
281. 7
1
1 ,418. 2
600. 0
17
1, 171. 8
15
1, 155. 0
2
16. 8
2
172. 4
155. 5
2
4
172. 4
129. 0
1
26. 5
x5
36
12
16
2
2
3, 132. 6
2 , 559. 6
392. 6
6. 1
21
10
8
5. 0
1
15
2
2 , 709. 1
2, 396. 6
306. 5
5. 0
1
2
76. 2
92. 1
1
1
-
2
8
2
-
423.
163.
86.
6.
5
0
1
1
-
77. 2
1
1. 0
92. 1
-
-
6
3
1 ,5 4 4 .9
189. 7
1, 355. 2
8
5
3
1,494. 9
139. 7
1, 355. 2
-
50. 0
50. 0
-
32
44. 7
1
41. 3
1
3. 3
2
22
9
1 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e i r r o l e w a s l i m i t e d to invo kin g t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ; u n d e r 1 c o n
st i t u t i o n , they in v o k e d and h e ld t r i a l s ; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , they s u s p e n d e d , h e ld t r i a l s , and
r e n d e r e d a f in a l d e c i s i o n ; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , they s u s p e n d e d and r e n d e r e d f i n a l a p p e l l a t e d e
c i s i o n s ; an d u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e i r r o l e w a s l i m i t e d to r e n d e r i n g f in a l a p p e l l a t e d e c i s i o n s .
2 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , the p r e s i d e n t in v o k e d and h e ld t r i a l s ; and u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n
he w a s a u t h o r i z e d to in v o k e , h o ld t r i a l s , r e n d e r d e c i s i o n s a f t e r t r i a l , and r e n d e r f in a l a p
pellate d e cisio n s.
3 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , any m e m b e r in v o k e d j u r i s d i c t i o n by filin g c h a r g e s d i r e c t l y
with the co n v e n tio n ; and u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , any m e m b e r in v o k e d j u r i s d i c t i o n an d a t r i a l
body s e l e c t e d by the p a r t i e s h e a r d and d e c i d e d the c a s e .
NOTE:
B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g ,
s u m s of i n d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s .
A p p e n d ix C
T a b l e C - l . C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f S e l e c t e d H e a r i n g S a f e g u a r d s in L o c a l U nion T r i a l
P r o c e d u r e s , N a t i o n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion C o n s t i t u t i o n s , E a r l y 1961
S e le c te d h earing sa fe g u a r d s 1
N um ber of sa fe g u a rd s
Total
stu died
F u l l and
fair
hearing
N o t i c e of
h earing
A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v id in g l o c a l t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s __
__
136
55
116
1 s a f e g u a r d ___________
2 s a f e g u a r d s __ ______
5
14
2
1
11
3 safeguard s
4 s a f e g u a r d s __________
5 safeguards
6 s a f e g u a r d s __________
7 safegu ard s _
8 s a f e g u a r d s __________
9 s a f e g u a r d s ________ _
10 s a f e g u a r d s _______
11 s a f e g u a r d s _________
12 s a f e g u a r d s _________
No s e l e c t e d
s a f e g u a r d s __________
11
18
19
21
16
13
7
4
5
4
4
7
12
5
9
4
C ontin
Im partial
uance or
trial
postpone
body
ment
58
15
_
_
2
2
2
3
-
_
1
1
6
1
16
8
2
13
7
4
9
5
4
5
12
10
7
3
4
4
2
2
2
2
-
-
2
2
4
-
-
-
-
7
10
9
T e sti
mony
under
o a th
Confront
and
crossex am in e
T e stify
on h is
own
b e h alf
R ecordof
proceed
ings
O th e r
safe, 1
guards
58
12
45
54
45
114
_
_
1
-
-
4
1
6
6
3
-
1
6
8
10
-
5
4
2
4
8
10
8
13
3
8
8
9
8
5
4
4
3
4
-
6
19
13
16
4
6
1
2
2
5
5
-
-
-
Invite
w itn e sses
3 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______
4 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ __ ___ __
5 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______
6 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ _____ __
7 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ____ ___
8 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ________
9 safeguard s
_
__
10 s a f e g u a r d s ________ 11 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______
12 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ —
No s e l e c t e d
s a f e g u a r d s ___________ —
1
1
-
2
2
1 safeguard _
2 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ _____ __
56
13
2
A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o
viding lo c a l t r i a l
p r o c e d u r e s ___________
96
8
2
2
-
Introduce
e v id e n c e
7
14
15
18
14
9
15
17
19
1
1
2
1
1
C oun sel
4
10
5
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
-
-
-
1
10
6
7
12
20
1 T h e s e s a f e g u a r d s i n c lu d e d the r i g h t s to a s p e e d y t r i a l , s u b p e n a w i t n e s s e s , s e p
a r a t e w i t n e s s e s , c h a n g e v e n u e , s u b m i t a w r i t t e n d e f e n s e , r e p r e s e n t a t i o n wh en u n a b le to a t
ten d the h e a r i n g , p r e s e n t a d e f e n s e when the t r i a l b od y * s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e s u b m i t t e d to
the m e m b e r s h i p , do u b le j e o p a r d y p r o v i s i o n s , and n o t ic e o f d e c i s i o n .
173
174
Table C -2 . Concentration of Selected Hearing Safeguards in International T r ia l
P roced u res, National and International Union Constitutions, E a rly 1961
S ele cted h earin g sa fe g u a rd s
N u m b e r of s a f e g u a r d s
Total
studied
F u l l and
fair
hearing
Im partial
trial
body
Speedy
trial
C ounsel
Introduce
e v id e n c e
69
26
26
50
39
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
5
1
1
2
N o t i c e of
he a r i n g
A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v id in g f o r t r i a l at
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
116
1 s a f e g u a r d __________
2 s a f e g u a r d s __________
18
14
3 safegu ard s
___
4 safeguard s
5 safeguard s
6 safeguard s
7 s a f e g u a r d s _________
8 s a f e g u a r d s __________
9 safeguard s
10 s a f e g u a r d s
11 s a f e g u a r d s
No s e l e c t e d
s a f e g u a r d s __________
12
11
7
9
11
8
37
6
2
4
4
4
4
9
11
8
6
2
7
3
11
6
3
5
2
2
6
6
11
2
3
4
3
3
5
3
5
3
7
3
5
7
2
7
6
6
3
5
6
2
2
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
Invite
w itn esses
A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o
v id in g f o r t r i a l at
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
l e v e l __________________
1 safeguard
__
2 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______
3 safeguard s _
___
4 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ____ ____
5 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ____ _____
6 safegu ard s
7 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______
8 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ________
9 safegu ard s
10 s a f e g u a r d s _________ ______
11 s a f e g u a r d s _________ —
No s e l e c t e d
s a f e g u a r d s ___________ —
Confront
and
crossex am in e
T estify
on h is
own
b eh alf
1
R e c o r d of
proceed
ings
O th e r
safe
guards 1
32
28
37
3
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
4
4
6
6
5
9
2
7
1
-
N o t ic e o f
decision
29
26
45
_
_
-
4
4
2
2
1
2
2
5
3
7
5
8
6
5
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
5
7
5
4
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
■
-
-
-
-
1
3
3
4
5
5
2
3
3
1 T h e s e s a f e g u a r d s in c lu d e d the r i g h t s to s u b p e n a w i t n e s s e s , c h a n g e v e n u e , r e q u e s t
a c o n t in u a n c e o r p o s t p o n e m e n t , r e p r e s e n t a t i o n b y a n o th e r when u n a b le to a t te n d the h e a r
in g , and s u b m i t a w r i t t e n d e f e n s e .
175
T a b l e C - 3 . M a x i m u m T i m e L i m i t s to C o n v en e the T r i a l B o d y in L o c a l U nion T r i a l
P r o c e d u r e s , N a t i o n a l a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union C o n s t i t u t i o n s , E a r l y 1961
( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
Total s t u d i e d
T im e sp ecified
Un
ions
T i m e l i m i t to c o n v e n e b e g i n s —
M em
bers
F rom
m eeting
O th e r
a t wh ich
p o in t s
charges
accepted
Un M em Un M em
io n s b e r s i o n s b e r s
F rom
n o t ic e
of h e a r i n g
F r o m t im e
charges
f il e d
Un
ions
M em
bers
Un
ions
M em
bers
A l l c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t i n g the
t i m e a l lo w e d to c o n v e n e
a t the l o c a l l e v e l _____________
49
8, 5 8 2 . 6
26
5, 9 7 2 . 1
9
1, 5 8 0 . 7
9
531. 7
5
498. 1
Specific tim e p e rio d s
W i t h i n 15 d a y s
W i t h i n 30 d a y s __ __ _.....
W i t h i n 60 d a y s ...... _ ________
G e n e ra l tim e p e rio d s
R eason able tim e
_ __
Next, m e e t i n g
___ _______ __
35
9
19
7
14
12
2
4, 8 6 4 . 9
661. 7
2, 8 6 6 . 1
1, 3 3 7 . 1
3, 7 1 7 . 7
3, 3 9 1 . 7
326. 0
15
1
8
6
11
11
2, 6 2 0 .
360.
1, 1 0 6 .
1, 1 5 2 .
3, 3 5 1 .
3, 3 5 1 .
9
4
4
1
1, 5 8 0 .
220.
1, 1 7 6 .
184.
8
3
5
485. 7
79. 5
406. 2
3
X1
22
178. 1
156. 9
21. 2
1
46. 0
1
46. 0
2
31
41
320. 0
40. 0
280. 0
4
9
8
6
7
7
7
1
1
5
_
1 U n d e r t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , the l o c a l union w a s r e q u i r e d to t r y s t r i k e b r e a k e r s within
15 d a y s of the o f f e n s e .
2 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e t r i e d w ithin 30 d a y s o f s u s p e n s i o n , but no
r e f e r e n c e w a s p r o v i d e d f o r m e m b e r s ; an d u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , t r i a l s of l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e
h e ld within 30 d a y s o f the t r i a l b o d y 1 s e l e c t i o n , but no r e f e r e n c e w a s p r o v i d e d f o r m e m b e r s .
3 U n d e r t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , the t r i a l c o n v e n e d p r o m p t l y a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d when
the a c c u s e d w a s s u s p e n d e d p r i o r to filin g c h a r g e s .
4 U n d e r t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the t r i a l w a s h e ld a t the n ex t m e e t i n g fo llo w in g the m e e t i n g
a t w h ich the a c c u s e d ' s a n s w e r w a s f il e d . T h e a c c u s e d w a s a l lo w e d 4 w e e k s f r o m the t i m e
c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d to s u b m i t h i s a n s w e r .
NOTE:
B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of i n d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s .
T a b l e C - 4 . M a x i m u m T i m e L i m i t s to C o n v e n e the T r i a l B o d y in I n t e r n a t i o n a l L e v e l
T r i a l P r o c e d u r e s , N a t i o n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion C o n s t i t u t i o n s , E a r l y 1961
( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
T i m e l i m i t to c o n v e n e b e g i n s —
T o t a l st u d i e d
T im e sp ecified
Un
ions
M em
bers
F r o m tim e
ch arges
f il e d
F rom
su s
p en sion
Un
ions
M em
bers
Un
ions
M em
bers
F rom
F rom
p relim
a c c u se d 's
inary
request
review
Un M e m Un M em
ions
b e r s ions b e r s
A l l c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t i n g the
t i m e a l l o w e d to c o n v e n e a t
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ____
33
3, 676. 9
15
1, 9 2 6 . 0
13
1,424. 9
4
263. 8
S p e c i f i e d t i m e p e r i o d s ------Within 15 d a y s __________
Within 30 d a y s __________
Within 60 d a y s __________
G e n e r a l t i m e p e r i o d s --------R e a s o n a b l e _______________
N e x t m e e t i n g ____________
16
5
7
4
17
13
4
1 ,480. 4
6 6 0 .4
601. 1
218. 9
2, 196. 5
1, 975. 8
220. 7
8
1
947. 8
442 . 9
3 1 6 .4
188. 5
978. 2
960. 5
17. 7
5
3
4 38 . 9
216. 5
222. 4
2
1
31. 4
1. 0
NOTE:
4
3
7
5
2
2
-
8
6
2
-
986. 0
782. 9
203. 1
-
1
2
2
-
-
30. 4
232. 4
232. 4
-
B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s .
1
62. 3
1
62. 3
-
1
-
-
62. 3
-
-
-
-
-
Appendix D
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists
1958 C o n s t it u tio n
1961 C o n s t it u ti o n
Grounds
Grounds
A rticle H
A rtic le H
Sp ecial L e v ie s
F a i l u r e to p a y s p e c i a l l e v i e s and f i n e s
S e c t i o n 1.
S p e c i a l l e v i e s an d f i n e s s h a l l
b e due w ithin 30 d a y s a f t e r l e v i e d . If not p a i d
w ithin that t i m e the F . S. o r S. T. s h a l l n otify
t h o s e in a r r e a r s in w r i t i n g , an d s h o u ld they
f a i l to m a k e p a y m e n t w ithin 60 d a y s f r o m the
d a t e of s u c h w r i t t e n n o t ic e , t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p
s h a l l b e c a n c e l l e d r e g a r d l e s s of the d a t e to
w h ich t h e i r d u e s a r e p a i d .
S e c t i o n 1.
in A r t i c l e F ,
T h is p r o v i s i o n now c o n t a in e d
S e c t i o n 1.
L . L s . , p u r s u a n t to S e c t i o n 1, A r t i c l e G,
m a y t h ro u g h t h e i r b y - l a w s a d o p t a p r o v i s i o n
to le v y f i n e s upon m e m b e r s who f a i l to a tte n d
a t l e a s t one L . L . m e e t i n g p e r m o n th .
In itia tio n f e e s , r e i n s t a t e m e n t f e e s , d u e s
and f i n e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a l e g a l l i a b i l i t y by
a m e m b e r to the L . L .
C o s t of l i t i g a t i o n
a r i s i n g f r o m c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r by
r e a s o n of s u c h l i a b i l i t i e s , s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a
l e g a l d e b t and p a y a b l e b y s u c h m e m b e r .
A rticle J
A rtic le K
D e c lin in g R o u g h W o r k
S e c t i o n 4.
S e c t i o n 4.
Any m e m b e r who r e f u s e s to
do any k in d of w o r k b e l o n g i n g to the t r a d e
b e c a u s e it i s ro u g h o r d i r t y s h a l l b e s u b j e c t
to fin e o r e x p u l s i o n .
D eleted.
P i e c e w o r k , Two M a c h i n e s
and P r e m i u m S y s t e m s
Sec tio n 6 .
In s h o p s w h e r e it i s not now a
p r a c t i c e , no m e m b e r i s p e r m i t t e d to a c c e p t
p i e c e w o r k , o p e r a t e m o r e than one m a c h i n e ,
o r a c c e p t e m p l o y m e n t u n d e r the p r e m i u m ,
m e rit, task , or contract sy stem .
M em bers
found g u ilty of a d v o c a t in g o r e n c o u r a g i n g any
of t h e s e s y s t e m s in s h o p s w h e r e they a r e not
now in o p e r a t i o n s h a l l b e l i a b l e to e x p u l s i o n .
Section 6 .
R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 5.
F o l
low in g w o r d s a d d e d a t end:
"A fter ch arges
an d t r i a l f o r m i s c o n d u c t a s p r o v i d e d in A r
tic le L. "
176
177
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1961 C o n s t it u ti o n
1958 C o n s t it u tio n
In tro d u c tio n of U n q u a l i f ie d P e r s o n s
S e c t io n 7.
M e m b e r s who i n t r o d u c e into
the t r a d e any p e r s o n o t h e r than a m e m b e r of
the I. A. M ., s h a l l b e h e a v i l y fin e d f o r the f i r s t
o f f e n s e and e x p e l l e d f o r the s e c o n d o f f e n s e .
T h is S e c t io n s h a l l not b e c o n s t r u e d to r e f e r
to a p p r e n t i c e s p r o p e r l y in d e n tu r e d .
S e c t i o n 7.
R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 6.
F o l
low in g w o r d s a d d e d a t end of f i r s t s e n t e n c e :
" A f t e r c h a r g e s an d t r i a l f o r m i s c o n d u c t a s
p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e L . "
M isrep resen tation
S e c t io n 8. Any a p p l i c a n t a d m i t t e d to m e m
b e r s h i p who h a s f a l s i f i e d h i s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r
i n i t ia t i o n o r r e i n s t a t e m e n t , s h a l l b e s u b j e c t
to fin e o r e x p u l s i o n , o r both.
S e c t io n 8.
Sam e.
R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 7.
S e c t i o n 9.
R e p l a c e d by the f o llo w in g :
M e m b e r s who f a l s e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s
to b e c o m p e t e n t w o r k m e n , s h a l l b e fin e d o r
e x p e l l e d a t the d i s c r e t i o n of the L . L . of w h ich
they a r e m e m b e r s .
In e b r ie t y
S e c t io n 9.
M e m b e r s e n t e r i n g the L . L .
r o o m w h ile u n d e r the i n f l u e n c e of i n t o x i c a t
ing d r i n k s , o r who a r e g u il t y of u s i n g i n
decent or p ro fan e lan gu age therein, sh a ll be
r e p r i m a n d e d , f in e d , s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d ,
a t the op tion o f the L . L .
H a b it u a l d r u n k e n
n e s s o r c o n d u ct d i s g r a c e f u l to t h e m s e l v e s o r
a s s o c i a t e s s h a l l b e p u n i s h e d b y e x p u ls io n .
A rtic le K
D i s o r d e r l y C ond uct
S e c t i o n 8.
M e m b e r s e n t e r i n g the L . L .
r o o m w h ile u n d e r the in f l u e n c e o f i n t o x i c a t
ing d r i n k s , o r who a r e g u il t y of u s i n g i n
d e c e n t o r p r o f a n e l a n g u a g e t h e r e i n , s h a l l be
e x c l u d e d t h e r e f r o m upon o r d e r of the p r e s i d
ing o f f i c e r and s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to p e n a l t y of
r e p r i m a n d , fin e , s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n a f t e r
c h a r g e s and t r i a l a s p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e L .
M e m b e r s , i f g u ilt y o f h a b i t u a l d r u n k e n n e s s
o r c o n d u ct d i s g r a c e f u l to t h e m s e l v e s o r a s
s o c i a t e s , s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to the p e n a l t y o f
e x p u l s i o n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p a f t e r c h a r g e s and
tria l.
A rtic le L
C ode
I m p r o p e r C on d uc t o f L o c a l L o d g e s , D i s t r i c t
L o d g e s , an d M e m b e r s T h e r e o f
S e c t i o n 1.
T h e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s
sio n s sh a ll co n stitute m isc o n d u c t by a L . L.
o r D. L . w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t s u s p e n s i o n o r
r e v o c a t i o n o f the c h a r t e r t h e r e o f a s the e v i
dence m ay w arran t:
C i r c u l a t i n g o r c a u s i n g in any m a n n e r to b e
c i r c u l a t e d any f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s s t a t e m e n t
r e f l e c t i n g upon the p r i v a t e o r p u b l ic co n d u ct,
H e a d in g c h a n g e d a s f o l l o w s :
Im proper
C on d uc t of L o c a l L o d g e s , D i s t r i c t L o d g e s ,
C oun cils
and C o n f e r e n c e s ,
and M e m b e r s
Th ereof.
S e c t i o n 1.
L i n e s 2, 3, a n d 19, the l a n
g u a g e " L . L . o r D . L . " c h a n g e d to r e a d : L . L . ,
D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e . "
178
D -l.
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
196 1 Constitution
1958 Constitution
S e c t i o n 1 . — C on tin u ed
o r f a l s e l y o r m a l i c i o u s l y a t t a c k i n g the c h a r
a c t e r , im p u g n in g the m o t i v e s , o r q u e s t io n i n g
the i n t e g r i t y of any o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of the
I. A. M.
F a i l u r e to p e r f o r m d u t ie s a s p r o v i d e d in
t h is C o n s t it u tio n o r v i o l a t io n of any of the
p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is C o n s t it u tio n .
I n s u b o r d i n a t io n with r e s p e c t to v a l i d o r d e r s
o r d i r e c t i v e s of o f f i c e r s a n d /o r the co n v e n tio n
o f the G. L . of the I. A. M.
Any co n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a L . L . o r D. L .
w h ich i s d e t r i m e n t a l to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of
the I. A. M.
I m p r o p e r C on d uc t of O f f i c e r s
an d R e p r e s e n t i v e s
S e c t i o n 2.
The f o llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s
s i o n s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e m i s c o n d u c t b y any o f
f i c e r of a L . L . o r D. L . , o r b y a n y b u s i n e s s
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a L . L . o r
D. L . , w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , fin e ,
re m o v al fro m o ffice, su sp en sio n fro m office
a n d /o r m e m b e r s h ip , or exp u lsio n fro m m e m
b e r s h i p , o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y s u c h a s an
a p o lo g y , o r any c o m b i n a t io n of t h e s e p e n a l t i e s
a s the e v i d e n c e m a y w a r r a n t :
Any of the a c t i o n s s e t f o r t h in S e c t i o n 3
o f t h is A r t i c l e with r e s p e c t to m i s c o n d u c t of
a m em ber.
In co m peten ce, n eg lig en ce, or in su b o r d in a
tion in the p e r f o r m a n c e of o f f i c i a l d u t ie s o r
f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m d u t ie s v a l i d l y a s s i g n e d .
A c t i o n s c o n s t i t u t i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f the p r o
v i s i o n s of th is C o n s titu tio n .
S e c t i o n 2.
R e p l a c e d b y the f o llo w in g :
I m p r o p e r C on d u c t o f O f f i c e r s
an d R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
S e c t i o n 2.
Th e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s
s i o n s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e m i s c o n d u c t by any o f
f i c e r of a L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e ,
o r by any b u s i n e s s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e
s e n t a t i v e of a L . L . o r D. L . w h ich s h a l l w a r
r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , r e m o v a l f r o m o f f i c e a n d /o r
d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n f r o m h o ld in g o f f i c e f o r not
m o r e than 5 y e a r s , s u s p e n s i o n f r o m o f f i c e ,
o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y o r any c o m b i n a t io n of
t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v id e n c e m a y w a r r a n t :
In co m peten ce, n eg lig en ce or in su b o r d in a
tion in the p e r f o r m a n c e of o f f i c i a l d u t i e s o r
f a i l u r e o r r e f u s a l to p e r f o r m d u t ie s v a l i d l y
a ssig n ed .
I m p r o p e r C ond uct of a M e m b e r
I m p r o p e r C o n d u c t of a M e m b e r
S e c t i o n 3.
T h e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s
s i o n s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e m i s c o n d u c t by a m e m b e r
w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , f in e , s u s
p en sio n a n d /o r exp u lsio n fro m m e m b e r s h ip ,
o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y o r any c o m b i n a t io n of
t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v id e n c e m a y w a r r a n t :
S e c t i o n 3.
Th e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s
sio n s sh a ll co n stitute m isc o n d u c t by a m e m b e r
w h ic h s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , f in e , s u s
p e n sio n a n d /o r ex p u lsio n fr o m m e m b e r s h ip ,
o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y o r any c o m b i n a t io n of
t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v i d e n c e m a y w a r r a n t
a f t e r w r i t t e n a n d s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s and a fu ll
h earing a s h e re in afte r provided:
C i r c u l a t i n g o r c a u s i n g in any m a n n e r to
b e c i r c u l a t e d any f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s s t a t e
m e n t r e f l e c t i n g upon the p r i v a t e o r p u b l ic
c o n d u c t, o r f a l s e l y o r m a l i c i o u s l y a t t a c k i n g
the c h a r a c t e r , im p u g n in g the m o t i v e s , o r
C i r c u l a t i n g o r c a u s i n g in any m a n n e r to
b e c i r c u l a t e d any f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s s t a t e
m e n t r e f l e c t i n g upon the p r i v a t e o r p u b l ic
179
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1961 Constitution
1958 Constitution
S e c t i o n 3 . — C ontinu ed
q u e s t io n i n g
officer.
the
in teg rity
o f any m e m b e r o r
R e f u s a l o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m any duty o r
o b l i g a t i o n i m p o s e d b y th is C o n s t it u ti o n ; the
e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s o f the I. A. M. ; the v a l i d
d e c i s i o n s an d d i r e c t i v e s of any o f f i c e r o r o f
f i c e r s t h e r e o f ; o r , the v a l i d d e c i s i o n s o f the
E . C. o r the G. L . co n v e n tio n .
A tt e m p t i n g , i n a u g u r a t i n g , o r e n c o u r a g i n g
s e c e s s i o n f r o m the I. A. M. , o r a d v o c a t in g
o r e n c o u r a g i n g o r a t t e m p t in g to i n a u g u r a t e
any d u a l l a b o r m o v e m e n t , o r a d v o c a t in g o r
en co uragin g c o m m u n ism , f a s c i s m , n a z is m ,
o r any o t h e r t o t a l i t a r i a n p h i l o s o p h y , o r b y
o t h e r a c t i o n s g i v i n g s u p p o r t to t h e s e p h i l o s o
ph ie s o r " i s m s . "
A cqu irin g m e m b e r s h ip by f a l s e p r e t e n s e ,
m isr e p re se n ta tio n , or fraud.
co n d u ct, o r f a l s e l y o r m a l i c i o u s l y a t t a c k i n g
the c h a r a c t e r , im p u g n in g the m o t i v e s , o r
q u e s t io n i n g the i n t e g r i t y o f any m e m b e r o r
officer.
R e f u s a l o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m any duty o r
o b l i g a t i o n i m p o s e d b y t h is C o n s t it u tio n ; the
e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s o f the I. A. M. ; the v a l i d
d e c i s i o n s and d i r e c t i v e s of a n y o f f i c e r o r o f
f i c e r s t h e r e o f ; o r , the v a l i d d e c i s i o n s of the
E . C. o r the G. L . co n v e n tio n .
A ttem pting, in au g u ratin g , o r en co u ragin g
s e c e s s i o n f r o m the I. A . M. , o r a d v o c a t i n g o r
e n c o u r a g i n g o r a t t e m p t in g to i n a u g u r a t e any
d u a l l a b o r m o v e m e n t , o r a d v o c a t in g o r e n
co uragin g c o m m u n ism , f a s c i s m , n a z ism , or
any o t h e r t o t a l i t a r i a n p h i l o s o p h y , o r b y o t h e r
a c t i o n s g iv in g s u p p o r t to t h e s e p h i l o s o p h i e s o r
" i s m s " o r to m o v e m e n t s o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s
i n i m i c a l to the I. A. M. o r i t s e s t a b l i s h e d p o l
i c i e s and l a w s .
A c c e p t i n g e m p l o y m e n t in any c a p a c i t y in
an e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h e r e a s t r i k e o r lo c k o u t
e x i s t s a s r e c o g n i z e d u n d e r th is C o n s t it u ti o n ,
w ithou t p e r m i s s i o n .
A c q u i r i n g m e m b e r s h i p by f a l s e p r e t e n s e ,
m isr e p r e se n ta tio n , or fraud.
Any o t h e r co n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r
o f the I. A. M.
A c c e p t i n g e m p l o y m e n t in a n y c a p a c i t y in
an e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h e r e a s t r i k e o r lo c k o u t
e x i s t s a s r e c o g n i z e d u n d e r t h is C o n s t it u ti o n ,
w ithou t p e r m i s s i o n .
A c t i o n s c o n s t i t u t i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f the p r o
v i s i o n s of th is C o n s t it u ti o n .
I l l e g a l v o tin g o r in a n y w a y p r e v e n t i n g an
h o n e s t e l e c t i o n to f i l l e l e c t i v e o f f i c e s , p o s t s
o r p o s i t i o n s in the G. L . o r a n y L . L . , D. L . ,
council o r co n fe re n c e .
Any o t h e r c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r
of the I. A . M . , p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , th at any
ch a rg e of such conduct sh a ll s p e c ific a lly se t
fo r t h the a c t o r a c t s o r o m i s s i o n s a l l e g e d to
constitute su ch o ffen se .
T ria l P ro ce d u re
T rial P roced u re
A rtic le K
A rtic le L
S u sp e n sio n s
S e c t i o n 4.
W h e n e v e r the I. P . s u s p e n d s a
L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ,
c h a r g e d with any o f the a c t s s e t f o r t h in S e c
t io n s 1, 2 a n d 3 a b o v e , p e n d in g a f in a l d i s
p o s i t i o n o f s u c h c h a r g e s , a n y s u c h o r d e r of
S e c t i o n 4.
A m e n d e d to
read
a s follow s:
S u sp e n sio n s
S e c t i o n 4.
W h e n e v e r the I. P . s u s p e n d s a
L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
180
D -l
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t i o n 4 . — C ontinu ed
su sp en sion sh a llb e sen tby r e g is te r e d m a il, or
t e l e g r a m , to s u c h L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r ,
o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , o r m e m b e r , t o g e t h e r with
a f u ll s t a t e m e n t of the c h a r g e s upon wh ich
su sp en sio n is p red ic ate d .
D u r in g the s u s
p e n s i o n o f a Li. L . a n d / o r D. L . , p e n d in g the
d i s p o s i t i o n o f c h a r g e s , the L . L . a n d /o r D. L .
s h a l l b e u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n o f the I. P . o r
h is r e p r e se n ta tiv e .
D u r in g s u c h p e r i o d the
L . L . a n d /o r D. L . s h a l l fun ction only in t h o s e
c a p a c i t i e s th a t w i l l b e s t s e r v e the i n t e r e s t s
of the m e m b e r s . Any s u c h o r d e r s u s p e n d i n g
an o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r s h a l l o p e r a t e only to
s u s p e n d the r i g h t o f s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r
to a tte n d m e e t i n g s of any L . L . , D. L . , c o u n
c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e , h o ld any o f f i c e , o r o t h e r
w i s e p a r t i c i p a t e in any of the a c t i v i t i e s o f the
I. A . M. A ll o t h e r m e m b e r s h i p r i g h t s o f s u c h
officer, re p re se n ta tiv e , or m e m b e r, sh all
r e m a i n u n a f f e c t e d u n l e s s an d u n til he h a s b e e n
t r i e d a n d c o n v i c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the
p r o c e d u r e s s e t fo r t h h e r e i n .
c h a r g e d with any o f the a c t s s e t f o r t h in S e c
t io n s 1, 2 a n d 3 a b o v e , p e n d in g a f in a l d i s
p o s i t i o n of s u c h c h a r g e s , a n y s u c h o r d e r of
s u s p e n s i o n s h a l l be s e n t by r e g i s t e r e d m a i l ,
o r t e l e g r a m , to s u c h L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f
f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , t o g e t h e r with a full
s t a t e m e n t o f the c h a r g e s upon w h ich s u s p e n
s i o n i s p r e d i c a t e d . D u r in g the s u s p e n s i o n of
a L . L . a n d / o r D. L . , p e n d in g the d i s p o s i t i o n
o f c h a r g e s , the L . L . a n d / o r D . L . s h a l l be
u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n of the I. P . o r h i s r e p
re se n ta tiv e .
D u r in g s u c h p e r i o d the L . L .
a n d / o r D . L . s h a l l fu n ctio n only in t h o s e c a
p a c i t i e s th a t w i l l b e s t s e r v e the i n t e r e s t s of
the m e m b e r s h i p . Any s u c h o r d e r s u s p e n d i n g
an o f f i c e r o r e l e c t e d o r a p p o in t e d r e p r e s e n t a
tiv e s h a l l o p e r a t e on ly to s u s p e n d the r i g h t of
s u c h p e r s o n to o c c u p y any o f f i c e o r p o s i t i o n
p e r f o r m any of the f u n c t io n s t h e r e o f , b u t a l l
o t h e r m e m b e r s h i p r i g h t s of s u c h o f f i c e r o r
r e p re se n ta tiv e sh all re m ain unaffected u n less
an d u ntil he h a s b e e n s e r v e d with c h a r g e s an d
t r i e d an d c o n v i c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the
p r o c e d u r e s h e r e a f t e r s e t f o r t h in t h is A r t i c l e .
T r i a l of L o c a l L o d g e o r D i s t r i c t L o d g e
S e c t i o n 5. A c h a r g e o f m i s c o n d u c t a g a i n s t
a L . L . o r D. L . m a y b e p r e f e r r e d b y any o f
f i c e r , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r m e m b e r , in w r it i n g
t r a n s m i t t e d to the I. P .
A t r i a l of s u c h a
ch arge sh all be had b efo re a sp e c ia l c o m m it
t e e d e s i g n a t e d b y the I. P . f o r that p u r p o s e ,
o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n of the G. L . a t the
d i s c r e t i o n o f the I. P .
T h ese trib u n als a r e
v e s t e d with o r i g i n a l t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n to h e a r
and d e c i d e s u c h c h a r g e s in the m a n n e r p r e
s c r i b e d b e lo w :
Th e L . L . o r D . L . s h a l l b e n o t if i e d in w r i t
ing by r e g i s t e r e d m a i l of the c h a r g e s on w h ich
it w i l l b e t r i e d , an d the t i m e an d p l a c e of
t r i a l w h ich s h a l l b e h e l d not l e s s than 30 d a y s
a f t e r the m a i l i n g o f s u c h n o t ic e b y the G. S. T.
In the c a s e of a t r i a l b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m
m i t t e e , the a c c u s e d L . L . o r D. L . s h a l l b e
g iv e n fu l l o p p o r t u n it y to p r e s e n t e v id e n c e and
a r g u m e n t s in r e f u t a t io n o f the p r e f e r r e d
c h a r g e s , to e x a m i n e an d c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t
n e s s e s , and m a y b e r e p r e s e n t e d by an a t t o r
ney , a s p r o v i d e d in S e c t i o n 10 o f t h is A r t i c l e .
The s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t in w r i t
ing to the I. P . i t s v e r d i c t an d i t s r e c o m m e n
d a t io n o f the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d if the v e r
d i c t b e that of " g u i l t y . " The I .P . m a y a f f i r m ,
S e c t i o n 5.
S e c t i o n h e a d in g a m e n d e d to
re a d : T r ia l of L o c a l L o d g e , D is tr ic t L o d g e ,
C o u n c il o r C o n f e r e n c e .
The f o llo w in g A m e n d m e n t s a l s o m a d e :
L i n e s 2, 12, 18, and lin e 32, the l a n g u a g e
" L . L . o r D . L . " c h a n g e d to r e a d :
"L . L. ,
D. L . , C o u n c il o r C o n f e r e n c e . "
In sertin g,
a f t e r the w o r d " n o t i f i e d " on lin e 12, the w o r d s
" b y the G. S. T. "
D e l e t i n g , on lin e 16, the
w o r d s " b y the G. S . T . " I n s e r t i n g , a f t e r the
w o r d " C o m m i t t e e " on lin e 58, the f o llo w in g :
"or
r e j e c t s a C o m m i t t e e finding o f 'n o t
g u i l t y ' and then f in d s the d e fe n d a n t ' g u i l t y ' " .
181
D-l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 C o n s t it u tio n
1961 C o n s t it u ti o n
S e c t i o n 5 . — C on tin u ed
m o d i f y , o r r e v e r s e in fu ll o r in p a r t , the
d e c i s i o n o f the s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , o r i m p o s e
any p e n a l t y o r fin e w h ich he d e e m s to b e
re q u ired .
Any L . L . o r D. L . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to
d e m a n d th a t the t r i a l b e c o n d u c t e d in the
l o c a l i t y w h e r e the o f f e n s e i s a l l e g e d to h a v e
b e e n c o m m i t t e d e x c e p t that th is p r o v i s i o n
s h a l l not a p p l y with r e s p e c t to t r i a l s c o n
d u c t e d by the G. L . co n v e n tio n a s h e r e i n a f t e r
p rovided.
In the c a s e of a t r i a l b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n
o f the G. L». , the t r i a l s h a l l b e r e f e r r e d to and
c o n d u c t e d b y the A p p e a l s a n d G r i e v a n c e C o m
m i t t e e of the co n v e n tio n w h ich s h a l l a c c o r d the
a c c u s e d fu ll o p p o r t u n it y to p r e s e n t e v id e n c e
in r e f u t a t io n of the p r e f e r r e d c h a r g e s , to e x
a m i n e and c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s , and the
a c c u s e d m a y b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y an a t t o r n e y ,
a s p r o v i d e d in S e c t i o n 10 o f th is A r t i c l e ; an d
s u c h c o m m i t t e e s h a l l s u b m i t i t s r e p o r t to the
co n v e n tio n , w h ich s h a l l i n c lu d e i t s f in d i n g s
and v e r d i c t , t o g e t h e r with i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n
of the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d i f the v e r d i c t b e
that of " g u i l t y . "
The c o n v e n tio n m a y a m e n d o r r e j e c t the
v e r d i c t o r f in d i n g s o f s a i d c o m m i t t e e in w h ole
o r in p a r t , an d fin d the a c c u s e d e i t h e r " g u i l t y "
o r " n o t g u ilt y . "
If the co n v e n tio n c o n c u r s
with a " g u i l t y " v e r d i c t o f the A p p e a l s and
G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e , the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of
s a i d c o m m i t t e e a s to the p e n a l t y to b e i m
p o s e d m a y b e a m e n d e d o r r e j e c t e d in w h ole
o r in p a r t a n d / o r a n o t h e r p e n a l t y s u b s t i t u t e d
t h e r e f o r b y a m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e d e l e g a t e s
vo tin g on the q u e s t io n .
S u c h a c t i o n o f the
c o n v e n tio n s h a l l b e r e c o g n i z e d a n d a c c e p t e d
a s f in a l and b in d in g on a l l p a r t i e s .
T r ia l of O ffic e r s or R e p r e s e n ta t iv e s
S e c t i o n 6.
A c h a r g e of m i s c o n d u c t m a y
b e m a d e a g a i n s t any o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
of a L . L . o r D. L . b y an y m e m b e r in w r i t
ing t r a n s m i t t e d to the I. P . , with a c o py to
the p r o p e r o f f i c e r of the b o d y in v o lv e d .
The
I. P . m a y d e t e r m i n e th at f a i r n e s s to the a c
c u s e d and the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the I. A . M.
re q u ire a tr ia l th ereof b efo re a sp e c ia l c o m
m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d b y the I. P . f o r that p u r
p o s e o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n of the G. L .
In
the ev en t the I. P . r e f e r s the c h a r g e s to t r i a l
S e c t i o n 6.
A ch a rg e of m isc o n d u ct m a y
be m a d e a g a in s t any o f f ic e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e
o f a L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e , by
any m e m b e r in w r i t i n g to the p r o p e r o f f i c e r
o f the b od y in v o lv e d w ith a c o p y of su c h
c h a r g e s to the I. P .
T h e I. P . m a y d e t e r
m i n e that f a i r n e s s to the a c c u s e d a n d the b e s t
i n t e r e s t s of the I. A . M. r e q u i r e a t r i a l t h e r e o f
b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d by the
I. P . f o r that p u r p o s e o r b e f o r e the c o n
v e n tio n of the G. L .
In the ev en t the I. P .
182
D-l.
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t i o n 6 . — C on tin u ed
b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e o r b e f o r e the c o n
v e n tio n o f the G. L t h e m a t t e r s h a l l b e h e a r d
and d e c i d e d b y t h o s e t r i b u n a l s in a c c o r d a n c e
with the p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 5 of
t h is A r t i c l e . O t h e r w i s e , the c h a r g e s w i l l b e
t r i e d b e f o r e the L . L . o r D. L . of w h ich the
a c c u s e d i s an o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e in a c
c o r d a n c e w ith the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d
in S e c t i o n s 8 t h ro u g h 13 of th is A r t i c l e .
r e f e r s the c h a r g e s to t r i a l b e f o r e a s p e c i a l
c o m m i t t e e o r b e f o r e the co n v e n tio n o f the
G . L . , the m a t t e r s h a l l b e h e a r d a n d d e c i d e d
by t h o s e t r i b u n a l s in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o
c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 5 of th is A r t i c l e .
O t h e r w i s e , the c h a r g e s w i l l b e t r i e d b e f o r e
the L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e of
w h ich the a c c u s e d i s an o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a
t iv e in a c c o r d a n c e with the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e
p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n s 8 t h ro u g h 13 o f t h is
A rtic le .
T r ia l of a M e m b e r
S e c t i o n 7.
C h arges p r e fe r r e d again st a
m e m b e r f o r o t h e r than a v i o l a t i o n of h i s o r
h e r duty o r d u t i e s a s an o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t
a t i v e of e i t h e r a L . L . o r D. L . s h a l l b e g o v
e r n e d b y the fo llo w in g p r o c e d u r e s :
It i s the duty o f any m e m b e r who h a s i n
f o r m a t i o n a s to c o n d u c t of a m e m b e r c o v e r e d
b y S e c t i o n 3 o f t h is A r t i c l e to i m m e d i a t e l y
p r e f e r c h a r g e s in w r it i n g a g a i n s t s u c h m e m
b e r b y f ilin g the s a m e w ith the p r e s i d e n t of
the L . L . o f w h ich the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r .
The p r e s i d e n t of the L . L . with w h o m the
c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d s h a l l su p p l y a c o py to the
a c c u s e d a n d fo rth w ith p r o c e e d to b r i n g the
a c c u s e d to t r i a l u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s o f S e c
t io n s 8 th ro u g h 13 of th is A r t i c l e , e x c e p t that
the I. P . m a y , w hen he d e e m s s u c h a c t i o n
n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r to p r o v i d e a f a i r t r i a l o r
to p r o t e c t the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the I. A. M . ,
d i r e c t th a t the a c c u s e d b e t r i e d e i t h e r by a
s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d f o r th at p u r p o s e
o r b y the G. L . co n v e n tio n .
In the e v e n t the
l a t t e r p r o c e d u r e i s a d o p t e d , the t r i a l o f the
c h a r g e s s h a l l b e g o v e r n e d b y the p r o v i s i o n s
o f S e c t i o n 5 o f th is A r t i c l e .
i
In the e v e n t the p r e s i d e n t o r the p r e s i d e n t
and o t h e r o f f i c e r s o f the L . L . a r e in v o lv e d
in the c h a r g e s f i l e d , the n e x t r a n k in g o f f i c e r
s h a l l p r e s i d e , a s h e r e i n s e t f o rt h .
In the
a p p l i c a t i o n of t h is S e c t i o n the o r d e r of r a n k
ing of o f f i c e r s s h a l l b e p r e s i d e n t a n d v i c e
p r e s i d e n t . In the ev en t a p r e s i d e n t a n d v i c e
p r e s i d e n t a r e in v o lv e d in the c h a r g e s , o r a r e
a b s e n t , the R. S . s h a l l c a l l f o r n o m i n a t i o n of
a t e m p o r a r y c h a i r m a n an d the m e m b e r s p r e s
ent s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y p r o c e e d to s e l e c t a
t e m p o r a r y c h a i r m a n b y m a j o r i t y v o te .
The
t e m p o r a r y c h a i r m a n s e l e c t e d s h a l l then p r o
c e e d to c a r r y out the r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h is
S e c t io n .
S e c t i o n 7.
Sam e.
183
D-l.
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
196 1 Constitution
1958 Constitution
S e c t i o n 7. — C on tin u ed
In the ev en t that any L . L . , o r the m e m
b e r s t h e r e o f , f a i l to p r o c e e d a s p r e s c r i b e d
h e r e i n , then any o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , o r
m e m b e r , m a y f i l e w r it t e n c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
s u c h m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s with the I. P .
U pon the r e c e i p t o f s u c h c h a r g e s , the I. P .
s h a l l f o r w a r d one co py t h e r e o f to the a c c u s e d
and one co p y t h e r e o f to the p r e s i d e n t o f the
L . L . of w h ich the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r , t o
g e t h e r with an o r d e r c o m m a n d i n g s a i d L . L .
to p r o c e e d to p l a c e the a c c u s e d on t r i a l u n d e r
the p r o v i s i o n s of th is A r t i c l e .
If s a i d L . L . f a i l s o r r e f u s e s f o r 15 d a y s
t h e r e a f t e r , to p r o c e e d a s o r d e r e d b y the I. P . ,
then the I. P . s h a l l n otify the a c c u s e d a n d the
L . L . of w h ich the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r , of
the t im e and p l a c e , when and w h e r e a s p e c i a l
c o m m i t t e e w i l l m e e t f o r the p u r p o s e of h e a r
ing e v id e n c e and t r y i n g the a c c u s e d upon
ch a rg e s th eretofore p r e f e r r e d , p rovided, how
e v e r , that the I. P . o r the E . C. m a y , i f they
d e e m a d v i s a b l e , in l ie u of a t r i a l b e f o r e a
s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , o r d e r the a c c u s e d to b e
t r i e d by the G. L . co n v e n tio n . In the e v e n t the
l a t t e r p r o c e d u r e i s a d o p t e d , the t r i a l o f the
c h a r g e s s h a l l b e g o v e r n e d b y the p r o v i s i o n s
of S e c t i o n 5 of t h is A r t i c l e .
A p p o in t m e n t o f T r i a l C o m m i t t e e
S e c t i o n 8.
E x cep t a s otherw ise p rovided
in t h is A r t i c l e , w h e n e v e r c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n
p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a m e m b e r , the p r e s i d e n t
of the L . L . s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y a p p o in t a t r i a l
c o m m i t t e e of not m o r e than 5 m e m b e r s , one
of w h om s h a l l a c t a s c h a i r m a n and one of
w h om s h a l l a c t a s s e c r e t a r y , to i n v e s t i g a t e
the c h a r g e s , t a k e t e s t i m o n y and d e c i d e upon
the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d .
The
t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s o a p p o i n t e d s h a l l w ithin one
w e e k t h e r e a f t e r , n otify the m e m b e r of the
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h i m an d the t i m e and p l a c e ,
when and w h e r e , to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l .
S e c t i o n 8.
R e p l a c e d by the f o llo w in g :
S e c t i o n 8.
E x c ep t a s otherw ise provided
in t h is A r t i c l e , w h e n e v e r c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n
p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a m e m b e r , the p r e s i d e n t of
the L . L . s h a l l p r o m p t l y a p p o in t a t r i a l c o m
m i t t e e of not m o r e than 5 m e m b e r s , one of
w h om s h a l l a c t a s c h a i r m a n and one of w h om
sh all act a s s e c r e t a r y .
The t r ia l co m m ittee
s h a l l c o n d u c t an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the c h a r g e s
and d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t s u b
s t a n c e to w a r r a n t a t r i a l h e a r i n g b e i n g h e ld .
If the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e d e c i d e s a t r i a l h e a r i n g
i s w a r r a n t e d , the c o m m i t t e e s h a l l , w ithin one
w e e k of i t s a p p o i n t m e n t , n otify the m e m b e r of
the c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h i m and when an d w h e r e
to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l .
Th e t i m e s e t f o r t r i a l
s h a l l a l lo w the a c c u s e d a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e
(not l e s s than 7 c a l e n d a r d a y s a f t e r n o t i f i
c a tio n ) to p r e p a r e h i s d e f e n s e .
If the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e d e c i d e s the c h a r g e s
sh o u ld b e d i s m i s s e d on the b a s i s of l a c k of
s u p p o r t i n g e v i d e n c e , it w i l l s o r e c o m m e n d to
184
D -l.
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 C o n s t it u ti o n
1961 C o n s t it u ti o n
S e c t io n 8 . — C on tin u ed
the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the L . L . a n d the
L . L . s h a l l a d o p t o r r e j e c t the t r i a l c o m m i t
t e e ’s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .
If the E . E . a d o p t s
the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , the c h a r g e s s h a l l s t a n d
d i s m i s s e d s u b j e c t to a p p e a l of L . L . d e c i s i o n s
a s p r o v i d e d in S e c t i o n 14 of t h is A r t i c l e .
If
the L . L . r e j e c t s the c o m m i t t e e ' s r e c o m m e n
d a t io n , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l p r o c e e d to
n otify the c h a r g e d m e m b e r a n d h o ld a t r i a l
hearing.
A ppearance
S e c t i o n 9.
If a m e m b e r f a i l s to a p p e a r
f o r t r i a l when n o t if i e d to do s o , the t r i a l s h a l l
p r o c e e d a s though the m e m b e r w e r e in f a c t
p resen t.
S e c t i o n 9.
Sam e.
S e c t i o n 10.
Sam e.
E v id en ce
S e c t i o n 10.
B o th the p l a i n t i f f and the d e
fen d a n t s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e of p r e s e n t i n g
e v id e n c e a n d b e in g r e p r e s e n t e d e i t h e r in p e r
so n o r b y a t t o r n e y (the a t t o r n e y b e in g a m e m
b e r of the I. A. M .) . The t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l
m a i n t a i n a w r i t t e n r e c o r d of the t r i a l p r o
c e e d i n g s , in c lu d in g a l l t e s t i m o n y and d o c u
m e n t s i n t r o d u c e d b y e i t h e r the p l a i n t i f f o r
the d e fe n d a n t.
T r ia l P ro c e d u re
S e c t i o n 11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C a l l t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to o r d e r .
E x a m i n e due b o o k s .
C l e a r the t r i a l c h a m b e r of a l l p e o p l e
e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the t r i a l
r e p o r t e r (who n e e d not b e a m e m b e r
of the I. A . M. ), the p l a i n t i f f an d h i s
a t t o r n e y , the d e f e n d a n t an d h i s a t t o r
n ey , and a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the G. L . ,
i f in a t t e n d a n c e .
Th e p l a i n t i f f an d the d e f e n d a n t s h a l l
r e m a i n in the t r i a l c h a m b e r u n til t r i a l
i s c o n c l u d e d , bu t s h a l l s i t a p a r t .
The c h a i r m a n s h a l l r e a d the c h a r g e s
and a s k the d e f e n d a n t if he i s " g u i l t y "
o r " n o t g u ilt y . "
If the p l e a i s " n o t
g u i l t y " the t r i a l s h a l l then p r o c e e d ; if
the p l e a i s " g u i l t y " the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e
s h a l l co n d u c t s u c h f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s
a s in i t s j u d g m e n t a r e r e q u i r e d .
The p l a i n t i f f o r h i s a t t o r n e y s h a l l p r e
sent his c a s e f ir st.
S e c t i o n 11.
S a m e , e x c e p t in s u b s e c t i o n 3 ,
c h a n g e " a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e " to r e a d " r e p r e
sen tatives. "
185
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t io n 1 1. — C on tin u ed
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
W i t n e s s e s s h a l l b e c a l l e d into the t r i a l
c h a m b e r one a t a t i m e , and w i l l l e a v e
the t r i a l c h a m b e r upon c o m p l e t i n g t h e ir
t e s t i m o n y , s u b j e c t to r e c a l l b y e i t h e r
the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the p l a i n t i f f , the
d e f e n d a n t, o r the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the
G. Li.
A ll p e r s o n s g iv in g t e s t i m o n y s h a l l b e
r e q u i r e d to a f f i r m that the t e s t i m o n y
that they g i v e s h a l l b e the tru th .
D e fe n d a n t and h i s a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e
the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e p l a i n t i f f ' s
w itn esses.
D e f e n d a n t ' s w i t n e s s e s s h a l l then b e
called .
P l a i n t i f f and h i s a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e
the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e the d e
fen d a n t ' s w itne s s e s .
F o l lo w i n g the c o m p l e t i o n o f c r o s s e x a m i n a t i o n , the p l a i n t i f f and d e f e n d
a n t s h a l l b e g i v e n the o p p o r t u n it y to
m a k e a s t a t e m e n t o r s u m m a t i o n of
t h e ir c a s e , with the p l a i n t i f f h a v in g
the f i r s t and l a s t o p p o r t u n it y f o r r e
m arks.
B e f o r e the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e
gin t h e i r d e l i b e r a t i o n s upon the t e s t i
m o n y g i v e n , a l l p e r s o n s e x c e p t the
t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , s h a l l l e a v e the t r i a l
cham ber.
R e p o r t of T r i a l C o m m i t t e e
S e c t i o n 12.
The t r ia l co m m itte e sh a ll
c o n s i d e r a l l o f the e v id e n c e in the c a s e and
t h e r e a f t e r a g r e e upon i t s v e r d i c t of " g u i l t y "
o r " n o t g u ilt y . " If the v e r d i c t b e that of
" g u i l t y , " the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l then c o n
s i d e r an d a g r e e upon i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of
p u n is h m e n t .
Th e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t a t the
n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the L . L . s u c h r e p o r t
s h a l l b e in two p a r t s a s f o l l o w s :
1.
Th e r e p o r t s h a l l c o n t a in a s y n o p s i s of
the e v i d e n c e and t e s t i m o n y p r e s e n t e d
b y b oth s i d e s t o g e t h e r with the f in d in g s
an d v e r d i c t of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e .
A f t e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e h a s m a d e
the n e c e s s a r y e x p l a n a t io n of i t s i n
ten t an d m e a n i n g , the t r i a l c o m m i t
t e e ' s v e r d i c t with r e s p e c t to g u ilt o r
in n o c e n c e o f the d e f e n d a n t, s h a l l b e
s u b m i t t e d w ithou t d e b a t e to a v o te b y
s e c r e t b a l l o t of the m e m b e r s of the
L . L . in a t t e n d a n c e .
S e c t i o n 12.
R eplaced
by
the
f o llo w in g :
R e p o rt of T r ia l C om m ittee
S e c t i o n 12.
The t r i a l co m m itte e sh a ll
c o n s i d e r a l l o f the e v i d e n c e in the c a s e and
t h e r e a f t e r a g r e e upon i t s v e r d i c t of " g u i l t y "
o r " n o t g u ilt y . " If the v e r d i c t b e that of
" g u i l t y , " the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l then c o n
s i d e r and a g r e e upon i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of
p u n is h m e n t .
F o l lo w i n g c o m p l e t i o n of t h e s e d e l i b e r a t i o n s
an d c o n c l u s i o n s , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e
p o r t a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the L . L .
T h e p l a i n t i f f and the d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e
p r o m p t l y n o t if ie d in w r it i n g b y the R . S. of
the d e c i s i o n of the L . L . with r e s p e c t to the
g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the d e f e n d a n t and with
r e s p e c t to the p e n a l t y i m p o s e d i f the L . L .
took a c t i o n on the l a t t e r ; the t r i a l c o m m i t
t e e ' s r e p o r t s h a l l b e in two p a r t s a s f o l l o w s :
186
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 C o n s t it u tio n
1961 C o n s t it u tio n
S e c t i o n 1 2 . — C ontinu ed
2.
If the L . L . c o n c u r s with a " g u i l t y "
v e r d i c t of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f the c o m m i t t e e a s
to the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d s h a l l b e
s u b m i t t e d in a s e p a r a t e r e p o r t to the
L . L . and v o te d on b y s e c r e t b a l l o t of
the m e m b e r s then in a t t e n d a n c e .
1.
Th e r e p o r t s h a l l c o n t a in a s y n o p s i s of
the e v i d e n c e and t e s t i m o n y p r e s e n t e d
by both s i d e s t o g e t h e r with the f in d i n g s
and v e r d i c t o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e .
A f t e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e h a s m a d e
the n e c e s s a r y e x p l a n a t io n of i t s inten t
and m e a n i n g , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e ' s
v e r d i c t with r e s p e c t to g u il t o r in n o
c e n c e of the d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e s u b
m i t t e d w ithou t d e b a t e to a v o te by s e
c r e t b a l l o t o f the m e m b e r s o f the L . L .
in a t t e n d a n c e .
2.
If the L . L . c o n c u r s with a " g u i l t y "
v e r d i c t of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the c o m m i t t e e a s
to the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d s h a l l be
s u b m i t t e d in a s e p a r a t e r e p o r t to the
L . L . and v o te d on b y s e c r e t b a l l o t of
the m e m b e r s then in a t te n d a n c e .
V oting on R e p o r t
S e c t i o n 13.
Th e p e n a l t y r e c o m m e n d e d by
the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e m a y b e a m e n d e d , r e j e c t e d ,
o r a n o t h e r p u n i s h m e n t s u b s t i t u t e d t h e r e f o r , by
a m a j o r i t y v o te of t h o s e v o tin g on the q u e s
tio n, e x c e p t th a t it s h a l l r e q u i r e a t w o - t h i r d s
v o te of t h o s e vo tin g to e x p e l the d e fe n d a n t
from m e m b e rsh ip .
Sec tio n
13.
Sam e.
If the L . L . r e v e r s e s a "n o t g u i l t y " v e r d i c t
o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the p u n i s h m e n t to be
i m p o s e d s h a l l b e d e c i d e d by the L . L . b y a
m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e vo tin g on the q u e s t i o n ,
e x c e p t that it s h a l l r e q u i r e a t w o - t h i r d s vo te
o f t h o s e v o tin g to e x p e l the d e f e n d a n t f r o m
m em b e rsh ip .
D i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n f r o m h o ld in g o f f i c e a s a
pen alty for m isc o n d u ct a s a m e m b e r or o f
f i c e r , s h a l l b e l i m i t e d to 5 y e a r s .
A r t i c l e III
R ecall P rovision s
S e c t i o n 21.
A L . L . in g o o d s t a n d i n g with
the G. L . m a y p r o p o s e the r e c a l l of any one
o r m o r e of the G. L . o f f i c e r s , the c o m m i t t e e
on la w and d e l e g a t e s to the A. F . L . - C. I. O.
a nd the C. L . C. b y f ilin g with the G. S. T . a
p e t it i o n f o r the r e c a l l of s u c h o f f i c e r o r o f
f i c e r s , t o g e t h e r with the e n d o r s e m e n t s t h e r e o f
u n d e r the s e a l o f a t l e a s t 15% of the L . L s .
in g o o d s t a n d i n g with the G. L . , not m o r e
than 15 o f w h ich s h a l l b e l o c a t e d in any one
state, p rovin ce or te r rito r y .
E v e r y p e t it i o n
f o r a r e c a l l m u s t c o n t a in a c l e a r , c o n c i s e
S ec tio n 2 1 .
S a m e . R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 22.
187
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 Constitution
S e c t i o n 2 1 . — C on tin u ed
s t a t e m e n t o f the s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s a g a i n s t su c h
o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s upon wh ich the p r o c e e d
ing i s b a s e d . A ll c i r c u l a r s i s s u e d b y a L . L .
f o r the p u r p o s e of s e c u r i n g the e n d o r s e m e n t s
of o t h e r L . L s . m u s t b e i d e n t i c a l a s to c o n
ten t and f o r m , in c lu d in g the e n d o r s e m e n t f o r m
attach ed th ereto.
A ll su ch c i r c u l a r s sh a ll
b e a r the d a t e o f i s s u a n c e , b e m a d e r e t u r n a b l e
to the L . L . i s s u i n g s a m e a n d d e p o s i t e d b y
s u c h L . L . with the G. S . T. w ithin 45 d a y s
a f t e r the d a t e t h e r e o f .
Upon r e c e i p t o f the p e t it i o n and e n d o r s e
m e n t s f o r r e c a l l , the G. S . T. s h a l l n otify the
o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t and
f u r n i s h h i m o r th e m with a c o r r e c t c o py of
the p e t it i o n and the n u m b e r s of the L . L s . a p
p e a r i n g a s e n d o r s e r s t h e r e o f , and s u c h o f f i c e r
o r o f f i c e r s m a y w ithin 10 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r f i l e
a w r it t e n s t a t e m e n t o f d e f e n s e , c o n ta in in g not
m o r e than 500 w o r d s , with the G. S. T. , who
s h a l l c a u s e the s a m e to b e p r i n t e d and m a i l e d
to a l l L . L s . c o n c u r r e n t l y w ith the c a l l f o r
the e n d o r s e m e n t s f o r n o m i n e e s n e x t h e r e i n
a fter pro v ided for.
On the 1 st o f the m o n th n e x t f o llo w in g , the
G. S. T . s h a l l i s s u e a c i r c u l a r to a l l L . L s .
c a l l i n g f o r e n d o r s e m e n t s o f n o m i n e e s f o r the
o f f i c e o r o f f i c e s h e ld b y the o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s
w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t . The s e l e c t i o n o f c a n d
i d a t e s an d the e l e c t i o n , and the t a b u l a t in g and
coun tin g o f the v o t e s , e x c e p t a s h e r e i n a f t e r
m o d i f i e d , s h a l l p r o c e e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the
e l e c t i o n l a w s s e t f o r t h , s u b s t i t u t i n g the n a m e
o f s u c h m o n t h s a s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to h o ld
an i n t e r i m e l e c t i o n in p l a c e of t h o s e m o n t h s
s p e c i f i e d in o t h e r S e c t i o n s of th is A r t i c l e .
U n l e s s the o f f i c e r w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t
l a c k s the n e c e s s a r y q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o r f i l e s a
w r it t e n d e c l i n a t i o n w ith the G. S . T . , h i s n a m e
s h a l l b e p r i n t e d upon the o f f i c i a l b a l l o t t o
g e t h e r with the n a m e of the one o t h e r c a n d i
d a t e who h a s r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t 25 e n d o r s e
m e n t s and the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r o f e n d o r s e
m e n t s a s c a n d i d a t e f o r n o m i n e e f o r that o f f i c e .
S h o u ld the o f f i c e r w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t
d e c l i n e to b e a c a n d i d a t e o r l a c k the n e c e s
s a r y q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , then the n a m e s of 2 m e m
b e r s who h a v e e a c h r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t 25 e n
d o r s e m e n t s an d g r e a t e s t and n e x t g r e a t e s t
n u m b e r of e n d o r s e m e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a s
can d id ates fo r n om in ee fo r su ch o ffice, sh a ll
b e p r i n t e d upon the o f f i c i a l b a l l o t a s c a n d i
d ate s fo r such o ffice.
1961 Constitution
188
D -l.
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t i o n 2 1 . — C on tin u ed
T h e c a n d i d a t e f o r any o f f i c e who r e c e i v e s
the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of v o t e s in any r e c a l l
e l e c t i o n s h a l l b e p r o m p t l y n o t if i e d of h i s
e l e c t i o n b y the G. S . T ,
If the o f f i c e r w h o s e
r e c a l l i s so u g h t , i s not e l e c t e d , h i s t e n u r e
of o f f i c e s h a l l t e r m i n a t e 15 d a y s a f t e r the r e
s u l t o f the e l e c t i o n i s a n n o u n c e d and the n ew ly
e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s h a l l t h e r e u p o n a s s u m e the
d u t i e s o f the o f f i c e .
A ppeals
A pp eals
A rtic le K
A rtic le L
A pp eal F r o m D ec isio n of L . L . or D .L .
S e c t i o n 14.
An a p p e a l m a y b e t a k e n to the
I. P . f r o m the d e c i s i o n of a L . L . o r D. L . by
e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t the a c c u s e d w ithin 30 d a y s
a f t e r the v e r d i c t .
S u ch a p p e a l m u s t b e a d
d r e s s e d to the I. P . in w r it i n g and s e t f o r t h
in s p e c i f i c d e t a i l the g r o u n d s on w h ich it i s
b a s e d . The a p p e a l m a y a l s o in c lu d e a n y a r
g u m e n t in s u p p o r t t h e r e o f w h ic h the a p p e l
la n t d e s i r e s to a d v a n c e , b u t s h a l l not in c lu d e
any new e v i d e n c e .
Th e I. P . s h a l l t r a n s m i t
to the o p p o s i n g p a r t y a copy of the a p p e a l and
s u c h p a r t y s h a l l h a v e a p e r i o d of 15 d a y s to
reply th ereto.
T h e I. P . s h a l l o b ta in f r o m
the L . L . o r D. L . a c o m p l e t e r e c o r d of the
t r i a l b e f o r e the L . L . o r D. L . an d s h a l l m a k e
a d e c i s i o n b a s e d on s u c h r e c o r d , wh ich s h a l l
b e f in a l a n d b in d in g u n l e s s c h a n g e d on f u r
t h e r a p p e a l a s h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d . Th e d e
c i s i o n o f the I. P . s h a l l c o n t a in h i s f in d in g s
and c o n c l u s i o n s and the p e n a l t y , i f any, to b e
im posed.
Upon s u c h an a p p e a l the I. P . s h a l l
h a v e fu l l a u t h o r i t y to a f f i r m o r to m o d i f y o r
r e v e r s e , in w h o le o r in p a r t , the d e c i s i o n of
the L . L . o r D. L ., o r to r e m a n d the p r o c e e d
i n g s f o r f u r t h e r t r i a l b e f o r e the D . L . o r D . L . ,
o r to i m p o s e any p e n a l t y o r fin e w h ich he
d e e m s to b e r e q u i r e d , in c lu d in g e x p u l s i o n .
No p a r t y to the a p p e a l s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to
a p p e a r in p e r s o n b e f o r e the I. P .
H ow ever,
the I. P . , i f h e d e e m s it n e c e s s a r y o r d e
s i r a b l e , in c o n n e c t io n with h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n
of the a p p e a l , m a y a c c o r d s u c h a p r i v i l e g e .
Th e I. P . s h a l l f u r n i s h a co py of h i s d e c i s i o n
to e a c h p a r t y to the a p p e a l b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l .
S e c t i o n 14.
Sam e.
S e c t io n 15.
Sam e.
A p p e a l f r o m D e c i s i o n of I. P .
S e c t i o n 15.
An a p p e a l m a y b e ta k e n f r o m
a d e c i s i o n o f the I. P . to the E . C. by any int e r e s t e d p a r t y to the p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e e i t h e r
the I. P . , the L . L . o r D. L . S u c h a p p e a l m u s t
b e ta k e n w ithin 30 d a y s f r o m the d a t e of the
189
D -l.
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t i o n 15. — C on tin u ed
I P ' s , d e c i s i o n and s h a l l b e m a d e in w r it i n g
to the G. S. T. T h e a p p e a l s h a l l s e t fo r t h in
s p e c i f i c d e t a i l the g r o u n d s t h e r e f o r and m a y
i n c lu d e any w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in s u p p o r t of
t h e s e g r o u n d s . The G. S . T . s h a l l a l s o n o tify
the o p p o s i n g p a r t y o f any a p p e a l f r o m a d e
c i s i o n of the I. P . to the E . C. and s h a l l f u r
n is h s u c h p a r t y w ith a co p y t h e r e o f . T h e o p
p o s i n g p a r t y s h a l l h a v e a p e r i o d of 15 d a y s in
w h ich to f i l e a n y w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in o p p o
s i t i o n to the a p p e a l with the G. S. T.
The
G. S . T . s h a l l t r a n s m i t to the E . C. s u c h a p p e a l
and any w r it t e n a r g u m e n t s in o p p o s i t i o n t h e r e
to, t o g e t h e r with the r e c o r d of the p r o c e e d
i n g s b e f o r e the I. P . , an d the d e c i s i o n o f the
E . C. s h a l l b e m a d e upon t h is r e c o r d an d the
a r g u m e n t s s u b m i t t e d in c o n n e c t io n th e r e w it h .
No p a r t y to the a p p e a l s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to
a p p e a r in p e r s o n b e f o r e the E . C. H o w e v e r ,
the E . C. , i f it d e e m s n e c e s s a r y o r d e s i r a b l e
in c o n n e c t io n with and c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the a p
p e a l , m a y a c c o r d s u c h a p r i v i l e g e . The d e
c i s i o n o f the E . C. s h a l l b e b y m a j o r i t y v o te
o f t h o s e p a r t i c i p a t i n g and s h a l l b e f in a l u n l e s s
c h a n g e d upon f u r t h e r a p p e a l a s h e r e u n d e r p r o
v id e d .
No m e m b e r o f the E . C. i n v o lv e d in
the c a s e o r who h a s p a r t i c i p a t e d in the m a t t e r
a t e a r l i e r s t a g e s s h a l l b e e n t it l e d to p a r t i c i
p a t e in the d e c i s i o n on a p p e a l . The E . C . s h a l l
h a v e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to a f f i r m o r to m o d i f y o r
r e v e r s e , in w h ole o r in p a r t , the d e c i s i o n of
the I. P . o r to r e m a n d the p r o c e e d i n g s f o r
f u r t h e r t r i a l b e f o r e the L . L . o r D. L . o r to
i m p o s e a n y p e n a l t y o r fin e w h ich it d e e m s to
b e r e q u i r e d . T h e G . S . T . s h a l l f u r n i s h a co py
o f the d e c i s i o n o f the E . C. to e a c h p a r t y to
the a p p e a l b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l .
A p p e a l f r o m D e c i s i o n o f E . C.
S ection l6.
An a p p e a l m a y b e m a d e f r o m
a d e c i s i o n of the E . C. b y any p a r t y to the
p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e the E . C. to the G. L .
co n v e n tio n , o r to the m e m b e r s h i p a t l a r g e
b y s u b m i s s i o n t h e r e o f to the r e f e r e n d u m a s
p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e X X III. S u c h a p p e a l s h a l l
b e m a d e in w r it i n g to the G . S . T . w ithin 90
d a y s f r o m the d a t e o f the E . C ' s . d e c i s i o n
and s h a l l s e t f o r t h in s p e c i f i c d e t a i l the g r o u n d s
th erefor.
T h e a p p e a l m a y in c lu d e a w r i t t e n
a r g u m e n t in s u p p o r t of s u c h g r o u n d s .
The
G. S. T. s h a l l n o tify the E . C. an d the o p p o s i n g
p a r t y of s u c h a p p e a l a n d f u r n i s h t h e m with a
co p y t h e r e o f . S u c h p a r t y m a y , w ithin 15 d a y s
f i l e with the G. S. T . a w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in
o p p o s i t i o n to the a p p e a l .
The a p p ea l sh a ll
b e r e f e r r e d to the A p p e a l s an d G r i e v a n c e
690-094 0-63-14
S e c t i o n 16.
L i n e 6, c h a n g e ,,X X I I I n to
" X X . n D e l e t e l a s t s e n t e n c e , and a d d the f o l
low in g p a r a g r a p h a t end:
No o f f i c e r , m e m b e r , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , L . L . ,
D. L . , o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y of the I .A .M .
s h a l l r e s o r t to any c o u r t of la w o r eq u ity o r
o t h e r c i v i l a u t h o r i t y f o r the p u r p o s e of s e c u r
ing an opin ion o r d e c i s i o n in c o n n e c t io n with
any a l l e g e d g r i e v a n c e p r w r o n g a r i s i n g w ithin
the I. A. M . o r a n y o f i t s s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s
u ntil s u c h p a r t y s h a l l h a v e f i r s t e x h a u s t e d a l l
r e m e d i e s by a p p e a l o r o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d in
t h is C o n s t it u ti o n not i n c o n s i s t e n t with a p p l i
c a b l e la w f o r the s e t t l e m e n t and d i s p o s i t i o n
o f such, a l l e g e d r i g h t s , g r i e v a n c e s o r w r o n g s .
The I. P . , E . C. , a n d G. L . c o n v e n tio n a r e
190
D -l.
Com parison of D iscipline P rovision s in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions
of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued
1958 C o n s t it u tio n
1961 C o n s t it u ti o n
S e c t i o n 1 6 . — C on tin u ed
C o m m i t t e e of the c o n v e n tio n , and the G. S. T.
s h a l l t r a n s m i t to s u c h c o m m i t t e e the r e c o r d
o f the p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e the l o w e r t r i b u n a l s
o f the I. A. M. a s w e l l a s the a r g u m e n t s of
the a p p e l l a n t an d of the o p p o s i t i o n p a r t y . The
A p p e a l s and G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e s h a l l , upon
t i m e l y r e q u e s t , h e a r b oth p a r t i e s to the a p
p e a l in p e r s o n .
H o w e v e r , no p a r t y to the
a p p e a l s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to a p p e a r in p e r s o n
b e f o r e the co n v e n tio n . The A p p e a l s and G r i e v
a n c e C o m m i t t e e s h a l l m a k e a w r it t e n r e c o m
m e n d a t i o n to the c o n v e n tio n b a s e d upon the
r e c o r d b e f o r e it, w h ich s h a l l c o n ta in i t s f i n d
i n g s , c o n c l u s i o n s , an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s to
p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d , i f any.
Th e c o n v e n
tion m a y a m e n d o r r e j e c t in w h ole o r in p a r t
the fin d i n g s an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f the A p
p e a l s an d G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e a n d find the
a c c u s e d e i t h e r " g u i l t y " o r " n o t g u ilt y . " The
c o n v e n tio n m a y a l s o a c c e p t o r r e j e c t in w h ole
o r in p a r t any r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the A p p e a l s
and G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e with r e s p e c t to a
p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d , and m a y i t s e l f p r o v i d e
a s u b s t i t u t e p e n a l t y b y a m a j o r i t y of d e l e g a t e s
vo tin g on the q u e s t io n .
S u c h a c t i o n of the
co n v e n tio n s h a l l b e r e c o g n i z e d an d a c c e p t e d
a s f in a l and b in d in g on a l l p a r t i e s .
h e r e b y e m p o w e r e d to r e f u s e o r d e f e r c o n
s i d e r a t i o n , o r to r e f u s e o r d e f e r o r w ithho ld
d e c i s i o n s , in any m a t t e r p e n d in g in any c o u r t
of la w o r b e f o r e a n y o t h e r c i v i l a u t h o r i t y a s
c i r c u m s t a n c e s in t h e i r j u d g m e n t m a y w a r r a n t
and j u s t i f y .
B e f o r e any a p p e a l ca n b e t a k e n f r o m an
E . C. d e c i s i o n , the d e c i s i o n and a l l o r d e r s
o f the E . C. in r e l a t i o n t h e r e t o m u s t b e c o m
p l i e d with b y a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d t h e r e i n ;
p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , that in the e v e n t the E . C.
c o n c l u d e s th at c o m p l i a n c e p e n d in g a p p e a l
w o u ld c o n s t i t u t e a s u b s t a n t i a l b a r to the e x
e r c i s e o f the r i g h t t h e r e o f , c o m p l i a n c e t h e r e
with m a y b e w a i v e d o r m o d i f i e d b y the E . C.
with r e s p e c t t h e r e t o .
In no c a s e s h a l l any
L .L ,, D .L ., o fficer, re p re se n tativ e, or m e m
b e r t h e r e o f , a p p e a l to the c i v i l c o u r t s f o r r e
d r e s s u ntil a f t e r h a v in g e x h a u s t e d a l l r i g h t s
of a p p e a l u n d e r t h is C o n s t it u tio n .
R i g h t s o f M e m b e r D u r in g A p p e a l
S e c t i o n 17.
While any m e m b e r o r L . L .
i s e x e r c i s i n g the r i g h t o f a p p e a l the f i n a n c i a l
s t a n d i n g o f s u c h m e m b e r o r L . L . s h a l l not b e
i m p a i r e d b y r e f u s a l to a c c e p t d u e s o r p e r
c a p i t a t a x until a f t e r the E . C. h a s p a s s e d
upon the a p p e a l .
S e c t i o n 17.
Sam e.
S e c t i o n 18.
Sam e.
N o t i f i c a t i o n to L o c a l L o d g e and D i s t r i c t L o d g e
S e c t i o n 18.
W henever a p p e a ls a r e taken
to the I. P . , E . C. , a c o n v e n tio n o f the G. L .
o r g e n e r a l r e f e r e n d u m , the L . L . o r D. L .
i n v o lv e d s h a l l b e n o t if i e d i m m e d i a t e l y .
191
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T eam sters
1957 C o n s titu tio n
1961 C o n s titu tio n
Grounds
Grounds
A r t i c l e IX
T r ia l of M em b er A ssau ltin g G en eral
O f f ic e r o r O r g a n i z e r
S e c t io n 4.
Any m e m b e r o r n u m b e r of
m e m b e r s of a L o c a l Union a s s a u l t i n g o r i n
ju rin g a g e n e ra l o ffic e r, o r o r g a n iz e r, sh all
be t r i e d and if found gu ilty p u n is h e d by the
G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d on su ch c h a r g e in
the s a m e m a n n e r a s h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d f o r
oth e r t r i a l s and p u n is h m e n t s by the G e n e r a l
Execu tiv e B o a r d .
If he i s found not guilty,
h i s e x p e n s e s to the p l a c e of the G e n e r a l E x
ec u tiv e B o a r d m e e t i n g s h a l l be p a i d by the
G e n e r a l O f f ic e . If he i s found guilty he s h a l l
be d i s c i p l i n e d a s the ju d g m e n t of the G e n e r a l
E x e c u t i v e B o a r d d i c t a t e s and h i s e x p e n s e s
s h a l l not be p a i d . If he d e s i r e s not to attend
h i s t r i a l , he m a y s u b m i t h i s a n s w e r o r d e
f e n s e in w r it i n g to the B o a r d .
A r t i c l e XVIII
G r o u n d s fo r C h a r g e s A g a i n s t M e m b e r s ,
L o c a l U n ion s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s
and O f f i c e r s
S e c t io n 6.
Th e b a s i s f o r c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r s , L o c a l U n io n s, J o i n t C o u n
c i l s o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , f o r which
he o r it s h a l l sta n d t r i a l , s h a l l c o n s i s t of
but not be l i m i t e d to- the follow in g :
(1) V io la t io n of any s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n of
the C o n s titu tio n o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m
any of the d u t ie s s p e c i f i e d t h e r e u n d e r .
(2) V io la t io n of the oath of lo y a lty to the
L o c a l Union and the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union.
(3) V io la tio n of the oath of o f f i c e .
(4) G r o s s d i s lo y a l t y , o r conduct u n b e c o m
ing a m e m b e r .
(5) If an o f f i c e r , g r o s s in e ff i c i e n c y which
s h a l l h in d e r and i m p a i r the i n t e r e s t s of
the L o c a l Union o r of the In t e r n a t io n a l
Union.
(6) M i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n .
(7) S e c e s s i o n , o r f o s t e r i n g the s a m e .
S e c t io n 4.
Sam e.
A r t i c l e X IX
G rounds for C h a r g e s A gain st M e m b e r s,
L o c a l U n io n s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s
and O f f i c e r s
S e c t io n 6.
The b a s i s fo r c h a r g e s again st
m e m b e r s , o f fic e r s, elected b u sin e ss agents,
L o c a l U n io n s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r oth e r s u b
o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , f o r which he o r it s h a ll
st a n d t r i a l , s h a l l c o n s i s t of but not be l i m
ite d to the follow ing:
(1) V io latio n of any s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n of
the C o n s titu tio n o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m
any of the d u t ie s s p e c i f i e d t h e r e u n d e r .
(2) V io la tio n of the oath of lo y a lty to the
L o c a l Union and the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union.
(3) E m b e z z l e m e n t .
(4) S e c e s s i o n , o r f o s t e r i n g the s a m e .
(5) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s and o f f i c e r s
by w r it t e n o r o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
(6) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s
in the m e e t i n g h a l l .
(7) F i l i n g c h a r g e s in b a d fa ith o r out of
m alice.
192
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters---- Continued
1957 Constitution
196
1 Constitution
S e c t io n 6 . — C ontinu ed
(8) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s and o f f i c e r s
by w r it t e n o r o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
(9) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s
in the m e e t i n g h a l l .
(10) A c t i v i t i e s which tend to b r i n g the L o c a l
Union o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union into
disrep ute.
(11) D i s o b e d i e n c e to the r e g u l a t i o n s , r u l e s ,
m a n d a t e s and d e c r e e s of the L o c a l
Union o r of the o f f i c e r s of the I n t e r
n a t io n a l Union.
(12) Such o t h e r a c t s and conduct which s h a l l
be c o n s i d e r e d i n c o n s i s t e n t with the d u t
i e s , o b l i g a t i o n s and f e a l t y to a m e m b e r
of a t r a d e union, and fo r v io la t io n of
soun d t r a d e union p r i n c i p l e s .
Sp e cific O ffen ses
S e c t io n 7.
Any m e m b e r who (1) know ingly
g o e s to w o r k o r r e m a i n s in the e m p l o y m e n t
of any p e r s o n , f i r m o r c o r p o r a t i o n , w h o se
m e n a r e on s t r i k e o r lo c k e d out u n l e s s he h a s
p e r m i s s i o n of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union, the
J o i n t C o u n c il o r h i s L o c a l Union, m a y be
t r i e d by the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of h i s L o c a l
Union, o r (2) knowingly g i v e s o r a t t e m p t s to
g iv e d i r e c t l y o r i n d ir e c t l y , any in f o r m a t io n
to any e m p l o y e r on an u n f a ir l i s t o r w h o se
m e n a r e on s t r i k e o r lo c k e d out, o r w h o se
m e n a r e t r y i n g to s e c u r e an a g r e e m e n t o r an
i m p r o v e m e n t in t h e ir w o rk in g c o n d itio n s o r
w h o se m e n a r e t r y i n g to p r e v e n t an i n c r e a s e
in h o u r s of l a b o r o r a d e c r e a s e in w a g e s ,
f o r the p u r p o s e of a s s i s t i n g su ch e m p l o y e r ,
o r f o r any g a in o r p r o m i s e of gain, o r (3)
know ingly g o e s to w o r k o r r e m a i n s in the e m
p lo y m e n t of any p e r s o n , f i r m o r c o r p o r a t i o n
on an u n f a i r l i s t of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union,
without p e r m i s s i o n f r o m the In t e r n a t io n a l U n
ion, the J o i n t C o u n c il o r h i s L o c a l Union,
m a y be t r i e d in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d f o r the
t r i a l of o t h e r o f f e n s e s .
S e c t io n 7.
Sam e,
S e c t io n 8.
Sam e,
R e f u s a l to R e t u r n B o o k s
S e c t io n 8.
Any m e m b e r who (1) w r o n g fu lly t a k e s o r r e t a i n s any m o n e y , b o o k s ,
p a p e r s o r any o th e r p r o p e r t y b e lo n g in g to
the I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of T e a m s t e r s ,
C hauffeurs,
W a r e h o u s e m e n and H e l p e r s of
A m e r i c a , any J o i n t C o u n cil, L o c a l Union, o r
o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body; o r (2) who m u t i l a t e s ,
e r a s e s , d e s t r o y s o r in any w a y i n j u r e s any
193
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters----Continued
1957 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t io n 8 . --- C ontinued
b o o k s , b i l l s , r e c e i p t s , v o u c h e r s , o r o th e r
p r o p e r t y of the I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of
T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n and
H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , any J o i n t C o u n cil, L o c a l
Union o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body, m a y be t r i e d
in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d f o r the t r i a l o f o t h e r
offen ses.
C h a r g e s Not P r e f e r r e d in
Good F a i t h
S e c t io n 11. If c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d and
su ch c h a r g e s a r e not s u s t a i n e d and the t r i a l
body o r a p p e l l a t e body is co n v in c e d that the
s a m e w e r e not b ro u g h t in good faith o r w e r e
a c t u a t e d by m a l i c e , the t r i a l body o r the a p
p e l l a t e body m a y i m p o s e su c h p e n a lty by the
w ay of p u n is h m e n t a s in i t s ju d g m e n t is
d e e m e d p r o p e r u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
S e c t io n 11.
D e le te d ,
R e v o c a t i o n of M e m b e r s h i p on
B e in g F o u n d Guilty
of C r i m e
S e c t io n 13. (a). When a m e m b e r i s co n v i c t e d of the c o m m i s s i o n of a c r i m e o r s e r i
o u s w r o n g d o in g , o r p l e a d s guilty to the c o m
m i s s i o n of a c r i m e o r s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g ,
a g a i n s t the L o c a l Union o r a g a i n s t the c o m
m u nity , and which c r i m e o r a c t of s e r i o u s
w r o n g d o in g ten d s to b r i n g d is h o n o r upon the
L o c a l Union o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, it
s h a l l be the duty of the L o c a l Union to p r o
c e e d to r e v o k e the m e m b e r s h i p of su c h m e m
ber.
L i k e w i s e , w h e n e v e r a m e m b e r of a
S e c t io n 13.
(a).
D e l e te d ,
S e c t io n 13.
(b).
D eleted,
L o c a l U n io n h a s e n g a g e d in w h a t is c o m m o n ly
t e r m e d r a c k e t e e r i n g , and he i s found gu ilty
t h e r e o f, t h e r e b y b r i n g in g d is h o n o r upon the
L o c a l Union o r upon the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union,
it s h a l l be the duty of the L o c a l Union to p r o
c e e d in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e XVIII,
S e c t io n 1, to r e v o k e the m e m b e r s h i p of su c h
m em ber.
(b).
U n d er the c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e f e r r e d to
in the f o r e g o i n g p a r a g r a p h , the S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r of the L o c a l Union s h a l l r e f u s e to
a c c e p t d u e s f r o m any p e r s o n s o r e m o v e d f r o m
m e m b e r s h i p . It s h a l l be m a n d a t o r y upon the
L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d to o r d e r the
n a m e of su ch m e m b e r s t r i c k e n f r o m the r o l l s
and to notify a l l L o c a l U nion s in the d i s t r i c t ,
the J o i n t C o u n c il and the In t e r n a t io n a l Union,
of its a c t io n and the c a u s e t h e r e f o r .
194
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued
1957 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t io n 1 3 . — C ontinued
(c)
.
In the ev en t a L o c a l Union f a i l s to
c a r r y out the f o r e g o i n g p r o v i s i o n , then the
G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , when the m a t t e r i s b ro u gh t
to h i s attention , s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r, in h i s
d i s c r e t i o n , to p r o c e e d to r e v o k e o r o r d e r the
r e v o c a t i o n of the m e m b e r s h i p of su ch m e m b e r .
S e c t io n 13.
(c).
D eleted.
(d )
.
Any in d iv id u a l w h o se m e m b e r s h i p i s
h e r e a f t e r r e v o k e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o
v i s i o n s of th is s e c t i o n m a y su b s e q u e n t ly be
r e i n s t a t e d to m e m b e r s h i p ; su ch r e i n s t a t e m e n t
s h a l l be s u b j e c t to the a p p r o v a l of the L o c a l
Union of which he w a s a m e m b e r , the in v o lv ed
J o i n t C o u n cil,
and the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
Board.
S e c t io n 14.
(d).
D eleted.
T ria l P rocedure
T ria l P rocedure
A r t i c l e XVIII
T r i a l s and A p p e a l s
T r i a l s of l o c a l union o f f i c e r s and
m e m b e rs— procedure
S e c t io n 1. (a). A m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a
L o c a l Union c h a r g e d by any o th e r m e m b e r of
the L o c a l Union with any o f f e n s e c o n s titu tin g
a v io la t io n of t h is C o n s titu tio n , s h a ll , u n l e s s
o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d in th is C o n stitu tio n , be
t r i e d by the L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d .
If the m e m b e r c h a r g e d o r p r e f e r r i n g the
c h a r g e s i s a m e m b e r of su ch B o a r d then the
p r e s i d e n t of the L o c a l Union s h a l l app oint a
d i s i n t e r e s t e d m e m b e r a s a s u b s t i t u t e . If the
p r e s i d e n t of the L o c a l Union i s c h a r g e d o r i s
p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s the L o c a l Union s e c r e
t a r y - t r e a s u r e r s h a l l app oint the s u b s t i t u t e .
(b).
W henever the c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d
a g a i n s t any m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a L o c a l
Union, the c h a r g e s s h a l l be f il e d in w r itin g
in d u p lic a t e with the s e c r e t a r y of the L o c a l
Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d which i s to t r y the c a s e . No m e m b e r
o r o f f i c e r of a L o c a l Union s h a l l be t r i e d u n
l e s s he o r sh e s h a l l be s e r v e d by the s e c r e
t a r y , p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d
m a i l , with a w r it t e n co py of su ch c h a r g e s
s p e c if y i n g the n a t u r e of the o f f e n s e of which
he o r she i s a c c u s e d . T h e r e u p o n , the a c c u s e d
s h a l l be r e q u i r e d to st a n d t r i a l at the t im e
and p l a c e d e s i g n a t e d , which s h a l l not be l e s s
than ten (10) d a y s f r o m the da te the c h a r g e s
a r e s e r v e d upon the a c c u s e d .
The a c c u s e d
m a y a p p e a r in p e r s o n , and with w i t n e s s e s , to
a n s w e r the c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t h im o r
her.
H e m a y s e l e c t only a m e m b e r of h i s
L o c a l Union to r e p r e s e n t h im in the p r e s e n
ta tio n of h is d e f e n s e .
S e c t io n 1.
(a).
Sam e.
S e c t io n 1. (b). T h e f o llo w in g w o r d s a dd ed
at end: and the c h a r g i n g p a r t y m a y s e l e c t
only a m e m b e r of h i s l o c a l union to a s s i s t
h im in the p r e s e n t a t i o n of the e v id e n c e in
s u p p o r t of the c h a r g e s . T h e l o c a l union e x e c
u tiv e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e the a u th o rity to d e t e r
m in e the m a n n e r of r e p o r t i n g the p r o c e e d i n g s
and s h a l l h a v e the a u th o rity to e x c lu d e any
m e t h o d not a u t h o r i z e d by it.
T h e fo llo w in g new s e c t i o n a dd ed : (c).
A
m e m b e r of one l o c a l union s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t
to f il e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r of a n o th e r
l o c a l union. Such c h a r g e s m u s t be f i l e d with
the e x e c u t iv e b o a r d of the l o c a l union of whic h
the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r .
Th e e x e c u t iv e
b o a r d m a y , at i t s d i s c r e t i o n , d e c l i n e to p r o
c e s s the c h a r g e s . H o w e v e r , a d e c i s i o n of the
e x e c u t iv e b o a r d not to p r o c e s s the c h a r g e s
m a y be a p p e a l e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o
v i s i o n s of S e c t io n 2.
195
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued
1957 C o n s t it u tio n
1961 C o n s t it u tio n
S e c t io n 1 . — C ontinued
(c). If the c h a r g e s , o r any p o r t io n t h e r e o f ,
a r e s u s t a i n e d , then the t r i a l body s h a l l r e n d e r
ju d g m e n t and i m p o s e d i s c i p l i n a r y a c tio n a s p r o
v id e d f o r in th is C o n s titu tio n . If the c h a r g e s
a r e not s u s t a i n e d , the s a m e s h a l l be d i s
m i s s e d and the a c c u s e d r e s t o r e d to fu ll r i g h t s
of m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the L o c a l Union.
(d).
Upon f ilin g of su c h c h a r g e s , and if
s a m e a r e of su ch m a g n i tu d e and s e r i o u s n e s s
a s to j e o p a r d i z e the i n t e r e s t s of the L o c a l
Union o r I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, then, and in
t hat even t, the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , i f the m a t t e r
i s b ro u g h t to h i s a ttention , m a y , if he d e e m sit a d v i s a b l e , i m m e d i a t e l y s u s p e n d su c h m e m
b e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in
the L o c a l Union u ntil a d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n r e n
d e r e d in the c a s e .
S e c t io n 1. (c). R e n u m b e r e d S e c t io n 1 (d),
and the f o llo w in g w o r d s d e l e t e d : (and the a c
c u s e d r e s t o r e d to f u ll r i g h t s of m e m b e r s h i p
o r o f f ic e in the l o c a l union. )
S e c t io n 1.
(d).
R e n u m b e r e d 1 (e).
S e c t io n 3. (a). W h enever c h a r g e s a r e p r e
f e r r e d a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union o r a g a i n s t a
J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e body,
su c h c h a r g e s s h a l l be f i l e d in w r it i n g in d u
p l i c a t e with the s e c r e t a r y of the t r i a l body,
and s h a l l be s e r v e d p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s
t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l on the S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r of the L o c a l Union o r the J o i n t
-Council o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body so c h a r g e d .
If the c h a r g e s a r e a g a i n s t the L o c a l Union
the t r i a l s h a l l be by the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of
the J o i n t C o u n c il, p r o v i d e d that if a L o c a l
Union i s not a f f i l i a t e d with a J o i n t C o u n c il
due to the f a c t th at no J o i n t C o u n c il e x i s t s
with whic h s u c h L o c a l Union ca n a f f i l i a t e , the
t r i a l s h a l l be by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d .
If the c h a r g e s a r e a g a i n s t a J o i n t C o u n c il o r
o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body the t r i a l s h a l l be b e
f o r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . Th e p r o v i
s i o n s of this s e c t i o n s h a l l a l s o be a p p l ic a b l e
when the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the s u b o r d i n a t e
body i s c h a r g e d o r i s the c h a r g i n g p a r t y .
S e c t io n 3.
(a).
Sam e.
(b).
A L o c a l Union s h a l l be a c c o r d e d
t h irt y (30) d a y s * t i m e in which to a p p e a r f o r
t r i a l and s u b m i t i t s d e f e n s e . In the c a s e of a
J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body the
t im e of t r i a l s h a l l be f ix e d by the G e n e r a l
E xe cu tiv e B o ar d .
S e c t io n 3.
(b).
Sam e.
T r i a l s and a p p e a l s o f l o c a l u n io n s,
o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , and
ele ctiv e international
union o f f i c e r s
196
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued
1957 C o n s titu tio n
1961 C o n s titu tio n
S e c t io n 3 . — C ontinued
(d).
T r i a l of e l e c t i v e In t e r n a t io n a l Union
O f f i c e r s s h a l l b e b e f o r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d at su ch t im e and p l a c e a s f ix e d by the
G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . Th e o f f i c e r c h a r g e d
s h a l l be found gu ilty only on a m a j o r i t y vote
of the e n t ir e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d .
Ap
p e a l s by su c h g e n e r a l o f f i c e r s f r o m d e c i s i o n s
of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l be to the
co nvention .
(e).
E m e r g e n c y p o w e r s p r o v i d e d f o r in
S e c t io n 9, th is A r t i c l e , s h a l l app ly with the
s a m e f o r c e and e f f e c t to L o c a l U nions and
J o i n t C o u n c i l s and o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s .
S e c t io n 3. (d).
Vote r e q u i r e m e n t ch a n g e d
f r o m " m a j o r i t y " to " t w o - t h i r d s . "
S e c t io n 3.
(e).
Sam e.
R e f u s a l o f l o c a l union to
try m e m b e r
S e c t io n 12.
Any L o c a l Union r e f u s i n g to
t r y its m e m b e r s when c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e
f e r r e d by a n o th e r L o c a l Union, f o r any c a u s e
w h a t s o e v e r , the L o c a l Union p r e f e r r i n g the
c h a r g e s m a y then b r i n g the c h a r g e b e f o r e the
E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the J o i n t C o u n cil, w h e r e
one e x i s t s f o r t r i a l and d e c i s i o n in the s a m e
m a n n e r a s p r o v i d e d f o r the co n d uct of o th e r
t r i a l s b e f o r e the L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d .
If no J o i n t C o u n c il e x i s t s , then the m a t t e r
s h a l l c o m e within the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the G e n
e r a l E xe cu tiv e B o ar d .
S e c t io n 12.
Sam e.
O r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n of g e n e r a l
e x e c u t iv e b o a r d to t r y
o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t In
t e r n a t io n a l union
S e c t io n 4. (a).
N otw ith stan d in g any o th e r
p r o v i s i o n of th is C o n stitu tio n , the G e n e r a l
E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n to t r y
in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r s , L o c a l U nion s,
J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d ie s
f o r a l l o f f e n s e s c o m m i t t e d a g a i n s t the o f f i c e r s
of the I n t e r n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t i o n o r the I n t e r
n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t i o n .
In the ev en t c h a r g e s
h a v e b e e n f il e d o r h e a r i n g s a r e p en ding b e
f o r e a s u b o r d i n a t e body in r e s p e c t to any o f
f e n s e o v e r which the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d
h a s a s s u m e d j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d er th is se c t i o n ,
the j u r i s d i c t i o n of su ch s u b o r d i n a t e body s h a l l
forth w ith t e r m i n a t e and the s u b o r d i n a t e body
s h a l l , upon r e q u e s t of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d , t r a n s f e r a l l of its r e c o r d s and p a p e r s
p e r t a i n i n g to the c a s e to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
Board.
S e c t io n 4.
(a).
Sam e.
197
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued
1957 Constitution
196
1 Constitution
S e c t io n 4 . — C ontinu ed
(b)
.
C h a r g e s s h a l l be fil e d in d u p lic a t e in
w r it i n g with the G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r
o r the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t .
A copy of the
c h a r g e s s h a l l be s e r v e d p e r s o n a l l y o r by
r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l upon the a c c u s e d ,
t o g e th e r with n o tic e o f the t im e and p l a c e
of t r i a l .
S e c t io n 4.
(b).
Sam e.
(c).
If the a c c u s e d a r e u n a b le to be p r e
se n t at the m e e t i n g of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d , they m a y p r e s e n t t h e ir c a s e in w r it i n g .
S e c t io n 4.
(c).
Sam e.
T r i a l s B e f o r e P a n e l s of
E xecu tiv e B o a r d s
S e c t io n 5.
In any c a s e w h e r e a t r i a l b e
f o r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the I n t e r
n a t io n a l Union o r the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of any
s u b o r d i n a t e body t h e r e o f i s r e q u i r e d u n d e r the
p r o v i s i o n s of t h is C o n s titu tio n , su c h B o a r d
m a y h a v e su c h t r i a l co n d u cte d b e f o r e a p a n e l
ap p o in te d by the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t o r the
p r e s i d e n t of the s u b o r d i n a t e body a s the c a s e
m a y b e, c o n s i s t i n g of one (1) o r m o r e d i s
i n t e r e s t e d m e m b e r s t h e r e o f . T h is p a n e l s h a ll
a c t on b e h a lf of su c h B o a r d in the ho ld in g of
h e a r i n g s and the ta k in g of e v id e n c e and, f o l
lowing the c o n c l u s i o n of the h e a r i n g b e f o r e
it, s h a l l m a k e a f u ll r e p o r t in w r it i n g , i n
clu din g fin d in g s and su c h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c tio n , if any, the B o a r d
i t s e l f i s to t a k e . T h e u l t i m a t e d e t e r m in a t io n
of the c a s e , h o w e v e r , s h a l l be m a d e by the
B o a r d i t s e l f on the b a s i s of the r e c o r d m a d e
b e f o r e the p a n e l.
S e c t io n 5.
F i r s t se n t e n c e now r e a d s : "In
any c a s e w h e r e a t r i a l o r h e a r i n g on a p p e a l
b e f o r e the . . . "
O therw ise, sa m e .
E m e r g e n c y P o w e r in G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t to
C ond uct a T r i a l When W e lf a r e of
O r g a n iz a t i o n 'D e m a n d s
S e c t io n 10. (a). W henever c h a r g e s i n v o l v
ing a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s ,
L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o t h e r s u b o r d i
n ate body c r e a t e , invo lv e o r r e l a t e to a s i t u a
tion i m m in e n t ly d a n g e r o u s to the w e l f a r e of a
L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il, o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e
body o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union the G e n e r a l
P r e s i d e n t i s e m p o w e r e d , in h i s d i s c r e t i o n , in
a l l c a s e s e x c e p t w h e r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d h a s a s s u m e d j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d e r S e c t io n
4 of t h is a r t i c l e , to a s s u m e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c
tion in su ch m a t t e r , r e g a r d l e s s of the f a c t
that c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f il e d with a s u b o r d i n a t e
body and a r e p en d in g. When the G e n e r a l P r e s
ident h a s a s s u m e d su c h o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n
S e c t io n 10.
(a).
Sam e.
198
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued
1957 Constitution
1961 Constitution
S e c t io n 1 0 . — C ontinued
u n d e r th is s e c t i o n , the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the s u b
o r d i n a t e body s h a l l c e a s e . U n d er su ch c i r c u m
s t a n c e s , the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l h o ld a
h e a r i n g upon giv in g not l e s s than f o r t y - e i g h t
(48) h o u r s n o tic e to the p a r t y o r p a r t i e s
c h a r g e d to a p p e a r b e f o r e h im at a p l a c e and
t im e d e s i g n a t e d by h i m . H e s h a l l then p r o
c e e d to h e a r and t r y the m a t t e r and r e n d e r
ju d g m e n t in a c c o r d a n c e with the f a c t s and c i r
c u m s t a n c e s p r e s e n t e d to h i m . When the G e n
e r a l P r e s i d e n t h a s so a c t e d , an a p p e a l s h a l l
lie f r o m h i s d e c i s i o n to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d , and f r o m the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d
to the co nvention in the s a m e m a n n e r and to
the s a m e exte n t only a s i s p r o v i d e d f o r a p
p e a l s in o t h e r c a s e s . P e n d in g a p p e a l f r o m the
G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t s a ctio n , h i s d e c i s i o n s h a l l
st a n d and be e n f o r c e d .
(b).
When the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t d e e m s it
n e c e s s a r y to e x e r c i s e the f o r e g o i n g e m e r g e n c y
p o w e r, he m a y d e p u tiz e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s to a c t f o r h i m in su c h m a t t e r .
Such r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l h a v e the s a m e p o w
e r s a s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t a s h e r e i n p r o
v id e d ; h o w e v e r , when a t r i a l s h a l l be c o n d u c t
ed by a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of
the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , su c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s h a l l m a k e h i s o r t h e ir r e
c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , o r a l
ly o r in w r it i n g , and the d e c i s i o n in the c a s e
s h a l l b e m a d e by the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h i m
self.
S e c t io n 10.
(b).
P e n altie s
Sam e,
P e n alties
A r t i c l e XV III
D e c i s i o n s and P e n a l t i e s
S e c t io n 9. (a). D e c i s i o n s and p e n a l t i e s i m
p o s e d upon in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r s , L o c a l
U n ion s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e
b o d ie s found gu ilty of c h a r g e s m a y c o n s i s t of
r e p rim a n d s , fin es, su sp e n sio n s, exp u lsio n s,
r e v o c a t i o n s , d e n i a l to ho ld any o f f ic e p e r m a
nently o r f o r a f ix e d p e r i o d o r c o m m a n d s to
do o r p e r f o r m , o r r e f r a i n f r o m doing o r p e r
f o r m in g , s p e c i f i e d a c t s . If the p e n alty i s by
way of fin e then the s a m e m u s t be p a id , p e n d
ing an a p p e a l if one i s ta ke n u n l e s s the G e n
e r a l P r e s i d e n t w a i v e s the s a m e within ten (10)
d a y s f r o m r e c e i p t of r e q u e s t t h e r e f o r .
A
L o c a l Union o r d e r e d to r e i n s t a t e a m e m b e r
o r p e r f o r m an a c t oth e r than the p a y m e n t of
S e c t io n 9.
(a).
Sam e.
199
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued
1957 C o n s titu tio n
1961 C o n s t it u tio n
S e c t io n 9 . — C ontinued
a fine m u s t c o m p ly th e re w ith a s a cond ition
p r e c e d e n t to t a k in g an a p p e a l u n l e s s the G e n
e r a l P r e s i d e n t o r the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d
s u s p e n d s su ch o r d e r pen ding the a p p e a l .
If
the fine i s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a
L o c a l Union, a s s e s s e d by the L o c a l Union, it
s h a l l be p a id into the t r e a s u r y of the L o c a l
Union. If a fin e i s a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t a L o c a l
Union by a J o i n t C o u n c il the p a y m e n t s h a l l be
to the t r e a s u r y of the J o i n t C o u n c il.
(b). If the fine i s a s s e s s e d w h e r e the G e n
e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d h a s a s s u m e d o r i g i n a l
j u r i s d i c t i o n , it s h a l l be p a i d to the T r e a s u r y
of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union.
S e c t io n 9.
(b).
Sam e.
(c).
When su c h p e n a lty c o n s i s t s only of a
fine and an a p p e a l i s taken, su c h fine s h a l l be
d e p o s i t e d a s a b ove p r o v i d e d ; th e re u p o n su ch
m e m b e r , o f f i c e r o r L o c a l Union s h a l l b e p e r
m i t t e d to continue in the L o c a l Union with
f u ll r i g h t s and p r i v i l e g e s in a c c o r d a n c e with
the la w s of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union. If on a p
p e a l the d e c i s i o n i s r e v e r s e d and the fin e d i s
allo w ed , then the s a m e s h a l l b e r e t u r n e d to
the p a r t y d e p o s i t in g the s a m e .
W henever a
d e c i s i o n i s h a n de d down by any t r i a l o r a p
p e l l a t e body and an a p p e a l i s taken, su ch d e
c i s i o n s h a l l sta n d and r e m a i n in fu ll f o r c e
and e f f e c t until r e v e r s e d by a h i g h e r body.
S e c t io n 9. (c).
F o l lo w i n g w o r d s a d d ed at
end: " u n l e s s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h a s s t a y e d
the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the d e c i s i o n pen ding a p
p eal. "
(d).
In the even t of n o n - c o m p l i a n c e with
the d e c i s i o n h a n de d down by a t r i a l o r a p
p e l l a t e body, the m e m b e r , o f f i c e r , L o c a l
Union, o r J o i n t C o u n c il s h a l l s t a n d s u s p e n d e d
f r o m a l l p r i v i l e g e s of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union
u ntil the p r o v i s i o n s of the d e c i s i o n h a v e b e e n
c o m p l i e d with.
If, h o w e v e r , the d e c i s i o n
c a r r i e s with it an o r d e r of e x p u ls io n , then
su c h o r d e r of e x p u ls io n s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y
take effect.
S e c t io n 9. (d).
F o l lo w i n g w o r d s a d d ed at
end: " u n l e s s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h a s s t a y e d
the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the d e c i s i o n p ending a p
p eal. "
(e).
Any m e m b e r o r L o c a l Union that i s
t r i e d by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d cannot
be t r i e d f o r the s a m e o f f e n s e by a L o c a l
Union o r J o i n t C o u n c il.
S e c t io n 9.
(e ).
Sam e.
(f).
Th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y
se n d a c a s e b a c k to the J o i n t C o u n c il, the
L o c a l Union, o r oth e r h e a r i n g body o r o f f i c e r
f o r f u r t h e r h e a r i n g , p r o d u c t io n of a d d it io n a l
t e s t i m o n y , o r f o r f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n with
o r without su c h f u r t h e r h e a r i n g .
S e c t io n 9.
(f).
Sam e.
200
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued
1957 C o n s titu tio n
1961 Constitution
A ppeals
A pp eals
A p p e a l s of L o c a l Union O f f i c e r s
and M e m b e r s
S e c t io n 2. (a).
In the event d i s c i p l i n a r y
a c tio n i s t a k e n a g a i n s t the a c c u s e d , he o r sh e
m a y t a k e an a p p e a l f r o m the d e c i s i o n of the
L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d to the E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d of the J o i n t C o u n cil, if one e x i s t s ,
o t h e r w i s e the a p p e a l s h a l l be ta k e n to the
G e n e ra l E xe cu tiv e B o a r d . A pp eals fro m d e
c i s i o n s of the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of J o i n t C o u n
c i l s m a y be ta k e n to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e
Board.
In a l l m a t t e r s in vo lv in g o f f i c e r s of
s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s and i n d iv id u a l m e m b e r s
t h e r e s h a l l be no f u r t h e r a p p e a l f r o m the d e
c i s i o n of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . W here
e l e c t i v e o f f i c e r s of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union
a r e inv o lv ed , and a s to a l l o t h e r m a t t e r s not
s p e c ific a lly excluded herein ,
appeals from
d e c i s i o n s of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y
be ta k e n to the next co nvention . A ll m a n n e r
of a p p e a l s s h a l l be ta k e n within f if t e e n (15)
d a y s f r o m the date the d e c i s i o n i s p l a c e d in
the m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e t r a n s m i t t e d to the i n
terested p artie s.
S e c t io n 2.
(a).
Sam e,
(b).
T h e a p p e l l a n t s h a l l m a i l a w r it t e n
n o tic e of su c h a p p e a l to the s e c r e t a r y of the
body to wh ich the a p p e a l i s d i r e c t e d . No s p e
c i f ic f o r m o r f o r m a l i t y s h a l l be r e q u i r e d ,
e x c e p t that su c h n o tic e s h a l l c l e a r l y s t a t e an
a p p e a l i s b e in g take n f r o m the p a r t i c u l a r d e
c i s i o n r e n d e r e d in the p a r t i c u l a r c a s e . P e n d
ing any a p p e a l , the d e c i s i o n a p p e a l e d f r o m
s h a l l r e m a i n in fu ll f o r c e and e f f e c t . A p p e a l s
s h a l l b e h e a r d e i t h e r on the r e c o r d m a d e b e
f o r e the t r i a l t r i b u n a l o r by a r e - t r i a l , in the
d i s c r e t i o n of the body h e a r i n g the a p p e a l . D e
c i s i o n s on a p p e a l s s h a l l b e r e n d e r e d a s p r o m p t
ly a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r the a p p e a l h a s b e e n h e a r d .
Th e date when an a p p e a l w ill be c o n s i d e r e d by
the a p p e l l a t e body m a y be f ix e d by it, but it
s h a l l p r o c e e d without u n n e c e s s a r y d e l a y . N o
t ic e of the date when the a p p e a l w ill be h e a r d
s h a l l be s e r v e d p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r
c e r t i f i e d m a i l on the p a r t i e s i n t e r e s t e d in the
p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , and su c h p a r t i e s m a y , in the
d i s c r e t i o n of the a p p e l l a t e body, be a c c o r d e d
the r i g h t to a p p e a r b e f o r e the a p p e l l a t e body
and p r e s e n t a r g u m e n t on the c a s e .
S e c t io n 2.
(b).
Sam e,
201
P -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued
1957 C o n s t it u tio n
1961 C o n s t it u tio n
S e c t io n 2 . — C ontinu ed
(c).
If a m e m b e r o f the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d
of the J o i n t C o u n c il o r of the G e n e r a l E x e c u
tive B o a r d i s i n t e r e s t e d in the c a s e a s a p a r t y
t h e r e t o , then the P r e s i d e n t of the J o i n t C o u n
c i l o r the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t of the I n t e r
n a t io n a l Union, a s the c a s e m a y be, s h a l l
appoint a s u b s t i t u t e .
S e c t io n 2.
(c).
Sam e.
(d).
F a i l u r e of any i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y in
any c a s e to a p p e a r b e f o r e any t r i a l o r a p
p e l l a t e body at the t i m e and p l a c e d e s i g n a t e d
in the n o tic e s h a l l c o n s tit u t e a w a i v e r of a p
p e a r a n c e and the t r i a l s h a l l p r o c e e d o r the
a p p e a l h e a r d r e g a r d l e s s of the a b s e n c e of
su ch p a r t y .
S e c t io n 2.
(d).
Sam e.
(e ).
Any p a r t y to a c a s e , r e g a r d l e s s of
w h e th e r su c h p a r t y i s the a c c u s e d o r not,
b ein g a g g r i e v e d of a d e c i s i o n r e n d e r e d in the
c a s e s h a l l be e n title d to the s a m e r i g h t s of
appeal as a re h erein b efo re provided for a c
cused.
S e c t io n 2.
(e).
Sam e.
S e c t io n 3. (c).
In the m a t t e r of a p p e a l s
f r o m d e c i s i o n s a f f e c t i n g L o c a l U nion s not i n
clu ding d e c i s i o n s in vo lv in g o f f i c e r s o r i n d i
v i d u a l s , the s a m e s h a l l be ta k e n to the G e n
e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , and f r o m it to the
co nvention .
In the m a t t e r of a p p e a l s f r o m
d e c i s i o n s a f f e c t i n g J o i n t C o u n c i l s , o r o th e r
s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , not in c lu d in g d e c i s i o n s
in vo lv in g o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s t h e r e o f , the
s a m e s h a l l be t a k e n to the co nvention . In a l l
o t h e r r e s p e c t s p r o c e d u r e on a p p e a l s s h a l l be
the s a m e a s p r o v i d e d f o r in S e c t io n 2, this
A rtic le .
S e c t io n 3. (c).
A ppeals fro m d e cisio n s
on c h a r g e s a g a i n s t L o c a l U nion s o r L o c a l
Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s s h a l l be ta k e n to the
G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d and f r o m it to the
C onv en tion . A p p e a l s f r o m d e c i s i o n s on c h a r g e s
a g a i n s t J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e
b o d ie s s h a l l be t a k e n to the C onven tion by
only the J o i n t C o u n c il o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e
body inv o lv ed . In a l l o t h e r r e s p e c t s the p r o
c e d u r e on a p p e a l s s h a l l be the s a m e a s p r o
v id e d in S e c t io n 2.
O ther
O ther
E x h a u s t i o n of R e m e d i e s
S e c t io n 14. (a).
E v ery m e m b e r, officer,
L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r s u b o r d i
n ate body a g a i n s t w h om c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n
p r e f e r r e d and d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t io n take n a s r e
s u lt t h e r e o f, o r a g a i n s t w hom a d v e r s e r u l i n g s
o r d e c i s i o n s h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d o r who c l a i m s
to be a g g r i e v e d , s h a l l be o b l i g e d to e x h a u s t
a l l r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r in th is C o n s titu tio n
and by the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g
to any o th e r c o u r t o r t r i b u n a l.
S e c t i o n s 14. (a, b, and c).
U nd erscored
w o r d s in s e c t i o n s 12(a) and 12(b) a d d ed . S e c
tio n s r e n u m b e r e d . O t h e r w i s e s a m e . S e c t io n
(c) a d d e d . S e c t io n 15 s a m e ; r e n u m b e r e d .
S e c t io n 1 2 ( a ) .
E v ery m e m b e r, officer,
e l e c t e d B u s i n e s s A gen t, L o c a l Union, J o i n t
C oun cil o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body a g a i n s t
whom c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d and d i s
c i p l i n a r y a c t io n ta k e n a s a r e s u l t t h e r e o f, o r
202
D -2 .
Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of
the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued
1957 Constitution
1961 Constitution
a g a i n s t w hom a d v e r s e r u l i n g s o r d e c i s i o n s
h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d o r who c l a i m s to be a g
g r i e v e d , s h a l l b e o b lig e d to e x h a u s t a l l r e m
e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r this C o n stitu tio n and by the
In t e r n a t io n a l Union b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g to any
c o u rt , t r i b u n a l o r a g e n c y a g a i n s t the I n t e r
n a tio n a l Union, any s u b o r d i n a t e body o r any
o fficer or em ployee th e re o f.
(b).
W here a m e m b e r , o f f i c e r , L o c a l U n
ion, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body,
b e f o r e o r follow in g e x h a u s t i o n of a l l r e m e d i e s
p r o v i d e d f o r within the In t e r n a t io n a l Union,
r e s o r t s to a c o u r t of law and l o s e s h i s o r its
c a u s e t h e r e i n , a l l c o s t s and e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d
by the In t e r n a t io n a l Union s h a l l be a s s e s s e d
a g a i n s t su ch in d iv id u a l, L o c a l Union, J o i n t
C o u n c il, o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body, in the
n a t u r e of a fin e, s u b j e c t to a l l p e n a l t i e s a p
p l i c a b l e w h e r e f in e s r e m a i n u np aid .
(b).
W here a m e m b e r , o f f i c e r , e l e c t e d
B u s i n e s s A g e n t , L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r
oth e r su b o r d i n a t e body, b e f o r e o r fo llo w in g
e x h a u s tio n of a l l re m e 'd ie s p r o v i d e d f o r within
the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, r e s o r t s to a c o u r t of
law and l o s e s h i s o r i ts c a u s e t h e r e i n , a l l
c o s t s and e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d by the I n t e r n a
tio n a l Union s h a l l be a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t su ch
in d iv id u a l; L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r
o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body, in the n a t u r e of a fin e,
s u b je c t to a ll p e n a l t i e s a p p l i c a b l e w h e r e f in e s
r e m a i n u n p aid .
W here su c h c o u r t a c t io n i s by an in d iv id u a l
o r by a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r oth e r
su b o r d i n a t e body a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union, J o i n t
C o u n c il o r o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e body, the f o r e
goin g p r o v i s i o n in r e s p e c t to the p a y m e n t of
c o s t s and e x p e n s e s s h a l l be a p p l i c a b l e in fa v o r
of the L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r
su b o r d i n a t e body p r o c e e d e d a g a i n s t in c o u r t .
W here su ch c o u r t a c tio n i s by an in d iv id u a l
o r by a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o th e r
su b o r d i n a t e body a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union, J o i n t
C o u n c il o r oth e r s u b o r d i n a t e body, the f o r e
going p r o v i s i o n in r e s p e c t to the p a y m e n t of
c o s t s and e x p e n s e s s h a l l be a p p l i c a b l e in f a v o r
of the L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r oth e r
s u b o r d i n a t e body p r o c e e d e d a g a i n s t in c o u r t .
(c). T h e a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e p r o v i d e d h e r e i n
i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e to and m u s t be f o llo w e d by
any m e m b e r who is a g g r i e v e d by any d e c i s i o n ,
r u lin g , opinion o r a c tio n of the L o c a l U n io n ,
m e m b e rsh ip , o ffic e r s or E xe cu tiv e B o ar d , e x
clu ding c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g m a t t e r s .
S e c t io n 15.
A ll d e c i s i o n s fo llow in g t r i a l s
o r h e a r i n g s s h a l l be m a d e and r e n d e r e d within
s i x t y (60) d a y s o f the date of the h e a r i n g of
t r i a l c o m m e n c e d , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e o r d e r e d by
the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d .
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 0 - 6 9 0 - 0 9 4
@FedFRASER