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DISCIPLINARY POWERS and PROCEDURES in UNION CONSTITUTIONS Bulletin No. 1350 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. W illard Wirtz, Secretary BU REA U OF LABO R STA TISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner DISCIPLINARY POWERS and PROCEDURES in UNION CONSTITUTIONS Bulletin No. 1350 May 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 P reface T h i s s t u d y o f un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s an d p r o c e d u r e s i s th e t h i r d in a s e r i e s of b u l l e t i n s a n a l y z i n g u n io n g o v e r n m e n t a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . E a rlie r s t u d i e s d e a l t w ith c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s g o v e r n i n g the e l e c t i o n a n d t e n u r e of u n ion o f f i c e r s ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1239, 1958) a n d t r u s t e e s h i p a r r a n g e m e n t s ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1 263, 1 9 5 9 ). T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y r e f l e c t s c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t in the e x t e n s i v e p r o v i s i o n s r e g u l a t i n g d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n s w h ich a r e e m b o d i e d in th e L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 195 9 . F e d e r a l l e g is la t io n d e alin g w ith un ion b e h a v i o r c r e a t e s n ew n e e d s f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d i e s to p r o v i d e b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r (1) a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e n f o r c e m e n t , a n d e v a l u a t i o n of the a c t , (2) r e v i e w b y u n io n s o f t h e i r p r o c e d u r e s , an d (3) p u b l i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g . T h e s t u d y i s c o n c e r n e d w ith th e f o r m a l r u l e s o f d i s c i p l i n e in the c o n s t i t u t i o n s of n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s in the U n it e d S t a t e s . W ithin the f r a m e w o r k o f un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n a l la w , it i s c o m p r e h e n s i v e b o th in t e r m s o f the n u m b e r o f u n io n s c o v e r e d an d in the s c o p e of the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s s t u d i e d . T h e s t u d y a t t e m p t s to d e s c r i b e the w h ole — h e n c e , the f r e q u e n t u s e of s t a t i s t i c s — a n d to i l l u s t r a t e the s p e c i f i c b y the a m p l e u s e o f e x c e r p t s f r o m id e n t i f i e d c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e e x t e n t to w h ich a c t u a l p r a c t i c e r e p r e s e n t s a m o d i f i c a t i o n o r d e p a r t u r e f r o m th e w r i t t e n c l a u s e , o r o p e r a t e s in the a b s e n c e o f a s p e c i f i c c l a u s e , w a s n ot i n v e s t i g a t e d ; t h is l i m i t a t i o n i s b r o u g h t to the r e a d e r ' s a t t e n t i o n a t a p p r o p r i a t e p l a c e s in t h is r e p o r t . T h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s i n i t i a t e d th is s t u d y s h o r t l y a f t e r the L M R D A w a s e n a c t e d , a t the r e q u e s t of, an d with f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e f r o m , the B u r e a u o f L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t s , w h ich a d m i n i s t e r s t h o s e p r o v i s i o n s o f the a c t f o r w h ic h the U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r h a s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . A lt h o u g h the s t u d y r e l a t e s b a s i c a l l y to un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y r u l e s e x i s t i n g a t the t i m e the a c t w a s p u t into e f f e c t , the f i n a l c h a p t e r d e s c r i b e s c h a n g e s in t h is a r e a s u b s e q u e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d into un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e s e c h a n g e s p r e s u m a b l y w e r e d e s i g n e d to c o n f o r m to the a c t ' s r e q u i r e m e n t s a s i n t e r p r e t e d b y the u n i o n s . The B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , w h ich t a k e s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the c o n te n t s of th is b u ll e t in , i s g r a t e f u l f o r the a s s i s t a n c e an d c o o p e r a t i o n t e n d e r e d b y the B u r e a u of L a b o r M anagem ent R ep orts. T h i s b u l l e t i n w a s p r e p a r e d in the B u r e a u ' s D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l and L a b o r R e l a t i o n s by H a r r y P . C o h an y , L e o n E . L u n d e n , a n d D a v i d A . S w a n k in , u n d e r the g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of J o s e p h W. B l o c h . m C ontents Page C h a p t e r I. I n t r o d u c t io n -------------------------------------S c o p e and m e t h o d ________________________________________________________________________ S u m m a r y of f i n d i n g s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 4 C h a p t e r II. S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s and l o c a l u nion o f f i c e r s ---------------------D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s ------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r o f f e n s e s o t h e r than n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s ---A p p e a l s f r o m s u m m a r y a c t i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 10 15 22 C h a p t e r III. G r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e r e q u i r i n g t r i a l of l o c a l union o f f i c e r s and m e m b e r s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G e n e r a l g r o u n d s _________________________________________________________________________ G r o u n d s in l o c a l a s a g a i n s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l s ----------------------------------------------------- 25 26 34 C h a p t e r IV. T r i a l p o w e r s and p r o c e d u r e s a t the l o c a l union l e v e l _____________________ P r e v a l e n c e of p r o v i s i o n s ________________________________________________________________ P e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In voking t r i a l m a c h i n e r y -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C o m p o s i t i o n of the t r i a l a g e n c y -------------------------------------------------------S c o p e a n d p e n a l t i e s ______________________________________________________________________ 36 36 38 39 48 55 C h a p t e r V. T r i a l p r o c e d u r e s of l o c a l union o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l union l e v e l ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P r e v a l e n c e of p r o v i s i o n s _____________________________________________________________ P e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l _________________________________________________________________ E x t e n t o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n _____________________________________________________ C o m p o s i t i o n s a n d p o w e r s of t r i a l a u t h o r i t y ----------------------------------------------------------- 65 65 66 67 78 C h a p t e r VI. R i g h t s o f the a c c u s e d and r e l a t e d m a t t e r s -------------------------------------------S t a t u s of the a c c u s e d ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N o t i c e s a f e g u a r d s ________________________________________________________________________ A p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s ________________________________________________________________________ T i m e l i m i t s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 85 91 102 106 117 C h a p t e r VII. D i s c i p l i n e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s --------------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s --------------------------------------------------------I m p e a c h m e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------D u e - p r o c e s s p r o v i s i o n s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R e c a l l of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s _________________________________________________________ D i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s a v a i l a b l e to the A F L - C I O ------------------------------------------------------- 128 129 132 140 146 152 C h a p t e r VIII. In flu e n c e of the l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t r e p o r t i n g a n d d i s c l o s u r e a c t on d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s of u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s ---------------------------------A p p l i c a b l e p r o v i s i o n s of the l a w _________________________________________________________ A m e n d m e n t s to union c o n s t i t u t i o n s ----------------------------------------------------------------------I l l u s t r a t i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154 155 156 162 T ab les: C h a p t e r I. 1-1. C o n s t i t u t i o n s of n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s s t u d i e d by u nion s i z e and a f f i l i a t i o n , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------------------------1-2. P r o c e d u r e s f o r d i s c i p l i n i n g m e m b e r s , l o c a l o f f i c e r s , and i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C o n ten ts— C on tin ued Page T a b l e s --- C o n tin u e d C h a p t e r II. I I - 1. S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s and f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s , n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 _______ II-Z . S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r than the n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s , by p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d and a f f i l i a t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------I I - 3. S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r than the n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s , by p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d and l e v e l in i t ia t i n g d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------II-4. D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------I I - 5. D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ____________________________________________________ II-6. D i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of a s s e s s m e n t s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 II-7. S e l e c t e d g r o u n d s f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e by l e v e l , p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d , and p e n a l t i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _____ II-8. S p e c i f i e d p r o v i s i o n s f o r a p p e a l i n g s u m m a r y a c t i o n s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------C h a p t e r III. I l l - 1. P r o v i s i o n s r e f e r r i n g to g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n i n g m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s a t l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l union l e v e l s , by p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d and a f f i l i a t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ____ III-Z . T y p e s of g r o u n d s f o r t r i a l of m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I I I - 3. P r e v a l e n c e of s e l e c t e d o f f e n s e s p u n is h a b l e u n d e r n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------I I I - 4. P e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l at the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l on s e l e c t e d g r o u n d s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _____ C h a p t e r IV. I V - 1. P r o v i s i o n f o r t r i a l s o f m e m b e r s and l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s at the l o c a l union l e v e l , n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ___ IV - Z . F o r m of c h a r g e s in l o c a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------IV -3. S a f e g u a r d s r e l a t i n g to c h a r g e s in l o c a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ___________________________ IV -4. A g e n t r e c e i v i n g c h a r g e s in l o c a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------------IV -5. P u b l i c a t i o n o f c h a r g e s to the l o c a l u nion m e m b e r s h i p p r i o r to t r i a l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------IV -6. P r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w of c h a r g e s b e f o r e t r i a l at the l o c a l u nion l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _________________ IV -7. L o c a l u nion t r i a l b o d i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u nion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV -8. S e l e c t e d i m p a r t i a l i t y p r o v i s i o n s in l o c a l union t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 _______________________________ IV -9. S p e c i f i c a t i o n s of i m p a r t i a l i t y f o r l o c a l union t r i a l a u t h o r i t i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ___________________________ I V - 10. E x t e n t of l o c a l union t r i a l bod y a s d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------------------------------I V - 11. F i n a l d e c i s i o n a u t h o r it y in l o c a l u nion t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------IV - 1 Z . S i z e of v o te r e q u i r e d to i m p o s e p e n a l t i e s o t h e r than e x p u l s i o n in l o c a l union t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 __ vi 9 10 11 1Z 1Z 13 17 Z3 Z5 Z6 Z8 Z9 36 41 41 4Z 43 43 49 53 54 56 58 59 C o n te n ts— C on tin u ed Page T a b l e s — C on tin u ed C h a p t e r I V . — C o n tin u ed I V - 1 3 . S i z e of v o te r e q u i r e d to e x p e l in l o c a l union t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------------------------I V - 14. S i z e of v o t e s f o r e x p u l s i o n and l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s in l o c a l u n ion t r i a l s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ---------------------C h a p t e r V. V -l. T r i a l of m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------V -2. E x t e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V -3. P e r s o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to in vo k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V -4. F o r m of c h a r g e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------V -5. S a f e g u a r d s r e l a t i n g to c h a r g e s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------V -6. P r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w of c h a r g e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V - 7. I n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l a u t h o r i t y , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------C h a p t e r VI. V I - 1. S t a t u s of the a c c u s e d in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I- 2 . S u s p e n s i o n of l o c a l union m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I-3. P e r s o n s e m p o w e r e d to s u s p e n d an a c c u s e d b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f il e d , and g r o u n d s f o r s u c h a c t i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V I-4. P r o v i s i o n s f o r s u s p e n s i o n a f t e r fil i n g of c h a r g e s at the l o c a l union l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V I-5. P e r s o n s e m p o w e r e d to s u s p e n d an a c c u s e d a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d at the l o c a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V I-6. P r o v i s i o n f o r s u s p e n s i o n a f t e r f il i n g of c h a r g e s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 7 . N u m b e r of s e l e c t e d d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s s p e c i f i e d in l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l union t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V I - 8 . S e l e c t e d d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -------V I-9. A s s i s t a n c e of c o u n s e l in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V I - 1 0 . R e c o r d of p r o c e e d i n g s in l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------V I - 1 1 . M e th od of n o tify in g the a c c u s e d of c h a r g e s by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------V I - 12. N o t i c e of t r i a l body d e c i s i o n and of rig h t to a p p e a l by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 1 3 . A p p e a l f r o m d e c i s i o n s of l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l b o d i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 1 4 . P e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d to a p p e a l f r o m l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l d e c i s i o n s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I - 15. S t a t u s of m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s pen din g a p p e a l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------- vii 60 61 65 66 71 73 75 77 78 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 100 101 103 105 107 109 111 C o n ten ts— C o n tin u ed Page T a b l e s — C o n tin u e d C h a p t e r V I . — C o n tin u ed V I - 16. F i n a l a p p e a l b o d i e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V I - 17. P u b l i c r e v i e w of union d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n s , n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------V I - 18. M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------V I - 19. M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d to n otify the a c c u s e d a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -------V I - 20. M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d to co n v e n e t r i a l bod y by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------V I-21. M i n im u m t i m e b e t w e e n n o t ic e of t r i a l and co n v e n in g the t r i a l bod y by l e v e l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----------V I-22. M a x i m u m t i m e a l lo w e d l o c a l l e v e l t r i a l b o d i e s to r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------V I-23. M a x i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l b o d y to r e n d e r a f in a l d e c i s i o n , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 -----V I-24. T i m e l i m i t s in a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------------------------------------------V I-25. F r e q u e n c y of i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t iv e b o a r d m e e t i n g , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------V I - 26. F r e q u e n c y of c o n v e n t i o n s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------C h a p t e r VII. V I I - 1. V II - 2 . V II-3. V II-4. V II-5. V II-6. V II-7. V II - 8 . V II-9. V II-10. V II-11. V II-12. V II-13. V II - 1 4 . M ethod of d i s c i p l i n i n g n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------A p p e a l s f r o m s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------G r o u n d s f o r i m p e a c h i n g n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------T r i a l b ody in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ------------------------------------------------------------T r i a l b o d i e s and b o d i e s e m p o w e r e d to han d down f in a l d e c i s i o n ( e x c e p t in a p p e a l s ) , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ---V ote r e q u i r e d to i m p o s e p e n a l t y in i m p e a c h m e n t c a s e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------------------F o r m of c h a r g e s r e q u i r e d to i n i t ia t e i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------S e l e c t e d d u e - p r o c e s s r i g h t s of a c c u s e d in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ---------------------F i n a l a p p e a l body in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------R o le of r e f e r e n d u m in i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 -----------------------------------------C o n t e n t s of p e t it i o n s to r e c a l l n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i n i t ia t i o n and e n d o r s e m e n t of r e c a l l p e t i t i o n s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------A gen t a d m i n i s t e r i n g r e c a l l of n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1961 ----------------------------------------I s s u e s to be d e c i d e d and s i z e of v o te r e q u i r e d in r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union c o n s t i t u t i o n s , e a r l y 1 9 6 1 ----------------------- A pp en d ixes: viii 112 115 118 119 120 121 123 125 125 126 126 128 130 132 136 138 139 140 142 144 145 147 148 149 151 Disciplinary Powers and Procedures in Union Constitutions Chapter I. Introduction U n io n d i s c i p l i n e m a y b e d e f in e d a s the f o r m a l p r o c e d u r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y a un ion to i m p o s e s a n c t i o n s u p o n m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s f o r v i o l a t i o n s o f d u t i e s to the u n ion . It i s b o th s u b s t a n t i v e — the s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f p r o h i b i t e d c o n d u c t— an d p r o c e d u r a l — the f o r m a l m a c h i n e r y f o r e n f o r c e m e n t . In i t s p r o c e d u r a l a s p e c t s , un ion d i s c i p l i n e e n c o m p a s s e s f o u r t y p e s o f p r o c e d u r e s — s u m m a r y , r e c a l l , t r i a l , and im p e a c h m e n t. B r i e f l y , s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s a l l o w the i m p o s i t i o n o f p u n i s h m e n t w ith o u t a h e a r i n g o r t r i a l ; r e c a l l i s a p r o c e d u r e f o r r e m o v i n g l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s b y a v o te of the m e m b e r s h i p ; a n d t r i a l a n d i m p e a c h m e n t a r e p r o c e d u r e s f o r the i m p o s i t i o n o f d i s c i p l i n e a f t e r h e a r i n g b e f o r e a l e g a l l y c o n s t i t u t e d t r i b u n a l , w ith i m p e a c h m e n t l i m i t e d in s c o p e to d i s c i p l i n i n g i n t e r n atio n al o f f i c e r s . A fifth ty p e o f p r o c e d u r e — i m p o s i t i o n o f t r u s t e e s h i p b y a n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion o v e r a s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y — i s p r i m a r i l y a m e a n s of d i s c i p l i n i n g a s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y r a t h e r th a n an in d i v i d u a l . T h u s it f a l l s o u t s i d e the s c o p e o f th is s t u d y , 1 e x c e p t w h e r e the i m p o s i t i o n o f a t r u s t e e s h i p a l s o i n v o l v e s d i s c i p l i n i n g m em b ers or o ffice rs. R e l i a n c e on f o r m a l d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e e d i n g s i s b y no m e a n s the on ly m e t h o d b y w h ic h u n i o n s p o l i c e t h e i r i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , n o r d o e s f o r m a l d i s c i p l i n e p l a y an e s p e c i a l l y p r o m i n e n t r o l l in the n o r m a l c o u r s e o f u n ion a f f a i r s . In i t s i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , a u n io n fu n c t io n s m o r e l ik e a p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n th an a r u l e - e n f o r c e m e n t agency. It i s g e n e r a l l y m o r e c o n c e r n e d w ith the o b j e c t i v e o f m a i n t a i n i n g i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s th a n w ith p u n i s h in g v i o l a t i o n s , p e r s e , o r in a c h i e v i n g ‘' j u s t i c e 1' in a legal sen se. In a n y u n io n , know n v i o l a t i o n s m a y b e i g n o r e d , i f t r i v i a l , o r m a y b e h a n d l e d b y m o r e i n f o r m a l m e a n s th an th r o u g h the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n e p rocess. T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s w o u ld b e e m p l o y e d m a y b e d e t e r m i n e d b y a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s , s u c h a s the n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e , the id e n tity o f the v i o l a t o r , a n d w h e t h e r t h e r e i s f a c t i o n a l i s m w ith in the u n io n , o r the e x i s t e n c e of a r i v a l un ion . R e g a r d l e s s o f the d e g r e e o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s , i t s a v a ila b ility and its co n stitu tio n al b a s e a r e im p o rta n t. T h e u n io n m u s t b e a b l e to p r e v e n t o r p u n i s h a c t i v i t y w h ic h m i g h t t h r e a t e n i t s e x i s t e n c e ; to p r o s c r i b e b e h a v i o r w h ic h i n t e r f e r e s w ith the c a r r y i n g out o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g o b l i g a t i o n s ; an d to e n f o r c e s t a n d a r d s o f c o n d u c t , the v i o l a t i o n o f w h ich m a y b r i n g the n a m e o f the u n ion into d i s r e p u t e . T o m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s , the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s s p e l l e d out in the u n i o n 's c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s a n a s s u r a n c e o r s a f e g u a r d s i m i l a r in k in d , if not in d e g r e e , to a c i t i z e n ' s c o n f i d e n c e in the m a c h i n e r y of j u s t i c e — a v a i l a b l e b u t, h o p e f u l l y , n e v e r r e q u i r i n g t e s t . 1 T r u s t e e s h i p m a y be i m p o s e d f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n , o r in a d d it i o n to, d i s c i p l i n e . F o r a n a n a l y s i s o f un ion t r u s t e e s h i p p r o v i s i o n s , s e e U n io n C o n s t it u t i o n P r o v i s i o n s : T r u s t e e s h i p , ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1263, 1959). 2 On the o t h e r h a n d , a b u s e o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r m a y h a v e s e v e r e c o n s e q u e n c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r an y in d i v i d u a l who i s u n j u s t l y p u n i s h e d . 2 F u r t h e r m o r e , u n w a r r a n t e d u s e o f d i s c i p l i n e b y t h o s e in p o w e r to s u p p r e s s b o n a fi d e o p p o s i t i o n i s i r r e c o n c i l a b l e w ith t r a d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t s o f d e m o c r a c y , a n d b l i g h t s the r e p u t a t i o n of r e s p o n s i b l e t r a d e u n i o n i s m . A b a la n c e m u s t th e r e fo r e be s tr u c k betw een le g itim a te u s e s and a c tu a l o r p o t e n t i a l a b u s e s , w h ic h a r e not a l w a y s s e l f - e v i d e n t . C o n g r e s s , in p a s s i n g the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 1 9 5 9 , a t t e m p t e d to p r o t e c t m e m b e r s a g a i n s t s u c h a b u s e s b y s p e c i f y i n g m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s a s to s a f e g u a r d s , w ith w h ic h a u n i o n 's d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s h a d to c o n f o r m . 3 E v e n b e f o r e the p a s s a g e o f th a t l a w , h o w e v e r , the i m p o s i t i o n o f u n ion d i s c i p l i n e h a d b e e n s u b j e c t to s c r u t i n y b y S t a t e c o u r t s . S u c h r e v i e w d a t e s b a c k to b e f o r e the t u r n of the c e n t u r y , 4 a n d h a s b e e n b a s e d on the r e a s o n a b l e n e s s o f the g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e an d the f a i r n e s s o f the p r o c e d u r e . 5 B e c a u s e of the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the L M R D A , the y e a r s a h e a d w i l l p r o b a b l y s e e c o u r t s a s w e l l a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c i e s t a k e a g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t in un ion p r o c e e d i n g s . Y e t , a s c o u r t s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c i e s s c r u t i n i z e u n ion a c t i o n s w ith g r e a t e r c a r e , q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g to the a d e q u a c y o f s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s m a y u l t i m a t e l y b e r e s o l v e d , in l a r g e m e a s u r e , b y the s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s a d o p t e d b y u n io n s g e n e r a l l y . It i s r e a s o n a b l e to a s s u m e th a t v a r i o u s c h a n g e s in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s a r e in the o f fin g , a s u n i o n s s t r i v e to b r i n g t h e i r p r o v i s i o n s in to c o n f o r m i t y w ith the la w . B e c a u s e of i t s b r o a d b a s e , the p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l s e r v e a s a b e n c h m a r k a g a i n s t w h ic h to m e a s u r e the n a t u r e an d d i r e c t i o n o f th ese ch an ges. S c o p e a n d M e th o d T h i s s tu d y i s b a s e d on a n a n a l y s i s of p r o v i s i o n s in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s an d th u s i s l i m i t e d to the f o r m a l a s p e c t s o f u n io n d i s c i p l i n e . A co n stitu tio n e m b o d i e s the u n i o n 's b a s i c la w a n d e s t a b l i s h e s the l e g a l f r a m e w o r k f o r a l l e x e c u t i v e an d j u d i c i a l a c t i o n s . T he d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s , a s to b o th p o w e r s an d p r o c e d u r e s , m u s t c o n f o r m to the u n i o n s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r u l e s , i f it i s to b e a v a l i d e x e r c i s e o f un ion g o v e r n m e n t a l p o w e r s . A t the s a m e t i m e , w r i t t e n p r o v i s i o n s , 2 In a d d it i o n to the e m b a r r a s s m e n t , h u m i l i a t i o n , an d s o c i a l o s t r a c i z a t i o n th a t the in d i v i d u a l m a y s u f f e r , a n d h i s d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n f r o m f u r t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the a f f a i r s o f the u n io n , b e in g o u s t e d f r o m m e m b e r s h i p m i g h t s u b j e c t h i m to l o s s o f jo b . H o w e v e r , S e c t i o n s 8 ( a )( 3 ) a n d 8 (b )(2 ) o f the N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s A c t , a s a m e n d e d , h a v e a m i t i g a t i n g e f f e c t in th is r e s p e c t on e m p l o y e e s who w o r k in e m p l o y m e n t s c o v e r e d b y th a t la w . A s i n t e r p r e t e d , t h e s e s e c t i o n s p r o h i b i t the d i s c h a r g e o f a n e m p l o y e e u n d e r a u n io n s e c u r i t y c l a u s e in a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t m e r e l y f o r the l o s s o f un ion m e m b e r s h i p f o r an y r e a s o n o t h e r th an f a i l u r e to p r o f f e r d u e s . 3 S e e ch. VIII f o r an a n a l y s i s o f the e f f e c t of the L M R D A on u n io n d i s c i p lin e p r o v i s i o n s . 4 A r e v i e w o f an e x p u l s i o n p r o c e e d i n g in 1889 ( P e o p l e e x r e l . D e v e r e l l v. M u s i c a l M ut. P r o t e c t i v e U n io n , 118 N ew Y o r k 101, 23 N. E . 129) i s r e p o r t e d in a n a r t i c l e b y C ly d e W. S u m m e r s , " T h e L a w of U n ion D i s c i p l i n e : What the C o u r t s do in F a c t . " Y a l e L a w J o u r n a l , N ew H a v e n , Conn. , D e c e m b e r I 9 6 0 , p p . 175-224. 5 One a u t h o r i t y found f i v e g r o u n d s on w h ich the c o u r t s h a v e s e t a s i d e e x p u lsio n s: (1) P r o c e d u r a l v i o l a t i o n o f c o n s t i t u t i o n o r b y l a w s ; (2) e x p u l s i o n not a u t h o r i z e d b y c o n s t it u t io n o r b y l a w s ; (3) p r o c e d u r e did n ot a f f o r d a f a i r h e a r i n g , e v e n th o u g h it c o n f o r m e d to the c o n s t it u t io n a n d b y l a w s ; (4) e x p u l s i o n , th o u g h a u t h o r i z e d in c o n s t it u t io n o r b y l a w s , w a s u n r e a s o n a b l e ; an d (5) e x p u l s i o n w a s in b a d f a it h . S e e a r t i c l e , " I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s o f L a b o r U n io n s U n d e r the L a b o r R e f o r m A c t of 1 9 5 9 , " by A r c h i b a l d C o x , M i c h i g a n L a w R e v i e w , A p r i l I 9 6 0 , p p . 8 1 9 - 8 5 4 . 3 d e s p i t e t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e , t e l l on ly p a r t of the s t o r y o f un io n d i s c i p l i n e . B e c a u s e th is s tu d y e x c l u d e s an y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s in a c t i o n , it d o e s not r e v e a l how t h e s e f r e q u e n t l y c o m p l e x c l a u s e s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d in a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n s an d to w h a t e x t e n t , i f a n y , p r a c t i c e s d e p a r t f r o m f o r m a l p r o n o u n c e m e n t s . T h e r e a r e o t h e r l i m i t a t i o n s to b e t a k e n into a c c o u n t . F o rem ost, p e r h a p s , a r e the d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d in i n t e r p r e t i n g l e g a l i s t i c d o c u m e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h en th ey s h o w , a s u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s f r e q u e n t l y m a y , e v i d e n c e o f h a s t e o r i n e x p e r i e n c e in d r a f t i n g . I d e n t i c a l p h r a s e s m a y c a r r y d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s in d i f f e r e n t u n i o n s , a s s h a p e d b y p a r t i c u l a r p r e c e d e n t s a n d t r a d i t i o n s . A lso , c o m b in in g s i m i l a r p r o v i s i o n s in to g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s , f o r p u r p o s e s o f s t a t i s t i c a l p r e s e n t a t i o n , g i v e s e q u a l w e i g h t h e r e to p r o v i s i o n s w h ic h a r e c a r r y o v e r s f r o m the p a s t a n d a r e p r e s e n t l y i r r e l e v a n t a n d t h o s e w h ich a r e c u r r e n t l y a p p l i c a b l e . In a d d it i o n , the a n a l y s i s o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s p r e s e n t s f o r m i d a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f i t s own. R a r e l y i s the s u b j e c t t r e a t e d a s a u n it in a u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n , w ith a ll a s p e c t s and s t e p s c l e a r ly d e lin e a te d . In ste a d , d ir e c t and in d ir e c t r e f e r e n c e s a r e s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t the t e x t of the c o n s t it u t io n , s o m e a p p e a r i n g in s e c t i o n s d e a l i n g w ith the p o w e r s o f o f f i c e r s o r e x e c u t i v e b o d i e s , o t h e r s in t h o s e d e s c r i b i n g the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f l o c a l u n i o n s , o b l i g a t i o n s o f m e m b e r s h i p , e t c . B e c a u s e of t h e s e c o m p l e x i t i e s , i n a d v e r t e n t o m i s s i o n s an d e r r o r s m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d in p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n s w ith o u t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on the o v e r a l l r e s u l t s . F o r t h is s t u d y , the c o n s t i t u t i o n s of 158 n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s w e r e a n a l y z e d ( t a b le 1-1). 6 T h e s e 158 u n io n s a c c o u n t e d f o r 16. 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , T a b le 1-1. Constitutions of N ation al and International Unions Studied by Union Size and A ffiliatio n , Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n Union m em bership AFL-CIO Unions U n affiliate d M em bers Unions M em bers Unions • M em bers A ll c o n stitu tio n s-------------------------------- 158 16, 9 23.1 122 14, 2 2 8 .8 36 2, 694. 3 Under 1 ,0 0 0 m e m b e r s -----------------------1, 000 and under 5, 000 m e m b e r s ---------5, 000 and under 10, 000 m e m b e r s -------10, 000 and under 25, 000 m e m b e r s ------25, 000 and under 50, 000 m e m b e r s ------50, 000 and under 100, 000 m e m b e r s ----100, 000 and under 200, 000 m e m b e r s ---200, 000 and under 500, 000 m e m b e r s ---500, 000 m em bers and o v e r ------------------ 9 30 14 21 17 27 19 14 7 4 .4 8 1 .5 1 0 2 .2 3 5 7 .7 6 0 7 .4 1, 8 0 9 .1 2, 8 6 2 .5 4 ,5 1 5 .5 6, 5 8 2 .9 4 14 10 20 15 23 17 14 5 1. 8 3 9 .0 7 5 .8 345. 1 5 4 5 .7 1 ,5 3 8 .8 2, 602. 5 4 ,5 1 5 .5 4, 564. 7 5 16 4 1 2 4 2 2. 6 4 2 .6 2 6 .4 1 2 .6 6 1 .6 270. 3 2 6 0 .0 2 2 ,0 1 8 .2 _ _ NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equal to tals. 6 T he D i r e c t o r y o f N a t i o n a l a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ite d S t a t e s , 1959 ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1267, I 9 6 0 ) l i s t e d 184 n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l unionsT O f the 27 u n io n s l i s t e d t h e r e th a t w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d in t h is s t u d y , 19 w e r e c o m p o s e d m a i n l y o f g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s , a n d the c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f 8 u n io n s w e r e not a v a i l a b l e . One u n ion th a t w a s i n c l u d e d in the s tu d y , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l G u a r d s U nion of A m e r i c a (Ind. ), w a s n ot l i s t e d in th a t D i r e c t o r y . S ee ap p en d ix A fo r a l i s t of u n io n s s t u d i e d . 4 o r a b o u t 93 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l m e m b e r s h i p o f a l l n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s w ith h e a d q u a r t e r s in the U n it e d S t a t e s . 7 T h e a n a l y s i s f o c u s e d on the d i s c i p l i n a r y m e a s u r e s w h ic h m a y b e i n v o k e d a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l a g a i n s t m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , a n d the r i g h t s o f the a c c u s e d d u r i n g the p r o c e e d i n g s . S u b s e q u e n t c h a p t e r s d e s c r i b e p r o v i s i o n s r e g u l a t i n g t r i a l s a n d r e c a l l p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , an d ‘c h a n g e s in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s s i n c e the p a s s a g e o f the L M R D A . C o n stitu tio n s w e r e a n a ly z e d fo r co m m o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h o se p r e v a le n c e w a s th en m e a s u r e d in t e r m s o f the n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s a n d the n u m b e r of un ion m e m b e r s . A n a p p r o a c h o f t h is s o r t , e s s e n t i a l l y s t a t i s t i c a l , in a n a r e a m a r k e d b y g r e a t d i v e r s i t y h a s s h o r t c o m i n g s ; a t t i m e s , fin e s h a d i n g s o f m e a n i n g a n d u n iq u e f e a t u r e s a r e l o s t . On b a l a n c e , h o w e v e r , it w a s f e l t th a t t h is t e c h n iq u e w o u ld y i e l d m o r e m e a n i n g f u l i n f o r m a t i o n on c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s a s a w h o le th a n c o u ld b e p r o v i d e d th r o u g h d e s c r i b i n g , i n d i v i d u a l l y , the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s of a fe w s e l e c t e d u n i o n s . E x c e p t f o r c h a p t e r VIII, the s t u d y i s p r i m a r i l y a s u m m a r y o f u n io n l a w s in e f f e c t p r i o r to e n a c t m e n t of the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t , a lt h o u g h a f o u r t h of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d w e r e d a t e d s u b s e q u e n t to the p a s s a g e o f the a c t . 8 S u m m a r y of F in d in gs A ll o f the 158 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d p r o v i d e d f o r s o m e f o r m of d i s c i p l i n e . M e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e e a c h s u b j e c t to d i s c i p l i n e u n d e r p r o v i s i o n s o f a l l b u t two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , w h ile i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to d i s c m l i n e u n d e r a l l b u t n in e ( t a b le 1-2). N eith er s iz e nor affilia tio n w as of s ig n ific a n c e w ith r e g a r d to the ty p e o f d i s c i p l i n e a u t h o r i z e d o r i t s a p p l i c a t i o n . F o r u n io n s o f a l l s i z e a n d a f f i l i a t i o n , the c o m b i n a t i o n o f t r i a l an d s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s w a s the m o s t c o m m o n f o r b o th m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s . I m p e a c h m e n t w a s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y the s o l e p r o c e e d i n g a v a i l a b l e to d i s c i p l i n e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s . U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s v a r i e d g r e a t l y w ith r e g a r d to b o th the s u b s t a n t i v e g r o u n d s f o r w h ic h d i s c i p l i n e c o u ld b e i m p o s e d , 9 a n d the p r o c e d u r a l s t e p s to b e f o ll o w e d o n c e it w a s i n i t i a t e d . One e x p l a n a t i o n f o r th is v a r i a t i o n w a s the d i f f e r i n g d e g r e e o f s p e c i f i c i t y of b o th s u b s t a n t i v e a n d p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s . At one e x t r e m e w e r e t h o s e u n io n s w h ich s p e c i f i e d m o s t i f n o t a l l p h a s e s of the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s in m in u t e d e t a i l . A t the o t h e r e x t r e m e w e r e u n io n s w h o s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e c o u c h e d in b r o a d t e r m s , s p e c i f y i n g fe w i f a n y d e t a i l s . T h e v a r i a t i o n in p a t t e r n s o f p r o c e d u r e s t e m s l a r g e l y f r o m the m u l t i p l e f o r m o f u n io n g o v e r n m e n t , A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , the l o c a l un io n w a s the b o d y w ith p l e n a r y o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , w h ile the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , in c a s e s in v o lv in g 7 T he c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s o f s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m the s c o p e o f t h is s u r v e y . A c u r s o r y c h e c k r e v e a l e d th a t in m a n y i n s t a n c e s l o c a l u n io n s e i t h e r h a v e v e r y b r i e f o r no c o n s t i t u t i o n o r b y l a w s o f t h e i r ow n, th u s g o v e r n i n g t h e m s e l v e s in w h o le o r in p a r t b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e i r p a r e n t b o d y . In s o m e i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y in l a r g e r l o c a l u n i o n s , d e t a i l e d b y l a w s w e r e n o t e d a n d t h e s e o fte n s u p p l e m e n t e d , s o m e t i m e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y , the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s in l o c a l u n ion b y l a w s d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e a d o p t e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion m e r i t s a f u ll s c a l e s tu d y o f i t s own. 8 S e e a p p e n d i x A f o r d a t e s of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r t h is s tu d y . 9 S e e in ch. Ill the s u b s e c t i o n e n t it le d " S p e c i f i c O f f e n s e s " (p. 2 7 ) f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f the v a r i a t i o n in g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e . 5 T a b le 1-2. Procedures for D isciplin in g M em bers, L ocal O fficers, and In ternational O fficers, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffilia tio n T ype of p rovision 1 AFL-CIO Unions A ll c o n stitu tio n s-------------------------------Constitutions providing for d isciplin in g m em b ers2 ---------------------T r i a l ------------------------------------------S u m m a ry -------------------------------------T r ia l and s u m m a r y -----------------------No provision for disciplin in g m e m b e r s --------------------------------------Constitutions providing for disciplin in g lo c a l officers --------------T r i a l -----------------------------------------S u m m a ry -------------------------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------T r ia l and s u m m a r y -----------------------R e c a ll and t r i a l ----------------------------R e c a ll, tria l, and su m m ary ------------No provision for disciplin in g lo c a l o f fic e r s ----------------------------------C onstitutions providing for d isciplin in g international officers 2 ----S u m m a ry -------------------------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------Im p e a c h m e n t-------------------------------R e c a ll and su m m a r y ---------------------Im peach m ent and s u m m a r y ------------Im peach m ent and r e c a l l -----------------Im peach m ent, r e c a ll, and su m m ary ---No provision for disciplin in g international o f f i c e r s ------------------------ U n affiliated M embers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 158 1 6 ,9 2 3 .1 122 1 4 ,2 2 8 .8 36 2, 694. 3 156 39 1 116 16, 9 1 4 .0 4, 3 5 8 .3 2 .0 12, 5 5 3 .7 121 28 93 1 4 ,2 2 5 .5 4, 091. 1 1 0 ,1 3 4 .4 35 11 1 23 2, 6 8 8 .5 2 6 7 .2 2 .0 2, 4 1 9 .3 2 9 .1 1 3. 2 1 5 .9 156 32 2 107 7 8 16, 8 8 2 .0 4, 0 4 6 .0 5 .2 120 23 1 36 9 1 1 1 ,6 4 7 .8 317.1 8 6 5 .9 85 4 7 14, 187. 7 3 ,8 1 4 .7 3 .2 9, 2 3 2 .7 2 7 5 .4 8 6 1 .7 22 3 1 2, 694. 3 2 3 1 .3 2 .0 2, 4 1 5 .1 4 1 .7 4 .2 2 4 1 .0 2 4 1 .0 149 6 13 82 5 25 11 7 16, 7 0 1 .3 1 1 8 .4 8 9 2 .5 9, 1 6 6 .9 2 2 7 .8 2, 522. 3 2, 1 9 6 .4 1, 5 7 6 .9 117 4 6 69 4 21 9 4 1 4 ,0 1 5 .0 1 0 8 .4 6 4 0 .8 7 ,5 2 3 . 1 1 2 7 .8 2 ,5 1 1 .8 2, 136. 1 9 6 6 .8 32 2 7 13 1 4 2 3 2, 6 8 6 .3 1 0 .0 2 5 1 .7 1, 6 4 3 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .5 6 0 .3 6 1 0 .1 9 2 2 1 .8 5 2 1 3 .8 4 8 .0 - - - 1 For purposes of this ta b le , sum m ary d iscip lin e excludes a ll provisions authorizing such actio n only for non paym ent of fin a n c ia l o b ligation s. 2 A d d itive. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s , h a d a m o r e l i m i t e d o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , r e s t r i c t e d , in the m a i n , to e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s a n d o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion . F o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r u n ion , the d e g r e e o f l o c a l a u t o n o m y a s c o m p a r e d w ith the d e g r e e o f c e n t r a l i z e d c o n t r o l in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l w a s o f te n r e f l e c t e d in the d i v i s i o n o f a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n l o c a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o d i e s . Interna t i o n a l u n io n s know n to b e h ig h ly c e n t r a l i z e d te n d e d to r e t a i n j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r c a s e s th a t a r o s e ou t o f s i t u a t i o n s i n i m i c a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n 's b e s t i n t e r e s t s . T h e m u l t i p l e l e v e l s o f g o v e r n m e n t th u s g a v e r i s e to two b a s i c p a t t e r n s o f t r i a l p r o c e d u r e — one f o r t r i a l s o r i g i n a t i n g a t the l o c a l l e v e l , a n d one f o r t r i a l s o r i g i n a t i n g a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . A s to the f o r m e r , a t y p i c a l p a t t e r n w a s a s fo llo w s: (1) F i l i n g o f c h a r g e s b y a m e m b e r o r l o c a l o f f i c e r ; (Z) s e r v i c e of 6 c h a r g e s on, a n d n o t i c e of t r i a l to , the a c c u s e d ; (3) t r i a l b e f o r e the l o c a l g o v e r n ing b o d y ; (4) d e c i s i o n by the m e m b e r s h i p a s to g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e ; (5) a p p e a l to a d i s t r i c t c o u n c il o r o t h e r i n t e r m e d i a r y b o d y , i f a n y ; (6) a p p e a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; a n d (7) a p p e a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l co n v e n tio n . A s to t r i a l s o r i g i n a t i n g a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , the f o llo w in g g e n e r a l p attern p re v a ile d : (1) F i l i n g o f c h a r g e s by an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y ; (2) s e r v i c e o f c h a r g e s on, a n d n o t ic e o f t r i a l to , the a c c u s e d ; (3) t r i a l b e f o r e , a n d d e c i s i o n b y , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; an d (4) a p p e a l to the c o n v e n t io n . V a r i a t i o n s f r o m the f o r e g o i n g p a t t e r n s a t an y o r a l l s t e p s w e r e c o m m o n . F o r e x a m p l e , c h a r g e s m i g h t b e s u b j e c t to p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w b e f o r e t r i a l ; a l o c a l t r i a l m i g h t b e h e l d b e f o r e the m e m b e r s h i p in the f i r s t i n s t a n c e ; o r the a p p e a l m i g h t b e d i r e c t e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t . In a d d it i o n , the n a t u r e o f the a p p e a l p r o c e s s w a s n ot the s a m e in a l l u n i o n s ; in s o m e , it w a s , in r e a l i t y , a n ew t r i a l , w h ile in o t h e r s , it w a s l i m i t e d to a r e v i e w o f the r e c o r d . S till a n o t h e r d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n o c c u r r e d in t h o s e i n s t a n c e s w h e r e a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l w a s a u t h o r i z e d to t a k e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r a c a s e a l r e a d y p e n d in g a t the l o c a l l e v e l , b u t w h ic h f o r one r e a s o n o r a n o t h e r w o u ld n ot o r c o u ld not b e c a r r i e d to a c o n clu sio n th e re. A d d to th is the s e p a r a t e a n d v a r i e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t r i a l o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , r e c a l l o f o f f i c e r s , a n d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , a n d the v a r i e t y o f p r o c e d u r e s b e c o m e s a l m o s t a s n u m e r o u s a s the n u m b e r o f u n i o n s . P e r h a p s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t to b e w e i g h e d in e v a l u a t i n g any j u d i c i a l s y s t e m i s the p r o t e c t i o n a f f o r d e d the a c c u s e d to i n s u r e a f a i r t r i a l . U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e fo un d to c o n t a in a h o s t o f due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s . N o n e t h e l e s s , on ly t h r e e p a r t i c u l a r s a f e g u a r d s — n o t ic e of c h a r g e s , n o t ic e o f t r i a l , a n d r i g h t to c o u n s e l ( p r o f e s s i o n a l o r n o n p r o f e s s i o n a l ) — a p p e a r e d in a m a j o r i t y of c o n stitu tio n s. A s m e n t i o n e d , a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r o f u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s l a c k d e t a i l in t h e i r d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s . F o r t h e s e u n i o n s , it m a y b e th a t, in p r a c t i c e , an y o r a l l o f t h e s e due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s e x i s t . S t i l l a n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n in e v a l u a t i n g the a d e q u a c y of the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s i s the t o t a l t i m e th a t e l a p s e s u n til a l l i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s h a v e b e e n e x h a u s t e d an d the c a s e i s f i n a l l y r e s o l v e d . U n due d e l a y m a y b e a s d e t r i m e n t a l to the in d i v i d u a l c o n c e r n e d a s an y o t h e r f a i l u r e of d ue p r o c e s s . 101 U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e fo u n d to b e a l m o s t t o t a l l y l a c k i n g a s p e c i f i c o v e r a l l t i m e l i m i t . E v e n e x c lu d in g the f i n a l a p p e a l to the c o n v e n t io n , un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e not d r a f t e d in s u c h a w a y a s to i n s u r e a s p e e d y t r i a l . I n d i c a t io n s a l r e a d y e x i s t e d th a t th is i s one of the a r e a s in w h ich un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w il l b e a m e n d e d in the f u t u r e . 11 A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , u n io n s d id n ot p r o v i d e f o r an " i n d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a r y , 11 e i t h e r w ith in o r o u t s i d e the u n ion , to a d m i n i s t e r the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s . A fe w u n i o n s , s u c h a s the U n ite d A u to W o r k e r s a n d the U p h o l s t e r e r s , h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d an o u t s i d e j u d i c i a r y in the f o r m of p u b l i c r e v i e w b o a r d s . 12 It w o u ld s e e m th a t on ly a fe w u n io n s a r e p r e s e n t l y p r e p a r e d to a d o p t s i m i l a r s t e p s , p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f a g e n e r a l s e n s e of c o n f id e n c e in e x i s t i n g s y s t e m s , b o r n out o f t r a d i t i o n an d p r i d e ; p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f a r e l u c t a n c e to d e l e g a t e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r v i t a l i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s to o u t s i d e r s ; a n d , p e r h a p s , b e c a u s e o f the a b s e n c e o f c o n c e r t e d d e m a n d s f o r s u c h c h a n g e s f r o m the r a n k a n d f i l e . 10 C o n g r e s s , in e n a c t in g the L M R D A , c o n s i d e r e d the s u b j e c t of un du e d e l a y , in S e c t i o n 101 ( a )( 4 ) . S e e ch. VIII f o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n . 11 S e e ch. VIII, f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f c o n f o r m i n g a m e n d m e n t s m a d e b y u n io n s in t h is a r e a s i n c e e n a c t m e n t of the L M R D A . 12 S e e ch. VI, p. 114, f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f the r o l e o f p u b l i c r e v i e w b o a r d s . 7 T h u s , e x c e p t a s r e f e r r e d to , the e n t i r e j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s n o r m a l l y r u n s i t s c o u r s e w ith in the u n io n , t h e r e b y f o c u s i n g a t t e n t i o n on the a g e n t s a u t h o r i z e d to i m p o s e o r u p h o ld p u n i s h m e n t . A t the l o c a l l e v e l , the p o w e r to d i s c i p l i n e u s u a l l y w a s p a r t i a l l y r e t a i n e d b y the m e m b e r s h i p a n d p a r t i a l l y d e l e g a t e d to the e x e cu tiv e . At the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , e x e c u t i v e a g e n c i e s e x e r c i s e d n e a r l y c o m p l e t e p o w e r to d i s c i p l i n e , b o th a s t r i a l b o d i e s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l s a n d a s a p p e l l a t e b o d i e s f o r l o c a l l e v e l t r i a l s . It i s f r e q u e n t l y c h a r g e d th a t the c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f f i n a l a u t h o r i t y in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e a g e n c y c o n s t i t u t e s a n e x c e s s i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o w e r w ith o u t a d e q u a t e ^ c h e c k s a n d b a l a n c e s . H o w e v e r , in the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f un ion a f f a i r s , in c l u d i n g d i s c i p l i n e , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y , by v irtu e of its e x p e r ie n c e and o b je c tiv ity , m a y a c t a s a r e s t r a in t a g a in s t i r r e s p o n sib ility and a b u s e s at lo c a l l e v e l s . On the o t h e r h a n d , w h en a d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g a r i s e s out of a f a c t i o n a l d i s p u t e w h ic h t h r e a t e n s the i n c u m b e n t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o r w h en o t h e r t y p e s o f s i t u a t i o n s i n v o l v e o f f i c e r s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y m a y not b e the u l t i m a t e s o u r c e o f f a i r n e s s a n d i m p a r t i a l i t y . 13 In m o s t un io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the m e m b e r s h i p , a s s e m b l e d in c o n v e n t io n , h e l d u l t i m a t e p o w e r to i m p o s e , m o d i f y , o r w ith h o ld p u n i s h m e n t , s i n c e the f i n a l a p p e a l u s u a l l y w e n t to th a t b o d y . A s a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , h o w e v e r, b e c a u s e of the p r e s s u r e s o f t i m e an d o t h e r b u s i n e s s , the c o n v e n t io n , a s a r u l e , c a n h a r d l y b e c o n s i d e r e d a n a d e q u a t e a p p e a l b o d y , an d a n y p o s s i b l e i n j u s t i c e s th a t h a v e n ot b e e n r e m e d i e d a t a n e a r l i e r s t a g e a r e not l i k e l y to b e r e m e d i e d b y a m e e t i n g of h u n d red s o r th o u san d s of u n in te re ste d d e le g a t e s . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f the L M R D A , a s d e t e r m i n e d th r o u g h the a n a l y s i s o f 7 0 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a m e n d e d a f t e r the a c t , w a s r e f l e c t e d in a v a r i e t y of a m e n d m e n t s d e s i g n e d to c o n f o r m to f i v e s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of the la w — p r o t e c t i o n o f the r i g h t to s u e , w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s , r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e , r i g h t to a fu ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g , a n d a b o l i s h m e n t o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e . S i g n i f i c a n t a s the fi n d i n g s in t h e s e 7 0 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e , it i s p r o b a b l y s t i l l too e a r l y to m e a s u r e the fu ll e f f e c t o f the L M R D A on d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s , s i n c e the c o u r t s h a v e n ot y e t h a d a d e q u a t e o p p o r t u n i t y to i n t e r p r e t t h e s e g e n e r a l l y b r o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the la w . 13 No r e l i a b l e s t a t i s t i c s a r e a v a i l a b l e on a b u s e s in u n io n d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o ceed in gs. I n d iv id u a l c o u r t c a s e s a r i s i n g out o f un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s a r e o fte n c i t e d a s e v i d e n c e o f h ig h h a n d e d t a c t i c s an d d e n i a l o f due p r o c e s s r i g h t s . T y p i c a l l y , th ey in v o l v e o n ly the m o s t f l a g r a n t a b u s e s o f e x e c u t i v e a u t h o r i t y . On the o t h e r h a n d , o t h e r e q u a l l y r e p r e h e n s i b l e v i o l a t i o n s m a y h a v e t a k e n p l a c e w it h out c o m i n g to the a t t e n t i o n o f the c o u r t s (and the p u b l i c ) , s i n c e m e m b e r s w e r e r e l u c t a n t o r d id n ot h a v e the m e a n s to i n s t i t u t e l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s . Chapter II. Summary Discipline of Members and Local Union Officers S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e m a y b e d e f in e d s i m p l y a s p u n i s h m e n t o r a p e n a l t y v i s i t e d u p o n a u n io n m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r w ith o ut p r o c e e d i n g t h r o u g h the c o m b i n a tio n of s a f e g u a r d s c o m m o n l y c a l l e d " d u e p r o c e s s . " ( S e e c h a p t e r VI. ) It m a y b e a u t o m a t i c an d, in a s e n s e , s e l f - i n f l i c t e d , a s w hen a m e m b e r w il f u l ly f a i l s to p a y d u e s w ith the k n o w l e d g e th a t s u c h d e lin q u e n c y m e a n s e x p u l s i o n . No c o n n o t a t io n o f s e v e r i t y i s n e c e s s a r i l y a t t a c h e d to the t e r m , a s it i s u s e d in t h is s tu d y ; p u n i s h m e n t m a y r a n g e f r o m a n o m i n a l fin e f o r f a i l u r e to v o te in a un ion e l e c t i o n to e x p u l s i o n an d l o s s of j o b , d e p e n d in g on the n a t u r e of the o f f e n s e . N o r d o e s s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e m e a n th a t p u n i s h m e n t i s f i n a l an d i r r e v o c a b l e ; a p p e a l s an d h e a r i n g s p r o c e d u r e s m a y b e a v a i l a b l e , a s i n d i c a t e d in t h is c h a p t e r , but s u c h a s p e c t s o f due p r o c e s s fo ll o w r a t h e r th an p r e c e d e th e a c t of s u m m a r y d iscip lin e . T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith two t y p e s of o f f e n s e s by m e m b e r s an d l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s f o r w h ich s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e w a s a u t h o r i z e d b y un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s a t the t i m e the a n a l y s i s w a s p r e p a r e d : (1) N o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s to the un ion ( d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s ) and (2) n e g l e c t of du ty an d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , d u a l u n i o n i s m , s t r i k e b r e a k i n g , an d o t h e r o f f e n s e s n ot in v o lv in g the f i n a n c i a l o b ligatio n s of m e m b e r s . V i r t u a l l y e v e r y n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n e x a m i n e d a u t h o r i z e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e . O f 158 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d ( t a b le I I - 1), 155 c o n ta in e d 41 T a b le I I - l . Sum m ary D isciplin e for N onpaym ent of F in an cial O bligations and for Other Reasons, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n AFL U n affiliated Members i Unions 1 i O Sum m ary d isciplin e provisions o T o ta l studied Unions M em bers Unions M em bers ----------------------------------------- 158 1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1 122 14, 2 2 8 .8 36 2, 694. 3 Constitutions providing for sum m ary d isciplin e ------------------------------------------------For nonpaym ent of fin an cial ob ligation s 155 1 6 ,7 4 2 . 1 120 14, 1 0 3 .8 35 2 ,6 3 8 .3 111 32 12 1 1 ,8 7 0 .5 4, 4 9 5 .8 375. 8 88 24 8 9, 6 2 7 .9 4, 2 8 8 .7 1 8 7 .2 23 8 4 2, 2 4 2 .7 2 0 7 .0 188. 6 3 1 8 1 .0 2 1 2 5 .0 1 5 6 .0 A ll constitutions and other reasons --------------------------------------------------- For nonpaym ent of fin an cial o b li g a t i o n s ------For other r e a s o n s -------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for sum m ary d isciplin e ------------------------------------------------- NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. 14 A s n o te d e a r l i e r , the c o n s t i t u t i o n s a n a l y z e d in t h is s t u d y w e r e p r i m a r i l y t h o s e in e f f e c t p r i o r to the e n a c t m e n t of th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g and D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959. T h a t a c t , by r e q u i r i n g a " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g " b e f o r e a m e m b e r c a n b e fin e d , s u s p e n d e d , e x p e l l e d , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e d ( e x c e p t f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f d u e s ) , h a s d r a s t i c a l l y c u r t a i l e d the r i g h t o f u n io n s to r e s o r t to s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s to i m p o s e d i s c i p l i n e . T h e f i n d i n g s in t h is c h a p t e r , t h e r e f o r e , s e r v e p r i m a r i l y a s a b e n c h m a r k o f p r a c t i c e s p e r m i t t e d p r i o r to the p a s s a g e of the L M R D A . R e f e r e n c e s h o u ld b e m a d e to ch. VIII, w h e r e c h a n g e s in s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s s i n c e the 1959 e n a c t m e n t a r e t r e a t e d . 9 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 2 10 s u m m a r y a u t h o r i t y an d o n ly 3 d id not— n a m e l y , the L o n g s h o r e m e n ® s an d W a r e h o u s e m e n s U n io n (ind. ), the S e a f a r e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion , an d th e M a r i n e a n d S h i p b u i ld i n g W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a . T h e b u lk o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s (111) p e r m i t t e d s u m m a r y a c t i o n b o th f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s to the u n io n an d f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s . O n ly 32 c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d g r o u n d s f o r s u m m a r y a c t i o n e x c l u s i v e l y to n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s , w h ile 12 a ll o w e d s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t o n ly f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n f a i l u r e to m e e t f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . T h u s , of th e 155 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t i n g s u m m a r y a c t i o n , 143 a u t h o r i z e d d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , an d 123 f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th an n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . O f t h is l a t t e r g r o u p , l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e in 11 6 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ( t a b l e I I - 2, I I - 3); th e r e m a i n i n g 7 s u m m a r y p r o v i s i o n s a p p l i e d e x c l u s i v e l y to i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s . D i s c i p l i n e f o r N o n p a y m e n t of F i n a n c i a l O b l i g a t i o n s When a w o r k e r j o i n s a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , h e a s s u m e s an o b l i g a t i o n to s u p p o r t the un ion b y w a y o f d u e s a n d w hen r e q u i r e d , b y p a y m e n t o f s p e c i a l a s s e s s m en ts. T h i s i s a b a s i c c o m m i t m e n t e n t a i l e d in s i g n i n g the m e m b e r s h i p c a r d ; it s u b m i t s th e n ew m e m b e r to the n e c e s s a r y d i s c i p l i n e of an o r g a n i z a t i o n s u p p o r t e d b y m e m b e r s h i p c o n t r i b u t i o n s . D e l i n q u e n c y in t h e s e p a y m e n t s i s o f te n v i e w e d n o t o n ly a s a t h r e a t to the u n io n 1s o n ly o r m a j o r s o u r c e of r e v e n u e , b u t a s a w e a k e n in g of th e u n io n 1s b a s i c i n t e r n a l d i s c i p l i n e , w h ich , if it w e r e to s p r e a d , c o u l d s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r the u n io n t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s o r e v e n i t s e x i s t e n c e . T herefore, m e m b e r s r i s k p u n i s h m e n t , d ue a l l o w a n c e b e in g m a d e f o r s i m p l e n e g l i g e n c e , f o r f a i l i n g to p a y t h e i r d u e s an d o t h e r f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . S i n c e th e p e n a l t i e s a r e e x t r e m e , o fte n in v o l v in g l o s s o f e m p l o y m e n t , d e m a n d f o r d u e s e n f o r c e m e n t in s o m e u n io n s i s f r e q u e n t l y t e m p e r e d by a r e a d y a c c e p t a n c e o f a n y r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e . T a b le II—2. Sum m ary D isciplin e for R easons Other Than the N onpaym ent of F in an cial O bligations, by Persons A ffe cte d and A ffiliatio n , N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n Sum m ary d isciplin e provisions AFL-CIO Unions A ll constitutions ----------------------------------------- Constitutions providing for sum m ary d iscip lin e* ----------------------------------------------M em bers ----------------------------------------------L ocal union officers --------------------------------International officers ------------------------------M em bers and lo c a l union officers -------------L ocal union and international o f f i c e r s ---------M em bers, lo c a l union, and international officers ----------------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for sum m ary d isciplin e ------------------------------------------------Constitutions with provisions covering: 3 M em bers ----------------------------------------------Local union officers -------------------------------International officers -------------------------------- Unions M embers Unions M em bers 158 1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1 122 14, 2 2 8 .8 36 2, 694. 3 2 123 1 22 7 57 12 1 2 ,2 4 6 . 3 4 0 .0 1 ,2 1 7 . 1 183. 3 6 ,5 4 3 .7 475. 3 96 1 19 4 43 9 9 ,8 1 5 .1 4 0 .0 1 ,2 0 7 .7 1 7 3 .3 4, 8 5 2 .4 4 6 5 .0 27 2, 4 3 1 .3 3 3 14 3 9 .4 1 0 .0 1 ,6 9 1 .4 10. 3 24 3 ,7 8 6 .9 20 3 ,0 7 6 .7 4 7 1 0 .2 35 .4 ,6 7 6 .8 26 4 ,4 1 3 .7 9 2 6 3 .0 82 115 43 1 0 ,3 7 0 .6 1 2 ,0 2 3 .0 4 ,4 4 5 .5 64 91 33 7 ,9 6 9 .1 9, 6 0 1 .8 3 ,7 1 5 .0 18 24 10 2 ,4 0 1 . 6 2 ,4 2 1 . 3 7 3 0 .5 A d ditive. 2 Includes provisions of 2 constitutions authorizing sum m ary d iscip lin e; sp e cifie d . 3 N onadditive. - - grounds for invoking d iscip lin e not NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. U n affiliated M em bers 11 Table II—3. Summary Discipline for Reasons Other Than the Nonpayment of Financial Obligations, by Persons Affected and Level Initiating Disciplinary Action, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) Sum m ary d isciplin e provisions A ll lev e ls Unions Constitutions providing for sum m ary d isc ip lin e 1 -------------------------------------M em bers ----------------------------------------L ocal union officers ------------------------International officers -----------------------M em bers and lo c a l union officers -------L ocal union and international o f f i c e r s ---M em bers, lo c a l union, and international officers ----------------------------------------Constitutions with provisions covering: 2 M em bers -----------------------------------Local union officers ---------------------International officers --------------------- L o cal le v e l International le v e l M embers Unions M embers Unions M em bers 123 12, 2 4 6 .3 11 4 7 6 .6 1 22 7 57 12 4 0 .0 1, 217.1 1 8 3 .3 6, 5 4 3 .7 475. 3 1 4 4 0 .0 3 6 8 .2 24 3, 7 8 6 .9 - 82 115 43 10, 3 7 0 .6 1 2 ,0 2 3 .0 4, 445. 5 7 10 - - 6 - - 6 8 .4 - Unions M em bers 62 3 ,9 2 0 .4 50 7, 8 4 9 .3 17 7 23 9 6 5 1 .7 1 8 3 .3 1, 3 3 8 .8 4 0 0 .1 1 197. 2 28 3 5 ,1 3 6 .5 7 5 .2 6 1, 3 4 6 .5 18 2, 4 4 0 .4 29 55 22 2, 6 8 5 .3 3, 7 3 7 .1 1 ,9 2 9 .9 46 50 3 21 7, 576. 9 7, 849. 3 2 ,5 1 5 .6 - 1 0 8 .4 4 3 6 .6 - Local and international lev e ls - _ A d d itive. 2 N onadditive. 3 In each constitution the provisions involve the d iscip lin e of lo c a l union officers, or m em bers and lo c a l union officers, in ad dition to international officers, hence the appearan ce of d isciplin e at the lo c a l le v e l. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. P r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z i n g d i s c i p l i n e f o r f i n a n c i a l d e lin q u e n c y w e r e w i d e spread. M o s t p r e v a l e n t w e r e d u e s d i s c i p l i n e c l a u s e s ( t a b le I I - 4 ) , f o l l o w e d b y a s s e s s m e n t s p r o v i s i o n s ( t a b le I I -6) an d f i n a l l y b y f i n e s p r o v i s o s ( t a b l e I I - 5 ) . O n ly 15 c o n s t i t u t i o n s m a d e no p r o v i s i o n f o r d u e s d i s c i p l i n e b y a f o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c l a u s e . 15 M a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d p r o v i s i o n s ( a g a i n , t h e r e m a y a l s o b e i n f o r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t s ) e x o n e r a t i n g c e r t a i n m e m b e r s f r o m p a y m e n t s . 16 M e m b e r s who a r e u n e m p l o y e d , f o r i n s t a n c e , m a y b e e x e m p t o r m a y p a y o n ly s h a r p l y r e duced "o u t- o f- w o r k d u e s. n S im ila r e a sin g o r e r a s u r e of o b ligatio n s m a y a ls o a p p ly to m e m b e r s on s t r i k e , s i c k m e m b e r s , an d m e m b e r s i n v o l v e d in th e o r g a n i z i n g o f t h e i r p la n t . A lth o u g h a n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o v e r e d d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y in on e p r o v i s i o n , m o r e c o m m o n l y o n ly d u e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s w e r e t r e a t e d t o g e t h e r . U s u a l l y s u c h p r o v i s i o n s w e r e p a r t o f a n a r t i c l e on the r i g h t s an d d u t i e s o f m e m b e r s h i p o r on the f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s o f m e m b e r s h i p . D is c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n e s w a s ofte n h a n d l e d s e p a r a t e l y , u s u a l l y in the p r o v i s i o n f o r c h a r g e s , t r i a l s , an d p e n a l t i e s . 15 U n d e r a u n i o n - s h o p p r o v i s i o n in a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t , f a i l u r e to p a y o r to t e n d e r d u e s i s c a u s e f o r a u t o m a t i c d i s m i s s a l . S e e U n ion S e c u r i t y an d C h e c k o f f P r o v i s i o n s in M a j o r U n io n C o n t r a c t s . 1958—59 ( B U S B u l letin 1272, I960). 16 F o r the v a r i e t y of t r a d e u n io n a p p r o a c h e s to d e f in in g w h at c o n s t i t u t e s u n ion m e m b e r s h i p — a c l o s e l y a l l i e d q u e s t i o n — s e e D i r e c t o r y of N a t i o n a l an d I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ited S t a t e s . 1961 ( B B S B u l l e t i n 1320, 1 9 6 2 ), p p . 44—4 5 . 12 Table II-4. Discipline for Nonpayment of Dues, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (Membeys in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied D isciplin e provisions AFL-CIO Unions Members U n affiliated Unions M em bers Unions M em bers -------- -------------- ----------- ------- 158 1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1 122 14, 2 2 8 .9 36 2, 694. 3 Constitutions providing for d iscip lin e -------------A u tom atic d iscip lin e: A fter g ra c e period; no notice — -------------A fter g race period; notice -------------------If not paid on due d ate -----------------------After g race period; notice only to those on ch eckoff -------------------------------------Su b ject to d iscip lin e: A fter g ra c e period; no notice ---------------A fter g race period; notice --------------------Other ------------ ------------------- --------------------Constitutions not providing for d isciplin e -------- 143 1 6 ,3 6 6 .3 112 1 3 ,9 1 6 .7 31 2, 449. 7 89 19 8 1 0 ,7 0 3 .8 2 ,3 8 5 .7 5 7 3 .7 74 10 6 8 ,4 7 8 .3 2, 2 4 8 .5 5 4 4 .6 15 9 2 2 ,2 2 5 .5 1 3 7 .2 29. 1 2 1, 1 6 2 .0 2 1 ,1 6 2 .0 - 16 7 1 2 15 744. 1 717. 1 7 9 .9 5 5 6 .8 11 7 2 10 6 8 6 .2 7 1 7 .1 7 9 .9 3 1 2 .2 A ll constitutions 5 5 7 .9 - - - - 5 2 4 4 .6 1 constitution allow ed lo c a l unions to d iscip lin e after a m inim um 6 months* g rac e period under rigid notice requirem ents, but reserved sum m ary expulsion to the international union follow ing a 1-y ear m inim um g race period; the second constitution authorized d isciplin e but g ave none of the d etails com m on ly found in other constitutions. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. T a b le II-5 . D isciplin e for N onpaym ent of Fines, N ational and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 19611 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied AFL-CIO D isciplin e provisions Unions U n affiliated M em bers Unions M embers Unions M em bers ----— ------------------------ --------- 158 1 6 ,9 2 3 . 1 122 14, 2 2 8 .8 36 2 ,6 9 4 . 3 Constitutions providing for d isciplin e -------------A u tom atic d iscip lin e: A fter grace period; no notice ----------- ---A fter g race period; notice --------------------If not paid on due d a t e ------------------------Su b ject to d iscip lin e: After g race period; no notice ---------------After grace period; notice --------------------O th e r ------— -------------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for d i s c i p l i n e ---------- 83 1 2 ,6 8 5 .4 73 11, 1 9 7 .9 10 1 ,4 8 7 . 6 48 10 8 7 ,7 9 6 .7 2, 374. 1 3 7 3 .5 44 8 7 6, 3 5 4 .7 2, 3 3 8 .2 3 6 9 .2 4 2 1 1 ,4 4 1 . 9 3 5 .9 4. 3 10 5 X2 75 6 9 6 .0 404. 1 1 ,0 4 1 .0 4, 2 3 7 .7 7 5 2 49 6 9 0 .5 404. 1 1 ,0 4 1 .0 3 ,0 3 0 .9 3 - 5 .5 - A ll constitutions - 26 - 1, 2 0 6 .8 1 constitution authorized d isciplin e but provided none of the d etails com m on ly found in other constitutions; the other constitution approved lo c a l union sum m ary action that involved cases where the facts were not in dispute. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. R e lativ e ly sp eak in g, p r o v is io n s fo r d isc ip lin e fo r nonpaym ent of fin es w e r e l e s s n u m e r o u s th a n s i m i l a r c l a u s e s c o v e r i n g d u e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s . T h i s s u g g e s t s th a t s e p a r a t e e n f o r c e m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d u n n e c e s s a r y , s i n c e i m p l i c i t in the i m p o s i t i o n o f f i n e s i s the e x i s t e n c e of m e a s u r e s to c o m p e l c o m p l i a n c e , e i t h e r b y o t h e r s u m m a r y a c t i o n s o r b y in v o k in g the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e . 13 Table II— 6. Discipline for Nonpayment of Assessments, National and International Unioix Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studi-ed A ffiliatio n D iscip lin e provisions AFL-CIO Unions A ll constitutions U n affiliated M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers ----------- ------------- ----------------- 158 1 6 ,9 2 3 .1 122 14, 2 2 8 .8 36 2, 694. 3 Constitutions providing for d iscip lin e -------------A u tom atic d iscip lin e: A fter g race period; no notice ---------------A fter grace period; notice --------------------If not paid on due d a t e ------------------------Su b ject to disciplin e: A fter g race period; no notice ---------------A fter g race period; notice ------------------Other ------------------------ ---------------------- — Constitutions not providing for d i s c i p l i n e ---------- 113 1 2 ,7 3 3 .8 89 10, 4 5 8 .2 24 2, 275 . 6 69 17 8 8 ,7 2 9 .7 2 ,7 1 0 .5 5 2 1 .0 56 12 6 6, 666. 1 2, 5 8 3 .2 4 9 1 .8 13 5 2 2 ,0 6 3 .7 127. 3 29. 1 12 4 *3 45 6 5 7 .4 28. 1 8 7 .2 4 ,1 8 9 .3 8 4 3 33 6 0 1 .9 2 8 .1 8 7 .2 3, 7 7 0 .6 4 5 5 .5 - - 12 4 1 8 .7 1 3 constitutions authorized d iscip lin e but g av e none of the d etails com m only found in other constitutions. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. T h e p e n a l t y f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f d u e s w a s , by an d l a r g e , e x p l i c i t l y and f o r c e f u l l y s e t f o r t h . In c o n t r a s t , a lt h o u g h m a n y c l a u s e s c o v e r i n g f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s w e re eq u ally c l e a r co n cern in g d isc ip lin e , a sig n ific a n t n u m b er w ere vague. E i g h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t i e d f i n e s a n d / o r a s s e s s m e n t s to d u e s b y s t i p u l a t i n g th a t p a y m e n t o f t h e s e o b l i g a t i o n s h a d to p r e c e d e p a y m e n t o f d u e s . T h u s a r r e a r a g e s in f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s w e r e t r e a t e d a s a d e f a u l t in d u e s , u t i l i z i n g the p e n a l t i e s s e c t i o n o f the d u e s c l a u s e . S e e , f o r i n s t a n c e , the form, o f s t a t e m e n t o f f e r e d b y the F i r e m e n an d O i l e r s : A l l d u e s a r e p a y a b l e on th e f i r s t d a y of e a c h m o n th . . . an d a l l f i n e s a n d a s s e s s m e n t s l e v i e d b y the (union) m u s t b e p a i d b e f o r e d u e s a r e c o llec te d . A n o t h e r e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s d e f in e d f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s to m e a n d u e s . A n u m b e r o f d u e s c l a u s e s w e r e s o b r o a d l y s t a t e d th a t th e y c o v e r e d a l l c o n t i n g e n c i e s , i n c l u d i n g d e f a u l t in f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s . D isc ip lin a r y action c o u ld b e t a k e n , f o r i n s t a n c e , in f i v e t r a d e u n i o n s , if ‘' o b l i g a t i o n s 11 o r “ c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o b l i g a t i o n s " h a d n ot b e e n m e t , o r if the m e m b e r s i m p l y w a s “ in a r r e a r s . “ T h r e e o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s o p e n e d th e d o o r to d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n e s a n d / o r a s s e s s m e n t s by s t i p u l a t i n g p u n i s h m e n t f o r d e l i n q u e n c i e s in “ d u e s o r o t h e r p a y m e n t s , “ o r in “ d u e s o r o t h e r m o n i e s ow e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . “ Four c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d p u n i s h m e n t f o r t h o s e who o w e d “ a n a m o u n t e q u a l to 3 m o n t h s 1 d u e s " o r “ a n a m o u n t in e x c e s s o f 3 m o n t h s 1 d u e s . “ T h e p e n a l t y a t t a c h e d to n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s t y p i c a l l y w a s su sp e n sio n o r e xp u lsio n . W h e r e b o th p e n a l t i e s w e r e a u t h o r i z e d , th e y u s u a l l y f o llo w e d in s e q u e n c e : S u s p e n s io n fo r d elin q u en cy c o v e r in g a s p e c ifie d p e rio d , 14 f o ll o w e d b y e x p u l s i o n f o r d e l i n q u e n c y c o n tin u e d into a l o n g e r p e r i o d . Such a p r o c e d u r e w a s a v a i l a b l e to the A m e r i c a n B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s 1 (A F L -C IO ): M e m b e r s in a r r e a r s w ith d u e s a n d / o r a s s e s s m e n t s m o r e th an 2 m o n t h s s h a l l b e s u s p e n d e d by the l o c a l u n ion to w h ich th e y b e l o n g a s w e l l a s b y th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n . S u sp e n sio n sh a ll m e a n l o s s of a ll l o c a l an d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n p r i v i l e g e s an d b e n e f i t s an d o f a l l r i g h t s to p a r t i c i p a t e in l o c a l p r o c e e d i n g s . M e m b e r s m a y b e e x p e l l e d f o r b e in g in a r r e a r s w ith t h e i r r e g u l a r d u e s o r a n y a s s e s s m e n t m o r e th a n 6 m o n t h s , p r o v i d e d th a t th e y h a v e r e c e i v e d n o t i c e o f t h e i r d e l i n q u e n c y a t l e a s t 24 h o u r s p r i o r to the exp u lsio n . A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s o p h r a s e d t h e i r p e n a l t y c l a u s e th a t the u n ion to o k no d i r e c t a c t i o n to s u s p e n d the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r ; but r a t h e r , the m e m b e r * s i n a c t i o n in n ot p a y i n g h i s o b l i g a t i o n s w a s i n t e r p r e t e d a s s e l f - s u s p e n s i o n : . . . W h e r e a m e m b e r a l l o w s h i s a r r e a r a g e f o r d u e s , f i n e s , and a s s e s s m e n t s to ru n o v e r the l a s t d a y of the s e c o n d m o n th w ith o ut p a y m e n t , h e d o e s t h e r e b y s u s p e n d h i m s e l f f r o m m e m b e r s h i p in t h is A s s o c i a t i o n , an d the f a c t th a t the m e m b e r i s not in p o s s e s s i o n of h i s m o n th ly w o r k i n g c a r d i s d ue n o t ic e to h i m of h i s s u s p e n s i o n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p an d no f u r t h e r n o t ic e w il l b e n e c e s s a r y . . . ( S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y an d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s ) . P r e c a u t i o n s w e r e s o m e t i m e s t a k e n to g i v e n o t ic e to the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r th a t h i s m e m b e r s h i p s t a t u s w a s e n d a n g e r e d . 17 The fo r m of n o tice v a r ie d ; s o m e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d w r i t t e n n o t i c e , w h ile o t h e r s s e t a p r i o r s u s p e n s i o n a s the f i r s t s t e p in an i n e x o r a b l e d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s l e a d i n g to e x p u l s i o n w h ich c o u ld o n ly b e h a l t e d by e r a s i n g a r r e a r a g e s . T y p i c a l l y , p e n a l t i e s f o r n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s w e r e s u m m a r i l y a p p l i e d . In s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t e x c e p t i o n s f r o m t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e re noted. A m o n g t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w a s th at of the C e m e n t , L i m e an d G ypsum W orkers: E v e r y o f f i c e r and m e m b e r o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion s h a l l b e e n t it le d to a j u s t an d i m p a r t i a l t r i a l f o r an y o f f e n s e of w h ich h e m a y be c h a r g e d e x c e p t i n g the n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , f i n e s , and a s s e s s m e n t s . . . . M o s t c o m m o n ly , a r r e a r a g e s w e r e a ll o w e d to p e r s i s t d u r i n g a g r a c e p e r i o d r a n g i n g f r o m 1 m o n th to 1 y e a r , a f t e r w h ich p e n a l t i e s m i g h t be a p p l i e d w ith o u t r e q u i r i n g n o t i c e to the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r , 18 a s , f o r e x a m p l e , in the B r i c k l a y e r s : A n y m e m b e r o r a p p r e n t i c e in a r r e a r s f o r d u e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s f o r 3 m o n t h s s h a l l c e a s e to be a m e m b e r of th is U n io n w ith o ut n o t i c e . 17 S e e t a b l e s I I - 4 , I I - 5 , and I I - 6 . S u c h p r o v i s o s a p p e a r e d in 19, 10, an d 17 c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e f e r r i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y , to d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s . 18 S e e t a b l e s I I - 4 , I I - 5 , an d I I -6 . R o u g h ly 62, 58, and 61 p e r c e n t of the c l a u s e s r e s p e c t i v e l y c o v e r i n g d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s in c l u d e d s u c h p r o v i s o s . 15 L e s s th a n 15 p e r c e n t of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s in e a c h s u b j e c t a r e a ( d u e s , f i n e s , and a s s e s s m e n t s ) p r o v i d e d f o r s i m i l a r g r a c e p e r i o d s a n d a l s o c a r e f u l l y p r e s c r i b e d th a t th e d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r h a d to b e i n f o r m e d th a t h i s m e m b e r s h i p w a s in j e o p a r d y b e f o r e a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n c o u ld be in v o k e d . Typ i c a l i s the R a i l r o a d S ig n a lm e n ® s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n : W h e n e v e r a n y m e m b e r o f th e B r o t h e r h o o d s h a l l b e in a r r e a r s f o r on e q u a r t e r w ith d u e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s , the f i n a n c i a l s e c r e t a r y s h a l l m a i l s a i d m e m b e r a n o t i c e to h i s l a s t know n a d d r e s s , s a i d n o t i c e to s p e c i f y the a m o u n t in a r r e a r s . If, a f t e r s u c h n o t ic e h a s b e e n duly f o r w a r d e d ”tcTthe m e m b e r , h i s d u e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s r e m a i n u n p a id f o r a n o t h e r q u a r t e r , said m e m b e r sh a ll be a u to m a tic a lly susp en d ed . A m o r e s e v e r e p r o c e d u r e , in e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o v e r i n g d u e s , e ig h t c o v e r i n g f i n e s , an d e ig h t c o v e r i n g a s s e s s m e n t s , n e i t h e r g r a c e p e r i o d n o r n o t ic e w a s a ll o w e d . If d u e s , f i n e s , o r a s s e s s m e n t s w e r e n ot p a i d b y a s p e c i f i e d c u to f f d a t e , the d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r r a n th e r i s k o f s w i ft an d a u t o m a t i c p u n i s h m e n t . S u c h a c l a u s e w a s w r i t t e n into the R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s 1 ( A F L ~ C I O ) c o n s t it u t io n : M e m b e r s h i p s h a l l t e r m i n a t e a t the end o f the l a s t d a y o f the p e r i o d f o r w h ich a l l d u e s , a s s e s s m e n t s , an d o t h e r p a y m e n t s h a v e b e e n p a i d . . . S o m e unions d iffe re n tia te d , sessm en ts. a ll o w in g a g r a c e p e rio d for d u es, b u t n on e f o r a s R e c o g n i z i n g m i t i g a t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , one un ion e s t a b l i s h e d a fund f r o m w h ich l o a n s c o u ld b e m a d e f o r p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . T o p r o t e c t i t s e l f f r o m a n o t h e r ty p e o f d e lin q u e n c y , the u n io n th en m a d e a n y m e m b e r who d e f a u l t e d in p a y in g the l o a n s u b j e c t to c h a r g e s an d t r i a l . A m o n g t h o s e c l a u s e s c l a s s i f i e d a s r e q u i r i n g p a y m e n t on the due d a te w e r e s e v e r a l w h ich p r o v i d e d th a t a g u il t y m e m b e r w o u ld s t a n d s u s p e n d e d u n t il the fin e w a s p a i d ; f o r i n s t a n c e , the B r i c k l a y e r s s t i p u l a t e d th at: A n y m e m b e r o r s u b o r d i n a t e u n io n a g a i n s t w h ich a n y fi n e s h a l l be i m p o s e d f o r a n y v i o l a t i o n of an y p r o v i s i o n o f t h i s C o n s t i t u t i o n s h a l l s t a n d s u s p e n d e d u n t il s u c h fin e s h a l l h a v e b e e n p a i d . T w e n t y - t h r e e d u e s p r o v i s i o n s , 15 f i n e s c l a u s e s , a n d 16 a s s e s s m e n t s p r o v i s o s c o n t a in e d a s p e c t s o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , b u t o p e n ly r e c o g n i z e d an e l e m e n t of d i s c r e t i o n to b e e m p l o y e d by the e n f o r c i n g a g e n c y . T his d is c r e tio n m a y , in p r a c t i c e , b e e x e r c i s e d in o t h e r u n i o n s . T y p ically th e se p ro v isio n s s t a t e d th a t a d e lin q u e n t m e m b e r " m a y b e " p e n a l i z e d o r " i s s u b j e c t t o " p u n i s h m e n t . O t h e r w i s e the c l a u s e s c o n t a in e d a l l e l e m e n t s o f the p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d p r o v i s i o n s i n c lu d in g g r a c e p e r i o d , n o t i c e , an d p u n i s h m e n t . S u m m a r y D i s c i p l i n e f o r O f f e n s e s O th e r T h a n N o n p a y m e n t of F i n a n c i a l O b l i g a t i o n s A l l but 1 o f the 116 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e o f l o c a l o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th an f a i l u r e to m e e t f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s d i r e c t e d s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s a t l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s , w h ile 82 o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e f e r r e d to r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s ( t a b l e s I I- 2 a n d I I - 3). One c o n s t i t u tio n , th a t o f the N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n ion , a p p l i e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e e x c l u s i v e l y to m e m b e r s , s i n c e the un ion h ad no l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s in the c o m m o n l y a c c e p t e d s e n s e o f th e t e r m , but on ly b r a n c h o f f i c e r s an d p o r t a g e n t s who, a l though e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s h i p , w e r e d i r e c t l y a n s w e r a b l e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion on a l l m a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r d u t i e s . 16 In d e fin in g the p e r s o n s s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y a c t i o n , s o m e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e l e s s th a n p r e c i s e . U s u a l l y , t h e s e c l a u s e s s p e c i f i e d th a t " m e m b e r s " c o u ld b e s u m m a r i l y d i s c i p l i n e d , i m p l y i n g , b u t not e x p l i c i t l y s t a t i n g , th a t th e t e r m w a s a l l - i n c l u s i v e , i. e. , m e a n t to in c l u d e o f f i c e r s a s w e l l a s m e m b e r s . On th e o t h e r h an d , an o c c a s i o n a l un io n , s u c h a s th e S t a g e E m p l o y e s , e x p l i c i t l y d e f i n e d " m e m b e r s ' : s o a s to l e a v e no d o u b t th a t o f f i c e r s w e r e i n c l u d e d . T h e p o w e r to a p p ly s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , f i n e s , an d a s s e s s m e n t s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s and l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s w a s m o s t o fte n v e s t e d in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un io n ( t a b l e I I - 3). F o r in sta n c e , of the 115 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e m p o w e r i n g s u m m a r y a c t i o n a g a i n s t l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s , 55 s a n c t i o n e d a c t i o n a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l a l o n e , w h ile a n o t h e r 50 g a v e a u t h o r ity j o i n t l y to l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l s . T h u s , 105 o f 115 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e m p o w e r e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n a g a i n s t l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s . The re m a in in g 10 v e s t e d p o w e r s o l e l y in the l o c a l un ion . S i m i l a r l y , in the 82 p r o v i s i o n s c o v e r in g r a n k an d f i l e m e m b e r s , 7 5 p r o v i s i o n s g a v e the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n a u t h o r i t y to l e v y s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t , 29 a s s i g n i n g s o l e j u r i s d i c t i o n an d 46 s h a r i n g the p o w e r b e t w e e n l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n s . A g a i n , the r e m a i n i n g s e v e n g a v e a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l l e v e l on ly. A lt h o u g h an o c c a s i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o r b y l a w s m i g h t a u t h o r i z e a m e m b e r sh ip m e e t i n g to r e s o l v e i t s e l f into a c o m m i t t e e o f the w h o le in o r d e r to s u m m a r i l y p u n ish an o ffe n d e r, s u m m a r y d is c ip lin e w as p r i m a r i l y an e x e c u tiv e fu n c tio n , w ith the c h ie f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r ( l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l ) u s u a l l y e m p o w e r e d f i r s t to d e t e r m i n e when s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e s h o u ld b e in v o k e d an d th en to a d m i n i s t e r it. In 39 p r o v i s i o n s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t m i g h t d e l e g a t e a d e p u ty to a c t in h i s s t e a d . A s a c h e c k up on the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t s p o w e r , 12 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a s u b s e q u e n t e x e c u t i v e b o a r d r e v i e w an d a p p r o v a l of the p r e s i d e n t s action . E l e v e n o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s to o k the n e x t p r e c a u t i o n a r y s t e p b y v e s t i n g s u m m a r y p o w e r jo i n t l y in the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d and th e e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r , w h ile 24 g a v e p o w e r s o l e l y to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . On the l o c a l l e v e l , e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s g a v e s u m m a r y p o w e r to the p r e s i d e n t , f i v e to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , an d s e v e n to the m e m b e r s h i p . R e a s o n s f o r d i s c i p l i n e o t h e r th an the n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s w e r e n u m e r o u s an d d i v e r s e a m o n g the 123 c o n s t i t u t i o n s (in c lu d in g th e 7 th a t r e f e r r e d on ly to the d i s c i p l i n e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s ) . M o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d m o r e th a n one g r o u n d f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e y i e l d i n g , in t o t a l , m o r e th a n 40 d i f f e r e n t g r o u n d s . S e v e r a l of t h e s e , b e l i e v e d to b e o f i m p o r t a n c e in u n ion a f f a i r s , w e r e e a r m a r k e d f o r s p e c i a l a n a l y s i s an d a r e d i s c u s s e d b e lo w . A s m a l l e r n u m b e r a r e s u m m a r i z e d in t a b l e I I - 7. In the m a i n , the a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d the fo llo w in g p a t t e r n : (1) T h e p r i m a r y s u b j e c t of s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e s w a s the l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r , a lt h o u g h m a n y c o v e r e d m e m b e r s ; and (2) the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l w a s m o s t o fte n e m p o w e r e d to i n i t i a t e s u m m a r y a c t i o n , a lt h o u g h a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r l e f t p o w e r a t the l o c a l l e v e l . M i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n . W h e r e t h e r e w a s r e a s o n to b e l i e v e th a t m o n e y w a s b e in g m i s a p p r o p r i a t e d o r m i s h a n d l e d , a n u m b e r of u n i o n s , in c lu d in g the T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n ion , A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s , and O il, C h e m i c a l and A t o m i c W o r k e r s , e m p o w e r e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un io n to m o v e s w i f t l y a g a i n s t the o f fe n d in g l o c a l 17 T a b le 11- 7 . S e le c te d Grounds for Sum m ary D isciplin e by L evel, Persons A ffe cte d , and P enalties, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 Grounds for sum m ary d iscip lin e Sum m ary d iscip lin e provisions Level at which action is in itiated -------Local union ---------------------------------International u n i o n -----------------------Both l e v e l s ----------------------------------Persons su bject to d i s c i p l i n e ---------------M em bers -----------------------------------L ocal union officers ---------------------M em bers and lo c a l union o f f i c e r s ----International officers --------------------M em bers, lo c a l union, and international officers -----------------International and lo c a l union o ffic e rs-Penalty a p p lied -------------------------------A u tom atic fin e ----------------------------A u tom atic su sp e n sio n --------------------A u tom atic e x p u ls io n ---------------------Penalty at the d iscretion of the disciplin in g body ------------------------ Dual unionism S trik e breaking 15 1 13 1 15 - 2 12 - Secession Resort to courts 11 1 4 20 8 4 - 2 11 1 2 - 4 7 1 13 7 20 - - 2 1 - - 1 15 3 10 11 1 1 7 - 2 2 - ' - 1 4 - 4 19 - Union law M isappro v io latio n s1 priation 46 8 36 2 46 3 14 23 1 F alse charges 14 2 12 - 14 - 10 2 - 21 8 4 9 21 2 - 17 1 5 46 5 2 14 1 16 28 6 13 1 21 6 4 - 1 7 1 11 1 - 20 2 - Included in union law violation s are refu sal to follow orders or directions of union o ffic ia ls, as w ell as v io lation s of the constitution or bylaw s of the union. o fficer. T h e A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s , f o r i n s t a n c e , a u t h o r i z e d a c t i o n w hen a l l m o n i e s d u e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n w e r e n ot r e m i t t e d b y the l o c a l u n io n a s expected: . . . the o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s u c h f a i l u r e s h a l l be s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y e x p u l s i o n o r s u s p e n s i o n an d s h a l l n o t b e a l l o w e d to h o ld o f f i c e in th e o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r a p e r i o d o f 2 y e a r s . . . A l o n g s i m i l a r l i n e s , th e S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y a n d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s u n io n d i c t a t e d th a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r f i r s t h a d to " a s k 11 the l o c a l u n io n to r e m o v e the o f fe n d in g f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e r a n d , in the e v e n t o f n o n c o m p l i a n c e , th en th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r c o u ld a c t a g a i n s t t h o s e l o c a l o f f i c e r s who r e f u s e d to c o o p e r a t e . T r u s t e e s o r m e m b e r s o f a u d it in g c o m m i t t e e s who c o l l u s i v e l y f a l s i f i e d l o c a l u n io n f i n a n c i a l d a t a in o r d e r to b u r y e v i d e n c e o f m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n w e r e s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t , u n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T o f o r e s t a l l f i n a n c i a l m i s c o n d u c t in the a b s e n c e o f s p e c i f i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r , the " c a t c h a l l " u n io n l a w v i o l a t i o n s c l a u s e m i g h t b e a p p l i e d w h en n e c e s s a r y . Jo b D isc ip lin e . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of m e m b e r s an d o f f i c e r s to th e j o b w a s the s u b j e c t o f a n u m b e r o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s . A m o n g the a c t i v i t i e s in t h is a r e a th a t w e r e p u n i s h a b l e by s u m m a r y p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e (1) w o r k in g in a n on u n ion sh o p ; (2) a c c e p t i n g w a g e s l o w e r th an un io n s t a n d a r d s ; (3) ta k i n g a j o b a w a y f r o m a f e l l o w u n io n m e m b e r ; an d (4) v i o l a t i n g u n io n w o r k r u l e s . In i t s e f f o r t to c o n t r o l j o b j u r i s d i c t i o n , one u n ion (the H o s i e r y W o r k e r s ) m a d e p r o v i s i o n f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e o f a n y u n e m p l o y e d m e m b e r who f a i l e d to r e g i s t e r w ith the un ion h i s o u t - o f - w o r k s t a t u s . 18 U n io n L o y a l t y . R i v a l r y b e t w e e n c o m p e t i t i v e u n io n s a n d s o m e t i m e s b e tw e e n c l a s h i n g i d e o l o g i e s i s r e f l e c t e d in un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r d u a l u n i o n i s m , n o t a b l y t h o s e of th e H o t e l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s ; P u l p , S u lp h it e an d P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s ; A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s , an d th e B a k e r y W o r k e r s (Ind. )• T h e B r e w e r y W o r k e r s ( A F L —CIO ), f o r e x a m p l e , w h ich f o r y e a r s h a d e x p e r i e n c e d b i t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m the T e a m s t e r s , i n c l u d e d th e f o ll o w in g p r o v i s o in i t s c o n s t it u t io n : O f f i c e r s o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of l o c a l u n io n s o r . . . of th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n who a c c e p t m e m b e r s h i p o r a n y o f f i c i a l o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p o s i t i o n in a r i v a l o r c o m p e t i n g l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l t h e r e b y a u t o m a t i c a l l y f o r f e i t t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p an d o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n in the l o c a l a n d / o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion a s the c a s e m a y b e . In on e c o n s t it u t io n , r e f u s a l to d e c l a r e u n d e r o a th w ith in 30 d a y s th a t h e d id n ot h a v e d u a l u n ion m e m b e r s h i p w a s d e e m e d p r o o f of s u c h m e m b e r s h i p , an d th e m e m b e r c o u ld th en b e e x p e l l e d by the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . S t r i k e b r e a k i n g , o r r e f u s i n g to s t r i k e w hen c a l l e d on to do s o , o r o t h e r w i s e a i d in g a s t r u c k e m p l o y e r , c o u ld b e s u m m a r i l y p u n i s h e d in s e v e r a l u n i o n s , a m o n g th e m , L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s , the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n , an d a l s o the G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s A s s o c i a t i o n w h o s e c l a u s e i s p r e s e n t e d b e lo w : A n y m e m b e r w o r k i n g in a p l a n t th a t h a s b e e n o r d e r e d on s t r i k e . . . sh a ll a u to m a tic a lly be e x p e lle d fr o m m e m b e r s h ip . The n a m e o r n a m e s o f t h o s e e x p e l l e d s h a l l b e i m m e d i a t e l y r e p o r t e d to the e n t i r e m e m b e r s h i p b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y . I n s t i g a t o r s of, an d p a r t i c i p a n t s in, w i l d c a t s t r i k e s w e r e l i k e w i s e s u b j e c t to s u m m a r i l y a p p l i e d d i s c i p l i n e in a s m a l l n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n s , on e o f w h ich p l a c e d th e b u r d e n o f p r o o f o f i n n o c e n c e up o n the a c c u s e d . T o p r e v e n t p o s s i b l e a b u s e o f s t r i k e b e n e f i t s , th e M u s i c i a n s , f o r e x a m p l e , r u l e d th a t t h o s e m e m b e r s who r e c e i v e s t r i k e b e n e f i t s an d who th en a c c e p t a n o t h e r e n g a g e m e n t f o r w h ich the h o u r s w e r e the s a m e a s t h o s e on the r e g u l a r j o b s h a l l b y t h e i r a c t i o n a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e s i g n f r o m th e union. W h e r e the t h r e a t of s e c e s s i o n e x i s t e d , the M in e , M i l l a n d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ; B r e w e r y W o r k e r s ; B a k e r y W o r k e r s ; an d G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s , w e r e a u t h o r i z e d to s u m m a r i l y s u s p e n d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a n d / o r m e m b e r s . A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , the l o c a l u n ion w ou ld b e a d m i n i s t e r e d u n d e r a t r u s t e e s h i p a r r a n g e m e n t u n til s u c h t i m e a s the t h r e a t to s e c e d e w a s d i s s i p a t e d . R e s o r t to C o u r t s . V i r t u a l l y a l l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s p r o v i d e a n a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e f o r an a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m the d e c i s i o n s o f e i t h e r a l o c a l o r in te rn a tio n al t r i a l body. If the a g g r i e v e d e l e c t s to l i t i g a t e h i s c o m p l a i n t in the c o u r t s r a t h e r th a n to fo ll o w the p r e s c r i b e d a p p e a l s m a c h i n e r y , u n d e r the t e r m s of a n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h e c o u ld b e s u m m a r i l y e x p e l l e d , u s u a l l y b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ; P a p e r m a k e r s ; P a c k i n g h o u s e W o r k e r s ; R u b b e r W o r k e r s ; M in e , M i l l an d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ( I n d .) ; an d the B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s 1 ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l) U n ion p r o v i d e d the n e c e s s a r y a u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r s u c h c a s e s . T y p i c a l of s u c h p r o v i s i o n s w a s the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e f r o m the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n ^ c o n s t it u t io n : If an y s u b o r d i n a t e u n io n o r a n y m e m b e r of a s u b o r d i n a t e u n ion , s h a l l d i s r e g a r d a n y p r o v i s i o n of the c o n s t i t u t i o n o r l a w s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l 19 u n ion p e r t a i n i n g to a p p e a l s . . . , a n d s h a l l s e e k a d j u s t m e n t o r s e t t l e m e n t o f i t s o r h is c l a i m , d i f f e r e n c e s o r c o n t r o v e r s y b y o r t h r o u g h m e a n s o f a n y s u i t , a c t i o n o r p r o c e e d i n g s o f a n y k in d o r c h a r a c t e r w h a t s o e v e r in a n y c o u r t o f la w o r e q u i t y . . . w ith o u t h a v in g f i r s t e x h a u s t e d i t s o r h is r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r , in a n d b y s a i d c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d l a w s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , s h a l l t h e r e b y b e a u t o m a t i c a l l y e x p e l l e d f r o m the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , w ith o u t n o t ic e . . . T h e T e a m s t e r s 1 (Ind. ) a n d M a i l e r s 1 (Ind. ) c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a m o n g s e v e r a l o t h e r s , r e q u i r e d the a g g r i e v e d to p o s t a b o n d i f he r e s o r t e d to the c o u r t s . The b o n d w o u ld c o v e r the c o s t of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion * s l e g a l e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d in the c a s e , an d w o u ld b e p a i d , i f the un ion w on , a s a p e n a l t y " i n the n a t u r e of a fine. n One a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n b r o a d e n e d the a r e a in w h ic h s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e w o u ld b e a l l o w a b l e f r o m e x h a u s t i o n o f i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w ith d i s c i p l i n e to Ma c i v i l a c t i o n o f a n y n a m e o r n a t u r e n a g a i n s t the un ion o r the em p lo y e rs* a sso c ia tio n . E l e c t i o n e e r i n g a n d I n t e r n a l P o l i t i c s . E s t a b l i s h i n g r u l e s f o r u n ion e l e c t i o n s i s an i m p o r t a n t fu n c tio n o f the u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n . G e n e r a l l y , t h e s e r u l e s a l s o a t t e m p t e d to c o n t r o l the e x c e s s e s o r e x t r e m e s to w h ic h e l e c t i o n e e r i n g an d p o litics are su sc ep tib le . O r d i n a r i l y , r u l e v i o l a t i o n s w o u ld b e s u b j e c t to the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e , but o c c a s i o n a l l y p r o v i s i o n s w e r e fo u n d w h ic h a u t h o r i z e d the u s e of s u m m a r y d isc ip lin e . In a n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e , s u m m a r y d iscip lin e w as a u th o rized w here fa ls e o r r e c k l e s s c h a r g e s w ere file d a g a in st a c a n d i d a t e o r i n c u m b e n t b y o p p o s i t i o n g r o u p s , c h a r g e s w h ic h w h en b r o u g h t to t r i a l c o u l d n ot b e s u s t a i n e d . P u n i s h m e n t f o r f a l s e c h a r g e s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e in t h is c h a p t e r , t o g e t h e r w ith a n u m b e r o f r e l a t e d m a t t e r s . A d d i t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z e d the u s e o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r the f o ll o w in g : (1) S l a n d e r ; (2) d i s t r i b u t i o n o f u n a u t h o r i z e d o r d i s a p p r o v e d c i r c u l a r s ( u s u a l l y h a v in g p o l i t i c a l c o n t e n t ) ; a n d (3) f o r m a t i o n o f a " p o l i t i c a l ” c lu b w h e r e u n ion a f f a i r s c o u l d b e d i s c u s s e d o u t s i d e o f the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g a n d a w a y f r o m the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g p l a c e . A lth o u g h t h e s e r u l e s w e r e p r e s u m a b l y d e s i g n e d to c u r b e x c e s s e s o f p o l i t i c a l r i v a l r y in the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the u n ion , th e y m i g h t a l s o l e s s e n p o l i t i c a l o p p o s i t i o n . P erso n al M o ra ls. D ru n k en n e ss, p ro fa n ity , o r oth er d istu r b a n c e s of o t h e r w i s e o r d e r l y m e e t i n g s , in s o m e u n io n s w a s s u f f i c i e n t c a u s e f o r s u m m a r y action . T y p i c a l l y , a f i r s t o f f e n s e m i g h t d r a w a r e p r i m a n d f r o m the c h a i r , b u t a s e c o n d a n d t h i r d o f f e n s e , a s i n d i c a t e d in the C a r p e n t e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n , o p e n e d the d o o r to s u m m a r y a c t i o n : A n y m e m b e r e n t e r i n g the m e e t i n g in a s t a t e o f i n t o x i c a t i o n , o r who d i s t u r b s the h a r m o n y t h e r e o f , o r u s e s p r o f a n e o r u n b e c o m i n g l a n g u a g e d u r i n g the m e e t i n g s h a l l b e a d m o n i s h e d b y the c h a i r , a n d , if the m e m b e r a g a i n o f f e n d s , s h a l l b e f i n e d 50 c e n t s ; f o r the s e c o n d o f f e n s e , $ 1 a n d e x c l u d e d f r o m the r o o m ; f o r the t h i r d o f f e n s e the m e m b e r s h a l l b e s u s p e n d e d f o r 3 m o n th s . . . T h e p r e s i d e n t s h a l l s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e t h is s e c t i o n . One o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n d e c l a r e d th a t m e m b e r s h i p w o u ld c e a s e a n d i m m e d i a t e l y " f o r the s a l e o f i n t o x i c a t i n g l i q u o r s . "fo rth w ith 20 L o s s o f m e m b e r s h i p s i m i l a r l y w a s the s u m m a r y p e n a l t y l e v i e d u n d e r a fe w p r o v i s i o n s , s u c h a s the O r d e r o f R a i l w a y C o n d u c t o r s an d B r a k e m e n (Ind. ), f o r o b t a in i n g th a t m e m b e r s h i p u n d e r f a l s e p r e t e n s e s . S t i l l o t h e r u n i o n s , l i k e the B o o k b i n d e r s , in a d d it i o n to b a n n in g f r o m o f f i c e a n y c a n d i d a t e w ho h a d b e e n fo u n d g u i l t y o f c o m m i t t i n g a f e l o n y a t a n y t i m e d u r i n g the p r e v i o u s 10 y e a r s , a u t h o r i z e d the s u m m a r y r e m o v a l o f a n y o f f i c e r g u i l t y o f c o m m i t t i n g a f e lo n y : . . . s h o u l d an in c u m b e n t o f f i c e r b e c o n v i c t e d o r fo u n d g u i l t y o f c o m m i t t i n g a f e lo n y , he o r s h e s h a l l c e a s e to h o ld o f f i c e i m m e d i a t e l y , a n d s h a l l b e b a r r e d f r o m h o ld in g a n y o f f i c e in a n y s u b o r d i n a t e l o c a l u n io n o r the I n t e r n a t i o n a l (union). A d m i n i s t r a t i v e D i s c i p l i n e . T he c a t e g o r y w h e r e a u t h o r i z e d s u m m a r y p r o c e d u r e w a s m o s t o f te n in v o k e d l a y in the g e n e r a l a r e a o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s c i p l i n e , l a r g e l y r e s u l t i n g f r o m the r e q u i r e m e n t s o r d u t i e s o f o f f i c e , a n d the n e c e s s i t y f o r the s m o o t h o p e r a t i o n a n d i n t e r m e s h i n g o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d l o c a l u n io n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a c h i n e r i e s . A lth o u g h s o m e o f the s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e d e s c r i b e d a p p l i e s to m e m b e r s , m o s t o f it a p p l i e s to the a c t i v i t i e s o f l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s . T h e m o s t f r e q u e n t i n t e r n a l r u l e ( a p p e a r i n g , a m o n g o t h e r s , in c o n s t i tu t i o n s o f the C a r p e n t e r s ; C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s ; M e a t C u t t e r s ; R e t a i l C l e r k s ; S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ; H od C a r r i e r s ; M in e , M i l l an d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ; a n d L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s ) e m p o w e r e d the l o c a l u n io n o r the l o c a l u n io n m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g to d e c l a r e , v a c a n t a n y o f f i c e w h e r e the in c u m b e n t h a d b e e n a b s e n t f o r two o r t h r e e co n se cu tiv e m e e tin g s. A n ew e l e c t i o n m i g h t t a k e p l a c e i m m e d i a t e l y o r m i g h t o c c u r a t a s u b s e q u e n t m e e t i n g . A s a s a f e g u a r d , m o s t c l a u s e s l i m i t e d the s u m m a r y a c t i o n to t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e the o f f i c e r h a d no r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e f o r h is a b s e n c e s . T y p i c a l i s the p r o v i s i o n in the P a i n t e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n : I f a n y o f f i c e r f a i l s to d i s c h a r g e the d u t i e s o f h i s o f f i c e f o r t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e m e e t i n g s w ith o u t a r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e , the o f f i c e s h a l l b e d e c l a r e d v a c a n t , a n d an e l e c t i o n to f i l l the s a m e s h a l l t a k e p l a c e a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g . In a v e r y fe w c a s e s , m a r y fin es. m e m b e r s f a i l i n g to a t t e n d m e e t i n g s w e r e s u b j e c t to s u m F o r f a i l i n g to f i le r e p o r t s , the U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s ( I n d . ) ; B r i c k l a y e r s ; O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s ; a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r the l e v y i n g o f a u t o m a t i c f i n e s , u s u a l l y n o m i n a l s u m s , a g a i n s t l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s . T y p i c a l l y , the d e lin q u e n t r e p o r t s r e f e r r e d to w e r e f i n a n c i a l r e p o r t s , d e e m e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion to b e s o i m p o r t a n t to the c o n tin u o u s p r o t e c t i o n of fu n d s th a t no d e l a y s c o u l d b e t o l e r a t e d . A c t i o n m i g h t a l s o b e t a k e n if t h e r e w a s a n y undue d e l a y in a n s w e r in g c o m m u n i c a t i o n s f r o m the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion , o r i f the r e s p o n s i b l e l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r h a d f a i l e d to f i le r e p o r t s n e c e s s a r y f o r the u n i o n 1 s c o m p l i a n c e w ith p e r tin e n t F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l l a w s . trates T h e fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f r o m the G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s T c o n s t i t u t i o n i l l u s a co m m o n fo r m of su ch c l a u s e s : If he f a i l s o r n e g l e c t s to p r e p a r e an d f o r w a r d the s e m i a n n u a l r e p o r t o f the l o c a l u n io n o r s u c h o t h e r r e p o r t s a s r e q u i r e d , to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r w ith in 10 d a y s a f t e r the l a s t d a y o f e a c h h a l f y e a r , he s h a l l b e f i n e d the a m o u n t o f $ 5. F a i l u r e to p a y s u c h fin e w i l l s u b j e c t h im to s u m m a r y r e m o v a l f r o m o f f i c e . 21 U n d e r o t h e r c l a u s e s , m e m b e r s m i g h t b e s u m m a r i l y f i n e d f o r f a i l u r e to c a s t a v o te in an e l e c t i o n ; a n e l e c t e d o f f i c e r m i g h t h a v e h is e l e c t i o n s e t a s i d e if he f a i l e d to a p p e a r f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n ; o r a n o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r m i g h t b e s u m m a r i l y p u n i s h e d f o r m a k i n g a p p e a l s to o t h e r l o c a l s w ith o u t i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i z a t i o n , o r f o r f a i l i n g to e n f o r c e a un io n l a w . J u d i c i a l D i s c i p l i n e . In an a t t e m p t to s a f e g u a r d i n t e r n a l j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s e s a n d to a s s u r e a f a i r t r i a l , a n u m b e r o f r u l e s h a v e b e e n p r o m u l g a t e d , the v i o l a t i o n o f w h ic h m i g h t r e s u l t in s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t . T h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t of_ t h e s e r u l e s w e r e the p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d p r o v i s i o n s d e s i g n e d to p r o t e c t the a c c u s e d a g a i n s t f a l s e c h a r g e s b y h o ld in g o u t to a f a l s e a c c u s e r the r i s k o f s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t . A m o n g the u n io n s in v o k in g s u c h p r o c e d u r e s w e r e the T e a m s t e r s ( I n d . ) ; R u b b e r W o r k e r s ; O il, C h e m i c a l an d A t o m i c W o r k e r s ; B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ; a n d P a i n t e r s . T h e T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n io n , f o r e x a m p l e , a c t e d in the f o ll o w in g m a n n e r ; A n y m e m b e r b r i n g i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n o t h e r w h ic h he f a i l s to s u s t a i n b y p r o p e r e v i d e n c e m a y , b y a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f the u n io n , an d w ith o u t r e f e r r i n g the m a t t e r to a n y t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , b e c e n s u r e d o r f i n e d an a m o u n t e q u a l to the e x p e n s e o f the t r i a l , o r b o th c e n s u r e d a n d f i n e d . In a r e l a t e d a u t h o r i t y , fo u n d in a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t m i g h t a l s o b e in v o k e d a g a i n s t a n y a c c u s e r who r e f u s e d to s t a t e h is c h a r g e s in w r i t i n g . S i m i l a r l y , a s m a l l n u m b e r o f p r o v i s i o n s in v o k e d s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t a g a i n s t a w i t n e s s who i g n o r e d a s u m m o n s to t e s t i f y o r who f a i l e d to g i v e t r u e t e s t i m o n y . A d e f e n d a n t who r e f u s e d to s t a n d t r i a l m i g h t b e s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d s u m m a r i l y , a n d m e m b e r s o f a t r i a l c o m m i t t e who a b s e n t e d t h e m s e l v e s f r o m the t r i a l w ith o u t g o o d r e a s o n , o r who f a i l e d o r r e f u s e d to v o t e , w e r e a l s o s u b j e c t to s u m m a r y p u n ish m en t. U n io n L a w V i o l a t i o n s . A r a t h e r l a r g e g r o u p o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (46) c o n t a i n e d d i s c i p l i n e l a n g u a g e th a t a p p e a r e d to e n c o m p a s s v i r t u a l l y the w h o le r a n g e o f u n ion a c t i v i t y a n d b e h a v i o r w ith o u t b e i n g s p e c i f i c a b o u t a n y s i n g l e v i o l a t i o n . A lth o u g h in in v o k in g t h e s e Mc a t c h a l l ” c l a u s e s , the e n f o r c i n g a g e n t w o u ld h a v e to b e s p e c i f i c c o n c e r n i n g the b e h a v i o r d e e m e d to b e in v i o l a t i o n , the b e h a v i o r o r a c t th a t w o u ld b e v i o l a t i v e w o u ld n ot b e known to m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s e x c e p t t h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e an d c u s t o m . S u c h c l a u s e s w e r e d i r e c t e d to l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s m o r e o f te n th a n to r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s . E m p l o y i n g s u c h p r o v i s o s w e r e s o m e o f the l a r g e r t r a d e u n io n s in c lu d in g the C a r p e n t e r s ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ; H o d C a r r i e r s ; M a i n t e n a n c e o f W ay E m p l o y e s ; R e t a i l C l e r k s ; a n d U n it e d M in e W o r k e r s (Ind. ). T h e f o ll o w in g e x a m p l e s a r e d r a w n f r o m the A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s , a n d the S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y a n d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s * co n stitu tio n s; T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l , a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n in p e r s o n o r t h r o u g h a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , h a v e the p o w e r to s u m m a r i l y e x p e l o r s u s p e n d m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r d i n a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r v i o l a t i o n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n , L o c a l U nion b y l a w s , o r L o c a l U n io n c o n t r a c t s , o r f o r s u c h o t h e r c a u s e s w h ic h a r e d e e m e d s u f f i c i e n t b y h im to r e q u i r e p r o m p t a n d i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n on h is p a r t . A n y s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r s u s p e n d e d b y the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l h av e the r i g h t to a p p e a l . >!< * * T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r i t y to d e a l w ith o f f i c e r s o f a L o c a l D i v i s i o n f o r r e f u s a l to c a r r y out l a w s an d p o l i c i e s o f the A s s o c i a t i o n • . . T h e l o c a l d i v i s i o n o r l o c a l o f f i c e r th u s s u s p e n d e d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to a p p e a l to the f o ll o w in g C o n v e n tio n . . . 22 A s m a l l n u m b er of r e la te d c l a u s e s e m p o w ered s u m m a r y su sp e n sio n of o f f ic e r s an d m e m b e r s Mf o r c a u s e " o r r e m o v a l o f an o f f i c e r f o r " n e g l e c t of duty. " O t h e r S u m m a r y D i s c i p l i n e P r o v i s i o n s . O v e r a f o u r t h of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e r e l a t e d the s u m m a r y a c t i o n to the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a t r u st e e s h ip . O r d i n a r i l y a t r u s t e e s h i p i s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r f o r a n y on e o f a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s , and th e l o c a l i s a d m i n i s t e r e d b y h i s a p p o in t e d t r u s t e e . T h e t r u s t e e u s u a l l y i s g iv e n the p o w e r to c o n tin u e th e o f f i c e r s in o f f i c e , o r to s u s p e n d th e m . T h e s u b s e q u e n t h e a r i n g o r t r i a l i s c o n c e r n e d w ith th e p r o p r i e t y o f the t r u s t e e s h i p and i t s c o n t in u a n c e , n ot w ith th e s u s p e n d e d s t a t u s o f the o f f i c e r s . S i n c e t r u s t e e s h i p s and the g r o u n d s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t r u s t e e s h i p s h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d f u l l y in o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s , 19 t h e s e m a t t e r s a r e o n ly n o te d h e r e in r e l a t i o n to s u m m a r y a c t i o n . A lth o u g h m a n y u n io n s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y b a r r e d m e m b e r s h i p to C o m m u n i s t s o r to m e m b e r s o f s u b v e r s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a fe w p r o v i d e d , l i k e the B r o t h e r h o o d o f M a i n t e n a n c e o f W ay E m p l o y e s , th a t i f C o m m u n i s t s w e r e d i s c o v e r e d in the r a n k s , th e y w o u ld b e " f o r t h w i t h an d p r o m p t l y e x p e l l e d . " One l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a d e a r e f u s a l to c o m p l y w ith the n o n - C o m m u n i s t a f f i d a v i t r e q u i r e m e n t o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e l a t i o n s A c t of 1947 ( s i n c e e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h is a c t) s u f fic ie n t gro u n d s fo r s u m m a r y action . Two ad d itio n al p r o v is io n s e m p o w e re d e x e c u t i v e s to m o v e s u m m a r i l y a g a i n s t m e m b e r s who h a d n ot s o u g h t c i t i z e n s h i p w ith in a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e a f t e r h a v in g b e e n c o n d i t i o n a l l y a d m i t t e d to m e m b e r s h i p . A p p e a ls F r o m S u m m a r y A ction S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e i m p l i e s th a t t h e r e i s no r e c o u r s e to a h e a r i n g b e f o r e p u n i s h m e n t i s v i s i t e d up o n the a c c u s e d m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r — it i s a n e m e r g e n c y m e a s u r e . T h e v e r y n a t u r e o f s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , w hen t a k e n f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th an the n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e s u s p e n s i o n an d e x p u l s i o n a r e a v a i l a b l e a s p e n a l t i e s , w ou ld s e e m to r e q u i r e p r o v i s i o n s f o r a l a t e r a p p e a l o r re v ie w p r o c e d u r e , e s p e c ia lly sin c e s u m m a r y a c tio n s m a y be taken in an e m o t i o n a l l y c h a r g e d a t m o s p h e r e , j u d g m e n t s m a y be o p e n to e r r o r , an d s o m e o f the g r o u n d s f o r s u m m a r y a c t i o n le n d t h e m s e l v e s to p o l i t i c a l u s e . U n d e r an a p p e a l s s y s t e m , the a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r i s g iv e n the r i g h t to i n i t i a t e a c t i o n in h i s own d e f e n s e a g a i n s t the p r e c e d i n g s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e o f an e x e c u t i v e o r e x e c u t i v e b o d y . A u t o m a t i c r e v i e w i m p l i e s th a t a n y s u m m a r y a c t i o n i s s u b j e c t to r e v i e w c o n c e r n i n g i t s p r o p r i e t y a u t o m a t i c a l l y , w ith o ut a n y a c t i o n n e c e s s a r y by th e a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . C o n c e i v a b l y , u n d e r an a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e a m e m b e r m a y f o r e g o r e e x a m i n a t i o n of the a c t i o n a g a i n s t h i m by n ot in i t ia t i n g the a p p e a l , w h ile u n d e r a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w a l l a c t i o n s c o m e u n d e r s c r u t i n y . In the a b s e n c e o f i n t e r n a l a p p e a l s m a c h i n e r y , the o n ly r e c o u r s e o f the a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r o r l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r i s in the c o u r t s . Sin ce litigatio n is c o s t l y and s lo w , r e s o r t to c o u r t s r e m a i n s a d o u b tfu l r e m e d y , an d m o r e o v e r , it m a y b e a n t i t h e t i c a l to the p r i n c i p l e s o f the a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r . 19 U n io n C o n s t i t u t i o n P r o v i s i o n s : T r u s t e e s h i p ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1263 1959) a U n io n T r u s t e e s h i p s , a r e p o r t of the S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r to the C o n g r e s s u p o n the o p e r a t i o n o f T i t l e III o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t t o g e t h e r w ith a s t u d y b y the B u r e a u of L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t s ( S e p t e m b e r 196 2 ). 23 L e s s th a n h a l f o f the 123 c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t p r o v i d e d f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t of f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s a l s o p r o v i d e d fo r a p p e a ls o r r e v ie w s a f e g u a r d s (tab le II-8 ). In c o n t r a s t , v i r t u a l l y e v e r y on e o f t h e s e s a m e 123 c o n s t i t u t i o n s i n c l u d e d a s y s t e m of a p p e a l s f r o m the d e c i s i o n s o f t r i a l b o d i e s a lo n g w ith a v a r i e t y of a d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s c o n t a in e d in the t r i a l p ro c ed u re itse lf. T a b le II—8. S p e c ifie d Provisions for A pp ealin g Sum m ary A ctions, N ation al and In ternational Union C onstitutions, Early 19611 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied App e al prov is io ns U n affiliated AFL-CIO Unions M em bers M em bers Unions Unions M em bers Constitutions providing for sum m ary d isciplin e ------------------------------------------------- 123 12, 2 4 6 .3 96 9 ,8 1 5 . 1 27 2, 4 3 1 .3 Constitutions providing for ap p eals -----------------A pp eal -------------------------------------------------A u tom atic r e v i e w -----------------------------------A pp eal and au to m atic r e v i e w --------------------Only certain actions review ed ------------------Constitutions not providing for a p p e a l s ------------- 56 50 4 1 1 2 67 7 ,5 9 6 .8 7, 062. 9 3 1 9 .3 1 2 4 .6 9 0 .0 4, 6 4 9 .6 48 43 3 1 1 48 7, 3 8 8 .9 6 ,8 5 5 .4 3 1 8 .9 1 2 4 .6 9 0 .0 2, 426. 2 8 7 1 2 0 7 .9 2 0 7 .5 .4 - - - - 19 2, 2 2 3 .3 1 A p p eal provisions sp e c ific a lly related to sum m ary action ; does not include g en eral ap p eal clau ses d ealin g with tr ia l decisions. 2 A ll but 1 constitution provided for ap p eal from tria l d ecision s. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equal to tals. A n a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e i n i t i a t e d b y the m e m b e r o r l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r w a s th e p r e v a l e n t s a f e g u a r d in t h o s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g a p p e a l s o r r e v i e w s y s t e m s f r o m s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e . In s o m e c a s e s the a p p e a l h ad to b e in w r i t i n g , w h ile in o t h e r s the f o r m o f a p p e a l r e m a i n e d u n s p e c i f i e d . T h e t i m e in w h ic h a p p e a l s c o u ld be i n i t i a t e d r a n g e d f r o m 10 to 30 d a y s but, a g a i n , a n u m b e r of the c o n s t i tu tio n s l e f t t i m e l i m i t s u n s p e c i f i e d e x c e p t to s t a t e th a t a p p e a l c o u ld b e m a d e to the " n e x t " g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m e e t i n g o r c o n v e n t io n . Under so m e p r o c e d u r e s l i m i t s w e r e a l s o s e t on the t i m e f o r h e a r i n g a p p e a l s o n c e the p r o c e d u r e w a s in v o k e d . A l l s t e p s of the a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e in v o l v in g t r i a l d e c i s i o n m i g h t b e f o ll o w e d , o r s o m e m i g h t b e b y p a s s e d in the i n t e r e s t of a s p e e d y f i n a l dete rm in atio n . I llu s tr a tiv e of so m e of th e se c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p r o v i s i o n s o f the B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s : is the f o ll o w in g a p p ea ls A n y a c t i o n u n d e r t h is s e c t i o n s h a l l b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y , bu t an y . . . o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s s o s u s p e n d e d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to a p p e a l f r o m s a i d d e c i s i o n in w r it i n g w ithin 10 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r to the g e n e r a l e x ecu tiv e b o a rd . T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l g r a n t the a c c u s e d a f u l l h e a r i n g w ith in 30 d a y s a f t e r s a i d s u s p e n s i o n i f a n a p p e a l is so filed . 24 I n t e r e s t i n g l y , th e N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n ion e x c e p t s f r o m i t s a p p e a l s p r o v i s i o n s t h o s e o f f i c e r s fo u n d " g u i l t y by a n y c o u r t o f l a w . . . o f c o m m i t t i n g o f f e n s e s i n v o l v in g p o s s e s s i o n , s a l e , o r u s e o f n a r c o t i c s o r fo u n d g u i l t y o f r o b b e ry , m u r d e r , o r any oth er c r im e s c o n sid e re d fe lo n ie s, n In a fe w a d d i t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n s , s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s w a s s u b j e c t to a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w o r to b o th a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w a n d a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e , a s i l l u s t r a t e d b y th e f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f r o m th e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y an d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s : T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d * s a c t in s u s p e n d i n g . . . a local d i v i s i o n o f f i c e r . . . s h a l l b e f u ll y r e p o r t e d to th e c o n v e n t io n i m m e d i a t e l y su c c e e d in g su ch action . T h e . • . l o c a l o f f i c e r th u s s u s p e n d e d s h a l l h a v e th e r i g h t to a p p e a l to the fo ll o w in g c o n v e n t io n an d h a v e the c a s e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d an d a c t e d u p o n b y the c o n v e n t io n , the a c t i o n o f the c o n v e n t i o n to b e f i n a l in the d i s p o s i t i o n o f s u c h c a s e s • • . It s h o u ld b e r e c o g n i z e d th a t t h is s t u d y d e a l s w ith f o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i s i o n s . M e a n s o f a p p e a l m i g h t e x i s t a m o n g t h o s e u n io n s h a v in g n e i t h e r a p p e a l n o r r e v i e w of s u m m a r y p u n i s h m e n t . M o r e o v e r , in a n u m b e r o f s i t u a t i o n s , s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e m a y n ot b e o f m a j o r s i g n i f i c a n c e ; th a t i s , th e l e v y in g o f s m a l l f i n e s f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o v e r s i g h t s by l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s m a y b e in v o l v e d , r a t h e r th a n s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n in w h ich r i g h t s of m e m b e r s an d i n t e r n a l u n io n p o l i cies a r e at is s u e . Chapter III. Grounds for Discipline Requiring Trial o f Local Union Officers and Members T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith the g r o u n d s u p o n w h ich t r i a l s c o u ld b e i n i t i a t e d a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l s . A fte r a co n sid e ra tio n of g e n e r a l grounds fo r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , the v a r i o u s t y p e s o f s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s a r e s e t f o r t h and a n a ly zed . T h e c l o s i n g s e c t i o n d i f f e r e n t i a t e s b e t w e e n t h o s e g r o u n d s w h ich m a y r e s u l t in t r i a l s a t the l o c a l l e v e l an d a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion l e v e l . T h e g r o u n d s f o r w h ich d i s c i p l i n e c o u ld be i m p o s e d a t e i t h e r the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion l e v e l w e r e s p e c i f i e d in a l l but f o u r of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a i n in g t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s ( t a b le I I I - l ) . T h e s e p r o v is io n s d efin ed and fo r b a d e conduct th a t i n t e r f e r e d w ith the o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ l e g a l an d c o n t r a c t u a l o b l i g a t i o n s o r th a t w a s o t h e r w i s e i n i m i c a l to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the u n ion . T y p i c a l l y , un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o h i b i t e d b o th m e m b e r s and l o c a l o f f i c e r s f r o m e n g a g i n g in the p r o s c r i b e d c o n d u c t. S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s, h ow ever, p ro v id e d ad d ition al grou n ds fo r lo c a l o f f i c e r s ; and a fe w s p e c i f i e d w h o lly d i f f e r e n t a n d d i s t i n c t g r o u n d s . T h ese offen ses w e r e u s u a l l y r e l a t e d to o f f i c i a l d u t i e s , s u c h a s f a i l i n g to f i l e r e q u i r e d r e p o r t s , o r n ot fo ll o w in g d i r e c t i v e s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s . T a b le III—1. Provisions R eferring to Grounds for D isciplin in g M em bers and L ocal O fficers at Local or International Union Levels, by Persons A ffe cte d and A ffiliatio n , N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied Unions Constitutions referring to g ro u n d s-------Som e grounds for m em bers and and lo c a l o f f i c e r s ---------------------Som e grounds ap p lic a b le to both m em bers and o fficers; others a p p lic a b le only to one or the o t h e r -------------- ------------------------Different grounds a p p lic ab le to m em bers and lo c a l o f f i c e r s ---------O th e r ----------------------------------------Constitutions not referring to g rou n d s---- U n affiliated AFL-CIO T y p e of provisions A ll constitutions providing for tria l at the lo c a l or international l e v e l ----- A ffiliatio n M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 156 1 6 ,9 1 7 .9 121 14, 2 2 5 .6 35 2, 692. 3 152 1 6 ,7 4 6 . 1 117 14, 0 5 3 .8 35 2, 692. 3 99 9 ,6 7 3 .7 78 8, 6 5 0 .8 21 1 ,0 2 2 .9 40 6 , 594. 9 30 4, 948. 2 10 1, 6 4 6 .6 9 14 4 4 2 6 .6 5 0 .9 171. 8 6 3 4 4 1 1 .8 4 2 .9 1 7 1 .8 3 1 - 1 4 .8 8.0 - 1 Under 2 constitutions, grounds for d isciplin ing lo c a l officers were sp e cifie d , but no referen ce was m ad e to grounds a p p lic a b le to m em bers; and under 2 constitutions, grounds ap p lied only to m em bers, there being no lo c a l officers in the usual sense. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. A lth o u g h e a c h c o n s t i t u t i o n t y p i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d a n u m b e r o f s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e s , the v a r i a t i o n a m o n g c o n s t i t u t i o n s w a s g r e a t , b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s in em p h asis. T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s , n o r m a l l y s c a t t e r e d th r o u g h o u t the c o n s t it u t io n , r a n g e d f r o m s i m p l e i n s t r u c t i o n s to e l a b o r a t e c l a u s e s th a t d e f i n e d e a c h e l e m e n t o f the p r o s c r i b e d c o n d u c t. 25 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 3 26 Of the f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t c o n t a in e d no s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e to p u n i s h a b l e c o n d u c t , two m e r e l y a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l u n io n s to e s t a b l i s h t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ; one s p e c i f i e d th e d u t i e s of m e m b e r s h i p but d id not r e l a t e t h e s e o b l i g a t i o n s to d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s ; an d one c o n s t i t u t i o n ^ s o l e r e f e r e n c e to p u n i s h a b l e c o n d u c t w a s in a c l a u s e p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l " i f s u f f i c i e n t g r o u n d s a r e fo un d. " G e n e ra l G rounds E v e r y c o n s t i t u t i o n th a t c o n t a in e d a r e f e r e n c e to g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i d e d a t l e a s t one g e n e r a l o r " c a t c h a l l " p r o h i b i t i o n th a t d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y d e fin e the b e h a v i o r o u t l a w e d ( t a b le I I I - 2 ) . In 13 u n i o n s , t h e s e g e n e r a l c l a u s e s w e r e the o n ly ty p e fo un d, w h ile in 139 c o n s t i t u t i o n s th e y w e r e a d d e d to o t h e r p r o h i b i t i o n s , m o r e s p e c i f i c in n a t u r e . T a b le III—2. T y pes of Grounds for T r ia l of M em bers and L o cal O fficers at the L o cal or International Level, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n T y pe of grounds AFL -CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers U n affiliated Unions M em bers A ll constitutions providing for tria l at the lo c a l or international l e v e l ---------- 156 1 6 ,9 1 7 .9 121 14, 2 2 5 .6 35 2, 692. 3 Constitutions referring to g ro u n d s-------S p e c ific and gen eral g ro u n d s---------G en eral g ro u n d s--------------------------Constitutions not referring to grou nds---- 152 139 13 4 1 6 ,7 4 6 . 1 16, 2 6 2 .8 483. 3 1 7 1 .8 117 107 10 4 14, 0 5 3 .8 13, 5 8 1 .5 4 7 2 .3 1 7 1 .8 35 32 3 - 2 ,6 9 2 .3 2, 6 8 1 .3 11.0 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. C e r t a i n g e n e r a l p r o h i b i t i o n s , in p r a c t i c e , c o u l d b e a s d e f in it e an d p r e c i s e a s a s p e c i f i c p r o h ib it io n . F o r i n s t a n c e , the o f f e n s e m o s t p r e v a l e n t l y c i t e d o r p r o s c r i b e d , " v i o l a t e the c o n s t it u t io n , " c o u ld b e d e f i n e d b y r e f e r e n c e to s p e c i f i c co n stitu tio n al p r o v is io n s . O th e r g e n e r a l p h r a s e s s u c h a s " c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r " o r " b r i n g i n g the un ion into d i s r e p u t e " w e r e p e r h a p s f a r l e s s d e t e r m i n a t e . A lt h o u g h th e y m i g h t p r o s c r i b e c o n d u c t u n i v e r s a l l y d e n o u n c e d , j u s t a s a m u n i c i p a l o r d i n a n c e f o r b i d s " d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t, " m e m b e r s w o u ld not know , e x c e p t p e r h a p s t h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e , p r e c i s e l y w h at c o n d u c t e v o k e s a p e n a l t y . O th e r e q u a l l y b r o a d but l e s s p r e v a l e n t c a t c h a l l c l a u s e s p r o h i b i t e d " m a l f e a s a n c e , m i s f e a s a n c e o r n o n f e a s a n c e , " v i o l a t i n g the " d u t i e s , o b l i g a t i o n s , an d f e a l t y o f a m e m b e r , " an d " a n y d ish o n o ra b le act. " E v e n in t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith in d e fin i t e c l a u s e s , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e o f te n o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s of s u c h a n a t u r e a s to f o s t e r s p e c i f i c i t y . F i r s t , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s d e f in e d s o m e of the e l e m e n t s o f the i n d e f in i t e p r o h i b i t i o n , a s , f o r e x a m p l e , th a t of the C e m e n t W o r k e r s : A n y . . . m e m b e r . . . c i r c u l a t i n g . . . an y f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s statem en t . . . o r who a d v o c a t e s . . . an y d u a l l a b o r m o v e m e n t o r who v i o l a t e s the p r o v i s i o n s of th e C o n s t it u t i o n . . . s h a l l . . . be d e e m e d g u il t y of c o n d u c t u n b e c o m in g a m e m b e r . . . 27 S e c o n d , m a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s g u a r d e d a g a i n s t a r b i t r a r y u s e of g e n e r a l c l a u s e s b y r e q u i r i n g a l l c h a r g e s to s t a t e the p a r t i c u l a r s of the c o n d u c t a l l e g e d to c o n s t i t u t e the g e n e r a l o f f e n s e . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 of e v e r y 10 m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to t r i a l a t the l o c a l l e v e l u n d e r a g e n e r a l c l a u s e w e r e p r o t e c t e d b y t h is ty p e o f r e q u i r e m e n t ; 20 a n d n e a r l y h a l f o f the m e m b e r s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y s u b j e c t to t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l e n j o y e d the s a m e p r o t e c t i o n . T h ese sp e c ific ity re q u ire m e n ts u su a lly a p p e a r e d in c o n n e c t io n w ith c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s ( d i s c u s s e d m o r e f u ll y in c h a p t e r IV ). T h e f o ll o w in g c l a u s e i l l u s t r a t e s th is re la tio n sh ip : A c h a r g e . . . th a t a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s h a v e v i o l a t e d th is c o n s t i t u t i o n o r e n g a g e d in c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r o f the U nion m u s t b e s p e c i f i c a l l y s e t f o r t h in w r i t i n g an d s i g n e d b y the m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s m a k i n g the c h a r g e s . T h e c h a r g e s m u s t s t a t e the e x a c t n a t u r e of the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e o r o f f e n s e s an d , if p o s s i b l e , the p e r i o d of t i m e d u r i n g w h ich the o f f e n s e o r o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d l y to o k p l a c e . (A u to m o b ile W o rk e rs) A s d e s c r i b e d l a t e r in the s t u d y , c h a r g e s b a s e d on g e n e r a l c l a u s e s h a v e to w it h s t a n d the s c r u t i n y o f a t r i a l b o d y and, in n e a r l y a l l u n i o n s , one o r m o r e a p p ella te re v ie w s. T h u s , a lth o u g h t h e s e g e n e r a l c l a u s e s m a y s e e m v a g u e , the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e , in i t s e n t i r e t y , m a y s e r v e to in h ib it the i m p o s i t i o n of p e n a l t i e s f o r i n d e f in i t e r e a s o n s . S p ecific O ffen ses. T h e u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d c o n t a in e d a v a r i e t y of sp e c ific p un ish able o ffe n se s. A lt h o u g h t h e r e w a s s o m e s i m i l a r i t y in the s c o p e of o f f e n s e s l i s t e d , no s i n g l e s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e a p p e a r e d in a m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s ( t a b l e I I I - 3 ) . A n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e d to t h is v a r i a t i o n a m o n g c o n s t i t u t i o n s . E a c h u n io n *s u n iq u e e x p e r i e n c e s , i n t e r n a l c o n f l i c t s , p a r t i c u l a r j o b - r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s , a n d , to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , e m p h a s i s on p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e un ion o b j e c t i v e s , w e r e r e f l e c t e d in d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , c r a f t u n io n s e m p h a s i z e d the p r o h i b i t i o n o f c o n d u c t g iv i n g r i s e to j o b - r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s , a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the fo ll o w in g p h r a s e s : . . . e n g a g e in s p e e d , r e c o r d o r o t h e r c o n t e s t s . T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n io n ) . . . the s e l l i n g of a p a s s m e n and E n g in em e n ) . . . . . (In tern ation al (B ro th erh o o d of L o c o m o tiv e F i r e . . . u s e o f c h r o m i c a c i d . . . ( A m a l g a m a t e d L i t h o g r a p h e r s of A m e r i c a , Ind. ) B a n s on s i g n i n g y e l l o w - d o g c o n t r a c t s ( o u t l a w e d b y the N o r r i s - L a G u a r d i a A c t o f 1932) a n d on b e in g a c o m p a n y s p y , r e m n a n t s of an e a r l i e r t u r b u l e n t e r a in A m e r i c a n l a b o r h i s t o r y , w e r e found in a n u m b e r of o l d e r u n i o n s . P e r h a p s in t r i b u t e to i t s f o r m e r G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y 21 who i s g e n e r a l l y c r e d i t e d with the i d e a f o r o b s e r v i n g L a b o r D a y , the C a r p e n t e r s * c o n s t it u t io n a u t h o r i z e d f i n e s f o r m e m b e r s who r e f u s e to p a r a d e on th a t h o l i d a y . 20 T h i s ty p e of p r o t e c t i o n h a s s i n c e b e c o m e c o m p u l s o r y u n d e r S e c t i o n 101(a) (5) o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 1959 (73 S t a t . 523) w h ich p r o v i d e s : No m e m b e r o f a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y be f i n e d , s u s p e n d e d , e xp elled , or o th erw ise d isc ip lin e d ex c ep t fo r nonpaym ent of dues by su ch o rg a n iz atio n o r by any o ffic e r th e reo f u n le ss su ch m e m b e r has b e e n (A) s e r v e d w ith w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s ; (B ) g i v e n a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e ; (C) a f f o r d e d a f u ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g . 21 P e t e r J . M c G u i r e , f i r s t g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y of the u n ion , e l e c t e d to o f f i c e in 1881. T h e f i r s t L a b o r D a y c e l e b r a t i o n w a s h e l d in N e w Y o r k C ity on S e p t e m b e r 5, 1 882. 28 T a b le III—3. P revalence of S e le c te d O ffenses Punishable Under N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 O ffenses N um ber o f unions A ll constitutions providing grounds 1 152 G en eral g rou n d s---------------------------------------------------V iolation of the c o n stitu tio n -----------------------------C onduct unbecom ing a m e m b e r -----------------------Bring the union into d isr e p u te --------------------------F in an cial -----------------------------------------------------------M isa p p ro p r ia tio n ---------------------------------------------Fraud ------------------------------------------------------------Job d iscip lin e ----------------------------------------------------V iolation of co lle c tiv e a g r e e m e n t --------------------V io latio n of work r u l e s -----------------------------------Injure fellow w o rk e rs--------------------------------------Union l o y a l t y ----------------------------------------------------D ual unionism ----------------------------------------------Secession ------------------------------------------------------S t r ik e b r e a k in g ------------------------------------------------D isclosure of union s e c r e t s -------------------------------Subversive a ctiv ity or s u p p o r t --------------------------F ailu re to exhaust internal r e m e d i e s -----------------E le c tio n e e r in g ----------------------------------------------------D istribution of unauthorized or slanderous m ate rial F alsify in g b allo ts -------------------------------------------M oral ---------------------------------------------------------------D ru n k en n ess---------------------------------------------------F e l o n y ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 152 114 42 15 85 56 28 99 54 47 31 124 41 46 37 26 43 64 66 60 9 37 16 4 1 N onadditive. D i f f e r i n g e m p h a s i s on p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e u n ion o b j e c t i v e s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by the p r o v i s i o n s d e a l i n g w ith v i o l a t i o n of un ion l a b e l p o l i c y in the f o ll o w in g two co n stitu tio n s: A n y m e m b e r b u y in g . . . w ithout the l a b e l , w hen the l a b e l c a n b e h a d , s h a l l b e f in e d two d o l l a r s . (M e ta l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union) M e m b e r s who p e r m i t l a b e l s to d r o p on the f l o o r an d r e m a i n t h e r e s h a l l b e fi n e d o r e x p e l l e d . . . ( U n it e d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ) T h e B o i l e r m a k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n d e a l t in d r a s t i c t e r m s w ith a t r a d e p r a c t i c e to w h ich s o m e u n io n s t a k e no e x c e p t i o n : T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d s t a n d s f o r the a b o l i s h m e n t of p i e c e w o r k , p r e m i u m , m e r i t , t a s k , o r c o n t r a c t s y s t e m s . M e m b e r s w ho m a y b e foun d g u il t y of a g i t a t i n g K or] o r e n c o u r a g i n g a n y o f t h e s e s y s t e m s s h a l l b e l i a b l e to e x p u l s i o n ; and a n y s u c h p r a c t i c e s s h a l l be e n t i r e l y a b o l i s h e d a s soon a s p o s s ib le . E a c h c a s e m a y b e i n v e s t i g a t e d b y the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l a n d a d a t e s e t f o r the a b o l i s h m e n t of s u c h p r a c t i c e w h en it s h a l l b e deem ed ad v isab le. M o s t t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s c o n t a in e d a t l e a s t one p r o h i b i t i o n f o r e a c h o f the m a jo r c a te g o r ie s studied. T r a d i t i o n a l un ion i n t e r e s t s , s u c h a s f i n a n c i a l i n t e g r i t y , jo b b e h a v i o r a p p r o p r i a t e to a un ion m e m b e r , u n ion l o y a l t y , an d a n t i e l e c t i o n e e r i n g 29 a c t i v i t i e s , w e r e t y p i c a l l y g u a r d e d by d i s c i p l i n a r y s a n c t i o n s . T h i r t y - s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g o v e r s i x m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , a l s o in v o k e d s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t i m m o r a l b e h a v i o r ( d e fin e d in s o c i a l a s w e l l a s p la n t s a f e t y t e r m s ) . N e a r l y a l l p r o h i b i t i o n s , a s w r i t t e n , a p p l i e d w ith e q u a l f o r c e to m e m b e r s and lo c a l o f f ic e r s (tab le III-4). Within e a c h c a t e g o r y o f s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e s , h o w e v e r , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of the p r o h i b i t i o n to m e m b e r s o r to l o c a l o f f i c e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , o f 124 u n io n s s p e c i f y i n g u n i o n - l o y a l t y o f f e n s e s , 122 w e r e a p p l i c a b l e to m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , 1 to m e m b e r s o n ly , a n d 1 to l o c a l o f f i c e r s o n ly. T a b le III-—4. Persons Su b ject to T r ia l at the L o cal or International Level on S e le c te d Grounds, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands^ T y p e of grounds Persons su bject to d iscip lin e F in an cial Job d iscip lin e Union lo y alty Unions M embers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers A ll constitutions providing sp e c ific g r o u n d s ------------Constitutions referring to sp e c ifie d offense -----------M em bers and lo c a l o f f i c e r s --------------------M e m b e r s--------------------L o cal o f f i c e r s --------------C onstitutions not referring to sp e cifie d g ro u n d s-------- E lectioneering M oral Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 139 16, 262. 8 139 1 6 ,2 6 2 .8 139 1 6 ,2 6 2 .8 139 1 6 ,2 6 2 .8 85 12, 7 8 1 .8 99 1 3 ,8 9 2 .9 124 1 5 ,8 2 5 .8 66 9, 565. 4 37 6 , 109. 6 77 1 7 1 1 ,9 1 9 .5 1 3 ,6 9 5 .3 4 0 .0 1 5 7 .7 122 1 1 1 5 ,6 2 8 . 1 4 0 .0 1 5 7 .7 63 3 6, 0 6 9 .6 4 0 .0 - 9, 203. 4 362. 1 - 36 8 6 1 .2 97 1 1 54 3, 4 8 1 .0 40 2, 369. 8 15 4 3 7 .0 73 6, 697. 4 1.0 139 1 6 ,2 6 2 .8 1 - - 102 10, 1 5 3 .2 NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. F in an cial. T h e c u s t o d y an d c o n t r o l o f u n ion fu n d s an d p r o p e r t y w e r e r e g u l a t e d in 85 un io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e g r o u n d s f o r in v o k in g d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u re s fo r fin an cial m isco n d u ct by a lo ca l o ffic e r or m e m b e r w ere u su a lly state d a s ' ' m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n 1' o r " d e f r a u d i n g . " M i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n c o n c e r n e d th e ft o r e m b e z z l e m e n t , w h ile d e f r a u d i n g , a lt h o u g h s o m e t i m e s u s e d s y n o n y m o u s l y , o r d i n a r ily m e a n t frau d u len t o r f a ls e a p p lic atio n s fo r s tr ik e , sic k , o r death b e n e fits. One c o n s t i t u t i o n a p p l i e d the t e r m " d e f r a u d i n g " to m i s d e a l i n g in b a l l a n d p i c n i c tic k e t s , and a n o th e r s p e c ifie d p a s s i n g b ad ch e ck s a s a p u n ish a b le fr a u d . T y p ic a lly , h o w e v e r , t h is offen& e w a s r e f e r r e d to in the f o ll o w in g c o n t e x t : T h e b a s i s f o r c h a r g e s . . . s h a l l c o n s i s t o f . . . d e f r a u d i n g the . . . u n io n . . . of m on ey o r p r o p e r ty ; o r d raw in g and a c c e p tin g any b e n e f i t s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n to w h ic h he o r s h e i s n ot e n t it le d . ( A m e r i c a n B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union) A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s o u t l a w e d " r a c k e t e e r i n g , " a n d o t h e r s p r o h i b i t e d b r i b e r y . F o r e x a m p l e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r i c k l a y e r s p r o v i d e d : A n y . . . o f f i c e r foun d g u il t y of a c c e p t i n g a n y b r i b e o r p r e s e n t f r o m an y c o r p o r a t i o n , c o n t r a c t o r , o r a s s o c i a t i o n s h a l l b e . . . fi n e d . . . s u s pended . . . o r e xp e lle d . 30 Jo b D isc ip lin e . N in e t y - n i n e of the t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d c o n t a i n e d a t l e a s t one s p e c i f i c p r o h i b i t i o n on c e r t a i n j o b - r e l a t e d b e h a v i o r , a n d a t h i r d o f t h e s e c o n t a i n e d m o r e th a n one s u c h p r o s c r i p t i o n . F i f t y - f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d s a n c t i o n s to e n f o r c e un ion o b l i g a t i o n s u n d e r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t s . T hese s a n c t i o n s w e r e c o m m o n l y e x p r e s s e d a s g e n e r a l p r o h i b i t i o n s on ' V i o l a t i n g the e s t a b l i s h e d un ion c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t , n " w i l l f u l f a i l u r e to o b s e r v e the p r o v i s i o n s o f a n a g r e e m e n t , " o r " a c t i n g in a n y w i s e to c i r c u m v e n t , d e f e a t , o r i n t e r f e r e " w ith an a g r e e m e n t . A fe w of t h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s w e r e not a s b r o a d in s c o p e , an d d e a l t on ly with p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e s of the c o l l e c t i v e a g r e e m e n t : A n y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r o f a l o c a l un ion i n t e r f e r i n g in a n y m a n n e r d e t r i m e n t a l to the s u c c e s s f u l c o n c l u s i o n of a g r i e v a n c e s h a l l be s u b j e c t to e x p u l s i o n . . . A l s o i n c l u d e d a m o n g the 54 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e p r o v i s i o n s o u tla w in g u n a u t h o r i z e d o r w ild cat s t r i k e s . U n d er th e se c o n stitu tio n s, c h a r g e s m ig h t be file d a g a in s t m e m b e r s " s t a y i n g out a g a i n s t the I n t e r n a t i o n a l ^ o r d e r s , " e n g a g i n g in a s t r i k e " w h i c h v i o l a t e s the w o r k i n g a g r e e m e n t , " c o n d u c t th a t te n d e d to " a g i t a t e i l l e g a l s t r i k e s , " o r s i m p l y t a k in g p a r t in " w i l d c a t s . " F o r t y - s e v e n o f the 99 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a u t h o r i z e d d i s c i p l i n e f o r v i o l a t i n g w ork r u le s . A m a r k e d d iv e r s it y d istin g u ish e d th e se p roh ib ition s fro m th o se r e g u l a t i n g o t h e r a s p e c t s o f un ion a c t i v i t y , l a r g e l y b e c a u s e of e a c h u n i o n fs a d a p t a t i o n to i t s i n d u s t r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t . S e v e r a l u n i o n s , p r i n c i p a l l y in the c o n s t r u c t i o n t r a d e s , p u b l i s h e d e x t e n s i v e r e g u l a t i o n s in s e p a r a t e r u l e b o o k s o r a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l u n io n s to e s t a b l i s h t h e s e r u l e s . The g e n e r a l o ffe n se " v io la te w ork r u l e s " r e f e r r e d to t h e s e r u l e b o o k s o r to w o r k r u l e s e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n in g , a s f o r e x a m p l e , in the M a r i t i m e U nion, w h e r e " v i o l a t i o n of N a t i o n a l S h ip p in g R u l e s " w a s a p u n i s h a b l e o f f e n s e . A fe w u n io n s i n c o r p o r a t e d d e t a i l e d w o r k i n g r u l e s into the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t it u t io n . F o r e x a m p l e , in the M u s i c i a n s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n w o r k i n g r u l e s w e r e s p e c i f i e d f o r n e a r l y a l l f o r m s of e n t e r t a i n m e n t in w h ich m u s i c i a n s a r e e m p l o y e d , an d in the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n ’ s c o n s t i t u t i o n th e y r e g u l a t e d the h i r i n g , h o u r s of w o r k , f e e d i n g co p y onto c y l i n d e r p r e s s e s , an d c r e w s i z e s f o r c e r t a i n ty p e p r e s s e s . In m a r i t i m e u n i o n s , t h e s e p r o s c r i p t i o n s i n c l u d e d a c t i v i t i e s th a t w ou ld be d e a l t with b y the e m p l o y e r in m o s t s h o r e s i d e i n d u s t r i e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n io n ’ s c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d d i s c i p l i n e f o r " a c c e p t in g r e l i e f j o b , " "n ot co m p letin g a s s i g n m e n t , " o r "le a v in g ship s h o r t h a n d e d ." S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e g u l a t e d , o r a t t e m p t e d to r e g u l a t e , the t e c h n o l o g y o f the c r a f t th r o u g h d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s ; f o r e x a m p l e , the L i t h o g r a p h e r s a s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , f o r b a d e the u s e of c h r o m i c a c i d , the L a t h e r s p r o h i b i t e d " t h e u s e o f s t i l t s o r o t h e r u n s a f e e q u i p m e n t , " and the P a i n t e r s l i m i t e d the u s e of s p r a y g u n s . T h i r t y - o n e u n i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c r a f t u n i o n s , f o r b a d e b e h a v i o r th a t te n d e d to h a r m f e l l o w w o r k e r s on the jo b . O ften the p r o s c r i p t i o n w a s in s u c h t e r m s a s " w o r k i n g f o r l e s s th an the e s t a b l i s h e d s c a l e of w a g e s . " In the p r i n t i n g t r a d e s , t h is o f f e n s e , known a s " r a t t i n g " w a s d e s c r i b e d a s f o l l o w s : A m e m b e r of a s u b o r d i n a t e un ion e n g a g i n g to t a k e a s i t u a t i o n in the j u r i s d i c t i o n of a n o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e un ion a t a l o w e r r a t e of w a g e s th an the s c a l e o f p r i c e s o f the l a t t e r s u b o r d i n a t e un ion c a l l s f o r , i s g u il t y of ’ r a t t i n g , * e v e n th ough the s i t u a t i o n m a y not be o b t a in e d . (in tern atio n al M a i l e r s U n io n , Ind. ) A l s o in c lu d e d a m o n g the j o b - r e l a t e d g r o u n d s w e r e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich f o r b a d e w o r k i n g w ith n on u nion w o r k e r s . p ro v isio n s in n ine 31 U n ion L o y a l t y . U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e m o s t e x p l i c i t in p r o s c r i b i n g c o n d u c t th a t t h r e a t e n e d the c o n tin u e d e x i s t e n c e o f the un ion . In 124 u n i o n s , m e m b e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n f o r b e h a v i o r th a t i n j u r e d the i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y o f the un ion . O c c a s i o n a l l y , a s n o te d in c h a p t e r II, s u m m a r y s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n w a s a u t h o r i z e d to p u n i s h m e m b e r s who e n g a g e d in s u c h a c t i v i t i e s . T w o of the m o s t c o m m o n l y r e f e r r e d to o f f e n s e s in t h is c a t e g o r y w e r e d u a l u n i o n i s m an d s e c e s s i o n . D u a l u n i o n i s m u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to the a c t of j o in in g o r f a v o r i n g a u n ion w h ich c l a i m e d r i v a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , w h ile s e c e s s i o n u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to the a c t o f w it h d r a w in g f r o m the un ion . In m a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t e r m s w a s not e n t i r e l y c l e a r , a n d in a fe w th e y s e e m e d to b e u s e d a s s y n o n y m s . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x t e n s i v e l y d e f in e d the b e h a v i o r f o r b i d d e n b y t h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s , a s e x e m p l i f i e d in the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n : N o p e r s o n s h a l l b e e l i g i b l e to . . . r e m a i n a m e m b e r in th is B r o t h e r h o o d who h o ld s m e m b e r s h i p in o r a f f i l i a t i o n w ith an y g r o u p , clu b , s o c i e t y , o r o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n w h ich , in the o p in io n o f the G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , e x e r c i s e s o r c l a i m s to e x e r c i s e d u t i e s an d f u n c tio n s s i m i l a r to t h o s e e x e r c i s e d b y th is B r o t h e r h o o d o r it s l o c a l s , o r w h ich c l a i m s j u r i s d i c t i o n in w h ole o r in p a r t o v e r m a t t e r s w h ich a r e w ith in the j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h is B r o t h e r h o o d . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s and P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r i c a ) T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s f o r b a d e a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t e d a t s u p p l a n t i n g the un ion a s the b a r g a i n i n g a g e n t : W h e n e v e r it i s c h a r g e d th a t a m e m b e r i s a f f i r m a t i v e l y e n g a g e d in the p r o m o t i o n , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , f u r t h e r a n c e , o r s u p p o r t o f a n y o t h e r un ion o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g g r o u p w ith the p u r p o s e o r in te n t of s u p p la n t i n g t h is I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion , o r a n y s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y t h e r e o f , a s the r e c o g n i z e d c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g e n t , s u c h c h a r g e w il l be f i l e d w ith the I n t e r n atio n al E x e c u tiv e B o a r d . . . M o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , d id not d e f in e the a c t i v i t i e s f o r b i d d e n a s e l a b o r a t e l y a s in the a b o v e i l l u s t r a t i o n s . A n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s f o r b a d e nd u a l u n i o n i s m " o r " s e c e s s i o n o r f o s t e r i n g s e c e s s i o n " w itho ut e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e s e p h r a s e s w h ich w e r e in c l u d e d in a l i s t i n g of n u m e r o u s p u n i s h a b l e o f f e n s e s . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d b r o a d c l a u s e s f o r b i d d i n g w i t h d r a w a l s f r o m the un ion o r jo i n i n g an y o r g a n i z a t i o n th a t w a s h o s t i l e to o r in c o n f l i c t w ith the un ion . For ex a m p l e , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o h i b i t e d : . . . a d v o c a t i n g o r a t t e m p t i n g to b r i n g a b o u t a w i t h d r a w a l f r o m the I. B . E . W. o f a n y ( l o c a l union) o r o f an y m e m b e r o r g r o u p o f m e m b e r s . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the M e t a l P o l i s h e r s p r o v i d e d : No m e m b e r s h a ll a d v o ca te s e c e s s i o n , d is a ffilia tio n , n or s h a ll any m e m b e r t a k e an y a c t i o n i n i m i c a l to the i n t e r e s t s o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n . S trik eb reak in g . When a union s t r i k e s to win it s b a r g a i n i n g d e m a n d s , e ffe c tiv e in te rn a l s o lid a r it y is p a r t ic u la r l y im p o rtan t. C o n se q u e n tly , m a n y c o n stitu tio n s a u th o riz e d d is c i p l in a r y s an c tio n s a g a in s t d is lo y a lty , co m m o n ly sp e c ify in g " s t r ik e b r e a k in g " a s a ground fo r d isc ip lin e . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the B r i c k l a y e r s c h a r a c t e r i z e d s t r i k e b r e a k e r s a s "u n io n w r e c k e r s " in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e : 32 U n io n W r e c k e r s — A un io n w r e c k e r i s one who d e l i b e r a t e l y an d w ith e v i l in te n t g o e s into the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f a un ion th a t i s on an a u t h o r i z e d l e g a l s t r i k e , k n o w in g ly a c c e p t s e m p l o y m e n t a n d p e r s i s t s in r e t a i n i n g it w h en he k n o w s th a t he i s d o in g s o c o n t r a r y to the l a w . . . o r who r e s i g n s f r o m o r l e a v e s a un ion . . . in o r d e r to d e f e a t a l e g a l s t r i k e . . . T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s w e r e u n u s u a l l y e x p l i c i t in d e s c r i b i n g the s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o r th a t f o r m e d the b a s i s f o r c h a r g e s , a s in the fo llo w in g p r o v i s i o n : A n y m e m b e r . . . who c o n tin u e s a t w o r k w hen a s t r i k e on th e s y s t e m w h e r e he i s e m p l o y e d h a s b e e n r e g u l a r l y d e c l a r e d b y the B r o t h e r h oo d , o r a n y m e m b e r who t a k e s the p l a c e o f o r d o e s a n y o f the w o r k f o r m e r l y o r o r d i n a r i l y don e b y a n y o n e e n g a g e d in a s t r i k e . . . o r who f ills any p o s itio n m a d e v a c a n t . . . by . . . a strik e . . . i f he i s fo u n d g u il t y . . . w ill b e o r d e r e d e x p e l l e d . . . an d s h a l l f o r e v e r be i n e l i g i b l e f o r r e a d m i t t a n c e . . . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s , Ind. ) D i s c l o s u r e of S e c r e t s . D i s c l o s i n g un io n s e c r e t s , c o n s i d e r e d a n o t h e r t h r e a t to i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y , w a s the s u b j e c t o f d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n in 26 o f the 156 t r i a l p r o v is io n s stu d ied . M o st c l a u s e s p ro h ib ited u n au th o rized d is c l o s u r e of any c o n fi d e n t i a l m a t t e r o f the un ion , s u c h a s ’’s e c r e t s , ” ’’p r i v a t e t r a n s a c t i o n s , ” o r ’’b u s i n e ss.” A fe w c l a u s e s , r e l a t i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y to m e m b e r s h i p l i s t s , f o r b a d e the ’’f u r n i s h i n g o f a c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l l i s t o f the m e m b e r s h i p o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o r o f a n y l o c a l u n ion to a n y p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s ” o t h e r th a n t h o s e w h o s e o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n e n t i t l e s t h e m to h a v e s u c h a l i s t . F a i l u r e to E x h a u s t I n t e r n a l R e m e d i e s . 22 P r e m a t u r e r e s o r t to c i v i l c o u r t s , c o n s i d e r e d b y s o m e to b e a f l a g r a n t d i s p l a y o f d i s l o y a l t y , w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h ib it e d in 64 c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e g r a v e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h is c o n d u c t w e r e a l s o i l l u s t r a t e d b y the n u m b e r of t i m e s it a p p e a r e d a s a g r o u n d f o r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , a s n o te d in c h a p t e r II. T y p i c a l l y , a m e m b e r w a s r e q u i r e d to p r o s e c u t e a n d e x h a u s t a l l a p p e a l s w ithin the un ion b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g to c i v i l c o u r t s , a s s p e c i f i e d in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n : A c c e p t a n c e of m e m b e r s h i p . . . c o n s t i t u t e s e v e ry m e m b e r . . . sh a ll exh au st all re m e d ie s (union) . . . an d th at u n til s u c h r e m e d i e s a n d h a u s t e d , s u c h a g g r i e v e d m e m b e r . . . s h a l l n ot o t h e r t r i b u n a l o u t s i d e o f the UIU. ( U p h o l s t e r e r s * N orth A m e r ic a ) an a g r e e m e n t w h ere b y a n d a p p e a l s w ith in the a p p e a ls have been e x r e s o r t to an y c o u r t o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n of S u b v e r siv e A ctivity. S u b v e r s iv e activ ity , o r su p p o rt of g ro u p s d e c la r e d to be s u b v e r s i v e , w a s s p e c i f i e d a s a r e a s o n f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n ' i n 43 c o n s t i tu tio n s. T h e s e c l a u s e s n e a r l y a l w a y s e x p l i c i t l y i d e n t i f i e d the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , a s in the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e : A n y m e m b e r who a d v o c a t e s the o v e r t h r o w of the g o v e r n m e n t . . . o r who b e l o n g s to the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r a n y o t h e r s u b v e r s i v e g r o u p , o r who s u b s c r i b e s to a n y of t h e i r d o c t r i n e s , s h a l l b e p u n i s h e d b y e x p u l s i o n . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of B o i l e r m a k e r s , I r o n S h i p b u i l d e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s an d H e l p e r s ) 22 S e e ch. VIII f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f the R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t on s u c h p r o v i s i o n s . effect o f the Labor-M anagem ent 33 A fe w c l a u s e s a l s o in c l u d e d s u p p o r t o f N a z i o r F a s c i s t g r o u p s w ith in t h is p r o h i b i ti o n . One o f the m o s t e x t e n s i v e p r o v i s i o n s w a s th a t in the U n it e d M in e W o r k e r s * (Ind. ) c o n s t it u t io n : A n y m e m b e r a c c e p t i n g m e m b e r s h i p in th e I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s o f the W o r ld , the W o r k in g C l a s s U n io n , the One B i g U n io n , o r a n y o t h e r d u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r m e m b e r s h i p in the N a t i o n a l C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e , the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of M a n u f a c t u r e r s , o r the K u K l u x K l a n , o r the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r F a s c i s t , N a z i , o r B u n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s h a l l be exp e lle d . . . P o l i t i c a l A c t i v i t y O u t s i d e the U n io n . O nly a fe w o f th e 156 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a u th o rized p un ish m en t fo r g e n e ra l p o litic a l a c tiv itie s. T y p ically , th ese c la u se s f o r b a d e i n t e r f e r e n c e w ith the l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s of the un io n . F o r in stan ce , on e c o n s t i t u t i o n f o r b a d e " o p p o s i n g l e g i s l a t i o n d e s i g n e d to b e n e f i t the t r a d e , n an d a n o t h e r p r o h i b i t e d " o p p o s i n g l e g i s l a t i o n e n d o r s e d b y the O r d e r . " One c l a u s e l i m i t e d the r i g h t to s p e a k f o r the u n io n o r a s a un ion m e m b e r , bu t d id n ot p r o h ib it a c t i o n a s a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n : When s u c h ( l e g i s l a t i v e ) p o l i c y h a s b e e n d e c l a r e d , no m e m b e r of the B ro th erh o o d sh a ll a p p e a r b e fo re any le g is la tiv e c o m m itte e , le g is la tu r e , S ta te , p r o v in c ia l, o r F e d e r a l e x e c u tiv e , o r take any o th er actio n . . . in o p p o s i t i o n to s u c h a p r o g r a m in a n y c a p a c i t y e x c e p t th a t of a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n ; n o r s h a l l h e, in the n a m e o f the B r o t h e r h o o d , e n g a g e in a n y p o lit ic a l c a m p a ig n a g a in s t a can d id ate fo r p u b lic o ffic e a f t e r su c h c a n d i d a t e h a s b e e n e n d o r s e d b y the B r o t h e r h o o d . . . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of M a i n t e n a n c e o f W ay E m p l o y e s ) E l e c t i o n e e r i n g — P r e e l e c t i o n U n io n C a m p a i g n A c t i v i t i e s . The o ffe n se of p u b l i s h i n g s l a n d e r o u s o r u n a u t h o r i z e d m a t e r i a l w a s p u n i s h a b l e in 60 c o n s t i t u t i o n s . A n u m b e r of u n io n s b a n n e d a l l s l a n d e r o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s in c l a u s e s f o r b i d d i n g " s l a n d e r in a n y w a y , " o r " s l a n d e r i n g o r o t h e r w i s e w r o n g in g a m e m b e r , " but o n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y d e f in e d the m e a n i n g o f t h e s e t e r m s . One of th e se co n stitu tio n s stip u la te d : N o u n t r u e s t a t e m e n t s m a y b e m a d e in p o l i t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , n o r s h a l l a n y c o n c l u s i o n s be p u b l i s h e d w h ich i m p u g n the m o t i v e s o f c a n d i d a t e s . T h e f a c t s f r o m w h ich c o n c l u s i o n s a r e d r a w n s h a l l be c l e a r l y s t a t e d s o r e a d e r s c a n c o m p a r e an d a l s o d r a w t h e i r own c o n c l u s i o n s . . . A ll m e m b e r s s h o u l d r e a l i z e th a t s c u r r i l o u s r e f e r e n c e s , s l a n d e r o r l i b e l r e a c t on the r e p u t a t i o n o f the un ion . T o t r y to e l e c t the b e s t o f f i c e r s s h o u l d b e t h e a i m of e a c h m e m b e r o f the un ion . (in te rn atio n al T y p o g r a p h i c a l Union) A d v a n c e a p p r o v a l o f c i r c u l a r s , w h ich w o u ld i n c l u d e c a m p a i g n m a t e r i a l , w as r e q u ir e d by s e v e r a l c o n stitu tio n s. A n y m e m b e r p u b l i s h i n g s t a t e m e n t s th a t r e f l e c t e d up on the c h a r a c t e r o r i n t e g r i t y o f an o f f i c e r w ith o u t f i r s t s u b m i t t i n g the m a t e r i a l to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s s u b j e c t to c h a r g e s , a s in the f o l lo w in g e x a m p l e : No l o c a l u n ion o r m e m b e r . . . s h a l l c i r c u l a t e , p u b l i s h , o r c o m m u n i c a t e to a n o t h e r l o c a l un ion o r to m e m b e r s o f the A s s o c i a t i o n a n y s t a t e m e n t r e f l e c t i n g on the c h a r a c t e r , o f f i c i a l c o n d u c t , o r g o o d r e p u t e of a n y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of the A s s o c i a t i o n , o r r e l a t i n g to m a t t e r s of g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t to the m e m b e r s h i p . . . w itho ut f i r s t s u b m i t t i n g the s a m e to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d an d o b ta in i n g i t s a p p r o v a l . (In ter n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l an d O r n a m e n t a l I r o n W o r k e r s ) 34 E l e c t i o n e e r i n g — M i s c o n d u c t a t the P o l l s . P r o c e d u r a l i r r e g u l a r i t y in the c o n d u c t of e l e c t i o n s c o u ld b e a p p e a l e d b y c h a l l e n g i n g a s p e c i f i c v o te o r th e e n t i r e e l e c t i o n , but w a s an e x p l i c i t b a s i s f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n in o n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u tion s. T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s on e l e c t i o n f r a u d s , h o w e v e r , a s the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e i l l u s t r a t e s , c o v e r e d a w id e v a r i e t y of w r o n g d o in g : A n y m e m b e r c o n v i c t e d of m i s r e p r e s e n t i n g r e t u r n s , a l t e r i n g , m u t i l a t in g , o r d e s t r o y i n g d e p o s i t e d b a l l o t s , v o tin g f r a u d u l e n t l y , o r i n t e r f e r i n g w ith a m e m b e r in the e x e r c i s e of h i s o r h e r r i g h t to c a s t h i s o r h e r b a l l o t . . . s h a l l b e p u n i s h e d . . . ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a ) L o c a l o f f i c e r s who w il l f u l l y o r n e g l i g e n t l y d i s e n f r a n c h i s e d v o t e r s b y f a i l i n g to p e r f o r m a n o f f i c i a l d u ty w e r e s u b j e c t to c h a r g e s u n d e r s p e c i f i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c l a u s e s in a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a s t y p i f i e d b y the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e : A n y s e c r e t a r y o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l u n io n fo u n d g u il t y o f h o ld in g l o c a l u n io n v o t e u n til to o l a t e to be c o u n te d . . . s h a l l b e c h a r g e d w ith a f l a g r a n t d i s p l a y of n o n u n i o n is m an d s h a l l b e d e a l t w ith a c c o r d i n g l y . . . (in te rn a tio n al B ro th e rh o o d of B o o k b in d e rs) M o r a l P ro h ib itio n s. U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s u s u a l l y d id n ot u n d e r t a k e s p e c i f i c a l l y to r e g u l a t e e t h i c a l o r m o r a l b e h a v i o r . O f the 156 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l , o n ly 37 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y a u t h o r i z e d p u n i s h m e n t f o r i m m o r a l b e h av io r. T h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s on b e h a v i o r th a t w a s n ot c r i m i n a l , y e t m o r a l l y o f f e n s i v e , w e r e fo un d m o s t o fte n in c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f u n io n s w h o s e m e m b e r s w e r e e n g a g e d in the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n d u s t r y . W illfu lly n e g l e c t i n g to s u p p o r t d e p e n d e n t s , a d d i c t i o n to n a r c o t i c s , o r c h a r g i n g u s u r i o u s i n t e r e s t w e r e a m o n g the p r o h i b i tion s lis t e d . D r u n k e n n e s s w a s the m o s t c o m m o n l y f o r b i d d e n ty p e o f i m m o r a l b e h a v i o r , w ith the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f y i n g nc h r o n i c d r u n k s , n " h a b i t u a l d r u n k e n n e s s , " a n d " a l c o h o l i s m . n One c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d th a t " n o m e m b e r who e n g a g e s in the s a l e o f i n t o x i c a t i n g d r i n k s c a n be a d m i t t e d o r r e t a i n e d a s a m e m b e r . " D runken o r d is o r d e r ly b e h a v io r at m e e tin g s , o c c a s io n a lly p u n ish ed s u m m a r ily , w as a ls o s p e c i f i e d a s a g r o u n d f o r in v o k in g t r i a l m a c h i n e r y in s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s . A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d th a t p e r s o n s c o n v i c t e d o f a c r i m e m a y b e d i s c i p l i n e d b y the un ion , a s in the f o llo w in g e x a m p l e : When a m e m b e r i s foun d g u il t y o f the c o m m i s s i o n of a c r i m e o r s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g a g a i n s t the l o c a l u n ion o r a g a i n s t the c o m m u n i t y , an d w h en t h is c r i m e o r a c t o f s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g te n d s to b r i n g d i s h o n o r u p o n the l o c a l un ion o r the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , it s h a l l b e the d uty o f the l o c a l un ion to p r o c e e d to r e v o k e the m e m b e r s h i p o f s u c h m e m b e r . ( B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union) G r o u n d s in L o c a l a s A g a i n s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i a l s A s m en tio n e d e a r l i e r , s o m e co n stitu tio n s l is t e d s e p a r a t e g ro u n d s fo r i n s t i t u t i n g t r i a l s a t the l o c a l an d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s g r a n t e d the l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r v i o l a t i o n s of i t s own c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n of th e U p h o l s t e r e r s ® I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n p r o v i d e d : C h a r g e s of o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t the I n t e r n a t i o n a l m u s t be f i l e d d i r e c t l y w ith the I n t e r n a t i o n a l O f f i c e . 35 C h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r in v o l v in g o f f e n s e s s o l e l y a g a i n s t a l o c a l un ion s h a l l b e f i l e d w ith the l o c a l un ion i n v o l v e d . O t h e r s p r o v i d e d c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r v i o l a t i o n s o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n but g r a n t e d l o c a l u n io n s a n e x c l u s i v e r ig h t to t r y i n f r a c t i o n s o f l o c a l b y l a w s , a s in the f o ll o w in g : T h e l o c a l u n ion s h a l l h a v e e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f c h a r g e s o f v i o l a t i o n s of l o c a l b y l a w s . T h e n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a n d the l o c a l un ion s h a l l h a v e c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n o f c h a r g e s of v i o l a t i o n s o f the n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s . (B ro th e rh o o d of U tility W o rk e rs of New E n g la n d , I n d . ) O c c a s i o n a l l y , j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s b a s e d up o n a s p e c i f i c g r o u n d f o r d i s c i p l i n e , w ith i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l s l i m i t e d to c a s e s in v o l v in g s p e c i f i c a l l y e n u m e r a t e d o f f e n s e s w h ile g e n e r a l j u d i c i a l p o w e r s w e r e v e s t e d in l o c a l un ion t r i a l b o d i e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the U n it e d M in e W o r k e r s * ( i n d . ) c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d : When a n y l o c a l o f f i c e r , o r a n y m e m b e r n ot a n o f f i c e r , i s a c c u s e d of v i o l a t i n g a n y o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ l a w s o r a n y t r a n s g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t the o r g a n i z a t i o n . . . o t h e r th a n a s to the p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s d e s c r i b e d in s e c t i o n 7 of t h is a r t i c l e , the c h a r g e m u s t b e f i r s t l o d g e d w ith an d p r o s e c u t e d b e f o r e the l o c a l u n ion . . . T h e p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s l i s t e d in th is c o n s t i t u t i o n w e r e : S e c t i o n 7. When a n y o f f i c e r . . . o r . . . m e m b e r . . . i s c h a r g e d w ith f o m e n t i n g , l e a d i n g , o r e n c o u r a g i n g a d u a l u n io n o r d u a l m o v e m e n t w ith in the o r g a n i z a t i o n , upon c h a r g e s b e in g f i l e d w ith th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l execu tiv e b o a rd . . . a h e a r i n g . . . s h a l l b e h ad . G r o u n d s f o r e x c l u s i v e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n in o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s i n c l u d e d C o m m u n i s t a c t i v i t y , f a i l u r e to c o m p l y w ith i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i r e c t i v e s , a n d v i o l a t i o n s o f the r u l e s f o r c o n d u c t in g e l e c t i o n s . In a d d it i o n , a fe w i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s c o u ld b e in v o k e d o n ly in c a s e s c o n s i d e r e d to c o n s t i t u t e a n e m e r gency. T h e s e s i t u a t i o n s a r e a n a l y z e d m o r e f u ll y in the c h a p t e r on i n t e r n a t i o n a l tr ia l ju r isd ic tio n . Chapter IV. Trial Powers and Procedures at the Local Union Level C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s c o n c e r n e d w ith the d i s c i p l i n e of o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s e s t a b l i s h , f r e q u e n t l y in s e p a r a t e a r t i c l e s , th e p r o c e d u r . e s to b e f o l lo w e d a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith p r o c e d u r e s a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l . T h e c h a p t e r o p e n s w ith a s u m m a r y on th e p r e v a l e n c e of s u c h p r o v i s i o n s a n d i d e n t i f i e s the p e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t r i a l . It d e s c r i b e s how the t r i a l m a c h i n e r y m a y b e in v o k e d a n d the s a f e g u a r d s w h ic h a r e e s t a b l i s h e d a g a in s t f a l s e and fr iv o lo u s c h a r g e s . A m a j o r p o r t i o n of the c h a p t e r d e a l s w ith the t r i a l b o d y i t s e l f , e s p e c i a l l y i t s c o m p o s i t i o n , a s s u r a n c e s of i m p a r t i a l i t y , a n d th e s c o p e of i t s p o w e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w ith r e s p e c t to m a k i n g a f i n a l d e c i s i o n a s to g u i l t a n d p e n a l t y . C o n c lu d in g the c h a p t e r i s a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s a g a i n s t l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s . P r e v a l e n c e of P r o v i s i o n s Of the 158 n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , on ly 12 d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y g r a n t l o c a l u n io n s the a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t t r i a l s ( t a b l e I V - 1); a lth o u g h 10 o t h e r s g a v e l o c a l a f f i l i a t e s s u c h p o w e r s , b u t w e r e s i l e n t on p r o c e d u r a l d e tails. T h e r e m a i n i n g 136 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l s to h o ld h e a r i n g s , d e t e r m i n e g u il t o r in n o c e n c e , a n d a s s e s s p e n a l t i e s . A fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s (11) l i m i t e d s u c h t r i a l s to m e m b e r s only, b u t m o s t (125) a p p l i e d the t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s to both m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s . S o m e t i m e s th e u n i o n s (19) p r o v i d e d d i f f e r e n t t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , bu t m o s t (106) c o v e r e d both m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s by the s a m e p r o c e d u r e s . T a b le IV -1. Provision for T rials of M em bers and L o cal Union O fficers at the L o cal Union L evel, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o tal studied T y pe of provisions A ffiliatio n M em bers Unions A ll c o n stitu tio n s-----------------------------C onstitutions providing lo c a l union tria l p r o c e d u r e s ----------------------------M em bers and lo c a l o f f i c e r s ----------Id en tical tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s---------Different tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s---------M e m b ers-----------------------------------C onstitutions providing for lo c a l union tria ls, but tr ia l procedures were not sp e c ifie d 1 -----------------------Constitutions not providing for lo c a l union t r i a l s ----------------------------------- U n affiliated AFL-CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 158 16, 9 2 3 .1 122 14, 228. 8 36 2, 694. 3 136 125 106 19 11 15, 9 9 6 .4 1 5 ,0 1 7 .2 12, 5 8 7 .7 2, 4 2 9 .5 979. 2 111 102 87 15 9 1 3 ,9 8 6 .2 1 3 ,0 1 1 .4 1 0 ,5 9 8 .2 2 ,4 1 3 .2 9 7 4 .8 25 23 19 4 2 2, 0 1 0 . 2 2, 0 0 5 .8 1 ,9 8 9 .5 1 6 .3 4 .4 10 8 3 6 .6 7 229. 3 3 6 0 7 .3 12 9 0 .1 4 1 3 .3 8 7 6 .8 1 Includes 9 union constitutions that provided trials for m em bers and lo c a l union officers at the international le v e l and 1 th at provided international trials for lo c a l union officers only. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. 36 37 Of th e 12 u n io n s n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z i n g l o c a l u n io n t r i a l s , 2 d id not m a k e p r o v i s i o n to t r y m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . T h e s e w e r e th e F l i g h t E n g i n e e r s an d th e L i f e I n s u r a n c e A g e n t s (Ind. ). N in e of th e r e m a i n i n g 10 u n i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l o f b o th g r o u p s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , an d th e te n th a p p l i e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s o n ly to o f f i c e r s . T hese 12 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , d id not n e c e s s a r i l y r u l e out l o c a l l e v e l d i s c i p l i n a r y h earin g s. C o n c e i v a b l y , d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n w a s p e r m i s s i v e in s o m e o f t h e s e 12 u n i o n s , s i n c e s u c h m e a s u r e s m a y b e s e t f o r t h in th e c o n s t i t u t i o n s a n d b y l a w s of s u b o r d i n a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . O t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e not c o m p l e t e l y s i l e n t , in th a t t h e y c o n t a i n e d l a n g u a g e w h ic h i m p l i e d th e h o ld in g o f t r i a l s a t l o c a l l e v e l s o r a l l o w e d l o c a l un ion p a r t i c i p a t i o n in t r i a l s a t a h i g h e r l e v e l . The T ra in D i s p a t c h e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , r e t a i n e d a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t t r i a l s a t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , but l o c a l u n io n s p e r f o r m e d a p r e t r i a l f a c t - g a t h e r i n g fu n c tio n . S i m i l a r l y , the L o n g s h o r e m e n * s a n d W a r e h o u s e m e n * s U n io n ( I n d . ) d e l e g a t e d g e n e r a l t r i a l a u t h o r i t y to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , but a l l o w e d s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s to ** . . . a d o p t an d e n f o r c e a l l n e c e s s a r y l a w s f o r l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h do n ot c o n f l i c t w ith t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n . ,! T h e S h o e an d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n ( I n d . ) v e s t e d i t s l o c a l b o a r d s of d i r e c t o r s w ith p o w e r to " s u m m o n " m e m b e r s f o r " e n f o r c e m e n t p u r p o s e s 11 a n d to l e v y f i n e s , but m a d e no f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e to t r i a l s o r h e a r i n g s . F i n a l l y , in r e q u i r i n g s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s to i n f o r m th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l of v i o l a t i o n s a n d of th e p u n i s h m e n t s th a t w e r e a s s e s s e d , th e J o u r n e y m e n S to n e C u t t e r s i m p l i e d th e e x i s t e n c e o f l o c a l h e a r i n g s a b o u t w h ic h t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n w a s o t h e r w i s e s i l e n t . S l i g h t l y l e s s o b s c u r e w e r e t h o s e 10 a c c u s e d m e m b e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to t r i a l , but m a c h i n e r y s h o u l d be in v o k e d , n o r how it s h o u l d s t i t u t i o n of th e U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s ( i n d . ), f o r s t a n d t r i a l b e f o r e h i s l o c a l u n io n an d a s s u r e d g a v e no d e t a i l s on p r o c e d u r a l m a t t e r s : c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h s t i p u l a t e d th a t d e s c r i b e d n e i t h e r how l o c a l t r i a l o p e r a te once in itiate d . . T he c o n e x a m p l e , d i r e c t e d th e a c c u s e d to h i m of a n a p p e a l s m a c h i n e r y , but When a n y l o c a l o f f i c e r o r a n y m e m b e r n ot a n o f f i c e r , i s a c c u s e d o f v i o l a t i n g a n y of th e o r g a n i z a t i o n * s l a w s o r a n y t r a n s g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t th e o r g a n i z a t i o n o r a n y of i t s o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s . . . th e c h a r g e m u s t be f i r s t l o d g e d w ith an d p r o s e c u t e d b e f o r e th e l o c a l u n io n . . . an d the d e c i s i o n o f the l o c a l un ion s h a l l c l o s e the c a s e s o f a r a s th a t t r i b u n a l i s c o n c e r n e d , b u t . . . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t o f a p p e a l to the n e x t h i g h e s t t r i b u n a l in a u t h o r i t y an d s o on u n t il a f i n a l d e c i s i o n i s r e a c h e d . In m u c h th e s a m e m a n n e r , th e S t o v e M o u n t e r s p r e s c r i b e d th a t c h a r g e s u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s m ig h t be f i l e d w ith th e l o c a l u n io n , but d id not d e s i g n a te p r o c e d u r e s f o r th e l o c a l to f o ll o w : Any m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d in g . . . m a y m a k e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n o t h e r m e m b e r . . . f o r v i o l a t i o n of an y p a r t of t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , an d s u c h c h a r g e s . . . s h a l l be f i l e d w ith the l o c a l u n ion to w h ic h s u c h m e m b e r belo n g s. T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f th e r e m a i n i n g 136 u n i o n s , c o v e r i n g v i r t u a l l y 16 m i l l io n o f th e 1 6 . 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s i n c l u d e d in t h i s s tu d y , w e r e m o r e d e t a i l e d in th a t th e y e i t h e r d e s c r i b e d th e p r o c e d u r e s th a t e a c h l o c a l w a s o b l i g e d to f o ll o w o r c r e a t e d m i n i m u m p r o c e d u r a l s t a n d a r d s f o r th e c o n d u c t of l o c a l t r i a l s . In g r e a t d e t a i l , f o r i n s t a n c e , th e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s f i r s t d i r e c t e d t h e i r l o c a l s to e r e c t t r i a l m a c h i n e r y in t h e i r b y l a w s a n d th e n l i s t e d th e m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s th a t l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s m u s t m e e t : T h e b y l a w s o r r u l e s of a l o c a l s h a l l s p e c i f y th e m a n n e r in w h ic h an a c c u s e d p e r s o n s h a l l be t r i e d an d m u s t c o n f o r m w ith th e fo ll o w in g m i n i m um stan d ard s: . . . 38 A m o n g th e s t a n d a r d s e s t a b l i s h e d w e r e t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g to th e s i z e an d c o m p o s i t i o n of th e t r i b u n a l , d e s i g n a t i o n of p r o s e c u t i n g an d d e f e n s e c o u n s e l s , t i m e l i m i t s , t e s t i m o n y u n d e r o a t h , r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s , t r i a l r e c o r d , s t a t u s of th e a c c u s e d , an d r i g h t o f a p p e a l . L o c a l un io n b y l a w s th u s g e n e r a l l y g o v e r n e d t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w ith in th e l i m i t s e s t a b l i s h e d by th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l ; in th e a b s e n c e o f l o c a l l y a d o p t e d t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , th e m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s s e t by th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l , a s in th e C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , u s u a l l y a p p l i e d a s th e fu ll t r i a l p r o c e d u r e : C h a r g e s m a y be m a d e by a m e m b e r a g a i n s t a n y o t h e r m e m b e r p u r s u a n t to th e b y l a w s o f th e p a r t i c u l a r unit in w h ic h the m e m b e r b e in g c h a r g e d h old s m e m b e r s h ip . If th e b y l a w s o f th e p a r t i c u l a r unit . . . m a k e no p r o v i s i o n f o r p r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s , th e p r o c e d u r e s o u t l in e d h e r e i n below s h a ll ap p ly . P e r s o n s S u b j e c t to T r i a l A m o n g th e 136 n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s d e t a i l i n g l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , 11 r e s t r i c t e d c o v e r a g e to m e m b e r s o n ly , r e f e r r i n g t r i a l s of l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s to h i g h e r l e v e l s . In 7 o f t h e s e 11 u n i o n s , c h a r g e s a g a i n s t l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s w e r e to be f i l e d w ith i n t e r m e d i a t e a g e n c i e s (i. e . , d i s t r i c t b o d i e s , jo in t c o u n c i l s , e t c . ) . T h e B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s , f o r i n s t a n c e , f i r s t d e s i g n a t e d th e l o c a l u n io n e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s the t r i a l a g e n c y f o r m e m b e r s o t h e r th a n o f fic e r s a s fo llo w s: A l l c h a r g e s , e x c e p t a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s an d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of l o c a l u n i o n s . . . s h a l l be h e a r d an d t r i e d by th e l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e board . . . C h a r g e s a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , w e r e d i r e c t e d to th e n e x t h i g h e r l e v e l , w h ich , in th is c a s e , w a s th e g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i c t : When a n y . . . o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i s c h a r g e d w ith an o f f e n s e , by a n y o n e , s u c h c h a r g e s m u s t be w r i t t e n an d f i l e d d i r e c t l y w ith th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l v i c e p r e s i d e n t of the d i s t r i c t in w h ic h th e l o c a l u n ion is located . . . In a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n , th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l v i c e p r e s i d e n t in c h a r g e of the d i s t r i c t w a s e m p o w e r e d to c o n d u c t th e l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r ’ s t r i a l . Only 4 o f the 11 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p l a c e d the t r i a l of l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , b u t s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s d i c t a t e d th is p r o c e d u r e f o r 2 of the 4 c o n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n io n , f o r o n e , h a d no l o c a l un io n o f f i c e r s in the c o m m o n l y a c c e p t e d s e n s e of the t e r m , bu t on ly b r a n c h o f f i c e r s an d p o r t a g e n t s , w ho, a lth o u g h e l e c t e d by the m e m b e r s h i p , w e r e d i r e c t l y a n s w e r a b l e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion on a l l m a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r d u t i e s . T h e A m e r i c a n R a d i o A s s o c i a t i o n , s i m i l a r l y , h a d p o r t " b r a n c h " o f f i c e r s e l e c t e d by the w h o le m e m b e r s h i p to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ' s g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T h e r e m a i n i n g two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , t h o s e of the G r a i n M i l l e r s an d the M in e , M i l l a n d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s (Ind. ) p r o v i d e d th a t e l e c t e d l o c a l un io n o f f i c e r s b e t r i e d by the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n . T h e G r a i n M i l l e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e c i f i e d a c t i o n by both the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ' s p r e s i d e n t an d s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r in t h is j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s : . . . S u c h c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r . . . m a y be f i l e d by an y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n , w ith the G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r . . . If it a p p e a r s f r o m the f a c e of the c h a r g e s th a t t h e r e i s p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r t r i a l , the ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t ) s h a l l fo r th w i th a p p o in t an i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o a r d c o n s i s t i n g o f the d i s t r i c t v i c e p r e s i d e n t . . . an d two o t h e r m e m b e r s of the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . 39 In an o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of c o n s t i t u t i o n s (1 2 5 ), th e l o c a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n a p p l i e d to b o th m e m b e r s an d o f f i c e r s . I d e n t i c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a p p l i e d to both in 106 c o n s t i t u t i o n s . S o m e of t h e s e , h o w e v e r , w e r e not e n t i r e l y c l e a r in s p e c i f y i n g who. w a s c o v e r e d , u s u a l l y s t i p u l a t i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , th a t “ m e m b e r s 11 w e r e s u b j e c t to t r i a l , but a c l o s e r e a d i n g of th e d i s c i p l i n e an d r e l a t e d p r o v i s i o n s i n d i c a t e d th a t in t h i s c o n t e x t “ m e m b e r s ’1 i n c l u d e d l o c a l o f f i c e r s a s w e l l . M ost of the 106 w e r e n e v e r t h e l e s s p r e c i s e in s e t t i n g f o r t h t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . The B u il d in g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , f o r e x a m p l e , in e s t a b l i s h i n g m i n i m u m l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , e x p r e s s e d jo i n t c o v e r a g e a s f o l l o w s : A m e m b e r or o ffice r c o n s t i t u t i n g a v i o l a t i o n of l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r by t a b l i s h e d by th e b y l a w s of of a l o c a l un ion , c h a r g e d w ith an y o f f e n s e th is co n stitu tio n , sh a ll . . . be t r i e d by the th e l o c a l un ion if s u c h t r i a l p r o c e d u r e i s e s th e l o c a l un ion . . . N in e t e e n o f th e 125 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d th a t m e m b e r s an d o f f i c e r s w o u ld be t r i e d by th e l o c a l un ion , but u n d e r d i f f e r e n t p r o c e d u r e s . T w e l v e of the 19 p r o v i d e d i m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s , c o m m o n l y on c h a r g e s of n e g l e c t of duty o r a b s e n c e f r o m m e e t i n g s . G e n e r a l l y , th e o f f i c e r ' s s t a t u s a s a n o f f i c e r but not a s a m e m b e r w a s a f f e c t e d by th e o u t c o m e . The N e w s p a p e r G u ild , f o r i n s t a n c e , c a r e f u l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n o f f e n s e s of an o f f i c e r a s a n o f f i c e r an d o f f e n s e s o f a n o f f i c e r a s a m e m b e r , in the f o l l o w in g m a n n e r : S e c t i o n I. A l o c a l o f f i c e r , c h a r g e d w ith v i o l a t i o n of ( s p e c i f i e d c l a u s e s d e s c r i b i n g m e m b e r s h i p o f f e n s e s ) s h a l l be c h a r g e d a s a m e m b e r in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e p r o v i s i o n s o f A r t i c l e XII . . . S e c t i o n II. l i c t i o n in du ty. a m em ber. A l o c a l o f f i c e r m a y be r e m o v e d f r o m o f f i c e f o r d e r e S u c h r e m o v a l s h a l l not a f f e c t the o f f i c e r ' s s t a t u s a s S u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s of th e s a m e a r t i c l e d e t a i l e d the p r o c e d u r e to be f o ll o w e d in the d i s c i p l i n a r y r e m o v a l of a n o f f i c e r . H a r s h e r p e n a l t i e s , d i r e c t l y a f f e c t i n g the m e m b e r s h i p s t a t u s of a n o f f i c e r , w e r e p r e s c r i b e d in a n a d d i t i o n a l 6 of the 19 u n io n s in w h ic h p r o c e d u r e s c o v e r i n g o ffic e r s w ere s e p a r a te d fr o m th o se co v erin g m e m b e r s . The Je w e lr y W o rk ers, f o r e x a m p l e , a f t e r f i r s t s p e c i f y i n g v i o l a t i o n s f o r w h ic h c h a r g e s h a d to be f i l e d and th e n r e q u i r i n g th a t th e c h a r g e s be in w r i t i n g , e s t a b l i s h e d p e n a l t i e s a f f e c t i n g th e o f f i c e r ' s s t a t u s a s a n o f f i c e r an d a s a m e m b e r : . . . an d if th e a c c u s e d i s fo un d g u il ty , the a c c u s e d m a y be r e p r i m a n d e d , fi n e d , r e m o v e d f r o m o f f i c e , s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , a c c o r d i n g to th e s e v e r i t y of th e c h a r g e s . In v o k in g T r i a l M a c h i n e r y N a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s h a v e e r e c t e d a n u m b e r of s a f e g u a r d s f o r the e a r l y s t a g e s of th e t r i a l p r o c e s s by d e fin in g a v a r i e t y of p r o c e d u r a l s t e p s d e s i g n e d to r e s t r a i n f r i v o l o u s a c t i o n s an d a b u s e s of d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s . 23 S u c h p r o v i s i o n s d e s i g n a t e d t h o s e p e r s o n s who a r e to c a r r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a t e a c h s t e p d u r i n g the i n i t i a t i o n of the t r i a l m a c h i n e r y , and o u tlin e d t h e i r d u t i e s . 23 S e l e c t e d due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s f o r t r i a l s n a t io n a l l e v e l a r e d i s c u s s e d in c h a p t e r V I. at the l o c a l un ion an d i n t e r 40 T y p i c a l l y , an y l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r c o u l d f i l e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an y o t h e r o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r , b u t the a c c u s e r h a d to w r i t e an d s i g n the c h a r g e s . P r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s l a t e r fo u n d to be f a l s e w a s g e n e r a l l y a p u n i s h a b l e o f f e n s e . U n i o n s , a s a r u l e , r e q u i r e d th a t a l l c h a r g e s s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e the a l l e g e d v i o l a tio n a n d the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s o r u n ion l a w s th a t w e r e s u p p o s e d l y b r o k e n . E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s in d i v i d u a l l y , o r an e x e c u t i v e b o d y , w e r e u s u a l l y d e s i g n a t e d a s r e c e i v i n g a g e n t s . A fe w u n i o n s i d e n t i f i e d an a l t e r n a t e r e c e i v i n g a g e n t if c h a r g e s w e r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t the p e r s o n n o r m a l l y d e s i g n a t e d . C h a r g e s c o u l d b e r e a d to a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g o r p u b l i s h e d in the u n i o n 1s n e w s p a p e r in o r d e r to d i s s e m i n a t e t h e m to the w i d e s t p o s s i b l e g r o u p . T h ey could a ls o be given a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w to a s s u r e th a t th e y h a d m e r i t . T h e p r e v a l e n c e of t h e s e s a f e g u a r d s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y , but p r o v i s i o n s s t i p u l a t i n g th e f o r m of c h a r g e s (i. e. , w r i t t e n , s p e c i f i c ) w e r e by f a r the m o s t f r e q u e n t , a p p e a r i n g in n i n e - t e n t h s o f the 136 un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t g a v e d e t a i l s on l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le I V - 2 ) . P r o v i s i o n s d e s i g n a t i n g t h o s e p e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d to r e c e i v e c h a r g e s ( t a b le I V - 4 ) w e r e s e c o n d m o s t p r e v a l e n t , fo u n d in a b o u t t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the 136 u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s . S a f e g u a r d s to a s s u r e t r u e c h a r g e s (i. e. , s i g n a t u r e s , p e n a l t i e s f o r f a l s e c h a r g e s ) w e r e fo un d in t h r e e fifth s (tab le IV -3 ). M u ch l e s s f r e q u e n t w e r e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r i n g the p u b l i c a t i o n of c h a r g e s ( t a b le I V - 5 ) an d t h e i r r e v i e w f o r s u f f i c i e n c y ( t a b le I V - 6 ) , fo un d in a b o u t a f o u r t h of th e 136 c o n s t i t u t i o n s . F o r m of C h a r g e s . Of 136 n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s w h ic h s p e c i f i e d l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , 125 e s t a b l i s h e d th e f o r m of c h a r g e s ( t a b le I V - 2 ) . U n i f o r m l y , a c c u s a t i o n s h ad to be in w r i t i n g an d m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o r e q u i r e d th a t the c h a r g e s s p e c i f y in d e t a i l the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e . In 51 o f th e 125 u n i o n s , a m o n g t h e m th e O f f i c e E m p l o y e s , w r i t t e n c h a r g e s w e r e th e s o l e r e q u i r e m e n t : C h a r g e s m a y be b r o u g h t in w r i t i n g by an y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of th e l o c a l u n ion o r o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n . . . In th e P a t t e r n M a k e r s , fo r p un ish m en t: r e f u s a l to r e d u c e o r a l a l l e g a t i o n s to w r i t i n g w a s c a u s e A ny m e m b e r . . . s h a l l be c o m p e l l e d to r e d u c e h i s s t a t e m e n t s o r a c c u s a t i o n s to w r i t i n g . . . S h o u ld the m e m b e r m a k i n g the a c c u s a t i o n s r e f u s e to r e d u c e h i s s t a t e m e n t s . . . to w r i t i n g w ith in 10 d a y s , he s h a l l be f i n e d $ 1 0 w itho ut an y f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e r e m a i n i n g 74 u n io n s r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s b e b o th in w r i t i n g an d s p e c i f i c c o n c e r n i n g th e o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d l y c o m m i t t e d . A s a c k n o w l e d g e d b y the T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n ion , th e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s a f f o r d e d the a c c u s e d th e o p p o r t u n i t y to d e fe n d h i m s e l f : A c c u s a t i o n s of c h a r g e s m u s t be m a d e in w r i t i n g by a m e m b e r o f the un ion in g o o d s t a n d i n g . In a l l c a s e s c h a r g e s . . . s h a l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y sp ecific . . . to p e r m i t th e d e fe n d a n t to p r e p a r e a p r o p e r d e f e n s e . O nly 7 o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s a m o n g t h e s e 74 u n io n s f a i l e d to s t i p u l a t e w h at the r e q u i r e m e n t f o r s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s e n t a i l e d . S u c h c o n s t i t u t i o n s c a l l e d m e r e l y fo r " s p e c if ic w ritten c h a r g e s " (R ailw ay C le r k s ), o r "w ritten s p e c i f ic a t io n s " (M a in t e n a n c e o f Way E m p l o y e s ) , o r f o r c h a r g e s " s p e c i f i c a l l y s e t f o r t h in w r i t i n g " (U n ite d P l a n t G u a r d s ) . T h e r e m a i n d e r of th e 74 u n io n s d e f i n e d " s p e c i f i c " c h a r g e s . T h i r t y - e i g h t u n i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , o r d e r e d a c c u s e r s to s p e c i f y the n a t u r e of the o f f e n s e in t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s o f c h a r g e s . A m o n g t h e s e w e r e th e B r i c k l a y e r s : W henever a c h a rg e is p r e f e r r e d s p e c i f i c a l l y the o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d to t i m e s (if m o r e th a n o n c e ) , th e d a t e s m i t m e n t , the n u m b e r an d n a m e s a g a in st a bro th er . . . it s h a l l s t a t e h a v e b e e n c o m m i t t e d , th e n u m b e r o f an d le n g th of t i m e d u r i n g s u c h c o m of w i t n e s s e s to s u c h o f f e n s e . . . 41 Table IV-2. Form of Charges in Local Union Trial Procedures, National and international Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffilia tio n U n affiliated AFL-|CIO Form of charges Unions M em bers Unions A ll constitutions providing for lo c a l union tria l p roced u res----------- ---------Constitutions providing for form of charges --------------------------------------W ritten and s p e c i f i c --------------------Sp e cify nature of offen se --------— Sp e cify nature of offense and rule or constitu tion al provision v io la te d ----------------------------No referen ce to d etails to be s p e c i f i e d ------------------------W ritten ------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for form of c h a r g e s ------------------------------------ Unions M em bers M em bers 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 ,9 8 6 .2 25 2, 0 1 0.2 125 74 38 15, 403, 0 1 1 ,4 7 0 .6 7 ,1 9 6 . 1 104 60 32 1 3 ,4 3 1 .8 9 ,7 7 3 .4 5, 606. 9 21 14 6 1 ,9 7 1 . 2 1 ,6 9 7 .1 1 ,5 8 9 . 1 29 3, 1 7 3 .0 23 3 ,0 8 5 .6 6 8 7 .4 7 51 1 ,1 0 1 .5 3 ,9 3 2 .4 5 44 1 ,0 8 0 .9 3, 658. 4 2 7 20.6 2 7 4 .0 11 5 9 3 .4 7 5 5 4 .4 4 3 9.1 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. T a b le IV -3. Safeguards R e latin g to C harges in L ocal Union T r ia l Procedures, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 Form of charges Safegu ard provision A ll constitutions providing for charges in lo c a l union tria l procedures ------------------------Constitutions providing safeguards ------------------C harges must be signed and accusers su b ject to p en alties for filin g fa lse charges ----------------------------------------C harges must be s i g n e d -----------------------------A ccusers su bject to p en alties for filin g fa lse charges --------------------------------C harges must be sworn or n o t a r iz e d --------------Other s a f e g u a r d s ---------------------------------------Constitutions not providing safeguards --------------- T o ta l studied Written and sp e cific W ritten only Form of charges not stipu lated 136 74 51 11 81 58 21 2 26 24 22 17 3 6 1 1 23 3 x5 55 12 3 4 16 11 - 1 30 _ 9 1 Under 1 constitution, the accu ser was required to sign charges and post a security deposit; under 1 co n sti tution, charges had to be sworn and the accu ser was su bject to pen alties if charges were proven fa lse ; under 1 co n stitution, the accu ser had to sign the charges, post a security deposit, and was su bject to d iscip lin e if charges were proven fa lse ; under 1 constitution, a ll charges had to b e signed and an accu ser of a lo c a l o ffice r su b ject to p en alties, if charges were proven fa lse ; and under 1 constitution, a ll fa lse accusers were su bject to pen alties, and charges again st lo c a l officers had to be signed by 15 m em bers. http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 4 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 42 Table IV-4. Agent Receiving Charges in Local Union Trial Procedures, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 T o ta l studied A gent provisions A ll constitutions providing for ch arges in lo c a l union tr ia l procedures ------------------------------- C onstitutions providing for identity of agen t ----------------------------L o cal union o f f i c e r -----------------------S e c r e t a r y --------------------------------Secretary , but different agent, if ch arges file d against secretary -----------------------------P r e s id e n t--------------------------------President, but different agent if charges against president -----------------------------Other o f f i c e r s --------------------------L ocal union b o d y --------------------------E xecutive b o a r d -----------------------Perm anent c o m m it t e e ---------------M em bership m eetin g ---------------L o cal union ----------------------------E xecutive board or perm anent c o m m i t t e e ----------------------------L o cal o ffice r or lo c a l b o d y ----------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for identy of a g e n t -------------------------------- A ffiliatio n U n affiliate d A FL-CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 ,9 8 6 .2 25 2, 0 1 0 . 2 103 62 31 1 1 ,7 2 7 .5 8 , 3 0 7 .0 4, 435. 2 83 49 24 9, 8 3 2 .4 6, 6 8 7 .4 2, 8 7 0 .0 20 13 7 1 ,8 9 5 .1 1 ,6 1 9 .6 1, 5 6 5 .2 9 9 1 ,7 9 2 .0 2 9 2 .8 8 6 1 ,7 7 9 .4 2 5 9 .6 1 3 12.6 3 3 .2 6 l7 39 11 2 2 23 1 ,0 6 0 .8 7 2 6 .2 3 ,3 9 0 .6 3 9 1 .0 2 4 .5 7 .1 2 ,9 1 0 .0 5 6 32 9 1 1 20 1 ,0 5 4 .8 7 2 3 .6 3, 1 15.1 3 8 1 .5 2 3 .5 2 .5 2, 649. 6 1 1 7 2 1 1 3 6.0 2.6 2 7 5 .5 9 .5 1.0 4 .6 2 6 0 .4 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .0 - - 22 2 9 .9 2 2 9 .9 - - 33 4, 2 6 9 .0 28 4, 1 5 3 .8 5 115.1 1 Under 3 constitutions, charges were to be file d with any e le cted o fficers; under 1 constitution, with the pres ident or secretary; under 1 constitution, with the secretary of the tria l body; under 1 constitution with an international o ffice r; and under 1 constitution, charges again st m em bers were to be file d with the lo c a l president but charges again st officers were to b e file d with a d istrict d irector. 2 Under 1 constitution, charges were to be file d with the recording secretary or the ex ecu tiv e board; and under 1 constitution, charges again st m em bers were to be file d with the recording secretary w hile charges again st lo c a l officers were to be file d with the ex ecu tive board. NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums of in dividu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. 43 Table IV-5. Publication of Charges to the Local Union Membership Prior to Trial, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M embers, in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffilia tio n P ublication provisions M em bers Unions A ll constitutions providing for charges in lo c a l tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s -----------------C onstitutions providing for p u blication of c h a r g e s -----------------------------------C harges to be read at m em bership m e e t i n g ----------------------------------Posted on b u lle tin b o a r d ---------------Published in union n ew spaper---------Other p u b lication p ro v isio n s-----------Constitutions not providing for p u b lic ation of c h a r g e s ------------------------------ U n affiliated AFL-CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 ,9 8 6 .2 25 2,0 1 0 .2 39 4, 522. 4 34 4, 4 3 1 .2 5 9 1 .2 1 34 1 1 23 4 ,4 1 5 .0 9 .1 4 0 .0 5 8 .3 30 4, 3 5 0 .3 9. 1 4 0 .0 3 1 .8 4 6 4 .7 1 2 6 .5 97 1 1 ,4 7 4 .0 77 9, 5 5 5 .0 20 1 ,9 1 9 .0 1 1 2 - - - - 1 Under 28 constitutions, e x p licit provisions required reading of charges to the m em bership; w hile under 6 co n stitutions, provisions for prelim in ary review by the m em bership im p lied that charges were read at m em bership m eeting. 2 Under 1 constitution, the m em bership was notified by p u blication on b u lletin boards, the union newspaper, or personal n otificatio n ; under 1 constitution, charges again st lo c a l officers were read at a m em bership m eetin g but there was no referen ce to read in g charges against lo c a l m em bers; and under 1 constitution, the m em bership was notified but the m ethod of p u b licatio n was not sp e cifie d . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. T a b le IV -6 . P relim inary R eview of C harges Before T r ia l at the L o cal Union L ev el, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 J^Ndte^nbers^^tlhousaLndsJ^ A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied Prelim inary review body M em bers Unions A ll constitutions providing for charges in lo c a l union tria l p r o c e d u r e s --------------C onstitutions providing for a p re lim inary review of c h a r g e s---------------------M em bership m e e t in g ---------------------L ocal ex ecu tiv e b o a r d --------------------International p r e s id e n t ------------------L ocal president review ed charges again st officers; no provision for review of ch arges again st m em b ers-2 or m ore au to m atic r e v ie w s ----------Other review b o d ie s -----------------------Constitutions not providing for p re lim inary review p r o v isio n s---------------------- U n affiliated AFL-■ CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 .9 8 6 .2 25 2, 0 1 0 . 2 31 13 6 3 3 ,0 1 3 .0 1, 2 5 9 .9 3 7 7 .9 1 9 3 .2 26 13 6 3 2 ,9 5 3 .7 1 ,2 5 9 .9 3 7 7 .9 1 9 3 .2 5 - 5 9 .2 - 3 3 *3 2 3 .8 1, 1 0 5 .6 5 2 .5 2 2 - 1 9 .6 1 ,1 0 3 .1 - 1 1 3 4 .2 2 .5 5 2 .5 105 12, 9 8 3 .5 85 1 1 ,0 3 2 .4 20 1 ,9 5 1 .0 1 Under 1 constitution, 2 perm anent co m m ittees conducted the review , and under 2 others a co m m ittee by the lo c a l union president perform ed this function. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. - appointed 44 T h e U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s a s k e d f o r the " e x a c t n a t u r e " o f th e o f f e n s e , an d the P l u m b e r s r e q u i r e d o n ly th a t the n a t u r e o f th e o f f e n s e b e s t a t e d " w i t h r e a s o n a b l e c e r t a i n t y . 1I1 In c o n t r a s t , the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s s t i p u l a t e d th a t " c h a r g e s s h a l l b e s p e c i f i c , s t a t i n g c l e a r l y , c o n c i s e l y , an d a s a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s i b l e the t i m e , p l a c e , a n d n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e a l l e g e d . " A n o t h e r 29 o f the 74 u n io n s r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s b e w r i t t e n , s p e c i f i c , an d d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n o r r u l e o f l a w a l l e g e d l y v i o lated . T h e R a i l r o a d S i g n a l m e n , f o r i n s t a n c e , d e m a n d e d a h ig h d e g r e e of p r e c i s i o n in s e t t i n g f o r t h a l l e g a t i o n s : C h a r g e s m u s t s e t f o r t h the s p e c i f i c n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e , the p a r t y o r p a r t i e s in v olved , tim e , p la c e , and exten t of o ffe n s e , a g a in s t whom c o m m i t t e d , s p e c i f i c l a w s v i o l a t e d , a m o u n t o f m o n e y o r fu n d s in v o l v e d , i f a n y , an d m u s t . . . c l e a r l y s t a t e w ith w h o m c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n B a k e r y an d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s ( A F L - C I O ) s i m i l a r l y c a l l e d f o r a c l e a r s t a t e m e n t o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s v i o l a t e d , a g a i n s t r e s s i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p of s u c h a s t a t e m e n t to the a c c u s e d ' s a b i l i t y to defend h im s e lf : T h e c h a r g e s m u s t b e f i l e d in w r i t i n g and b e s i g n e d b y a m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d i n g . T h e c h a r g e s m u s t s p e c i f y b o th the p a r t i c u l a r p r o v i s i o n s of t h is c o n s t it u t io n a l l e g e d l y in v o l v e d an d the p a r t i c u l a r c o n d u c t c o n s t i t u t i n g s u c h a l l e g e d v i o l a t i o n , in s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l to a f f o r d the c h a r g e d p a r t y f a i r o p p o r t u n i t y to d e fe n d h i m s e l f . S e v e r a l u n io n s a m o n g the 74, m a i n l y t h o s e in the r a i l r o a d i n d u s t r y , r e q u i r e d th a t a l l c h a r g e s b e p r e s e n t e d in a p r e s c r i b e d a f f i d a v i t f o r m . T y p ical w as th a t o f th e B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n : . . . No m e m b e r s h a l l b e p l a c e d on t r i a l u n l e s s c h a r g e s d u ly s p e c i f y in g the o f f e n s e , s o a s fu ll y to a p p r i s e h im o f the n a t u r e t h e r e o f , an d e n a b l e h im to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e , h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d to, a n d a c c e p t e d b y , the l o d g e in w r it i n g , s i g n e d b y a m e m b e r o f the B r o t h e r h o o d in g o o d s t a n d i n g a n d in the fo ll o w in g f o r m : I h e r e b y c h a r g e B r o t h e r _____________, a m e m b e r o f l o d g e N o . _____ , w ith u n b e c o m in g c o n d u c t ( o r v i o l a t i o n o f h is o b l i g a tio n , o r o t h e r o f f e n s e s , a s the c a s e m a y be) in t h i s : S p ecific atio n first: T h a t the s a i d b r o t h e r did on o r a b o u t th e _____________ d a y of ______ 19 __ ( h e r e s t a t e f u ll p a r t i c u l a r s ) . When the c h a r g e i s f o r c o n tin u e d o f f e n s e , th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n m a y r e a d in a d d it i o n to the a b o v e 'a n d h a b i t u a l l y s i n c e th a t t i m e , ' o th e rw ise th ere m u st be a s e p a r a t e sp e c ific a t io n fo r each action . S a f e g u a r d s to A s s u r e T r u e C h a r g e s . N e a r l y 60 p e r c e n t (81) o f the 136 u n io n s d e t a i l i n g l o c a l u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s i n c l u d e d v a r i o u s s a f e g u a r d s d e s i g n e d to d e t e r r e c k l e s s , p o o r l y b a s e d a c c u s a t i o n s ( t a b le I V - 3 ) . T h r e e u n ion s, f o r i n s t a n c e , d i r e c t e d th a t c h a r g e s be s w o r n o r n o t a r i z e d , a m o n g t h e m the R a i l road T e le g ra p h e rs: I do h e r e b y d e c l a r e u p o n m y h o n o r a s a m e m b e r of the O r d e r of R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s , th a t the c h a r g e s a s s u b s c r i b e d to b y m e a r e t r u e , a n d the s a m e a r e not m a d e out o f m a l i c e o r p r e j u d i c e on m y p a r t ; b u t w ith a d e s i r e to s e e the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f th e o r d e r s u b s e r v e d , an d in v i n d i c a t i o n of the vo w t a k e n w hen b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r o f t h is o r d e r . 45 M o r e c o m m o n l y (2 4 u n i o n s ) , the r e q u i r e m e n t w a s th a t a l l c h a r g e s b e s i g n e d b y th e a c c u s e r , t h e r e b y r u l i n g ou t t r i a l s on a n o n y m o u s a c c u s a t i o n s . T his w a s e x p r e s s e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l G u a r d s U n io n o f A m e r i c a (In d .) a s fo llo w s: A c c u s a t i o n s . . . m u s t c o n t a in th e s i g n a t u r e o r s i g n a t u r e s o f the accu sin g p arty or p a r tie s. No a n o n y m o u s l e t t e r o r d o c u m e n t s s h a l l b e h o n o r e d f o r th e p u r p o s e of c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r s . . . U n d e r s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the s i g n a t u r e o f m o r e th a n on e c o m p l a i n a n t w a s n e c e s s a r y to in v o k e the u n i o n s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y . The S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R ailw a y a n d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s , f o r e x a m p l e , d i r e c t e d th a t c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s b e s i g n e d b y a t l e a s t 5 m e m b e r s a n d a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s b y a t l e a s t 10 m e m b e r s . L o c a l s o f the A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( i n d . ) n e e d e d the e n d o r s e m e n t o f 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p to a c t i v a t e the t r i a l m a c h i n e r y ; e x c e p t th a t in l o c a l s o f 100 o r f e w e r m e m b e r s , a t l e a s t 20 s i g n a t u r e s w e r e r e q u i r e d , w h e r e a s l o c a l s h a v in g o v e r 1, 000 m e m b e r s n e e d e d o n ly 150 s i g n a t u r e s . Two oth er in t e r n a t i o n a l s r e q u i r e d a c c u s e r s to l e a v e a d e p o s i t w ith the u n io n a t the t i m e o f f i lin g c h a r g e s , the d e p o s i t to b e f o r f e i t e d i f the c h a r g e s w e r e n ot u p h e ld . T h e p o w e r to p e n a l i z e a c c u s e r s f o r m a k i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s w a s g r a n t e d in o v e r h a l f the 81 c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t p r o v i d e d th e s a f e g u a r d s d i s c u s s e d . P en alties r a n g e d f r o m r e p r i m a n d s ( A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s ) to e x p u l s i o n s ( M e a t C u t t e r s ) . O th e r p u n i s h m e n t s c o n s i s t e d of (1) s u s p e n s i o n (i. e . , R u b b e r W o r k e r s ) ; (2) f i n e s in a f i x e d a m o u n t ( i. e . , G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s ) ; a n d (3) f i n e s d e s i g n e d to c o v e r the c o s t s o f the t r i a l on the o r i g i n a l c h a r g e s ( i. e . , I r o n W o r k e r s ) . T h e a c c u s e r , u n d e r s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , w a s to b e s u m m a r i l y d i s c i p l i n e d f o r i s s u i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s ( s e e c h a p t e r II), o r e l s e h e , to o , h ad to u n d e r g o a t r i a l , a s w a s r e q u i r e d b y the P l u m b e r s u n ion , to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r he h a d p r e f e r r e d the c h a r g e s m a l i c i o u s l y : When a m e m b e r i s found g u il t y b y th e l o c a l u n io n a f t e r d ue n o t ic e and t r i a l . . . of f i l i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s m a l i c i o u s l y a n d in b a d f a i t h . . . he s h a l l b e a s s e s s e d an d p u n i s h e d b y the l o c a l u n io n . . . D i r e c t m e m b e r s h i p a c t i o n r e p l a c e d a f u ll t r i a l in the R u b b e r W o r k e r s c o n s t i t u t i o n , bu t m o r e th a n a m a j o r i t y v o t e w a s n e c e s s a r y to c o n v i c t the a c c u s e r of m ak in g f a ls e c h a r g e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , the v o te c o u ld n ot b e t a k e n a t the s a m e m e e t i n g a t w h ic h the o r i g i n a l t r i a l w a s h e ld , th u s c o u n t e r a c t i n g the p r e s e n c e o f h ig h e m o t i o n s , n o r c o u ld the a c c u s e r b e h e ld l i a b l e f o r a c t i o n s t a k e n in g o o d f a it h : A n y m e m b e r b r i n g i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n o t h e r w h ic h he f a i l s to s u s t a i n b y p r o p e r e v i d e n c e m a y , b y a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f the m e m b e r s h i p p r e s e n t a n d v o ti n g a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the l o c a l un ion fo ll o w in g the m e e t i n g a t w h ic h the d e c i s i o n o f the t r i a l b o a r d i s r e p o r t e d a n d w ith o u t r e f e r r i n g the m a t t e r to a n y t r i a l b o a r d , b e r e p r i m a n d e d o r s u s p e n d e d f o r a p e r i o d n ot e x c e e d i n g 3 m o n t h s , o r b o th r e p r i m a n d e d and su sp e n d e d . T h i s p a r a g r a p h s h a l l not be a p p l i c a b l e in c a s e s w h e r e the m e m b e r b r i n g i n g the c h a r g e s c a n s h o w th a t s u c h c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d in g o o d f a i t h a n d w ith r e a s o n a b l e c a u s e to b e l i e v e t h a t a n o f f e n s e w as co m m itte d . 46 T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the L a d i e s * G a r m e n t W o r k e r s , h o w e v e r , e m p o w e r e d th e s a m e t r i a l b o d y th a t h e a r d the o r i g i n a l c h a r g e s to t a k e a c t i o n a g a i n s t the a c c u s e r if c h a r g e s w e r e f a l s e : If a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r s h a l l k n o w in g ly p r e f e r f a l s e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n y o t h e r m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . . . the a c c u s e r m a y b e p l a c e d on t r i a l f o r h a v in g b r o u g h t the f a l s e c h a r g e s an d s u c h t r i a l s h a l l be c o n d u c t e d in the s a m e m a n n e r an d b e f o r e the s a m e b o d y a s the t r i a l o f the c h a r g e s m a d e b y the a c c u s e r . T y p i c a l l y , t h o s e u n io n s th a t p r e s c r i b e d the f o r m of c h a r g e s a l s o g u a r d e d a g a i n s t a n o n y m o u s a n d b a d f a it h c h a r g e s ( t a b l e I V - 3). Of the 74 u n io n s w h ich r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s b e w r i t t e n an d s p e c i f i c , f o r i n s t a n c e , m o r e th a n t h r e e f o u r t h s (58) a l s o p r o v i d e d s a f e g u a r d s a g a i n s t f a l s e c h a r g e s . On the o t h e r h an d, f e w e r th a n h a l f (Z l) o f the 51 u n io n s w h ich r e q u i r e d o n ly th a t c h a r g e s b e in w r it i n g p r o v i d e d a s s u r a n c e o f t r u e c h a r g e s . T h e s e w e r e l a r g e l y c o n c e r n e d w ith p e n a l i z i n g t h o s e who p r e s e n t e d f a l s e c h a r g e s . F i n a l l y , o f the 11 u n io n s th a t d id not s t i p u l a t e th e f o r m o f c h a r g e s , o n ly 2 i n d i c a t e d th a t a l l e g a t i o n s s h o u ld b e in w r i t i n g , 1 un ion r e q u i r i n g th a t the c h a r g e s b e s i g n e d , an d the o t h e r un ion r e q u i r i n g the c h a r g e s be s ig n e d and f a l s e a c c u s e r s p u n ish ed . F ilin g C h a r g e s . A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , b o th m e m b e r s an d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s w e r e a u t h o r i z e d to p r e f e r c h a r g e s a g a i n s t o t h e r l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s an d m em bers. A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , in f a c t , o b l i g a t e d o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s to b r i n g c h a r g e s w h en a w a r e of v i o l a t i o n s , a s , f o r e x a m p l e , in the f o ll o w in g : It s h a l l b e the duty of a n y m e m b e r o f a l o c a l l o d g e who m a y p o s s e s s i n f o r m a t i o n th a t a m e m b e r of h is l o d g e h a s v i o l a t e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n to i m m e d i a t e l y p r e f e r c h a r g e s in w r i t i n g to the p r e s i d e n t of the l o d g e . . . ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l D ie S i n k e r s 1 C o n f e r e n c e , Ind. ) N ot f i l i n g c h a r g e s w hen h a v in g s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c a u s e f o r p u n i s h m e n t in it s own r i g h t in the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s , a m o n g o t h e r s : A n y m e m b e r m a y be p e n a l i z e d f o r c o m m i t t i n g a n y on e of the f o l lo w in g o f f e n s e s : . . . (3) h a v in g k n o w l e d g e o f the v i o l a t i o n o f a n y p r o v i s i o n o f th is c o n s t it u t io n , o r the b y l a w s o r r u l e s of a l o c a l un ion , y e t f a i l i n g to f i l e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t the o f f e n d e r o r to n o t ify the p r o p e r o f f i c e r s o f the l o c a l un ion . A r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n s (22 o f 136) n a m e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s a m o n g t h o s e e m p o w e r e d to p r e s e n t c h a r g e s , bu t none g a v e t h e s e i n t e r n atio n al e x e c u tiv e s so le au th o rity . W hile s o m e of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s v e r y c a r e f u l l y d e s c r i b e d an d l i m i t e d the e x t e n t of the a u t h o r i t y g r a n t e d to a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r , m o s t o f the 22 p e r m i t t e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r to f i l e c h a r g e s on an y grounds. T h e s e a s p e c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d in the n e x t c h a p t e r w h ic h d e a l s w ith t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . In 33 o f the 136 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ( t a b l e I V - 4 ) , the a g e n t o r a g e n c y w ith w h om c h a r g e s w e r e to b e f i l e d w a s not i d e n t i f i e d . T h u s, a m e m b e r filin g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a n o t h e r m e m b e r o r l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r c o u ld find h i m s e l f in a p r o c e d u r a l quandary. T h e c h a r g e s m i g h t n e v e r h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d b y a l o c a l u n io n t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , s i m p l y b e c a u s e he d id n ot know w ith w h om to f i l e . A n o t h e r 62 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , f o r m a l l y d e s i g n a t e d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a s r e c e i v i n g a g e n t s , m o s t c o m m o n l y the l o c a l un ion s e c r e t a r y (40) an d o c c a s i o n a l l y the l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t (1 5 ). A m o n g t h e s e 62 c o n s t i t u t i o n s o n ly 47 15 p r o v i d e d f o r a l t e r n a t e r e c e i v i n g a g e n t s in the e v e n t c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d a g a i n s t the p e r s o n who n o r m a l l y w ou ld be the r e c e i v i n g a g e n t . In s u c h a n e v e n t, the A u to W o r k e r s a d o p t e d the fo ll o w in g a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n a t i o n : C h a r g e s m u s t b e s u b m i t t e d to the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f the l o c a l u n ion o r the s h o p o r g a n i z a t i o n a s the c a s e m a y b e . . . p r o v i d e d th a t i f the c h a r g e s a r e a g a i n s t the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y th e y s h a l l b e s u b m i t t e d to the p r e s i d e n t o f the l o c a l un ion o r the c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r o f the s h o p o r g a n i z a t i o n a s the c a s e m a y be . . . A n a d d i t i o n a l 39 c o n s t i t u t i o n s d e s i g n a t e d a u n ion b o d y , r a t h e r th a n a n o ffic e r , a s re c e iv in g agen t. M o r e th a n h a l f (23) o f t h e s e 39 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d th a t the ’’l o c a l u n i o n ” s h o u ld a c t in t h is c a p a c i t y w ith o ut s p e c i f y i n g the g ro u p o r in d iv id u al d ir e c t ly r e s p o n s ib le . T h e r e m a i n i n g 16 u n io n s d e s i g n a t e d the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s i l l u s t r a t e d b e l o w , o r a p e r m a n e n t c o m m i t t e e , o r the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g : A n y m e m b e r o r l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r m a y f i l e c h a r g e s w ith the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the l o c a l un ion a l l e g i n g the c o m m i s s i o n of a n y o f the o f f e n s e s e n u m e r a t e d . . . ( R u b b e r W orkers) T h e J e w e l r y W o r k e r s p r o v i d e d in i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n th a t a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s w e r e to b e f i l e d w ith the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y w h ile c h a r g e s a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s w e r e to go to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T h e E l e v a t o r C o n s t r u c t o r s , on the o t h e r hand, s t i p u l a t e d th a t c h a r g e s a g a i n s t o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s c o u ld b e f i l e d e i t h e r with the l o c a l u n ion p r e s i d e n t o r the l o c a l u n ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . P u b l i c a t i o n of C h a r g e s a n d P r e l i m i n a r y R e v i e w . T h irty-n in e c o n st i t u tio n s o f f e r e d a n a d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d b y r e q u i r i n g th a t l o c a l u n io n s b r i n g c h a r g e s to the a t t e n t i o n o f the m e m b e r s h i p ( t a b l e I V - 5 ) . N e a r l y h a l f (17) o f t h e s e a l s o c a lle d fo r a p r e l im in a r y re v ie w of c h a r g e s . R e a d i n g o f c h a r g e s a t a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s b y f a r the m o s t f r e q u e n tly a d o p t e d f o r m of p u b l i c a t i o n , a p p e a r i n g in 34 o f the 39 c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u irin g p u b licatio n : C h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s m u s t be s i g n e d , s u b m i t t e d a n d r e a d a t a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f l o c a l un ion . ( A s b e s t o s W o r k e r s ) T h e C a r p e n t e r s s t i p u l a t e d th a t c h a r g e s w ould b e r e a d a t on e m e e t i n g but th a t f o r m a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f the c h a r g e s w ou ld be d e l a y e d u n til the n e x t m e e t i n g , th u s a ll o w in g f o r a f u r t h e r d i s s e m i n a t i o n of the a c c u s a t i o n s to t h o s e m e m b e r s who h ad not a t t e n d e d the f i r s t m e e t i n g , but who m i g h t be i n t e r e s t e d in p a r t i c i p a t i n g in the s u b s e q u e n t p r o c e e d i n g s : T h e c h a r g e s m u s t b e r e a d a t the m e e t i n g an d l a y o v e r u n til the n e x t m e e t i n g , and the m e m b e r m u s t b e n o t if i e d b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l . . . to b e p r e s e n t . . . One un ion p r o v i d e d th a t c h a r g e s b e p u b l i s h e d and a s e c o n d u n ion p r o v i d e d f o r c h a r g e s to be p o s t e d board. T he B r o t h e r h o o d o f L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s ( i n d . ) th a t a u t h o r i z e d p u b l i c a t i o n o f c h a r g e s p r e p a r a t o r y to a th eir su fficie n cy : in the un ion n e w s p a p e r on the u n i o n ! s b u l l e t i n w a s 1 o f the 17 u n io n s p re lim in a ry r e v i e w of . . . T h e c h i e f e n g i n e e r of the d i v i s i o n s h a l l , a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g t h e r e o f , a f t e r c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d , c a u s e the s e c r e t a r y t r e a s u r e r to r e a d s a i d c h a r g e s in o p e n m e e t i n g a n d a p p o in t a c o m m i t t e e o f 3 to i n v e s t i g a t e the c h a r g e s an d r e p o r t i t s f i n d i n g s to the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g u n l e s s f u r t h e r t i m e s h a l l b e g iv e n . 48 P r o v i s i o n f o r a p r e t r i a l r e v i e w of c h a r g e s a p p e a r e d in 31 o f 13 6 c o n s t i tu t i o n s s t u d i e d ( t a b l e I V - 6). In i t s p u r p o s e , s u c h a r e v i e w w a s s o m e w h a t a k i n to th a t p e r f o r m e d b y a g r a n d j u r y , and it s e r v e d two c l o s e l y r e l a t e d p u r p o s e s : F i r s t , a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n m i g h t p r o v e th a t the a l l e g a t i o n s h a d no m e r i t , r e s u l t i n g in t h e i r b e in g d r o p p e d b e f o r e t r i a l ; s e c o n d l y , it s e r v e d a s a p r o c e d u r e f o r g a t h e r i n g a l l p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n f o r l a t e r u s e b y the t r i a l b o d y . Of the 31 u n io n s p r o v i d i n g f o r s u c h r e v i e w , o n ly 3 d e s i g n a t e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t a s the r e v i e w i n g a g e n t . M o re g e n e r a lly e xam in in g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w e r e d e l e g a t e d to the m e m b e r s h i p a s a w h o le , o r to a c o m m i t t e e e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s h i p , a s in the O il, C h e m i c a l and A t o m i c W o r k e r s : . . . s u c h c h a r g e s m u s t be p r e s e n t e d to th e m e m b e r s h i p a t a r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l m e e t i n g c a l l e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e . A m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t an d v o tin g . . . s h a l l d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n ot the c h a r g e s w a r r a n t a t r i a l , an d i f s o , w h e t h e r the t r i a l s h a l l b e r e f e r r e d to a n i n v e s t i g a t i n g c o m m i t t e e o r b e h e ld b e f o r e the m e m b e r s h i p a s a w h o le . L e s s f r e q u e n t l y , the i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s to b e c o n d u c t e d b y the l o c a l u n ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , o r a c o m m i t t e e a p p o in t e d b y it*. When s u c h c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r , an d the g e n e r a l c o m m i t t e e o r e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the d i v i s i o n in v o l v e d f i n d s th a t the c h a r g e s h a v e s u f f i c i e n t m e r i t to w a r r a n t f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s , the c h a i r m a n o f the c o m m i t t e e , o r o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l f u r n i s h the a c c u s e d w ith a c o p y o f the c h a r g e s . . . ( C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s ) T h r e e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r m o r e th a n one p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w . The M a c h i n i s t s , f o r i n s t a n c e , f i r s t a l l o w e d the l o c a l u n io n p r e s i d e n t to e v a l u a t e c h a r g e s , bu t h i s d e c i s i o n to d r o p th e m w a s s u b j e c t to a f u r t h e r a u t o m a t i c m e m b e r s h i p re v ie w . T h e T y p o g r a p h e r s a n d the W atch W o r k e r s ( i n d . ) in e f f e c t a l s o a u t h o r i z e d a t w o - s t e p r e v i e w b y a v o te on two s e p a r a t e q u e s t i o n s : (1) W h e th e r the c h a r g e s a s p r e s e n t e d w e r e d e e m e d c o g n i z a b l e ; an d , a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , (2) w h e t h e r the c h a r g e s w e r e w o r t h y o f t r i a l . F o u r u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r a p p e a l s f r o m p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w d e c i s i o n s . T h e s e w e r e not a u t o m a t i c r e v i e w s b y a s e c o n d b o d y a s n o te d a b o v e , b u t w e r e to b e i n i t i a t e d b y a n i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y who f e l t a g g r i e v e d b y the o u t c o m e o f the f i r s t p r e lim in a r y rev iew . In the T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , a l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d * s d e c i s i o n to d r o p c h a r g e s c o u ld b e a p p e a l e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n rs e x e c u t i v e c o u n c il , w h ile in the U p h o l s t e r e r s the a c c u s e d c o u ld a p p e a l f i r s t to the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g an d th en to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t . The C h e m ic a l W o r k e r s s i m i l a r l y c o u ld a p p e a l a l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d * s d e c i s i o n to d i s m i s s c h a r g e s to the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g , but a t w o - t h i r d s m a j o r i t y v o te w a s n e c e s s a r y to o v e r r u l e the d e c i s i o n . F i n a l l y , in the A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s , w h e r e the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s to s e r v e a s the p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w b o d y , the a c c u s e r ^ a p p e a l w en t d i r e c t l y to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . C o m p o s i t i o n o f the T r i a l A g e n c y A n u n b i a s e d t r i b u n a l i s f u n d a m e n t a l to the f a i r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c e . T h e r e f o r e , the c o m p o s i t i o n o f the t r i a l b o d y , th e m e t h o d o f i t s s e l e c t i o n , a n d the p r o v i s i o n s g u a r a n t e e i n g i t s i m p a r t i a l i t y a r e of p a r t i c u l a r r e l e v a n c e . U n io n s s e l e c t t r i a l b o d i e s in d i f f e r e n t w a y s , a s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w . U n lik e the c o u r t s , h o w e v e r , u n io n s m a y d i v e s t the t r i a l b o d i e s of f i n a l d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y , a s d e s c r i b e d in the n e x t s e c t i o n . 49 A lt h o u g h a l l 136 u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l s a t the l o c a l un ion l e v e l r e f e r r e d to t r i a l b o d i e s ( t a b l e I V - 7), in 19 th e y w e r e n ot c l e a r l y d e fin e d . N in e o f th e 19 p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l b y a " c o m m i t t e e " o f th e l o c a l un ion , w ith o ut p r e s c r i b i n g i t s m a k e u p o r s e l e c t i o n . T he r e m a i n i n g 10 w e r e e q u a l l y in d e fin i t e an d u s u a l l y d e l e g a t e d t h is a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l u n ion : ( T h e a c c u s e d ) s h a l l be g iv e n a n i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b y h i s l o c a l a f f i l i a t e a s p r o v i d e d in the b y l a w s o f s a i d l o c a l a f f i l i a t e . . . ( L e a t h e r W o r k e r s ) T a b le IV —7. L ocal Union T r ia l Bodies, N atio n al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffilia tio n T o ta l studied T r ia l body A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tr ia l procedures --------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l by a lo c a l governing b o d y ---------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l by lo c a l union m em b ersh ip ------------------M em bership m eetin g ------------------C om m ittee se le c te d by the m e m b e r s h ip -----------------------------C onstitutions providing for tr ia l by an agent appointed by the lo c a l union president -------------------------------------Constitutions providing pan el methods for se lectin g a tria l b o d y -----------------Panel se le c te d by drawing lo ts--------Panel ele c te d by the m e m b e r s h ip ---Other p an el m e t h o d s --------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l by a co m m ittee, no referen ce to d e t a i l s ---C onstitutions providing for tr ia l by the lo c a l union, no referen ce to d e t a i l s -------------------------------------C onstitutions providing for tr ia l by other bodies --------------------------------- U n affiliated AFL- CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 2,0 1 0 . 136 15, 9 9 6 .4 111 13, 9 8 6 .2 25 62 7, 1 8 0 .2 56 5, 6 3 1 .4 6 1 ,5 4 8 .8 28 16 1 ,3 4 0 .5 7 7 6 .5 20 12 1, 1 3 9 .7 6 9 7 .8 8 200.8 4 7 8 .7 12 5 6 4 .0 8 4 4 1 .9 4 122.1 15 1 ,8 9 8 .9 11 1 ,8 8 4 .7 4 1 4 .2 10 2, 1 5 3 .4 1 ,2 8 2 .8 8 3 6 .8 3 3 .8 8 4 .2 2 1 2, 149. 3 1 ,2 8 2 .8 8 3 6 .0 3 0 .4 2 5 3 12 9 1 ,7 1 0 .2 7 10 1, 5 4 0 .2 22 173.1 5 2 - - 1 1 .8 3 .3 1 ,6 3 3 .5 2 7 6 .6 7 1 ,3 7 4 .6 3 1 6 5 .6 2 1 73.1 - - * Under 1 constitution, the lo c a l president appointed a pan el; and under 1 the pan el was com posed of presi dents of ad join in g lo c a l unions. 2 Under 1 constitution, an in vestigatin g co m m ittee conducted hearings in lo c als of m ore than 200 m em bers w hile the m em bership m eetin g held trials in sm alle r lo c a ls; and under 1 a 5 -m em b er tr ia l co m m ittee included 2 persons ap appointed by the president, 2 by the v ic e president, and 1 by the accu sed . NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. A l l o t h e r u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s (117) c l e a r l y d e s i g n a t e d who w a s to s e r v e on the t r i a l b o a r d . M o s t f r e q u e n t l y , the l o c a l f s g o v e r n i n g b o d y a c t e d a s the tribu n al. T h i s w a s a u t h o r i z e d in 62 u n io n s h a v in g a c o m b i n e d m e m b e r s h i p of 7. 2 m i l l i o n . A n a d d i t i o n a l 15 u n i o n s , a c c o u n t i n g f o r a n o t h e r 1. 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , e m p o w e r e d the l o c a l p r e s i d e n t to a p p o in t the t r i a l b o a r d . In 77 u n i o n s , 24 t h e r e f o r e , the l o c a l u n i o n s e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s s e r v e d on o r s e l e c t e d the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , a lt h o u g h in m o s t of t h e s e a n o t h e r b o d y , u s u a l l y the m e m b e r s h i p , h ad the p o w e r to h an d down a f i n a l d e c i s i o n . 24 T h e 19 u n io n s r e f e r r e d to a b o v e m a y a l s o f a l l into th is category. 50 A m o n g the 62 u n io n s n a m i n g a l o c a l g o v e r n i n g b o d y to a c t a s t r i a l c o m m i t t e e w a s the H a t t e r s , w h ich p r o v i d e d the a l t e r n a t i v e s o f t r i a l b y f u l l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r b y a s u b c o m m i t t e e r e s p o n s i b l e to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s f o l l o w s : C h a r g e s m a d e b y a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l u n io n a g a i n s t a n o t h e r m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of the s a m e l o c a l un ion s h a l l b e t r i e d b y th e l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r b y a s u b c o m m i t t e e to be d e s i g n a t e d b y s u c h b o a r d , s u c h c o m m i t t e e to r e p o r t b a c k i t s f i n d i n g s to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , an d its r e c o m m e n d a tio n s, if any. T h e T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s , on the o t h e r h an d, p l a c e d h e a r i n g a u t h o r i t y e x c l u s i v e l y in the h a n d s o f a n ad h oc e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s u b c o m m i t t e e r a t h e r th a n in the f u ll b o a r d : In the e v e n t th a t the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h o u l d d e c i d e th a t the c h a r g e s w a r r a n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d h e a r i n g , the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l e l e c t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e of t h r e e o f i t s own m e m b e r s an d s h a l l d e s i g n a t e one of it s own m e m b e r s to p r e s e n t the c h a r g e s b e f o r e the t r ia l co m m itte e . T h e m e m b e r s o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e s e l e c t e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r the t r i a l o f s u c h c h a r g e s . . . T h e M a c h i n i s t s w e r e a m o n g the 15 u n io n s g iv i n g l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t s the p o w e r to a p p o in t t r i a l b o a r d s . In t h is un ion , the h e a r i n g a g e n c y a l s o c o n d u c t e d a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the s u f f i c i e n c y of c h a r g e s : . . . W henever c h a r g e s have been p r e f e r r e d a g a in s t a m e m b e r , th e p r e s i d e n t o f the l o c a l l o d g e s h a l l p r o m p t l y a p p o in t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f n ot m o r e than f i v e m e m b e r s , one o f w h o m s h a l l a c t a s c h a i r m a n a n d one o f w h o m s h a l l a c t a s s e c r e t a r y . T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l c o n d u c t a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the c h a r g e s an d d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t s u b s t a n c e to w a r r a n t a t r i a l h e a r i n g b e in g h e l d . If the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e d e c i d e s a t r i a l h e a r i n g i s w a r r a n t e d , the c o m m i t t e e s h a l l , w ith in one w e e k of i t s a p p o in t m e n t , n o t ify the m e m b e r of the c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h im a n d w h en and w h e r e to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l . . . T h e r e m a i n i n g 38 u n io n s v e s t e d t r i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y e i t h e r in g r o u p s o t h e r th a n l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s , o r e l s e p r e s c r i b e d d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s f o r c h o o s i n g t r i b u n a l m e m b e r s . In 28 u n i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e . S i x t e e n of t h e s e u n io n s r e q u i r e d th a t t r i a l s b e h e ld a t r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g s , a s in the U n ite d T e x t i l e W o r k e r s : ( c h a r g e s ) w ill b e p r e s e n t e d to the E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e o f the l o c a l u n ion w ith c o m p l a i n a n t p r e s e n t . If s u f f i c i e n t c h a r g e d g r o u n d s a r e found to w a r r a n t a h e a r i n g , the m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r c h a r g e d w ill b e . . . to ld w hen to a p p e a l a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g , o r a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g c a l l e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e . . . A n y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r a g a i n s t w h om c h a r g e s have been p r e f e r r e d , who r e f u s e s to a p p e a r a t the i n v e s t i g a t i o n o r h e a r i n g of the g e n e r a l b o d y s h a l l s t a n d s u s p e n d e d . . . T h e r e m a i n i n g 12 u n i o n s , in c lu d in g the S to n e and A l l i e d P r o d u c t s W o r k e r s , a u t h o r i z e d the m e m b e r s h i p to s e l e c t a c o m m i t t e e to h e a r the e v i d e n c e : T h e l o c a l s h a l l e l e c t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e of a t l e a s t s e v e n m e m b e r s . E l e c t i o n o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e w ill be h e ld a t a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the l o c a l o r a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g c a l l e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e . A n o t h e r 10 u n io n s a d o p t e d p a n e l p r o c e d u r e s f o r s e l e c t i n g m e m b e r s to s e r v e on b o a r d s . H a lf o f t h e s e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r a r a n d o m s e l e c t i o n f r o m 51 a m o n g the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t the t r i a l m e e t i n g to e s t a b l i s h a r o s t e r f r o m w h ich the f i n a l t r i a l c o m m i t t e e c o u ld th e n b e c h o s e n . T h i s w a s s e t f o r t h in th e R u b b e r W o rk e rs co n stitu tio n a s fo llo w s: A t r i a l b o a r d o f s e v e n m e m b e r s an d two a l t e r n a t e s to t r y e a c h c a s e s h a l l b e c h o s e n by lo t f r o m the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the l o c a l u n io n a t w h ich the c h a r g e s a r e r e p o r t e d . S i n c e t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n i s one of a s m a l l n u m b e r th a t d e s c r i b e d p a n e l s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s in d e t a i l , the p e r t i n e n t c l a u s e s a r e q u o te d in f u l l b e l o w : (b) The ch oo sin g by lo t sh a ll be a s fo llo w s: 1. T h e n a m e s of t h o s e p r e s e n t a t the m e e t i n g s h a l l be p l a c e d in a n a p p a r a t u s f r o m w h ich the s e c r e t a r y o f the l o c a l un io n s h a l l d r a w 15 n a m e s . T he n a m e s a s d r a w n s h a l l be p l a c e d on a l i s t in the o r d e r th u s d r a w n . 2. If the s e c r e t a r y o r an y m e m b e r o f the 15 s o d r a w n h a s a n y d i r e c t c o n n e c t io n w ith the c h a r g e s , o r i s r e l a t e d to, o r i s the c o u n s e l f o r e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r c o m p l a i n a n t , o r m a y b e a w i t n e s s , he s h a l l b e d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m a c t i n g . In the e v e n t o f d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f the s e c r e t a r y , h is p l a c e s h a l l b e t a k e n b y the h i g h e s t r a n k in g o f f i c e r o f the l o c a l un ion n ot i n t e r e s t e d in the c a s e . A n y p r o s p e c t i v e m e m b e r of the t r i a l b o a r d , the s e c r e t a r y o r o f f i c e r a c t i n g in h is p l a c e s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to i n t e r r o g a t i o n b y e i t h e r p a r t y , o r h is c o u n s e l , in r e s p e c t to the m a t t e r s s e t f o r t h h e r e i n f o r the p u r p o s e of a s c e r t a i n i n g h i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n - t o a c t a s a m e m b e r o f s a i d t r i a l b o a r d , o r in the c a p a c i t y a s d e s i g n a t e d h e r e i n . 3. In the e v e n t o f the d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f a n y p r o s p e c t i v e m e m b e r of the t r i a l b o a r d , a d d i t i o n a l n a m e s s h a l l be d r a w n to s e c u r e the n e c e s s a r y n u m b e r to f i l l the t r i a l b o a r d . 4 . T h e c o m p l a i n a n t o r h is c o u n s e l s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d a l i s t o f the n a m e s a s d r a w n ; the a c c u s e d o r h is c o u n s e l s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d a l i s t o f the n a m e s a s d r a w n . The c o m p l a i n a n t o r h is c o u n s e l a n d the a c c u s e d o r h is c o u n s e l s h a l l b e g i v e n the r i g h t to s t r i k e a s m a n y a s t h r e e n a m e s f r o m said list. T h e c o m p l a i n a n t an d the a c c u s e d s h a l l e x e r c i s e t h e i r r i g h t to s t r i k e a s m a n y a s t h r e e n a m e s f r o m s a i d l i s t w ith o u t a d v i s i n g e a c h o t h e r w h at n a m e s a r e b e in g s t r i c k e n . T h e l i s t o f n a m e s s h a l l t h e r e u p o n be s u b m i t t e d to the s e c r e t a r y of the l o c a l un ion who s h a l l a d v i s e the l o c a l u n io n w h at n a m e s h a v e b e e n s t r i c k e n b y the c o m p l a i n a n t an d the a c cu sed. T h e f i r s t s e v e n n a m e s r e m a i n i n g on the t o t a l l i s t s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the t r i a l b o a r d . T he n e x t two n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the a l t e r n a t e s on the t r i a l b o a r d . 5. If the c o m p l a i n a n t , o r the a c c u s e d , o r e i t h e r of th e m , i s not p r e s e n t a t the m e e t i n g , and if e i t h e r the c o m p l a i n a n t o r the a c c u s e d , h a s not d e s i g n a t e d c o u n s e l a s h e r e in a b o v e p r o v i d e d , the t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l b e s e l e c t e d n o t w ith stan d in g. S h o u ld e i t h e r the c o m p l a i n a n t o r the a c c u s e d be p r e s e n t p e r s o n a l l y o r r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o u n s e l a n d the o t h e r n ot p r e s e n t an d not r e p r e s e n t e d by c o u n s e l , the t r i a l b o a r d s h a ll be se le c te d a s p ro v id e d abo ve. T h e r i g h t to s t r i k e 52 n a m e s o r i n t e r r o g a t e p r o s p e c t i v e m e m b e r s o f the t r i a l b o a r d f r o m the l i s t d r a w n m a y b e e x e r c i s e d b y the c o m p l a i n a n t o r the a c c u s e d who i s p r e s e n t o r the d e s i g n a t e d c o u n se l of e ith er p a r ty . A f t e r e x e r c i s i n g s u c h r i g h t , the t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l c o n s i s t o f the f i r s t s e v e n n a m e s r e m a i n i n g on the l i s t a n d the a l t e r n a t e s s h a l l c o n s i s t o f the n e x t two p e r s o n s 1 n a m e s on the l i s t . T h e f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n o f the l o c a l un ion s h a l l b e r e s t r i c t e d to the p e r s o n a l e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d o r e a r n i n g s l o s t b y the m e m b e r s o f the t r i a l b o a r d a n d to the p a y m e n t o f c o m p e n s a t i o n to a r e p o r t e r o r s t e n o g r a p h e r f o r r e c o r d i n g the t e s t i m o n y a n d p r e p a r i n g a t r a n s c r i p t , one c o p y o f w h ic h s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d b y the l o c a l u n io n to the a c c u s e d u p o n h is r e q u e s t in a m p l e t i m e to p e r m i t p r e p a r a t i o n o f an a p p e a l b r i e f . (c) If c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d b y o r a g a i n s t the p r e s i d e n t o r v i c e p r e s i d e n t o f a l o c a l un ion the o f f i c e r b y o r a g a i n s t w h o m c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d s h a l l n o t p r e s i d e in th a t p o r t i o n o f the m e e t i n g w h e r e a t r i a l b o a r d i s selected . In the e v e n t c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d b y o r a g a i n s t the p r e s i d e n t a n d v i c e p r e s i d e n t o f a l o c a l u n io n t h e r e b y d i s q u a l i f y i n g t h e m to p r e s i d e a t the m e e t i n g f o r the s e l e c t i o n o f a t r i a l b o a r d , th a t p o r t i o n o f the m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l un ion a t w h ic h the t r i a l b o a r d i s to b e s e l e c t e d s h a l l b e p r e s i d e d o v e r b y s o m e p e r s o n d e s i g n a t e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t . T h e p e r s o n p r e s i d i n g a t the m e e t i n g a t w h ic h the t r i a l b o a r d i s s e l e c t e d i s e m p o w e r e d to d e t e r m i n e the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f p r o s p e c t i v e t r i a l b o a r d m e m b e r s under th is s e c tio n . (d) T h e t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l m e e t a f t e r the b u s i n e s s m e e t i n g a n d s e l e c t th eir c h a ir m a n . U n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h r e e o t h e r u n i o n s , a m o n g t h e m the C a r p e n t e r s , the p a n e l w a s to b e n o m i n a t e d a t a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g a s f o l l o w s : T h e l o c a l un ion o r d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l s h a l l n o m i n a t e the n a m e s of 11 m e m b e r s m o s t c o m p e t e n t o f g iv i n g a f a i r a n d i m p a r t i a l h e a r i n g o f the c a s e . T h e r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y s h a l l p l a c e the n a m e s in the b a l l o t b o x a n d the v i c e p r e s i d e n t s h a l l d r a w the s a m e f r o m the b o x a n d c a l l the n a m e s a lo u d u n til f iv e h a v e b e e n d r a w n , w h en the c a s e w i l l b e g i v e n to t h e m f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . A l l c h a r g e s s h a l l b e r e f e r r e d to a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , c o n s i s t i n g o f f i v e , the a c c u s e d an d the a c c u s e r h a v in g the a l t e r n a t i v e o f e a c h c h a l l e n g in g a n y t h r e e m e m b e r s o f s a i d c o m m i t t e e . Any m e m b e r so c h a l l e n g e d s h a l l n ot s e r v e on the c o m m i t t e e . One o f the r e m a i n i n g two u n io n s p r o v i d i n g f o r p a n e l m e t h o d s a u t h o r i z e d c r e a t i o n o f a p a n e l o f p r e s i d e n t s f r o m n e i g h b o r i n g l o c a l s , w h ile the s e c o n d un ion a u t h o r i z e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a p e r m a n e n t n i n e - m e m b e r p a n e l to b e a p p o in t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t w ith the a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , s u b j e c t to m e m b e r ship r a tif ic a tio n . F i n a l l y , two c o n s t i t u t i o n s i d e n t i f i e d o t h e r k i n d s o f t r i a l a r r a n g e m e n t s . One p e r m i t t e d an i n v e s t i g a t i n g c o m m i t t e e to hea.r c h a r g e s a n d t a k e e v i d e n c e in 53 l o c a l s o f m o r e th a n 200 m e m b e r s , b u t in s m a l l e r l o c a l s the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s to c o n d u c t the t r i a l . T h e s e c o n d c r e a t e d a n a d h oc t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f f i v e m e m b e r s w ith two a p p o in t e d b y the l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t , two b y the v i c e p r e s i d e n t, an d one b y the a c c u s e d . F i f t y - s i x u n io n s p r o v i d e d v a r i o u s a s s u r a n c e s th a t t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s w ould be im p a r t ia l (tab le IV -8 ). M o s t f r e q u e n t l y , i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s s u c h a s the a c c u s e d , a c c u s e r , and w i t n e s s e s w e r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y to b e d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m s e r v i n g on the t r i a l b o a r d . S u c h p r o v i s i o n s a p p e a r e d in 38 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , in c l u d i n g th a t o f the H a t t e r s : A n y l o c a l . . . o f f i c e r in v o l v e d in a n y c a s e s e i t h e r a s a c c u s e r o r d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m s i t t i n g on the t r i a l b o d y in h is own c a s e . T a b le IV —8 . S e le c te d Im p artiality Provisions in L ocal Union T ria ls, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 i£ M e m b e r^ A ffilia tio n T o tal studied Im p artiality provisions AFL- CIO Unions A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tria l procedures -----------------------------Constitutions specify in g im p artiality provisions -------------------------------------Interested parties d i s q u a li f i e d ---------A ccu sed perm itted to ch allen g e m em ber on tria l body or p a n e l ------Both d isq u a lific a tio n and ch alle n g e provisions ------------------Other im p a rtia lity p r o v isio n s-----------C onstitutions not specify in g im p a rtia lity provisions --------------------- U n affiliated M embers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 136 15, 9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 ,9 8 6 .2 25 2, 0 10.2 56 38 1 0 ,6 2 8 .5 7, 3 5 5 .5 48 31 9 ,1 0 8 .0 5 ,8 3 5 .7 8 7 1 ,5 2 0 .6 1 ,5 1 9 .8 10 1 ,6 4 9 .0 9 1 ,6 4 8 .2 1 .8 5 13 1 ,3 7 1 .4 2 5 2 .7 5 3 1, 3 7 1 .4 2 5 2 .7 - - 80 5, 367. 9 63 4, 878. 2 17 4 8 9 .6 Under 1 constitution "d isin terested " m em bers were ex p licitly required only at trials of lo c a l o ffice rs; under 1 constitution the a ccu sed and accu ser were perm itted to ch allen g e 3 m em bers if tr ia l was held before a co m m ittee but no ch allen g es if the m em bership m eetin g heard the c a se ; and under 1 constitution interested persons were alw ays d isq u alifie d and if an ele c te d or appointed tr ia l body heard the case, the accu sed was perm itted to ch alle n g e any 2 m em bers. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. T h e s e c l a u s e s w e r e found l a r g e l y a m o n g u n io n s a u t h o r i z i n g t h e i r l o c a l g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s to a c t a s the t r i a l a g e n c y ( t a b l e I V - 9 ) . In a n o t h e r 10 u n i o n s , i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s w e r e n ot to be a u t o m a t i c a l l y d i s q u a l i f i e d , b u t t h e i r s e a t i n g on the t r i a l b o a r d o r t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e on a p a n e l c o u l d b e c h a l l e n g e d . S i x of th e 10 u n i o n s w e r e a m o n g t h o s e w h ic h s e l e c t e d t r i a l c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s by lo t o r by a n o t h e r p a n e l m e t h o d . B o th the a c c u s e r a n d the a c c u s e d c o u ld i s s u e c h a l l e n g e s . U s u a l l y t h e i r c h a l l e n g e s w e r e to be l i m i t e d in n u m b e r , and, up o n t h e i r e x h a u s t i o n , a p r e d e t e r m i n e d n u m b e r of n a m e s w o u ld 54 T a b le IV —9. Sp e cific atio n s of Im p artiality for Local Union T r ia l Authorities, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 Local tr ia l authority T y p e im p a rtiality provision A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union trial procedures ------------------------- T o ta l studied Panel m ethod C om m ittee L o cal union Other tr ia l authority 2 136 62 28 15 10 9 10 56 27 5 8 9 4 3 38 22 3 6 1 3 3 10 2 1 6 1 5 1 - *3 2 1 80 35 23 Constitutions specify in g im p a rtia lity provisions --------Interested persons d isq u alifie d ------------------A ccu sed p erm itted to ch alle n g e m em ber on tria l body or p a n e l -----------------Both d isq u a lific atio n and ch a lle n g e p r o v isio n s---------Other im p a rtiality nrrt\riciruic _ _______ _____ __ Constitutions not specify in g im p a rtia lity provisions ---------- * Governing M em ber President body ship 2 2 7 1 - 5 7 2 Se e footnote 1, ta b le IV -8 . re m ain * T h e s e t h e r e u p o n w ou ld c o n s t i t u t e e i t h e r the t r i a l b o d y , o r the f i n a l l i s t f r o m w h ic h the t r i b u n a l w ould b e s e l e c t e d . The A u to m o b ile W o rk e rs adopted the f o ll o w in g p r o c e d u r e : . . . a t o t a l of 19 n a m e s s h a l l b e d r a w n . The n a m e s s h a ll be r e a d o ff in o r d e r in w h ich d r a w n . . . T he c h a r g i n g m e m b e r and c h a r g e d m e m b e r , o r t h e i r d e s i g n a t e d c o u n s e l , s h a l l e a c h h a v e the r ig h t to s t r i k e a s m a n y a s f i v e n a m e s w itho ut s t a t i n g a n y g r o u n d s o r r e a s o n s , it b e in g in t e n d e d th a t e a c h s i d e b e l i m i t e d to fi v e c h a l l e n g e s e v e n th o u g h m o r e th an one c h a r g e d o r c h a r g i n g p a r t y i s in v o l v e d . The t r i a l c o m m itte e s h a ll c o n s i s t of the s e v e n m e m b e r s w h o s e n a m e s w e r e f i r s t d r a w n , an d n e i t h e r w it h d r a w n n o r s t r i c k e n , and the n e x t two m e m b e r s in o r d e r of d r a w i n g who h a v e not b e e n w it h d r a w n n o r s t r i c k e n s h a l l s e r v e a s a l t e r n a t e s . In 4 o f t h e s e 10 u n io n s the r ig h t to c h a l l e n g e w a s e x t e n d e d to t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s in w h ich t h e r e w a s a p e r m a n e n t , r a t h e r th an a n ad h o c , t r i a l c o m m i t t e e . The S t a g e E m p l o y e s U n io n , f o r i n s t a n c e , p r o v i d e d f o r c h a l l e n g i n g a m e m b e r o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r o f a c o m m i t t e e e s t a b l i s h e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d : T h e a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e o f c h a l l e n g i n g the r ig h t o f a n y m e m b e r o f the b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e to s i t up on h is c a s e , and in the e v e n t o f s u c h c h a l l e n g e , the o t h e r m e m b e r s of the b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e s h a l l p a s s u p o n it s v a l i d i t y , s u s t a i n i n g o r o v e r r u l i n g it. F i v e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n of i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s and a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d the r ig h t to c h a l l e n g e , w h ile a n o t h e r t h r e e o f f e r e d v e r y s p e c i a l i z e d im p a rtia lity p ro v isio n s. 55 S c o p e an d P e n a l t i e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y c o n c e r n i n g the s c o p e o f a u t h o r i t y th a t w a s g r a n t e d to l o c a l un ion t r i a l b o d i e s . L e s s th a n h a l f o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s g a v e the t r i a l b o d i e s f i n a l p o w e r s to d e t e r m i n e g u i l t and i m p o s e a p e n a l t y ; the m a j o r i t y , on the o t h e r h a n d , r e d u c e d t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s to a d v i s o r y r o l e s b y d i v e s t i n g t h e m , e i t h e r f u l l y o r p a r t i a l l y , o f f i n a l a u t h o r i t y an d b y p l a c i n g th is p o w e r in o t h e r l o c a l b o d i e s . O v e r w h e l m i n g l y , w h e t h e r it c o n s t i tu te d a t r i a l o r a n o n t r i a l b o d y , the l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s h i p w a s to b e the fin al d e c is io n m a k e r . O n ly r a r e l y w e r e l o c a l u n io n p o w e r s to i m p o s e p u n i s h m e n t l i m i t e d b y s u p e r v i s i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , o t h e r th a n t h r o u g h n o r m a l a p peal procedu res. C o n s t i t u t i o n s o f o v e r h a l f the u n io n s g i v i n g d e t a i l s on l o c a l un ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d the v o te n e c e s s a r y to i m p o s e s e n t e n c e . M a jo r it y v o tes w e re m o s t p re v a le n t, but tw o -th ird s v o te s w e re a ls o fre q u en tly s tip u lated . U s u a l l y , the s a m e m a r g i n w a s r e q u i r e d f o r e x p u l s i o n a s f o r l e s s e r p e n a l ties. In a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the s i z e o f the r e q u i r e d v o t e s d i f f e r e d , i n v a r i a b l y r e q u i r i n g a h i g h e r v o te to e x p e l . T h e m e a n i n g of m a jo r it y and tw o - th ir d s v o te s d iffe r e d am o n g u n io n s. M o st co m m o n ly , a m a jo r ity o r a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f t h o s e p r e s e n t a t a m e e t i n g w a s to b e r e q u i r e d , a lt h o u g h c o u n ts l i m i t e d j u s t to t h o s e v o tin g w e r e o f te n s t i p u l a t e d . S co p e and L im ita tio n of T r i a l B o d y A u th o rity . O n ly 58 o f 136 u n i o n s , c o v e r i n g n e a r l y £T m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d l o c a l t r i a l b o d i e s to m a k e f i n a l a n d b in d in g d e c i s i o n s (ta b le I V - 1 0 ) . T y p i c a l w a s the b r i e f s t a t e m e n t o f a u t h o r i t y i n c o r p o r a t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n of the A l u m i n u m W o r k e r s : If the c h a r g e s , o r a n y p o r t i o n t h e r e o f , a r e s u s t a i n e d , th en the t r i a l b o d y s h a ll r e n d e r ju d g m e n t and im p o s e d is c i p l in a r y actio n a s p r o v id e d f o r in t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n . If the c h a r g e s a r e n ot s u s t a i n e d , the s a m e s h a l l b e d i s m i s s e d a n d the a c c u s e d s h a l l co n tin u e to b e e n t i t l e d to f u l l r i g h t s o f m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the l o c a l u n io n . In a n a d d i t i o n a l 59 u n i o n s , a f f e c t i n g 6 . 9 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , the t r i a l b o a r d 1 s a u t h o r i t y w a s l i m i t e d to i s s u i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r r a t i f i c a t i o n by an oth er body. T he t r i a l c o m m i t t e e w a s to h e a r w i t n e s s e s , g a t h e r a n d s u m m a r i z e e v id e n c e , and i s s u e fin d in gs co n ce rn in g gu ilt and p r o p o s e d p e n a l t ie s , but t h e s e p e n a l t i e s w e r e to b e a p p r o v e d b y a n o t h e r b o d y , u s u a l l y the m e m b e r s h i p m eetin g. F o r ex am p le : . . . s a i d c o m m i t t e e s h a l l h e a r a l l e v i d e n c e a n d r e n d e r ju d g m e n t in a c c o r d a n c e t h e r e w i t h a n d r e p o r t s u c h ju d g m e n t a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the s e c r e t a r y o f the l o c a l un ion . . . T h e ju d g m e n t a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s s h a l l b e s u b m i t t e d to the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n io n , o r a s p e c i a l m eetin g c a lle d fo r su ch p u r p o se . . . its r e c o m m e n d a tio n s h a l l b e c o m e e f f e c t i v e o n ly i f a p p r o v e d b y a v o t e o f the m a j o r i t y o f the l o c a l un io n m e m b e r s h i p p r e s e n t a t s u c h m e e t i n g . . . ( A l l i e d In d u strial W ork ers) I n c lu d e d a m o n g the 59 u n io n s w e r e a few th a t n o t o n ly p r o h i b i t e d l o c a l t r i a l c o m m it te e s fr o m m ak in g fin al d e c is io n s , but a ls o r e s t r i c t e d th e ir au th o rity to r e c o m m e n d p e n a l t i e s . The B o i l e r m a k e r s , fo r in s ta n c e , p e r m it t e d l o c a l t r i a l b o a r d s to i s s u e fi n d i n g s a s to the g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d , b u t s u c h b o a r d s c o u l d n ot a d v i s e a p e n a l t y e x c e p t to a d v o c a t e l e n i e n c y . 56 T a b le IV —10. Extent of L ocal Union T r ia l Body as D ecision m ak in g Authority, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied Unions M em bers Unions A ll constitutions providing for lo c a l union tr ia l b o d i e s ----------------------------Constitutions sp e cify in g the extent of d ecision m ak in g authority: T r ia l body d ecid e d guilt and pen alty -----------------------------------T r ia l body's d ecisio n was advisory -----------------------------------T r ia l body 's d ecisio n was fin al in som e respects, but advisory in o t h e r s ------------------------------------F in a l as to g u ilt; advisory on pen alty --------------------------------F inal as to g u ilt and pen alty, but could be m o d i f i e d ------------------F in a l as to g u ilt and a ll pen alties ------------------ex cep t expulsion Extent of d ecision m akin g authority v a ried for d ifferen t tria l bodies ----Other ------------------------------------------- U n affiliate d AFL-CIO Extent of d ecision m akin g authority M em bers Unions M em bers 136 15, 9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 ,9 8 6 .2 25 2, 0 1 0 .2 58 5, 9 4 5 .4 44 4 ,1 0 8 .0 14 1 ,8 3 7 .3 59 6 ,9 1 7 .6 51 6 ,7 8 3 .1 8 1 3 4 .5 15 2, 9 0 7 .4 13 2, 870. 5 2 3 6 .9 5 1 ,5 1 3 .2 4 1 ,5 1 1 .4 1 1 .8 7 8 7 6 .2 7 876. 2 3 5 1 8 .0 2 4 8 2 .9 1 3 5 .1 *3 21 1 9 5 .7 3 0 .4 2 1 1 9 4 .2 3 0 .4 1 - 1 .5 - 1 Under a ll 3 constitutions, decisions rendered by the lo c a l m em bership m eetin g actin g as a tr ia l body were fin a l, but decisions rendered by appointed or e le cte d tr ia l co m m ittees were advisory. ^ Under this constitution, the d ecisio n was fin a l or advisory, depending on ju risd ictio n of the lo c a l union (e . g . , wire service lo c a ls vs. newspaper lo c a ls). NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of in d ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , the t r i a l b o d y w a s to s u b m i t i t s a d v i s o r y r e p o r t in w r i t i n g to th e n o n t r i a l b o d y e m p o w e r e d to i s s u e the f i n a l d e c i s i o n s o th a t the r e p o r t m i g h t b e r e a d an d v o t e d up o n . The F i r e m e n and O il e r s , fo r e x a m p le , p r o v i d e d th a t the w r i t t e n r e p o r t b e r e a d a t the f i r s t m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g f o l lo w in g the t r i a l , a n d th a t a v o te b e t a k e n to a c c e p t o r r e j e c t the d e c i s i o n . A s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e w a s n o te d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r o o m an d W h isk M a k e r s : . . . When the c o m m i t t e e h a s c o m e to a d e c i s i o n in the c a s e , the c h a i r m a n s h a l l a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g , d e l i v e r the d e c i s i o n an d s y n o p s i s o f e v i d e n c e , in w r i t i n g , to the p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r who s h a l l r e a d the s a m e to the un ion . T h e un ion s h a l l th en p r o c e e d w ith o ut d e b a t e to v o te up on the q u e s t i o n , an d i f the a c c u s e d i s fo un d g u il t y he s h a l l b e s e n t e n c e d a s the c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s d i r e c t . O th e r u n io n s a m o n g the 59 m a d e the c h o i c e b r o a d e r by a ll o w in g the r a t i f y i n g n o n t r i a l b o d y , in a d d itio n , to m o d i f y the r e p o r t . A d d it io n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e s w h e r e b y the n o n t r i a l bo d y c o u l d e i t h e r c o n s i d e r s e p a r a t e l y e a c h m a j o r p a r t o f the t r i a l a g e n c y * s r e p o r t o r e x a m i n e e a c h c h a r g e s e p a r a t e l y , v o tin g f i r s t on g u ilt, an d , if g u il t w a s foun d, v o tin g on p e n a l t y . In a d d itio n , in a s m a l l n u m b e r o f u n i o n s , s o m e o r a l l p a r t i e s to the t r i a l w e r e s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to s t a t e t h e i r c a s e b e f o r e the r a t i f y i n g b o d y . T h u s , in the A m e r i c a n F l i n t G l a s s W o r k e r s ' U n io n , f o r o n e , o n ly the a c c u s e d w a s s o a u t h o r i z e d , w h ile in the B r o t h e r h o o d o f M a i n t e n a n c e of Way E m p l o y e s bo th the a c c u s e d an d the a c c u s e r , 57 o r t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , c o u l d a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f t h is r i g h t . T o t h e s e two p a r t i c i p a n t s , the S t e r e o t y p e r s a d d e d the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e i t s e l f , so th a t a l l t h r e e p o s i t i o n s m i g h t b e h e a r d b e f o r e the f i n a l v o te w a s h e l d . F i n a l l y , the T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n ion p r o v i d e d the f u l l m e m b e r s h i p a u t h o r i z a t i o n to d e b a t e the t r i a l c o m m itte e 's re p o rt b efo re reach in g a v e rd ic t. A p r e v o t e d e b a t e w a s h e l d by the U p h o l s t e r e r s u n d e r the f o ll o w in g p r o c e d u r e : . . . A f t e r the s e c r e t a r y h a s r e a d the r e p o r t o f the t r i a l b o a r d , the c h a i r m a n o f the m e e t i n g s h a l l o f f e r the a c c u s e d an d the a c c u s e r the p r i v i l e g e o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s t a t e m e n t s o r a l l y to the m e e t i n g . T he a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e o f s p e a k i n g f i r s t , f o ll o w e d b y the a c c u s e r o r the a c c u s e r s who in t u r n s h a l l b e f o ll o w e d b y the a c c u s e d in fin al reb u ttal. T h e a c c u s e d a n d the a c c u s e r s h a l l b e g r a n t e d an e q u a l am ount of tim e , an d s h a l l be c o n fin e d to s p e a k i n g o n ly on m a t t e r s g e r m a n e to the c a s e a n d p r e s e n t e d d u r i n g the t r i a l . T h e r e s h a l l b e no oth er s p e a k e r s o r d ebate . . . The m e m b e r s sh a ll d e cid e . . . on e a c h o f the f i n d i n g s o f the t r i a l b o a r d in the fo ll o w in g o r d e r : 1. Z. G u ilt o r i n n o c e n c e ; a n d P e n a l t y , if an y. A n o c c a s i o n a l un ion a m o n g the 59 r e s t r i c t i n g t r i a l b o d i e s to a d v i s o r y fu n c t io n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d the v o tin g p r o c e d u r e s th a t w e r e to g o v e r n n o n t r i a l b o d i e s in d e t e r m i n i n g p e n a l t i e s . V o t e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , m i g h t b e ta k e n on the l i g h t e s t p u n i s h m e n t f i r s t a n d th en on s u c c e s s i v e l y h e a v i e r p e n a l t i e s u n til on e f i n a l l y a c h i e v e d the r e q u i r e d n u m b e r of v o t e s . T he A s s o c i a t i o n o f S i d e r o g r a p h e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , r e v e r s e d th is p r o c e d u r e an d a u t h o r i z e d a v o te on s u c c e s s i v e l y lig h te r p e n a ltie s , a s fo llo w s: . . . When the r e p o r t of the c o m m i t t e e i s m a d e , the l o c a l s h a l l f i r s t v o te on s u s t a i n i n g the r e p o r t . . . a s to the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d , an d i f foun d g u il t y b y the a s s o c i a t i o n , the n e x t v o te s h a l l b e on th e p u n i s h m e n t to b e i n f l i c t e d . T h e v o te s h a l l b e b y b a l l o t s , an d the f i r s t s h a l l b e on e x p u l s i o n . If the v o te i s n ot in the a f f i r m a t i v e , the n e x t v o te s h a l l b e on the q u e s t i o n of fin e ; i f in the n e g a t i v e , the n e x t v o te s h a l l b e on r e p r i m a n d . If a f t e r g o in g th r o u g h the d i f f e r e n t g r a d e s o f p u n i s h m e n t t h e r e h a s b e e n no d e c i s i o n , the v o te s h a l l b e t a k e n o v e r u n til a d e c i s i o n i s a r r i v e d a t. F i f t e e n u n io n s v e s t e d l o c a l un ion t r i a l b o d i e s w ith d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p o w e r s th a t w e r e p a r t i a l l y fi n a l an d p a r t i a l l y a d v i s o r y ( t a b le I V - 1 0 ) . In f i v e u n i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , the t r i a l b o d y fs d e c i s i o n on g u ilt w a s to be f i n a l , b u t a d v i s o r y o n ly on p e n a l t i e s a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the R u b b e r W o r k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n : T h e fi n d i n g s an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the t r i a l b o a r d s h a l l be r e p o r t e d a t th e n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n ion fo ll o w in g the t r i a l b o ard *s d e cisio n . A v o te b y s e c r e t b a l l o t s h a l l th e n b e t a k e n on the p e n a l t y , if a n y, r e c o m m e n d e d b y the t r i a l b o a r d , bu t the t r i a l b o a r d * s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on p e n a l t i e s m a y b e a m e n d e d . . . T h e l o c a l un ion h a s no p o w e r to c h a n g e the d e c i s i o n o f the t r i a l b o a r d w ith r e s p e c t to the g u il t o r in n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d . . . In s e v e n u n i o n s , n on trial body: the r e p o r t of the t r i a l b o d y w a s to b e f i n a l if a p p r o v e d b y the T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e n d e r i t s f i n d i n g s a n d j u d g m e n t in w r i t in g . . . In the e v e n t the ju d g m e n t a n d f i n d i n g s o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e p ro v id e fo r d is c i p l in a r y actio n . . . su ch findings s h a ll be fin al u n le s s r e j e c t e d b y a t w o - t h i r d s m a j o r i t y v o te of the m e m b e r s b y s e c r e t b a l l o t a t the r e g u l a r m e e t i n g a t the h e a d q u a r t e r s o f the l o c a l . (M asters, M a te s and P ilo t s) 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 5 58 One o f t h e s e s e v e n u n i o n s , the C i g a r M a k e r s , g a v e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l u n io n to d i s c i p l i n e , s u b j e c t to a p p r o v a l b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . In 3 o f the 15 u n i o n s , t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s w e r e e m p o w e r e d to m a k e f i n a l d e c i s i o n s e x c e p t w h e r e e x p u l s i o n o r s u s p e n s i o n w a s a t i s s u e , in w h ich c a s e the f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s to b e r e f e r r e d to a n o t h e r b o d y . W h e r e , a s in t h r e e u n i o n s , p r o v i s i o n w a s m a d e f o r t r i a l b y th e m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g o r a s p e c i a l l y e l e c t e d o r a p p o in t e d c o m m i t t e e , the l a t t e r ^ f i n d i n g s w e r e s u b j e c t to r e v i e w an d r a t i f i c a t i o n . I d e n tity of the D e c i s i o n m a k i n g B o d y . In m o s t u n i o n s , the f i n a l d e c i s i o n a s to g u il t and p e n a l t y r e s t e d with the l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s h i p o r in a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e c o m p o s e d of m e m b e r s e l e c t e d o r s e l e c t e d a t a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g ( t a b l e I V - 11). In c o n t r a s t , o n ly 29 u n io n s v e s t e d f i n a l p o w e r in the l o c a l s e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r in a s u b c o m m i t t e e of the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c il , w h ile 18 u n io n s c r e a t e d a v a r ie ty of oth er a r r a n g e m e n ts . T a b le IV —11. F in al D ecision Authority in L o cal Union T rials, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied T r ia l body N ontrial body D ecision authority A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tr ia l procedures ----------------------------M em bership m eetin g or sp e c ia l co m m ittee ele c te d at m em bership m e e t i n g --------------------------------------L o cal ex ecu tiv e board or su bcom m ittee -----------------------------L ocal ex ecu tiv e board or sp e c ia l tr ia l body ----------------------------------S p e c ia l tria l co m m ittee se le cte d by a pan el m ethod -----------------------Su b ject to international ex ecu tiv e board review and a p p r o v a l-------------L ocal union ----------------------------------U n specified co m m ittee ------------------Other -------------------------------------------- Unions M embers 136 15, 9 9 6 .4 58 5 ,9 4 5 .2 78 1 0 ,0 5 1 . 1 89 9, 875. 2 18 6 0 4 .8 71 9, 270. 4 29 5 ,0 1 0 .4 26 4, 3 8 2 .5 3 6 2 7 .9 4 223. 8 4 223. 8 2 4 .9 2 4 .9 1 7 1 3 6 .3 5 4 7 .4 7 6 .2 252. 1 6 1 11 1 1 6 .3 5 3 .5 Unions - M em bers - 4 9 3 .9 7 6 .2 159.1 Unions - 2 2 M em bers - 9 3 .0 1 In lo c a ls with less than 200 m em bers, the trial body was the m em bership m eetin g, and in lo c a ls of 200 or m ore m em bers, it was an investigatin g co m m ittee. In both cases, the design ated body rendered the fin al d ecision . 2 Under 1 constitution, fin al decisions were rendered by the lo c a l union president; under 1 constitution, the m em bership m eetin g was design ated as the fin a l d ecision m aker except that the lo c a l union m ight otherwise arrange its tr ia l procedures should it so desire. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. In the 78 s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e n o n t r i a l b o d i e s w e r e g iv e n the p o w e r to m a k e f i n a l d e c i s i o n s , the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g w a s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y d e s i g n a t e d (71 c a s e s ) . O n ly t h r e e c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e f e r r e d f i n a l a u t h o r i t y to the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , o r s u b c o m m i t t e e , a f o u r t h to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , a n d a fifth to the " l o c a l u n io n " w ith o ut d e fin in g f u r t h e r w h ich l o c a l un ion b o d y w a s to e m p l o y th is au th o rity . F i n a l l y , the B a r b e r s U n ion o r d e r e d it s t r i a l b o d i e s to r e p o r t t h e i r f i n d i n g s to the l o c a l un ion p r e s i d e n t who th en w o u ld r e n d e r the f i n a l d e c i s i o n , an d the J e w e l r y W o r k e r s g a v e f i n a l a u t h o r i t y to the m e m b e r s h i p , u n l e s s l o c a l u n io n b y l a w s p r o v i d e d o t h e r w i s e . 59 S p e c i a l L i m i t a t i o n s R e l a t i n g to S u s p e n s i o n a n d E x p u l s i o n . O n ly 9 o f 136 u n io n s p l a c e d r e s t r i c t i o n s up on the r i g h t s o f t h e i r l o c a l a f f i l i a t e s to d i s c i p l i n e , e i t h e r b y l i m i t i n g the p e n a l t i e s th a t c o u l d b e i m p o s e d o r b y r e q u i r i n g in tern atio n al a p p ro v a l of su ch a c tio n s. In the R a i l w a y P a t r o l m e n , H o s i e r y W o r k e r s , an d the S to n e an d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n (Ind. ), f o r i n s t a n c e , the d i s c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t y o f s u b o r d i n a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w a s l i m i t e d to the i m p o s i t i o n of fin e s. S i m i l a r l y , l o c a l u n io n s o f the A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t i o n (Ind. ) w e r e a l l o w e d to s u s p e n d t h o s e m e m b e r s fo u n d g u i l t y o f a v a r i e t y o f o f f e n s e s , b u t w e r e d e n i e d the r i g h t to l e v y l e s s e r o r h a r s h e r p e n a l t i e s . T o e x p e l m e m b e r s , the B r i c k l a y e r s l o c a l s n e e d e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a p p r o v a l , a s d id the B o i l e r m a k e r s l o c a l s f o r s u s p e n s i o n s an d e x p u l s i o n s , l o c a l s o f the T o o l C r a f t s m e n (Ind. ) f o r f i n e s an d e x p u l s i o n s , a n d t h o s e o f the P l u m b e r s f o r s u s p e n s i o n s , e x p u l s i o n s , an d f i n e s o v e r $ 1 0 0 . L o c a l s o f the M o l d e r s w e r e r e q u i r e d to s u b m i t a l l p r o p o s e d s u s p e n s i o n s o r e x p u l s i o n s to t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t for a p p ro v a l. O v e r h a l f the 136 u n io n s g iv i n g d e t a i l s on l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s e s t a b l i s h e d the s i z e o f the v o te n e c e s s a r y to i m p o s e s e n t e n c e . S e v e n t y - t h r e e u n io n s s p e c i f i e d the v o te r e q u i r e d b e f o r e p u n i s h m e n t , o t h e r th a n e x p u l s i o n , c o u l d be c a r r i e d ou t ( t a b le I V - 12); a n d 74 u n io n s s e t the s i z e o f the v o te n e c e s s a r y to T a b le IV —12. Size o f ;V ote R equired to Im pose Penalties Other T h aq Expulsion in L o cal Union T rials, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands! T o tal studied A ffiliatio n Unions M em bers Unions A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tria l p r o c e d u r e s -----------------------------Constitutions specify in g size of vote to im pose sentences other than expulsion -------------------------------------Requiring m ajority v o t e s ---------------M ajority present ---------------------M ajority not d e f in e d -----------------M ajority v o t i n g -----------------------M ajority e l i g i b l e ---------------------Requiring tw o-thirds v o t e s --------------Tw o-thirds present ------------------Tw o-thirds v o t i n g --------------------Requiring 60 percent v o t e --------------Size of vote d iffered with p e n a l t y ---Size of vote d iffered for other reasons -----------------------------------Constitutions not specify in g size of vote ----------------------------------------- U n affiliated AFL-■ CIO Size of vote M em bers Unions M em bers 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 111 13, 9 8 6 .2 25 2,0 1 0 .2 73 46 60 37 15 7 9, 568. 9 7, 1 61.1 2, 707. 3 1 ,8 5 4 .1 1 ,4 3 9 .1 1, 1 6 0 .7 1 ,0 7 1 .9 7 4 1 .7 3 3 0 .3 4 1 .3 8 8 6 .4 13 9 5 9 9, 776. 7 7, 252. 2 2 ,7 6 0 .7 1 ,8 5 9 .3 1 ,4 7 1 .7 1, 1 6 0 .7 1 ,0 8 6 .0 7 4 1 .7 3 4 4 .4 4 1 .3 9 8 8 .9 2 0 7 .7 9 1 .1 5 3 .4 5 .2 3 2 .5 1 4.1 1 4.1 1 0 2 .5 12 408. 2 2 4 0 8 .2 - 63 6 ,2 1 9 .7 51 4 ,4 1 7 .2 12 20 13 8 5 15 7 8 1 11 6 5 13 7 6 1 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 1 ,8 0 2 .5 1 1 constitution required different size votes accordin g to status of the accu sed as an o ffice r or as a m em ber; and 1 constitution required different size votes accordin g to com position of the tr ia l body. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 60 e x p e l m e m b e r s a n d l o c a l o f f i c e r s fo un d g u il t y o f m a j o r o f f e n s e s ( t a b l e I V - 13). In t o t a l , 76 u n io n s e s t a b l i s h e d s i z e o f v o t e s n e c e s s a r y ( ta b le I V - 14) in a l m o s t a l l c a s e s f o r both e x p u l s i o n a n d l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s . Of th e r e m a i n i n g 60 u n i o n s — th a t i s , o f t h o s e n ot s t i p u l a t i n g s i z e o f v o t e s — o v e r t w o - t h i r d s (46) w e r e a b o u t e q u a l l y d iv id e d b e t w e e n t h o s e v e s t i n g f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p o w e r in the m e m b e r s h i p a n d in the l o c a l u n io n e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . A m o n g the 76 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t i n g s i z e o f the v o t e , the v o tin g r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e m o r e s t r i n g e n t in a n u m b e r of u n i o n s w h en l o s s o f m e m b e r s h i p w a s in v o l v e d . T h u s , u n d e r m o r e th a n h a l f o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a m a j o r i t y v o te w a s s u f f i c i e n t to i m p o s e p e n a l t i e s s h o r t o f e x p u l s i o n w h ile a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 p e r c e n t r e q u i r e d a t w o - t h i r d s v o te f o r p e n a l t i e s o t h e r th a n e x p u l s i o n . T o e x p e l , h o w e v e r , a t w o - t h i r d s v o te w a s s t i p u l a t e d in 36 p e r c e n t o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f y i n g s i z e o f v o t e , a n d s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n 50 p e r c e n t o f the u n io n s r e q u i r e d a m a j o r i t y v o t e . Only one u n io n , the M e c h a n i c s E d u c a t i o n a l S o c i e t y , s e t a 60 p e r c e n t v o t e f o r a l l t y p e s o f p e n a l t i e s , w h ile a few u n i o n s , w h e r e e x p u l s i o n w a s a t s t a k e , s t i p u l a t e d a t h r e e - f o u r t h s v o te . T a b le IV -13. Size of V ote R equired to Expel in L ocal Union T rials, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffilia tio n T o ta l studied Unions A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s -------------------------------Constitutions specify in g size of vote to ex p el ----------------------------------------R equiring m ajority v o t e s -----------------M ajority present ----------------------M ajority not d e f in e d ------------------M ajority votin g -----------------------M ajority e l i g i b l e -----------------------R equiring tw o-thirds v o t e s ---------------Tw o-thirds present --------------------Tw o-thirds votin g --------------------R equiring three-fourths v o t e s -----------Three-fourths p r e s e n t -----------------Three-fourths votin g -----------------Three-fourths in good s t a n d i n g ----Requiring 60 percent v o t e ---------------Size of vote d iffered with o f f e n s e ------Other size of vote a r r a n g e m e n t -------Constitutions not sp ecify in g s iz e ---------of vote to expel ------------------------------ M em bers Unions Unions M em bers 15, 9 9 6 .4 111 1 3 ,9 8 6 . 2 25 74 35 18 9 5 3 27 14 13 8 2 5 1 1 12 2 1 9, 626. 5 5 ,6 5 9 .3 2, 479. 9 1 ,7 5 4 .2 4 8 4 .7 9 4 0 .5 2, 8 5 0 .7 9 6 1 .7 1 ,8 8 9 .0 9 1 4 .0 4 4 5 .0 2 8 8 .9 1 8 0 .2 4 1 .3 8 .8 1 5 2 .4 60 31 14 9 5 3 20 12 8 6 2 3 1 1 1 1 9 ,3 8 3 .7 5, 606. 7 2, 4 2 7 .3 1 ,7 5 4 .2 4 8 4 .7 9 4 0 .5 2, 6 6 8 .0 8 6 0 .7 1 ,8 0 7 .3 9 0 7 .3 4 4 5 .0 2 8 2 .1 1 8 0 .2 4 1 .3 8 .0 1 5 2 .4 14 4 4 7 2 5 2 2 1 - 62 6, 369. 8 51 4, 602. 5 11 136 1 V otes to ex p el v aried with the offen ses that had been co m m itted . 2 D ifferent size votes were required accordin g to com position of the tr ia l body. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. U n affiliated AFL-CIO Size of votes M em bers 2, 0 1 0 . 2 2 4 2 .8 5 2 .6 5 2 .6 1 8 2 .7 1 0 1 .0 ' 8 1 .7 6 .7 6 .7 .8 1 ,7 6 7 .4 61 T a b le IV —14. Size of V otes for Expulsion and Lesser P enalties in L o c al Union T rials, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied Size of votes stipu lated for expulsion and lesser p en alties Unions M em bers A ll constitutions providing lo c a l union tria l p r o c e d u r e s --------------- 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 T o ta l stipu latin g size of votes ----------------------------------------------Som e size of vote for expulsion and lesser p en alties --------------M ajority p r e s e n t---------------------------------------------------------M ajority not d e f i n e d -------------------------------------------------— M ajority e l i g i b l e --------------------------------------------------------M ajority votin g ---------------------------------------------------------Tw o-thirds p r e s e n t------------------------------------------------------Tw o-thirds votin g ------------------------------------------------------Other -----------------------------------------------------------------------D ifferen t size of votes for expulsion and lesser p e n a lt i e s ---------Size of vote stip u lated only for expulsion ----------------------------Size of vote stip u lated only for lesser p e n a ltie s ---------------------T o ta l not stipu latin g size of v o t e s ------------------------------------------- 76 50 18 9 4 4 7 6 12 21 3 2 60 9, 922. 3 7 ,0 2 4 .0 2, 479. 9 1 ,7 5 4 .2 1,1 2 0 .7 4 1 1 .5 7 4 1 .7 3 2 2 .4 1 9 3 .7 2, 456. 9 1 4 5 .6 2 9 5 .8 6 ,0 7 4 .1 1 Under 1 constitution the size of vote d iffered accordin g to the com position of the tria l body, but not accordin g to the pen alty; 1 constitution required a 60-percen t vote of m em bers present and votin g for expulsion and lesser p en alties. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of in d ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. O f the 71 u n io n s th a t d e t a i l e d s i z e o f v o te r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r b o th e x p u l s i o n a n d l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s , 50 s e t the s a m e s i z e v o te r e g a r d l e s s o f p u n i s h m e n t ( t a b le I V - 14). A g a i n , m a j o r i t y v o t e s , fo u n d in 35 o f the 50 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , p r e d o m in ate d . T w e n t y - o n e u n io n s r e q u i r e d a d i f f e r e n t n u m b e r o f v o t e s f o r e x p u l s i o n a n d l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s , i n v a r i a b l y s t i p u l a t i n g the l a r g e r v o te w h e r e e x p u lsion w as at i s s u e . M o s t o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d the b a s e to b e u s e d in c o m p u t in g v o tes. L e a s t p r e c i s e w e r e 13 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h s i m p l y c a l l e d f o r a m a j o r i t y w ith o u t i n d i c a t i n g w h e t h e r t h is " m a j o r i t y " w a s o f m e m b e r s p r e s e n t , o r m e m b e r s p r e s e n t and v o tin g: . . . T h e m e m b e r s o f the l o c a l u n ion t h e r e a s s e m b l e d s h a l l v o t e , w ith o u t d e b a t e , s o l e l y on the q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r to r e j e c t the d e c i s i o n a n d the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e a n d a m a j o r i t y v o te s h a l l b e f i n a l , s u b j e c t o n ly to a p p e a l . (S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ) M o r e o f te n , h o w e v e r , the v o te w a s to b e b a s e d on the n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s in a t t e n d a n c e a t a m e e t i n g , a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r i c k an d C lay W o rk e rs: A l l p e n a l t i e s up on a n y m e m b e r o f a l o c a l un io n s h a l l b e i m p o s e d b y a m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n ion . . . T h e M a i l e r s ( I n d . ), a m o n g o t h e r u n i o n s , r e f i n e d t h is d e c i s i o n m a k i n g g r o u p b y in c l u d i n g o n ly t h o s e p r e s e n t a n d v o t i n g , th u s e l i m i n a t i n g t h o s e p r e s e n t b u t a b s t a i n i n g f r o m v o tin g : It s h a l l r e q u i r e t h r e e - f o u r t h s v o te o f m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a n d v o tin g b y s e c r e t b a l l o t to s u s p e n d o r e x p e l . 62 In f iv e u n io n s — two w h ere e x p u lsio n w as a ls o at to d e t e r m i n e the p e n a l t y . s p e c i a lly s e le c t e d c o m m itte e a re la tiv e ly s m a ll group. w h e r e l e s s e r p e n a l t i e s o n ly w e r e i n v o l v e d an d t h r e e i s s u e --- a m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e e l i g i b l e to v o te w a s In a l l s i t u a t i o n s the t r i a l b o d y w a s to c o n s i s t o f a o r of a l o c a l u n ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , a l w a y s i n v o l v in g O th e r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s s t i p u l a t i n g th a t the v o te w o u ld b e b a s e d s o l e l y on t h o s e c a s t i n g a b a l l o t , l i k e w i s e l i m i t e d the d e c i s i o n to a b o d y s m a l l e r th an t o t a l a t t e n d a n c e : T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l , if it fi n d s the a c c u s e d g u i l t y , r e p r i m a n d , f i n e , s u s p e n d o r e x p e l a s it d e e m s n e c e s s a r y a c c o r d i n g to the s e v e r i t y o f the c h a r g e s a n d r e p o r t the c a s e to the n e x t m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g f o r approval . . . A m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s v o ti n g s h a l l b e n e c e s s a r y f o r ap p ro v al. (Je w e lry W orkers) ?!< Sfc 3|C . . . S u c h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f the c o m m i t t e e m a y b e a m e n d e d , r e j e c t e d , o r a n o t h e r p u n i s h m e n t s u b s t i t u t e d t h e r e f o r , a t the w i l l o f the m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s v o tin g on the q u e s t i o n , e x c e p t th a t it s h a l l r e q u i r e a t w o - t h i r d s v o te o f t h o s e v o tin g to e x p e l the a c c u s e d f r o m m e m b e r sh ip . (Die S i n k e r s , Ind. ) In c o n t r a s t , the O il, C h e m i c a l a n d A t o m i c W o r k e r s b r o a d e n e d the b a s e b y c a l l i n g f o r a v o te o f a l l " m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g , " p r e s u m a b l y b y m e a n s o f a lo calw id e re fe re n d u m : N e g l e c t o f duty o r b r e a c h e s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r l o c a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s , law s o r r u le s by o f f ic e r s , or m e m b e r s , m a y be pun ish ed by r e p r im a n d o r fin e . . . a t the w i l l o f a m a j o r i t y , o r b y s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n a t the w i l l o f t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g o f h is l o c a l u n ion . . . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the R a i l r o a d S i g n a l m e n , R a i l w a y an d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , an d R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s , a lt h o u g h d i f f e r i n g s l i g h t l y f r o m e a c h o t h e r , o f f e r e d b a s i c a l l y the s a m e u n iqu e v o tin g p r o c e d u r e . To e x p e l a m e m b e r , a tw o -th ird s v o te w a s n e c e s s a r y . If the r e q u i r e d t w o - t h i r d s v o te w a s n ot a c h i e v e d , th en the v o t e s f o r e x p u l s i o n w o u ld b e a d d e d to the v o t e s f o r s u s p e n s i o n in o r d e r to m a k e the t w o - t h i r d s v o te n e c e s s a r y to s u s p e n d the g u il t y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . I f , h o w e v e r , the c o m b i n e d v o te s t i l l f a i l e d to r e a c h t w o - t h i r d s , th e n no f u r t h e r b a l l o t s w o u ld b e t a k e n an d the p e n a l t y a u t o m a t i c a l l y l e v i e d w o u ld b e a r e p r i m a n d . T h e P l u m b e r s un ion p r o v i d e d th a t the s i z e o f v o te s h o u l d v a r y a c c o r d i n g to the s t a t u s o f the g u i l t y p e r s o n . L e s s e r p e n a l t i e s in v o l v in g m e m b e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , w o u ld r e q u i r e a m a j o r i t y v o t e , b u t to r e m o v e an o f f i c e r a t w o - t h i r d s v o te w o u ld b e n e c e s s a r y . T he I r o n W o r k e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , p r o v i d e d th a t i t s v o te r e q u i r e m e n t s h o u l d v a r y a c c o r d i n g to the t r i a l b o d y , w h ic h w a s a l s o the f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g b o d y . If the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a c t e d a s the t r i a l b o d y , 5 of 7 m e m b e r s w o u ld h a v e to a p p r o v e the p e n a l t y , b u t w h e r e an a d h oc t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f 12 m e m b e r s w a s e m p l o y e d , 9 v o t e s , o r t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e w o u ld b e n e c e s s a r y to i m p o s e s e n t e n c e . T h e M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ' B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n an d the T e c h n i c a l E n g i n e e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ( I n d .) s t i p u l a t e d th a t the v o te to e x p e l s h o u l d b e v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g to the o f f e n s e th a t h a d b e e n c o m m i t t e d . T h e M E B A , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d e x p e l a m e m b e r who w i l f u l l y n e g l e c t e d to p r o v i d e f o r h is d e p e n d e n t s o r who w a s a c h r o n ic d ru n k , by a t h r e e - f o u r t h s v o t e , b u t e x p u l s i o n f o r a n y o t h e r o f f e n s e w o u ld r e q u i r e o n ly a t w o - t h i r d s v o t e . R e c a l l o f L o c a l U n io n O f f i c e r s . O n ly 15 o f 136 n a t i o n a l u n i o n s , h a v in g a c o m b i n e d m e m b e r s h i p o f 1 . 2 m i l l i o n , p r o v i d e d o f l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s b y m e a n s o f a r e c a l l v o t e . In 11 of the o f fic e r s could a lso be re m o v e d a s a r e s u lt of d is c ip lin a r y action an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l f o r the r e m o v a l 15 u n i o n s , l o c a l taken by a lo c a l 63 t r i a l b o d y . In the o t h e r f o u r u n io n s , h o w e v e r , r e c a l l w a s the o n l y p r o c e d u r e w h e r e b y m e m b e r s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith the p e r f o r m a n c e o f a l o c a l o f f i c e r m i g h t u n s e a t h im b e f o r e the e n d o f h is t e r m o f o f f i c e . M o s t u n io n s p r o v i d i n g l o c a l u n ion r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e m o d e r a t e o r s m a l l in s i z e . T w o u n i o n s , in f a c t , r e p r e s e n t e d f e w e r th a n 1, 000 w o r k e r s , a n d a t h i r d f e w e r th a n 2, 000 w o r k e r s . N on e o f the u n io n s h a d m o r e th a n 36, 000 m e m b e r s e x c e p t the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s , R a i l w a y C l e r k s , T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s , an d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s , a l l A F L - C I O a f f i l i a t e s a n d e a c h w ith m e m b e r s h i p s in e x c e s s of 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , r e c a l l o f l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s c o u l d b e in v o k e d f o r a lm o s t any r e a s o n . T e n o f the 15 u n i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e , d id n o t g iv e r e a s o n s f o r w h ic h r e c a l l m i g h t b e i n i t i a t e d , an d the r e m a i n i n g 5 u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d r a t h e r broad re aso n s. P r a c t i c a l l y a l l u n i o n s , h o w e v e r , r e q u i r e d the r e c a l l p e t i t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y to s t a t e the r e a s o n f o r s u c h a c t i o n . A m o n g the fi v e u n io n s l i s t i n g r e a s o n s f o r r e c a l l , the A i r L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s an d the T o b a c c o W o r k e r s d e c l a r e d , r e s p e c t i v e l y , th a t r e c a l l m i g h t b e i n i t i a t e d " w i t h o r w ith o u t c a u s e " o r f o r " j u s t i f i a b l e c a u s e . " T h e L i t h o g r a p h e r s (Ind. ) p e r m i t t e d a r e c a l l p e t i t i o n in the e v e n t the o f f i c e r i n f r i n g e d the p r o v i s i o n s o f the u n i o n 1 s c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d g e n e r a l l a w s o r fo r conduct un b ecom in g a lo c a l o f f ic e r . U n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s ( A F L - C I O ) , f a i l u r e o r r e f u s a l to c a r r y o u t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o r l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s w a s s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n f o r r e c a l l o f a l o c a l o f f i c e r an d u n d e r the D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s c o n s t i t u t i o n , r e c a l l c o u l d b e in v o k e d w h en the l o c a l o f f i c e r w a s u n a b le p r o p e r l y to p e r f o r m d u t i e s r e q u i r e d b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n . N in e u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d th a t r e c a l l b e i n i t i a t e d b y p e t i t i o n , in w r i t i n g , c o n t a in in g s p e c i f i c r e a s o n s f o r r e c a l l , a n d b e a r i n g the s i g n a t u r e s o f a s p e c i f i e d p r o p o r t i o n o f the l o c a l u n i o n 1 s m e m b e r s h i p . T h is p ro p o rtio n ra n g e d fr o m 10 p e r c e n t o f the l o c a l 1 s m e m b e r s h i p ( L i t h o g r a p h e r s , I n d . ) to m o r e th a n 50 p e r cent (R ailw ay C l e r k s ) . T h e M a i l e r s ’ ( I n d .) c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , i n c l u d e d the fo ll o w in g r e q u i r e m e n t s : T h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a p e t i t i o n to a n y m e m b e r o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the l o c a l un ion s i g n e d b y m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g t o t a l i n g a t l e a s t 40 p e r c e n t o f the n u m b e r o f v o t e s c a s t f o r the o f f i c e f o r w h ic h a r e c a l l i s p e t i t i o n e d s h a l l c a u s e s a i d un ion to s u b m i t the q u e s t i o n o f r e c a l l to a r e f e r e n d u m v o te o f the m e m b e r s h i p . T h e D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s p e r m i t t e d i t s l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to i n i t i a t e r e c a l l b y r e c o m m e n d i n g th a t an o f f i c e be v o t e d v a c a n t , a n d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the T o b a c c o W o r k e r s c o u l d in v o k e l o c a l o f f i c e r r e c a l l in the s a m e m a n n e r . O n ly f iv e u n io n s i d e n t i f i e d the p e r s o n o r b o d y c h a r g e d w ith c a r r y i n g out the r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e s . G e n e r a l l y , th is w a s the r e c o r d i n g o f f i c e r , o r s e c r e t a r y t r e a s u r e r , o r p r e s i d e n t . Tw o o f the f i v e u n io n s o f f e r e d a l t e r n a t i v e s in c a s e the u s u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i n g o f f i c e r w a s the p e r s o n w h o s e r e c a l l w a s p e t i t i o n e d . T he R a i l w a y C l e r k s , f o r e x a m p l e , d e s i g n a t e d the B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s to a c t in s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a s fo llo w s: R u le 3. T he p etitio n is s ig n e d He s h a l l t r a n s m i t o f the l o d g e a n d be r e c a lle d . r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y s h a l l . . . c e r t i f y w h e t h e r the b y the r e q u i s i t e n u m b e r o f q u a l i f i e d m e m b e r s . . . the p e t i t i o n t o g e t h e r w ith c e r t i f i c a t i o n to the p r e s i d e n t s h a l l f u r n i s h a c o p y t h e r e o f to the o f f i c e r s o u g h t to 64 R u le 4 . T h e p r e s i d e n t o f the lo d g e . . . s h a l l a p p o in t a c o m m i t te e o f 3 m e m b e r s to p r e p a r e a n d s u p e r v i s e the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the b a l l o t , t a b u l a t e the r e s u l t a n d r e p o r t n a m e to the l o d g e . R u l e 5. If the p e t i t i o n in v o l v e s the p r e s i d e n t o r the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y , the p r o c e d u r e s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d b y the b o a r d of t r u s t e e s . O n ly the A i r l i n e c a ll p r o c e d u re s . P ilo ts d i r e c t e d the in tern atio n al u n ion to a d m i n i s t e r the r e A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , two o r m o r e m e e t i n g s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d f o r the r e c a l l p rocess. T h e f i r s t m e e t i n g w a s to b e d e v o t e d to p r e l i m i n a r y d e t a i l s , an d w a s a l s o to s e r v e to n o t ify a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s o f the i m p e n d in g a c t i o n . The seco n d m e e t i n g w a s u s u a l l y to in c lu d e d e b a t e , a n d , in m a n y c a s e s , the r e c a l l b a l l o t i n g . T he O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s e m p l o y e d the fo ll o w in g p r o c e d u r e : W h e n e v e r 25 p e r c e n t o f the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g in a l o c a l u n io n s h a l l f i l e w ith the r e c o r d i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y a p e t i t i o n r e q u e s t i n g the r e c a l l f r o m o f f i c e o f a n y o f f i c e r o f the l o c a l u n ion . . . w ith in 30 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g o f the l o c a l u n io n s h a l l h a v e b e e n c a l l e d an d h e l d w ith a l l p e t i t i o n e r s p r e s e n t t h e r e a t , w h ic h s p e c i a l m e e t i n g s h a l l h a v e b e e n d e v o t e d to v e r i f y i n g the s i g n a t u r e s o f a l l p e t i t i o n e r s to s a i d r e c a l l p e t i t i o n an d c e r t i f y i n g b y the f i n a n c i a l s e c r e t a r y o f the g o o d s t a n d i n g o f e a c h p e t i t i o n e r , th e n a n d n ot o t h e r w i s e the r e c o r d i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y s h a l l n o t ify a l l m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d in g o f . . . the d a te s e t f o r the v o tin g up on r e c a l l (w hich d a te s h a l l b e the t h i r d r e g u l a r m e e t i n g fo llo w in g the m a i l i n g o f s u c h n o t ic e ) a n d a v o te t h e r e o n s h a l l b e t a k e n a t s u c h m e e t i n g . O n ly the B r o a d c a s t E m p l o y e e s a u t h o r i z e d the l o c a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to h o ld h e a r in g s and m ak e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s . T h ese re co m m en d atio n s, how ever, w ere p u r e l y a d v i s o r y , n ot in the n a t u r e o f a d e c i s i o n b y a t r i a l b o d y to b e r a t i f i e d b y the m e m b e r s h i p . One c o n s t i t u t i o n , th a t o f the R a i l w a y C l e r k s , a l l o w e d the a c c u s e d o f f i c e r to f i le a s t a t e m e n t a n s w e r i n g the c h a r g e s c i t e d in the p e t i t i o n . No c o n s t i t u t i o n c h a n g e d the s t a t u s o f the o f f i c e r p e n d in g o u t c o m e o f the r e c a l l r e f e r e n d u m , e x c e p t th a t the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s p e r m i t t e d s u s p e n s i o n o f o f f i c e r s w h e r e the c h a r g e s in c l u d e d c r i m i n a l a c t s . F o u r u n io n s r e q u i r e d s e c r e t r e c a l l b a l l o t i n g . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h r e e o f t h e s e u n io n s p r o v i d e d f o r v o tin g b y m a i l , w h ile the f o u r t h c o n s t i t u t i o n , th a t of the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s , p r o v i d e d f o r v o tin g on r e c a l l b y s e c r e t b a l l o t a t the m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g . T h r e e t e l l e r s , one a p p o in t e d b y the p e t i t i o n e r , one b y the l o c a l * s p r e s i d e n t , an d one e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s , w e r e a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t the v o te a n d t a b u l a t e the r e s u l t s . E l e v e n o f 15 u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d the s i z e o f v o te n e c e s s a r y to r e c a l l , f i v e r e q u i r e d m a j o r i t y v o t e s , an d 6 c a l l e d f o r t w o - t h i r d s v o t e s . O f the f i v e m a j o r i t y v o t e s , two s p e c i f i e d a m a j o r i t y o f the f u l l l o c a l m e m b e r s h i p a n d two o f t h o s e voting. T h e fifth s t i p u l a t e d th a t t w o - t h i r d s o f a l l e l i g i b l e m e m b e r s w e r e r e q u i r e d to v o t e , an d o n ly if a m a j o r i t y v o t e d f o r r e c a l l c o u l d the l o c a l o f f i c e r be re m o v e d . O f the s i x u n io n s c a l l i n g f o r t w o - t h i r d s v o t e s , two s t i p u l a t e d th a t the t w o - t h i r d s v o te r e f e r r e d to the f u ll m e m b e r s h i p , two to t h o s e m e m b e r s p r e s e n t a t the r e c a l l m e e t i n g , a n d one to t h o s e v o t i n g . T h e s ix t h r e q u i r e d th a t to r e m o v e the l o c a l o f f i c e r a t l e a s t a m a j o r i t y o f the n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s who h a d v o t e d f o r the o f f i c e r s a t the t i m e o f t h e i r e l e c t i o n h a d to p a r t i c i p a t e in the b a l l o t i n g , an d th a t the v o te f o r r e c a l l m u s t b e b y t w o - t h i r d s o f t h o s e v o t i n g . Chapter V. Trial Procedures of Local Union Officers and Members at the International Union Level T h i s c h a p t e r , d e s c r i b i n g t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n l e v e l , i s , in the m a i n , o r g a n i z e d a lo n g the s a m e l i n e s a s the p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r d e a l i n g w ith t r i a l s a t the l o c a l u n ion l e v e l . A s p e c t s w h ic h a r e u n iq u e to p r o c e e d i n g s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion l e v e l , n o t a b ly m a t t e r s o f e x c l u s i v e o r c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c tio n , a r e d i s c u s s e d a n d i l l u s t r a t e d in d e t a i l . P r e v a le n c e of P r o v is io n s Of the 158 c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x a m i n e d , 116 p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l of m e m b e r s o r l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n l e v e l ( t a b le V - l ) a s c o m p a r e d w ith 146 p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l a t the l o c a l l e v e l . U n d e r 10 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n w a s the on ly b o d y a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s . T a b le V - l . T r ia l of M em bers 1 and L o cal O fficers at the International Level, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o tal studied A ffiliatio n T r ia l provision AFL-CIO Unions A ll constitutions studied -------------------------------Constitutions providing for tr ia l at the international le v e l -----------------------------------L ocal m em bers and officers ---------------------Id e n tical tria l procedure ---------------- -----D ifferent tria l procedure ---------------------L o cal o fficers ----------------------------------------L ocal m em bers ---------------------------------------Constitutions not providing provisions for international t r i a l s -------------------------------------- M em bers U n affiliated Unions M em bers Unions M embers 158 16, 92 3 .1 122 14, 228. 8 36 2, 694. 3 116 93 83 10 21 2 13, 5 1 5 .0 12, 3 7 7 .9 11, 2 3 1 .7 1, 1 4 6 .3 1 ,0 1 1 .4 1 2 5 .6 92 73 64 9 17 2 1 0 ,9 7 0 .1 9, 8 6 1 .2 8 ,7 4 1 .5 1 ,1 1 9 .8 9 8 3 .2 1 2 5 .6 24 20 19 1 4 2, 5 4 4 .9 2, 5 1 6 .7 2, 490. 2 2 6 .5 2 8 .2 42 3 ,4 0 8 .1 30 3 ,2 5 8 .7 12 - - 1 4 9 .4 * T h e term "m em b e rs” included any m em ber of a lo c a l union but not " m e m b e rs-a t-la rg e " or other m em bers a ffilia te d d irectly with the international union. 2 constitutions, accounting for 261, 800 m em bers, providing for trial of d irectly a ffilia te d m em bers only, were not included in this an alysis of international tria l provisions. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of in dividu al item s m ay not equal to tals. A ll b u t 2 o f the 42 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t p r o v i s i o n f o r t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l b y l o c a l u n i o n s . M o r e o v e r , e v e n th o ugh t h e s e 42 c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a i n e d no e x p l i c i t p r o v i s i o n f o r t r y i n g m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s o f l o c a l u n io n s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , j u r i s d i c t i o n m i g h t b e i n v o k e d , u n d e r b r o a d p r o v i s i o n s c lo t h in g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s w ith g e n e r a l a u t h o r i t y to a d m i n i s t e r a n d c o n d u c t the a f f a i r s o f the un ion o r to i n t e r p r e t a n d d e c i d e a l l q u e s t i o n s o f un io n la w . F o r i n s t a n c e , the F l i g h t E n g i n e e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n v e s t e d " s u p r e m e g o v e r n m e n t a l p o w e r s ” in i t s M a s t e r E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e a n d l e f t o p e n a 65 66 p o s s i b i l i t y o f d i s c i p l i n a r y h e a r i n g s b y p r o v i d i n g th a t " t h e r e s h a l l b e no r e s t r i c t i o n on b u s i n e s s c o n d u c t e d a t an y m e e t i n g o f the c o m m i t t e e . 1,25 W hile l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e in v o k e d on ly b y fi l i n g c h a r g e s , two r o u t e s w e r e p r o v i d e d f o r in v o k in g i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . U n d e r 115 o f the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , j u r i s d i c t i o n c o u ld b e b a s e d on c h a r g e s i f f i l e d d i r e c t l y a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n , a n d u n d e r 28 o f t h e s e 115, j u r i s d i c t i o n c o u ld b e a s s u m e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o v e r c h a r g e s th a t h a d b e e n f i l e d a t the l o c a l l e v e l ( t a b le V - 2 ) . 26 52 T h e a u t h o r i t y to d i v e s t the l o c a l u n ion of j u r i s d i c t i o n an d t r a n s f e r the c a s e to an i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o d y w a s o fte n l i m i t e d to e m e r g e n c i e s , a p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e , o r s i t u a t i o n s m a r k e d b y a l o c a l ' s i n a b i l i t y to a f f o r d the a c c u s e d a f a i r t r i a l . T a b le V -2 . Extent of International T r ia l Jurisdiction, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l Studied A ffiliatio n T r ia l ju risd iction Constitutions providing for trial at the international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions providing ju risd iction over new cases ------------------------------------------------L ocal m em bers and officers ---------------------Local officers ----------------------------------------L ocal m em bers --------------------------------------Constitutions providing ju risd iction over new and pending cases -------------------------------L ocal m em bers or officers -----------------------L o cal officers ----------------------------------------Constitutions providing ju risd iction over pending c a s e s -------------------------------------------L o cal m em bers and officers ---------------------- U n affiliated AFL -CIO Unions M em bers 116 Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 13, 5 1 5 .0 92 1 0 ,9 7 0 .1 24 2, 544. 9 87 65 20 2 8, 1 2 5 .8 7 ,0 0 8 .7 9 9 1 .4 1 2 5 .6 68 50 16 2 7, 2 4 2 .5 6 , 1 5 3 .7 963. 2 1 2 5 .6 19 15 4 8 8 3 .3 8 5 5 .0 2 8 .2 28 27 1 5, 356. 3 5, 3 3 6 .3 2 0 .0 23 22 1 3, 694. 6 3 ,6 7 4 . 6 2 0 .0 5 5 1 1 3 3 .0 3 3 .0 1 1 3 3 .0 3 3 .0 - - 1, 6 6 1 .7 1 ,6 6 1 .7 - - - - NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. P e r s o n s S u b j e c t to T r i a l Of the 116 p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , 93 a p p l i e d to bo th m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s ( t a b le V - l ) , u s u a l l y w ith i d e n t i c a l p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e u s u a l l y l e s s d e t a i l e d th an 25 T w o o f t h e s e 42 c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s to m e m b e r s who w e r e not a f f i l i a t e d w ith a l o c a l u n ion b u t who w e r e a t t a c h e d d i r e c t l y to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion ( t a b le V - l , fo o tn o te 1). P r o v i s i o n s a p p l i c a b l e to m e m b e r s - a t - l a r g e w e r e not in c l u d e d in t h is a n a l y s i s . 26 F o r p u r p o s e s of th is s tu d y , p r o v i s i o n s f o r f i lin g c h a r g e s d i r e c t l y a t the in tern atio n al lev el w e re d e s c r ib e d a s p r o v is io n s for ju r is d ic tio n o v er "n ew " c a s e s , w h ile p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r a n s f e r r i n g a c a s e f r o m the l o c a l to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l w e r e d e s c r i b e d a s p r o v i d i n g f o r j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r " p e n d i n g " l o c a l u n io n c a s e s . 67 t h o s e g o v e r n i n g l o c a l u n io n t r i a l s , a lt h o u g h s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d the s a m e e x t e n s i v e p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l s a t b o th l e v e l s . A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s m e r e l y v e s t e d g e n e r a l d i s c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t y in an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c y w ith o u t s p e c i f y i n g p r o c e d u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , a s in the fo llo w in g p r o v i s i o n : T h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m a y e x e r c i s e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n to t r y i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o f f i c e r s , s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r d in a t e b o d i e s , an d in d i v i d u a l u n io n m e m b e r s f o r an y c o n d u c t s u b j e c t to d is c ip lin a r y action . (B a k e r y and C o n fe c tio n e ry W o r k e r s ' In tern a tio n a l U n ion o f A m e r i c a , Ind. ) U n d e r 10 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s f o r d i f f e r e d s o m e w h a t . T h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a in e d s p e c i a l o f f i c e r s c h a r g e d w ith m i s c o n d u c t in the p e r f o r m a n c e o f l a t e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ' s s u p e r v i s o r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s F o r i n s t a n c e , u n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the S to n e C u t t e r s p r o v i s i o n a p p l i e d to o f f i c e r s : o f f ic e r s and fo r m e m b e r s p r o v is io n s fo r d isc ip lin in g th eir d u tie s, c lo s e ly r e o v e r l o c a l u n ion a f f a i r s . A s s o c i a t i o n , the fo llo w in g T h e p r e s i d e n t s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y , s h o u l d h e b e s a t i s f i e d th a t an y o f f i c e r i s d e r e l i c t in the p e r f o r m a n c e of h i s duty o r h a s b e e n g u il t y o f a d i s h o n e s t a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m h i s o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n . In s u c h e v e n t , h e s h a l l f u r n i s h the o f f i c e r s o s u s p e n d e d w ith a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r s o d o in g , an d he s h a l l a l s o f o r w a r d to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a s i m i l a r d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t , who s h a l l t h e r e u p o n t r y s u c h s u s p e n d e d o f f i c i a l in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the l a w s g o v e r n i n g i m p e a c h m e n t a n d t r i a l o f o f f i c e r s . If fo u n d g u il t y , h e s h a l l a t o n c e b e r e m o v e d f r o m o f f i c e b y the p r e s i d e n t . With r e g a r d to m e m b e r s , the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s e m p o w e r e d to i n i t i a t e c h a r g e s u n d e r the fo ll o w in g l i m i t e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s : A n y o n e who g o e s to a l o c a l w h e r e t h e r e i s t r o u b l e , in o r d e r th a t h e m a y b e p l a c e d on the s t r i k e r o l l , s h a l l b e i m m e d i a t e l y e x p o s e d in the j o u r n a l , a n d c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t h im b y the ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . E xten t of Intern ation al Ju r i s d i c t i o n In a l l b u t 1 of the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion w a s e m p o w e r e d to e x e r c i s e j u r i s d i c t i o n in new c a s e s , th a t i s , t h o s e n ot p e n d in g a t the l o c a l un io n l e v e l ( t a b le V - 2 ) . U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g c o n s t it u t io n , a l l c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d w ith a l o c a l u n io n , b u t the p r e s i d e n t p o s s e s s e d the a u t h o r i t y , a s i l l u s t r a t e d in the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e , to t r a n s f e r the c a s e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l : . . . In the e v e n t c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l un ion an d the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , in h i s d i s c r e t i o n , d e e m s it p r o p e r to do s o , he m a y o r d e r th a t the t r i a l o f s u c h m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r b e h a d b e f o r e the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l in l i e u o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the l o c a l o r a n y t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f s u c h l o c a l . ( D i s t i l l e r y , R e c t i f y i n g an d Wine W o r k e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a ) E i g h t y - s e v e n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r new c a s e s d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y p e r m i t t r a n s f e r o f p e n d i n g l o c a l c a s e s to the in tern atio n al le v e l. T h e s e in c l u d e d 65 o f the 93 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith p r o v i s i o n s a p p l i c a b l e to b o th m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s , a l l b u t 1 o f the 21 a p p l i c a b l e to o f f i c e r s o n ly , an d the 2 w h ic h c o v e r e d m e m b e r s on ly. Only 28 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g , h o w e v e r , m o r e th an 5 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , g r a n t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r b o th new an d p e n d in g c a s e s . U n d e r t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r n ew c a s e s w a s in v o k e d 68 b y fi lin g c h a r g e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , w h ile j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e n d i n g c a s e s w a s in v o k e d b y t r a n s f e r r i n g c h a r g e s a l r e a d y f i l e d w ith a l o c a l u n io n to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , t y p i c a l l y in the f o ll o w in g m a n n e r : T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t , b y n o t i c e in w r i t i n g to s u c h ( l o c a l ) r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y to a s s u m e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f a n y s u c h c h a r g e s a n d , in th a t e v e n t, no a c t i o n upon s u c h c h a r g e s s h a l l t h e r e a f t e r b e ta k e n b y the l o c a l un ion w ith w h ich th e y w e r e f i l e d , b u t a l l f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s s h a l l b e t a k e n b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d in the s a m e m a n n e r a s th o u g h c h a r g e s h a d o r i g i n a l l y b e e n f i l e d w ith it. ( In d e p e n d e n t W a t c h m e n ’s A s s o c i a t i o n , Ind. ) J u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r new c a s e s u s u a l l y e x t e n d e d to i n c l u d e a l l o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion , s u c h a s ’’v i o l a t i o n o r i n f r a c t i o n s o f the p r o v i s i o n s o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n , ” o r a n y m a t t e r ’’i n i m i c a l to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s " o f th e u n ion . In e f f e c t , t h e s e g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s v e s t e d c o m p l e t e d i s c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t y in an i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d y . T h e fo llo w in g p r o v i s i o n w a s one of the m o s t e x p l i c i t in d e s c r i b i n g the s c o p e o f g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n : The e xe cu tiv e b o a r d sh a ll h ave e n tire co n trol o v e r a ll ju d ic ia l b u s i n e s s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion w h en not in s e s s i o n , v i z . . . ; a l l d e c i s i o n s a s to the l a w s o r u s a g e s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o r of s u b o r d i n a t e u n i o n s ; a l l c h a r g e s o r d i s p u t e s o f one m e m b e r a g a i n s t a n o t h e r o r h i s u n io n ; an d a l l c h a r g e s o r d i s p u t e s o f on e un io n a g a i n s t a n o t h e r ; a l l q u e s t i o n s a s to the la w r a i s e d o r r e p o r t e d b y d e p u t i e s — in f a c t , a l l q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i v e to the l a w s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o r s u b o r d i n a t e u n io n s a n d v i o l a t i o n s t h e r e o f . ( B r i c k l a y e r s , M a s o n s and P l a s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a ) T h i s g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n u s u a l l y w a s b r o a d e n o u g h to e x t e n d e v e n to c a s e s w h ic h c o u ld b e the s u b j e c t o f c h a r g e s a t the l o c a l l e v e l . One c o n s t i t u t i o n e x p l i c i t l y p ro v id e d c o n c u rre n t ju r is d ic t io n a s fo llo w s: When a m e m b e r v i o l a t e s the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w s b y i n t e r f e r i n g w ith the w o r k i n g s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d in c a r r y i n g ou t the l a w s , the b o a r d s h a l l h a v e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to m e t e out the s a m e p u n i s h m e n t to t h e m th a t a l o c a l un ion h a s a n d the m e m b e r h a s the s a m e r i g h t to a p p e a l th a t h e h a s f r o m the d e c i s i o n o f a l o c a l un ion . ( M e t a l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s a n d H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , s p e c i f i e d e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . F o r i n s t a n c e , the A m e r i c a n F l i n t G l a s s W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e d the p r e s i d e n t to r e v i e w a l l c h a r g e s a n d r e t a i n j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h o s e c h a r g e s in v o l v in g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion : It s h a l l b e the duty o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t to r e f e r a l l c h a r g e s a g a i n s t i n d i v i d u a l s to l o c a l u n io n s f o r t r i a l e x c e p t t h o s e w h ic h i n v o l v e the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o r p o l i c i e s o f a n d the s e c u r i t y o f the i n t e r n a tion al o rg a n iz atio n . L i m i t a t i o n s on N ew C a s e s . In 80 o f the 115 p r o v i s i o n s p e r m i t t i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r n ew c a s e s , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l ’ s j u r i s d i c t i o n i n c l u d e d a n y o f f e n s e a g a i n s t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion . U n d e r 21 o f the o t h e r 35 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g m o r e th an 2 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , on ly c h a r g e s a l l e g i n g p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s w e r e to b e a c c e p t e d a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S e v e r a l o f t h e s e o f f e n s e s w e r e r e l a t e d to the p e r f o r m a n c e o f o f f i c i a l d u t i e s b y a l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r a n d w e r e d e s i g n a t e d f o r t r i a l b y 69 in tern atio n al a g e n c ie s e x c lu siv e ly . F o r e x a m p le , j u r i s d i c t i o n in n ew c a s e s in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e : one co n stitu tio n a u th o rized . . . (the p r e s i d e n t ) s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r i t y , s h o u l d he b e c o m e s a t i s f i e d th a t an y o f f i c e r i s d e r e l i c t in the p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y du ty , o r h a s b e e n g u il t y o f an y d i s h o n e s t a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m h i s o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n . In s u c h e v e n t, he s h a l l f u r n i s h the o f f i c e r s o s u s p e n d e d w ith a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r s o d o in g . The e x e cu tiv e b o a r d s h a l l t r y s u c h s u s p e n d e d o f f i c e r u p o n the c h a r g e s p r e s e n t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t e r e o t y p e r s ' a n d E l e c t r o t y p e r s ' U n io n o f N o r th A m eric a) I n c lu d e d a m o n g the 35 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e 6, c o v e r i n g m o r e th a n 6 0 0 , 000 m e m b e r s , w h ic h p e r m i t t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n o n ly in c a s e s th a t " v i t a l l y a f f e c t e d " the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion o r p r e s e n t e d an i m m e d i a t e t h r e a t to the u n i o n 's w e l f a r e , a s f o r e x a m p l e , in the U n it e d R u b b e r W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n : The in te rn a tio n a l e x e c u tiv e b o a r d w ill e n te rta in and d e te r m in e c h a r g e s p u r s u a n t to th is p a r a g r a p h in the e x e r c i s e o f i t s j u d i c i a l p o w e r s o n ly in t h o s e r a r e a n d u n u s u a l c a s e s w h e r e the g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f the URW i s in v o l v e d . T h e r e m a i n i n g e ig h t c o n s t i t u t i o n s in t h is c a t e g o r y s p e c i f i e d m o r e th an one g r a n t o f j u r i s d i c t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y . T h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g n e a r l y 2 m i l l io n m e m b e r s , p e r m i t t e d c h a r g e s to b e f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l in an y o f a n u m b e r of d efin ed s itu a t io n s , su ch a s an e m e r g e n c y , o r fo r s p e c i f ie d o f fe n s e s . C u m u lativ ely , th e se lim ite d g r a n t s p ro v id e d a b r o a d ju r is d ic t io n a l b a s i s fo r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , a s c a n b e s e e n f r o m the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n : In c a s e s o f e x t r e m e e m e r g e n c y a n d w h en i t a p p e a r s . . . th a t i r r e p a r a b l e i n j u r y m a y r e s u l t to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n . . . , a n d , w ith o u t r e g a r d to the e x i s t e n c e o f a p r e s e n t e m e r g e n c y , in a n y c a s e in w h ic h it s h a l l a p p e a r to the b o a r d th a t 2 o r m o r e m e m b e r s h a v e e n g a g e d . . . in c o n s p i r a c y to c o m m i t a n o f f e n s e a g a i n s t the u n ion . . . W h e n e v e r it i s c h a r g e d th a t an y m e m b e r i s a f f i r m a t i v e l y e n g a g e d in the p r o m o t i o n , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , f u r t h e r a n c e , o r s u p p o r t o f an y o t h e r u n io n o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g g r o u p . . . s u c h c h a r g e w i l l b e f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . (U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e , A e r o s p a c e a n d A g r ic u ltu r a l Im plem en t W ork ers of A m e r ic a ) L i m i t a t i o n s on P e n d in g C a s e s . C a s e s th a t w e r e a l r e a d y p e n d i n g b e f o r e a l o c a l b o d y w e r e l e s s f r e q u e n t l y s u b j e c t to i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . Of the 29 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e n d i n g c a s e s , 9, c o v e r i n g a l m o s t 9 0 0 , 000 m e m b e r s , g r a n te d a u th o rity fo r in te r n a tio n a l ju r is d ic t io n o v e r any o ffe n se a g a in s t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n , w h ile 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t e d t h is a u t h o r i t y , t y p i c a l l y to e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s o f the ty p e s t i p u l a t e d in the f o ll o w in g c l a u s e : In a l l c a s e s in v o lv in g c h a r g e s w h ic h in the o p in io n o f the . . . ( p r e s id e n t) . . . v i t a l l y a f f e c t e d the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the l o c a l u n io n o r the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion , the . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . m a y o r d e r the . . . (execu tiv e b o a rd ) . . . to ta k e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the c a s e a n d to p r o c e e d to h e a r a n d t r y the a c c u s e d . The . . . (p r e sid e n t) . . . sh a ll h a v e t h is a u t h o r i t y a t a n y p o i n t in the p r o c e e d i n g s a n d t h i s a u t h o r i t y s h a l l e x i s t e v e n th o u g h the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f the l o c a l u n io n h a s c o m m e n c e d an d h a s c o n d u c t e d a h e a r i n g . (M e tal P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) 70 E i g h t o f t h e s e 20 u n io n s l i m i t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e n d i n g c a s e s to f a i l u r e o f the l o c a l un ion e i t h e r to p r o s e c u t e o r to p u n i s h a m e m b e r c o n v i c t e d o f o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion : In the e v e n t th a t an y l o c a l un ion o r the m e m b e r s t h e r e o f f a i l to p r o c e e d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s o f th is s e c t i o n , o r f a i l to r e f u s e to p u n i s h m e m b e r s t h e r e o f who a r e g u il ty . . . ( T o b a c c o W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion ) U n d e r two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n c o u ld b e in v o k e d if b i a s , h o s t i l i t y , o r f e a r o f r e p r i s a l s w o u ld i n t e r f e r e w ith the l o c a l ’s a b i l i t y to p r o v i d e a f u ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g , w ith e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r a c c u s e r p e r m i t t e d to p e titio n fo r a change of venue. In the N e w s p a p e r G u il d , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c y g r a n t i n g the r e q u e s t w a s a u t h o r i z e d to a p p o in t a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , c o m p o s e d of m e m b e r s of n eig h b o rin g lo c a l u n io n s, a s fo llo w s: W h e r e the . . . ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . i s c o n v in c e d , a f t e r r e c e i p t of a p e t i t i o n f r o m e i t h e r the a c c u s e d m e m b e r o r f r o m t h o s e fi l i n g c h a r g e s , th a t a f a i r t r i a l i s i m p o s s i b l e in the a c c u s e d m e m b e r ’s l o c a l , b e c a u s e o f p a r t i a l i t y , h o s t i l i t y , o r f e a r o f r e p r i s a l s , the ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) m a y o r d e r t r i a l b e f o r e a t r i a l b o a r d to b e s e l e c t e d f r o m a t r i a l p a n e l of m e m b e r s o f one o r m o r e n e a r b y l o c a l s . T h e o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r t r i a l b y the u n io n c o n v e n t io n u n d e r the f o l l o w in g c i r c u m s t a n c e s : T h e p r e s i d e n t of the . . . ( l o c a l un ion ) . . . w ith w h o m c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d s h a l l . . . p r o c e e d to b r i n g the a c c u s e d to t r i a l . . . , e x c e p t th a t the . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . m a y , w h en he d e e m s s u c h a c t i o n n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r to p r o v i d e a f a i r t r i a l o r to p r o t e c t the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the IA M , d i r e c t th a t the a c c u s e d b e t r i e d e i t h e r b y a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e o r b y the G. L . C o n v e n tio n . (In tern ation al A ss o c ia tio n of M a c h in ists) U n d e r two o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s e p a r a t e g r a n t s of p o w e r o v e r l o c a l un ion c a s e s w e r e g i v e n to the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d a n d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t , w ith the l a t t e r ’s a u t h o r i t y l i m i t e d to d e s i g n a t e d s i t u a t i o n s . T h e T e a m s t e r s ' (Ind. ) co n stitu tio n d e lin e a te d th is a s fo llo w s: N o t w i th s t a n d i n g an y o t h e r p r o v i s i o n o f t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the g e n e r a l exe cu tiv e b o a rd sh a ll have ju r is d ic t io n . . . fo r a ll o ffe n se s c o m m itte d a g a i n s t the o f f i c e r s o f . . . o r the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . In the e v e n t c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d o r h e a r i n g s a r e p e n d in g . . . the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f s u c h s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y s h a l l fo r th w ith t e r m i n a t e . If the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . . . i s s a t i s f i e d b y the e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d th a t the in d i v id u a l i s a m e m b e r o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r of a n y o t h e r s u b v e r s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r s u b s c r i b e s o r l e n d s s u p p o r t to t h e i r d o c t r i n e s , the l o c a l un ion e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l e x p e l s u c h in d i v i d u a l a f t e r he h a s o b t a in e d a p r o p e r t r i a l . If, in the o p in io n of the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , the a b o v e s e c t i o n h a s not b e e n c o m p l i e d w ith in p r i n c i p l e an d in te n t . . . , h e . . . s h a l l b e e m p o w e r e d to r e o p e n an d r e v i e w the c a s e a n d , i f he d e e m s it a d v i s a b l e , . . . t r a n s f e r the c a s e to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . . . W h e n e v e r c h a r g e s in v o lv in g a m e m b e r . . . o f f i c e r o r . . . s u b o r d in a t e b o d y c r e a t e , i n v o l v e , o r r e l a t e to a s i t u a t i o n i m m i n e n t l y d a n g e r o u s to the w e l f a r e o f a . . . s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y , the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t i s e m p o w e r e d , in h i s d i s c r e t i o n , to a s s u m e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n r e g a r d l e s s of the f a c t th a t c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d w ith a n o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y a n d a r e p e n d in g . . . 71 Invokin g I n t e r n a t i o n a l J u r i s d i c t i o n — P e r s o n s A u t h o r i z e d to I n i t i a t e . A l th ough 95 t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d to f i l e c h a r g e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ( t a b le V - 3 ) , fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d th a t the p e r s o n s T a b le V -3 . Persons S p e c ific a lly Authorized to Invoke International Ju risdiction, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied Identity of persons A ll constitutions providing for tria l at the international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions sp e c ific a lly authorizing certain persons to invoke international ju r i s d i c t i o n ----Constitutions specify in g international authorities ------------------------------------------President ------------------------------------------E xecutive board 1----------------------------------President or ex ecu tiv e board -----------------Constitutions specify in g international and lo c a l union authorities --------------------------President, ex ecu tiv e board, or lo c a l o f f i c e r s -----------------------------------E xecutive board, or lo c a l officers, or m em bers ----------------------------------------President, or lo c a l o fficers, or m em b ers---President, ex ecu tiv e board, lo c a l body, or lo c a l o fficers, or m e m b e r s --------------Other ------------------------------------------------C onstitutions specify in g lo c a l union a u t h o r it ie s -------------------------------------------L ocal o ffice r, or m em ber --------------------Other ------------------------------------------------Constitutions without identity provisions ---------- U n affiliated AFL-CIO Unions M em bers 116 Unions M em bers Unions 1 3 ,5 1 5 .0 92 10, 97 0 .1 24 2, 544. 9 95 12, 2 5 2 .4 80 10, 3 6 0 .6 15 1 ,8 9 1 .9 52 27 14 44 25 9 7, 2 5 7 .6 4, 2 2 6 .4 2, 1 1 7 .7 9 1 3 .5 8 2 11 7 ,6 5 5 .7 4 ,3 5 2 .6 2, 372. 8 9 3 0 .3 2 398. 1 126. 2 255. 1 1 6 .8 29 4 ,0 7 0 .7 25 2, 644. 9 4 1 ,4 2 5 .8 12 2, 2 6 8 .3 9 8 4 3 .5 3 1 ,4 2 4 .8 5 3 5 6 9 .4 1 ,0 7 3 . 6 5 3 5 6 9 .4 1 ,0 7 3 .6 - - - - 4 1 2 6 .3 33. 1 4 4 1 2 6 .3 3 2 .1 - 5 2 6 .0 4 6 6 .0 6 0 .0 1 ,2 6 2 . 6 11 4 5 8 .0 4 5 8 .0 3 1 2 9 25 14 12 32 21 10 11 - 12 - 6 0 9 .5 4 1 M em bers 1 . 0 68.0 8.0 6 0 .0 653. 1 * Th e phrase !'ex ecu tive b o ard " also included other governing bodies, such as boards of directors and boards of trustees. ^ Under 3 constitutions, the president, ex ecu tiv e board, or a lo c a l body could invoke ju risd iction ; and under 2 constitutions e le cte d international officers or lo c a l bodies could invoke ju risdiction . 3 Under 1 constitution, a lo c a l body or m em bers or officers could invoke ju risdiction ; and under 1 constitution, a lo c a l body by petition of 20 percent of its m em bership could invoke ju risdiction . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. l i s t e d w e r e the o n ly o n e s who c o u ld a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f t h is r ig h t . In m a n y o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s p e c i f i c p e r s o n s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d to in v o k e j u r i s d i c t i o n f o r p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s , b u t f o r o t h e r o f f e n s e s no p e r s o n w a s n a m e d . F o r in stan ce , the U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s ' c o n s t it u t io n a u t h o r i z e d the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to f i le c h a r g e s in e x t r e m e e m e r g e n c i e s o r in c o n s p i r a c i e s , b u t d id n ot d e s i g n a t e a f i lin g agen t fo r c h a r g e s of dual u n io n ism . 72 C o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t an y r e f e r e n c e to the id e n t i t y o f the q u e n tly c o n t a in e d p r o v i s i o n s s i m i l a r to the one c i t e d b e l o w : in itia to r fre When the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m a k e s a d e c i s i o n o r i s s u e s an o r d e r . . . a n d s u c h l o c a l u n io n o r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y o r the o f f i c e r s t h e r e o f f a i l , n e g l e c t , o r r e f u s e to c o n f o r m o r c o m p l y w ith the d e c i s i o n o r o r d e r , the c h a r t e r o f the l o c a l u n ion o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y m a y , a f t e r c o m p l a i n t and h e a r in g , be re v o k e d o r su sp e n d e d , and s a i d o f f i c e r s m a y b e fined o r e x p e l l e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . ( S t o v e M o u n t e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n of N orth A m e r ic a ) In m o r e th an h a l f (52) o f the p r o v i s i o n s id e n t i f y in g the p e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d to in v o k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , on ly i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s , u s u a l l y the p r e s id e n t, w e r e s p e c i f i c a l l y s o d e s i g n a t e d ( t a b le V - 3 ) . T h e p r e s i d e n t w a s o f te n a u t h o r i z e d to e x e r c i s e t h is p o w e r t h r o u g h a g e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in c a s e s in v o l v in g the s u p e r v i s i o n o f l o c a l un ion a f f a i r s . F o r e x a m p l e , u n d e r the B r i c k a n d C l a y W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n , a s p e c i a l t r u s t e e a p p o in t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t w a s to p e r f o r m the f o ll o w in g f u n c t i o n s : A f t e r the s p e c i a l t r u s t e e h a s ta k e n c h a r g e o r c o n t r o l of a s u b o r d i n a t e body, he s h a ll m a k e an in v e stig a tio n of its b u s i n e s s a f f a i r s , fin a n c e s , a s s e t s an d l i a b i l i t i e s a n d m a k e c o m p l a i n t to the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r o r f o r m e r o f f i c e r . . . ( f o r ) . . . an y a c t o f c o r r u p t i o n o r f i n a n c i a l m a l p r a c t i c e o r of a n y v i o l a t i o n of l a w o r th is c o n s t i t u t i o n . . . T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ’s p r o c e d u r e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r to i n i t i a t e p r o ceedin gs w as r a r e ly sp ecifie d . U s u a l l y , the b o a r d ’s a u t h o r i t y w a s b a s e d on a g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , a s in the fo llo w in g c l a u s e : T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , u p o n n o t ic e g i v e n it of an y e x e c u t i v e m a t t e r in a n y m a n n e r o r f r o m a n y s o u r c e th a t an y . . . o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r . . . h a s f a i l e d o r n e g l e c t e d to c o m p l y w ith the l a w s o f t h is i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n o r i t s r u l e s o r o r d e r s o r the r u l e s o r o r d e r s o f the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . . . s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y c a u s e n o t i c e of s a i d c o m p l a i n t to b e g iv e n to the . . . o fficer or m em b er . . . s o c h a r g e d . . . ( B r i c k l a y e r s , M a s o n s an d P l a s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a ) U n d e r 29 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the a u t h o r i t y to in v o k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s v e s t e d in p e r s o n s a t b o th the i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d l o c a l l e v e l s . U s u a l l y , on ly o f f i c e r s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d , b u t a few a l s o e x t e n d e d th is a u t h o r i t y to m e m b e r s of the l o c a l u n ion . M o s t o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a t o r s f o r d i f f e r e n t o f f e n s e s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s p o s s e s s e d t h is a u t h o r i t y f o r a n y v i o l a t i o n o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d f o r a c t i o n s w h ic h r e q u i r e d the u s e o f o f f i c i a l p o w e r s , s u c h a s s u s p e n d i n g b e f o r e o r a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d , o r d e r i n g a p e n d in g l o c a l un ion c a s e t r a n s f e r r e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , o r d e c l a r i n g th a t a s i t u a t i o n p r e s e n t e d a n i m m e d i a t e t h r e a t to the w e l f a r e o f the un ion . L o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s w e r e c o m m o n l y p e r m i t t e d to f i l e c h a r g e s f o r an y v i o l a t i o n o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o r f o r f a i l u r e o f the l o c a l u n ion to h o ld a h e a r i n g . For i n s t a n c e , the P a i n t e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d the fo llo w in g a u t h o r i t y to i n i t i a t e d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s : In an y c a s e o v e r w h ich a s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y h a s j u r i s d i c t i o n , i f s u c h c h a r g e s a r e a l s o v i o l a t i o n s o f th is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y to e x e r c i s e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . It s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r e d to a m e m b e r ' s o r o f f i c e r ’s a u t h o r i t y to f i l e c h a r g e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l in the f o llo w in g s i t u a t i o n : (In the c a s e of) an y l o c a l un ion r e f u s i n g to t r y i t s m e m b e r s on c h a r g e s p r o p e r l y p r e f e r r e d . . . the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s m a y th en b r i n g the c h a r g e b e f o r e . . . (the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . 73 U n d e r 14 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o n ly p e r s o n s a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l w e r e s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to in v o k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s u s u a l l y p e r m i t t e d " a n y m e m b e r " to fi le c h a r g e s . L o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e i n c l u d e d w ith in th is t e r m b y d e f in it io n a lt h o u g h the t e r m m i g h t a l s o in c lu d e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s who w e r e n ot e x p l i c i t l y e x c l u d e d . T he f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n w a s t y p i c a l : P r o c e e d i n g s u n d e r th is a r t i c l e m a y b e i n i t i a t e d b y a n y m e m b e r o f the I L A b y f i lin g w r i t t e n c h a r g e s , s p e c i f y i n g the a c t s o r c o n d u c t w ith w h ic h the a c c u s e d i s c h a r g e d , w ith the r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f the a p p r o p r i a t e l o c a l un ion o r d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l o r d i s t r i c t o r g a n i z a t i o n o r w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r a s the c a s e m a y b e . (In tern ation al L o n g sh o rem en * s A sso c iatio n ) O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y r e s t r i c t e d the p e r s o n s who c o u ld f i l e c h a r g e s d i r e c t l y w ith an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c y . U s u a lly , s u c h co n stitu tio n s e n u m e r a t e d a l l p e r s o n s who m i g h t w i s h to f i l e c h a r g e s , a s in the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n : A ch arge or c h a rg e s m ay be p r e f e r r e d a g a in st any m e m b e r by r e s o lu tio n of: L o c a l c o u n c i l s , e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l s , b o a r d s of d i r e c t o r s ; o r b y lo c a l co u n cil c h a irm e n , e x e c u tiv e co u n cil c h a ir m e n , o r b y any e le c te d o f f i c e r o f the a s s o c i a t i o n . (A ir L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ) T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s * B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n , in s p e c i f y i n g who c o u l d f i le c h a r g e s , i n c l u d e d the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f o r e n d o r s e m en t of c h a r g e s : C h a r g e s . . . m a y be f i l e d b y a n a t i o n a l f u l l t i m e e l e c t e d o f f i c e r o r a n y t h r e e m e m b e r s o f the n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e o r b y a 10 p e r c e n t v o te o f the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d in g of s a i d s u b o r d i n a t e a s s o c i a t i o n . P r o v i s i o n f o r C h a r g e s — F o r m o f C h a r g e s . Of the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s ^ 100 s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s to b e f i l e d a s a f i r s t s t e p in in v o k in g i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n (ta b le V - 4 ) . O n ly 19 o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s f a i l e d to T a b le V -4 . Form of C harges in International Level T r ia l Proceedings, N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o tal studied A ffiliatio n Form of charges A ll constitutions providing for tr ia l at the international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions stipu latin g form of charges ---------W ritten and s p e c i f i c --------------------------------Sp e cify nature of offense ---------------------Sp e cify nature of offen se, and rule or constitution al provision v io la te d -------- Other w ritten and sp e c ific f o r m s ------------No referen ce to d e ta ils to be s p e c i f i e d ----W ritten only ------------------------------------------Constitutions requiring charges without stipu latin g form of c h a r g e s --------------------------Constitutions not stipu latin g form of c h a r g e s ----- A FL-CIO Unions M em bers 116 U n affiliated Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 13, 5 1 5 .0 92 1 0 ,9 7 0 .1 24 2, 544. 9 81 48 20 9 ,9 1 4 .7 6, 0 90. 3 3 ,9 1 0 .9 67 42 16 8 ,3 1 8 .9 4, 532. 5 2, 4 1 2 .4 14 6 4 1 ,5 9 5 .8 1, 5 5 7 .8 1 ,4 9 8 .5 13 *4 11 33 8 0 7 .1 2 8 0 .0 1 ,0 9 2 .3 3, 8 2 4 .5 12 4 10 25 8 0 3 .8 2 8 0 .0 1 ,0 3 6 .3 3 ,7 8 6 .5 1 3 .3 1 8 5 6 .0 3 8 .0 19 16 1 ,7 1 1 .2 1, 8 8 9 .1 15 10 1, 0 2 1 .2 1 ,6 2 9 .9 4 6 6 9 0 .0 2 59.1 - - 1 Under 1 constitution, charges contained a gen eral statem en t of the offen se and the p articu lar rule v io late d ; under 1 constitution, charges were in the form of an ’’order to show cause why an o ffice r should not be rem oved " and sp e cifie d the nature and fa c ts of the offen se; under 1 constitution, charges were in the form of "in form ation " and "su bstantiated by w ritten testim o n y ;" and under 1 constitution, charges again st lo c a l officers were "w ritten and sp e c ific " but ch arges again st m em bers sp e cifie d the p articu lar rule alle g e d ly v io late d . NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 6 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 74 s t i p u l a t e the f o r m o f the c h a r g e s , t y p i c a l l y l i m i t i n g t h e m s e l v e s to b r i e f r e f e r e n c e s s i m i l a r to the one n o t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n of the A lu m i n u m W o r k e r s : T h e a c c u s e d s h a l l b e g i v e n a r e a s o n a b l e n o t ic e o f the c h a r g e s T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s d id n o t d e fin e t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : . . . (Ind. ) a l s o r e f e r r e d to c h a r g e s b u t W hen a n y o f f i c e r . . . o r m e m b e r i s c h a r g e d w ith f o m e n t i n g , l e a d in g , o r e n c o u r a g i n g a d u a l un ion , o r d u a l m o v e m e n t w ith in the o r g a n i z a tio n , up on c h a r g e s b e in g f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , . . . a h e a r i n g o f s a i d c h a r g e s s h a l l b e h ad . E i g h t y - o n e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c o v e r i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 o f e v e r y 10 m e m b e r s , d e s c r i b e d the f o r m f o r c h a r g e s in d e g r e e s o f d e t a i l r a n g i n g f r o m s i m p l e s t a t e m e n t s th a t c h a r g e s b e " i n w r i t i n g " to e l a b o r a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s th a t the c h a r g e s s t a t e the f a c t s o f the o f f e n s e , in c l u d i n g t i m e s a n d d a t e s , an d c i t e the p a r t i c u l a r a r t i c l e , s e c t i o n , an d p a r a g r a p h o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l e g e d l y v i o l a t e d . Under 48 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c h a r g e s m u s t b e w r i t t e n an d s p e c i f i c . A fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s c o n t a i n e d l a n g u a g e s i m i l a r to th a t in the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t ’ s s e c t i o n 101 (a) (5) (A), a s in the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e : N o m e m b e r o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y b e f i n e d , s u s p e n d e d , e x p e l l e d , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e d , e x c e p t f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f d u e s , b y the o r g a n i z a tio n , o r b y a n y o f f i c e r t h e r e o f , u n l e s s s u c h m e m b e r h a s b e e n (i) s e r v e d w ith w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s . . . ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n o f M a s t e r s , M a t e s an d P i l o t s ) M o r e o f te n , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s to s p e c i f y c e r t a i n i t e m s . S e v e r a l r e q u i r e d a s t a t e m e n t of the g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e o r v i o l a t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e : No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l u n ion s h a l l b e t r i e d u n l e s s he o r s h e s h a l l be s e r v e d w ith a w r i t t e n c o p y o f s u c h c h a r g e s s p e c i f y i n g the n a t u r e o f the o f f e n s e o f w h ic h he o r s h e i s a c c u s e d . (In tern ation al B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s o f A m e r i c a , Ind. ) M o r e s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s c a l l e d f o r a s t a t e m e n t o f the f a c t s a l l e g e d to c o n s t i t u t e an o f f e n s e . In a d d it i o n to p a r t i c u l a r a c t i o n s , p l a c e s o r d a t e s w e r e o f te n r e q u i r e d , a s in the C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n : C h a r g e s s h a l l c o n t a in an a l l e g a t i o n o f the f a c t s c o n s t i t u t i n g the o f f e n s e w ith w h ic h the a c c u s e d i s c h a r g e d a n d the a p p r o x i m a t e d a te o r d a t e s s a i d o f f e n s e i s a l l e g e d to h a v e o c c u r r e d . T h e m o s t s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d a c i t a t i o n o f the p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n a l l e g e d l y v i o l a t e d in a d d it i o n to a s t a t e m e n t o f the f a c t s . T y p ically , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r to the fo llo w in g e x c e r p t : T he c h a r g e s h a l l s t a t e the p r o v i s i o n s o f the A N G c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l e g e d to h a v e b e e n v i o l a t e d an d s h a l l s p e c i f y the a c t o r a c t s a l l e g e d to c o n s t i tute s u c h v i o l a t i o n . ( A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild ) A d d itio n al d e ta ils w e re p atch ers A sso c iatio n : r e q u i r e d b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n T r a i n D i s (a) A ll c h a r g e s s h a l l : (1) B e in w r i t i n g ; (2) b e s i g n e d b y the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g the s a m e ; (3) c o n t a in a s t a t e m e n t o f the f a c t s ou t of w h ic h s u c h c h a r g e s o r i g i n a t e d ; (4) r e f e r to the a r t i c l e , s e c t i o n , a n d p a r a g r a p h o f th is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s , d e c i s i o n s , l a w s , r u l e s , o r r e g u l a t i o n s w h ic h it i s a l l e g e d h a v e b e e n , o r a r e b e i n g v i o l a t e d ; an d (5) s t a t e the n a t u r e o f the v i o l a t i o n c l a i m e d . 75 T h e m o s t c o m m o n p r o v i s i o n (33) f o r the f o r m o f c h a r g e s m e r e l y r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s to b e w r i t t e n . M o s t f r e q u e n t l y , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s b u t d id n ot d e s c r i b e the f o r m e x c e p t f o r the a d d i t i o n a l w o r d s ’’w r i t t e n ” o r ” in w r i t i n g , ” a s in the f o ll o w in g c o n s t i t u t i o n : C h a r g e s s h a l l b e f i l e d in d u p l i c a t e , in w r i t i n g , w ith the s e c r e t a r y t r e a s u r e r of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion o f U n ite d B r e w e r y , F l o u r , C e r e a l , S o ft D r i n k and D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ) S a f e g u a r d s R e l a t i n g to T r u e C h a r g e s . Of the 100 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r i n g c h a r g e s , 40 p r o v i d e d a s a f e g u a r d to a s s u r e t r u e c h a r g e s ( t a b le V - 5 ) . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e l e s s p r e v a l e n t a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l th an a t the l o c a l l e v e l . W hile a n y m e m b e r o f the un ion w a s u s u a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to f i l e c h a r g e s a t the l o c a l un ion l e v e l , in m a n y c a s e s o f f i c e r s o n ly w e r e p e r m i t t e d to i n i t i a t e p r o c e e d i n g s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . U n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s , t h e s e e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s w e r e s e l d o m to b e r e q u i r e d to s w e a r th a t c h a r g e s w e r e n ot f i l e d out o f p e r s o n a l m a l i c e t o w a r d s the a c c u s e d , n o r w e r e t h e s e o f f i c i a l s to b e s u b j e c t to p e n a l t i e s i f the c h a r g e s p r o v e d to b e u n fo u n d e d . T a b le V -5 . Safeguards R e latin g to Charges at the International Level, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 Form of charges Safeguards T o ta l unions Written and sp e cific W ritten only Form of charges not stipu lated A ll constitutions providing for charges in international le v e l tr ia l procedures --------------- 100 48 33 19 40 26 12 2 16 8 6 2 10 7 10 2 5 - 2 15 60 2 4 22 C onstitutions providing s a f e g u a r d s ------------------A ccusers were su b ject to p en alties for filin g fa lse c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------C harges must be signed and accusers su bject to p en alties for filin g fa lse c h a r g e s ----------C harges must be signed ----------------------------C harges must be signed and sworn or notarized ---------------------------------------------Other safeguards -------------------------------------C onstitutions not providing safeguards ------------- _ _ 1 21 _ 17 1 Under 1 constitution, a ll charges must be signed and sworn in cases involving lo c a l o fficers; under 1 co n sti tution, a ll charges must be signed and accu sers were su bject to pen alties if charges again st lo c a l officers proved to be fa lse ; under 1 constitution, a ll charges must be sworn and charges alleg in g subversive activ ity must be signed by an international o ffice r; under 1 constitution, charges file d by the ex ecu tiv e board must be approved by tw o-thirds of its m em bers; and under 1 constitution, accusers were su bject to p en alties if charges again st lo c a l officers proved to be fa lse . S a f e g u a r d p r o v i s i o n s w e r e r e c o r d e d m o r e o f te n in c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h a l s o r e q u i r e d s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s th a n in c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t s u c h r e q u i r e m e n t s . M o r e th a n h a l f o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r ’’w r i t t e n an d s p e c i f i c ” c h a r g e s h a d s a f e g u a r d p r o v i s i o n s , b u t o n ly a l i t t l e m o r e th a n o n e - t h i r d o f the p r o v i s i o n s f o r ’’w r i t t e n ” c h a r g e s an d o n ly o n e - t e n t h o f the p r o v i s i o n s n ot s t i p u l a t i n g the f o r m of c h a r g e s in clu d ed s p e c ific s a f e g u a r d s . S a f e g u a r d s w e r e d e s i g n e d to e n c o u r a g e the a c c u s e r to f i l e t r u e c h a r g e s b y p r o v i d i n g p e n a l t i e s if the c h a r g e s w e r e p r o v e n to h av e b e e n f a l s e l y f i l e d b e c a u s e of m a lic e o r b a d faith . T h e s e p e n a l t i e s , in c l u d i n g f i n e , s u s p e n s i o n , o r 76 e x p u l s i o n , w e r e u s u a l l y to b e i m p o s e d a f t e r t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s . F i l i n g f a l s e c h a r g e s w a s a s e p a r a t e g r o u n d f o r d i s c i p l i n e a f t e r t r i a l in the A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d 1s c o n s t i t u t i o n : T h e fo ll o w in g a c t s a r e p li n e d . . . . b e r, local v i d e d th a t a l l e g e d to o f f e n s e s f o r w h ic h m e m b e r s m a y b e d i s c i (n) M a l i c i o u s l y an d f r i v o l o u s l y f i l i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m o f fic e r , d is t r i c t o f fic e r , in tern atio n al o f fic e r , or lo c a l, p r o s u c h c h a r g e m a y b e f i l e d o n ly a f t e r d i s m i s s a l o f the c h a r g e have b e e n m a l ic io u s l y and fr iv o lo u s ly file d . U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , a f o r m a l h e a r i n g w a s n ot e x p l i c i t l y r e q u i r e d , a s in the f o ll o w in g : C h a r g e s N o t P r e f e r r e d in G o o d F a i t h If c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d an d s u c h c h a r g e s a r e n ot s u s t a i n e d an d the t r i a l b o d y o r a p p e l l a t e b o d y i s c o n v i n c e d th a t the s a m e w e r e n o t b r o u g h t in g o o d f a i t h o r w e r e a c t u a t e d b y m a l i c e , the t r i a l b o d y o r a p p e l l a t e b o d y m a y i m p o s e s u c h p e n a l t y b y the w a y o f p u n i s h m e n t a s in i t s j u d g e m e n t i s d e e m e d p r o p e r u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s o f A m e r i c a , Ind. ) U n d e r the 19 c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r i n g s i g n e d c h a r g e s , o n ly one s i g n a tu re w as m o s t frequ en tly re q u ire d . W h e r e m o r e than one s i g n a t u r e w a s r e q u i r e d , two p e r s o n s ’ s i g n a t u r e s w e r e u s u a l l y a d e q u a t e . O cc asio n ally ch a rg e s w e r e to b e s i g n e d b y a c e r t a i n p e r c e n t a g e o f l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s , a s in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n : U p on the p r e s e n t a t i o n to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t o f a p e t i t i o n r e q u e s t i n g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l to i n v e s t i g a t e the a f f a i r s o f a n y l o c a l , s t a t i n g the r e a s o n s f o r s u c h r e q u e s t a n d s i g n e d b y 20 p e r c e n t o f the m e m b e r s h i p in g o o d s t a n d in g o f the l o c a l i n v o l v e d . . . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’ s an d W a r e h o u s e m e n ’ s U n io n , I n d . ) P r o v i s i o n s f o r P r e l i m i n a r y R e v i e w i n g o f C h a r g e s . O n ly 14 o f the 100 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r c h a r g e s , c o v e r i n g l e s s th a n a m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , p r o v i d e d f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w o f c h a r g e s (ta b le V - 6 ) . In a fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the r e v i e w a g e n t w a s a l s o d e s i g n a t e d a s the t r i a l b o d y . In m o s t c a s e s , h o w e v e r , r e v i e w s w e r e to be c o n d u c t e d b y a n a g e n t o t h e r th a n the t r i a l b o d y . U s u a l l y , the s c o p e o f p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w w a s to b e c o n fin e d to d e t e r m i n in g w h e t h e r a v i o l a t i o n w a s a l l e g e d , a s in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n : If p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r t r i a l d o e s n ot a p p e a r to the p r e s i d e n t f r o m the f a c e o f the c h a r g e s , the c h a r g e s s h a l l be d i s m i s s e d in a p r e s i d e n t ’ s d e c i s i o n w h ic h s h a l l be s u b j e c t to s e c t i o n 13 ( A p p e a l) o f t h is a r t i c l e . (A m e ric an F e d e ra tio n of G rain M ille rs) O c c a s i o n a l l y , h o w e v e r , th is r e v i e w w a s a l s o to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r c h a r g e s s h o u l d b e t r i e d a t the l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . T he U p h o l s t e r e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , r e q u i r e d the p r e s i d e n t to d e t e r m i n e the f o ll o w in g : )i( (i) I f v i o l a t i o n s o f un io n l a w s o r p o l i c i e s a r e i n v o l v e d a s a l l e g e d ; (ii) if the c h a r g e s a r e s u c h a s s h a l l b e f i l e d w ith the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e , an d i f th e y a r e n ot, (he) s h a l l r e t u r n t h e m to the a c c u s e r w ith i n s t r u c t i o n s to f i l e t h e m w ith the l o c a l un ion in v o l v e d . . . 77 Table V-6. Preliminary Review of Charges in International Trial Procedures, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied Unions A ll constitutions providing for charges in international le v e l tria l procedures --------------Constitutions providing for a prelim inary review of charges -------------------------------------International president or g en eral ex ecu tive board could dism iss charges --------------------L o c al officers review ed and could refuse to forward charges to the international l e v e l ---In ternational president review ed charges involvin g a request for chan ge of v e n u e ----Constitutions not providing for prelim inary review of ch arges -------------------------------------- U n affiliated AFL-CIO T ype of provisions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 100 1 1 ,6 2 6 .0 82 9 ,3 4 0 .1 18 2, 2 8 5 .8 14 9 8 9 .0 13 9 8 5 .0 1 4 .0 11 9 5 0 .6 11 9 5 0 .6 2 8 .0 1 4 .0 1 4 .0 1 3 0 .4 1 3 0 .4 _ _ 86 10, 6 3 7 .0 69 8, 3 5 5 .1 17 2, 2 8 1 .8 NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. U n d e r two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s w e r e to r e v i e w c h a r g e s b e f o r e th e y w e r e f o r w a r d e d to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion a n d w e r e to b e p e r m i t t e d to e x e r c i s e d i s c r e t i o n in d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r to f o r w a r d the c h a r g e s . One o f t h e s e p r o v isio n s r e a d as fo llow s: C h a rg e s m u st be subm itted . . . to the c h a i r m a n o f the g e n e r a l g r i e v a n c e c o m m i t t e e o f the s y s t e m w ith w h ic h the a c c u s e d i s c o n n e c t e d . T h e c h a i r m a n . . . w i l l p r o s e c u t e s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s he d e e m s n e c e s s a r y to a r r i v e a t the f a c t s in the c a s e , an d i f in h is j u d g m e n t the c h a r g e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y g r a v e an d c a n b e s u s t a i n e d , he w i l l r e p o r t h is f i n d i n g s to the g r a n d p r e s i d e n t . . . ( R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s o f A m e r i c a ) U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g tion al o ffic e r . 12 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , r e v i e w p o w e r s w e r e v e s t e d in an i n t e r n a P r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w s o f te n w e r e d e s i g n e d to t e s t o n l y the f o r m a l s u f f i c i e n c y o f the a l l e g a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d in the c h a r g e s , b u t s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o a u t h o r i z e d an in d e p e n d e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the f a c t s , a s in the a b o v e - q u o t e d R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r * s c o n s t i t u t i o n . T h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e u s u a l l y to b e c o n d u c t e d b y p e r s o n s l o c a t e d n e a r the p l a c e w h e r e the a l l e g e d a c t s o c c u r r e d . T h e i n v e s t i g a t o r w a s th en to s u b m i t the f i n d i n g s o f f a c t a n d h is r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the p r e s i d e n t f o r a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the m e r i t s . T h e g e n e r a l c h a i r m a n s h a l l m a k e an i n v e s t i g a t i o n to d e t e r m i n e a l l a v a ilab le fa c t s . A f t e r s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n , he s h a l l r e p o r t . . . to the p r e s i d e n t w ith a l l d a t a an d d o c u m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e an d h is r e c o m m e n d a ti o n s . . . If the p r e s i d e n t d e c i d e s th a t a t r i a l s h o u l d b e h e l d , he s h a l l o r d e r the a c c u s e d to b e t r i e d . . . ( A m e r i c a n T r a i n D i s p a t c h e r s A sso c iatio n ) If c h a r g e s w e r e d i s m i s s e d , one o r , in a fe w c a s e s , two a v e n u e s o f a p p e a l w e r e o p e n to the a c c u s e r . E l e v e n o f the 14 p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w p r o v i s i o n s g r a n t e d the a c c u s e r g e n e r a l a p p e a l r i g h t s b y p e r m i t t i n g na n y i n t e r e s t e d 78 p a r t y " to a p p e a l an a d v e r s e d e c i s i o n . T h r e e o f t h e s e 11 c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o s p e c i f ic a lly a u th o rized a p p ea l of a p r e lim in a r y re v ie w body* s d e c isio n . T he A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d 1 s c o n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e d th a t " t h e a c c u s e r s s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to a p p e a l f r o m a r e f u s a l o r f a i l u r e o f the e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e to r e f e r a c h a r g e to a t r i a l b o a r d . " T h e G r a i n M i l l e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r m i t t e d " a n y l o c a l u n io n , o f f i c e r , o r m e m b e r a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d t h e r e b y " to a p p e a l f r o m a p r e s i d e n t s d e c i s i o n d i s m i s s i n g c h a r g e s ; an d the U p h o l s t e r e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r a p p e a l a s f o l l o w s : If the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t d e t e r m i n e s th a t no v i o l a t i o n o f u n ion l a w s o r p o l i c i e s i s i n v o l v e d , he m a y d i s m i s s the c h a r g e s , in w h ic h e v e n t the a c c u s e r , if n ot s a t i s f i e d w ith the a c t i o n o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t , m a y a p p e a l to the G E B f o r r e i n s t a t e m e n t o f the c h a r g e s . C o m p o s i t i o n s a n d P o w e r s o f T r i a l A u t h o r it y E a c h o f the 116 c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d s p e c i f i e d the id e n ti ty of the b o d y a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ( t a b le V - 7 ) , u s u a l l y the execu tiv e b o a rd . O nly e ig h t i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s v e s t e d d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s in b o d i e s th a t did n ot h a v e o t h e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d u t i e s . T hese p erm itted the a c c u s e d a n d a c c u s e r to a p p o in t an e q u a l n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s to a t r i a l b o a r d or p ro v id e d fo r tr ia l b e fo re s p e c ia l o r p e rm a n en t ju d ic ia l c o m m itte e s. T a b le V -7. International T r ia l Authority, N ational and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o tal studied T r ia l authority A ll constitutions providing for tria l at the international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions providing 1 tr ia l authority for a ll cases ---------------------------------------------E xecutive board 1 -------------------------------------President ----------------------------------------------S p e c ia l co m m ittees --------------------------------S e le c te d by the parties ---------------------------Convention -------------------------------------------Constitutions providing 2 or m ore tria l authorities ----------------------------------------------Executive board for most cases; president for sp e cifie d cases --------------------------------President for m ost cases; execu tive board for sp e cifie d cases --------------------------------E xecutive board for most cases; convention for sp e cifie d cases --------------------------------President, ex ecu tiv e board, and convention enjoyed equal tr ia l authority ------------------Other authorities ------------------------------------ * 2 vention; under 1 U n affiliated AFL-CIO Unions M embers 116 Unions M embers Unions M em bers 1 3 ,5 1 5 .0 92 1 0 ,9 7 0 .1 24 2, 544. 9 91 63 20 4 2 2 9 ,4 0 6 .2 5 ,7 1 9 .7 2, 806. 3 7 7 3 .9 38. 3 6 7 .9 71 47 18 4 1 1 8, 3 01.1 4, 7 7 0 .7 2, 68 0 .1 7 7 3 .9 3 5 .0 4 1 .3 20 16 2 1 ,1 0 5 .1 9 4 9 .0 1 2 6 .2 1 1 3 .3 2 6 .5 25 4 ,1 0 8 . 8 21 2, 6 6 9 .0 4 1 ,4 3 9 .8 14 2 ,7 2 8 .8 12 1, 2 9 8 .0 2 1 ,4 3 0 .8 3 1 4 8 .6 3 1 4 8 .6 _ _ 3 3 1 .5 1 2 2 .5 2 9 .0 2 23 2 7 .7 1, 172. 1 2 3 2 7 .7 1, 172.1 _ _ - - - The phrase "e x e c u tiv e board" includes other governing bodies, such as board of directors and board of tru stees. Under 1 constitution, the president tried the case h im self or in his d iscretion referred the case to the co n under 1 constitution, the accu sed chose betw een trial by ex ecu tiv e board and tria l by sp e c ia l co m m ittee; and constitution, ex ecu tive board and sp e c ia l co m m ittee possessed origin al tr ia l ju risdiction . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. 79 T rial Body. S i x t y - t h r e e o f the 91 p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f y i n g au th o rity fo r all c a s e s , c o v e rin g n e a r l y 2 of e v e r y 3 m e m b e r s , a u t h o r i t y in the union* s e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T y p i c a l l y , t r i a l s w e r e to the w h o le b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e s o f the b o a r d . S e v e r a l p r o v i s i o n s , m i t t e d the b o a r d to d e l e g a t e i t s a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t h e a r i n g s , in b o a r d r e s e r v e d the p o w e r to r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n : a sin gle t r ia l v e ste d ju d icial be h eld b e fo r e h ow ever, p e r w h ic h c a s e the W h e n e v e r the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d h a s j u r i s d i c t i o n to t r y an d h e a r a n y m a t t e r , it m a y d e p u t i z e a n y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n ion to c o n d u c t the t r i a l o r h e a r i n g on i t s b e h a l f . H ow ever, the p e r s o n s o d e p u t i z e d s h a l l , a t the c o n c l u s i o n o f the t r i a l o r h e a r i n g , r e p o r t to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , in w r i t i n g , an d the d e c i s i o n in the m a t t e r s h a l l b e m a d e b y the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . ( B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a , Ind. ) A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (20) c o v e r i n g j u s t u n d e r 3 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , v e s t e d t r i a l a u t h o r i t y in the un ion p r e s i d e n t . A fe w o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , w h ile d e s c r i b i n g a t s o m e le n g t h the e x t e n t o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s , w e r e n ot e q u a l l y f u l l r e g a r d i n g p r o c e d u r a l a s p e c t s an d d e t a i l s o f the t r i a l . F o r e x a m p l e , in the R a i l w a y a n d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s * c o n s t i t u t i o n , the p r e s i d e n t * s a u t h o r i t y e n c o m p a s s e d the f o ll o w in g : . . . (the p r e s i d e n t ) . . . s h a l l h a v e p o w e r to s u s p e n d , e x p e l , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e a m e m b e r , b u t o n ly a f t e r s e r v i n g . . . w r i t t e n c h a r g e s s t a t i n g the g r o u n d s t h e r e f o r a n d a f f o r d i n g the m e m b e r r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e an d a f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g . T h e g r a n d p r e s i d e n t s h a l l r e n d e r h is d e c i s i o n w ith in 30 d a y s a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f the h earin g . . . O th e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d the m e t h o d s b y w h ic h the p r e s i d e n t e x e r c i s e d h is t r i a l a u t h o r i t y . In s o m e , he w a s p e r m i t t e d to d e l e g a t e t h is a u t h o r i t y to o t h e r s w h ile retain in g fin al d e c isio n m a k in g p o w e r s: In the m a t t e r o f the t r i a l o f m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s o f l o c a l u n io n s o r j o i n t c o u n c i l s b y the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , he m a y d e p u t i z e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e to a c t on h is b e h a l f . S u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l h a v e the s a m e p o w e r s a s the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t r e s p e c t i n g the t r i a l . . . H o w e v e r , w h en a t r i a l s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d b y a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t s u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l m a k e h is r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t o r a l l y o r in w r i t i n g an d the d e c i s i o n in the c a s e s h a l l b e m a d e b y the g en e ral p resid e n t h im se lf. ( L a u n d r y , D r y C l e a n i n g a n d D ye H o u s e W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion , I n d .) A u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r the p r e s i d e n t * s c h o i c e o f d e p u t i e s w a s n e a r l y a l w a y s c o n fin e d to m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s o f the u n ion . In tw o c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the p r e s i d e n t w a s p e r m i t t e d to go o u t s i d e the un ion in s e l e c t i n g h e a r i n g o f f i c e r s . In the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a i n M i l l e r s , it w a s p r o v i d e d t h a t: W h e n e v e r in h is j u d g m e n t the f a c t s an d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a n y c a s e . . . n e c e s s i t a t e m o r e f o r m a l an d c o m p r e h e n s i v e h e a r i n g a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n th a n i s c o n t e m p l a t e d b y a l l the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s e t f o r t h h e r e i n , the p r e s i d e n t , w ith the c o n s e n t o f the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , m a y a p p o in t a s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r to h e a r a n d d e c i d e the c h a r g e s . T he s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r n e e d n o t b e a m e m b e r o f the . . . (union) . . . an d m a y b e v e s t e d w ith a l l o r p a r t o f the j u d i c i a l p o w e r s b y t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n c o n f e r r e d up on a l o c a l u n ion t r i a l b o a r d , a l o c a l un ion , an i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l b o a r d an d the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T he e x t e n t of the p o w e r s an d j u r i s d i c t i o n o f s u c h s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r an d the t e r m s and c o n d it i o n s 80 u n d e r w h ic h the h e a r i n g s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d s h a l l b e d e s c r i b e d in a n a p p r o p r i a t e r e s o l u t i o n o f the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , b u t no s u c h r e s o l u t i o n s h a l l e v e r h a v e the e f f e c t of d e p r i v i n g d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d m e m b e r s o f the r i g h t to a p p e a l a d e c i s i o n o f a s p e c i a l h e a r i n g o f f i c e r to the n e x t r e g u l a r c o n v e n t io n . . . The U p h o ls t e r e r s 1 p ro v isio n , read by itse lf, w as not as e xp licit. It stated : A n y q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n c o m p e t e n t to c o n d u c t s u c h a h e a r i n g m a y b e a p p o i n t e d a h e a r i n g o f f i c e r b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t . T h e in te n t o f t h is p r o v i s i o n , h o w e v e r , i s to p r o v i d e f o r o u t s i d e h e a r i n g o f f i c e r s . 27 E i g h t o f t h e s e 91 c o n s t i t u t i o n s v e s t e d t r i a l a u t h o r i t y in b o d i e s o t h e r th a n the p r e s i d e n t o r g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . In tw o , the t r i a l b o d y w a s the c o n v e n t io n . In two o t h e r s , it w a s a b o d y s e l e c t e d b y the p a r t i e s t h e m s e l v e s , in the f o llo w in g m a n n e r : A t r i a l b o d y to h e a r the p r e f e r r e d c h a r g e s s h a l l b e f o ll o w in g m a n n e r : s e l e c t e d in the T h e s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r w i l l s u b m i t to the d e f e n d a n t a n d a c c u s e r a l i s t o f a l l c h a p t e r p r e s i d e n t s . E a c h s h a l l c r o s s o ff a l t e r n a t i v e l y one n a m e u n t il a p a n e l o f n in e n a m e s s h a l l r e m a i n . T h e s e n in e m e n s h a l l c o m p r i s e the t r i a l b o d y . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f P e t r o l e u m W o r k e r s , Ind. ) In the o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s t h e r e w e r e s p e c i a l p e r m a n e n t t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s , the A i r L i n e P i l o t s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n : a s in T h e a p p e a l b o a r d s h a l l b e c o m p o s e d o f f iv e r e g u l a r a n d t h r e e a l t e r n a te m e m b e r s . . . in g o o d s t a n d in g a p p o in t e d b y the e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e fr o m a l i s t of ca n d id a te s fu rn ish e d by e ac h m a s t e r e xecu tiv e co u n cil . . . D i f f e r e n t T r i a l B o d y f o r S p e c i f i e d C a s e s . T w e n t y - f i v e o f the 116 p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d v e s t e d t r i a l a u t h o r i t y in two o r m o r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s . One o f t h e s e b o d i e s w a s u s u a l l y g r a n t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r n e a r l y a l l c a s e s f i l e d a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , w h ile the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the o t h e r b o d i e s w a s u s u a l l y l i m i t e d to s p e c i f i e d o f f e n s e s o r e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s . T h e b o d y w ith g e n e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s n e a r l y a l w a y s the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; the p r e s i d e n t w a s u s u a l l y a u t h o r i z e d to e x e r c is e ju r isd ic tio n ov er sp e c ifie d c a s e s . A fe w (5) o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s d id n o t s p e c i f y the s i t u a t i o n s in w h ic h e a c h b o d y e x e r c i s e d t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . T he c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i c a ti o n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( I n d .) , f o r i n s t a n c e , in a d d it i o n t o p r e s c r i b i n g the j u r i s d i c t i o n a n d p r o c e d u r e f o r t r i a l s b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , v e s t e d t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n in the c o n v e n t io n a s f o l l o w s : T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t io n s h a l l h av e the p o w e r to b r i n g to t r i a l a n d s u s p e n d f r o m o f f i c e a n y o f f i c e r o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r a s u b d i v i sion th e re o f. 27 In the t r i e n n i u m r e p o r t o f the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to the 32d c o n v e n tio n , h e l d in 1 959, the b o a r d s p o k e o f the p r o c e d u r e o f " h a v i n g i n i t i a l t r i a l s o f m e m b e r s c o n d u c t e d b y an o b j e c t i v e l e g a l l y t r a i n e d t r i a l e x a m i n e r u n c o n n e c t e d w ith the u n io n o r i t s o f f i c e r s . " 81 In the r e m a i n i n g 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r m o r e th a n on e t r i a l b o d y , c o v e r i n g n e a r l y 3 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , the d i v i s i o n o f a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n the two t r i a l b o d i e s w a s s e t f o r t h in g r e a t e r d e t a i l . U n d e r s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o n ly c h a r g e s in v o lv in g e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s w e r e to b e t r i e d b y o t h e r th a n the u s u a l b o d y . T h e s e s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t e d a c t i o n w h e n e v e r the d a n g e r o f i m m i n e n t i n j u r y to the u n ion w a s too g r e a t to a w a i t a d e t e r m i n a t i o n th r o u g h n o r m a l t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the P a i n t e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , in a d d it i o n to v e s t i n g g e n e r a l j u r i s d ic t io n in the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , p e r m i t t e d the p r e s i d e n t to t a k e a c t i o n a s f o l l o w s : W h e n e v e r c h a r g e s i n v o l v in g a m e m b e r . . . or o fficer . . . c re ate o r i n v o l v e , in the j u d g m e n t o f the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t , a s i t u a t i o n i m m i n e n t ly d a n g e r o u s to the w e l f a r e o r b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the l o c a l u n io n , d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l , o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y o f t h i s b r o t h e r h o o d , the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t i s a u t h o r i z e d , in h is d i s c r e t i o n , to a s s u m e o r i g i n a l ju r isd ic tio n . . . F i v e o f t h e s e 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s b a s e d , the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f e a c h t r i a l b o d y on the p a r t i c u l a r o f f e n s e s a l l e g e d b y the c h a r g e s . F o r e x a m p l e , the O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d the p r e s i d e n t to t r y C o m m u n i s t s ; the T o b a c c o W o r k e r s 1 p r e s i d e n t w a s p e r m i t t e d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s in v o l v in g a r e f u s a l b y a l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r to o b e y i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i r e c t i v e s ; an d the P o t t e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d the c o n v e n t io n to e x e r c i s e e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r c h a r g e s a l l e g i n g s la n d e r o r lib e l during e le c tio n c a m p a i g n s . In f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a c t i o n s t a k e n , o r n o t t a k e n , b y the a c c u s e d d e t e r m i n e d the i d e n t i t y o f the b o d y h e a r i n g h is c a s e , a s the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n s f r o m two o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s i n d i c a t e : T he . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . m a y in h is d i s c r e t i o n , a s s i g n . . . (a v i c e p r e s i d e n t ) . . . to ta k e t e s t i m o n y w h en c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f i l e d . . . o v e r w h ic h . . . the ( e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . h a d o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . . . p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , th a t s u c h a c t i o n s h a l l n ot b e t a k e n . . . w i t h o u t the c o n s e n t o f the a c c u s e d . (U n ite d S l a t e , T i l e an d C o m p o s i t i o n R o o f e r s , D a m p an d W a t e r p r o o f W o r k e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ) >!< >:< * If the a c c u s e d m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s m a k e no r e q u e s t f o r t r i a l w ith in 10 d a y s , th e y s h a l l b e d e e m e d to h av e w a i v e d t h e i r r i g h t to t r i a l a n d . . . c o n s e n t e d to the d i s p o s i t i o n o f t h e i r c a s e in the m a n n e r d e s c r i b e d in the n e x t . . . p a r a g r a p h . . . . the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t s h a l l r e f e r the s a m e to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s , who s h a l l , b y a m a j o r i t y v o t e , d i s p o s e o f the s a m e . . . ( A m e r i c a n F l i n t G l a s s W o r k e r s * U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a ) T y p i c a l l y , m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e s i m i l a r b u t a fe w p r o c e d u r e s d i f f e r e d in t r i a l s b e f o r e e a c h b o d y . If the p r i n c i p a l b o d y w a s r e q u i r e d to s e r v e n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s an d g r a n t the a c c u s e d an o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e , the s a m e r e q u i r e m e n t s u s u a l l y a p p l i e d to the o t h e r t r i a l b o d y . D i f f e r e n c e s o f te n i n v o l v e d no m o r e th a n the le n g t h o f t i m e a l l o w e d f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the t r i a l ; p r i n c i p a l b o d i e s , a s a r u l e , w e r e a l l o w e d m o r e t i m e th a n o t h e r b o d i e s . 28 In s o m e c o n stitu tio n s, e v e r y p r o c e d u r e w as id e n tic a l. The M a c h i n i s t s 1 co n stitu tio n , fo r 28 T h r o u g h o u t the fo llo w in g s e c t i o n s , the t r i a l b o d y w ith the b r o a d e s t j u r i s d ic t io n w a s c o n s i d e r e d f o r a n a l y s i s . 82 e x a m p l e , o r d e r e d e a c h b o d y to a d h e r e to the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the " T r i a l P r o c e d u r e " s e c t i o n o f the a r t i c l e on t r i a l s a n d h e a r i n g s , a s f o l l o w s : In the e v e n t the . . . ( p r e s i d e n t ) . . . r e f e r s the c h a r g e s to t r i a l b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n t io n . . . the m a t t e r s h a l l b e h e a r d an d d e c i d e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in s e c t i o n 5 o f th is a r t i c l e . S p e c i f i c P r o v i s i o n s f o r I m p a r t i a l i t y of T r i a l B o d y . T w e n t y - s i x o f the 116 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , c o v e r i n g 1 o f e v e r y 3 m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s , c o n t a i n e d a v a r i e t y o f i m p a r t i a l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the k in d d i s c u s s e d in the s e c t i o n on l o c a l un io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . T w e n ty - tw o o f t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i s q u a l i f i e d i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s f r o m s i t t i n g on the t r i a l board. A fe w o f t h e s e m e r e l y g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d an " i m p a r t i a l " t r i b u n a l , b u t a l a r g e r n u m b e r s p e c i f i e d the e l e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y to d i s q u a l i f y e a c h p e r s o n . T h e fo ll o w in g e x a m p l e i s f r o m a c o n s t i t u t i o n w h e r e the t r i a l w a s c o n d u c t e d b y the e xecu tiv e b o a r d . No m e m b e r who i s d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d w ith o r p e r s o n a l l y f a m i l i a r w ith the f a c t s out o f w h ic h the c h a r g e s a r o s e s h a l l b e e n t i t l e d to a c t a s a m e m b e r o f the t r i a l b o a r d . (In tern ation al B ro th e rh o o d of F i r e m e n an d O i l e r s ) W h e re h e a r i n g s w e r e c o n d u c t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t o r p e r s o n s w a s o f te n d i s q u a l i f i e d if he i n i t i a t e d the p r o c e e d i n g s : s e l e c t e d b y h im , he . . . the n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t o r in the e v e n t he s h a l l h av e f i l e d the c h a r g e s , th e n , the n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r s h a l l d e s i g n a t e a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e . . . ( N a t io n a l M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ' B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n ) O f the r e m a i n i n g p r o v i s i o n s in t h is a r e a , two p e r m i t t e d e a c h p a r t y to s e l e c t an e q u a l n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s to s i t on the t r i a l b o a r d , an d two p e r m i t t e d e i t h e r p a r t y to c h a l l e n g e an d r e m o v e b i a s e d o r i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s . T h e c o n s t i t u tio n o f the A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f M u s i c i a n s d e s c r i b e d th is p r o c e d u r e t h u s l y : T he b o a r d o r a s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e r e o f s h a l l b e d e e m e d e l i g i b l e to h e a r , d e c i d e , an d d e t e r m i n e a l l m a t t e r s . . . A n y one o r m o r e o f t h e m m a y b e e x c u s e d f r o m e i t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i n g o r v o t i n g , b u t a n y o b j e c t i o n to the e l i g i b i l i t y o r q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f a n y s u c h m e m b e r o f the b o a r d o r s u b c o m m i t t e e m u s t b e p r e s e n t e d in w r i t i n g b e f o r e a n y a c t i o n i s t a k e n b y s u c h b o a r d o r s u b c o m m i t t e e w ith r e s p e c t to a n y s u c h m a t t e r o r q u e s t i o n . T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the s a i d b o a r d o r s u b c o m m i t t e e w ith r e s p e c t to an y s u c h o b j e c t i o n an d w ith r e s p e c t to the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o r e l i g i b i l i t y o f a n y of its m e m b e r s s h a ll be fin a l and c o n c lu siv e . F in al D e c isio n . T r i a l b o d i e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , u n lik e t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s on tne l o c a l l e v e l , w e r e n e a r l y a l w a y s a u t h o r i z e d to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n b o th on the g u il t o f the a c c u s e d an d the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d . 29 Of the 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s s t u d i e d , 9 r e q u i r e d a n o t h e r b o d y to a p p r o v e the t r i a l b o d y 1 s d e c i s i o n b e f o r e it b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e . T y p i c a l l y , t h e s e g a v e the t r i a l b o d y a u t h o r i t y to c o n d u c t the h e a r i n g an d p r e p a r e an a d v i s o r y r e c o m m e n d a tio n on (1) the g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d and (2) the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d if the a c c u s e d w a s fo u n d g u il t y . T h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n if the 29 F o r the id e n t i t y o f the f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g b o d y , s e e a p p e n d i x B - l . F o r the r o l e of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o d i e s in the e n t i r e t r i a l p r o c e s s , se e ap p en d ix B - 2 . 83 p r e s i d e n t w a s a u t h o r i z e d to c o n d u c t the t r i a l o r a p p o in t a t r i a l b o d y . the C a r p e n t e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d : F o r in stan ce , W h e n e v e r it a p p e a r s to the s a t i s f a c t i o n o f the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t th a t a n y l o c a l un ion o r m e m b e r t h e r e o f . . . i s a c t i n g c o n t r a r y to the w e l f a r e of the U n it e d B r o t h e r h o o d o f C a r p e n t e r s an d J o i n e r s o f A m e r i c a , he m a y a p p o in t a c o m m i t t e e to h o ld a h e a r i n g . . . upon c o m p l e t i o n o f the h e a r in g , the c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t i t s f i n d i n g s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T h e . . . b o a r d i s e m p o w e r e d to ta k e s u c h a c tio n a s i s n e c e s s a r y a n d p r o p e r f o r the w e l f a r e o f the . . . (union) . . . T h e p r o v i s i o n in the U p h o l s t e r e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n w a s m o r e e x p l i c i t : . . . the h e a r i n g o f f i c e r , s h a l l p r e p a r e a r e p o r t o f the p r o c e e d i n g s w h ic h s h a l l c o n t a in an a c c u r a t e s u m m a r y o f the t e s t i m o n y a n d e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d a t the h e a r i n g , an d the h e a r i n g o f f i c e r s 1 r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s to : (i) F i n d i n g s o f f a c t ; (ii) c o n c l u s i o n s ; (iii) g u il t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d ; and (iv) p e n a l t y , if a n y , s u c h a s e x p u l s i o n , s u s p e n s i o n , m o n e t a r y fine, (statin g am ount th e re o f), d e p riv a tio n of rig h ts a n d /o r c e n s u r e . In e ig h t o f t h e s e n in e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s v e s t e d w ith a u t h o r i t y to r e n d e r the f i n a l d e c i s i o n . In the n in th , th a t of the S to n e C u t t e r s , the p r e s id e n t had th is au th o rity . A s a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , the a c t u a l id e n t i t y o f the p e r s o n s c o n d u c t in g the h e a r i n g an d r e n d e r i n g the d e c i s i o n m i g h t d i f f e r in c o n s t i t u t i o n s e m p o w e r i n g the t r i a l a g e n t to r e n d e r d e c i s i o n s i f h e a r i n g s w e r e , in p r a c t i c e , c o n d u c t e d b y an a p p o in t e e o r d e l e g a t e . A s n o t e d e a r l i e r , the p o w e r to a p p o in t s o m e o n e to a c t a s the h e a r i n g a u t h o r i t y ’ s a g e n t a n d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s w a s f a i r l y c o m m o n in i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . If th is p o w e r w e r e e x e r c i s e d , c a s e s w o u ld th en b e r e v i e w e d b y two d i s t i n c t p e r s o n s b e f o r e a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s r e n d e r e d . For e x a m p l e , the O ffic e E m p l o y e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n p r o v i d e d f o r d e p u t i z e d h e a r i n g e x a m i n e r s who w e r e to r e p o r t f i n d i n g s o f f a c t a n d c o n c l u s i o n s to the t r i a l a u t h o r it y f o r a f i n a l t r i a l d e c i s i o n , a s f o l l o w s : T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s h a l l a p p o in t a n d d e p u t i z e a n y o f f i c e r o r a g e n t o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion to a c t a s a h e a r i n g o f f i c e r in the m a t t e r o r it m a y a p p o in t a n d d e p u t i z e a n y o f f i c e r s o r a g e n t s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un ion to a c t a s a h e a r i n g c o m m i t t e e in the m a t t e r . T he h e a r i n g o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e s h a l l c o n d u c t the h e a r i n g a n d r e p o r t in w r i t i n g to the e x e c u tiv e b o a r d w ith f i n d i n g s , c o n c l u s i o n s , an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . T he P a i n t e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n d e cisio n s: also req u ired the trial au th o rity to render fin al In a l l h e a r i n g s , t r i a l s , an d o t h e r m a t t e r s w h ic h a r e to b e d e c i d e d an d a c t e d up on b y the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t o r g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , the c o n d u c t o f the h e a r i n g an d the t a k i n g o f e v i d e n c e m a y b e p e r f o r m e d b y a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the b r o t h e r h o o d d u ly a p p o in t e d to a c t in the m a t t e r . A t the c o n c l u s i o n o f the t r i a l o r h e a r i n g , s u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l m a k e a s u m m a r y o f the e v i d e n c e an d r e p o r t h is f i n d i n g s an d c o n c l u s i o n s to . . . w h o e v e r a p p o in t e d h im , a n d the d e c i s i o n in the c a s e s h a l l b e m a d e b y the g e n e r a l p r e s i d e n t o r the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . In r a r e i n s t a n c e s o n ly , a s in the fo llo w in g e x a m p l e , e x a m i n e r s e m p o w e r e d to r e n d e r f i n a l d e c i s i o n s : w ere d ep u tized h earin g A f t e r the c o m m i t t e e h a s t a k e n a l l the t e s t i m o n y th a t it s h a l l d e e m s u f f i c i e n t , it s h a l l th en d e t e r m i n e a s a j u r y w h e t h e r o r n ot the a c c u s e d i s g u il t y , o r g u i l t y in p a r t , o r n o t g u i l t y ; if g u il t y , it s h a l l a s s e s s the p en alty . (In tern ation al B ro th erh o o d of B o i l e r m a k e r s , Iro n S h ip b u ild e rs, B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s an d H e l p e r s ) Chapter VI. Rights of the Accused and Related Matters T h i s c h a p t e r e x a m i n e s a v a r i e t y o f the d ue p r o c e s s r i g h t s g u a r a n t e e d to l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s d u r i n g the e n t i r e c o u r s e o f th e d i s c i p l i n a r y p ro c ee d in g . It b e g i n s w ith the s t a t u s of the a c c u s e d b e f o r e he s t a n d s t r i a l , an d th en d e s c r i b e s the p r o t e c t i o n a v a i l a b l e to h im d u r i n g the h e a r i n g . Subsequent s e c t i o n s d e a l w ith the v a r i o u s t y p e s o f n o t ic e r e q u i r e m e n t s an d a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s , in c l u d i n g a s u m m a r y o f the f o u r p u b l i c r e v i e w b o a r d s th a t h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . T h i s c h a p t e r c l o s e s w ith a n a n a l y s i s o f the t i m e l i m i t s th a t p r e v a i l b e t w e e n v a r i o u s p h a s e s o f the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s . S t a t u s o f the A c c u s e d In m o r e th an h a l f (81) o f the l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n s , the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s t u d i e d — a f f e c t i n g n e a r l y t w o - t h i r d s o f the m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s — r e g u l a t e d the s t a t u s o f a c c u s e d l o c a l o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s d u r i n g the p e r i o d b e f o r e t r i a l ( t a b le V I - 1). N e a r ly a ll of th ese p r o v is io n s p e rm itte d T a b le V I-1 . Status of the A ccu sed in L o cal and In ternational Level T r ia l Provisions, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied Status of the accu sed A ll constitutions providing for tr ia l at lo c a l or international l e v e l ----------- A ffiliatio n U n affiliated AFL-CIO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 156 1 6 ,9 1 7 .9 121 14, 2 2 5 .6 35 2, 692. 3 75 22 40 13 6 1 0 ,7 1 9 .0 2, 4 2 1 .9 6 ,8 2 6 .0 1 ,4 7 1 .2 1 3 1 .3 62 20 33 9 5 9, 0 1 5 .0 2, 339.8 5, 250. 3 1 ,4 2 4 .9 1 2 9 .8 13 2 7 4 1 1 ,7 0 4 .1 8 2 .1 1 ,5 7 5 .7 4 6 .3 1 .5 75 6, 067. 5 54 5, 0 8 0 .8 21 9 8 6 .7 Constitutions providing for change in status ---------------------------------------Before charges were f i l e d ---------------A fter ch arges were f i l e d -----------------Before and after charges were f i l e d ---Status e x p lic itly u n affected ---------------Constitutions not providing for change in status ----------------------------- NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. the u n io n to a l t e r the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d , u s u a l l y b y s u s p e n s i o n f r o m o f f i c e o r m em b ersh ip . O c c a s i o n a l l y , t h is p o w e r w a s l i m i t e d to w ith h o ld in g a n o f f i c e r !s salary . In t h o s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h e r e s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e s w e r e n ot foun d, s u c h m e a s u r e s w e r e p r o b a b l y a v a i l a b l e to o f f i c e r s an d g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s u n d e r g e n e r a l g r a n t s o f a u t h o r it y . S i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d th a t the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d c o u ld n ot b e a f f e c t e d u n t il the t r i a l h ad ru n i t s c o u r s e , a s in the f o ll o w in g : A m e m b e r a g a in s t whom suspended o r d e b a rred fro m a n y r i g h t s an d p r i v i l e g e s . . ( U n ite d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s o f c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d s h a l l n ot be b ein g a can d id ate fo r any o ffic e o r fr o m . p e n d i n g a d e c i s i o n on c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d . A m eric a) 85 86 M o s t (40) p r o v i s i o n s f o r a f f e c t i n g the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d c o u ld n ot be in v o k e d u n til a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d . M o r e o v e r , in t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t b o th the l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , the s t a t u s o f the a c c u s e d w a s u s u a l l y a f f e c t e d o n ly w h en an i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r d e t e r m i n e d th a t s u s p e n s i o n w a s n e c e s s a r y to p r o t e c t the un ion . A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (35) a u t h o r i z e d s u s p e n s i o n b e fo r e c h a r g e s w ere filed at e ith e r lev el. T his au th o rity w as n e a r ly a lw a y s l i m i t e d to e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s o r v a r i o u s e n u m e r a t e d o f f e n s e s . B e f o r e C h a r g e s A r e F i l e d a t E i t h e r L e v e l . 30 U n d e r 34 o f the 35 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t i n g s u s p e n s i o n b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d , s u c h p r o v i s i o n s a p p l i e d to l o c a l u n ion o f f i c e r s ( t a b le V I - 2 ) . U n d e r 2 9 o f t h e s e 35 p r o v i s i o n s , a s t a t e m e n t T a b le V I-2 . Suspension of L ocal Union M em bers or O fficers Before C harges Were F iled , N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied T y p e of provisions L ocal officers only Unions A ll constitutions providing for suspension before charges were file d -----------------------------------Constitutions requiring both charges and a hearing after a ll su sp e n sio n s----------Constitutions providing for charges or a hearing after suspension in ce rtain situations --------------------------C harges follow ed suspension but hearings had to be requested -------C harges option al; but if not file d , suspension a u to m atic ally term in ated after a sp e cifie d tim e --------------------------- Persons su b ject to suspension Members L ocal officers and m em bers M em bers only Unions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M embers 35 3 ,8 9 3 .0 23 1 ,8 1 4 .4 11 1, 2 4 3 .6 1 8 3 5 .0 29 3, 5 6 0 .5 20 1 ,6 2 2 .2 8 1, 1 0 3 .4 1 8 3 5 .0 6 3 3 2 .5 3 1 9 2 .3 3 1 4 0 .2 3 1 9 2 .3 3 192. 3 3 1 4 0 .2 - 3 1 4 0 .2 - - - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. o f c h a r g e s an d a h e a r i n g fo ll o w e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y a f t e r s u s p e n s i o n . T he r e m a i n i n g s i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i s p e n s e d w ith one o r the o t h e r o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s . T hree o f the s i x r e q u i r e d the s u s p e n d i n g o f f i c e r to f i l e c h a r g e s , b u t did n ot c a l l f o r a h e a r i n g u n l e s s it w a s r e q u e s t e d by the a c c u s e d l o c a l o f f i c e r . F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f T h e O r d e r of R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s p r o v i d e d : . . . S u c h o f f i c e r w il l be n o t ifi e d o f the s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s a n d , r e q u e s t i s m a d e w ithin 10 d a y s , he s h a l l h a v e a h e a r i n g . . . . T h re e oth er co n stitu tio n s r e q u ir e d n eith e r c h a r g e s f o r a u t o m a t i c r e s t o r a t i o n of m e m b e r s h i p if c h a r g e s c i f i e d p e r i o d , r a n g i n g f r o m 45 to 90 d a y s . For C l e a n i n g an d D ye H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n if n o r a h e a r i n g , bu t p r o v i d e d w e r e not f i l e d w ith in a s p e e x a m p l e , the L a u n d r y , D r y (ind. ) c o n s t it u t io n s t i p u l a t e d : E m e r g e n c y a c t i o n s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e o n ly f o r 45 d a y s u n l e s s w ith in s u c h 45 d a y s w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a r e c a u s e d to b e s e r v e d . . . 30 T he d i s t i n g u i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e t w e e n p r o v i s i o n s in th is c a t e g o r y a n d t h o s e c o n s i d e r e d a s s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e i s th a t in t h e s e i n s t a n c e s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y is av a ilab le . 87 M a n y o f the 35 p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i e d the m a x i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s a f t e r the a c c u s e d w a s s u s p e n d e d . T h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s ( a l s o d e s c r i b e d in the " t i m e l i m i t s " s e c t i o n sh o w n s u b s e q u e n t ly ) r e q u i r e d c h a r g e s w ith in a " r e a s o n a b l e " t i m e , a t the s a m e t i m e , o r w ith in a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f d a y s s ifter s u s p e n sio n . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d the t i m e a l l o w e d to c o n v e n e the t r i a l b o d y and r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , one c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d ; ( T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t ) m a y s u m m a r i l y s u s p e n d an o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e m a n f r o m h is o f f i c e o r p o s i t i o n . . . , p e n d in g the fi lin g o f c h a r g e s , h e a r i n g and d e c i s i o n t h e r e o n . W ithin 30 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r he s h a l l s e r v e s u c h o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e m a n w ith s p e c i f i c w r i t t e n c h a r g e s . T he s u s p e n d e d o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e m a n s h a l l b e g iv e n a r e a s o n a b l e tim e . . . to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e and s h a l l be p r o m p t l y a f f o r d e d a fu ll an d f a i r h e a r i n g . . . . T he G r a n d P r e s i d e n t s h a l l r e n d e r h is d e c i s i o n w ithin t h i r t y (30) d a y s a f t e r the c o m p l e t i o n o f the h e a r i n g . . . ( B r o t h e r hood o f R a i l w a y an d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d l e r s , E x p r e s s and Statio n E m p lo y e e s ) T h e a u t h o r i t y to s u s p e n d an a c c u s e d b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d w a s c o n fin e d to i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s and w a s e x e r c i s e d b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t , o c c a s i o n a l l y in c o n ju n c t io n w ith the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ( t a b le V I - 3 ) . T his a u t h o r i t y w a s l i m i t e d u n d e r s i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s to s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s , but, n o n e t h e l e s s a p p e a r e d to o f f e r c o n s i d e r a b l e l a t i t u d e . U n d e r n in e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a c t i o n co u ld b e t a k e n in e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s a s d e f in e d b y the p r e s i d e n t . F o r e x a m p l e , the c o n s t it u t io n o f the B o i l e r m a k e r s p e r m i t t e d it s c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r to a c t when T a b le V I-3. Persons Empowered to Suspend an A ccused Before C harges Were F iled , and Grounds for Such A ction, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o tal Grounds for suspension before charges were file d A ll constitutions providing for suspension before charges were file d -----------------C onstitutions specify in g grounds for suspension before c h a r g e s ------------------G en eral grounds ----------------------------S p e c ific g r o u n d s ----------------------------G en eral and sp e c ific grounds -----------Em ergency s it u a t i o n s ---------------------Other lim itatio n s --------------------------Constitutions not specify in g grounds for suspension before charges ------------------ Unions Members Persons em pow ered to suspend International president Unions Members International p resi dent or gen eral ex ecu tiv e board Unions M embers Other persons Unions M embers 35 3 ,8 9 3 .0 27 2, 166. 4 5 3 8 0 .6 3 1, 3 4 6 .0 31 9 6 5 9 32 2 ,9 8 9 .0 635. 1 8 2 6 .9 1 7 5 .4 7 4 6 .3 6 0 5 .3 24 7 3 5 7 2 2 ,0 9 7 .4 4 2 6 .9 2 5 3 .8 1 7 5 .4 6 3 6 .0 6 0 5 .3 5 1 2 2 - 3 8 0 .6 7 3 .2 1 9 7 .0 110. 3 2 11 21 5 1 1 .0 1 3 5 .0 3 7 6 .0 - 4 9 0 4 .0 3 6 9 .0 - - - - - 41 8 3 5 .0 * Under this constitution, the lo c a l unions, the international president, and the gen eral ex ecu tiv e board had authority to suspend. 2 Under this constitution, the person with authority to suspend was not id en tified . 3 Under 1 constitution, the power to suspend was based on general grounds or the presence of an em ergency; and under 1 constitution, this power was based on g en eral and sp e c ific grounds, or the presence of an em ergency. 4 Under this constitution, the power to suspend was vested in the lo c a l union m em bership m eetin g. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. in h is o p in io n “ . . . g r e a t an d i r r e p a r a b l e d a m a g e s h a l l o r m a y b e do n e to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d . . . 11 T h e p r e s i d e n t o f the L a u n d r y W o r k e r s (in d. ) e n j o y e d a s i m i l a r g r a n t o f p o w e r to ‘ ' p r e s e r v e the r i g h t s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o r a n y a f f i l i a t e t h e r e o f , o r o f a n y o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s t h e r e o f , an d f o r the p u r p o s e o f p r e s e r v i n g the s t a t u s quo. “ O t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s a u t h o r i z e d the s u s p e n s i o n o f a n a c c u s e d b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d f o r a v a r i e t y of g e n e r a l g r o u n d s , s u c h a s “ f a i l u r e to c o m p l y w ith the c o n s t i t u t i o n 11 o r f o r r e f u s a l “ to a d h e r e to o r c a r r y ou t the i n s t r u c t i o n s , d i r e c t i o n s , an d d e c i s i o n s 1' o f the l o c a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s . G re a te r re strictio n s w ere n o te d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f s e v e r a l u n i o n s , w h ich l i m i t e d i m m e d i a t e s u s p e n s i o n to s p e c i f i c a l l y e n u m e r a t e d o f f e n s e s , s u c h a s f i n a n c i a l m a l p r a c t i c e s . In one c o n s t i t u t i o n , o n ly f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e r s w e r e s u b j e c t to s u s p e n s i o n : T h e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y to o r d e r the i m m e d i a t e r e m o v a l , p e n d in g i n v e s t i g a t i o n , o f f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s who a r e n e g l e c t f u l , i n e f f i c i e n t o r in c o m p e t e n t in the p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e i r d u t i e s . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a ) M e m b e r s who w e r e a c c u s e d o f b e i n g d u a l u n i o n i s t s c o u ld b e s u s p e n d e d u n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s : A n y m e m b e r o f the A m a l g a m a t e d who i s o r b e c o m e s a m e m b e r o f a n y o t h e r l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y b e s u m m a r i l y s u s p e n d e d p e n d in g the f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s and a h e a r i n g . . . . ( A m a l g a m a t e d C lo th in g W o r k e r s of A m eric a) S u s p e n s i o n A f t e r F i l i n g o f C h a r g e s — L o c a l U n io n L e v e l . In l o c a l un ion p r o c e e d i n g s , l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e f a r m o r e f r e q u e n t l y s u b j e c t to s u s p e n s i o n a f t e r c h a r g e s h a d b e e n i s s u e d th a n w e r e m e m b e r s ( t a b l e V I - 4 ) . In p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t b o th , h o w e v e r , s u s p e n s i o n w a s n e a r l y a l w a y s d i s c r e t i o n a r y r a t h e r th a n m a n d a t o r y . T a b le V I-4. Provisions for Suspension A fter F ilin g of C harges at the L o c al Union Level, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers i a thousands) M em bers Local officers Suspension after charges M em bers Unions M embers 125 1 5 ,0 1 7 .2 136 15, 9 9 6 .4 30 24 6 - 5 ,6 6 1 .4 5 ,2 1 7 . 2 444. 1 - 15 13 1 l l 2, 409. 4 2, 3 2 7 .1 1 .2 8 1 .1 95 9 ,3 5 5 .9 121 13, 5 8 7 .0 Unions All constitutions providing lo c a l union tria l procedures ------------------------------------------Constitutions providing for suspension after charges ---------------------------------------------Suspension d isc r e tio n a ry -----------------------------Suspension a u t o m a t i c --------------------------------Other suspension provisions ------------------------Constitutions not providing for suspension after charges ---------------------------------------------- 1 Under this constitution, m em bers were not perm itted to p articip ate in the lo c a l union affairs while under charges unless the international president was petition ed for r e lie f w ithin 10 days after suspension. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 89 T y p i c a l l y , an a c c u s e d c o u l d b e s u s p e n d e d o n ly w h en a d e s i g n a t e d a u t h o r i t y d e t e r m i n e d th a t the s i t u a t i o n w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y s e r i o u s to w a r r a n t s u c h a c t i o n , a s in the fo ll o w in g e x a m p l e s : U pon f i l i n g o f s u c h c h a r g e s , a n d i f the s a m e a r e o f s u c h m a g n i t u d e an d s e r i o u s n e s s a s to j e o p a r d i z e the i n t e r e s t s o f the L o c a l o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l , th en a n d in th a t e v e n t the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , i f the m a t t e r i s b r o u g h t to h i s a tt e n t i o n , m a y , i f he d e e m s it a d v i s a b l e , i m m e d i a t e l y s u s p e n d s u c h m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the L o c a l U n io n u n til a d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n r e n d e r e d in the c a s e . ( B u ild i n g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) ❖ * # W h e n e v e r c h a r g e s . . . a l l e g i n g th a t an o f f i c e r o f a l o c a l un ion h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f d u a l u n i o n i s m , m i s h a n d l i n g o f fu n d s o r a c t i n g a s an a g e n t o f an e m p l o y e r , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , i f it f i n d s t h a t r e a s o n a b l e g r o u n d s e x i s t f o r b e l i e v i n g s u c h c h a r g e to b e t r u e , s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m o f f i c e p e n d i n g f i n a l d e c i s i o n b y the l o c a l u n ion on s u c h c h a r g e s . (U n ite d P a c k i n g h o u s e , F o o d a n d A l l i e d W orkers) o ffice rs. S i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n o f a c c u s e d l o c a l u n ion T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r to the fo ll o w in g e x c e r p t : A n y o f f i c e r o f a L o c a l U nion a g a i n s t w h o m c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n r e f e r r e d b y the L o c a l U n io n to an I n v e s t i g a t i n g C o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e r e l i e v e d o f h is d u t i e s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s u n t il a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the c h a r g e s . . . ( O il, C h e m i c a l an d A t o m i c W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) N e a r l y a l l c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith s u s p e n s i o n p r o v i s i o n s i d e n t i f i e d the a g e n t who w o u ld be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r e m o v i n g l o c a l un ion o f f i c e r s a n d m e m b e r s (table V I - 5). F o r l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , an a l m o s t e q u a l n u m b e r d e s i g n a t e d l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l le v e l a u th o rities. T a b le V I-5 . Persons Em powered to Suspend an A ccu sed After C harges Were F iled at the L ocal Level, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) L o cal officers M em bers Identity o f persons Unions A ll constitutions authorizing suspension after c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------------C onstitutions identifyin g p e r so n s-----------------------International president or ex ecu tiv e board ---------------------------------------------------L o cal ex ecu tiv e b o a r d --------------------------------L o cal m em bership m eetin g ------------------------Local union; agen cy not sp e cifie d --------------Other p erso n s---------------------------------------------Constitutions not identifyin g p e rso n s------------------- M em bers Unions M em bers 30 5 ,6 6 1 .4 17 2 ,6 1 9 .8 25 5, 2 4 5 .5 14 2, 3 8 1 .0 13 6 3 2 l l 5 2 ,5 1 7 .6 2 0 9 .5 1 ,0 4 0 .4 1 ,0 3 5 . 1 4 4 2 .9 4 1 5 .8 7 2 2 2 21 3 2, 2 6 1 .5 7 .1 26. 3 3 2 .6 5 3 .5 2 3 8 .8 1 Under this constitution, the international president, or ex ecu tive board, and lo c a l ex ecu tiv e board were e m pow ered to suspend. 2 Under this constitution, the international president and lo c a l union were em pow ered to suspend. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 690-094 0 -6 3 - 7 90 Intern ation al L e v e l . C o n stitu tio n al p r o v is io n s fo r s u s p e n s io n a fte r c h a r g e s in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , u n lik e t h o s e in l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , w e r e n e a r l y a s o fte n d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t m e m b e r s a s a g a i n s t l o c a l o f f i c e r s ( t a b le V I - 6 ) . In o t h e r r e s p e c t s , h o w e v e r , l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w e r e q u it e s i m i l a r . N e a r l y a l l p r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z e d d i s c r e t i o n a r y r a t h e r th an a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n . U n d e r one c o n s t i t u t i o n , a u t o m a t i c s u s p e n s i o n f o r b o th m e m b e r s a n d o f f i c e r s w a s p e r m i t t e d f o r one s p e c i f i c o f f e n s e o n ly : U pon r e c e i p t o f i n f o r m a t i o n s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y w r i t t e n t e s t i m o n y , t e n d in g to s u b s t a n t i a l l y e s t a b l i s h an y s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r a s b e i n g a m e m b e r o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r i t s a f f i l i a t e s , o r a s s u c h s y m p a t h i z e r , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r f r o m h i s o f f i c e o r f r o m m e m b e r s h i p , u n t il s u c h t i m e a s the a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e b e e n t r i e d a t an i m p a r t i a l h e a r i n g . . . ( S w i t c h m e n ’s U n ion o f N o r th A m e r i c a ) One c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d s u s p e n s i o n w h en the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e t e r m i n e d th a t t h e r e w a s r e a s o n a b l e g r o u n d to b e l i e v e the a c c u s e d g u il ty . A n o t h e r a u t h o r i z e d s u s p e n s i o n in c a s e s o f d u a l u n i o n i s m i f two m e m b e r s s u b m i t t e d s w o r n a f f i d a v i t s c o n ta in in g a l l f a c t s n e c e s s a r y to p r o v e the g u i l t o f the a c c u s e d , a s f o l l o w s : If two o r m o r e m e m b e r s . . . t r a n s m i t . . . a f t e r c h a r g e s . . . h a v e b e e n f i l e d , an a f f i d a v i t o r a f f i d a v i t s s t a t i n g the f a c t s a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s w ith in t h e i r p e r s o n a l k n o w le d g e w h ic h , if t r u e , w o u ld e s t a b l i s h the g u il t o f the a c c u s e d , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l m a y b y m a j o r i t y v o te i m p o s e up on the a c c u s e d the i n e l i g i b i l i t y s e t f o r t h . . . f o r the p e r i o d e n d in g w ith the d e l i v e r y of i t s d e c i s i o n b y the b o d y c o n d u c t in g the h e a r i n g on the c h a r g e s . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l M a i l e r s U n ion , Ind. ) U n d e r on e c o n s t it u t io n , the a c c u s e d w a s n ot s u b j e c t to s u s p e n s i o n a t any t i m e a f t e r the fi lin g o f c h a r g e s u n til the t r i a l b o d y r e c o m m e n d e d a p e n a l t y o f s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n to the f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g b o d y : . . . i f the s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d s th a t the c h a r g e d m e m b e r b e s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , it s h a l l h a v e the a u t h o r i t y to t e m p o r a r i l y s u s p e n d the c h a r g e d m e m b e r u n til the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d h a s t a k e n a c t i o n on the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e , A e r o s p a c e an d A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p l e m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ) T a b le V I-6. Provision for Suspension after F ilin g of C harges at the International Level, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) L o c al officers M em bers Suspension after charges A ll constitutions providing for trials at international l e v e l -------------------------------------Constitutions providing for suspension after c h a r g e s ---------------------------------------------Suspension d is c r e t io n a r y ---------------------------A u to m a tic ally suspended for a ll o f f e n s e s ------A u to m a tic ally suspended for sp e cifie d offenses ----------------------------------Constitutions not providing for suspension after c h a r g e s ---------------------------------------------- Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 113 1 3 ,3 8 5 .4 94 1 2 ,4 9 9 .6 29 26 2 4 ,0 2 3 .0 3, 675. 7 3 2 8 .5 21 18 2 4 ,1 7 0 .4 3 ,6 8 5 .0 4 6 6 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .8 84 9, 362. 4 73 8, 3 2 9 .2 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 91 A s u s p e n d e d l o c a l o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r w a s u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d to a w a i t the t r i a l b o d y 's d e c is io n b e fo r e se e k in g r e lie f fr o m a h ig h e r body. O nly on e c o n s t it u t io n e x p l i c i t l y a u t h o r i z e d an i m m e d i a t e a p p e a l f r o m an a c t i o n o f s u s p e n s i o n p e n d in g t r i a l . T h i s u n iq u e p r o v i s i o n f o l l o w s : A p p e a l s by a M e m b e r S u s p e n d e d f r o m M e m b e r s h i p o r O ffice P en d in g T r i a l W h e n e v e r an y m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r h a s b e e n s u s p e n d e d f r o m m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e by the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t - S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . . . s u c h m e m b e r s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to t a k e an i m m e d i a t e a p p e a l to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d f r o m s u c h s u s p e n s i o n by s e n d in g a n o t ic e of s u c h a p p e a l to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t - S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . ( M e t a l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s an d H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union) D u e -P ro c e ss Safeguards D u e - p r o c e s s p r o v i s i o n s a s f o r m a l i z e d in un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s s e r v e b a s i c a l l y the s a m e p u r p o s e a s t h o s e in g e n e r a l l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s . They e sta b lish p r o c e d u r a l s a f e g u a r d s f o r the a c c u s e d a t h i s t r i a l , r e g u l a t e the c o n d u c t of the h e a r i n g , an d a id the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s by e x c l u d i n g i n f l u e n c e s th a t m i g h t d i s t r a c t f r o m an o b j e c t i v e a n a l y s i s of the g u il t o r in n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d . U n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s n e a r l y a l w a y s s p e c i f i e d on e o r m o r e d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s ( t a b le V I-7 an d a p p e n d ix C , t a b l e s 1 a n d 2). T h o s e r e l a t i n g to the T a b le V I-7 . Number of S e le c te d Due-Process Safeg u ard s1 S p e cifie d in L o cal and International Union T r ia l Procedures, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 T r ia l procedures Num ber of se le c te d safeguards L ocal International A ll constitutions sp ecify in g tr ia l procedures ------------------------------ 136 116 Constitutions sp ecify in g se le c te d safeguards -----------------------------1 safeguard --------------------------------------------------------------------2 s a fe g u a r d s--------------------------------------------------------------------3 sa fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------4 sa fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------5 s a fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------6 sa fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------7 s a fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------8 s a fe g u a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------9 s a fe g u a r d s--------------------------------------------------------------------10 s a fe g u a r d s ------------------------------------------------------------------11 sa fe g u a r d s ------------------------------------------------------------------12 sa fe g u a r d s ------------------------------------------------------------------Constitutions not sp ecify in g se le c te d s a f e g u a r d s ------------------------- 132 5 14 11 18 19 21 16 13 7 4 2 2 4 99 18 14 12 11 7 9 11 8 3 5 1 17 1 Includes a ll safeguards for notice hearings, or tim e lim its which were sp e cifie d in union constitutions. However, only fa irly com m on safeguards were tab u lated or analyzed in d e ta il. Less prevalen t or unique safeguards were noted in tex tu al discussions. f o r m o f c h a r g e s w e r e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r ; t h o s e d e a l i n g w ith the t i m e a l l o w e d f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s a r e d e s c r i b e d in a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n ; a n d t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g to the h e a r i n g i t s e l f and to a d v a n c e n o t ic e a r e d i s c u s s e d in the n e x t s e c t i o n s . 92 H e a r i n g S a f e g u a r d s . A lth o u g h u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s t y p i c a l l y g u a r a n t e e d s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s , o n ly the r i g h t to c o u n s e l a p p e a r e d in a m a j o r i t y o f the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s t u d i e d ( ta b le V I - 8). One o f the p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n s f o r the a b s e n c e o f p a r t i c u l a r due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s i s th a t c o n s t i t u t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y n o t in t e n d e d to s e r v e a s p r o c e d u r a l m a n u a l s . T a b le V I-8 . S e le cte d D ue-Process Safeguards in L o c al and In ternational T r ia l Procedures, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers ig thousands) L o cal prpcedures In ternational procedures Safeguards Unions M em bers A ll constitutions providing tria l procedures 1 at lo c a l or international l e v e l ---------------------- 136 1 5 ,9 9 6 .4 116 1 3 ,5 1 5 .0 C ounsel ----------------------------------------------------Im p artial tr ia l b o d y -------------------------------------F u ll and fa ir hearing -----------------------------------Introduce evid en ce -------------------------------------Invite w itnesses ------------------------------------------T e stify on own b e h alf ----------------------------------R ecord of p r o c e e d in g s ----------------------------------Confront and cross-exam ine w it n e s s e s -------------Continue or postpone h e a r i n g ------------------------R epresen tation when unable to attend h e a r in g ---Se p a ra te w itnesses --------------------------------------R equ ire testim on y under oath -----------------------Subm it w ritten defense --------------------------------Subpena w itnesses --------------------------------------C hange v e n u e ---------------------------------------------- 96 58 55 56 58 54 45 45 15 14 14 12 3 7 4 12, 3 8 3 .7 1 1 ,0 7 2 .4 7 ,1 0 8 . 6 7 ,0 2 5 .3 6 ,7 8 5 .3 5, 824. 5 6, 995. 9 4, 889. 4 2 ,0 8 6 .0 2, 9 9 7 .0 2, 363. 8 1 ,7 6 6 .1 3 3 8 .5 1 3 5.1 1 9 7 .7 50 26 37 39 29 45 28 26 7 5 3 4 6 4 1 7 ,0 3 3 .1 4, 643. 6 3 ,0 8 2 .6 4 ,6 6 6 . 9 5 ,1 9 8 .6 7 ,8 2 2 .3 4, 2 2 9 .8 3 ,2 0 1 .1 4 6 0 .2 1 ,2 4 5 .7 6 3 9 .6 4 8 9 .4 1 ,8 2 0 . 1 111. 1 3 0 .4 Unions M em bers * N onadditive. G e n e r a l g u a r a n t e e s , s i m i l a r to the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e , w e r e f a i r l y c o m m o n in u n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n s . No m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d in g s h a l l b e d e p r i v e d o f h is m e m b e r s h i p o r of any rig h t, p r iv ile g e , o r b e n e fit d e r iv e d t h e r e f r o m , e x c e p t upon a w r i t t e n c o m p l a i n t , n o t i c e , and h e a r i n g . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l H o d C a r r i e r s 1, B u i l d i n g a n d C o m m o n L a b o r e r s 1 U n io n o f A m e r i c a ) S o m e u n io n s b r i d g e the g a p b e t w e e n b r o a d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l a n g u a g e an d s p e c i f i c h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s b y p u b l i s h i n g s e p a r a t e p r o c e d u r a l g u i d e s to a i d l o c a l u n io n s in the c o n d u c t o f t r i a l s . 31 The t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s U n io n c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e s u p p l e m e n t e d in a T r i a l P r o c e d u r e H a n d b o o k , a n d the u p h o l s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion p u b l i s h e d a p a m p h l e t s p e c i f y i n g the P r o c e d u r e o f an UIU T r i a l B o a r d . T h e s e p r o c e d u r a l m a n u a l s d e f i n e d the p r e c i s e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f e a c h g e n e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t e e a n d e x t e n s i v e l y d e s c r i b e d how e a c h p h a s e o f the t r i a l i s to b e c o n d u c t e d . 31 L e s s f o r m a l l y , l o c a l un io n o f f i c e r s t u r n to i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f o r g u id a n c e in d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s . T h is is p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e in l o c a l u n io n s th a t h a v e l i t t l e e x p e r i e n c e in t h is a r e a o r in c a s e s th a t c a l l f o r a p o l i c y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f r o m h i g h e r u n io n a u t h o r i t i e s . 93 D i s t r u s t o f t e c h n i c a l l e g a l p r o c e d u r e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d to the a b s e n c e o f s p e c i f i c due p r o c e s s g u a r a n t e e s an d p r o c e d u r a l d e t a i l s . In f a c t , s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p r e s s e d the b e l i e f th a t o v e r l y l e g a l i s t i c r e q u i r e m e n t s m i g h t f r u s t r a t e the b a s i c i n q u i r y into the g u i l t o r i n n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d . T h e f o ll o w in g e x c e r p t s are illu strativ e : . . . the g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d r u l e s o f c o u r t e v i d e n c e s h a l l n ot a p p ly , b u t the e v i d e n c e m u s t b e p r e s e n t e d , w i t n e s s e s c r o s s - e x a m i n e d , a n d t e s t i m o n y r e j e c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d the p r i n c i p l e s o f j u s t i c e . ( R a i l r o a d S ig n a l m e n ) * * * A ll t r i a l s and h e a r in g s s h a ll be co n d ucted im p a r t ia l ly and in fo r m a lly . T h e t e c h n i c a l r u l e s o f e v i d e n c e an d o t h e r s i m i l a r l e g a l t e c h n i c a l i t i e s n e e d n o t b e f o l l o w e d , b u t d e c i s i o n s h a l l b e b a s e d o n ly up o n the f a c t s p r e s e n t e d to the t r i a l b o d y d u r i n g the t r i a l . ( A m e r i c a n B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r 1 s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) * >{< * T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . . . s h a l l m a k e e v e r y e f f o r t to a f f o r d due p r o c e s s ; p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , th a t b y " d u e p r o c e s s " i s n o t m e a n t s t r i c t , b u r d e n s o m e , d e l a y i n g t e c h n i c a l i t i e s b u t, i n s t e a d , i s m e a n t p r o c e d u r a l a n d s u b s t a n t i v e due p r o c e s s . (T h e W ood, W ir e an d M e t a l L a t h e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion ) A n o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t in fl u e n c e on the n u m b e r o f h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s s p e c i f i e d m a y b e the e x t e n t o f the t r i a l b o d y * s d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y . In m a n y t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , p r i m a r i l y a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l , the t r i a l b o d y w a s l i m i t e d to h e a r i n g the f a c t s a n d m a k i n g a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to a n o t h e r b o d y . The c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h e s e u n io n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y p r o v i d e d fe w s p e c i f i c s a f e g u a r d s a t the h e a r i n g , b u t g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to a p p e a r a n d a r g u e h is c a s e a t a m e e t i n g o f the b o d y a u t h o r i z e d to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n . F o r i n s t a n c e , the U t i l i t y W o r k e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e c i f i e d fe w t r i a l s a f e g u a r d s , b u t g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d a " f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t h is p o s i t i o n on a l l m a t t e r s b e a r i n g upon h is t r i a l " b e f o r e the f i n a l d e c i s i o n a u t h o r it y . N e a r l y a l l o f the d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s s t u d i e d w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t in l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s th a n in p r o c e d u r e s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , th a t d id n o t p r o v i d e e x t e n s i v e d u e - p r o c e s s p r o t e c t i o n s a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l l e v e l d i r e c t e d the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d to d e v e l o p r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t r i a l s . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r to the fo ll o w in g e x t r a c t f r o m the B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * U n io n (Ind. ): The G e n e r a l E x e c u tiv e B o a r d s h a ll adopt a code of p r o c e d u r e fo r the c o n d u c t o f . . . t r i a l s a n d a p p e a l s w h ic h s h a l l c o m p l y w ith the e l e m e n t s o f due p r o c e s s o f l a w . F u ll and F a i r H e a r i n g . T h e r i g h t to a " f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g , " on e o f the s a f e g u a r d s g u a r a n t e e d e v e r y u n i o n m e m b e r b y the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t * s " B i l l o f R i g h t s , " 32 w a s a l s o s p e c i f i e d in 55 o f 136 l o c a l a n d 37 o f 116 i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l u n i o n s * t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le V I - 8 ) . T h e p h r a s e " f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g 1* c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d to in c l u d e m a n y , i f n o t a l l , o f the s p e c if ic h e a rin g s a f e g u a r d s s e l e c t e d fo r study. W hile a f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g g u a r a n t e e w a s the s o l e d u e - p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s p e c i f i e d in a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , m o s t o f t h e s e g u a r a n t e e s a p p e a r e d in c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h a l s o p r o v i d e d o t h e r s p e c i f i c s a f e g u a r d s s u c h a s a n i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b o d y , the r i g h t to c o n f r o n t a c c u s e r s , 32 S e c t i o n 101 ( a )( 5 ) ( c ) . 94 a n d the r i g h t to p r e s e n t a d e f e n s e . F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n , in a d d it i o n to d e s c r i b i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y the m e t h o d o f c o n d u c t in g h e a r i n g s , i n c l u d e d the f o ll o w in g i n t r o d u c t o r y c l a u s e : A n y m e m b e r v i o l a t i n g a n y o f the d u t i e s o f m e m b e r s h i p , o r a n y o f the p r i n c i p l e s o f the B r o t h e r h o o d , s h a l l , up on n o t l e s s th a n f i f t e e n (15) d a y s w r i t t e n n o t ic e o f s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s , f u ll a n d f a i r h e a r i n g t h e r e u p o n a n d upon co n v ictio n th e re o f, be r e p r im a n d e d , s u s p e n d e d , o r e x p e lle d . . . C o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t d id n ot e x p l i c i t l y p r o v i d e f o r " f u l l a n d f a i r " h e a r i n g s o f te n g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the s a m e e s s e n t i a l g u a r a n t e e t h r o u g h the i n c l u s i o n o f a v a r i e t y o f s p e c i f i c h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , w h ic h d id n ot u s e th is p a r t i c u l a r t e r m , m a y h a v e in t e n d e d to a c h i e v e the s a m e r e s u l t b y p r o v i d i n g the fo llo w in g h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s : . . . A l l p a r t i e s s h a l l b e g iv e n f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t a l l r e l e v a n t e v i d e n c e an d e x h i b i t s w h ic h th e y d e e m n e c e s s a r y to the p r o p e r p r e s e n t a t io n o f t h e i r c a s e an d s h a l l b e e n t i t l e d to c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s o f the o t h e r p a r t y o r p a r t i e s . E a c h p a r t y s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e o f s e l e c t i n g a n y g o o d s t a n d in g m e m b e r o f the l o c a l un io n to a c t a s h is c o u n s e l in the t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , . . . The L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r tin g and D i s c lo s u r e A ct is p e r h a p s l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the p h r a s e " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g . " S i m i l a r g u a r a n t e e s in e f f e c t p r i o r to the a c t w e r e e x p r e s s e d in v a r i o u s r e l a t e d p h r a s e s . F o r e x a m p l e , the J e w e l r y W o r k e r s g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d a " f a i r a n d j u s t t r i a l , " a n d the A g r i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s (now m e r g e d w ith the M e a t C u t t e r s ) g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d " a l l n a t u r a l r i g h t s a n d p r i v i l e g e s g u a r a n t e e d a n y o t h e r c i t i z e n b y the c o n s t i t u t i o n an d l a w s o f the U n it e d S t a t e s ; " an d the P u l p , S u l p h i t e , a n d P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s e n t i t l e d e v e r y m e m b e r to a " j u s t a n d i m p a r t i a l " t r i a l . O c c a s i o n a l l y , the s c o p e o f t h is g u a r a n t e e w a s l i m i t e d . D i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n a g a i n s t a m e m b e r who f a i l e d to p a y d u e s w a s e x p l i c i t l y e x c l u d e d in s e v e r a l c o n stitu tio n s. F o r e x a m p l e , the S t a g e E m p l o y e s * c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d : N o th in g in the p r o v i s i o n s o f th is c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y - l a w s s h a l l be c o n s t r u e d to d e p r i v e a m e m b e r c h a r g e d w ith a v i o l a t i o n . . . (of) the r i g h t to a f a i r t r i a l w h e r e b y h is g u il t o r in n o c e n c e m a y b e d e t e r m i n e d , w ith the e x c e p t i o n th a t a m e m b e r who h a s d e f a u l t e d in the p a y m e n t o f any d u e s , f e e s , fin e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s law fu lly im p o s e d . . . s h a ll not b e e n t i t l e d to s t a n d t r i a l . . . (but m a y b e ) . . . p u n i s h e d s u m m a r i l y . O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d a d d i t i o n a l e x c l u s i o n s . S o m etim es t h e s e e x c e p t i o n s s e e m e d to a d m i t o f s i g n i f i c a n t m o d i f i c a t i o n o f the g u a r a n t e e . F o r e x a m p le : F A I R T R I A L G U A R A N T E E D : E x c e p t a s e l s e w h e r e p r o v i d e d in th is co n stitu tio n fo r au to m atic s u s p e n s io n fo r n on paym en t of o r g a n iz a t io n a l fin a n c ial o b lig a tio n s, or fix e d fin e s , o r au to m atic re sig n a tio n by p u b lic ly jo i n i n g o r a s s u m i n g o f f i c e in a d u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r in o t h e r c a s e s a s f i x e d b y r e g u l a t i o n o f the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , o r in c a s e s o f e m e r g e n c y a c t i o n b y the P r e s i d e n t o r the G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r , no m e m b e r . . . a n d no o f f i c e r s h a l l b e ( d i s c i p l i n e d ) . . . w ith o u t p r o p e r n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s a n d a f a i r o p p o r t u n i t y to b e h e a r d in h is d e f e n s e b e f o r e an i m p a r t i a l t r i b u n a l . . . ( A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a i n M i l l e r s ) A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s u p p l e m e n t e d the r i g h t o f the a c c u s e d to a f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g b y g r a n t i n g h im the r i g h t to a s k f o r a c h a n g e o f v e n u e ( p l a c e ) o f the t r i a l . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s u s u a l l y p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to m o v e the t r i a l to 95 a n o t h e r l o c a l a f t e r a fin d in g b y an i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r th a t the a c c u s e d ’ s l o c a l c o u l d n o t b e d e p e n d e d u p o n to c o n d u c t a f a i r t r i a l . F o r e x a m p le : A t r i a l m a y b e h e l d in a n y s u b o r d i n a t e d i v i s i o n , o t h e r th a n the m e m b e r ’ s ow n, b y d i s p e n s a t i o n o f the P r e s i d e n t w h en s o r e q u e s t e d b y the a c c u s e d up o n p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e a s o n a b l e e x c u s e an d the d i v i s i o n w h e r e the c h a r g e s a r e p e n d in g b e n o t i f i e d to s h o w c a u s e w h y a c h a n g e o f v e n u e s h o u l d n ot b e g r a n t e d . In no c a s e s h a l l the a c c u s e d b e e n t i t l e d to m o r e th an one t r a n s f e r o r c h a n g e o f v e n u e . ( O r d e r o f R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s ) U n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith s a f e g u a r d p r o v i s i o n s u s u a l l y g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c due p r o c e s s s a f e g u a r d s (ta b le V I - 7 ) . M a n y t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d f r o m f o u r to s e v e n s a f e g u a r d s a n d a n u m b e r p r o v i d e d e ig h t o r m o r e . T y p i c a l o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h e m b o d i e d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f g u a r a n t e e s i s th a t o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h i n i s t s , w h ic h s p e c i f i e d 13 p o i n t s f o r the trial procedu re: T rial Procedure S e c t i o n II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. C a l l t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to o r d e r . E x a m i n e due b o o k s . C l e a r the t r i a l c h a m b e r o f a l l p e o p l e e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the t r i a l r e p o r t e r (who n e e d n ot b e a m e m b e r o f the IA M ), the p l a i n t i f f an d h is a t t o r n e y , the d e f e n d a n t an d h is a t t o r n e y , a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the G r a n d L o d g e , if in a t t e n d a n c e . T h e p l a i n t i f f an d the d e fe n d a n t s h a l l r e m a i n in the t r i a l c h a m b e r u n til t r i a l i s c o n c l u d e d , b u t s h a l l s i t a p a r t . T h e c h a i r m a n s h a l l r e a d the c h a r g e s an d a s k the d e f e n d a n t i f he i s ’' g u i l t y ” o r ’ ’n o t g u i l t y . ” If the p l e a i s " n o t g u i l t y , ” the t r i a l s h a l l th an p r o c e e d ; i f the p l e a i s " g u i l t y , ” the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l c o n d u c t s u c h f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s a s in i t s j u d g e m e n t a r e r e q u i r e d . T h e p l a i n t i f f o r h is a t t o r n e y s h a l l p r e s e n t h is c a s e f i r s t . W i t n e s s e s s h a l l b e c a l l e d into the t r i a l c h a m b e r one a t a t i m e , an d w i l l l e a v e the t r i a l c h a m b e r up o n c o m p l e t i n g t h e i r t e s t i m o n y , s u b j e c t to r e c a l l b y e i t h e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the p l a i n t i f f , the d e fe n d a n t, o r the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the G . L . A l l p e r s o n s g i v i n g t e s t i m o n y s h a l l b e r e q u i r e d to a f f i r m th a t the t e s t i m o n y th a t th e y g iv e s h a l l b e the t r u th . D e fe n d a n t an d h is a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e p lain tiff’s w itn e sse s. D e f e n d a n t ’ s w i t n e s s e s s h a l l th en b e c a l l e d . P l a i n t i f f a n d h is a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e the d efen d an t’s w it n e s s e s . F o l l o w i n g the c o m p l e t i o n o f c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n , the p l a i n t i f f an d d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e g iv e n the o p p o r t u n i t y to m a k e a s t a t e m e n t o r s u m m a t i o n o f t h e i r c a s e , w ith the p l a i n t i f f h a v in g the f i r s t a n d l a s t o p p ortu n ity fo r r e m a r k s . B e f o r e the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e g i n t h e i r d e l i b e r a t i o n s upon the t e s t i m o n y g i v e n , a l l p e r s o n s e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l l e a v e the t r i a l c h a m b e r . A t the o t h e r e n d o f the s c a l e w e r e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a s t h a t o f the G l a s s an d C e r a m i c W o r k e r s , w h ic h p r o v i d e d l i t t l e p r o c e d u r a l d i r e c t i o n a n d s p e c i f i e d fe w h earin g s a f e g u a r d s : T h e l o c a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l h e a r a l l the e v i d e n c e a n d in a c c o r d ance th e rew ith they s h a ll b rin g b a c k a w ritte n r e p o r t and r e c o m m e n d a tio n to . . . the l o c a l un ion fo llo w in g the c o n c l u s i o n o f the t r i a l . 96 E v i d e n c e . N e a r l y a l l l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s g r a n t i n g the r i g h t to in t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e ( ta b le V I - 8) p r o v i d e d f o r a c c e p t a n c e o f a l l e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b y the a c c u s e d . The A llie d I n d u s t r ia l W o r k e r s 1 co n stitu tio n d ir e c t e d the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to h e a r " a l l e v i d e n c e ; " the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the R e t a i l C l e r k s g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d "th e r i g h t to p r e s e n t w i t n e s s e s an d o t h e r e v i d e n c e on h is b e h a l f ; " a n d the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the O il , C h e m i c a l a n d A t o m i c W o r k e r s r e q u i r e d the t r i a l b o d y to g r a n t the a c c u s e d " e v e r y r e a s o n a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y " to p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e . A fe w m o r e e x t e n s i v e p r o v i s i o n s e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d th a t t e c h n i c a l r u l e s o f e v i d e n c e w e r e i n a p p l i c a b l e in u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , a s in the f o ll o w in g e x a m p l e : S t r i c t r u l e s of ev id e n ce s h a ll not a p p ly sin c e e ffo r t s s h a ll be m a d e to a s c e r t a i n a l l o f the r e l e v a n t a n d m a t e r i a l f a c t s . (T h e W ood , W ir e a n d M e t a l L a t h e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion ) A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p r e s s l y r e q u i r e d t h a t a l l e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b e r e l e v a n t to the i s s u e s in the c a s e . T h e C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n e x p r e s s e d t h is q u a l i f i c a t i o n a s f o l l o w s : T h e a c c u s e d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to p r e s e n t a n y e v i d e n c e r e l e v a n t to the c h a r g e s w h ic h he b e l i e v e s w i l l s u p p o r t h i s c a u s e . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the W indow G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a w a s m o r e p r e c i s e : T h e t r i a l s h a l l b e l i m i t e d to a h e a r i n g o f the a l l e g a t i o n s s p e c i f i e d in the c h a r g e s a n d s h a l l n ot b e p e r m i t t e d to e m b r a c e m a t t e r s h ot g e r m a n e to the p r o o f o r d i s p r o o f o f s u c h c h a r g e s . S i m i l a r l y , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r r e s o l v i n g d o u b t s a r i s i n g f r o m c o n f l i c t i n g e v i d e n c e . S p e c i f i e d p r i n c i p a l l y f o r c a s e s in v o l v in g p o s s i b l e e x p u l s i o n , t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a s in the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e , r e q u i r e d the e v i d e n c e to p r o v e the a c c u s e d ’ s g u il t b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t: He s h a l l h a v e a f a i r h e a r i n g a n d he s h a l l n ot b e e x p e l l e d u n l e s s t h e r e i s a fin d in g th a t b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t he h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f t r e a s o n to the B r o t h e r h o o d o r to the c a u s e o f l a b o r . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f S h o e a n d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n , Ind. ) accu sed S o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y i n d i c a t e d th a t a c o n f e s s i o n o f g u i l t b y the a v o i d e d the n e c e s s i t y o f in t r o d u c in g e v i d e n c e , o r c o n tin u in g the t r i a l : When m i s c o n d u c t h a s b e e n c o n f e s s e d b y the a c c u s e d , the lo d g e s h a l l p r o c e e d to v o te up on h is o r h e r p u n i s h m e n t w ith o u t t r i a l . ( B r o t h e r h o o d , R ailw ay C a rm e n of A m e ric a) R ig h t to T e s t i f y in H i s Own B e h a l f . U n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s o f te n g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to t e s t i f y in h is ow n b e h a l f . T h ese p ro v isio n s w ere c h a ra c te ristic a lly b rief. F o r i n s t a n c e , the M u s i c i a n s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d " a n o p p o r t u n i t y to d e fe n d h i m s e l f ; " an d the U n it e d A u t o m o b ile W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the " r i g h t to b e h e a r d in p e r s o n . " S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d t h a t an a c c u s e d c o u l d n ot be c o m p e l l e d to t e s t i f y a g a i n s t h i m s e l f . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s , m o s t c o m m o n in the p r i n t i n g t r a d e s , w e r e u n e q u i v o c a l : T h e d e fe n d a n t to c h a r g e s s h a l l n ot b e c o m p e l l e d to t e s t i f y . n a t i o n a l S t e r o t y p e r s 1 an d E l e c t r o t y p e r s 1 U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a ) testify . (In ter A m o n g the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , one e x p r e s s l y r e q u i r e d the a c c u s e d to T h i s p r o v i s i o n a p p l i e d o n ly in t r i a l s o f l o c a l o f f i c e r s : T h e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e s h a l l h av e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to d i r e c t the c h a r g e d o f f i c e r to . . . s u b m i t to e x a m i n a t i o n . (M arin e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f ic i a l A s so ciatio n ) 97 T h e a c c u s e d o f te n w a i v e d h i s r i g h t to t e s t i f y i f h e w a s u n a b l e o r f a i l e d to a tt e n d the h e a r i n g . In a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the a b s e n c e o f the a c c u s e d ( p r e s u m a b ly u n e x c u se d ) w a s c o n s id e r e d an a ctio n of co n tem p t, and ju d g m e n t a g a in s t h im w as r e n d e re d a u to m a tic a lly . F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the O r d e r of R a i l w a y C o n d u c t o r s an d B r a k e m e n (Ind. ) p r o v i d e d a u t o m a t i c e x p u l s i o n f o r i g n o r i n g the n o t ic e to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l : S h o u ld a n y m e m b e r i g n o r e t h is s u m m o n s , p e l l e d f o r c o n t e m p t w ith o u t f u r t h e r n o t i c e . In m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , a s in the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n : he m a y b e d e c l a r e d e x t r i a l p r o c e e d e d in the a b s e n c e o f the a c c u s e d , F a ilu re . . . to a p p e a r in a n y t r i a l . . . a t the t i m e d e s i g n a t e d in the n o t ic e f o r a p p e a r a n c e , s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a w a i v e r o f a p p e a r a n c e an d d e f e n s e , a n d the t r i a l . . . s h a l l p r o c e e d in the a b s e n c e o f s u c h p a r t y . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r i c a ) S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s m a d e s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n f o r t h o s e who p l e a d e d i n a b i l i t y to a tt e n d the t r i a l . C o m m o n l y , in s u c h c a s e s the a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to s u b m i t a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t , a s in the B r e w e r y W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n : If the a c c u s e d i s u n a b le to b e p r e s e n t a t the t r i a l , he m a y p r e s e n t h is c a s e in w r i t i n g . T h e S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s o e x t e n d e d t h is p r i v i l e g e to an a c c u s e d who w a s n 100 m i l e s d i s t a n t f r o m the t r i a l . " A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r c o u n s e l i f the a c c u s e d f a i l e d to a tt e n d the t r i a l . T y p i c a l l y , the a c c u s e d w a s to s e l e c t c o u n s e l h i m s e l f . F o r in stan ce, the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the S w i t c h m e n 1 s U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a p r o v i d e d th a t: A m e m b e r f a i l i n g to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l o r a p p o in t c o u n s e l to r e p r e s e n t h i m , s h a l l b e r e p o r t e d g u i l t y b y d e f a u l t o f the o f f e n s e w ith w h ic h he i s charged. One c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r u n i o n - a p p o i n t e d c o u n s e l : If the a c c u s e d r e f u s e s o r n e g l e c t s to s t a n d t r i a l a f t e r . . . h a v in g b e e n d u ly s u m m o n e d , he w i l l b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o u n s e l an d fu ll an d f a i r l y h e a r d a s th o u g h p r e s e n t . (R a ilro a d T rain m en ) W i t n e s s e s . C o n s t i t u t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s g u a r a n t e e i n g the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to in v ite w i t n e s s e s i n s u r e d h is r i g h t to o b t a in a l l a v a i l a b l e t e s t i m o n y . T y p i c a l l y , the a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to s e l e c t a n y w i t n e s s he c h o s e , w ith o u t r e g a r d to l e g a l i s t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f c o m p e t e n c y . In a d d it i o n , s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to p r e s e n t w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s f r o m w i t n e s s e s who w e r e u n a b le to a tt e n d the t r i a l , an d a few a l s o p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to u s e the t r i a l b o d y fs " s u b p e n a " p o w e r to c o m p e l the a t t e n d a n c e o f w i t n e s s e s . S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s s p e c i f i e d a d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s to a s s u r e tr u t h f u l t e s t i m o n y . T h e s e g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to c o n f r o n t an d c r o s s - e x a m i n e the w i t n e s s e s , r e q u i r e d w i t n e s s e s to t e s t i f y u n d e r o a t h , o r r e q u i r e d the s e p a r a t i o n o f w i t n e s s e s . O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d th a t the t e s t i m o n y o f c e r t a i n w i t n e s s e s w a s i n a d m i s s i b l e in un ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . One c o n s t i t u t i o n d e n i e d n o n m e m b e r s the r i g h t to t e s t i f y in p e r s o n , b u t p e r m i t t e d the t r i a l b o d y to s e c u r e s u c h t e s t i m o n y : N o p e r s o n n ot a m e m b e r o f th is o r d e r c a n t e s t i f y a s a w i t n e s s b e f o r e a n y t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , b u t the t e s t i m o n y o f an o u t s i d e r m a y b e ta k e n b y a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e in s u c h a w a y th a t the o u t s i d e r w i l l n o t know w h a t u s e i s to be m a d e t h e r e o f . (B ro th erh oo d , R ailw ay C a r m e n of A m e r ic a ) 98 A fe w p r i n t i n g t r a d e s u n io n s e x c l u d e d the t e s t i m o n y o f p e r s o n s w h o s e p a s t a c t i o n s h a d p r o v e n th e m to b e u n t r u s t w o r t h y . T h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d th a t p e r s o n s w ho " r a t " (w o r k f o r l e s s th an the u n ion s c a l e ) c o u l d n ot t e s t i f y , a s in the f o l lo w in g c l a u s e : E v id en c e by " R a t s " B a r r e d a t T r i a l s T h e e v i d e n c e o f " r a t s " s h a l l not b e r e c e i v e d in the t r i a l o f u n io n m e n f o r a n y c a u s e w h a t e v e r , a s th e y a r e u n d e r the b a n o f the u n io n , a n d n ot r e c o g n i z e d b y it a s h o n o r a b l e m e n . (In tern ation al M a i le r s U n io n , Ind. ) B e c a u s e u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s e m p h a s i z e d s e c u r i n g a l l a v a i l a b l e e v i d e n c e , p r o v i s i o n s f o r s e c u r i n g the t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s who w e r e u n a b l e o r u n w illin g to a t t e n d the h e a r i n g w e r e c o m m o n . S e v e r a l co n stitu tio n s s p e c ific a lly a l l o w e d w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s f r o m w i t n e s s e s who w e r e u n a b le to a t t e n d the t r i a l . The r a ilw a y b r o th e rh o o d s g e n e r a lly a d m itte d a ffid a v its if t r u s t w o r th in e s s w a s a s s u r e d b y the a t t e s t a t i o n o f ‘'t h r e e m e m b e r s , o r an o f f i c e r o f a D i v i s i o n , o r b y a J u s t i c e o f the P e a c e o r o t h e r P u b l i c O f f i c e r . " U n io n s in the e n t e r t a i n m e n t i n d u s t r y c o m m o n l y s p e c i f i e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r s u b m i t t i n g w r i t t e n q u e s t i o n s and a n s w e r s , b u t e x c l u d e d a n y p a r t o f a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t th a t w a s d e n i e d b y the op p osin g p a rty . F o r i n s t a n c e , one c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d : If a w i t n e s s b e u n a b l e to a tt e n d . . . w r i t t e n i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s an d c r o s s - i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s , on n o t ic e to the a d v e r s e p a r t y , m a y b e a l l o w e d u p o n d ue a p p l i c a t i o n to the t r i a l b o d y ; o r . . . ta k e n in the f o r m o f an a f f i d a v i t , an d in w h ich l a t t e r c a s e s u c h p o r t i o n s o f it a s a r e not d e n i e d b y the a d v e r s e p a r t y s h a l l b e a d m i t t e d a s e v i d e n c e . (In tern ation al A ll i a n c e o f T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p l o y e s a n d M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s of the U n it e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a ) S ev eral trial ten dance of w it n e s s e s g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e to the t r i a l a u t h o r i t y to p r o c e d u r e s p r o v i d e d " s u b p e n a " p o w e r s to r e q u i r e the a t who w e r e u n w illin g to a t t e n d the h e a r i n g . T h is rig h t w as the a c c u s e d , b u t in a fe w i n s t a n c e s it w a s in the h a n d s o f u s e a s it s a w fit: In an y t r i a l , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to c a l l f o r an y b o o k s , p a p e r s , o r w i t n e s s e s it m a y d e e m n e c e s s a r y f o r a f a i r a n d j u s t trial. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l J e w e l r y W o r k e r s ' U nion) D i s c i p l i n a r y s a n c t i o n s e n c o u r a g e d a s u b p e n a e d w i t n e s s to o b e y the t r i a l b o d y 's co m m an d , A m e m b e r - w i t n e s s who f a i l e d to h e e d the o r d e r to a p p e a r a t t r i a l c o u l d b e fi n e d , s u s p e n d e d , o r e v e n e x p e l l e d . O c c a sio n a lly , pun ish m en t f o ll o w e d a s u m m a r y c o n t e m p t p r o c e e d i n g , b u t m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d a s e p a rate tria l. S u b p e n a p r o v i s i o n s i n f r e q u e n t l y r e f e r r e d to c o m p e n s a t i n g a w i t n e s s f o r e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d in a t t e n d in g the t r i a l . O f the fe w p r o v i s i o n s th a t m e n t i o n e d w i t n e s s ' s e x p e n s e — n e a r l y a l l in i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s — m o s t a u t h o r i z e d the e x p e n d i t u r e o f u n io n fu n d s : T h e ( g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ) . . . s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to d i r e c t . . . an y m e m b e r . . . to a p p e a r b e f o r e th e m to g i v e t e s t i m o n y . . . an d s h a l l b e a u t h o r i z e d to p a y the e x p e n s e s o f w i t n e s s e s out o f the g e n e r a l fu n d s o f the I. L . G . W. U. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a d i e s ' G a r m e n t W o r k e r s 1 U n ion ) U n d e r one c o n s t i t u t i o n , w ere com pen sated: w i t n e s s e s w e r e n ot c o m p e l l e d to a tt e n d t r i a l s u n l e s s th ey E x p e n s e s an d l o s s o f e a r n i n g s m a y b e a l l o w e d to w i t n e s s e s in the d i s c r e t i o n o f the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , b u t in the e v e n t s u c h a l l o w a n c e to w i t n e s s e s i s n ot m a d e , the T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l a d m i t in e v i d e n c e a l l r e l e v a n t t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s w h ich e i t h e r p a r t y s u b m i t t e d in a f f i d a v i t fo rm s. (Sh eet M etal W o r k e r s ' In tern atio n al A s s o c ia t io n ) 99 M any c o n stitu tio n s s p e c ifie d s a f e g u a r d s a im e d at s e c u r in g tru th ful t e s t i m ony. T he r i g h t to c o n f r o n t an d c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s w a s c o m m o n u n d e r lo c a l and in te rn a tio n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . T h i s s a f e g u a r d e n a b l e d the a c c u s e d to t e s t the c r e d i b i l i t y o f w i t n e s s e s a p p e a r i n g a g a i n s t h i m a n d e l i c i t a l l r e l e v a n t f a c t s f r o m w i t n e s s e s who m i g h t b e in c l i n e d to h o ld b a c k c e r t a i n f a c t s . C o n s t i t u t i o n a l l a n g u a g e g u a r a n t e e i n g the a c c u s e d t h is s a f e g u a r d w a s t y p i c a l l y b r i e f , s u c c i n c t , an d c o n fin e d to the q u e s t i o n i n g o f w i t n e s s e s a p p e a r i n g a g a i n s t h i m . F o r in stan ce, the L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d ’’the r i g h t to q u e s tio n a l l w i t n e s s e s who m a y a p p e a r a g a i n s t h i m , ” a n d the A m e r i c a n B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d to " c r o s s - e x a m i n e w it n e s s e s a p p e a rin g a g a in s t h im . ” T h e u n iq u e p r o v i s i o n in the P o t t e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s o l i m i t e d the s c o p e of c r o ss-e x a m in a tio n : T he a c c u s e d s h a l l th en h a v e the r i g h t to q u e s t i o n the o p p o s i t e s i d e , in o r d e r to b r i n g out o r c l e a r up a n y p o in t in the c a s e , . . . b u t no ab u siv e or im p e rtin e n t q u e stio n s or lan g u ag e sh a ll be p e rm itte d . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d w i t n e s s e s to t e s t i f y u n d e r o a th . E ith er the a c c u s e d o r a c c u s e r w a s u s u a l l y p e r m i t t e d to r e q u e s t the t r i a l b o d y to r e q u i r e e a c h w i t n e s s to s w e a r to the t r u t h f u l n e s s o f h i s t e s t i m o n y . F o r i n s t a n c e , the S t a g e E m p l o y e s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e d an o a th " w h e n e v e r the a c c u s e d o r e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r c o m m i t t e e s o r e q u e s t , " a n d the U n ite d R u b b e r W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t it u t io n g r a n t e d s u c h p a r t y the r i g h t to: . . . d e m a n d th a t w i t n e s s e s b e s w o r n b y a n o t a r y p u b l i c o r o f f i c i a l a u t h o r i z e d to a d m i n i s t e r o a t h s o r to t a k e a n a f f i r m a t i o n to t e l l the tr u th . A ny w i t n e s s who r e f u s e s to ta k e an o a th . . . s h a l l b e b a r r e d f r o m testify in g . O cc asio n a lly , a s p e c i f i c o a th w a s r e q u i r e d , Y o u do of R ailw ay in t h is c a s e of R ailw ay a s in the f o ll o w in g e x a m p l e : s o l e m n l y a f f i r m , up o n y o u r h o n o r a s a m e m b e r of the O r d e r C o n d u c t o r s a n d B r a k e m e n , th a t the e v i d e n c e y o u s h a l l g i v e . . . s h a l l b e the tr u th a n d nothing b u t the tr u th . (O rder C o n d u c t o r s a n d B r a k e m e n , Ind. ) A f u r t h e r s a f e g u a r d in a n e f f o r t to a s s u r e t r u t h fu l of w itn e s se s — w as s o m e tim e s p ro v id ed . T hese p ro v isio n s n e s s e s b e e x c l u d e d f r o m the h e a r i n g u n til th e y w e r e c a l l e d v i s i o n s r e q u i r e d t h is s e p a r a t i o n of w i t n e s s e s in e v e r y t r i a l , s e p a r a t i o n o n ly w h en r e q u e s t e d b y one o f the p a r t i e s , a s in testim o n y — se p a ra tio n r e q u i r e d th a t a l l w i t to t e s t i f y . M ost p r o b u t a fe w p r o v i d e d f o r the f o llo w in g e x a m p l e : T h e a c c u s e d o r a c c u s e r s h a v e the r i g h t to e x c l u d e a l l w i t n e s s e s u n til c a l l e d b y the J u d g e to p r e s e n t t h e i r t e s t i m o n y . (In tern atio n al W ood w o r k e r s of A m e r ic a ) R ig h t to C o u n s e l . T h e r i g h t to c o u n s e l w a s the m o s t p r e v a l e n t s a f e g u a r d s p e c i f i e d in l o c a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le V I - 9 ) . N e a rly a ll con s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , q u a l i f i e d t h is r i g h t b y b a r r i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l a t t o r n e y s . One c o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d " t o s e l e c t o n ly a m e m b e r , " a n d a n o t h e r d i r e c t e d the a c c u s e d " t o a p p e a r in p e r s o n o r b y o r w ith a m e m b e r o f the un ion to a n s w e r " c h a r g e s . S e v e r a l g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to " h a v e the a s s i s t a n c e o f a n y m e m b e r of the un io n to a c t a s h i s c o u n s e l , " a n d , w h ile not s p e c i f i c a l l y e x c l u d i n g m e m b e r s who w e r e a l s o a t t o r n e y s , it i s u n l i k e l y th a t a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f un ion m e m b e r s w e r e a t t o r n e y s - a t - l a w . A fe w t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s g u a r d e d a g a i n s t t h is p o s s i b i l i t y b y a d o p t in g l a n g u a g e s i m i l a r to the f o ll o w in g : B o t h the c h a r g i n g p a r t y an d the c h a r g e d p a r t y . . . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to b e . . . r e p r e s e n t e d b y an y m e m b e r o f t h is I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion n ot a c t i v e l y e n g a g e d in the p r a c t i c e o f la w . . . ( A m e r i c a n B a k e r y a n d C on fection ery W orkers) 100 T a b le V I-9. A ssistan ce of C ounsel in L o cal and In ternational T r ia l Proceedings, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 J^M em bersj^tho^ L o cal procedures C ounsel provisions Unions A ll constitutions providing for counsel in lo c a l or international tria l p r o c e e d in g s-----------------------------------C onstitutions granting assistan ce of counsel in a ll trials -----------------------C ounsel guaranteed without q u a lific a tio n s ----------------------------Only m em bers e lig ib le to act as counsel --------------------------------Other ----------------------------------------Constitutions granting assistan ce of counsel at d iscretio n of the tria l body -------------------------------------- Members International procedures Percent of m em bers Unions M em bers Percent of m em bers 96 12. 3 8 3 .7 100 50 7 ,0 3 3 .1 100 91 1 1 ,8 4 0 .7 96 46 6 ,7 5 1 .9 96 9 1 ,2 4 8 .6 10 8 1 ,4 1 7 .0 20 80 l 2 10, 4 3 9 .7 1 5 2 .4 84 1 38 5 ,3 3 4 .9 76 _ 5 5 4 3 .0 4 4 - - 2 8 1 .2 4 * Under 1 constitution, an accu sed o ffice r was guaranteed the assistan ce of a m em ber as counsel, but m em bers' rights to counsel were not sp e cifie d ; and under 1 constitution, the other party had the right to em ploy counsel if 1 party was assisted by a m em ber or an attorney. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f b o th the O f f i c e E m p l o y e s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion a n d U p h o l s t e r e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n f o r b a d e l a w y e r s a t t r i a l , b u t p e r m i t t e d the a c c u s e d l e g a l c o u n s e l in p r e p a r i n g h i s d e f e n s e : A ny a c c u s e d m e m b e r s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to b e r e p r e s e n t e d in h i s d e f e n s e b y an y o t h e r m e m b e r o f the . . . un ion a n d s h a l l h a v e the f u r t h e r r i g h t o f a d v i c e a n d c o n s u l t a t i o n o f l e g a l c o u n s e l , i f d e s i r e d , b u t no a t t o r n e y - a t - l a w s h a l l b e e n t it le d to b e p r e s e n t in a n y s u c h p r o c e e d i n g . ( O f f i c e E m p l o y e s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x t e n d e d the r i g h t to c o u n s e l to p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v o c a t e s . F o r e x a m p l e , the I n s u r a n c e W o r k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n e x p l i c i t l y g r a n t e d the a c c u s e d the r i g h t to b e r e p r e s e n t e d " b y a m e m b e r o f the u n ion in g o o d s t a n d i n g o r b y l e g a l c o u n s e l o f h i s own c h o o s i n g . " One l a r g e u n io n , a c c o u n t i n g f o r m o s t o f the m e m b e r s c o v e r e d b y t h e s e c l a u s e s , i m p l i e d the r i g h t to l e g a l c o u n s e l in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e : A m e m b e r p r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s , and a m e m b e r a g a in s t w hom c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n b y c o u n s e l o f h i s own c h o i c e ; s u c h c o u n s e l , h o w e v e r , s h a l l b e r e q u i r e d to a b i d e b y the T r i a l Procedure . . . . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , U n it e d A u t o m o b i l e , A e r o s p a c e and A g r ic u ltu r a l Im p lem en t W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a ) E q u a l l y i n f r e q u e n t w e r e p r o v i s i o n s w h ic h l e f t the p r e s e n c e o f c o u n s e l to the d i s c r e t i o n o f the t r i a l b o d y . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s e n a b l e d the t r i a l b o d y to a s s u r e th a t e a c h s i d e e n j o y e d an e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t i t s c a s e . F o r e x a m p le , the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e d e n i e d b o th p a r t i e s the r i g h t to c o u n s e l u n l e s s t h is r i g h t w a s g r a n t e d b y the t r i a l b o d y : 101 N on e o f the p a r t i e s in v o l v e d s h a l l b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y l e g a l c o u n s e l u n l e s s s p e c i f i c p e r m i s s i o n t h e r e f o r s h a l l h a v e b e e n g r a n t e d b y the T r i a l B o a r d . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a r b l e , S l a t e , a n d S to n e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s and S a w y e r s , T ile and M a r b le S e t t e r s ' H e lp e r s and M a r b le M o s a ic and T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s ' H e lp e r s ) U n d e r two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the t r i a l b o d y w a s e x p l i c i t l y r e q u i r e d to g r a n t e a c h s i d e an e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o u n s e l . One o f t h e s e p r o v i d e d a s f o l l o w s : The m e m b e r s e l e c t e d a s c o u n se l s h a ll not be a la w y e r . If h e i s a l a w y e r , h e s h a l l b e i n e l i g i b l e to r e p r e s e n t the p a r t y c h a r g e d . The t r i a l b o a r d m a y , h o w e v e r , in i t s d i s c r e t i o n , p e r m i t the a c c u s e d to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a l a w y e r b u t, w h en h e d o e s s o , the o t h e r s i d e s h a l l h a v e the s a m e r i g h t . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s a n d P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a ) R eco rd of P r o c e e d in g s . C o n stitu tio n al p r o v is io n s fo r a r e c o r d of p r o c e e d i n g s a s s u m e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o t e c t i v e r o l e in c a s e o f a p p e a l to a h i g h e r a u t h o r i t y . T h i s r e c o r d s e r v e s to p r o v i d e th e a p p e a l b o d y w ith a l l the p e r t i n e n t f a c t s b e a r i n g on the i s s u e s . O n ly a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith s u c h p r o v i s i o n s c a l l e d f o r s t e n o g r a p h i c t r a n s c r i p t s o f the t r i a l ( t a b le V I - 10). U nder fou r con s t i t u t i o n s , t h e s e t r a n s c r i p t s w e r e r e q u i r e d in e v e r y t r i a l a n d p a i d f o r f r o m un ion f u n d s , w h ile u n d e r f i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s th e y w e r e p r o v i d e d o n ly w h en r e q u e s t e d b y one o f the p a r t i e s . B e c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e n s e w o u ld b e i n c u r r e d in o b ta in in g a t r a n s c r i p t v e r b a t i m , a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d the p a r t y r e q u e s t i n g the m o r e d e t a i l e d r e c o r d to p a y the a d d e d c o s t . T a b le V I-1 0 . R ecord of Proceedings in L o c al and International T r ia l Procedures, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) ( L o c al procedures R ecord of proceedings A ll constitutions providing for a record o f p r o c e e d in g s ----------------------------Constitutions providing for steno graph ic records ---------------------------Stenograph ic record provided by u n i o n -------1------------------------Stenograph ic record provided at expense of requestin g p a r ty --------Stenograph ic record provided; other q u a l i f i c a t i o n s -------------------------C onstitutions m erely providing for a record ------------------------------------R ecord provided by u n i o n -----------R ecord provided a t expense of requesting p a r t y ----------------------- 12 International procedures Unions M em bers Percent of m em bers 45 6 ,9 9 5 .9 100 28 4 ,,2 2 9 .8 100 12 2, 2 7 0 .0 32 6 8 7 3 .3 21 4 5 6 4 .5 8 3 2 7 7 .4 7 5 1 ,0 4 2 .6 15 2 1 5 9 .6 4 13 6 6 3 .0 9 *1 4 3 6 .3 10 33 32 4 ,7 2 5 . 9 4, 5 4 1 .4 68 65 22 20 3, 356. 5 3, 1 4 8 .5 79 74 1 1 8 4 .5 3 2 2 0 8 .0 5 Unions M em bers Percent of m em bers 1 Under 2 constitutions, a stenographic record was provided at d iscretion of the tr ia l body; and under 1 co n sti tu tion a stenographic record was provided at the requesting party's expense if not provided by the tr ia l body. 2 Under 1 constitution, a stenographic record was provided at the discretion of the tr ia l body. NOTE: B ecau se o f rounding, sum s o f individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. 102 In a m a j o r i t y o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r i n g a r e c o r d o f p r o c e e d i n g s , the f o r m o r co n te n t o f the r e c o r d w a s not p r e c i s e l y d e f in e d . T y p ic a lly , th e se p r o v i s i o n s d i r e c t e d the s e c r e t a r y to t a k e m i n u t e s th a t w e r e " c o m p l e t e , " " a c c u r a t e , " o r " c o m p r e h e n s i v e , " an d th a t d id n ot o v e r l o o k an y v i t a l p a r t o f the t r i a l . In one c o n s t i t u t i o n , the p a r t i e s w e r e g r a n t e d an o p p o r t u n i t y to r e v i e w the r e c o r d b e f o r e i t w a s t r a n s m i t t e d to the a p p e l l a t e b o d y . T h is p r o v is io n , cited b elow , p e r m itte d the p a r t i e s to c o r r e c t an y e r r o r s in the r e c o r d . T h e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l e l e c t a s e c r e t a r y w h o s e duty it s h a l l b e to r e d u c e to w r i t i n g the s u b s t a n c e o f the t e s t i m o n y . . . T h e p a r t i e s s h a l l b e f u r n i s h e d w ith a c o p y o f the m i n u t e s o f the t r i a l a n d s h a l l e i t h e r a t t e s t t h e r e o n to the c o r r e c t n e s s t h e r e o f o r s u b m i t to the s e c r e t a r y . . . in w r i t i n g an y o b j e c t i o n s t h e r e t o . F a i l u r e to s u b m i t s u c h o b j e c t i o n s w ith in te n (10) d a y s . . . s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a w a i v e r t h e r e o f on a p p e a l . (Sheet M etal W o r k e r s' Intern ation al A sso c ia tio n ) D o u b le J e o p a r d y . S e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y s a f e g u a r d e d the a c c u s e d a g a i n s t r e p e a t e d p r o s e c u t i o n f o r the s a m e o f f e n s e . T h e s e d o u b le j e o p a r d y s a f e g u a r d s u s u a l l y d e p a r t e d f r o m the p o p u l a r c o n c e p t th a t a n a c c u s e d m a n b e p r o s e c u t e d o n ly o n c e f o r the s a m e o f f e n s e , b y p e r m i t t i n g a t l e a s t on e r e t r i a l . For i n s t a n c e , the p r o v i s i o n c i t e d b e l o w d id n ot e x c l u d e the p o s s i b i l i t y o f a s e c o n d p r o s e c u t i o n b y a d i f f e r e n t t r i a l b o d y a t a h i g h e r l e v e l o f the u n io n : No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . . . s h a l l b e t r i e d t w ic e b y the s a m e b o d y on the s a m e c h a r g e . (U n ite d S h o e W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ) A fe w p r o v i s i o n s e x p l i c i t l y p e r m i t t e d one r e t r i a l . F o r i n s t a n c e , lo w in g p r o v i s i o n s a ll o w e d a s e c o n d t r i a l b e f o r e the s a m e b o d y : the f o l . . . If s u c h r e p o r t (of the t r i a l b o dy) i s n o t a c c e p t e d by the l o d g e , a n ew c o m m i t t e e m a y be a p p o in t e d . . . e x c e p t th a t in no e v e n t s h a l l an y m e m b e r b e s u b j e c t e d to t r i a l b e f o r e a c o m m i t t e e a f t e r the r e p o r t of the s e c o n d c o m m i t t e e . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f M a i n t e n a n c e of Way E m p l o y e s ) One c o n s t i t u t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y p e r m i t t e d a r e t r i a l i f the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , a f t e r r e v e r s i n g the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n , s e n t the c a s e b a c k f o r a s e c o n d t r i a l on t e c h n ical g ro u n d s: No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r . . . s h a l l b e t r i e d t w i c e b y the s a m e b o d y on the s a m e c h a r g e , e x c e p t w h e r e a c o n v ic t io n h a s b e e n r e v e r s e d b y a h i g h e r b o d y on t e c h n i c a l g r o u n d s a n d the c a s e i s s e n t b a c k f o r r e t r i a l . (U n ite d H a t t e r s , C a p a n d M i l l i n e r y W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion) N o tice S a f e g u a r d s F o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r a d v a n c e n o t ic e of im p e n d in g d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n s a f e g u a r d e d the r i g h t o f the a c c u s e d to an a d e q u a t e o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e p a r e f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the p r o c e e d i n g s . N e a rly a ll lo c a l tr ia l p r o c e d u r e s , a n d m o r e th an t h r e e o f e v e r y f i v e i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d n o t ic e th a t c h a r g e s h a d b e e n f i l e d a g a i n s t h i m . A slig h tly s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t e a c h l e v e l a l s o g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d a d v a n c e n o t i c e o f the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l . A s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r s a f e g u a r d e d the o p p o r t u n i t y of the a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e a t i m e l y a n d r e s p o n s i v e a p p e a l , t h r o u g h f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t i c e o f the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n . T he f o r m o f n o t i c e o f c h a r g e s a n d d e c i s i o n s a n d the m e t h o d s f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g n o t ic e to the a c c u s e d a r e d i s c u s s e d in t h is s e c t i o n . 103 N o t ic e o f C h a r g e s . N o t i c e th a t c h a r g e s h a d b e e n f i l e d a g a i n s t h i m w a s g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d in 129 l o c a l u n io n s a n d 71 i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( t a b le V I - 11). In s o m e o f t h o s e w ith o u t t h is s p e c i f i c g u a r a n t e e , a r e q u i r e m e n t th a t the a c c u s e d b e g i v e n n o t i c e o f the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l w o u ld , in f a c t , i n f o r m h im th a t h e w a s u n d e r c h a r g e s . O f the 7 p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l a t the l o c a l l e v e l th a t d id n ot r e q u i r e n o t ic e o f the fi l i n g o f c h a r g e s , 3 p r o v i d e d f o r n o t i c e o f the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l ; o f the 45 w ith o u t n o t i c e - o f - c h a r g e s p r o v i s i o n s a t the i n t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l , 11 c o n t a in e d p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t ic e o f the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l . T a b le V I-11. ... - - Method of N otifying the A ccused of C harges by Level, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 - .....- m em bers in thousands! Method of notifying the accu sed L o cal procedures Unions A ll constitutions requiring notice of charges in lo c a l or international tria l procedures ----------Constitutions specify in g m e t h o d ---------------------R egistered m a il -------------------------------------R egistered m a il or personal s e r v i c e ------------M ailed or s e n t ----------------------------------------M ailed, sent, or served in person --------------Other m e t h o d s ----------------------------------------Constitutions requiring notice of charges, m ethod not g i v e n ---------------------------------------- 129 73 32 20 13 3 x5 56 International procedures M embers Unions M embers 15, 6 6 7 .7 71 10, 2 6 1 .4 10, 4, 3, 2, 585. 6 394. 4 4 7 1 .3 388. 4 4 0 .4 29 1 .1 46 20 10 12 1 23 6, 6 4 8 .0 1 ,9 7 4 .5 2, 365. 5 2 ,0 1 9 .0 5 .9 2 8 3.1 5, 082. 1 25 3 ,6 1 3 .4 1 Under 1 constitution, extensive altern ativ e methods were given if personal service was im possib le; under 1 co n stitution, m ethod of notifying m em bers was not sp e cifie d , but officers were notified by registered m a il or in person; under 2 constitutions, notice by te le g ra m was sp e cifie d in addition to other m ethods; and under 1 constitution, notice was co m m u n icated by teleph on e. 2 Constitutions sp e cifie d te le g ra m in addition to registered m a il or personal se rv ic e. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. T h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r n o t ify in g the a c c u s e d o f c h a r g e s r e s t e d w ith an o f f i c e r o f the u n io n , u s u a l l y the s e c r e t a r y , b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y th e p r e s i d e n t . Fur n is h in g the a c c u s e d w ith a co p y o f the c h a r g e s w a s u s u a l l y the p r e s c r i b e d w a y o f g iv i n g n o t i c e . A su b sta n tia l n u m ber of p r o v is io n s at each le v e l, co v erin g a p p r o x i m a t e l y one o f e v e r y t h r e e m e m b e r s , r e q u i r e d the r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c e r to n o tify the a c c u s e d o f c h a r g e s , b u t m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to the m e t h o d o f n o t ic e . A m a j o r i t y o f the p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r , s t i p u l a t e d the m e t h o d o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n the o f f i c e r w a s to e m p l o y . R e g i s t e r e d m a i l , o c c a s i o n a l l y w ith a r e t u r n r e c e i p t , w a s the m o s t p r e v a l e n t r e q u i r e m e n t . L e s s f r e q u e n t l y , the o f f i c e r w a s s i m p l y r e q u i r e d to " m a i l " o r " s e n d " n o t ic e to the a c c u s e d . F o r i n s t a n c e , one c o n s t it u t io n p r o v i d e d : A c o p y o f the c h a r g e s a t t e s t e d b y the s e a l o f the l o c a l u n io n , s i g n e d b y the s e c r e t a r y . . . s h a l l b e i m m e d i a t e l y s e n t to the a c c u s e d to h i s l a s t know n a d d r e s s on the b o o k s o f the L o c a l U n ion . . . a n d t h is s h a l l b e d e e m e d d ue n o t i c e . . . . (U n ite d A s s o c i a t i o n o f J o u r n e y m e n a n d A p p r e n t i c e s o f the P l u m b i n g an d P i p e F i t t i n g I n d u s t r y o f the U n it e d S t a t e s and C an ad a) 104 A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d p e r s o n a l n o t ic e o r , f a i l i n g t h i s , n o t i c e b y r e g i s tered or ord in ary m ail. One p r o v i s i o n a l s o a u t h o r i z e d s e r v i c e b y p u b l i c a t i o n in the u n io n ' s p a p e r i f p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e o r r e g i s t e r e d m a i l w e r e u n s u c c e s s f u l : T h e C o m m i t t e e i s e x p e c t e d to u s e r e a s o n a b l e e f f o r t s to s e r v e the a c c u s e d m e m b e r in p e r s o n w ith s a i d c h a r g e s a n d n o t i c e ; b u t i f a f t e r s u c h e f f o r t s the a c c u s e d s h a l l n ot b e fo u n d , a c o p y o f s a i d c h a r g e s a n d n o t i c e s h a l l b e d e l i v e r e d b y one o r m o r e m e m b e r s o f the C o m m i t t e e , o r s e n t b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l to h i s u s u a l o r l a s t know n p l a c e of r e s i d e n c e ; i f s u c h p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e i s n ot kn o w n , n o t i c e . . . s h a l l b e p u b l i s h e d in one i s s u e o f the B . o f L . E . J o u r n a l . . . . (B ro th erh o o d of L o c o m o tiv e E n g i n e e r s , Ind. ) U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s w a s a l s o to s p e c i f y the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l , t h e r e b y e l i m i n a t i n g a s e p a r a t e t r i a l n o t i c e , a n d a fe w p r o v i s i o n s a l s o r e q u i r e d the n o t ic e to a d v i s e the a c c u s e d o f h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s . One c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d th is i n f o r m a t i o n on the f o ll o w in g o f f i c i a l f o r m : N o t i c e o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s o f t h is A l l i a n c e s h a l l b e p r e s e n t e d u p o n the f o llo w in g o f f i c i a l f o r m : I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e of T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p l o y e s a n d M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s of the U n it e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a N O TIC E O F CH ARGES B r o t h e r ________________________ : Y o u a r e h e r e b y n o t if i e d th a t c h a r g e s o f w h ic h the e n c l o s e d i s a c o p y h a v e b e e n f i l e d a g a i n s t y o u b e f o r e the B o a r d o r C o m m i t t e e o f t h is L o c a l an d th a t the ________________ ________________________ Day M onth ______________ ______________________ h a s b e e n f i x e d f o r y o u r t r i a l Year T im e b e f o r e the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d o r C o m m i t t e e a t ____________________ P l a c e of T r i a l Y o u r r i g h t s a s a m e m b e r a r e p r o t e c t e d b y y o u r L o c a l C o n s t it u t i o n a n d B y l a w s a n d the C o n s t it u t i o n a n d B y l a w s of the I. A . T . S . E . a n d M . P . M . O. o f the U . S . a n d C. R e a d t h o s e p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g to c h a r g e s , t r i a l s , a n d a p p e a l s c a r e f u l l y , th en s t u d y the e n c l o s e d c h a r g e s . A t the t i m e o f the t r i a l yo u a r e e n t it le d to b r i n g a s m a n y w i t n e s s e s a s yo u c h o o s e a n d to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a f e ll o w m e m b e r a s y o u r c o u n s e l . If y o u c a n n o t a tt e n d the t r i a l a t the t i m e s e t , yo u m a y a s k the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d o r C o m m i t t e e to p o s t p o n e y o u r h e a r i n g . Y o u a r e not to d i s c u s s t h e s e c h a r g e s w ith an y m e m b e r of the B o a r d o r C o m m i t t e e b e f o r e the h e a r i n g a n d y o u r d e f e n s e w i l l n ot b e h e a r d b e f o r e th a t t i m e . N o t ic e o f T r i a l . M o s t t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t e a c h l e v e l g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d a d v a n c e n o t ic e of the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l . S e v e r a l of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s w ith o u t th is r e q u i r e m e n t p r o v i d e d f o r a n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s , w h ic h , in p r a c t i c e , m i g h t a l s o in c l u d e n o t ic e of the d a t e s e t f o r t r i a l — 16 of the 20 a t the l o c a l l e v e l , 105 a n d 13 o f the 47 a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . P r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t i c e o f the d a t e s e t w e r e s i m i l a r to p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t i c e o f c h a r g e s . A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f ic a l ly p r o v i d e d f o r s e r v i n g t h e s e n o t i c e s t o g e t h e r , a s in the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n : T h e c o m m i t t e e s h a l l s e r v e the a c c u s e d b r o t h e r w ith a c o p y o f the c h a r g e s a n d n o tify h im in w r i t i n g of the d a t e a n d h o u r o f the t r i a l . • . . ( A s s o c i a t i o n o f R a i l w a y T r a i n m e n a n d L o c o m o t i v e F i r e m e n , Ind. ) S i m i l a r l y , the c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the U n it e d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a p r o v i d e d : T h e l o c a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l d u ly n o tify the m e m b e r o f the n a t u r e o f the c h a r g e s an d o f the t i m e a n d p l a c e o f t r i a l . . . . U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the t r i a l b o d y w a s r e q u i r e d to n o tify the a c c u s e d o f the d a te s e t f o r t r i a l w ith o u t e x p l i c i t p r o v i s i o n s f o r n o t ic e o f c h a r g e s . One of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d m i n i m u m p r o c e d u r a l s t a n d a r d s but d id n ot e x c lu d e the p o s s i b i l i t y th a t a co p y of the c h a r g e s m i g h t b e i n c l u d e d in th e n o t ic e of the d a te s e t f o r t r i a l . T h e B y l a w s o r R u l e s o f a L o c a l s h a l l s p e c i f y the m a n n e r in w h ich a n a c c u s e d p e r s o n s h a l l b e t r i e d a n d m u s t c o n f o r m w ith the fo ll o w in g m in im u m s t a n d a r d s : . . . (3) T h e t r i a l s h a l l b e h e l d s p e e d i l y w ith d ue n o t i c e to the a c cu sed. ( C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ) N o t i c e o f the d a t e o f t r i a l w a s o fte n r e q u i r e d to p r e c e d e the t r i a l b y a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f d a y s . T h i s i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n n o t ic e a n d c o n v e n in g o f the t r i a l b o d y a l l o w e d the a c c u s e d a n o p p o r tu n i ty to p r e p a r e h i s d e f e n s e . T h is w ill be d i s c u s s e d m o r e f u ll y in the s e c t i o n d e a l i n g w ith t i m e l i m i t s . N o t ic e o f D e c i s i o n . Only a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r o f u n ion c o n s t i t u tio n s r e q u i r e d th a t the a c c u s e d o r o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s b e n o t i f i e d o f the t r i a l b o d y ’s d e c i s i o n ( t a b le V I - 12). P r e s u m a b l y , a t the o r d i n a r y un ion t r i a l , T a b le V I-1 2 . N otice of T r ia l Body D ecision and of R ight to A pp eal by Level, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 l M em bers in thousands! L o cal procedures International procedures N otice provisions Unions A ll constitutions providing for notice of tria l d ecision or a p p e a l r i g h t s ---------------------------W ritten d ecision o n l y ----------------------------------W ritten d ecision and a p p e al r i g h t s -----------------N otified of a p p e a l rights, no referen ce to w ritten d e c i s i o n ----------------------------------------N otified if not present at m eetin g, no referen ce to w ritten d ecisio n or a p p ea l rights ------------------------------------ •------N otified, no referen ce to written d ecision or ap p e a l rights ----------------------------------------- Members Members 36 5 ,4 7 7 .7 32 4. 6 0 2 .4 25 1 3 ,0 5 0 .3 7 5 .0 23 - 1 ,3 1 0 .4 - 1 1 3 5 .0 1 1 3 5 .0 1 5 5 .0 8 2, 1 6 2 .5 8 3, 1 5 7 .0 NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 8 Unions 106 p a r t i c u l a r l y a t the l o c a l l e v e l , a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d to b e p r e s e n t a n d th u s i n f o r m e d o f the o u t c o m e o f the c a s e . T h i s , p l u s the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f the r e c o r d of the t r i a l in a n u m b e r of c a s e s , m a y h a v e a c c o u n t e d f o r the l a c k o f f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s in th is a r e a . M o r e o v e r , the a b s e n c e of a f o r m a l n o t i f i c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t d id n o t r u l e out the p o s s i b i l i t y th a t a w r i t t e n d e c i s i o n m i g h t b e s e n t , a s a m a t t e r o f p r a c t i c e , to a l l c o n c e r n e d , o r th a t the d e c i s i o n m i g h t b e p u b l i c i z e d in the u n i o n 's p a p e r o r b u l l e t i n b o a r d . F o r m a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l n o t i c e - o f - d e c i s i o n p r o v i s i o n s o c c u r r e d in o n ly 36 l o c a l a n d 32 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . T h e s e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d the t r i a l b o d y to p r e p a r e a w r i t t e n d e c i s i o n an d f u r n i s h a c o p y to e a c h p a r t y , a s in the f o l lo w in g i l l u s t r a t i o n : E v e r y d e c i s i o n . . . s h a l l b e r e d u c e d to w r i t i n g an d a c o p y t h e r e o f f u r n i s h e d to e a c h d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y . (B ro th erh oo d of P a in t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s and P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a ) A fe w o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s a l s o s p e c i f i e d the c o n t e n t s o f the d e c i s i o n , f o ll o w in g : a s in the T h e d e c i s i o n s h a l l c o n t a in a fin d in g o f the f a c t s , the B o a r d ' s c o n c l u s i o n s a s to the g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d , a n d the p e n a l t y , i f a n y , to b e i m p o s e d . (A m e ric an T ra in D isp a tc h e r s A sso c ia tio n ) P r o m p t n o t i c e o f the t r i a l b o d y ’s d e c i s i o n , in c lu d in g the r e a s o n s f o r the d e c i s i o n , w a s d e s i g n e d to p e r m i t the a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e a p p e a l . The t r i a l body w a s o f te n r e q u i r e d to g i v e " p r o m p t " o r " i m m e d i a t e " n o t ic e to the a c c u s e d . In a fe w p r o v i s i o n s , the t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e a n a p p e a l w a s c o m p u t e d f r o m the t i m e the a c c u s e d w a s n o t i f i e d o f the d e c i s i o n , a s in the f o ll o w in g c o n s t i t u t i o n : A l l m a n n e r o f a p p e a l s s h a l l b e ta k e n w ith in f i f t e e n (15) d a y s f r o m the d a t e the d e c i s i o n i s p l a c e d in the m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e t r a n s m i t t e d to the i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s . (In tern ation al B ro th erh o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n a n d H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , Ind. ) O n ly two c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y r e q u i r e d the n o t i c e o f d e c i s i o n to b e of s u c h n a t u r e a s to a d v i s e the p a r t i e s of t h e i r r i g h t to a p p e a l to a h i g h e r a u t h o r it y . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s U n io n r e q u i r e d t h i s n o t i c e to p o in t ou t th a t a p p e a l s m u s t b e f i l e d w ith in 30 d a y s a f t e r the t r i a l b o d y r e n d e r e d i t s d e c i s i o n , w h ile the S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r a n o t ic e th a t w o u ld " a d v i s e the p a r t i e s of t h e i r r i g h t to a p p e a l . " Appeal P ro v isio n s U n d e r the u n ion j u d i c i a l s y s t e m , the a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e a f f o r d s f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the c a s e , an d th u s s e r v e s to c o r r e c t e r r o r s w h ich m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d a t l o w e r un ion t r i b u n a l s . It i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f un ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , h o w e v e r , th a t u n lik e c i v i l s y s t e m s , a u t h o r i t i e s e x e r c i s i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e an d e x e c u t i v e fu n c t io n s a l s o a c t in j u d i c i a l c a p a c i t i e s , in c l u d i n g d u r i n g the a p p e a l p r o c e s s . T h e un ion a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e th u s m a y , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e r s a r e a m o n g the l i t i g a n t s , r e q u i r e the a c c u s e d to a p p e a l to the s a m e a g e n t o r a g e n c y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the c h a r g e s in the f i r s t p l a c e . T h e f i n a l a p p e a l b o d y , t y p i c a l l y , i s the c o n v e n t io n , r e p r e s e n t i n g the m e m b e r s h i p a s a w h o le . W h e th e r s u c h a m e e t i n g o f d e l e g a t e s , e v e n it it w e r e to a s s e m b l e a n n u a ll y , w h ich m o s t do not, c a n p r o p e r l y e x e r c i s e j u d i c i a l f u n c t i o n s , 107 h a s b e e n s e r i o u s l y q u e s t i o n e d . 33 A t p r e s e n t , a n in d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a r y in the f o r m o f an " o u t s i d e " r e v i e w b o d y i s fo u n d in on ly f o u r u n i o n s . T h e s e and o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f the a p p e a l p r o c e s s a r e d e s c r i b e d in t h is s e c t i o n . P r o v i s i o n s f o r A p p e a l . N e a r l y a l l u n ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r t r i a l a u t h o r i z e d a p p e l l a t e r e v i e w o f the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n ( t a b le V I - 13). A p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s w e r e e x p r e s s e d u s u a l l y in b r o a d g e n e r a l l a n g u a g e g r a n t i n g the r i g h t to a p p e a l an y t r i a l d e c i s i o n . O nly a fe w (11) a p p e a l c l a u s e s , u s u a l l y in c o n s t i t u t i o n s T a b le V I-13. A p p eal From D ecisions of L ocal or International Level T r ia l Bodies, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n A pp eal provisions AFL-CIO Unions A ll constitutions providing for tria l at lo c a l or international le v e l -----------------------------------Constitutions providing for a p p e a l ------------------A ll tria l decisions a p p e a l a b l e --------------------Som e, but not a ll, tr ia l d ecisions a p p e a la b le -------------------------------------L o cal decisions a p p e a la b le ; no referen ce to international d e c is i o n s ---------------In ternational d ecisions a p p e a la b le ; no referen ce to lo c a l d ecisions -----------M em bers could ap p eal; no referen ce to officers ----------------------------------O fficers could a p p eal; no referen ce to m em bers --------------------------------Only sp e cifie d p en alties a p p e a l a b l e ---C onstitutions without ap p eal provisions ----------- NOTE: Because of rounding, U n affiliated M embers Unions M em bers Unions Members 156 16, 9 1 7 .9 121 14, 2 2 5 .6 35 2, 692. 3 153 142 16, 9 1 2 .3 16, 1 1 9 .0 121 112 14, 2 2 5 .6 1 3 ,4 4 2 .0 32 30 2, 6 8 6 .7 2, 676. 9 11 7 9 3 .4 9 7 8 3 .6 2 9 .8 3 3 7 5 .7 3 3 7 5 .7 2 1 0 .5 1 2 .5 1 8 .0 3 3 1 4 .2 2 3 1 2 .4 1 1 .8 1 2 3 7 5 .0 1 8 .0 5 .6 1 2 7 5 .0 1 8 .0 - - - 3 5 .6 sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. 33 One a u t h o r i t y h a d the f o llo w in g to s a y on the s u b j e c t : T h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s b y w h ich l o c a l m e m b e r s h i p a s s e m b l i e s an d c o n v e n t io n d e l e g a t e s fu n c tio n a s c o u r t s i s p e r h a p s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s in u n i o n s an d the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s e s of p u b l i c g o v e r n m e n t s in the U n it e d S t a t e s . C o u r t v e r d i c t s a r e n ot r e f e r r e d to the b o d y p o l i t i c o r to the l e g i s l a t i v e b r a n c h o f the g o v e r n m e n t f o r r e v i e w a n d fi n a l d e c i s i o n . E v e n N ew E n g l a n d town m e e t i n g s do n ot s i t in ju d g m e n t o f l a w v i o l a t i o n s ; i n d e p e n d e n t j u d g e s an d c o u r t s p e r f o r m t h is fu n c tio n . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r p o p u l a r v o tin g on the tr u th o r f a l s i t y o f c h a r g e s r e s e m b l e s r a t h e r the s o - c a l l e d " p e o p l e s c o u r t s " o f S o v i e t g o v e r n m e n t s . T h e y a r e d e f e n d e d a s a f o r m o f d i r e c t d e m o c r a c y , b u t the l e s s o n s of h i s t o r y a r e c l e a r th a t in d e p e n d e n t c o u r t s an d j u d g e s a r e a s e s s e n t i a l to p r o t e c t i n d i v id u a l r i g h t s an d l i b e r t i e s a g a i n s t p o p u l a r m a j o r i t i e s a s a g a i n s t e x e c u t i v e o f f i c i a l s a n d the l e g i s l a t i v e b o d i e s o f g o v e r n m e n t s . W i l l i a m M. L e i s e r s o n , A m e r i c a n T r a d e U n io n D e m o c r a c y , N ew Y o r k , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1959, p. 265. 108 o f s m a l l e r u n i o n s , d id n ot a u t h o r i z e a p p e a l f r o m a l l t r i a l d e c i s i o n s . A m o n g t h e s e , the C o o p e r s 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e d a p e n a l t y o f $ 5 o r s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n b e f o r e a n a p p e a l c o u ld b e ta k e n ; an d the R e t a i l , W h o l e s a l e , an d D e p a r t m e n t S t o r e U n io n 1s c o n s t i t u t i o n g r a n t e d m e m b e r s the r i g h t to a p p e a l f r o m a n y t r i a l d e c i s i o n , b u t p r o v i d e d th a t a l o c a l u n i o n 's d e c i s i o n to d i s c i p l i n e l o c a l o f f i c e r s w o u ld b e f i n a l a n d b in d in g . T h e f i r s t s t e p u n d e r the a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e w a s s a t i s f i e d b y f i l i n g a w r i t t e n n o t i c e o f a p p e a l w ith the n e x t h i g h e r un ion a u t h o r i t y . F o r m o r t e c h n i c a l c o n te n t w as g e n e r a lly not s e t fo rth . F o r e x a m p le ; No s p e c i f ic fo r m o r fo r m a lity s h a ll be r e q u ir e d , e x c e p t that s u c h n o t i c e s h a l l c l e a r l y s t a t e a n a p p e a l i s b e in g t a k e n . (Laun dry, D ry C le an in g a n d D y e H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , I n d . ) O n ly a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d th e b a s i s f o r a p p e a l s . the J e w e l r y W o r k e r s 1 c o n s t it u t io n s t i p u l a t e d : A p p eals 1. 2. 3. to a h i g h e r body m ay be m ad e up on One o f t h e s e , the f o ll o w in g b a sis: A d d itio n al e v id e n ce . F a i l u r e of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to f o ll o w p r o c e d u r e r e g a r d i n g c h a r g e s an d t r i a l s . V io l a t i o n b y the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n o r the l o c a l B y l a w s in c o n d u c t in g a t r i a l a n d m a k i n g i t s d e c i s i o n . T h e f i r s t a p p e a l b o d y w a s u s u a l l y the n e x t h i g h e r l e v e l o f un ion a u t h o r i t y . In a t y p i c a l a p p e a l s e q u e n c e a l o c a l un ion d e c i s i o n w ou ld f i r s t b e r e v i e w e d b y a d i s t r i c t b o d y o r , i f n on e e x i s t e d , b y the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t . F r o m t h is l e v e l , a p p e a l s w e r e u s u a l l y t a k e n to the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , th en to the c o n v e n t io n . In r a r e i n s t a n c e s , c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d d i f f e r e n t a v e n u e s o f a p p e a l , d e p e n d in g u p o n th e g r o u n d on w h ich the a p p e a l w a s b a s e d . F o r i n s t a n c e , the S t e r e o t y p e r s 1 c o n stitu tio n p ro v id e d : C h a r g e s o f i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , o n ly, m a y be a p p e a l e d d i r e c t l y to th e I n t e r n atio n al E x e c u tiv e B o a r d . A l l o t h e r a p p e a l s m u s t b e f i l e d w ith the I n t e r n atio n al P r e s id e n t . ( T h e r e a f t e r , a p p e a l s m a y b e t a k e n f r o m the d e c i s i o n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . ) A p p e a l s on i r r e g u l a r i t i e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d a s f o l l o w s : (a) (b) (c) T h e s e r v i n g o r p r e s e n t i n g of c h a r g e s ; T h e c o n d u c t o f the t r i a l ; Q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g to a n y i r r e g u l a r i t y in th e c h a r g e s , f i n d i n g s o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , o r v o te of the l o c a l u n ion . P e r s o n s e n t it le d to a p p e a l . W hile a l l un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t i d e n t i f i e d th e p a r t y e n t i t l e d to a p p e a l f r o m the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n g u a r a n t e e d the a c c u s e d t h is v i t a l s a f e g u a r d , a l a r g e n u m b e r (89) a l s o p e r m i t t e d p e r s o n s o t h e r th a n th e a c c u s e d to f i l e a n i n i t i a l a p p e a l ( t a b le V I - 14). M o r e th a n h a l f o f t h e s e c o n s t i tu ti o n s a u t h o r i z e d a p p e a l b y a n y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y . The c o n stitu tio n al d e fin itio n s of a n " i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y , " w h e r e t h e r e w e r e s u c h d e f i n i t i o n s , w e r e w i d e l y v a r i e d . U n d e r a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith the d e c i s i o n w a s s u f f i c i e n t : A m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f a n y s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y who h a s b e e n c o n v i c t e d o f a n y o f f e n s e a s h e r e i n s e t fo r t h , o r the a c c u s e r w hen the a c c u s e d h a s b e e n a c q u i t t e d , o r a n y m e m b e r who h a s a g r i e v a n c e o r b e l i e v e s th a t an i n j u r y h a s b e e n don e in a n y w a y . . . . (R e ta il C le rk s In tern ation al A sso c iatio n ) * * >!< Any m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith the d e c i s i o n . . . m a y a p p e a l . . . . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f P u l p , S u lp h it e a n d P a p e r M ill W o rk e rs) 109 O t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d the p a r t y to b e “ a f f e c t e d 11 b y the d e c i s i o n in o r d e r to h a v e a n a p p e a l a b l e i n t e r e s t . A n y l o c a l u n io n , c o u n c i l , o f f i c e r . . . o r m e m b e r . . . who i s a f f e c t e d b y a n y d e c i s i o n . . . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to a p p e a l . . . ( S h e e t M etal W orkers) S t i l l o t h e r s r e q u i r e d th e i n t e r e s t to be “ d i r e c t ' ’: A n y d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y to a p r o c e e d i n g in w h ic h a f i n a l d e c isio n h as been r e n d e re d , fe elin g a g g r ie v e d o v e r su ch d e c isio n , m a y tak e an a p p e a l th e r e f r o m . ( B r o t h e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r ic a ) C l a u s e s t h a t l i m i t e d the r i g h t to a p p e a l o n ly to the a c c u s e d an d a c c u s e r w e r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y m o r e p r e c i s e th a n the in d e f in i t e “ i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y 1' c l a u s e s , a s in the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n : A p p e a l s f r o m d e c i s i o n s . . . m a y b e t a k e n in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d . . . b y the a c c u s e d o r b y the p e r s o n f i l i n g the c h a r g e . ( T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n io n o f A m e r i c a ) T a b le V I- 14. Persons Authorized to A pp eal From L ocal or International T r ia l D ecisions N atio n al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied AFL-CIO Persons authorized to ap p eal Unions A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l --------------Constitutions authorizing the accu sed and other parties to a p p ea l ---------------------------------------Any interested p a r t y --------------------------------A ccu sed and accu ser only ------------------------V aries for in itia l and subsequent a p p e a l s ------C onstitutions authorizing only the accu sed to ap p e a l ------------------------------------------------A ccu sed only for in itia l and subsequent ap p eals ----------------------------------------------V aries for in itia l and subsequent ap p eals ----C onstitutions without identity provisions ---------- U n affiliated Members Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 153 16, 9 1 2 .3 121 14, 2 2 5 .6 32 2, 6 8 6 .7 89 47 41 l l 12, 5 4 0 .9 6, 3 5 4 .6 5, 1 9 3 .7 9 9 2 .7 71 36 34 1 1 0 ,0 7 9 .9 4, 6 6 9 .0 4 ,4 1 8 .2 9 9 2 .7 18 11 7 2, 4 6 1 .0 1 ,6 8 5 .5 7 7 5 .5 - 39 2, 5 01.1 33 2, 355. 3 6 1 4 5 .8 2 35 3 4 25 2, 1 6 1 .5 3 3 9 .6 1 ,8 7 0 .3 30 3 17 2 ,1 1 5 .7 2 3 9 .6 1 ,7 9 0 .4 5 1 8 4 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 7 9 .9 - 1 Under 1 constitution, only the accu sed or accu ser w ere authorized to file an in itia l a p p eal but any interested party w as authorized to f ile subsequent ap p eals. 2 Under 1 constitution, 1 clau se providing that verd icts of not guilty were fin a l and not ap p e alab le was in terpreted to m ean th at only the accu sed could be the "a g g r ie v e d " in a clau se granting any ag griev ed person the right to ap p e a l. 3 Under 3 constitutions, only the accu sed was authorized to f ile in itia l ap p eals but any interested party was authorized to f ile subsequent ap p eals; and under 1 constitution, only the accu sed was p erm itted to a p p e al from in ter nation al le v e l tr ia l d ecision s but no referen ce was provided for ap p eal from lo c a l union le v e l tr ia l d ecisions. NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equal to tals. 110 U n d e r 39 o f the 153 a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s , o n ly th e a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to a p p e a l f r o m the t r i a l b o d y * s d e c i s i o n . T h e a c c u s e d w a s th u s s e c u r e d f r o m r e p e a t e d h a r a s s m e n t an d p e r s e c u t i o n th a t m i g h t f o ll o w i f the a c c u s e r w e r e p e r m i t t e d to a p p e a l v e r d i c t s o f a c q u i t t a l . U n io n a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s th a t p e r m i t t e d o n ly the a c c u s e d to f i l e an a p p e a l o r th at d e n i e d a n y a p p e a l f r o m an a c q u i t t a l p r o t e c t e d the a c c u s e d f r o m d o u b le j e o p a r d y a t a n a p p e l l a t e l e v e l , a s in- th e f o l lo w in g c l a u s e : In the e v e n t of an a c q u i t t a l the d e c i s i o n s h a l l b e f i n a l an d n ot s u b j e c t to a p p e a l . In the e v e n t o f a g u il ty v e r d i c t the a c c u s e d m a y a p p e a l . ( L a u n d r y , D r y C l e a n in g an d D y e H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , I n d .) A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s q u a l i f i e d the d o u b le j e o p a r d y s a f e g u a r d b y p e r m i t t i n g the a c c u s e r to f i l e s u b s e q u e n t a p p e a l s if the a c c u s e d h a d i n i t i a l l y a p p e a l e d f r o m a v e r d i c t of g u il ty a s in the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n : A n y m e m b e r who h a s b e e n c o n v i c t e d o f a n y o f f e n s e . . . a n d who b e l i e v e s h is c o n v ic t io n w a s i r r e g u l a r o r u n j u s t i f i e d m a y a p p e a l to the In tern ation al E x ecu tiv e B o a rd . . . E i t h e r the a p p e l l a n t o r r e s p o n d e n t m a y a p p e a l a d e c i s i o n of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , o r an y L o c a l U n ion a f f e c t e d a s s u c h by a d e c i s i o n o r a c t i o n of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y a p p e a l to the n e x t s u c c e e d i n g c o n v e n tio n . . . (U n it e d R u b b e r , C o r k , L i n o l e u m and P l a s t i c W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a ) S t a t u s P e n d in g A p p e a l . In the g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s , t h e r e w e r e no e x p l i c i t p r o v i s i o n s f o r s t a y i n g e x e c u t io n o f the t r i a l b o d y ^ d e c i s i o n p e n d i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the f i n a l a p p e a l ( t a b l e V I - 15). T h i s w a s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e w ith r e g a r d to a p p e a l s b y l o c a l o f f i c e r s , w ith o n ly f i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v i d i n g fo r a stay . It s h o u ld be b o r n e in m in d , h o w e v e r , th a t in s o m e o f the 52 c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g f o r a s t a y o f e x e c u t i o n in c a s e s in v o l v in g " m e m b e r s " the t e r m m a y h a v e b e e n u s e d in i t s b r o a d s e n s e s o a s to in c l u d e o f f i c e r s a s w e l l. Of the a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s th a t s p e c i f i e d a s t a y o f e x e c u t i o n , the m o s t c o m m o n p r o v i s i o n (in 28 c o n s t i t u t i o n s ) w a s one w h ich g a v e the a p p e l l a t e b o d y d i s c r e t i o n a r y a u t h o r it y . F o r e xam p le : P e n d i n g a n a p p e a l , the d e c i s i o n a p p e a l e d f r o m s h a l l r e m a i n in f u ll f o r c e an d e f f e c t u n l e s s the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , up on a p p l i c a t i o n an d the s h o w in g o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y g o o d c a u s e , d e e m s it a p p r o p r i a t e to s t a y the e n f o r c e m e n t o f the ju d g m e n t . ( B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s * I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f A m e r i c a , I n d . ) O n ly fi v e c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a n a u t o m a t i c s t a y o f e x e c u t i o n o f a l l d e c i s i o n s p e n d in g a p p e a l b y m e m b e r s . T h e n o t i c e of a p p e a l u s u a l l y m a r k e d the p o in t a t w h ich the w a i v e r of e n f o r c e m e n t b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e . S i x c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r a n a u t o m a t i c s t a y of e x e c u t i o n o f a l l p e n a l t i e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s e x c e p t t h o s e in v o l v in g f i n e s . T y p i c a l l y , the un ion w a s to h o ld the fin e in a n e s c r o w a c c o u n t un til a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s r e n d e r e d . A s m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y , m o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d m e m b e r s on t r i a l to c o m p l y w ith the t r i a l b o d y * s d e c i s i o n p e n d in g a f i n a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n b y a n a p p e l l a t e b o d y . T h e s e m e m b e r s , if s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , w o u ld f o r f e i t m e m b e r s h i p f r o m the t i m e the t r i a l b o d y r e n d e r e d it s d e c i s i o n . A m e a s u r e of p ro te c tio n , h o w e v e r , w a s s o m e t i m e s g r a n t e d , a s sh o w n in the f o llo w in g c l a u s e : W hile a n y m e m b e r . . . i s e x e r c i s i n g the r i g h t o f a p p e a l , the f i n a n c i a l s t a n d i n g of s u c h m e m b e r . . . s h a l l n ot be i m p a i r e d b y r e f u s a l to a c c e p t d u e s . . . u n til a f t e r the ( E x e c u t i v e C o u n c il) h a s p a s s e d upon the a p p e a l . . . ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of M a c h i n i s t s ) Ill T a b le V I-15. Status of M em bers and Local O fficers Pending A pp eal, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 ^ M e m i^ L o cal officers M embers Status pending ap p eal A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l -------------Constitutions providing for stay of ex ecu tion of a ll or som e decisions of tr ia l body pending ap p eal ----------------------------------------A pp eal body could stay a ll d e c is i o n s ----------D ecisions of lo c a l could be stayed ; no refe rence to international decisions ---------------A ll d ecisions were a u to m atic ally s t a y e d ------A ll decisions ex cep t on fin es were a u to m a tic a lly stayed ----------------------------A ll d ecisions ex cep t on fines and officers' rem oval were a u to m a tic ally stayed ---------Other ---------------------------------------------------Constitutions not providing for stay of execu tion of decisions of tr ia l body pending ap p eal ------- Unions M embers Unions Members 152 16, 9 0 6 .5 150 16, 8 6 8 .7 52 28 8 ,3 1 1 .6 5, 4 9 7 .4 5 - 9 9 6 .8 - 9 5 8 6 2 .7 6 1 .4 6 2 9 4 .6 _ . 5 .9 _ 1 ,5 9 5 .5 4 - 9 9 0 .9 14 2 100 8, 594. 9 145 15, 8 7 2 .0 - * Under 1 constitution, a ll decisions were in fu ll force and effe ct, but the international president could w aive the paym ent of fin es; under 1 constitution, the ap p eal body could stay lo c a l, but not international decisions; and under 2 constitutions, only d ecisions to reprim and and censure were au to m atic ally stayed. 2 Includes 28 constitutions which sp e cifie d that a ll decisions were in fu ll force and e ffe ct; 19 constitutions which sp e cifie d that a ll international decisions were in fu ll force and effe ct, with no referen ce to lo c a l decisions; and 53 con stitutions with no referen ce to stay of execution. 3 Includes 2 constitutions which sp e cifie d th at a ll d ecisions were in fu ll force and e ffe c t, and 143 constitutions with no referen ce to stay of execu tion. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A p p e l l a t e R e v i e w . T h e un ion a p p e a l p r o c e s s w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y p r o v i s i o n s f o r f r e q u e n t r e v i e w s of the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n , c o m m o n l y c o u p le d w ith a p o w e r to g r a n t th e a c c u s e d a n ew t r i a l b e f o r e the a p p e a l body. A l o c a l un ion d e c i s i o n w a s u s u a l l y r e v i e w e d by e a c h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l up to the c o n v e n t io n . T h u s the d i s t r i c t bo d y , the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t , and the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d p a s s e d on the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d . T he p r o c e d u r a l d e t a i l s o f the a p p e l l a t e h e a r i n g b e f o r e t h e s e b o d i e s w e r e r a r e l y s p e cifie d . M o s t c o n s t i t u t i o n s g r a n t e d w id e d i s c r e t i o n to the a p p e a l b o d y . For e x a m p le : A p p e a l s s h a l l be h e a r d e i t h e r on the r e c o r d m a d e b e f o r e the t r i a l t r i b u n a l o r b y a r e - t r i a l , in the d i s c r e t i o n o f the b o d y h e a r i n g the a p p e a l . . . . p a r t i e s m a y , in the d i s c r e t i o n o f the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , be a c c o r d e d the r i g h t to a p p e a r b e f o r e the a p p e l l a t e b o d y an d p r e s e n t a r g u m e n t on the c a s e . (in tern atio n al B ro th erh o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C h au ffeu rs, W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s o f A m e r i c a , Ind. ) O th e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s d i r e c t e d the a p p e a l b o d y to e s t a b l i s h p r o c e d u r a l r u l e s . C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a , fo r ex a m p le , p ro v id e d : T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the U n io n s h a l l e s t a b l i s h r e a s o n a b l e a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s w ithin the s t r u c t u r e o f the U nion to r e v i e w c o m p l a i n t s of m e m b e r s w h ich a l l e g e v i o l a t i o n o f the c o n s t it u t io n , L o c a l B y l a w s , o r the r i g h t s an d p r i v i l e g e s of m e m b e r s . T he 112 O n ly a fe w a p p e a l c l a u s e s s p e c i f i c a l l y l i m i t e d the s c o p e o f r e v i e w to i s s u e s r a i s e d a t the t r i a l . F o r e x a m p l e , the M u s i c i a n s * c o n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e d th a t a p p e a l s " s h a l l b e d e c i d e d o n ly up on the e v i d e n c e u s e d in the h e a r i n g o f s u c h m a t t e r . 11 F in al A ppeal Body. In un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , th e p o w e r to end l i t i g a t i o n by r e n d e r i n g a c o n c l u s i v e d e c i s i o n w a s u s u a l l y v e s t e d in the b o d y w h ich a l s o h ad s u p r e m e a u t h o r i t y in l e g i s l a t i v e a n d e x e c u t i v e a f f a i r s , the u n io n c o n v e n t io n ( t a b l e V I-16). T h e c o n v e n t io n w a s d e s i g n a t e d a s a c o u r t o f l a s t r e s o r t in 129 o f T a b le V I-16. F in al A ppeal Bodies,* N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l studied AFL-CIO F in al ap p eal bodies Unions A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l ----------------------------------C onstitutions providing for fin al a p p e a l to union convention -----------C onvention for a ll a p p e a l s -----------t C onvention or pu blic review ----------------------------------C onvention or r e fe r e n d u m -----------C onvention or president or ex ecu tiv e board depend ing upon the offense or p e n a l t y ----------------------------------Constitutions providing for fin al a p p e a l to other b o d i e s ------------------E xecutive b o a r d ------------------------R eferendum ----------------------------Internal a p p eal b o a r d -----------------Other fin a l ap p e al b o d i e s ------------- U n affiliated M embers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 153 1 6 ,9 1 2 .3 121 14, 2 2 5 .6 32 2 ,6 8 6 .7 129 109 14, 3 5 5 .7 1 0 ,0 4 9 . 1 105 88 13, 2 4 6 .0 9, 547. 8 24 1, 1 0 9 .7 5 0 1 .3 4 9 1, 2 4 8 .8 1, 2 1 0 .6 4 7 1 ,2 4 8 .8 1,2 0 2 .2 - - 2 8 .4 7 1 ,8 4 7 .2 6 1, 247. 2 1 6 0 0 .0 24 17 3 22 22 2, 5 5 6 .7 2 ,3 2 6 .7 1 1 .4 2 1 3 .8 4 .8 16 9 7 9 .6 7 5 1 .4 1 1 .4 2 1 3 .8 3 .0 8 7 - 1 ,5 7 7 .0 1 ,5 7 5 .2 10 3 2 1 21 1 _ _ 1.8 A fin a l ap p eal body was defined as the highest body authorized to pass on an a p p e al before the accu sed was considered to have exhausted a ll rem ed ies w ithin the union. 2 Under 1 constitution, a lo c a l union referendum was held if the ex ecu tiv e board reversed a lo c a l tria l d ecision, otherw ise the ex ecu tiv e board 's d ecision was fin a l; and under 1 constitution, the president of the union rendered fin al a p p e lla te d ecision s. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums o f individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. the 153 c o n s t i t u t i o n s h a v in g a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s , a lt h o u g h in s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n s it s h a r e d t h is p o w e r w ith a n o t h e r b o d y . P r o c e d u r a lly , re v ie w w as p e r f o r m e d by an a p p e a l s c o m m i t t e e , u s u a l l y a p p o in t e d b y the u n io n *s e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s , f r e q u e n t l y b y the s a m e o f f i c e r who s e r v e d in i n t e r m e d i a t e a p p e l l a t e f u n c t i o n s . The c o m m i t t e e th u s a p p o in t e d r e v i e w e d the r e c o r d , a t t i m e s h e a r d a r g u m e n t s of e a c h p a r t y , and i s s u e d i t s d e c i s i o n in the f o r m o f a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to the c o n v e n tio n . T h e f o ll o w in g e x c e r p t s s u m m a r i z e d th is p r o c e d u r e : T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l a p p o in t the fo ll o w in g c o m m i t t e e s . . . A p p e a l s an d G r i e v a n c e s . . . T h e C o m m i t t e e . . . s h a l l h e a r o r r e c e i v e w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s on the s a m e a n d r e p o r t t h e r e o n to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d C o n v e n tio n . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of B o i l e r m a k e r s , Iro n S h i p b u i l d e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s a n d H e l p e r s ) sjc >J« 113 W h e re a n a p p e a l i s ta k e n to th e C o n v e n tio n f r o m a d e c i s i o n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d it s h a l l b e h e a r d b y the A p p e a l s C o m m i t t e e w h ich s h a l l r e n d e r a r e p o r t to the C o n v e n tio n . The m otion p r e s e n te d to the C o n v e n tio n w il l b e the a d o p t io n o f the C o m m i t t e e ' s r e p o r t . The u s u a l r u l e s g o v e r n i n g d e b a t e on s u c h m o t i o n s w il l a p p ly , e x c e p t th a t the p a r t i e s to the a p p e a l m a y s p e a k on the m o t i o n e v e n i f th e y a r e not d e le g ate s. A m e m b e r o f the A p p e a l s C o m m i t t e e m a y n ot s i t on a n y c a s e in w h ich he h a s a n y i n t e r e s t o r w h ic h a r o s e in a L o c a l o f w h ic h he i s a m em ber. T h e P r e s i d e n t m a y s u b s t i t u t e m e m b e r s to the A p p e a l s C o m m itte e fo r th ose d isq u a lifie d . T h e P r e s i d e n t m a y d i r e c t the A p p e a l s C o m m i t t e e to c o m e to th e C o n v e n tio n c i t y f o r the p u r p o s e o f h e a r i n g a p p e a l s b e f o r e the C o n v e n tio n o f f i c ially b e g in s. ( A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of M u s i c i a n s ) U n d e r m a n y c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to a p p e a r a t the c o n v e n t io n a n d p r e s e n t h is a r g u m e n t s , e v e n i f he w a s no l o n g e r a m e m b e r , a s in the f o ll o w in g : A n y m e m b e r , o r f o r m e r m e m b e r (who w a s a m e m b e r a t t i m e of h o ld in g o f p r e v i o u s c o n v e n tio n ) . . . m a y a p p e a r in p e r s o n a t the c o n v e n t i o n a t h is own e x p e n s e , to a r g u e h is w r i t t e n a p p e a l a n d he s h a l l b e r e s t r i c t e d in h is r e m a r k s to the c o n t e n t s o f h i s w r i t t e n a p p e a l . ( O p e r a t i v e P l a s t e r e r s ' an d C e m e n t M a s o n s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f the U n ite d S ta te s and C anada) O f the 20 c o n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich a u t h o r i z e d e i t h e r the c o n v e n t io n o r a n a l t e r n a t e b o d y to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n , 9 p r o v i d e d f o r a m e m b e r s h i p w i d e r e f e r e n d u m a n d 7 s p e c i f i e d v a r y i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a p p e a l to d i f f e r e n t b o d i e s . In the l a s t g r o u p , f o r i n s t a n c e , the U n ite d T e x t i l e W o r k e r s ' g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w a s the c o u r t o f l a s t r e s o r t f r o m l o c a l t r i a l d e c i s i o n s an d the co n v e n tio n th e f i n a l a p p e a l b o d y f r o m t h o s e m a d e b y the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . T he C a r p e n t e r ' s c o n s t i t u t i o n v e s t e d the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d w ith f i n a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c a s e s in v o l v in g t r a d e r u l e s b u t l e f t o t h e r c a s e s to th e c o n v e n t io n . U n d e r the r e m a i n i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o n ly c a s e s in v o l v in g d e s i g n a t e d p e n a l t i e s c o u ld b e t a k e n to th e c o n v e n tio n . F o r e x a m p le : A n a p p e a l c a n b e m a d e to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d f r o m a n y d e c i s i o n , o f w h a t e v e r k in d , o f a L o c a l o r a n y o t h e r a u t h o r i t y . A fu rth er a p p e a l c a n b e m a d e to a c o n v e n t io n in a n y c a s e in v o l v in g a n u l t i m a t e fin e o f $ 5 0 0 o r m o r e , o r e x p u l s i o n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p in the F e d e r a t i o n . . . . (A m e ric a n F e d e ra tio n of M u sician s) N e x t to the c o n v e n t io n , the g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ( o r o t h e r g o v e r n i n g b o dy) w a s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y d e s i g n a t e d a s the f i n a l a g e n c y in the j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s . A s the fo ll o w in g c l a u s e s i l l u s t r a t e , t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s e x p l i c i t l y r e s t r i c t e d f u r t h e r a p p e a ls: In a l l m a t t e r s in v o l v in g o f f i c e r s o f s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s an d i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s t h e r e s h a l l b e no f u r t h e r a p p e a l f r o m the d e c i s i o n o f the G e n e r a l E x e cu tiv e B o a r d . (in tern atio n al B ro th erh o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C h au ffeu rs, W a r e h o u s e m e n an d H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , Ind. ) ^ 114 The In tern atio n al E x e c u tiv e C ouncil s h a ll th ereu p on p a s s upon su c h a p p e a l , e i t h e r r e v e r s i n g , a f f i r m i n g , o r m o d i f y i n g the a c t i o n o f the L o c a l U n io n , a n d i t s a c t i o n . . . s h a l l be f i n a l a n d c o n c l u s i v e . (N ation al A s s o c i a t i o n o f B r o a d c a s t E m p l o y e e s and T e c h n i c i a n s ) Tw o c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r f i n a l r e v i e w b y p e r m a n e n t ‘‘a p p e a l b o a r d s 11 w ith in the un ion . T h e s e b o a r d s w e r e c o m p o s e d of r a n k - a n d - f i l e m e m b e r s , a n d w e r e in d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a l b o d i e s , f r e e f r o m o t h e r e x e c u t i v e an d l e g i s l a t i v e r e sp o n sib ilitie s. T h e c h a i r m a n w a s e l e c t e d b y the m e m b e r s o f the b o a r d . One o f t h e s e two c o n s t i t u t i o n s , the R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n ^ , p r o v i d e d two i n t e r n a l a p p e a l b o ard s. One o f the b o a r d s , the B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s an d I n s u r a n c e , w a s e m p o w e r e d to h e a r a p p e a l s f r o m e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s in w h ich the i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t e x e r c ise d tr ia l ju risd ic tio n . T h e o t h e r b o a r d , the B o a r d of A p p e a l s , h ad a u t h o r i t y to h e a r a p p e a ls fr o m a ll re m ain in g t r i a l d e c is io n s . T h e s e v e n m e m b e r s of th is l a t t e r b o a r d w e r e e l e c t e d b y the c o n v e n t io n a n d s e r v e d u n til the f o ll o w in g c o n vention. T o b e e l i g i b l e f o r e l e c t i o n to t h is b o a r d , a m e m b e r w a s r e q u i r e d to m e e t the fo ll o w in g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : M e m b e r s o f the B o a r d o f A p p e a l s m u s t h o ld r o s t e r r i g h t s in e i t h e r on e o f the c l a s s e s o f s e r v i c e r e p r e s e n t e d b y the B r o t h e r h o o d . . . and s h a l l h a v e h ad n ot l e s s th a n 4 y e a r s e x p e r i e n c e a s a m e m b e r o f a g e n e r a l g r i e v a n c e c o m m i t t e e . . . . G e n e r a l C h a i r m e n . . . (and) F i e l d s u p e r v i s o r s w il l not b e e l i g i b l e f o r e l e c t i o n . . . . In a d d it i o n , m e m b e r s w e r e to o b s e r v e the fo ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n f o r i m p a r t i a l i t y : A m e m b e r . . . w ill n ot b e p e r m i t t e d to r e p r e s e n t the G r a n d L o d g e in a n y o t h e r c a p a c i t y w h ile s e r v i n g a s a m e m b e r o f one o f t h e s e B o a r d s . . . . In a n a p p e a l in w h ich a B o a r d m e m b e r ' s l o d g e i s in d i r e c t c o n t r o v e r s y w ith s o m e o t h e r l o d g e , he m u s t d i s q u a l i f y h i m s e l f o r be e x c u s e d b y the c h a i r m a n of s a i d B o a r d . . . . T h e s e c o n d c o n s t it u t io n , th a t o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r L i n e P i l o t s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , p r o v i d e d f o r a b o a r d c o m p o s e d of f i v e r e g u l a r a n d t h r e e a l t e r n a t e m e m b e r s to b e a p p o in t e d by the u n i o n 's e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e f r o m a p a n e l n o m i n a t e d by d is t r ic t co u n cils. F o r e a c h h e a r i n g , the c o m p o s i t i o n o f th is b o d y w a s to be d e t e r m i n e d in the f o ll o w in g m a n n e r : . . . e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t o f c h a l l e n g i n g a m e m b e r o f the H e a r i n g an d A p p e a l s B o a r d . When s u c h c h a l l e n g e i s e x e r c i s e d , one o f the a l t e r n a t e s s e l e c t e d b y the c h a l l e n g e r s h a l l b e c o m e a r e g u l a r m e m b e r . . . f o r h e a r i n g the s u b j e c t case. P u b lic R ev iew . F o u r un ion s, a ll A F L - C I O a f f ilia t e s , p ro v id e d fo r re v ie w of d is c ip lin a r y action under s p e c ifie d c ir c u m s t a n c e s by ou tsid e re v ie w b o a r d s . T h e s e r e v i e w b o a r d s c o m p o s e d o f w e l l known i n d i v i d u a l s s e l e c t e d , in the m a i n , f r o m s u c h f i e l d s a s r e l i g i o n , la w , a n d e d u c a t i o n , p r o v i d e d the a c c u s e d a n o p p o r tu n ity to a p p e a l to a b o d y th a t w a s s e p a r a t e an d f r e e f r o m un ion c o n t r o l . istratio n . O u t s i d e r e v i e w i s a r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t in un ion j u d i c i a l a d m i n T h e f i r s t p r o c e d u r e w a s i n s t i t u t e d in 195 3 , w hen the U p h o l s t e r e r s ' 115 un ion a m e n d e d i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n to p r o v i d e f o r a p p e a l to a n o u t s i d e " a p p e a l b o a r d " ( t a b le V I - 17). B y 1959 t h r e e o t h e r u n io n s h a d fo ll o w e d s u it . 34 T a b le V I - 17. Public R eview of Union D isciplinary A ctions, N ational and International Unions, Early 1961 Union Upholsterers' International Union (A F L - C IO ).......... ........... United A utom obile Workers (AFL-CIO ) ---------------------- Y ear provision adopted N am e of review board Size of board ( T erm of o ffice How se lecte d By convention. 1953 A pp eal board. 9 m em b ers.2 U n specified . 1957 Public review board. ^ 7 m em bers. Period betw een conventions. President appoints, su bject to approval of ex ecu tive board and ratific atio n of convention. M arine Engineers' B e n eficial A ssociatio n (AFL-CIO ) ------- 1958 N ational pan el. 3 m em bers. U n specified . By n ation al ex ecu tive co m m ittee. Packinghouse, Food and A llie d Workers (AFL-CIO ) ----------- 1959 Public advisory re-^ view com m ission. 5 m em b ers.2 U n specified . 4 By execu tive b o ard .2 1 Source: G en eral law s, a rticle X X XIV , sections 6 (a) and 6 (b); appendix B. 2 Not sp e cifie d in constitution. 3 Source: C onstitution of the international union, article 31. 4 Source: N ation al constitution, appendix, constitution for districts and subordinate associations, a rticle VIII, section 7. 5 Source: Established in Ju ly 1959, by the International E xecutive Board, and unanim ously endorsed and approved (resolution number 3) by the 12th constitution al convention, May 1960. P r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g to t h r e e o f the f o u r r e v i e w b o a r d s w e r e g iv e n c o n stitu tio n al s ta tu s. T h e fo u r t h , i n s t i t u t e d by the P a c k i n g h o u s e , F o o d an d A l l i e d W o r k e r s , w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d u n d e r i t s a u t h o r i t y Mto do t h o s e t h in g s n e c e s s a r y to i n s u r e p r o p e r a n d e f f e c t i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f the a f f a i r s o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n . " T h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o f the P a c k i n g h o u s e W o r k e r s n a m e d a f i v e - m e m b e r c o m m i s s i o n a s the r e v i e w b o a r d . 34 A S e n a t e v e r s i o n o f the b i ll th a t s u b s e q u e n t l y b e c a m e th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959 w ou ld h a v e r e q u i r e d e v e r y union to a d o p t a s y s t e m of im p a r t ia l rev iew : S e c . 101(a) (6) . . . D i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n m a y b e t a k e n u n l e s s s u c h m e m b e r has been . . . (e) a f f o r d e d f i n a l r e v i e w on a w r it t e n t r a n s c r i p t o f the h e a r i n g , by an im p a rtia l p e rso n or p erso n s (i) a g r e e d to b y s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n an d the a c c u s e d , o r (ii) d e s i g n a t e d b y a n in d e p e n d e n t a r b i t r a t i o n o r m e d i a t i o n a s s o c i a t i o n o r board. ( S e n a t e B i l l 1555, 86th C o n g . , 1 s t S e s s . (1 0 5 C o n g . R e c . 5 810, A p r i l 22, 1959) T he b i l l f i n a l l y e n a c t e d did n ot c o n ta in t h is p r o v i s i o n . R a t h e r , it p l a c e d the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in the h a n d s o f un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y a u t h o r i t i e s an d , u l t i m a t e l y , the civ il c o u r ts . 116 T h e U p h o l s t e r e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n ’ s b o a r d w a s c o m p o s e d o f " i m p a r t i a l p e r s o n s of g o o d r e p u t e n ot h a v in g m e m b e r s h i p o r an y o t h e r d i r e c t i n t e r e s t in the (u n io n )." Its j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s s e t f o r t h a s f o l l o w s : T h e A p p e a l B o a r d . . . s h a l l h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n to h e a r an d d e t e r m i n e o n ly s u c h a p p e a l s a s a r i s e f r o m a d e c i s i o n o r a c t i o n o f the G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d in a c a s e in v o lv in g c h a r g e s o f v i o l a t i o n s o f the l a w s o r p o l i c i e s the U. I. U. o r o f a n y o f i t s s u b d i v i s i o n s , bu t s h a l l n ot h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n to h e a r o r d e t e r m i n e an y a p p e a l f r o m a c t i o n s o r d e c i s i o n s o f the U. I. U. , . . . in m a t t e r s n ot in v o l v in g a n a t t e m p t to i m p o s e d i s c i p l i n e up on a . . . m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r o f the U. I. U. o r o f a n y o f i t s su b o rd in ate b o d ie s. T h e c o n s t it u t io n o f the A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s r e q u i r e d th a t th e P u b l i c R e v i e w B o a r d o f th a t un ion b e c o m p o s e d o f " i m p a r t i a l p e r s o n s o f g o o d p u b li c r e p u t e , n ot w o r k i n g u n d e r th e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the UAW. " T his b o a r d 's ju r is d ic t io n w a s b r o a d e r th an h e a r i n g an d d e c i d i n g d i s c i p l i n e c a s e s , e x t e n d i n g a l s o to c a s e s in v o l v in g v i o l a t i o n o f the u n i o n 's o r the A F L - C I O * s C o d e of E t h i c a l P r a c t i c e s . T h i s r e v i e w b o a r d , w ith in d e p e n d e n t i n v e s t i g a t i n g p o w e r an d the a u t h o r i t y to a c t e v e n in the a b s e n c e o f an a p p e a l , w a s a l s o a m o n i t o r o f the u n i o n 's e t h i c a l a f f a i r s . T h e p r e a m b l e to the P u b l i c R e v i e w B o a r d p r o v i s i o n s t a t e d the r e a s o n f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g the b o a r d to b e " f o r the p u r p o s e of i n s u r i n g a c o n tin u a t io n o f h ig h m o r a l a n d e t h i c a l s t a n d a r d s in the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d o p e r a t i v e p r a c t i c e s of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l un io n . " T h e p u b l i c r e v i e w b o d y of the M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n , c o m p o s e d o f " t h r e e p u b l i c p e r s o n s , " h ad a n a r r o w e r g r a n t o f a u t h o r i t y . H ere, the N a t i o n a l P a n e l ' s j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s l i m i t e d to i m p e a c h m e n t of e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s of l o c a ls and d i s t r i c t s . T h e M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s * c o n s t i t u t i o n a u t h o r i z e d it s N a t i o n a l P a n e l to d e t e r m i n e i t s own p r o c e d u r e s , an d g a v e no o t h e r d e t a i l s . T h e U p h o l s t e r e r s an d the A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s , on the o t h e r h an d , d e a l t w ith p r o c e d u r a l m a t t e r s in c o n s id e r a b le d e tail. B o th a u t h o r i z e d t h e i r b o a r d s to e l e c t t h e i r own c h a i r m e n a n d p e r m i t t e d h e a r i n g s to b e c o n d u c t e d b y p a n e l s o f the b o a r d s . The A u to m o b ile W o r k e r s ' b o a r d w a s a u t h o r i z e d to d i s m i s s a p p e a l s th a t " f a i l to s t a t e a l l e g a t i o n s s u f f i c i e n t l y s e r i o u s " o r th a t w e r e " m a n i f e s t l y f r i v o l o u s " w ith o u t g r a n t i n g the a c cu se d a fo r m a l h earin g . B o th b o a r d s w e r e e m p o w e r e d to a s s e s s a p e n a l t y a g a i n s t fa ls e o r m alic io u s a c c u s e r s . T h e U p h o l s t e r e r s ' A p p e a l B o a r d w a s to d e t e r m i n e " w h e t h e r c o s t s o f the a p p e a l s h a l l b e l e v i e d on e i t h e r p a r t y , " an d the A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s ’ P u b l i c R e v i e w B o a r d w a s to a s s e s s a fin e " i f the f a c t s i n d i c a t e the a c c u s e r a c t e d in b a d f a i t h o r w ith m a l i c i o u s in te n t an d in a w i l lf u l e f f o r t to d iv id e a n d d i s r u p t the un ion . " In the M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ’ an d the A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s * u n i o n s , the d e c i s i o n o f the r e v i e w b o a r d w a s f i n a l a n d b in d in g . In the U p h o l s t e r e r s ' U n ion , the c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r m i t t e d a f u r t h e r a p p e a l to the u n ion c o n v e n t io n in c a s e s i n vo lv in g e x p u lsio n : . . . T h e a p p e l l a n t m a y e l e c t e i t h e r one o f t h e s e two a v e n u e s to a p p e a l but n ot both , e x c e p t th a t in the e v e n t the A p p e a l B o a r d u p h o ld s a p e n a l t y o f e x p u l s i o n the a p p e l l a n t m a y . . . m a k e f i n a l a p p e a l to the n e x t c o n v e n t io n . On the v a l u e o f p u b li c r e v i e w b o a r d s in d i s c i p l i n a r y m a t t e r s , A r c h i b a l d C o x , th en c h a i r m a n o f the U p h o l s t e r e r s ' r e v i e w b o a r d , w r o t e a s f o l l o w s in th e 1959 r e p o r t o f th a t b o a r d : T h e v a l u e o f the i m p a r t i a l A p p e a l B o a r d c a n n o t b e m e a s u r e d b y the vo lu m e of its b u s i n e s s . Its v e r y e x i s t e n c e w ou ld te n d to i n s u r e f a i r n e s s 117 e v e n th ough it h e a r d no c a s e s . If t h e r e w e r e d a n g e r o f . . . o f f i c e r s b e c o m i n g c a r e l e s s o r a r b i t r a r y in a d i s c i p l i n a r y m a t t e r , the v e r y e x i s t e n c e o f the B o a r d w ou ld r e m i n d th e m th a t t h e i r c o n d u c t w a s o p e n to s c r u t i n y b y o u t s i d e r s an d t h e y w ou ld a c t m o r e c a r e f u l l y in o r d e r to a v o id the e m b a r r a s s m e n t o f b e in g o v e r r u l e d . Thus u n fa irn e ss is p rev e n ted by s e l f - d i s c i p l i n e b e f o r e the u n f a i r n e s s o c c u r s w ith o u t the n e e d f o r A p p e a l B o ard p ro c ee d in g s. E l s e w h e r e in the r e p o r t , C h a i r m a n C o x d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the a p p e a l b o a r d a n d the i n t e r n a l t r i a l p r o c e s s . Q u o tin g f r o m a n a p p e a l b o a r d o p in io n : T h e p r i m a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h e a r i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t in d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s a n d th en d e t e r m i n i n g t h e i r g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e r e s t s w ith in the un ion . . . It i s i m p o r t a n t th a t the un ion r e t a i n t h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ; i t s p e r f o r m a n c e i s an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f d e m o c r a t i c s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t . Our fu n c tio n i s n ot to s u b s t i t u t e o u r s e l v e s f o r the u n io n *s t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s . O u r t a s k a s a n a p p e a l b o a r d i s to s e e th a t th e c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s w e r e f a i t h f u l l y f o ll o w e d a n d th a t the t r i a l w a s c o n d u c t e d a n d the d e c i s i o n w a s r e n d e r e d w ith o u t u n f a i r n e s s to the a c c u s e d . T h is g e n e r a l in q u iry in v o lv e s th re e s p e c i f ic i s s u e s : (1) W as the h e a r i n g c o n d u c t e d in a m a n n e r c a l c u l a t e d to e l i c i t the tr u t h , g iv i n g (the a c c u s e d ) n o t i c e of the c h a r g e s a n d a f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e p a r e a n d p r e s e n t h is d e f e n s e ; (2) W as t h e r e s u b s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e to s u p p o r t the fin d in g . (3) D id the m i s c o n d u c t w a r r a n t the p e n a l t y i m p o s e d . . . ; an d T im e L im its C o n s t i t u t i o n a l t i m e l i m i t s m a y s e r v e t h r e e j u d i c i a l p u r p o s e s (1) to i m p o s e a ’’ s t a t u t e o f l i m i t a t i o n s , ” (2) to g u a r a n t e e a s p e e d y t r i a l , a n d (3) to a l l o w the a c c u s e d s u f f i c i e n t t i m e to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e . E x c e s s i v e d e la y or e x c e s s iv e s p e e d m a y b o th b e c o n t r a r y to f a i r t r e a t m e n t . F o r no u n io n c o n s t it u t io n w a s it p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e th e p r e c i s e t i m e l i m i t s a l l o w e d f o r the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s . 35 In the f i r s t p l a c e , t i m e l i m i t a t i o n s w e r e not w i d e s p r e a d a t e i t h e r l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l p r o c e e d i n g s . Of the t i m e l i m i t s s t u d i e d , o n ly the m i n i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d f o r the a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e , a n d the t i m e w ith in w h ich to f i l e a n a p p e a l , w e r e s p e c i f i e d in a m a j o r i t y of co n stitu tio n s. In l e s s th a n a m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s , it w a s fo un d th a t t i m e w a s a ll o w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s ; to n o t ify the a c c u s e d o f c h a r g e s ; to c o n v e n e the t r i a l b o d y ; to r e n d e r a d e c i s i o n ; to c o n v e n e the a p p e a l b o d y ; o r to r e n d e r a f i n a l a p p e l l a t e d e cisio n . S e c o n d l y , w h e r e c e r t a i n t i m e l i m i t s w e r e s p e c i f i e d it w a s n ot p o s s i b l e to a d d the t i m e l i m i t s f o r e a c h p h a s e o f the d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e s s a n d a r r i v e a t the to tal allo w ab le tim e . A t l e a s t one p h a s e o f the t r i a l w a s n ot s u b j e c t to a t i m e lim ita tio n . S o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , r e q u i r e d the t r i a l b o d y to c o n v e n e w ith in a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r of d a y s a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d , b u t no l i m i t a t i o n s w e r e p l a c e d on the t i m e in w h ich a d e c i s i o n h ad to b e h a n d e d dow n , w h ile o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d a d e c i s i o n w ithin a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f d a y s a f t e r h e a r i n g , b u t m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to the t i m e w ith in w h ich the h e a r i n g w a s to t a k e p l a c e a f t e r c h a r g e s w e re file d . 35 T h e t e r m ’ ’d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s ” i n c l u d e s th a t p e r i o d o f t i m e f r o m the f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s to the f i n a l a p p e a l d e c i s i o n . 118 E v e n e x c lu d in g a p p e a l s p r o v i s i o n s , o n ly the R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n ' s c o n s t i t u t i o n a c c o u n t e d f o r the t o t a l t i m e b e t w e e n the f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s a n d the t r i a l b o d y ' s d e c i s i o n , an d th en o n ly f o r c e r t a i n t r i a l s , n a m e l y , a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t r i a l o f a m e m b e r on the g r o u n d s th a t he w a s a n " i n f o r m e r , s p o t t e r , s p y o r o p e ra tiv e fo r any d ete ctiv e agen cy, r a ilr o a d com pany, o r other p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s . " In s u c h c a s e s , the h e a r i n g h ad to c o m m e n c e w ithin 30 d a y s a f t e r the f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s ; a t the c l o s e o f the h e a r i n g , the m a t t e r w a s s u b m i t t e d to the p r e s i d e n t , who w a s r e q u i r e d to r e n d e r a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w ith in 10 d a y s . One o f the m o s t e x p l i c i t c o n s t i t u t i o n s w a s th a t o f the A i r L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s A sso ciatio n . In th a t c o n s t it u t io n , a h e a r i n g h ad to b e h e ld n ot l e s s th an 30 but n ot m o r e th a n 60 d a y s f r o m the f i l i n g of c h a r g e s ; d e c i s i o n s h ad to b e a n n o u n c e d w ith in 30 d a y s o f the h e a r i n g ; a p p e a l s h ad to b e t a k e n w ithin 30 d a y s o f the d a t e o f d e c i s i o n ; a n d a p p e a l s h ad to b e d e c i d e d w ithin the fo ll o w in g 30 d a y s . H ow ever, the p r o v i s i o n f o r a h e a r i n g d u r i n g the 3 0 - to 6 0 - d a y p e r i o d f r o m th e f i l i n g o f c h a r g e s c o u ld b e w a i v e d b y m u t u a l c o n s e n t . T i m e p e r i o d s w e r e o fte n e x p r e s s e d in g e n e r a l t e r m s , s u c h a s " r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " o r " w ith o u t un du e d e l a y , " w h ich p r e c l u d e d a n y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l e l a p s e d tim e. F o r i n s t a n c e , the c o n s t it u t io n o f the R e t a i l C l e r k s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n stip u late d : T h e t r i a l . . . s h a l l b e h e ld a s s o o n a s p r a c t i c a b l e , b u t no l a t e r th a n t h i r t y (30) d a y s fo llo w in g the d a t e on w h ic h c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d . . . . . . . the T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l , w itho ut undue d e l a y , d e t e r m i n e the g u ilt o r in n o c e n c e o f the a c c u s e d . . . T h e d e c i s i o n o f the T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l b e p r e s e n t e d a t the n e x t m e m b e rsh ip m eetin g. M a x i m u m T i m e A ll o w e d to F i l e C h a r g e s . O n ly 21 l o c a l a n d 8 i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d the m a x i m u m t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s a f t e r a n o f f e n s e h ad b e e n c o m m i t t e d o r b e c a m e known ( t a b le V I - 18). Such a T a b le V I- 18. M axim um T im e A llow ed to F ile C harges by Level, N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 ^Members^ii^ L ocal procedures International procedures M axim um tim e M em bers Unions M em bers 21 3, 495. 3 8 3 4 8.1 6 4 7 4 .6 2, 423. 9 2 8 9 .2 3 0 .4 1 4 .3 2 6 2 .9 1 1 1 1 Unions A ll constitutions specify in g tim e lim its to f ile c h a r g e s ----------------------------------------------30 days ------------------------------------------------------60 days ------------------------------------------------------90 days ------------------------------------------------------6 months ---------------------------------------------------1 y e a r --------------------------------------------------------Other tim e l i m i t s ----------------------------------------- 7 4 1 2 11 2 3 1 11.8 2 5 5 .4 20.0 3 0 .4 1 6 .8 1 3 .7 1 Under this constitution, lo c a l union bylaws could provide lim itatio n s of not less than 3 years. 2 Under this constitution, a 90-d ay tim e lim it was ap p lic ab le only to charges involving m em bers of different lo c a l unions. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 119 r e q u i r e m e n t , c o m p a r a b l e to a s t a t u t e of l i m i t a t i o n s in g e n e r a l l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s , a i m e d to i n s u r e th a t c h a r g e s w o u ld be f i l e d w h ile the f a c t s w e r e s t i l l f r e s h in the m i n d s of p a r t i e s a n d w i t n e s s e s . In a d d it i o n , th ey w o u ld r e m o v e l i n g e r i n g f e a r s o f p r o s e c u t i o n f o r p a s t o f f e n s e s , an d th u s e l i m i n a t e p o s s i b l e r e p r i s a l s th a t m i g h t a f f e c t a m e m b e r ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the a f f a i r s of h i s un io n . In t h o s e fe w i n s t a n c e s w h e r e t i m e l i m i t s w e r e g i v e n , th e y t y p i c a l l y a l lo w e d the a c c u s e r a p e r i o d o f 60 to 90 d a y s a f t e r the o f f e n s e to f i l e c h a r g e s . S e v e r a l c o n stitu tio n s s p e c ifie d s h o r t e r and s e v e r a l s p e c ifie d lo n g e r p e r i o d s , but o n ly o n c e d id the t i m e a l l o w e d to f i l e c h a r g e s e x c e e d 1 y e a r . The tim e lim it n e a r l y a l w a y s b e g a n to r u n f r o m the t i m e the a c c u s e d c o m m i t t e d a n o f f e n s e . In a fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , the co u n t b e g a n a t the t i m e the a c c u s e r b e c a m e a w a r e o f the o f f e n s e : C h a r g e s m u s t b e s u b m i t t e d . . . w ith in s i x t y (60) d a y s o f the t i m e the c o m p l a i n a n t f i r s t b e c a m e a w a r e , o r r e a s o n a b l y s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a w a r e , of the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e , A e r o sp a c e and A g ric u ltu ra l Im plem en t W o rk ers of A m e r ic a ) M a x i m u m T i m e A llo w e d to N o t ify the A c c u s e d A f t e r C h a r g e s W e r e F i l e d . A lth o u g h v i r t u a l l y a l l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a t the l o c a l u n io n l e v e l a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l r e q u i r e d th a t a m e m b e r b e n o t i f i e d th a t c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d a g a i n s t h i m , fe w s t i p u l a t e d a t i m e l i m i t w ith in w h ic h s u c h n o t ic e w a s r e q u i r e d to r e a c h the a c c u s e d ( ta b le V I - 19). Of t h o s e p r o v i d i n g t i m e l i m i t s , the p e r i o d u s u a l l y b e g a n to run f r o m the d a y c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d . A fe w c o n s t i t u t i o n s , h o w e v e r , s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d s b a s e d up o n the t i m e a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w b o d y r u l e d the c h a r g e s a c c e p t a b l e f o r t r i a l . T a b le V I-1 9 . M axim um T im e A llow ed to N otify the A ccu sed A fter C harges Were F ile d by L evel, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 L o cal procedures In ternational procedures M axim um tim e Unions A ll constitutions providing for notice that charges had been file d --------------------------Constitutions providing m axim u m tim e lim its S p e c ific tim e p e r i o d s --------------------------3 days -----------------------------------------5 days -----------------------------------------7 days -----------------------------------------10 days ----------------------------------------14 d a y s-----------------------------------------15 days ----------------------------------------30 days ---------------------------------------G en eral tim e periods --------------------------Other tim e periods -----------------------------Constitutions providing no tim e lim its ------- M em bers Unions M em bers 129 1 5 ,6 6 7 .8 71 1 0 ,2 6 1 .4 52 19 8 ,0 3 4 . 1 3 ,8 4 0 . 1 200. 1 3 6 6 .9 3 ,2 5 8 .3 22 1 ,7 0 6 . 1 75. 3 1 7 9 - 1 1 - 25 18 77 - 3 .0 11.8 - 3 ,8 3 9 .5 3 5 4 .5 7 ,6 3 3 .6 1 Under 5 - - - - - - 1 - 3 5 .0 - 1 11.8 3 17 2 8 .5 1 ,6 3 0 .8 - 49 - 8, 5 5 5 .3 6 constitutions, tim e lim its were operative from the tim e charges were acc e p te d for trial, and were 7 days, 10 days, 1 w eek after acc ep tan ce, and at the sam e m eeting the report was rendered; under 1 con stitution, notice was given a week in advance of trial; and under 1 constitution, a 2 1 -d ay tim e lim it applied to charges against m em bers but no referen ce was provided for charges again st lo c a l o fficers. 5 days, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 120 In l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , a s lig h t l y l a r g e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id e d f o r g e n e r a l th an fo r s p e c i f i c p e r i o d s . G e n e r a l l im it a t i o n s r e q u i r e d n o tic e " p r o m p t ly , " "w ith in a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " o r s i m i l a r l y in d e fin ite p e r i o d s . A fe w o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s in d ic a t e d th a t n o t ic e s w e r e to b e t r a n s m i t t e d on th e s a m e d a y th e c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d . F o r e x a m p le , the I n t e r n a tio n a l T y p o g r a p h ic a l U n io n 1s c o n s tit u t io n r e q u ir e d th e l o c a l p r e s i d e n t to " im m e d ia t e l y c a u s e to b e d e l i v e r e d to th e a c c u s e d m e m b e r a c o m p le t e co p y o f th e c h a r g e s a s f ile d , " an d th e B r o th e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d T r a in m e n ’ s t r i a l p r o c e d u r e r e q u ir e d n o tic e " a t th e s a m e t i m e " a s c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d . S p e c i f ic l im it a t i o n s s t a t e d th e m a x im u m n u m b e r o f d a y s a llo w e d to c o m m u n ic a te n o tic e to th e a c c u s e d . N e a r ly a ll m e m b e r s c o v e r e d by th e s e c l a u s e s in l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e g u a r a n t e e d n o tic e w ith in 7 d a y s a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f ile d , an d no p r o v is io n a llo w e d th e l o c a l u n io n m o r e th a n 15 d a y s to n o tify th e a c c u s e d . T im e l i m i t s f o r n o tify in g th e a c c u s e d w e r e l e s s p r e v a le n t in in t e r n a t io n a l tria l p ro c ed u res. L e s s th an o n e - t h ir d o f the c o n s t itu tio n s w ith a n o t ic e r e q u i r e m e n t s p e c i f i e d th a t th e n o tic e b e d e liv e r e d w ith in a g iv e n tim e p e r i o d . In v i r t u a lly a l l c a s e s t h e s e r e q u ir e m e n t s w e r e e x p r e s s e d in g e n e r a l t e r m s , b y s t i p u la t in g " r e a s o n a b l e " tim e o r s i m i l a r l y in d e fin ite p e r i o d s . T im e A llo w e d to C o n v e n e th e T r i a l B o d y . F o r t y - n i n e l o c a l a n d 33 i n t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s p e c i f i e d the p e r i o d w ith in w h ich th e t r i a l b o d y m u s t b e g in h e a r i n g s . In e f f e c t , t h e s e r e q u ir e m e n t s w e r e d e s ig n e d to f r e e th e a c c u s e d f r o m th e s t i g m a o f c h a r g e s an d t h r e a t s o f d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t io n i f th e t r i a l b o d y f a i l e d to h e a r th e c a s e w ith in the a llo t t e d tim e . F o r in s t a n c e , th e R u b b e r W o rk e r s ’ c o n s t itu tio n o r d e r e d c h a r g e s d i s m i s s e d w ith o u t p r e ju d i c e to th e a c c u s e d if th e y w e r e n ot " c a l l e d to t r i a l w ith in 30 d a y s o f th e d a te th e t r i a l b o a r d w a s se le c te d . " T h e s e lim it a t io n s u s u a l ly b e g a n to ru n a t th e tim e c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d , b u t a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r w e r e r e la t e d to o th e r s t e p s in th e t r i a l p r o c e d u r e . 36 S ix ty d a y s w a s the lo n g e s t s p e c i f i c tim e p e r i o d a llo w e d to c o n v e n e th e t r i a l b o d y ( ta b le V I - 2 0 ). T a b le V I-20. M axim um T im e Allow ed to C onvene T r ia l Body 1 by Level, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) L ocal procedures International procedures M axim um tim e Unions M embers Unions M em bers A ll constitutions specify in g m axim u m tim e lim its to convene tria l b o d i e s -------------------------------- 49 8 , 5 8 2 .6 33 3, 6 7 6 .9 S p e c ific tim e p e r io d s -----------------------------------15 days -------------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------------60 days -------------------------------------------------G eneral tim e p e r i o d s -----------------------------------R eason ab le t i m e -------------------------------------N ext m e e t i n g ------------------------------------------ 35 9 19 7 14 12 2 4, 864. 9 6 6 1 .7 2, 8 6 6.1 1 ,3 3 7 .1 3 ,7 1 7 .7 3, 3 9 1 .7 3 2 6 .0 16 5 7 4 17 13 4 1 ,4 8 0 .4 6 6 0 .4 601. 1 2 1 8 .9 2 ,1 9 6 .5 1 ,9 7 5 .8 2 2 0 .7 1 Most tim e lim its b egan at the tim e charges were file d . In several constitutions, however, the tim e to co n ven e was rela ted to the tim e the accu sed was n otified, the tim e the prelim inary body reported, the tim e the accu sed was suspended, or other events in the trial procedure. The number of each of these referen ce points is shown in appendix ta b le s C -3 and C -4 . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. 36 S e e a p p e n d ix t a b le s C - 3 a n d C - 4 . 121 G e n e r a l l im it a t i o n s w e r e s t a t e d in 14 c o n s t itu tio n s f o r th e l o c a l t r i a l l e v e l an d in 17 c o n s t itu tio n s f o r the in t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l l e y e l. T h e s e lim it a t i o n s r e q u ir e d th e t r i a l b o d y to b e g in h e a r in g s "w ith in a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e , " " a s so o n a s p r a c t i c a b l e , " o r "w ith r e a s o n a b l e d is p a t c h . " M in im u m T im e A llo w e d f o r th e A c c u s e d to P r e p a r e a D e f e n s e . In 92 in s t a n c e s a t th e l o c a l l e v e l , an d 57 a t th e in t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l , u n io n c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v id e d f o r a m in im u m tim e - in t e r v a l b e tw e e n th e d a te n o t ic e o f t r i a l w a s s e n t an d th e d a te s e t f o r c o n v e n in g th e t r i a l ( ta b le V I - 2 1 ). * A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t itu tio n s (2 4 f o r l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s a n d 12 f o r in t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ) p r o v id e d f o r n o tic e o f t r i a l , b u t r e q u ir e d no m in im u m tim e b e tw e e n th e s e n d in g o f s u c h n o t ic e an d the co n v e n in g o f th e t r i a l . In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , w h ile n o t ic e o f t r i a l w a s n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u ir e d , it m ig h t w e ll b e th a t in p r a c t i c e n o t ic e th a t c h a r g e s h ad b e e n f i le d in c lu d e d n o tic e o f th e d a te o f t r i a l . T a b le V I-21. M inim um T im e Between N otice of T r ia l and Convening the T r ia l Body N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 L ocal procedures M inim um tim e A ll constitutions providing for notice of t r i a l ---Constitutions specify in g m inim um tim e p e r i o d s -------------------------------------------S p e c ific tim e p e r io d s -----------------------------3 days ---------------------------------------------5 days ---------------------------------------------7 days ---------------------------------------------10 days -------------------------------------------14 days -------------------------------------------15 days -------------------------------------------20 days -------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------40 days -------------------------------------------G en eral tim e p e r i o d s -----------------------------R eason ab le t i m e -------------------------------One m eetin g before t r i a l --------------------Other tim e p e r i o d s ------- -------------------------Constitutions without m inim um tim e period p ro v isio n s--------------------------------------- Unions by Level, International procedures M em bers Unions M em bers 116 14 , 9 3 6 .3 69 9 , 8 7 9 .1 92 72 1 13 13 21 8 10 13 , 4 4 4 .5 10 , 6 4 3 .6 2 8 .5 1 , 4 7 2 .1 2 , 3 7 4.1 3 , 1 3 1 .4 1, 7 9 3 .1 1 , 7 2 7 .9 57 37 8 , 5 9 1 .3 4 , 723 . 0 - 6 - - 1 1 6 .5 - - 8 3 12 4 3 2 4 1 17 17 - 7 0 9 .9 2 7 7 .4 1 , 9 8 2 .3 5 0 6 .6 2 1 5 .3 6 .7 1 , 0 1 6 .9 8 .0 2 , 77 6 . 0 2 , 7 7 6 .0 17 15 2 1 3 2 , 7 7 1 .3 1 , 8 8 6 .3 8 8 5 .0 2 9 .6 23 1 , 0 9 2 .4 24 1 , 4 9 1 .8 12 1 , 2 8 7 .8 - - 1 Under 1 constitution, the tim e was 10 days if accu sed was notified in person, but 14 days if n otified by m ail; in 2 constitutions, tim e lim it d iffered for m em bers and lo c a l o ffice rs. 1 constitution provided 10 days for lo c a l o fficers and 7 days for m em bers, and 1 provided 14 days for lo c a l officers but did not specify the tim e for m em bers. 2 Under 1 constitution, the tim b lim it was 10 days if the accu sed was notified in person, but 12 days if notified by m a il; under 2 constitutions, a different tim e lim it ap p lied for sp e c ia l offen ses. 1 provided 5 days in trials of dual unionism but a "re a so n ab le " tim e in other trials, and 1 provided 2 days in "e m e rg e n c ie s" but 10 days for other trials. NOTE: B ecau se o f rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals. M o s t l o c a l u n io n t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s (72) an d a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r (37) o f in t e r n a t io n a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s e x p r e s s e d th is tim e p e r i o d a s a s p e c i f i c n u m b e r o f d ay s. T y p ic a l ly , a t l e a s t 10 d a y s e l a p s e d a f t e r n o tic e o f t r i a l a n d b e f o r e h e a r in g s 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 9 122 b e g a n ; r a r e l y w a s th is p e r i o d m o r e th a n 30 o r l e s s th an 5 d a y s . T h e se p r o v is io n s o fte n s t a t e d the p u r p o s e o f th is lim it a t io n , a s in th e fo llo w in g i l l u s t r a t i o n : A c o p y . . . (o f th e c h a r g e s ) . . . s h a l l b e f u r n is h e d b y th e lo d g e to th e a c c u s e d m e m b e r . . . a t l e a s t te n d a y s in a d v a n c e o f t r i a l s o th a t he m a y b e a d v is e d o f th e n a t u r e o f th e c h a r g e an d m a y b e e n a b le d to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e . ( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f B o i l e r m a k e r s , Ir o n S h i p b u i ld e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s an d H e lp e r s ) S e v e r a l c o n s t itu tio n s e x p r e s s e d th is lim it a t io n in a g e n e r a l w a y , o c c a s i o n a l l y u s in g la n g u a g e s i m i l a r to th a t u s e d in s e c t io n 1 0 1 (a )(5 )(B ) o f th e L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t in g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t. F o r in s t a n c e , on e c o n s t itu tio n s t i p u la t e d th a t: T h e T r i a l C o m m itte e s h a l l n ot c o n v e n e u n til th e a c c u s e d h a s a r e a s o n a b le o p p o r tu n ity to p r e p a r e h is c a s e . ( in t e r n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t io n o f M a s t e r s , M a t e s an d P i lo t s ) O c c a s io n a l ly , d if f e r e n t tim e l i m i t s a p p lie d in s p e c i f i e d s i t u a t i o n s . Tw o c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id e d e x p e d ite d p r o c e d u r e s f o r c h a r g e s in v o lv in g c e r t a i n o f f e n s e s . T h e H o te l & R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s ’ c o n s t itu tio n a llo w e d a s fe w a s 48 h o u r s to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e to c h a r g e s a ll e g in g ” a s itu a t io n in v o lv in g a s e r i o u s d a n g e r ” to th e u n io n , b u t n ot l e s s th an 10 d a y s f o r o th e r o f f e n s e s . T h e U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s ’ c o n s t itu tio n , on th e o th e r h an d , p r o v id e d fo r ” due n o t ic e ” o f t r i a l fo r m o s t o f f e n s e s b u t g u a r a n t e e d n ot l e s s th an 5 d a y s f o r c h a r g e s th a t a l l e g e d ’’fo m e n tin g , le a d in g , o r e n c o u r a g in g a d u a l u n ion o r d u a l m o v e m e n t w ith in ” th e u n ion . O ne c o n s t itu tio n , th a t o f th e M a r in e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n , p r o v id e d d if f e r e n t tim e l i m i t s d e p e n d in g upon th e m e th o d u s e d to n o tify th e a c c u s e d , an d h is lo c a t io n , a s fo llo w s : . . . In c a s e o f p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e n ot l e s s th an te n ; in c a s e o f s e r v ic e b y m a i l n ot l e s s th an tw e n ty d a y s t h e r e a f t e r . S h o u ld th e a c c u s e d r e s i d e b e y o n d th is ju r i s d i c t i o n , th ir t y d a y s s h a l l b e a llo w e d , to a p p e a r an d a n s w e r c h a r g e s , o r sh o u ld th e a c c u s e d b e e m p lo y e d in an y s e r v i c e w h e r e b y he ca n n o t p e r s o n a l l y b e b r o u g h t to t r i a l , s u c h tim e s h a l l b e g r a n t e d a s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y in s u c h c a s e n o t e x c e e d in g s ix t y d a y s . In a fe w c o n s t it u t io n s , th e a c c u s e d w a s p e r m i t t e d to g a in a d d itio n a l tim e to p r e p a r e h is d e fe n s e b y r e q u e s t in g a p o s tp o n e m e n t o f th e d a te s e t f o r t r i a l . For i n s t a n c e , th e c o n stitu tio n o f th e S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ’ I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n a u t h o r iz e d p o s tp o n in g th e t r i a l ’’f o r a r e a s o n a b l e p e r i o d o f tim e if v a lid r e a s o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d to th e t r i a l c o m m it t e e . ” In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , p r o v i s i o n s s i m i l a r to th e on e c ite d b e lo w g o v e r n e d : S h o u ld th e a c c u s e d b e u n a b le . . . a n d p l a c e d e s ig n a t e d , he s h a l l , a t th e o r c o m m it t e e , an d upon a p p lic a t io n , b e tin u a n c e to s o m e p la c e an d d a te a g r e e d T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p lo y e s an d M o v in g U n ite d S t a t e s an d C a n a d a ) to a tte n d th e h e a r in g a t the tim e d i s c r e t i o n o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d g r a n t e d a p o s tp o n e m e n t o r c o n upon. ( in t e r n a t io n a l A ll ia n c e o f P i c t u r e M a c h in e O p e r a t o r s o f th e M a x im u m T im e A llo w e d to R e n d e r a F i n a l D e c i s io n . T h is tim e l im it , j u s t a s tim e l i m i t s on c o n v e n in g the t r i a l b o d y , b e g a n to ru n a t d if f e r e n t p h a s e s 123 o f th e t r i a l . A t b o th th e l o c a l an d in t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l , th e m o s t c o m m o n r e f e r e n c e p o in t w a s f r o m th e tim e th e t r i a l b o d y c o n v e n e d . In a fe w c o n s t it u t io n s , h o w e v e r , it w a s th e d a y th e h e a r in g c l o s e d . F o r e x a m p le : T h e d e c is io n o f th e T r i a l B o a r d s h a l l b e r e n d e r e d p r o m p t ly , an d in no e v e n t . . . l a t e r th an th ir t y d a y s fo llo w in g th e d a te w hen h e a r in g i s h e ld . (In t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a r b le , S la t e an d S to n e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s an d S a w y e r s , T ile an d M a r b le S e t t e r s 1 H e lp e r s an d M a r b le M o s a ic an d T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s ' H e lp e r s ) * * * A d e c is io n s h a l l b e r e n d e r e d w ith in fifte e n (15) d a y s a f t e r the c a s e i s c l o s e d b e f o r e th e o r i g i n a l tr ib u n a l. ( L a u n d r y , D r y C le a n in g an d D y e H o u se W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion , Ind. ) A g a in , it sh o u ld b e e m p h a s iz e d th a t th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f a tim e lim it f o r a fin a l d e c is io n w a s n ot in d ic a t iv e o f t o t a l tim e e l a p s e d f r o m th e tim e o f th e filin g of c h a rg e s. A p p r o x im a t e ly o n e - t h ir d o f th e l o c a l u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s tu d ie d s p e c i fie d the tim e a llo w e d to r e n d e r a d e c is io n . L o c a l u n ion t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s , a s n o te d e a r l i e r , fr e q u e n t ly in v o lv e d tw o p h a s e s : F i r s t , a h e a r in g b e f o r e th e t r i a l b o d y , fo llo w e d b y a f in a l d e t e r m in a t io n b y th e l o c a l un ion m e m b e r s h i p . A lth o u g h s o m e c o n s t itu tio n s (20) s p e c i f ie d th e t o t a l tim e w h ich m a y e l a p s e u n til a v e r d i c t is r e a c h e d , a l a r g e r n u m b e r (26) s p e c i f i e d o n ly th e tim e a llo w e d to c o n s id e r an d r e s o l v e th e t r i a l b o d y 's r e p o r t ( ta b le V I - 2 2 ). T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u ir e d th e f i n a l a u t h o r ity to r e n d e r a d e c is io n a t th e s a m e m e e tin g th e fin d in g s w e r e p r e s e n te d o r , m o r e o fte n , a t th e n e x t m e e tin g a f t e r th e t r i a l b o d y r e p o r t e d it s fin d in g s . T a b le V I- 22. M axim um T im e A llow ed Local Level T ria l Bodies to R ender a D ecision, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) F in al d ecision body T o ta l studied M axim um tim e T r ia l body Unions Unions A ll constitutions with tim e lim its to render d ecision ----------------------------------------T im e from tria l to fin a l d ecision ------------------20 days -------------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------------60 d a y s ------------------------- ------------------------R eason ab le t i m e -------------------------------------N ext m e e t in g ------------------------------------------O th e r ----------------------------------------------------T im e from tria l body's report to fin al d ecision -------------------------------------------------N ext m eetin g after report rendered -------------Sam e m eetin g report rendered ---------------■— Other tim e periods ----------------------------------- Another body M em bers M em bers Unions 46 7 ,7 5 8 .3 12 1 ,8 9 5 .4 34 20 1 3 2 8 4 1 2 4, 0 0 8 .7 1.0 1 4 4 .7 2, 445. 2 9 9 9 .6 2 0 8 .2 2 1 0 .0 12 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 ,8 9 5 .4 1.0 1 4 4 .7 1 ,4 1 8 .2 3 7 .8 8 3 .7 2 1 0 .0 8 - 26 13 11 2 2 3 ,7 4 9 .7 2, 1 4 2 .6 1 ,4 8 8 .6 1 1 8 .4 - - - 1 5 2 26 13 11 2 M em bers 5 ,8 6 2 .9 2, 113. 3 1 ,0 2 7 .0 9 6 1 .8 1 2 4 .5 - 3, 7 4 9 .7 2 ,1 4 2 .6 1 ,4 8 8 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 Under 1 constitution, a fin a l d ecision was required w ithin 10 days in cases o f raidin g and secession; in 1 co n stitution a fin a l d ecision was rendered at the sam e m eetin g at which the prelim inary review body reported. 2 Under 1 constitution, the fin al body d ecid ed within 30 days in a ll trials; and under 1 constitution, the fin al body d ecid ed within 30 days if the accu sed was suspended. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 124 S e v e r a l o f th e 20 c o n s t itu tio n s th a t s p e c i f i e d th e t o ta l t im e a llo w e d f r o m t r i a l to f in a l d e c i s i o n in c lu d e d s e p a r a t e lim it a t i o n s f o r th e t r i a l b o d y a n d th e fin a l d e c is io n b o d y , w h ile o t h e r s p r o v id e d on e l im it a t i o n f o r a l l b o d i e s , a s in th e f o l lo w in g p r o v i s i o n : A ll d e c i s i o n s . . . s h a l l b e m a d e . . . w ith in s ix t y (60) d a y s o f th e d a te th e h e a r in g o f t r i a l c o m m e n c e d , u n l e s s o t h e r w is e o r d e r e d b y th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . ( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n a n d H e lp e r s o f A m e r i c a , In d. ) T h e tim e a llo w e d to r e n d e r a f in a l d e c is io n w a s r a r e l y s p e c i f i e d in i n t e r n a t io n a l l e v e l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( ta b le V I - 2 3 ). M o s t o f t h e s e l im it a t i o n s ( I I ) a p p lie d in a l l t r i a l s , w h ile th e r e m a in in g fe w (7) w e r e o p e r a t iv e o n ly i f th e a c c u s e d w a s s u s p e n d e d p r i o r to t r i a l . S p e c i f ic tim e p e r i o d s , r a n g in g f r o m 5 to 120 d a y s , w e r e m o r e p r e v a le n t th an in d e fin ite nr e a s o n a b l e t i m e " l im i t a t i o n s . T y p ic a l ly , t h e s e s p e c i f i c tim e p e r i o d l im it a t i o n s r e q u ir e d th e t r i a l b o d y to r e n d e r a d e c is io n w ith in 15 o r 30 d a y s . T im e C o n su m e d b y A p p e lla t e P r o c e d u r e . N o t o n ly w a s it u s u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e to c a lc u l a t e th e s p e c i f i c a m o u n t o f tim e th a t e l a p s e d f r o m th e in i t ia l f ilin g o f c h a r g e s to th e fin a l a p p e a l, it w a s a l s o u s u a l ly i m p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m in e th e le n g th o f t im e c o n s u m e d b y the a p p e l la t e p r o c e d u r e s a lo n e , th a t i s , f r o m th e t r i a l d e c i s i o n to th e fin a l a p p e a l. T h is i s a t t r ib u t a b le to th e f a c t th a t m o s t c o n s t it u t io n s d id n ot p r o v id e a t o t a l a p p e a l t i m e ; l ik e w is e , th e y d id n o t s p e c i f y th e a m o u n t o f tim e a llo w e d to e x h a u s t e a c h s t e p in th e a p p e l la t e p r o c e d u r e . O n ly th e t im e a llo w e d to f i le an a p p e a l w a s s p e c i f i e d in a m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t itu tio n s ( t a b le V I - 2 4 ). T w e n ty c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i e d th e tim e w ith in w h ich th e a p p e l la t e b o d y ( o r b o d ie s ) w e r e to b e c o n v e n e d , an d 28 s p e c i f i e d th e t o t a l p e r i o d f o r d e c id in g th e a p p e a l. W ith r e g a r d to th e f ilin g o f a p p e a l s , 30 d a y s w a s p e r i o d s p e c i f i e d , a s in th e fo llo w in g c o n s titu tio n : th e m o s t p r e v a le n t E v e r y a p p e a l m u s t b e ta k e n w ith in th ir t y (30) d a y s f r o m th e d a te th e d e c i s i o n o f the lo w e r t r ib u n a l i s r e n d e r e d . ( B r o th e r h o o d o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s an d P a p e r h a n g e r s o f A m e r ic a ) W hile e x p l ic i t l im it a t i o n s on th e tim e a llo w e d to c o n v e n e a n a p p e a l b o d y o r r e n d e r a n a p p e l la t e d e c is io n w e r e in fr e q u e n t, n e a r l y a l l c o n s t it u t io n s s p e c i f i e d th e fr e q u e n c y o f m e e t in g s f o r th e g e n e r a l e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , on e o f th e c o m m o n a p p e a l b o d ie s. T h e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d s u s u a l l y m e t a t s p e c i f i e d i n t e r v a l s to d e c id e a p p e a ls an d t r a n s a c t u n ion b u s i n e s s . Y e a r ly m e e t i n g s w e r e n ot u n c o m m o n , b u t q u a r t e r l y o r s e m ia n n u a l m e e t in g s w e r e m o r e t y p ic a l ( ta b le V I - 2 5 ). In a s m a l l n u m b e r o f c o n s t it u t io n s , th e b o a r d w o u ld m e e t a t i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , g e n e r a l l y w hen c a l l e d b y th e in t e r n a t io n a l p r e s i d e n t o r b y th e m e m b e r s o f th e g e n e r a l e x e c u t iv e b o a r d . F r e q u e n t ly , h o w e v e r , the e x e c u tiv e b o a r d c o u ld b e c a ll e d in to s e s s i o n a t o t h e r th an r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s i f the p r e s s u r e o f b u s i n e s s w a r r a n t e d it . F o r exam p l e , th e R a ilw a y ~ a n d S t e a m s h ip C l e r k s * c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d : . . . (th e a p p e a l s h a ll) s a y w h e th e r it i s o f s u c h n a tu r e a s to d e m a n d a s p e c i a l m e e t in g o f th e G r a n d E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il. The (S e c re ta ry ) sh a ll t a b u la t e th e o p in io n o f th e m e m b e r s o f th e ( c o u n c il) an d i f a m a j o r i t y a r e in f a v o r o f a s p e c i a l m e e t in g , h e w ill i s s u e a c a l l f o r th e s a m e . O t h e r w is e , th e a p p e a l w ill b e h a n d le d a t i t s n e x t r e g u l a r s e s s i o n . 125 T a b le V I-2 3 . M axim um T im e A llow ed In ternational L evel T r ia l Body to Render a F in al D ecision, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands' T im e lim it ap p lied in a ll trials T o ta l studied M axim um tim e Unions M em bers Unions T im e lim it ap p lied only if the accu sed was suspended M em bers Unions M em bers A ll constitutions with tim e lim its to render d ecision ----------------------------------------- 18 3 ,1 2 5 .3 11 1 ,9 8 2 .1 7 1, 1 4 3 .2 S p e c ific tim e p e r io d s -----------------------------------5 days ---------------------------------------------------15 days -------------------------------------------------30 days -------------------------------------------------40 d a y s ---------------------* ---------------------------60 days -------------------------------------------------120 d a y s ------------------------------------------------R eason ab le t i m e ------------------------------------------Other tim e p e r i o d s ---------------------------------------- 10 1 3 3 1 1 1 7 11 2 ,1 9 0 .4 6 2 .3 1 1 3 .9 3 8 4 .0 2 0 0 .1 1 ,4 1 8 .2 1 1 .8 9 1 4 .6 2 0 .3 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,7 1 0 .3 6 2 .3 1 3 .7 4 .2 20 0 .1 1 ,4 1 8 .2 1 1 .8 2 5 1 .4 2 0 .3 4 2 2 4 8 0 .0 - 1 0 0 .2 3 7 9 .8 - - - - 3 " - 6 6 3 .2 - 1 Under 1 constitution, the tr ia l body determ ined the guilt or innocence of the accu sed , but a different body assessed the pen alty. T h e tr ia l body d ecid ed within 15 days after hearing the charges; no referen ce was m ad e to the tim e allow ed the fin a l body. NOTE: B ecau se of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. T a b le V I-2 4 » T im e Lim its in A p p eal Procedures, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 jJM e m b e r sj^ F ile ap p eal C onvene ap p e a l body D ecid e the ap p eal T i ixi0 lim its Unions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l ------------- 153 16, 9 1 2 .3 153 1 6 ,9 1 2 .3 153 1 6 ,9 1 2 .3 C onstitutions providing tim e l i m i t s ---------------T im e lim its a p p lied to a ll b o d i e s -------------S p e c ific l im it a t io n s ----------------------------G en eral l i m i t a t i o n s ----------------------------S p e c ific and g en eral l i m i t a t i o n s ----------T im e lim its ap p lied to som e but not a ll b o d i e s -------------------------------------------S p e c ific l im it a t io n s ----------------------------G en eral l i m i t a t i o n s ----------------------------S p e c ific and g en eral lim itatio n s ----------Constitutions not providing tim e l i m i t s ----------- 125 101 94 2 5 15, 4 2 8 .2 13, 5 3 0 .5 1 3 ,1 7 5 .7 6 0 .0 2 9 4 .7 20 10 4, 269. 4 2 ,1 4 5 . 2 28 14 7 6 1 4, 489. 4 2, 505. 3 1 7 4 .6 2 ,1 7 1 .6 159.1 24 24 1, 8 9 7 .8 1 ,8 9 7 .8 10 4 3 3 133 14 7 7 1 ,9 8 4 .1 3 4 2 .5 1 ,6 4 1 .7 - 28 - 1, 4 8 4 .1 - 10 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. - 2 ,1 4 5 .2 - 2 ,1 2 4 .2 6 4 6 .4 9 3 5 .6 5 4 2 .2 12, 6 4 2 .9 - 125 - 12, 4 2 2 .9 126 T a b le V I-25. Frequency of International E xecutive Board M eetin g, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 Q u alification s on frequen cy of m eetin gs T o tal unions Provision for sp e cial m eetin g Frequency of m eetings A ll constitutions providing for a p p e a l --------------Constitutions providing for m eetin g at regular intervals -------------------------------------- ---------Every 1 m o n t h --------------------------------------Every 2 months -------------------------------------Every 3 months -------------------------------------Every 4 months -------------------------------------Every 6 months -------------------------------------Every 12 months -----------------------------------Every 24 months -----------------------------------Other regu lar i n t e r v a ls ----------------------------Constitutions providing for m eetings at irregular i n t e r v a l s ----7------------------------------C a lle d by international p r e s id e n t --------------C a lle d by ex ecu tiv e b o a r d -----------------------C a lle d by either president or execu tive board ------------------------------------------------C onstitutions not providing frequency of m eetin g ----- ------------------------------------------- Provision for Provision for sp e c ia l No w aiving m eetin g and referen ce to form al w aiving q u alificatio n s hearing fo rm al hearing 153 58 22 37 36 100 4 2 26 11 31 22 2 12 51 4 1 13 6 14 13 7 33 9 - - - 37 11 8 3 - - - 1 - - 4 2 9 5 11 6 2 - 1 13 5 1 3 1 1 18 5 5 18 2 7 1 8 16 4 2 1 9 - 4 - - - 2 3 - - 1 Under 1 constitution, m eetings held every 6 months if fin an ces perm itted , but no later than 9 months in any event; and under 1 constitution, m eetings were held before and after each convention and 3 tim e s betw een m eetings of bian nu al convention. T a b le V I-2 6 . Frequency of C onventions, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 1 (M em bers in thousands) T o tal studied A ffiliatio n AFL -CIO Frequency of conventions Unions U n affiliated M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers A ll constitutions providing for fin al ap p eal to the c o n v e n t io n ------------------------------------------- 129 14, 3 5 5 .7 105 1 3 ,2 4 6 .0 24 1, 1 0 9 .7 Y e a rly ------------------------------------------------------Every 2 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Every 3 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Every 4 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Every 5 y e a r s ----------------------------------------------Set by referendum --------------------------------------Set by convention or governing b o d y ---------------Other f r e q u e n c ie s ----------------------------------------No referen ce to frequency of convention ---------- 20 44 19 28 7 3 2 X5 1 1 ,0 1 5 .9 4, 684. 4 1 ,0 9 4 .3 5, 527. 3 5 5 6 .9 7 5 1 .6 6 0 0 .3 1 2 3 .2 1 .9 10 39 17 26 6 3 1 2 1 7 2 7 .4 4, 623. 5 1 ,0 3 1 .7 5, 4 4 8 .5 5 5 3 .9 7 5 1 .6 .3 1 0 7 .3 1 .9 10 5 2 2 1 2 8 8 .5 6 0 .9 6 2 .6 7 8 .8 3 .0 - 1 3 - 6 0 0 .0 1 5 .9 - 1 Under 1 constitution, a gen eral m eetin g was held monthly ex cep t in Ju ly and A ugust; under 1 constitution, a body com bining the functions of convention and gen eral ex ecu tiv e board m et 3 tim es a year; under 2 constitutions, conventions were held tw ice a y ear; and under 1 constitution the convention m et every 18 months. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 127 A s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f c o n s t itu tio n s p e r m i t t e d th e b o a r d to c i r c u l a t e th e a p p e a l an d r e n d e r a d e c is io n w ith o u t a s s e m b l i n g in a f o r m a l h e a r in g . F o r in s t a n c e , th e fo llo w in g p r o v is io n a u t h o r iz e d the b o a r d to a c t on an a p p e a l b y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e : W hen an a p p e a l f r o m a n y d e c i s i o n o f th e I. P . i s m a d e to th e I. E . C. th en the I. E . C , s h a l l r e n d e r a d e c is io n a t it s n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t in g . H o w e v e r , th e I. E . C . m a y , w hen it f e e l s s u c h i s p r a c t i c a l , a c t on a p p e a l by c o rre sp o n d e n c e . ( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s) N u m e r o u s q u a li f ic a t io n s , in a d d itio n to th o s e d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , f r u s t r a t e d a n y a tt e m p t to d e t e r m in e th e t y p ic a l t im e a llo w e d to p r o c e s s an a p p e a l. T h e fe w c o n s t itu tio n s th a t p r o v id e d e x p l ic i t tim e l i m i t s f o r s o m e , r a r e l y s p e c i f i e d an o v e r a l l in d ic a t io n o f the tim e a llo w e d f o r a l l s t e p s o f th e a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e . L im i t a t i o n s c o m m o n ly a p p lie d to o n ly on e o f s e v e r a l a p p e a l b o d ie s . G en eral l im i t a t i o n s , s u c h a s na r e a s o n a b l e t i m e 11 o fte n r e g u la t e d th e le n g th o f tim e a llo w e d to c o n v e n e th e a p p e a l b o d y o r to r e n d e r an a p p e l la t e d e c is io n . H o w e v e r , one tim e l im it a t io n , th e fr e q u e n c y o f c o n v e n tio n s , p r o v id e s a g r o s s in d ic a t io n o f th e a b s o l u t e m a x im u m tim e th a t co u ld e l a p s e in the l a r g e n u m b e r o f p r o c e d u r e s (1 2 9 ) in w h ich th e c o n v e n tio n e x e r c i s e d fin a l a p p e l la t e a u t h o r ity . T h e p e r i o d b e tw e e n c o n v e n tio n s r a n g e d f r o m a fe w m o n th s to 5 y e a r s , w ith b ie n n ia l c o n v e n tio n s m o s t fr e q u e n t ly s p e c i f i e d ( ta b le V I - 2 6 ). Chapter VII. Discipline of International Officers A ll b u t 9 o f th e 158 c o n s t itu tio n s s tu d ie d p r o v id e d f o r on e o r m o r e m e th o d s o f d is c i p l in in g in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s ( ta b le V I I - 1). I m p e a c h m e n t, th e m o s t c o m m o n ty p e o f c o n s t it u t io n a l p r o c e d u r e , w a s p r o v id e d b y 125 o f th e c o n s t it u t io n s . R e c a l l an d s u m m a r i l y im p o s e d d i s c i p l i n e , tw o o th e r m e th o d s o f d i s c i p l i n e , w e r e f a r l e s s f r e q u e n t ly p r o v id e d f o r , o c c u r r in g in 36 an d 43 c o n s t it u t io n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T a b le V II-1. Method of D isciplining N ational O fficers, N ation al and International tJnion Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands! T o ta l A ffiliatio n T y p e of provisions AFL -CIO Unions U n affiliated M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers A ll c o n stitu tio n s-------------------------------- 158 16, 9 2 3 .1 122 14, 2 2 8 .8 36 2, 694. 3 C onstitutions providing for d i s c i p l i n e ---Im p e a c h m e n t-------------------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------Sum m ary d iscip lin e ---------------------Im peach m en t and re c a ll ---------------Im peach m en t and sum m ary d i s c i p l in e ----------------------------------R e c a ll and sum m ary d is c ip l in e -------Im peach m en t, r e c a ll, and sum m ary d i s c i p l in e ----------------------------------Constitutions not providing d isciplin e provisions -------------------------------------Constitutions c o v e rin g : 1 Im p e a c h m e n t---------- --------------------R e c a l l ----------------------------------------Sum m ary d iscip lin e ---------------------- 149 82 13 6 11 1 6 ,7 0 1 .3 9 ,1 6 6 .9 8 9 2 .5 1 1 8 .4 2 ,1 9 6 .4 117 69 6 4 9 1 4 ,0 1 5 .0 7, 5 2 3 .1 6 4 0 .8 1 0 8 .4 2, 136.1 32 13 7 2 2 2, 686 . 3 1 ,6 4 3 .8 2 5 1 .7 1 0 .0 6 0 .3 25 5 2, 522. 3 2 2 7 .8 21 4 2 ,5 1 1 .8 1 2 7 .8 4 1 1 0 .5 1 0 0 .0 7 1 ,5 7 6 .9 4 9 6 6 .8 3 6 1 0 .1 9 2 2 1 .8 5 2 1 3 .8 4 8 .0 125 36 43 1 5 ,4 6 2 .5 4, 893. 5 4, 445. 5 103 23 33 1 3 ,1 3 7 .8 3, 8 7 1 .5 3 ,7 1 5 .0 22 13 10 2, 324. 6 1, 0 2 2 .0 7 3 0 .5 1 N onadditive. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. T he c h a r a c t e r is t ic s of su m m a r y d is c ip lin e h av e b een p r e v io u s ly d e s c r i b e d . (S e e c h a p te r I I .) I m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e s , a s th e t e r m i s u s e d in th is r e p o r t , r e q u i r e th e filin g o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r b e f o r e a t r i b u n a l, r e s u lt i n g in a h e a r in g , o r t r i a l , b e f o r e s u c h b o d y . R e c a l l i s a p r o c e d u r e b y w h ich an o f f i c e r c o u ld b e r e m o v e d f r o m o f f ic e d i r e c t l y b y a v o te o f th e m e m b e rsh ip . In t e r m s o f p r o c e d u r e , th e m o s t s ig n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n r e c a l l an d im p e a c h m e n t w a s th a t im p e a c h m e n t p r o v id e d f o r a h e a r in g o r t r i a l w h e r e a s r e c a l l u s u a l ly d id n o t. H o w e v e r , th e lin e b e tw e e n th e tw o p r o c e d u r e s s o m e t i m e s a p p e a r e d in d is t in c t . T h is w a s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e in th e 22 o f th e 125 c o n s t itu tio n s 128 129 c o n ta in in g im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w h e r e th e c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d th a t th e d e c i s i o n o r r e c o m m e n d a tio n o f th e t r i a l b o d y b e s u b m itte d to a r e f e r e n d u m v o te f o r a p p ro v a l o r d isa p p r o v a l. H o w e v e r , a lth o u g h t h e s e c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id e d f o r a r e f e r e n d u m v o te , a s i s th e c a s e in r e c a l l , th e y w e r e c o n s id e r e d a s im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s , s in c e th e d e te r m in in g f a c t o r w a s ta k e n to b e th e e x i s t e n c e o f t r i a l m a c h in e r y , an d n o t th e l o c u s o f th e f in a l d e c is io n . A p p r o x im a t e ly t w o - t h ir d s o f th e 149 c o n s t itu tio n s c o n ta in in g p r o v i s i o n s f o r th e d i s c i p l i n e o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s s p e c i f i e d on e p a r t i c u l a r m e th o d to th e e x c lu s io n o f th e o t h e r s . O f t h e s e , th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y (82) p r o v id e d f o r im p e a c h m e n t a s th e o n ly m e a n s o f d i s c i p l i n e . On th e o th e r h a n d , s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g s lig h t l y o v e r 1 .5 m il lio n m e m b e r s , p r o v id e d f o r a l l t h r e e ty p e s o f d i s c ip lin e . T h e r e m a in d e r (41) p r o v id e d f o r tw o o f th e th r e e p r o c e d u r e s . In g e n e r a l , im p e a c h m e n t a p p e a r s to c a r r y a c o n n o ta tio n o f p u n ish m e n t f o r w r o n g d o in g , w h e r e a s r e c a l l s e e m s m o r e o f a m e a n s o f r e m o v in g an o f f i c e r b e c a u s e o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith th e w ay h e p e r f o r m s h is jo b . S u c h a h y p o t h e s is i s s u p p o r t e d b y th e f a c t th a t w h ile t w o - t h ir d s o f th e im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i e d th e g r o u n d s on w h ich im p e a c h m e n t w a s to b e b a s e d , o n ly 17 p e r c e n t o f th e r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d s . O ne c o n s t itu tio n e v e n r e f e r r e d to th e " p r i v i l e g e 11 o f r e c a l l : It s h a l l b e th e p r i v i l e g e o f th e A s s o c i a t i o n s o f th e L e a g u e to r e c a l l L e a g u e o f f i c e r s . ( P a t t e r n M a k e r s * L e a g u e o f N o rth A m e r ic a ) T h e r e w e r e , h o w e v e r , m a n y e x c e p t io n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th o s e c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich d id n o t p r o v id e fo r b o th r e c a l l an d im p e a c h m e n t. On th e w h o le , t h e r e w e r e no m a r k e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n u n io n s a f f il ia t e d w ith th e A F L —CIO an d th o s e u n a f f ilia t e d . F o r b o th g r o u p s , th e m o s t p r e v a le n t ty p e o f p r o v i s i o n c a ll e d f o r im p e a c h m e n t a s th e e x c l u s i v e m e a n s o f im p o s in g d isc ip lin e . S u m m a r y D i s c ip li n e o f I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r s A s m e n tio n e d in c h a p te r II, c o n s t it u t io n a l p r o v i s i o n s p e r m it t in g s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r o th e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b lig a t io n s 37 w e r e fo u n d to a p p ly p r i m a r i l y to l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s . S u c h p r o v i s i o n m u c h l e s s fr e q u e n t ly a p p lie d to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s . M o r e o v e r , o n ly s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s lim it e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e e x c l u s i v e l y to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s (ta b le V I I - 2). G r o u n d s an d P e n a l t i e s . T h e g r o u n d s f o r w h ich s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e c o u ld b e im p o s e d u p o n in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s w e r e g e n e r a l ly s i m i l a r to t h o s e s p e c i f ie d f o r l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s a n d / o r m e m b e r s . In th e e a r l i e r s e c t io n ( c h a p t e r II) d i s c u s s i n g s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e a s a p p lie d to l o c a l o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s , m o r e th a n 40 g r o u n d s w e r e fo u n d an d t h e s e w e r e g r o u p e d in to m a j o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in c lu d in g jo b d i s c i p l i n e , u n io n lo y a lt y , in t e r n a l p o l i t i c s , an d v io la t io n o f u n io n la w . A m o n g th e 43 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith s u m m a r y d i s c i p l in e p r o v i s i o n s a p p lic a b le to i n t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s , th e s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d s w e r e fe w e r , b u t th e p r o v i s i o n s c o v e r e d a l m o s t a s w id e a r a n g e o f v io l a t io n s . 37 S u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t o f f i n a n c i a l o b lig a t io n s a s it a p p lie d to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s w a s n ot s tu d ie d , a s th is i s m o s t a p p lic a b le to r a n k - a n d f i le m e m b e r s . 130 Table VII-2. Appeals from Summary Discipline of International Officers, National and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) Sum m ary d iscip lin e a p p lic a b le to — T o ta l International officers only Type of ap p ea l provisions Sum m ary d iscip lin e autom a tic a lly r e v i e w e d ------------A pp eal m ay be tak en from sum m ary a c t i o n -----------------No referen ce to ap p eal from sum m ary a c t i o n ------------------ In ternational and lo c a l o ffice rs and m em bers M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 43 4, 445. 6 7 1 8 3 .3 12 4 7 5 .3 24 3 ,7 8 6 .9 2 6 0 4 .0 2 6 0 4 .0 18 3 ,0 1 0 . 3 - 23 8 3 1 .2 7 Unions A ll constitutions with sum m ary d iscip lin e for international o ffice rs ----------------------------- International and lo c a l officers - - - 4 3 0 2 .0 14 2, 708. 3 8 1 7 3 .3 8 4 7 4 .6 183. 3 - NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. T h e s e v e n c o n s t itu tio n s in w h ich s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e w a s a p p lic a b le o n ly to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s l i s t e d o n ly tw o g r o u n d s . F i v e o f th e s e v e n s u b je c t e d o f f i c e r s to d i s c i p l i n e i f th e y m i s s e d m o r e th an a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f b o a r d m e e t in g s , a s f o r in s t a n c e th e W indow G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r ic a : T h e N a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l d e c l a r e v a c a n t an y o f f ic e o f an E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r who i s a b s e n t w ith o u t a c c e p t a b l e c a u s e fo r tw o c o n s e c u t iv e m e e t i n g s , an d s h a l l f i l l su c h v a c a n c y a s h e r e t o b e f o r e p r o v id e d . T h e o th e r tw o l i s t e d m a l f e a s a n c e an d n o n f e a s a n c e in o f f ic e . U n d e r t h e s e s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , th e o f fic e o f th e v i o l a t o r w a s to b e d e c l a r e d v a c a n t, a lth o u g h , a c c o r d in g to on e , th e o f f i c e r so r e m o v e d w a s e lig ib le to b e a c a n d id a te to s u c c e e d h im se lf. In th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich a llo w e d s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e a g a i n s t i n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r s a s w e ll a s a g a i n s t l o c a l o f f i c e r s an d m e m b e r s , th e g r o u n d s w e r e v a r ie d . E a c h o f th e fo llo w in g g r o u n d s a p p e a r e d o n c e : D u a l u n io n is m , s t r i k e b r e a k in g , s e c e s s i o n , r e s o r t to c o u r t s , an d b r in g in g f a l s e c h a r g e s . U n d e r tw o c o n s t it u t io n s , d is c i p l in e c o u ld b e im p o s e d f o r e x c e s s i v e a b s e n t e e i s m f r o m b o a r d m e e t i n g s , an d a n o th e r s p e c i f ie d d is c i p l in e f o r a n o th e r f o r m o f a b s e n t e e i s m , a s f o llo w s : A n y m e m b e r o f s a i d ( t r i a l ) C o u r t w ho a b s e n t s h i m s e l f w ith o u t g o o d an d s u f f i c ie n t c a u s e , o r w ho, w h ile a tte n d in g s a i d c o u r t , s h a l l f a i l o r r e f u s e to v o te on th e i s s u e b e f o r e it, s h a l l b e s u b je c t to a fin e . . . o r e x p u ls io n f r o m o f f ic e , o r m a y b e s u b je c t to an y o th e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c tio n w h ich th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a y o r d e r . (S to v e M o u n t e r s 1 I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f N o rth A m e r ic a ) 131 O th e r s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s in c lu d e d m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f fu n d s , C o m m u n is t P a r t y , an d c o n v ic tio n f o r a s e r i o u s c r i m e . m e m b e r s h i p in th e In a d d itio n to th e a b o v e m e n tio n e d s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s , fo u r ty p e s o f g e n e r a l g r o u n d s w e r e n o te d . T h e g e n e r a l m a l f e a s a n c e c l a u s e i s e x e m p lif ie d b y th e fo llo w in g : In c a s e o f n o n p e r fo r m a n c e o f d u t ie s o r d i s a b i l i t y o r in c o m p e t e n c e o f an y I n t e r n a tio n a l V ic e P r e s i d e n t o r th e I n t e r n a t io n a l S e c r e t a r y o r I n t e r n a tio n a l T r e a s u r e r , th e I n t e r n a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t h a s p o w e r to r e m o v e s u c h o f f i c e r , w ith s u c h r e m o v e d o f f i c e r h a v in g th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il. ( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s) A th a t fo u n d an d P a p e r m o v ed fo r s e c o n d ty p e o f g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n w a s th e Mc a t c h a l l " c l a u s e , s u c h a s in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f P u lp , S u lp h ite M ill W o r k e r s , w h e r e an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r c o u ld b e s u m m a r il y r e " ju s t c a u se . " U n io n la w v io la t io n , th e t h ir d g e n e r a l g r o u n d , w a s p r o v id e d in s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s . U n d e r th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l an d O r n a m e n ta l Ir o n W o r k e r s , fo r e x a m p le , th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t h a d th e p o w e r to s u s p e n d an y o f f i c e r f o r f a ilin g to " p r o m p t l y c o m p ly w ith h is in str u c tio n s. " A fo u r th ty p e w a s on e c o n ta in in g a c o m b in a tio n o f g e n e r a l g r o u n d s , ty p ifie d b y th e fo llo w in g c l a u s e : as T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r ity sh o u ld h e b e c o m e c o n v in c e d th a t an y L o c a l U n ion o f f i c e r o r I n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e i s d e r e l i c t in th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y d u ty , o r h a s b e e n g u ilty o f an y d is h o n e s t o r d is r e p u t a b l e a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r o m h is o f f i c i a l p o s it io n f o r a p e r i o d n o t to e x c e e d n in e ty (90) d a y s , s u c h o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e h a v in g th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . (U n ite d R u b b e r , C o r k , L in o le u m an d P l a s t i c W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ) A m o n g th e p e n a l t ie s im p o s e d a s a r e s u l t o f s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e , th e m o s t c o m m o n w a s r e m o v a l f r o m o f f ic e . In a n u m b e r o f c o n s t it u t io n s , th e t e r m " s u s p e n s i o n " w a s s p e c i f i e d a s the p e n a lty , bu t it w a s n o t c l e a r w h e th e r s u s p e n s io n o f th e in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r in v o lv e d m e m b e r s h i p a s w e ll a s o f f ic e . F i n e s an d e x p u ls io n w e r e s p e c i f i e d in o n ly a fe w c o n s t it u t io n s . P ro v i s i o n s w h ich l e f t th e p e n a lty to th e d i s c r e t i o n o f th e d is c i p l in in g a g e n t w e r e a l s o in fr e q u e n t. A p p e a ls f r o m S u m m a r y A c tio n . S lig h tly l e s s th a n h a l f o f th e c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich p e r m i t t e d s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s p r o v id e d f o r an a p p e a l f r o m s u c h d is c i p l in e (ta b le V I I - 2), O n ly tw o c o n s t itu tio n s s t ip u la t e d a u t o m a t ic r e v ie w . T h e c o n stitu tio n o f th e U n ited M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ( I n d .), on e o f t h e s e tw o , p r o v id e d : A ll a p p o in t m e n ts , s u s p e n s i o n s , an d r e m o v a l s f r o m o f f ic e don e by th e P r e s i d e n t s h a l l b e s u b je c t to th e a p p r o v a l o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u tiv e B o a r d . 132 In th e o th e r c o n s t itu tio n , f o r th e R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s o f A m e r i c a , t h e r e a p p e a r e d to b e p r o v i s i o n f o r an a u t o m a t ic r e v ie w b y th e c o n v e n tio n : T h e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d s h a l l • . o r e x p e l any o ffic e r o r m e m b e r d u t ie s f o r w h ich h e w a s e le c t e d m e m b e r s u s p e n d e d w ill b e w ith o u t e r a l A ss e m b ly . • h a v e a u t h o r it y to c e n s u r e , s u s p e n d , who f a i l s o r r e f u s e s to p e r f o r m th e o r a p p o in te d . . . Any o ffic e r o r p a y , p e n d in g f i n a l a c tio n o f th e G e n T h e 23 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich d id n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v id e f o r a n a p p e a l i n c lu d e d th e 7 w h ich lim it e d s u m m a r y a c tio n e x c l u s i v e l y to d i s c i p l i n e o f i n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r s . I m p e a c h m e n t o f I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r s I m p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w e r e fo u n d in 125 c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g m o r e th an 15 m il lio n m e m b e r s . In 119 o f t h e s e , s u c h p r o v i s i o n s a p p lie d to a l l e le c t e d in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s . In t h r e e o t h e r s , th e in t e r n a t io n a l p r e s i d e n t w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y e x c lu d e d ; in t h r e e , h e w a s th e s o l e o f f i c e r s u b je c t to im p e a c h m e n t. G ro u n d s. A p p r o x im a t e ly a th ir d o f th e c o n s t it u t io n s w h ich c o n ta in e d im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to th e g r o u n d s on w h ich s u c h p r o c e e d in g s c o u ld b e b a s e d (ta b le V I I - 3 ). F o r e x a m p le , on e c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d : T h e c h a r g e s s h a l l b e d e fin e d p la in ly in w r itin g , an d a c o p y s e n t to e a c h an d e v e r y m e m b e r o f th e B o a r d . . . N o c h a r g e o th e r th a n th o s e m a d e in w r itin g , a s a f o r e s a i d , s h a l l b e c o n s id e r e d . . . ( A m a lg a m a t e d M e a t C u t t e r s an d B u tc h e r W o rk m e n o f N o rth A m e r ic a ) T a b le V II-3. Grounds for Im peach in g N ation al O fficers, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 T o tal A ffiliatio n T y p e of grounds M em bers Unions A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ---------------Constitutions providing referen ce to g r o u n d s -------------------------------------G en eral grounds o n ly ---------------------S p e c ific grounds o n l y --------------------G en eral and sp e c ific gounds ----------C onstitutions not providing referen ce to g r o u n d s -------------------------------------- U n affiliated A F L -C IO Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 125 1 5 ,4 6 2 .5 103 13, 137. 8 22 2, 324. 6 83 52 1 30 8, 3 9 7 .3 4, 7 8 1 .3 2 6 .6 3, 589. 4 67 41 1 25 7 ,5 1 0 . 1 4, 669. 1 2 6 .6 2 ,8 1 4 .4 16 11 5 8 8 7 .2 1 1 2 .2 7 7 5 .0 42 7, 065. 2 36 5, 627. 7 6 1 ,4 3 7 .4 - NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individu al item s do not n ecessarily equ al to tals. In s u c h c a s e s , p r e s u m a b l y , it w a s th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e t r i a l b o d y to w e ig h th e c h a r g e s a c c o r d in g to i t s ow n s t a n d a r d s o f w h at c o n s t itu te d im p e a c h a b le c o n d u c t. W ithout an y c o n s t it u t io n a l g u id e s , in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s , l o c a l u n io n s , an d in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s w ou ld p r o b a b ly p r o c e e d on th e b a s i s th a t th e p u r p o s e o f th e im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w a s to p r o t e c t th e u n io n a g a i n s t m a j o r o f f e n s e s . 133 O f th e 83 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich c o n ta in e d s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e s , th e m a jo rity r e f e r r e d to g e n e r a l g r o u n d s o n ly , s u c h a s " v io la t i o n o f th e c o n s t itu tio n , 11 " u n b e c o m in g c o n d u c t, " " m a l f e a s a n c e , " an d " m i s f e a s a n c e , " T y p ic a l o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w a s th e fo llo w in g : A n y e le c t i v e o r a p p o in tiv e o f f i c e r , E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m e m b e r , o r b u s i n e s s a g e n t o f a L o c a l U n io n , J o i n t B o a r d , D i s t r i c t C o u n c il, o r G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a y b e r e m o v e d f r o m h is o f f ic e o r h is p o s it io n f o r an y v io la t io n o f t h is C o n s titu tio n o r th e b y la w s o f th e b o d y w h ich h e s e r v e s , o r b e c a u s e o f th e c o m m i s s i o n o f an y a c t w h ich m a y b e c a lc u l a t e d to i m p a i r th e u s e f u l n e s s o f th e U n io n , o r w h ich i s u n b e c o m in g to th e d ig n ity o f th e o f f ic e o r p o s it io n h e ld b y h im , ( I n t e r n a tio n a l L a d i e s * G a r m e n t W o r k e r s * U nion) O n ly s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s w e r e l i s t e d in on e c o n s t itu tio n , th a t o f th e A m e r ic a n F l in t G l a s s W o r k e r s * U n io n o f N o r th A m e r i c a . U n d e r th a t c o n s t itu tio n , an E x e c u tiv e B o a r d m e m b e r w ho a p p e a r e d a t a c o n fe r e n c e b e tw e e n e m p l o y e r s an d th e u n io n in a n in t o x ic a t e d c o n d itio n w a s s u b je c t to im p e a c h m e n t. In th e r e m a in in g 30 c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d s , b o th g e n e r a l an d s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s w e r e l i s t e d . F o r e x a m p le , th e N a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f P a c k in g h o u s e W o r k e r s (In d. ) s p e c i f ie d : A n o f f e n s e a g a i n s t th is C o n stitu tio n o r th e g e n e r a l g o o d an d w e lf a r e o f th e N a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d . . . a s a g e n e r a l g r o u n d f o r im p e a c h m e n t, an d a l s o m a d e th e im p e a c h m e n t m a c h in e r y a v a i l a b l e a g a i n s t a n o f f i c e r who: . . . b e l i e v e s in o r i s a m e m b e r o f o r s u p p o r t s an y o r g a n iz a t io n th a t b e l i e v e s in o r t e a c h e s th e o v e r t h r o w o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t b y f o r c e o r b y an y i l l e g a l o r u n c o n s t it u tio n a l m e t h o d s . In t h e s e 30 c o n s t it u t io n s , b o th th e g e n e r a l an d s p e c i f i c g r o u n d s m e n tio n e d w e r e , in th e m a in , s i m i l a r to th o s e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r in th is s tu d y . (S e e c h a p te r I I I . ) A s s u m in g th a t g e n e r a l g r o u n d s w ou ld a l s o h a v e s u f f i c e d in m o s t i f n ot a l l o f th e 42 c o n s t itu tio n s n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r i n g to g r o u n d s , it w ou ld h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e to in i t ia t e im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d in g s on g e n e r a l g r o u n d s in v i r t u a l l y a l l o f th e 125 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s . I n i t i a t o r s th u s h ad r e l a t iv e ly w id e la t itu d e in b r in g in g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s ; a c c u s e d o f f i c e r s , in tu r n , r e l i e d up o n th e " d u e - p r o c e s s " p r o v i s i o n s o f u n io n c o n s t itu tio n s f o r p r o t e c t io n a g a i n s t u n fo u n d e d c h a r g e s . P r e l i m i n a r y R e v ie w . S ix t e e n o f th e 125 c o n s t it u t io n s p r o v id in g f o r i m p e a c h m e n t o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s m a d e p r o v i s i o n f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w a s a f i r s t s t e p in th e im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e . M o s t o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r, w e r e n o t s p e c i f i c a s to w h at th is p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w in v o lv e d . S o m e , s u c h a s th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s * U n io n o f N o r th A m e r i c a , r e f e r r e d to " i n v e s t i g a t i o n " : A n y o f f i c e r o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l . . . m a y b e im p e a c h e d b y th e E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il. A f t e r in v e s t ig a t io n , im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d in g s m a y b e c o n d u c te d . . . 134 O th e r s u s e d no lik e r e v ie w in g a g e n t: te rm , but s im p ly in d ic a t e d d i s c r e t i o n on th e p a r t o f th e C h a r g e s . . . s h a l l b e . . . f ile d . . • w ith th e G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , who s h a l l , b y in s p e c t io n , d e t e r m in e w h e th e r th e y b e o f a n a t u r e * to j u s t ify t r i a l . . . If, in h is o p in io n , th e c h a r g e s b e s u c h a s to j u s t i f y a t r i a l , h e s h a l l . . . ( t r i a l p r o c e d u r e o u tlin e d ) ( I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l an d O r n a m e n ta l Iro n W o r k e r s ) In a l l 16 c o n s t it u t io n s , th e r e w a s la n g u a g e to in d ic a t e th a t th e r e v ie w in g a g e n t c o u ld d r o p c h a r g e s a t h is d i s c r e t i o n . In tw o c a s e s , w h e th e r o r n o t a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w w ou ld b e u n d e r ta k e n d e p e n d e d u p o n who h ad in itia te d c h a r g e s . T h e c o n s t itu tio n s o f th e B r o th e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d T r a in m e n an d th e A s s o c i a t i o n o f R a ilw a y T r a in m e n an d L o c o m o t iv e F i r e m e n (In d. ) p r o v id e d f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w i f c h a r g e s w e r e b r o u g h t b y a m e m b e r , bu t th e t r i a l w a s a u t o m a t ic if c h a r g e s w e r e b r o u g h t b y a n i n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r . In o n ly 2 o f th e 16 c o n s t itu tio n s w a s th e d e c is io n o f th e s c r e e n i n g b o d y s u b je c t to a u t o m a t ic r e v ie w b y a n o th e r b o d y . T h u s , th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e A m e r ic a n R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n s t ip u la t e d th a t: T h e N a t io n a l C o u n c il s h a l l a p p r o v e o r d is a p p r o v e th e c h a r g e s an d s h a l l s u b m it t h e ir fin d in g s to on e m e m b e r s h i p m e e tin g a t e a c h B r a n c h o f f ic e f o r a p p r o v a l . . . A s i m i l a r p r o v is io n w a s fo u n d in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e N a t io n a l M a r it im e U n io n o f A m e r ic a : T h e N a t io n a l O ffic e s h a l l s u b m it it s d e c i s i o n to e ith e r a c c e p t o r r e j e c t th e c h a r g e s to th e n e x t r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l m e m b e r s h i p m e e tin g a t th e N ew Y o r k H e a d q u a r t e r s o f th e U n ion f o r a p p r o v a l o r r e je c t i o n . In th e o th e r 14 c o n s t it u t io n s , a d e c i s i o n to d r o p th e c h a r g e s c o u ld end th e c a s e , s in c e no o th e r s t e p s to b e a u t o m a t ic a l ly ta k e n w e r e d e s c r i b e d . In tw o c o n s t it u t io n s o n ly , t h o s e o f th e U n ited T r a n s p o r t S e r v i c e E m p lo y e e s an d th e S t a g e E m p lo y e e s an d M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h in e O p e r a t o r s o f th e U n ited S t a t e s an d C a n a d a , w a s t h e r e a s p e c i f i c r ig h t to a p p e a l a d e c i s i o n to d r o p c h a r g e s : T h e a c c u s e r o f an y I n t e r n a tio n a l o f f i c e r , o r g a n i z e r , o r an y e m p lo y e e o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion m u s t p r e s e n t h is c h a r g e in w r itin g to th e I n t e r n a t io n a l P r e s i d e n t . . . If th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t c o n s i d e r s th e c h a r g e n ot to h a v e m e r i t , th e a c c u s e r h a s th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . If th e a c c u s e r o r th e a c c u s e d i s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith th e d e c is io n o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , e it h e r s h a l l h a v e th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e n e x t B ie n n ia l C o n v e n tio n . (U n ited T r a n s p o r t S e r v ic e E m p lo y e e s ) T h e r ig h t o f a p p e a l b y an a c c u s e r f r o m a d e c is io n to d r o p c h a r g e s a t th is p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w l e v e l w a s u n c e r t a in in o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s . In s o m e , th e la n g u a g e u s e d in th e a p p e a l s e c t io n w a s b r o a d en o u g h to a p p e a r to m a k e it p o s s i b l e f o r an a p p e a l to b e ta k e n f r o m s u c h d e c i s i o n s . In o t h e r s , th e s c o p e 135 o f th e a p p e a l s e c t i o n w a s u n c l e a r . In th e fo llo w in g c l a u s e , f o r e x a m p le , it a p p e a r s to b e a m a t t e r o f in t e r p r e t a t io n a s to w h e th e r th e d e c i s i o n to d r o p c h a r g e s w a s in c lu d e d in th e a p p e a l p r o v is io n : T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , i f it fin d s th a t th e c h a r g e s h a v e s u f f ic ie n t m e r i t to w a r r a n t f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s , s h a l l f u r n is h th e a c c u s e d w ith a co p y o f th e c h a r g e s . . . T h e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a y , f o r g o o d c a u s e , s u s p e n d th e a c c u s e d f r o m h is d u t ie s a s an O f f i c e r , p e n d in g d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h im . . . T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u tiv e B o a r d s h a l l h o ld a h e a r in g . . . D e c i s io n s o f th e B o a r d m a d e h e r e in u n d e r m a y b e a p p e a le d to th e n e x t I n t e r n a t io n a l C o n v e n tio n . (C o m m e r i c a l T e l e g r a p h e r s * U nion) In s o m e o f th e o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , th e a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s s e e m e d to a p p ly e x c lu s iv e ly to d e c i s i o n s o f th e t r i a l b o d y , an d n o t to d e c i s i o n s to d ro p c h a r g e s m a d e a t p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w : E it h e r p a r t y to th e t r i a l c a n a p p e a l f r o m th e d e c i s i o n o f th e E x e c u tiv e B o a r d to th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y . . . ( E m p h a s is a d d e d ) ( R a il r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s o f A m e r ic a ) In tw o o f th e 16 u n io n s, th e A m e r ic a n R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n an d th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s * U n ion o f N o r th A m e r i c a , th e a p p e a l p r o v i s i o n s w e r e n o t a p p lic a b le to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s . A s m e n tio n e d a b o v e , h o w e v e r, th e A m e r ic a n R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n d id p r o v id e f o r a v o te o f th e m e m b e r s h i p on d e c i s i o n s to d r o p c h a r g e s . In g e n e r a l , t h e s e 16 c o n s t itu tio n s w e r e v a g u e a s to g r o u n d s fo r r e m o v a l o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s . S e v e n o f th e 16 m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to g r o u n d s fo r im p e a c h m e n t; 7 o t h e r s m e n tio n e d g e n e r a l g r o u n d s o n ly . O n ly on e c o n s titu tio n , th a t f o r th e U n ited P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s , a l s o p r o v id e d f o r r e c a l l . T h u s , in c o n s t it u t io n a l t e r m s , d i s m i s s a l a t th e p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w l e v e l m ig h t w e ll l e a v e th e m e m b e r o r l o c a l b r in g in g c h a r g e s w ith o u t a f u r t h e r m e a n s o f a ir in g c o m p la in t s a g a i n s t th e o f f i c e r c o n c e r n e d . T ria l Body. If c h a r g e s a r e n o t d r o p p e d in a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w , th e n e x t s te p in im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e d u r e s i s to p r o c e e d to t r i a l . In 90 c o n s t it u t io n s , th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d w a s n a m e d a s th e t r i a l b o d y u n d e r a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s (ta b le V I I- 4 ). N in e o th e r c o n s t itu tio n s n a m e d th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d a s th e b o d y w h ich w ou ld c o n d u c t th e t r i a l in m o s t i n s t a n c e s , b u t m a d e p r o v i s i o n f o r a n o th e r b o d y to c o n d u c t th e t r i a l u n d e r s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . F o r in s t a n c e , th e I n t e r n a tio n a l M o ld e r s * an d F o u n d r y W o r k e r s U n ion o f N o rth A m e r i c a c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d f o r a t r i a l b y th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d w hen c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d b y a l o c a l u n io n , b u t s p e c i f i e d a t r i a l b y th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s ( c o n s is t i n g o f s o m e b u t n ot a l l o f th e m e m b e r s o f th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d ) u n d e r th e fo llo w in g c i r c u m s t a n c e s : T r u s t e e s . . . s h a l l h a v e s u p e r v i s i o n o v e r a l l o f f i c e r s an d s h a l l h a v e p o w e r to r e m o v e an y o f f i c e r f o r in c o m p e t e n c y o r u n f a it h f u ln e s s , a f t e r b e in g d u ly c h a r g e d , t r i e d , an d fo u n d g u ilty . S u c h a c tio n to b e ta k e n o n ly b y c o n s e n t o f fiv e m e m b e r s o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . O th e r u n io n s m a d e a d is t in c t io n a s to t r i a l b o d y n ot on th e b a s i s o f who p r e f e r r e d c h a r g e s , b u t r a t h e r on th e b a s i s o f who w a s c h a r g e d . F o r e x a m p le , th e B r o t h e r h oo d o f M a in te n a n c e o f W ay E m p lo y e s 1 c o n s t itu tio n n a m e d th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d a s th e b o d y to t r y in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s o th e r th an m e m b e r s o f th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d . If c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a b o a r d m e m b e r , th e t r i a l w a s to be c o n d u c te d b y an a p p e a l b o a r d , c o n s is t i n g o f a l l e le c t e d in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s e x c e p t th e one b e in g t r i e d . S ix o f t h e s e n in e c o n s t itu tio n s n a m e d th e c o n v e n tio n a s th e t r i a l b o d y u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s . O ne m e th o d , a s in th e c a s e o f T h e O r d e r of R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s , w a s to g iv e th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d th e o p tio n to t r y th e c a s e T a b le V II-4. T r ia l Body in Im peachm ent P roceedings, N ation al and In ternational Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) A ffiliatio n T o ta l U n affiliate d A FL-CIO T r ia l body Unions M em bers M em bers Unions Unions M em bers A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ---------------- 125 15, 4 6 2 .5 103 1 3 ,1 3 7 .8 22 2, 324. 6 E xecutive board -------------------------------E xecutive board ordinarily; other governing body in sp e c ia l c a s e s ---------E xecutive board ordinarily; convention in sp e c ia l cases -----------------------------T r ia l co m m itte e —ad h o c --------------------T r ia l c o m m itte —p e r m a n e n t---------------2 governing bodies in jo in t s e s s io n -------C onvention -------------------------------------C onvention or outside body j ---------------Differs accordin g to offen se --------------International p r e sid e n t-----------------------R e fe r e n d u m -------- ----------- ------------- — 90 11, 3 9 5 .6 75 9 ,1 6 9 . 4 15 2, 226. 2 3 1 ,0 0 6 .2 3 1 ,0 0 6 . 2 6 13 3 2 2 2 2 1 5 3 8 .6 1 ,4 5 7 .1 5 1 0 .9 8 .5 6 7 .9 3 9 .5 3 8 1 .2 5 6 .0 5 3 8 .6 1 ,4 4 5 .6 5 1 0 .9 4 .2 4 1 .3 3 9 .5 3 8 1 .2 - 4 1 1 1 1 .6 4 .3 2 6 .5 5 6 .0 1 1.0 6 9 3 1 1 2 2 1 1.0 - 1 - 1 1 constitution provided that the ex ecu tive board try cases involving com m unism , for other offen ses the accu sed had the option of being tried by the ex ecu tiv e board or a tria l body se le c te d by lot. The other constitution provided for tria l by a board se lecte d by lo t for most offenses, and for trial by the international president in em ergen cies. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal to tals. i t s e l f , o r to r e f e r it to a s p e c i a l c o n v e n tio n c a ll e d f o r th e p u r p o s e o f c o n d u c tin g th e t r i a l . In th e A m e r ic a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild , th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d h ad s u c h a n o p tio n — If th e n e x t r e g u l a r m e e tin g o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d i s s c h e d u le d f o r a tim e w ith in 2 w e e k s b e f o r e a C o n v e n tio n . . . . T r i a l c o m m it t e e s , th e s e c o n d m o s t p r e v a le n t ty p e o f b o d y n a m e d to c o n d u c t t r i a l s o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s , w e r e p r o v id e d f o r on an a d h o c b a s i s , a s in th e c a s e o f th e U n ited W e ld e r s o f A m e r i c a ( I n d .): T h e P r e s i d e n t s h a l l a l s o n o tify a l l L o c a l P r e s i d e n t s an d th e y w ill m e e t w ith t h e ir B o a r d s to s e l e c t a T r i a l J u r o r an d A lt e r n a t e f r o m t h e ir re sp e c tiv e L o c a ls . E a c h j u r o r o r a lt e r n a t e m u s t b e a f o r m e r L o c a l o r N a t io n a l O f f i c e r , a m e m b e r in g o o d s ta n d in g , an d s h a l l n ot b e in o f f ic e a t th e t im e . S u c h j u r o r s o r a l t e r n a t e s s o s e l e c t e d s h a l l c o n s t i tu te th e T r i a l C o m m itt e e . O th e r fo r m u la s w ere u se d to s e l e c t ad hoc tria l c o m m it t e e s . For e x a m p le : . . . T h e s a i d c h a r g e s a r e to b e r e f e r r e d to an in v e s t i g a t i n g c o m m it t e e , c o n s is t i n g o f th r e e m e m b e r s in g o o d s ta n d in g , s e l e c t e d a s fo llo w s : O ne b y th e G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r ; on e b y th e p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g th e c h a r g e s , an d t h e s e tw o m e m b e r s s h a l l e le c t a th ir d m e m b e r . . . ( in te r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a r b le , S la t e an d S to n e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s an d S a w y e r s , T ile an d M a r b le S e t t e r s 1 H e lp e r s an d M a r b le M o s a i c an d T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s 1 H e lp e r s ) 137 P e r m a n e n t t r i a l b o d ie s w e r e p r o v id e d I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f U n ited B r e w e r y , F l o u r , W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a , f o r in s t a n c e , p r o v id e d f o r o f t h r e e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d m e m b e r s an d th r e e b y th e b o a r d . f o r in t h r e e c o n s t it u t io n s . The C e r e a l , S o ft D r in k an d D i s t i l l e r y a s ta n d in g T r i a l B o a r d c o m p o s e d a lt e r n a t e m e m b e r s , a l l s e l e c t e d T r i a l b o d ie s o th e r th a n th e o n e s a l r e a d y m e n tio n e d w e r e in fr e q u e n t. In th e B r o th e r h o o d o f S h o e an d A llie d C r a f t s m e n ( i n d . ) c o n s t itu tio n , tw o b o d ie s , th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d an d a c o n tr o l b o a r d ( c o n s is t i n g o f th e g e n e r a l v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o r g a n i z e r an d tw o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m e a c h l o c a l) w e r e to m e e t in jo in t s e s s i o n to c o n d u c t a t r i a l . In th e A m e r ic a n T r a i n D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n c o n stitu tio n , th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d and th e b o a r d o f t r u s t e e s w e r e s p e c i f i e d . T r i a l b y a b o d y in d e p e n d e n t o f an y a f f il ia t i o n to th e u n io n w a s p r o v id e d in tw o c o n s t itu tio n s ( A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t io n o f G r a in M i l l e r s an d N a t io n a l A g r i c u lt u r a l W o r k e r s U n io n ). 38 O ne o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s i s r e p r o d u c e d b e lo w : W h e n ev er in h is ju d g m e n t th e f a c t s an d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f an y c a s e a r i s i n g u n d e r th is C o n stitu tio n n e c e s s i t a t e m o r e f o r m a l an d c o m p r e h e n s i v e h e a r in g an d d e lib e r a t io n th a n i s c o n te m p la t e d b y a l l th e t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s s e t fo r th h e r e in , th e P r e s i d e n t , w ith th e c o n s e n t o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , m a y a p p o in t a S p e c i a l H e a r in g O f f i c e r to h e a r an d d e c id e th e c h a r g e s . T h e S p e c i a l H e a r in g O f f i c e r n e e d n o t b e a m e m b e r o f th e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a in M i l l e r s an d m a y b e v e s t e d w ith a l l o r p a r t o f th e j u d i c i a l p o w e r s b y th is C o n stitu tio n c o n f e r r e d upon a L o c a l U n io n T r i a l B o a r d , a L o c a l U n io n , an I n t e r n a t io n a l T r i a l B o a r d an d th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . ( A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G r a in M i l l e r s ) F i n a l D e c i s io n . In m o s t c o n s t it u t io n s , th e b o d y c o n d u c tin g th e t r i a l w a s a l s o e m p o w e r e d to r e n d e r th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n ( ta b le V I I- 5 ). O n ly 16 o f th e 125 i m p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s r e q u ir e d th e t r i a l b o d y to s u b m it i t s fin d in g s to a n o th e r b o d y f o r a f i n a l d e c is io n . In c o n t r a s t , 78 o f th e 136 p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r i a l o f m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , a t th e l o c a l l e v e l , a s d e s c r i b e d in c h a p te r IV , p r o v id e d th a t the f i n a l d e c i s i o n w a s to b e r e n d e r e d b y a b o d y o t h e r th a n th e t r i a l b o d y . F o u r t e e n o f th e 16 c o n s t it u t io n s th a t d id n o t a llo w th e t r i a l b o d y to m a k e th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n s p e c i f i e d th a t th e t r i a l b o d y *s a u t h o r ity w o u ld b e lim it e d to m a k in g a r e c o m m e n d a tio n to a n o th e r b o d y . In 9 o f t h e s e 14, s u c h r e c o m m e n d a tio n w a s to b e s u b m itte d to a m e m b e r s h i p r e f e r e n d u m . T h e fo llo w in g c l a u s e w a s t y p ic a l: U pon r e c e i v in g th e e v id e n c e f r o m b o th th e a c c u s e r an d th e a c c u s e d , th e B o a r d s h a l l c o n s u lt p r i v a t e l y on s a m e an d s h a l l d e t e r m in e th e g u ilt o r in n o c e n c e o f th e a c c u s e d up o n c h a r g e an d s p e c i f i c a t i o n . I f fo u n d g u ilty , it s h a l l b e th e d u ty o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d to i s s u e a c i r c u l a r c o n ta in in g t h e ir fin d in g s an d t e s t im o n y th e r e o n in b r i e f , w ith f u ll r e c o m m e n d a tio n s a tt a c h e d . C o p y o f s a m e to b e s e n t to e a c h L o c a l U n io n , w h ich s h a l l a t a s p e c i a l m e e tin g c a ll e d f o r th a t p u r p o s e , p r o c e e d to v o te on s a m e . . . (U n ite d G a r m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r ic a ) In on e o th e r c o n stitu tio n , th e A lu m in u m W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion , if th e t r i a l b o a r d m a d e a fin d in g o f g u ilt, it th en r e c o m m e n d e d to th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d w h at it c o n s id e r e d to b e an a p p r o p r ia t e p e n a lty ; th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n a s to th e a c t u a l p e n a lty w a s le f t to th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d . In th e o th e r c o n stitu tio n , th e L a u n d r y an d D r y C le a n in g I n t e r n a tio n a l U n io n , th e t r i a l b o d y ^ d e c is io n w a s f in a l e x c e p t w h e r e th e c h a r g e w a s m a l f e a s a n c e in o f f ic e , in w h ich c a s e th e f in a l d e c is io n w a s l e f t to th e c o n v e n tio n . 38 T h e N a t io n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s U n io n h a s s in c e A m a lg a m a t e d M e a t C u t t e r s an d B u tc h e r W o rk m e n o f N o rth A m e r i c a . 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 1 0 m erged w ith the 138 T a b le V II-5. T r ia l Bodies and Bodies Empowered to Hand Down F in al D ecision (E xcept in A pp eals), N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (Num ber of unions! Body m aking fin al decision T r ia l body T o ta l studied Executive C on board vention A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ---- 125 89 E xecutive b o a r d --------------------E xecutive board ordinarily; other governing body in sp e c ia l c a s e s ---------------------E xecutive board ordinarily; convention in sp e c ia l c a s e s ---T r ia l co m m ittee—ad h o c -------T r ia l co m m ittee—p e r m a n e n t---2 governing bodies in jo in t s e s s i o n -----------------------------Convention ------------------------Convention or outside b o d y ----Differs accordin g to offense ^ ---International p r e sid e n t----------R e fe r e n d u m ------------------------- 90 79 3 *3 6 13 3 25 1 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 6 R e fe r endum 10 Two Perm anent Ad hoc trial bodies in trial com join t co m m ittee session m ittee Other 3 3 2 8 No referen ce to body m aking fin al d ecision 9 2 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 8 - - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 4 1 1 - 4 - - 32 1 - - - 1 - _ 1 - * If tria l is by other governing body, it also m akes fin al decision. 2 If tr ia l is by convention, it also m akes fin al d ecision. 3 Under 1 constitution ex ecu tiv e co m m itte e 's d ecision is fin al if accu sed is held innocent, otherwise d ecision by referendum . In the other, fin al d ecision is m ade by international president. 4 If tria l is by outside body, it also m akes the fin al d ecision . ^ Se e footnote 1, tab le V II-4. h o u se , A u n iq u e v a r ia t i o n w a s fo u n d in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e U n ited P a c k i n g F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s : T h e p e n a lty o f r e m o v a l f r o m o f fic e f o r th e r e m a in d e r o f th e a c c u s e d ^ t e r m o r o f s u s p e n s io n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p in th e U n io n , o r b o th , m a y b e r e c o m m e n d e d o n ly i f th e a c c u s e d i s fo u n d g u ilty o f d u a l u n io n is m , m is h a n d lin g o f u n ion fu n d s o r a c tin g a s a g e n t o f an e m p lo y e r . F o r an y o f fe n s e o th e r th a n t h o s e s p e c i f ie d . . . a b o v e , th e p e n a lty r e c o m m e n d e d b y th e t r i a l c o m m it t e e m a y n ot a f f e c t th e m e m b e r s h i p s t a t u s o f th e a c c u s e d b u t m a y in c lu d e s u s p e n s io n f r o m o f f ic e f o r a p e r i o d up to s ix t y d a y s an d m a y a l s o in c lu d e a d ir e c t io n th a t a r e c a l l b a llo t b e h e ld . . . T h e d e c is io n an d r e c o m m e n d a tio n o f th e t r i a l c o m m it t e e s h a l l b e r e p o r t e d to th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , w h ich m a y u p h o ld , r e j e c t , o r m o d ify it . T h e p o w e r s o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d a s to p e n a l t ie s s h a l l b e s u b je c t to th e s a m e lim it a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d . . . a b o v e e x c e p t a s e n l a r g e d . . . ( a s p r o v id e d in th e fo llo w in g p a r a g r a p h , w h e r e the b o a r d i s g iv e n p o w e r to a p p o in t an A d m in is t r a t o r in c e r t a i n s it u a t io n s ) . 139 S iz e o f V o te R e q u i r e d . M o r e th an h a lf o f th e c o n s t itu tio n s w ith im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s d id n ot s p e c i f y th e s i z e o f v o te r e q u ir e d to im p o s e s e n te n c e ( ta b le V II- 6 ). A m o n g th e o t h e r s , s e v e r a l d if f e r e n t ty p e s o f v o tin g p r o c e d u r e s w e r e fo u n d . S o m e m e r e l y r e q u ir e d a " m a j o r i t y , " w ith o u t f u r t h e r s p e c i f ic a t io n : T h e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , b y a m a j o r i t y v o te , s h a l l a p p r o v e , d is a p p r o v e , o r m o d ify th e r e c o m m e n d a tio n , an d s h a l l i s s u e i t s d e c i s i o n . . . ( A m a l g a m a t e d M e a t C u t t e r s an d B u tc h e r W o rk m e n o f N o rth A m e r ic a ) T a b le V II-6. Vote R equired to Im pose Penalty in Im peachm ent C ases, N ation al and International Urlion Constitutions, Early 1961 (Num ber of unions) V ote required Body im posing pen alty T o tal studied M ajority M ajority Two-thirds Tw o-thirds M ajority No M aj ority of those of those of those of those of those Other referen ce elig ib le e lig ib le votin g present present A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s ---- 125 8 6 8 3 14 15 5 66 Penalty im posed by tria l body - E xecutive b o a r d ---------------Perm anent b o d y -----------------S p e c ia l body ------------------C o n v e n tio n ---------------------R e fe r e n d u m --------------------O th e r -----------------------------Penalty im posed by other than tria l body ------------------------E xecutive b o a r d ---------------C o n v e n tio n ---------------------R e fe r e n d u m --------------------O th e r -----------------------------No referen ce to body im posing p e n a lty ------------------------------ 105 79 3 7 2 1 13 6 6 7 6 2 2 12 10 4 12 - 4 4 - - 16 3 3 9 1 2 1 1 - - - 4 - - - 1 - - 2 - 14 13 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 22 56 36 2 4 2 1 11 2 1 41 1 1 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 3l - 6 1 5 - - “ ” 4 - - 1 Under 1 constitution, three-fourths of the m em bers of the ex ecu tive board; in the other, tw o-thirds of the m em bers of the board present and voting. 2 Under 1 constitution, trial body consists of 2 governing bodies in join t session, and the vote must be tw othirds of those present and votin g; in the other, both the ex ecu tive board and the convention can act as the tr ia l body, when the convention im poses the pen alty, the vote size required is a m ajority of those present and votin g, no r e f erence to vote size when the ex ecu tiv e board im poses the penalty. 3 Differs by offen se. 4 When fin a l d ecision is by referendum , a m ajority of the m em bership must vo te ; no referen ce to vote size when fin a l d ecision is m ade by the ex ecu tive co m m ittee. M o s t o f th e p r o v i s i o n s , h o w e v e r , in th e fo llo w in g e x a m p le : w ere m o re p r e c i s e a s to th e v o te co u n t, . . . S u c h s u s p e n s io n o f an y I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r o r I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r s h a l l o c c u r o n ly by a t w o - t h ir d s (z/s) v o te o f th e B o a r d , th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r o r B o a r d M e m b e r n ot v o tin g . (O il, C h e m i c a l an d A to m ic W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U nion) as 140 D u e - P r o c e s s P r o v i s i o n s 39 F o r m o f C h a r g e s , O f th e 125 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s , 1 1 0 , o r 88 p e r c e n t , m a d e r e f e r e n c e to c h a r g e s ( ta b le V I I- 7 ). O f t h e s e , h o w e v e r , 34 m e r e l y s t ip u la t e d th a t c h a r g e s h a d to b e f i le d , m a k in g no m e n tio n o f th e f o r m o f th e c h a r g e s . In a d d itio n , 31 o t h e r s s im p ly s t a t e d th a t th e c h a r g e s w e r e to b e in w r itin g . T h e m o s t d e t a ile d p r o v i s i o n s w e r e fo u n d in th e 13 c o n s t it u t io n s in w h ich b o th th e c o n s t itu tio n a l p r o v i s i o n v io la t e d an d th e a c t s a ll e g e d ly c o m m it te d h a d to b e s e t ou t in th e c h a r g e . T h e p u r p o s e b e h in d s u c h a r e q u ir e m e n t w a s s p e l le d ou t in th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e U n ited R u b b e r , C o r k , L in o le u m an d P l a s t i c W o rk e rs of A m e r ic a : In a l l c a s e s , c h a r g e s m u s t b e s ig n e d b y th e c o m p la in a n t an d s h a l l b e s u f f i c ie n t l y s p e c i f i c a s to th e p r o v i s i o n s o f U n io n la w v io la t e d an d o f th e a ll e g e d a c t s w h ich c o n s t itu te th e b a s i s o f th e c h a r g e to p e r m i t th e d e fe n d a n t to p r e p a r e a p r o p e r d e f e n s e . T a b le V II-7. Form of C harges R equired to In itiate Im peachm ent Proceedings, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands! T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n AFL-CIO T y pe o f provisions Unions Unions A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s -----------------Constitutions providing for form of charges ------------------------------------------W ritten and s p e c i f i c -----------------------S p e cify nature of o ffe n se --------------Sp e cify fa cts of the o ffe n se ----------Sp e cify fa c ts and constitution al provision v i o l a t e d --------------------Other 1 -------------------------------------No referen ce to d etails to be s p e c i f i e d --------------------------------W ritten o n l y ----------------------------------S p e c ific only, no referen ce to d etails to be s p e c ifie d -----------------------------Constitutions referring to charges, but m aking no referen ce to f o r m --------------C onstitutions not providing for referen ce to c h a r g e s --------------------------------------- U n affiliated M em bers M em bers Unions M em bers 125 1 5 ,4 6 2 .5 103 13, 1 3 7 .8 22 2, 324. 6 76 41 10 8 8, 080. 4 3, 3 5 7 .0 4 2 4 .0 7 5 2 .6 68 35 8 8 7, 9 9 9 .2 3, 282. 6 4 1 8 .4 7 5 2 .6 8 6 2 - 8 1 .3 7 4 .4 5 .6 13 3 1, 3 0 1 .5 1 2 4 .7 12 2 1 ,2 9 8 .2 123. 2 1 1 3 .3 .1 .5 7 31 7 5 4 .2 4, 344. 7 5 29 6 9 0 .2 4, 3 3 7 .9 2 2 6 4 .0 6 .9 4 3 7 8 .7 4 3 7 8 .7 _ _ 34 3, 6 6 3 .1 23 2, 9 3 0 .4 11 7 3 2 .7 15 3 ,7 1 8 .9 12 2, 208. 2 3 1 ,5 1 0 .6 _ 1 Includes 2 constitutions which require sworn charges, and 1 which requires only that the constitu tion al pro vision a lle g e d ly v io la te d be sp e cifie d . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. 39 A lth o u g h th e p r e v a l e n c e o f d u e - p r o c e s s c l a u s e s a p p lic a b le to in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s d if f e r e d f r o m th o s e f o r m e m b e r s an d l o c a l o f f i c e r s , th e ty p e s o f p r o v i s i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r . T h e e a r l i e r s e c t io n (c h . VI) c o v e r in g m e m b e r s an d l o c a l u n io n o f f i c e r s sh o u ld b e r e f e r r e d to f o r e x a m p le s o f c l a u s e s . 141 I n itia tio n an d E n d o r s e m e n t s , F i f t y o f th e 125 c o n s t it u t io n s w h ich p r o v id e d fo r im p e a c h m e n t o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s m a d e no r e f e r e n c e to a s p e c i f i c a g e n t o r b o d y a u t h o r iz e d to in it ia t e s u c h p r o c e e d in g , a lth o u g h no m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r w a s b a r r e d f r o m d o in g s o . In th e o th e r 75 u n io n s, c e r t a i n p e r s o n s o r b o d ie s w e r e d e s ig n a t e d a s e lig ib le to in it ia t e im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s . In s o m e o f t h e s e , w o r d s o f lim it a t io n w e r e u s e d , m a k in g it e x p l ic i t th a t o n ly th e p a r t y d e s ig n a t e d c o u ld in it ia t e c h a r g e s . F o r in s t a n c e , on e c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d : . . . D u r in g th e r e c e s s o f th e (c o n v e n tio n ) th e o f f i c e r s o f th e G ra n d D iv is io n a r e a m e n a b le o n ly to th e T r u s t e e s , an d no on e e l s e c a n p r e f e r c h a r g e s a g a i n s t th e m d u r in g t h e ir t e r m o f o f f ic e . ( O r d e r o f R a ilw a y C o n d u c to r s an d B r a k e m e n , I n d . ) In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , lim it a t i o n s s u c h a s "n o on e e l s e " o r " o n ly " d id n o t a p p e a r , b u t th e la n g u a g e n e v e r t h e l e s s im p lie d th a t th e p a r t y d e s i g n a t e d w a s to b e th e e x c l u s i v e on e (o r o n e s) to in it ia t e c h a r g e s . F o r e x a m p le , th e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n of. M u s i c i a n s 1 c o n s t itu tio n p r o v id e d : A n y F e d e r a t i o n o f f i c e r m a y b e r e m o v e d f r o m h is p o s it io n f o r c o n d u c t u n b e c o m in g h is p o s it io n o r f o r in a tte n tio n to th e d u t ie s o f h is s t a t io n . . . on c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d b y a L o c a l o f th e F e d e r a t i o n o r a n y m e m b e r o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . . . A p p r o x im a t e ly o n e - t h ir d o f th e 75 u n io n s s p e c if y in g an in i t ia t o r p r o v id e d a lt e r n a t iv e m e t h o d s . F o r in s t a n c e , th e U n ited A u to m o b ile , A e r o s p a c e an d A g r i c u lt u r a l I m p le m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a a llo w e d im p e a c h m e n t to b e in it ia t e d — . . . U pon w r itte n a f f id a v it s ig n e d b y fiv e o r m o r e B o a r d M e m b e r s an d file d w ith th e I n t e r n a t io n a l S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . A nd a l s o — . . . U pon w r itt e n a f f id a v it s ig n e d b y a L o c a l U n io n m e m b e r an d e n d o r s e d b y h is ow n L o c a l U n ion an d b y a t l e a s t te n (10) a d d itio n a l L o c a l U n io n s in th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , o r in th e c a s e o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an I n t e r n a t io n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r , u p o n w r itt e n a f f id a v it s ig n e d b y th e L o c a l U n io n m e m b e r an d e n d o r s e d b y h is ow n L o c a l U n io n an d a m a j o r i t y o f th e L o c a l U n io n s w ith in th e r e g io n f r o m w h ich th e i n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d M e m b e r i s e le c t e d . tio n s, M e m b e r s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d in a p p r o x im a t e ly o n e - h a lf o f th e 75 c o n s t it u an d " l o c a l u n io n s " in a b o u t o n e - t h ir d . U n d e r s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , o n ly th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d (fo u r) o r th e p r e s i d e n t (th r e e ) c o u ld b r in g c h a r g e s . O n ly on e o f t h e s e , th e B r o th e r h o o d o f S h o e an d A llie d C r a f t s m e n ( I n d .), h a d p r o v i s i o n s f o r r e c a l l an d th u s a m e m b e r o r a l o c a l u n io n a p p a r e n t ly c o u ld n ot d i r e c t l y b r in g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r . N in e te e n o f th e 75 c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c if y in g an in i t ia t o r in c lu d e d a r e q u i r e m en t fo r e n d o rse m e n t. T h e p e r s o n s o r b o d y n a m e d a s e n d o r s e r in c lu d e d th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , s p e c i f i e d p r o p o r t io n s o f l o c a l u n io n s o r m e m b e r s , o r a fix e d n u m b e r o f l o c a l s . In 6 o f th e 19, th e e n d o r s e m e n t r e q u ir e m e n t v a r i e d d e p e n d in g u p o n who in it ia t e d c h a r g e s . O ne o f t h e s e , th e U t ility W o r k e r s U n ion o f A m e r i c a , r e q u ir e d no m e m b e r s h i p o r l o c a l u n io n e n d o r s e m e n t w hen fo u r o r m o r e e x e c u tiv e m e m b e r s b r o u g h t c h a r g e s ; w hen a l o c a l u n io n w a s th e in it ia t in g p a r t y , h o w e v e r, e n d o r s e m e n t s w e r e r e q u ir e d f r o m 10 l o c a l s w ith 20 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f th e t o t a l u n io n m e m b e r s h i p . O th e r v a r i a t i o n s in c lu d e d th e fo llo w in g : 142 G e n e r a l o f f i c e r s , c h a r g e d w ith v io la t io n o f th e C o n s t itu tio n , s h a l l b e t r i e d o n ly u p on w r itte n c h a r g e s s ig n e d an d a u t h o r iz e d b y t h r e e L o c a l U n io n s in g o o d s t a n d in g , o r s ig n e d an d a u t h o r iz e d b y tw o m e m b e r s o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d . ( L a u n d r y , D r y C le a n in g an d Dye_ H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion , Ind. ) S a f e g u a r d s D u r in g T r i a l . E ig h t y - e ig h t c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g s lig h t l y m o r e th a n 8. 8 m illio n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f i c a l l y g u a r a n t e e d th e a c c u s e d c e r t a i n r ig h t s a t h is t r i a l ( ta b le V II- 8 ). In 26 u n io n s, th is g u a r a n t e e w a s in th e f o r m o f a g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t th a t th e a c c u s e d w a s e n title d to a " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r in g , " w ith ou t g o in g in to fu r t h e r d e t a i l s . In 19 u n io n s, th e r ig h t to p r e s e n t e v id e n c e an d r e fu t e c h a r g e s w a s s t ip u la t e d , w h ile in 14 o t h e r s , a l l A F L —CIO a f f i l i a t e s , th e r ig h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e an d c o n fr o n t w i t n e s s e s w a s a d d it io n a lly g u a r a n t e e d . A m o n g th e " o t h e r r i g h t s " g u a r a n t e e d th e a c c u s e d in th e 17 c o n s t itu tio n s in th is c a t e g o r y w e r e th e r ig h t s to b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y l e g a l c o u n s e l, to h a v e a l l w i t n e s s e s s w o r n , an d to h a v e a w r itte n t r a n s c r i p t o f th e p r o c e e d in g s . T a b le V II-8. S e le cte d Due-Process Rights of A ccused in Im peachm ent Proceedings, N ational and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands! T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n Unions M em bers Unions A ll constitutions with im peachm ent provisions -------------------------------------C onstitutions providing for referen ce to due-process rights of a c c u s e d ---------"F u ll and fa ir hearin g" or sim ilar s t a t e m e n t ----------------------------------C ro ss-exam in e and confront w itn e sses-----------------------------------Present evid en ce to refute c h a r g e s ---C ross-exam in e and confront witnesses, and present evid en ce to refute c h a r g e s ----------------------------C h allen g e m em bers of tria l b o d y ----C h allen g e m em bers of tria l body, and present evid en ce to refute charges - C ross-exam in e and confront witnesses, present evid en ce to refute charges, and ch allen g e m em bers of tria l b o d y ----------------------------------None of the above rights sp e cifie d , but other rights g i v e n ------------------C onstitutions not providing for referen ce to due-process rights of a c c u s e d ---------- U n affiliated AFL-CIO R ights of accu sed M em bers Unions M em bers 125 1 5 ,4 6 2 .5 103 13, 1 3 7 .8 22 2, 3 2 4 .6 88 8 ,8 2 7 .9 73 8, 5 5 7 .0 15 2 7 0 .9 26 1 ,5 8 3 .8 21 1 ,4 8 4 .7 5 9 9 .1 8 19 7 4 5 .8 1, 906. 2 5 14 7 3 9 .5 1, 8 1 9 .5 3 5 6 .3 8 6 .7 14 2 1 ,4 2 9 .9 7 6 .3 14 1 1 ,4 2 9 .9 1 7 6 .2 1 1 ,0 2 7 .0 1 1 ,0 2 7 .0 1 7 1 .5 1 7 1 .5 17 1, 9 8 7 .4 16 1 ,9 8 4 .8 1 2 .6 37 6, 634. 6 30 4, 580. 7 7 2 ,0 5 3 .7 (M _ 1 Less than 100 m em bers. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals. S t a t u s P e n d in g T r i a l . T h e s t a t u s o f o f f i c e r s d u r in g im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d in g s w a s s tu d ie d a t th r e e s t a g e s : (1) B e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d ;40 (2) a f t e r c h a r g e s h a d b e e n f ile d ; an d (3) a f t e r t r i a l , p e n d in g a p p e a l. T h e l a t t e r c a t e g o r y w ill b e d i s c u s s e d s u b s e q u e n t ly in th e s e c t io n d e a lin g w ith a p p e a l s . 40 T h e d is t in g u is h in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e tw e e n p r o v i s i o n s in th is c a t e g o r y an d t h o s e c o n s id e r e d a s s u m m a r y d is c i p l in e i s th a t h e r e t r i a l m a c h in e r y i s a v a i l a b l e . 143 O n ly 14 o f th e 125 u n io n s h a v in g im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s , c o v e r in g fe w e r th a n h a lf a m illio n m e m b e r s , d e a l t w ith an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s s t a t u s b e f o r e c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d . In e a c h o f t h e s e 14 u n io n s, th e c h o ic e o f w h e th e r to s u s p e n d th e o f f i c e r w a s o p tio n a l w ith th e b o d y a u t h o r iz e d to im p o s e d i s c i p l i n e . In s o m e , th e a u t h o r iz a t io n w a s in th e f o r m o f an e m e r g e n c y - t y p e c l a u s e : In an e m e r g e n c y , th e I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t m a y s u s p e n d a n I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r . H e s h a l l c a l l an e m e r g e n c y m e e tin g o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d to g iv e s a i d o f f i c e r a j u s t an d f a i r t r i a l . ( A llie d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ) In o th e r c o n s t it u t io n s , th e c l a u s e a u t h o r iz in g s u s p e n s io n b e f o r e c h a r g e s w a s o f a m o r e r o u tin e n a tu r e an d d id n ot c o n ta in la n g u a g e lim it in g s u c h s u s p e n s io n s to e m e r g e n c y s it u a t io n s : H e (th e p r e s id e n t ) s h a l l h a v e a u t h o r ity sh o u ld h e b e c o m e s a t i s f i e d th a t an y I n t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r i s d e r e l i c t in th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f an y d u ty , o r h a s b e e n g u ilty o f an y d is h o n e s t a c t , to s u s p e n d s u c h o f f i c e r f r o m h is o f f i c i a l p o s it io n ; in s u c h e v e n t h e s h a l l f u r n is h th e o f f i c e r s o s u s p e n d e d w ith a d e t a ile d s t a t e m e n t o f h is r e a s o n s f o r s o d o in g . . . ( in t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of B o o k b i n d e r s ) T h ir ty - o n e c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g 3. 6 m il lio n m e m b e r s , p r o v id e d f o r a c h a n g e o f s t a t u s a f t e r th e filin g o f c h a r g e s . In c lu d e d in th is g r o u p w e r e 10 o f th e 14 c o n s t itu tio n s u n d e r w h ich a c h a n g e in s t a t u s c o u ld ta k e p l a c e b e f o r e th e f ilin g o f c h a r g e s . In 13 o f th e 31 c o n s t it u t io n s , s u s p e n s io n w a s o p tio n a l a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i le d . On th e o th e r h an d , fiv e o t h e r s r e q u ir e d a u t o m a t ic s u s p e n s io n u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s : T h e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d s h a l l e x a m in e a l l c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d to it . . . an d s h a l l h a v e th e p o w e r to d e c l a r e s u c h c h a r g e s c o g n iz a b le o r n o t. If c o g n iz a n c e i s ta k e n o f th e c h a r g e s th e a c c u s e d s h a l l b e t e m p o r a r i l y s u s p e n d e d f r o m o f f ic e . . . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l A ll ia n c e o f T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p lo y e e s and M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h in e O p e r a t o r s o f th e U n ited S t a t e s an d C a n a d a ) A s m a l l e r g r o u p o f u n io n s (four) a u t h o r iz e d th e t r i a l b o d y to s u s p e n d an o f f i c e r a f t e r it h ad m a d e a fin d in g o f g u ilt, p e n d in g r a t i f i c a t i o n o f i t s fin d in g s in a r e f e r e n d u m v o te . In c o n t r a s t , tw o c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h ib it e d an y c h a n g e o f s t a t u s , u n til th e c a s e h ad b e e n d e c id e d : U n til s u c h c h a r g e s an d in v e s t i g a t i n g r e p o r t h a v e b e e n f i n a l ly a c te d upon b y th e I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n a t th e c o n v e n tio n , h e s h a l l co n tin u e to a c t a s G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c ia t io n o f M a r b le , S la t e an d S to n e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s an d S a w y e r s , T ile an d M a r b le S e t t e r s 1 H e lp e r s an d M a r b le M o s a ic an d T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s H e lp e r s ) * * * . . . h e s h a l l a c t a s I n t e r n a tio n a l P r e s i d e n t u n til s u c h c h a r g e s a r e p r o v e n a g a i n s t h im . (T h e G r a n it e C u t t e r s 1 I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r ic a ) 144 A p p e a ls. T h e c o n v e n tio n p l a y s a l a r g e r o l e in a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e , s in c e i t s p o w e r s a r e u s u a l ly g r e a t e r th an th o s e o f th e e x e c u t iv e b o d ie s w h ich r e n d e r th e f i n a l d e c is io n . (A s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r ( ta b le V I I- 4 ), 99 c o n s t it u t io n s n a m e d th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d a s th e t r i a l b o d y in a l l o r m o s t im p e a c h m e n t c a s e s , an d 89 a u t h o r iz e d th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d to r e n d e r th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n ( t a b le V I I- 5 ). O f th e 85 c o n s t itu tio n s th a t m a d e r e f e r e n c e to a p p e a l s , 7 0 , c o v e r in g j u s t 8. 6 m i l lio n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f ie d th e c o n v e n tio n a s th e f in a l a p p e a l b o d y in a l l c a s e s ( ta b le V I I- 9 ). In a d d itio n , 6 o t h e r s , c o v e r in g 1. 3 m il lio n m e m b e r s , s p e c i f i e d th e c o n v e n tio n a s an a lt e r n a t iv e f i n a l a p p e a l b o d y , in c lu d in g 4 o f th e 11 w h ich p r o v id e d f o r a p p e a l b y r e f e r e n d u m . T h e l a t t e r s it u a t io n i s i l l u s t r a t e d b e lo w : (T h e im p e a c h e d o f f ic e r ) s h a l l h a v e th e r ig h t to a p p e a l to th e n e x t C o n v e n tio n o r d e m a n d a r e fe r e n d u m v o te on h is r e m o v a l f r o m o f f ic e . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l U n io n o f U n ite d B r e w e r y , F l o u r , C e r e a l , S o ft D r in k an d D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ) T a b le V II-9. F in al A p p eal Body in Im peachm ent Procedure, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands^ T o ta l studied F in al ap p eal body AFL-CIO Unions A ll im peach m en t p r o v is io n s --------------Constitutions providing for referen ce to ap p eal -----------------------F in al ap p ea l body: C o n v e n tio n -----------------------------R eferendum ----------------------------C onvention or referendum ---------C onvention or pu blic review body -----------------------------------Other 1 -----------------------------------C onstitutions not providing for referen ce to a p p e a l ------------------------- A ffiliatio n M embers Unions U n affiliated M embers Unions M em bers 125 1 5 ,4 6 2 .5 103 1 3 ,1 3 7 .8 22 2, 324. 6 85 1 0 ,8 1 7 .0 70 8, 546. 0 15 2, 271. 1 70 7 4 8 ,6 1 9 .8 5 9 4 .0 2 9 0 .9 56 6 4 6, 404. 7 5 3 8 .0 2 9 0 .9 14 1 2 ,2 1 5 .1 5 6 .0 - - 2 2 1 ,0 8 3 . 1 229. 2 2 2 1 ,0 8 3 . 1 2 2 9 .2 - - - - 40 4, 645. 4 33 4, 5 9 1 .9 7 5 3 .6 Under 1 constitution, decisions of the ex ecu tiv e board m ay be ap p ealed to the convention, but decisions of m em bership referendum are fin a l. In the other constitution, the convention is the fin a l a p p e al body, but if the next convention is more than 1 year away from the tim e of the fin al d ecision of the ex ecu tiv e board, an a p p eal to convention is ruled out. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equ al to tals. In th e A m e r ic a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild , a r e fe r e n d u m c o u ld b e c a ll e d o n ly in th o s e c a s e s w h e r e th e n e x t c o n v e n tio n w a s m o r e th an 4 m o n th s a w a y . (in th is u n io n , th e c o n v e n tio n i s h e ld a n n u a lly . ) T h e a p p e a ls o p tio n s in th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , U n ite d A u to m o b ile , A e r o s p a c e an d A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p le m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a an d th e U p h o l s t e r e r s 1 I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f N o rth A m e r i c a , n a m e ly o f g o in g e it h e r to th e c o n v e n tio n o r to a p u b lic r e v ie w b o a r d , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d e s c r i b e d ( c h a p t e r V I). 145 In th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e A m e r ic a n B a k e r y an d C o n fe c tio n e r y W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a tio n a l U n io n , a n a p p e a l to th e c o n v e n tio n w a s p r o v id e d , b u t in in s t a n c e s w h e re th e c o n v e n tio n w a s m o r e th a n 1 y e a r a w a y f r o m th e t im e o f th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n o f th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d , th a t d e c is io n w a s fin a l, (T h e u n io n m e e t s in c o n v e n tio n e v e r y 4 y e a r s . ) In th e U n ited P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s U n io n , m o s t d e c i s i o n s o f th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d c o u ld b e a p p e a le d to th e c o n v e n tio n but: If a r e c a l l r e fe r e n d u m i s h e ld a s p a r t o f th e p e n a lty im p o s e d , th e r e s u l t s o f s u c h a r e fe r e n d u m s h a l l b e b in d in g an d m a y n o t b e r e v e r s e d b y c o n v e n tio n a c tio n d u r in g th e c u r r e n t t e r m o f o f f ic e . R o le o f R e fe r e n d u m in I m p e a c h m e n t P r o c e e d i n g s . A r e f e r e n d u m w a s n ot a c o m m o n p r o c e d u r e in im p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s , w ith o n ly 22 u n io n s, c o v e r in g 2. 2 m il lio n m e m b e r s , a llo w in g f o r i t s u s e a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s (ta b le V I I - 10). In on e u n io n , it w a s n ot c l e a r a t w h at l e v e l th e r e f e r e n d u m c a m e in to u s e , a s th e fo llo w in g c l a u s e in d i c a t e s : A n y g e n e r a l o f f i c e r m a y b e s u s p e n d e d by th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d upon c h a r g e s b e in g f i le d a g a i n s t h im , p e n d in g i n v e s t i g a t i o n an d f i n a l a c tio n . If s u c h c h a r g e s a r e s u s t a in e d b y a m a j o r i t y o f th e m e m b e r s h i p o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n v o tin g , h e s h a l l b e r e m o v e d . ( in t e r n a t io n a l B r o o m an d W h isk M a k e r s * U n ion o f A m e r ic a ) T a b le V II-10. R ole of R eferendum in Im peachm ent Proceedings, N atio n al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands! T o ta l studied R ole of referendum in im p eac h m ent proceedings Right of accu sed to present defense statem en t S p e cifie d Unions Unions A ll im peach m en t provisions --------------- C onstitutions providing for referen ce to referendum ------------------T r ia l is conducted by referendum -------------------------------R eferendum em ployed to ratify tr ia l body's d e c is io n --------------------F in a l ap p e a l is a referendum ---------Constitutions not providing for referen ce to referendum in im peach m en t proceedings ---------------- offen se. Not sp e cifie d M em bers M em bers Unions M em bers 125 1 5 ,4 6 2 .5 103 13, 1 3 7 .8 22 2, 324. 6 22 2, 228. 2 6 4 4 2 .8 16 1 ,7 8 5 .4 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 10 11 1 ,3 4 2 .3 8 8 4 .9 *3 3 2 1 8 .2 2 2 4 .6 7 8 1 ,1 2 4 .1 6 6 0 .3 103 1 3 ,2 3 4 .3 97 12, 6 9 5 .0 6 5 3 9 .2 Under 1 constitution, referendum can be an ap p eal or a ra tific a tio n authority depending upon the nature of the It is treated as a ratific a tio n authority in this ta b le . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individu al item s m ay not equ al to tals. tria l A r e f e r e n d u m w a s m o s t o fte n s t ip u la t e d to ( l ) r a t i f y th e d e c is io n o f th e b o d y , o r (2) a c t a s a f in a l a p p e a l b o d y . W ith r e s p e c t to r a t i f i c a t i o n , a 146 t y p ic a l c l a u s e , i c a , p r o v id e d * f r o m th e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s U n ion o f A m e r T h e I n t e r n a tio n a l E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il s h a l l h a v e th e p o w e r to r e m o v e an y o f th e o f f i c e r s e n u m e r a te d . . . w ho, a f t e r d u e t r i a l u p o n w r itt e n ch arges . . . i s foun d g u ilty o f d is h o n e s t y , m a l f e a s a n c e , o r m a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , an d s u c h fin d in g s a r e a p p r o v e d in a r e f e r e n d u m by a m a j o r i t y o f th e m e m b e r s o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n ion . A s sh ow n in ta b le V I I -9 , th e r e fe r e n d u m a s th e e x c lu s iv e f i n a l a p p e a l w a s foun d in s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , an d a s an a lt e r n a t iv e m e th o d in fo u r o t h e r s . In 10 o f t h e s e 11 u n io n s th e i s s u e w a s s u b m itte d to a v o te o f th e " m e m b e r s h i p , 11 a lth o u g h in a fe w c a s e s th is w a s lim it e d to th e " a f f e c t e d m e m b e r s h i p . " In th e e le v e n th c o n s t itu tio n , th e i s s u e w a s s u b m itte d to a v o te o f th e l o c a l s . O n ly 6 o f th e 22 u n io n s s p e c i f i c a l l y g r a n t e d th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r th e r ig h t to s u b m it a d o c u m e n t s t a t in g h is v e r s i o n o f th e c a s e on th e b a l lo t . F o r e x a m p le : T h e r e f e r e n d u m b a llo t s h a l l b e a c c o m p a n ie d b y a s t a t e m e n t b y th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d m a j o r i t y an d a s t a t e m e n t b y th e a c c u s e d . (O il, C h e m i c a l an d A to m ic W o r k e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U nion) T h is c o n stitu tio n : r ig h t to e n c lo s e a sta te m e n t w as le s s sp e c ific in th e fo llo w in g . . . T h e fin d in g s o f th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , w ith a c o p y o f a l l e v id e n c e , ( s h a l l be) s u b m itte d to a g e n e r a l v o te o f th e L o c a l U n io n s w ith in th ir t y d a y s . (U n ite d B r o th e r h o o d o f C a r p e n t e r s an d J o i n e r s o f A m e r ic a ) P r e su m a b ly , th e a c c u s e d * s p o s it io n c o u ld b e fo u n d s o m e w h e r e in th e e v id e n c e . F i f t e e n c o n s t itu tio n s d e fin e d th e s i z e o f v o te r e q u ir e d in th e r e f e r e n d u m . In 13 o f t h e s e , a m a j o r i t y o f th o s e v o tin g w a s r e q u ir e d . In a n o th e r , th e A ir l in e C o m m u n ic a tio n s E m p lo y e e s A s s o c i a t i o n (In d. ), tw o - t h ir d s o f th e m e m b e r s e l i g ib le to v o te w a s s p e c i f i e d . In th e o th e r c o n s t itu tio n , th e U n ited G a r m e n t W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a , w h e r e th e r e fe r e n d u m i s u s e d to r a t i f y d e c i s i o n s o f th e t r i a l b o d y , e a c h l o c a l u n io n w a s e n title d to the s a m e n u m b e r o f v o te s it w ou ld h a v e a t a c o n v e n tio n , an d a m a j o r i t y v o te w a s r e q u ir e d to u p h o ld th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d . S t a t u s P e n d in g A p p e a l. O n ly e ig h t c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e to th e s t a t u s o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s p e n d in g th e o u tc o m e o f t h e ir a p p e a l. In o n e , th e s t a t u s o f a n in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r c o u ld n ot b e a l t e r e d u n til a f t e r a f in a l d e c i s i o n o f g u ilt w a s u p h e ld on a p p e a l. In th e o th e r s e v e n u n io n s, th e a p p e l la t e b o d y , a t i t s d i s c r e t i o n , w a s e m p o w e r e d to s t a y th e d e c is io n p e n d in g th e o u tc o m e o f th e a p p e a l. R e c a l l o f I n t e r n a tio n a l O f f i c e r s T h i r t y - s i x c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g n e a r l y 5 m il lio n m e m b e r s , p r o v id e d f o r th e r e c a l l o f in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r s ( ta b le V I I - 1). In 1 8, r e c a l l w a s an a l t e r n a tiv e to im p e a c h m e n t a s a m e th o d o f r e m o v a l. F i v e o f th e r e m a in in g 18 p r o v id e d f o r r e c a l l an d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e , w h e r e a s in 13, c o v e r in g fe w e r th an 1 m il lio n m e m b e r s , r e c a l l w a s th e o n ly m e th o d a v a i l a b l e to r e m o v e an i n t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r . 147 G r o u n d s . In 29 o f th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s w ith r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s , g r o u n d s f o r in itia tin g a r e c a l l p e tit io n w e r e n o t in d ic a t e d , th e r e b y p u ttin g no l im it a t i o n s on th is r e m o v a l m e th o d . O ne o f th e 29 c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i e d th a t r e c a l l c o u ld b e in it ia t e d ,!w ith o r w ith o u t c a u s e . 11 In m o s t o f th e r e m a in in g s e v e n , b r o a d g r o u n d s w e r e g iv e n , s u c h a s " f o r ju s t i f i a b l e c a u s e , " " f o r g o o d an d s u f f ic ie n t c a u s e , " an d " d e r e l i c t in h is d u t i e s . " In one o f t h e s e s e v e n , th e g r o u n d s w e r e lim it e d to on e s p e c i f i c o f fe n s e : ( P a r t ic ip a t io n ) in th e w o r k o f an y C o m m u n is t, N a z i , F a s c i s t , o r an y o th e r u n - A m e r ic a n o r g a n iz a t io n . ( A s s o c i a t e d U n io n s o f A m e r i c a , I n d .) O f th e 11 c o n s t it u t io n s w h ich r e f e r r e d to th e c o n te n ts o f th e r e c a l l p e t i tio n (ta b le V II-1 1 ), o n ly o n e , th a t o f th e U tility W o r k e r s o f N ew E n g la n d ( I n d .) , c o n ta in e d a l im it a t io n on g r o u n d s a n d a r e q u ir e m e n t th a t " w r it t e n c h a r g e s . . . be f ile d ." T a b le V II-11. Contents of Petitions to R e c a ll N ation al O fficers, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands) T o ta l studied A ffiliatio n AFL-CIO Contents of petition Unions Unions A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s----------------------------C onstitutions providing for referen ce to contents -----------------------------------P etition must be s p e c i f i c -----------------P etition must recite acts or conduct co m p lain ed o f -----------------------------P etition must set forth the r e a s o n ------P etition must be a cco m p an ied by c h a r g e s ---------------- ------------------Constitutions not providing for referen ce to contents -------------------------------------- U n affiliated M embers M em bers Unions M em bers 36 4, 893. 5 23 3 ,8 7 1 .5 13 1 ,0 2 2 .0 11 4 2, 2 1 4 .5 1, 2 2 2 .4 9 4 2, 109. 9 1, 2 2 2 .4 2 1 0 4 .6 1 3 2 5 5 .4 5 4 5 .5 1 3 2 5 5 .4 5 4 5 .5 3 1 9 1 .2 1 8 6 .6 2 1 0 4 .6 25 2, 6 7 9 .0 14 1 ,7 6 1 .6 11 9 1 7 .4 - _ - _ NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. I n it ia t o r an d E n d o r s e m e n t . A ll bu t 5 o f th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e r e f e r e n c e to th e in d iv id u a l o r g r o u p a u t h o r iz e d to in it ia t e a r e c a l l p e tit io n (ta b le V II-1 2 ). T h e i n i t ia t o r , in m o s t c a s e s , w a s th e l o c a l u n io n (2 2 ); o n ly 9 o f th e 36 r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s e x p l ic i t l y p e r m i t t e d a m e m b e r to in it ia t e r e c a l l . M o r e o v e r , 10 o f th e 22 c o n s t itu tio n s th a t p r o v id e d fo r s o m e a g e n t o th e r th an a m e m b e r to in it ia t e c h a r g e s c o n ta in e d no im p e a c h m e n t p r o v i s i o n s ; th u s a n in d iv id u a l m e m b e r , in t h e s e u n io n s, w a s a p p a r e n t ly w ith o u t a m e a n s o f s e t tin g m a c h in e r y in m o tio n to r e m o v e an in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r . T h ir ty on e c o n s t itu tio n s r e q u ir e d an e n d o r s e m e n t o f th e r e c a l l p e tit io n . T h r e e o f th e fiv e c o n s t itu tio n s w ith o u t th is r e q u ir e m e n t a l s o f a il e d to s t a t e an in itia tin g a g e n t. 148 T a b le V II-12. R equirem en ts for In itiation and Endorsement of R e c a ll Petitions, N ation al and International Union C onstitutions, Early 1961 (Number of unions) Endorsed by— In itiatin g agents A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s----------------------------M e m b e r ------------------------------------------L o cal u n i o n -------------------------------------E xecutive board -------------------------------M em ber or lo c a l union ---------------------L o cal union or ex ecu tiv e board -----------No r e f e r e n c e ------------------------------------ Percent Unions Percent Percent Number of lo c a ls of of of and lo c als m em bers lo c a ls m em bers 36 8 18 1 1 3 5 8 4 3 . 5 6 1 . 4 - - - - 1 - 5 - - Num ber of V aries lo c a ls and by percent of initiato r m em bers 6 4 2 2 4 . - - - - - 1 Other No r e f erence 5 - 1 1 3 - - - 1 1 - 3 1 If the union's governing body rules again st subm itting the p etition to a r e c a ll v o te , the in itiatin g lo c a l m ay p etition a ll other subordinate lo c a ls to overrule the board of directors, with a m ajority of lo c a ls required to v ote for overruling. P ro ced u re. O n ly e ig h t c o n s t itu tio n s s p e c i f i e d th a t th e r e c a l l p e tit io n h a d to b e r e v ie w e d b e f o r e b e in g s u b m itte d to a v o te , a fu n c tio n a s s i g n e d to th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d o r a n o th e r g o v e r n in g b o d y . In fiv e o f th e e ig h t, th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d w a s e m p o w e r e d to d r o p th e c h a r g e s , a lth o u g h in t h r e e o f t h e s e th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d * s d e c is io n c o u ld b e r e v e r s e d e it h e r , in tw o u n io n s , b y a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f l o c a l u n io n s o r , in on e u n io n , by th e n e x t c o n v e n tio n . In a s ix th o f th e c h a r g e s by d a tio n s na s s e e m l o c a l u n io n s f o r a c o n s t itu tio n , th e r e w a s p r o v i s i o n f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y in v e s t ig a t io n th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , a s a r e s u l t o f w h ich c e r t a i n r e c o m m e n j u s t i f i e d b y th e f a c t s " w e r e to b e m a d e an d s u b m itte d to th e v o te . In th e r e m a in in g tw o c o n s t it u t io n s , w a s s o m e w h a t d if f e r e n t . O ne p r o v id e d : th e n a t u r e o f th e r e v ie w p r o c e d u r e I f th e p e tit io n s h a l l b e fo u n d to b e s u f f i c ie n t , th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s s h a l l s u b m it a r e c a l l b a l lo t to th e m e m b e r s h i p . . . (B r o th e r h o o d o f R a ilw a y an d S t e a m s h ip C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d le r s , E x p r e s s an d S ta tio n E m p lo y e e s ) W h eth er th e r e v ie w w a s lim it e d to an e x a m in a tio n f o r t e c h n ic a l s u f f i c ie n c y , o r w a s b r o a d e n o u g h to in c lu d e s u b s t a n t i v e s u f f i c ie n c y , w a s n o t e x p l ic i t in th e a b o v e la n g u a g e . T h e r e m a in in g p r o v i s i o n w a s a l s o s u s c e p t i b l e to m o r e th a n on e i n t e r p r e t a t io n : If a p e tit io n s ig n e d b y te n p e r c e n t (10% ) o r m o r e o f th e t o t a l m e m b e r s in g o o d s ta n d in g no m o r e th an o n e - t h ir d (V 3 ) s i g n a t u r e s to b e g o t te n b y an y on e L o c a l p r o p o s in g p e tit io n s h a l l b e m a n d a to r y an d s h a l l b e s u b m itte d to th e r a n k an d f i l e w ith in t h ir t y d a y s (30) a f t e r p r e s e n t in g s a i d p e tit io n to th e G e n e r a l B o a r d an d t h e ir a c c e p t a n c e . ( E m p h a s is a d d e d . ) (B r o th e r h o o d o f S h o e an d A llie d C r a f t s m e n , I n d . ) A g e n t A d m in is t e r in g R e c a l l . T h e t e r m " a d m i n i s t e r i n g a g e n t " r e f e r s to th e p e r s o n o r b o d y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e r e c a l l p r o c e d u r e , in c lu d in g th e s u b m ittin g o f th e p e t it io n to th e m e m b e r s h i p f o r a v o te an d th e ta b u la t io n o f r e s u l t s . 149 T h e o f f ic e o f s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r w a s fo u n d to b e th e on e m o s t o fte n c a ll e d up o n to a d m i n i s t e r th e r e c a l l p e tit io n (ta b le V I I - 13). In s e v e n u n io n s, a lt e r n a t iv e a g e n ts w e r e d e s i g n a t e d to c o v e r th o s e s it u a t io n s w h e r e th e o f f i c e r who w ou ld o r d i n a r i l y a d m i n i s t e r th e p e t it io n w a s h i m s e l f in v o lv e d . (A p e titio n ) s h a l l b e f i le d w ith th e S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r o f th e U n io n , p r o v id e d , h o w e v e r , th a t a p e tit io n d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t th e S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r s h a l l b e f i le d w ith th e P r e s i d e n t . (C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ) T a b le VTI-13. A gent A dm inistering R e c a ll o f N atio n al O fficers, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands^ T o ta l studied A ffilia tio n A gents A FL-CIO Unions Unions A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s--------------------------C onstitutions referring to adm inistering a g e n t -------------------------------------------E xecutive board --------------------------President ------------------------------------S e c r e ta r y - tr e a s u r e r -----------------------Board of t r u s t e e s --------------------------Constitutions not referring to adm inistering a g e n t -------------------------- U n affiliated M em bers M em bers Unions M em bers 36 4 ,8 9 3 .5 23 3 ,8 7 1 .5 13 1,0 2 2 .0 30 21 3 3 ,8 2 1 .6 5 0 4 .9 5 .7 2, 6 7 1 .2 6 3 9 .8 9 3 3 4 4, 832. 2 6 1 0 .2 1 4 6 .8 3, 275. 4 7 9 9 .8 2 1 1 ,0 1 0 .7 1 0 5 .4 14 1 .1 6 0 4 .2 1 6 0 .0 6 6 1 .3 2 4 9 .9 4 1 1 .4 10 14 212 7 1 10 1 Includes 3 constitutions in which the president is the adm inistering agent in a ll cases ex cep t where the r e c a ll is d irected ag ain st h im , in which ca se another agen t is sp e cifie d . 2 Includes 4 constitutions in which the secretary-treasu rer is the adm inistering agen t in a ll cases ex cep t where the r e c a ll is d irected ag ain st him , in which case another agent is sp e cifie d . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of ind ivid u al item s m ay not equal to tals. S t a t u s P e n d in g R e c a l l . O n ly s e v e n c o n s t it u t io n s , c o v e r in g j u s t o v e r o n e h a lf m il lio n m e m b e r s , m a d e r e f e r e n c e to th e s t a t u s o f th e in t e r n a t io n a l o f f i c e r a f t e r r e c a l l a c t io n h ad b e e n in it ia t e d . In tw o c o n s t it u t io n s , a n y c h a n g e o f s t a t u s w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h ib it e d : T h e o f f i c e r s h a l l r e t a in o f f ic e u n til th e r e s u l t s o f th e s p e c i a l e le c t io n a r e o f f i c i a l l y d e c l a r e d . (B r o th e r h o o d o f M a in te n a n c e o f W ay E m p lo y e s ) In th e o th e r fiv e c o n s t it u t io n s , th e s t a t u s o f th e o f f i c e r w a s a l t e r e d p e n d in g r e c a l l . F o r in s t a n c e , th e I n t e r n a t io n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n s an d W a r e h o u s e m e n s U n io n ( I n d .), p r o v id e d th a t th e o f f i c e r — . . . s h a l l im m e d i a t e ly sta n d s u s p e n d e d f r o m c a l l e le c t io n . o f f ic e p e n d in g a r e In th e W indow G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a , w h e r e th e r e c a l l p e titio n g o e s th r o u g h a p r e l i m i n a r y r e v ie w b y th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d , th e s u s p e n s io n w a s e f f e c t iv e o n ly a f t e r th e r e v ie w in g a g e n t v o te d to a c c e p t th e p e tit io n . 150 In on e c o n stitu tio n , lo w in g s it u a t io n s : s u s p e n s io n p e n d in g r e c a ll w as lim it e d to th e f o l A n o f f i c e r o f th e U n ion , M e m b e r o f th e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , N a t io n a l D i r e c t o r , C o lle c t iv e B a r g a i n in g C o m m itt e e M e m b e r o r L o c a l . O f f i c e r a g a i n s t w h om a p e tit io n f o r r e c a l l . • . h a s b e e n f i le d on g r o u n d s o f e m b e z z le m e n t , l a r c e n y , w ilfu l m i s a p p l i c a t i o n o f U n ion a s s e t s , s h a l l fo r th w ith b e s u s p e n d e d , p e n d in g th e d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e r e c a l l p r o c e e d in g s an d th e U n ion s h a l l c a u s e a s u b s t i t u t e to b e a p p o in te d to s e r v e in h is s t e a d d u r in g h is s u s p e n s io n . ( C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ) In tw o o f th e fiv e c o n s t itu tio n s w h ich p r o v id e d fo r s u s p e n s io n , th e m a t t e r o f p a y d u r in g s u s p e n s io n w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y d e a lt w ith : T h e E x e c u t iv e B o a r d , in it s d i s c r e t i o n , s h a l l d e c id e w h e th e r o r n ot h is p a y sh o u ld c o n tin u e . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f M in e , M ill an d S m e l t e r W o r k e r s , Ind. ) R ig h t to E n c l o s e S t a t e m e n t . F o u r t e e n o f th e c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e r e f e r e n c e to th e r ig h t o f th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r to e n c lo s e a s t a t e m e n t g iv in g h is d e f e n s e a lo n g w ith th e r e c a l l b a l lo t . T e n o f t h e s e 14 m e r e l y s p e c i f i e d th a t th e a c c u s e d h a d th e r ig h t to e n c lo s e a s t a t e m e n t , w ith o u t f u r t h e r d e t a il , a s in th e fo llo w in g : S a id p e tit io n (fo r r e c a l l ) to a c c o m p a n y c h a r g e s f o r w h ich a r e c a l l i s a s k e d an d d e fe n s e o f th o s e c h a r g e d . (U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , I n d .) In th e o th e r fo u r c o n s t it u t io n s , th e le n g th o f th e s t a t e m e n t w a s lim it e d , a s in th e fo llo w in g e x c e r p t : S u c h o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s m a y . . . f i le a w r itte n s t a t e m e n t o f d e f e n s e , c o n ta in in g n ot m o r e th an 500 w o r d s , w ith th e G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r , who s h a l l c a u s e th e s a m e to b e p r in te d an d m a i le d to a l l L o c a l L o d g e s c o n c u r r e n t ly w ith th e c a l l f o r th e e n d o r s e m e n t s f o r n o m in e e s . . . (In te r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h in is t s ) T im e A llo w e d A c c u s e d to P r e p a r e D e f e n s e . S e v e n o f th e 36 c o n s t itu tio n s m a d e r e f e r e n c e to th e tim e a llo w e d th e a c c u s e d to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e . Four u n io n s a llo w e d th e a c c u s e d a s p e c i f i c n u m b e r o f d a y s f o r th is p u r p o s e . Two s p e c i f i e d 15 d a y s , on e s p e c i f ie d 30 d a y s , an d th e o th e r g r a n t e d 90 d a y s . T h e c o n s t itu tio n o f th e U n ited P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d an d A llie d W o r k e r s c o n ta in e d p e r h a p s th e m o s t d e t a ile d p r o v i s i o n w ith r e s p e c t to p r o c e d u r e . In th e f i r s t in s t a n c e , b e f o r e a l o c a l u n io n c o u ld in i t ia t e c h a r g e s , it h a d to a llo w th e a c c u s e d 14 d a y s * n o t ic e , a t w h ich tim e h e h a d th e r ig h t to a tte n d o r b e r e p r e s e n te d a t a s p e c i a l m e e tin g c a ll e d f o r th e p u r p o s e o f a p p r o v in g th e r e c a l l p e tit io n . T h e r e w a s th en a 4 5 - d a y p e r i o d w ith in w h ich a l l th e r e q u ir e d e n d o r s e m e n t s h ad to b e r e c e i v e d . W ithin 7 m o r e d a y s , th e p e tit io n an d e n d o r s e m e n t s w e r e r e f e r r e d to th e e x e c u tiv e b o a r d . A t th is p o in t, th e a c c u s e d w a s o n c e a g a in n o t ifie d , an d g iv e n na fu ll o p p o r tu n ity to b e h e a r d an d b e r e p r e s e n t e d in h is ow n d e f e n s e . " T h e b a l lo t , r e c o m m e n d a t io n s o f th e b o a r d , an d a n s w e r o f th e a c c u s e d , if a n y , w e r e th en s e n t to th e l o c a l s f o r a r e f e r e n d u m v o te , an d h ad to b e r e t u r n e d w ith in 30 d a y s . 151 if ie d . In tw o u n io n s th e a c c u s e d h ad to b e n o t ifie d , bu t no d e t a i l s w e r e s p e c O ne o f t h e s e c o n s t itu tio n s s tip u la te d : . . . T h e o f f i c e r to b e r e c a l l e d s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d to m a k e a c o m p le te s t a t e m e n t o f d e fe n s e in th e s a m e i s s u e o f O U R JO U R N A L o r in th e s a m e m a i l s e n t ou t to th e l o c a l u n io n s o r i t s m e m b e r s h i p . (M e ta l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s an d H e lp e r s I n t e r n a tio n a l U nion) B a l lo t I s s u e . In th e m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t itu tio n s w ith r e c a l l p r o v i s i o n s , th e q u e s t io n s u b m itte d to a v o te w a s w h e th e r o r n ot th e o f f i c e r sh o u ld b e r e c a l l e d o r r e ta in e d : . . . th e T r u s t e e s s h a l l o r d e r th e p e tit io n to b e s e n t to e v e r y l o c a l in g o o d s ta n d in g , w h ich s h a l l ta k e an a y e an d n a y v o te upo n s u s t a in in g th e r e c a l l . ( I n t e r n a tio n a l U n ion o f E l e c t r i c a l , R a d io an d M a c h in e W o r k e r s) In fiv e c o n s t it u t io n s , h o w e v e r , th e b a l lo t i s s u e u p o n w h ich v o t e s w e r e c a s t w a s n ot on th e q u e s t io n o f th e r e c a l l i t s e l f , b u t r a t h e r w a s an e le c tio n b a llo t , in w h ich th e v o te w a s to r e t a in th e a c c u s e d o f f i c e r in o f f ic e o r r e p l a c e h im w ith a n o th e r ( ta b le V II- 1 4 ). T a b le V II-14. Issues to be D ecid ed and Size of V ote R equired in R e c a ll Procedures, N ation al and International Union Constitutions, Early 1961 (M em bers in thousands! T o ta l studied B allot issue R e c a ll Size of votes Unions E lection of o ffice rs Not sp e cifie d M em bers ' Unions M em bers Unions M em bers 1 ,5 2 9 .1 12 1 ,4 7 5 .3 5 4 - 1, 5 2 9 .1 5 3 6 .4 - 7 4 3 - 6 7 3 .4 323. 1 43. 2 307. 1 ~ 3 1 1 1, 2 1 3 .7 6 4 .0 2 6 9 .7 2 8 0 .0 6 0 0 .0 6 1 ,2 1 5 .8 - 5 2 6 1 .6 36 4, 893. 5 19 C onstitutions specify in g size of v o t e ------M ajority of m em bers v o tin g ------------Tw o-thirds of m em bers votin g -------M ajority of m em bers e l i g i b l e ---------P l u r a l i t y -------------------------------------Constitutions not sp ecify in g size of v o t e ------------------------------------------- 25 13 2 3 ,4 1 6 .1 9 2 3 .5 3 1 2 .9 5 8 7 .1 1, 5 9 2 .7 11 1 ,4 7 7 .4 7 4 Unions 5 A ll r e c a ll p r o v isio n s--------------------------- 12 Members 6 1 ,8 8 9 .1 1 - 9 9 2 .7 - 2 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equ al to tals. T h e fo llo w in g in v o lv e d an e le c tio n : p r o v isio n w as t y p ic a l o f t h o s e in w h ich th e r e c a l l i s s u e If th e p e tit io n s h a l l b e fo u n d to b e s u f f i c ie n t , th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s s h a l l s u b m it a r e c a l l b a l lo t to th e m e m b e r s h i p w ith in t h ir t y (30) d a y s a f t e r th e p e t it io n h a s b e e n f ile d w ith it . The B o a rd of T r u s t e e s s h a ll p u b lis h o r c a u s e to b e p u b lis h e d n o tic e o f an d m a k e a l l a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r h o ld in g s u c h e le c t io n b y s e c r e t b a llo t an d s a m e s h a l l b e c o n d u c te d , an d r e tu r n e d an d r e s u l t t h e r e o f b e d e c l a r e d . . . T h is b a l lo t s h a l l a l s o c o n ta in th e n a m e s o f th e c a n d id a t e s who h a v e b e e n n o m in a te d b y l o c a l lo d g e s f o r th e G r a n d L o d g e o f f i c e r f o r w h ich th e r e c a l l i s m a d e . It s h a l l b e n e c e s s a r y th a t e a c h n o m in e e h a v e th e e n d o r s e m e n t o f n ot l e s s th an fifty (50) l o d g e s . 152 T h e s u c c e s s o r o f a n y o f f i c e r r e m o v e d b y r e c a l l s h a l l h o ld o f f i c e d u r in g the u n e x p i r e d t e r m of h i s p r e d e c e s s o r . . . A n y o f f i c e r w h o s e r e m o v a l i s s o u g h t c a n b e a c a n d i d a t e to s u c c e e d h i m s e l f , an d u n l e s s h e r e q u e s t s o t h e r w i s e in w r it i n g to th e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s , the B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s s h a l l p l a c e h i s n a m e on the o f f i c i a l b a l l o t w ith o u t n o m in a t i o n . ( B r o t h e r h o o d of R a i l w a y an d S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d l e r s , E x p r e s s an d S t a t i o n E m p l o y e s ) T o r e m o v e the o f f i c e r , a p l u r a l i t y o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s (1Z) s p e c i f i e d a m a j o r i t y o f the m e m b e r s v o tin g ; s e c o n d in f r e q u e n c y (7) w a s a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t w o - t h i r d s o f the m e m b e r s v o tin g . F i n a l l y , o n ly s e v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i f i e d a s e c r e t b a l l o t in r e c a l l v o t e s . A lt h o u g h n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d in the o t h e r 29 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , n e i t h e r w a s it p r e c l u d e d , a n d the r u l e s o f o r d e r f o r th e c o n d u c t o f v o tin g m a y r e q u i r e a s e c r e t b allo t. D i s c i p l i n a r y P o w e r s A v a i l a b l e to the A F L r C I O T h e d i s c i p l i n a r y p o w e r s o f the A F L —CIO w e r e v e s t e d b y i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n p r i m a r i l y in the p r e s i d e n t an d the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l . 41 In a r t i c l e VIII, s e c t i o n 2, the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s g iv e n g e n e r a l p o w e r , b e t w e e n c o n v e n t io n s , to— . . . d i r e c t the a f f a i r s of the F e d e r a t i o n an d to t a k e s u c h a c t i o n s a n d r e n d e r s u c h d e c i s i o n s a s a r e n e c e s s a r y an d a p p r o p r i a t e to s a f e g u a r d an d p r o m o t e the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the F e d e r a t i o n an d i t s a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s . . . 42 M o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s e m p o w e r e d ( a r t i c l e VIII, s e c t i o n 12) to r e m o v e f r o m o f f i c e an y o f f i c e r who, a f t e r n o t i c e and h e a r i n g , w a s found i n e l i g i b l e (by a t w o - t h i r d s v o te ) to h o ld o f f i c e b e c a u s e o f m e m b e r s h i p in o r a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d the a c h i e v e m e n t o f th e p u r p o s e s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ( a s p r o v i d e d in a r t i c l e V, s e c t i o n 10). I m p e a c h m e n t p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s o f th e F e d e r a t i o n an d m e m b e r s o f th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w e r e s p e c i f i e d in s e c t i o n 11 of a r t i c l e VIII. T h e g r o u n d s l i s t e d w e r e " m a l f e a s a n c e o r m a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , n a n d the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s n a m e d a s the b o d y to f i l e c h a r g e s a n d a c t a s the t r i a l b o d y . U p o n c o n c l u s i o n of s u c h t r i a l , it w a s to " m a k e a r e p o r t to the c o n v e n t io n r e c o m m e n d in g a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . " T h e c h a r g e d o f f i c e r h a d to b e f u r n i s h e d w ith a c o p y o f th e w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a t " r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " b e f o r e th e h e a r i n g . 41 C o m p o s e d o f the p r e s i d e n t , s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r , an d 27 v i c e - p r e s i d e n t s . F o r a s u m m a r y o f the s t r u c t u r e o f the A F L r “C IO , s e e th e D i r e c t o r y of N a t i o n a l a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ite d S t a t e s . 1961 ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1 3 2 0 ). 42 On M a y 20, 195 7 , D a v e B e c k , f o r m e r p r e s i d e n t o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , w a s r e m o v e d f r o m the e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l . A t th a t t i m e , P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e M e a n y s t a t e d th a t the a c t i o n w a s t a k e n u n d e r A r t . VIII, S e c . 2. ( A F L - C I O N e w s , M a y 25, 1 9 5 7 . ) 153 With r e g a r d to d i s c i p l i n e s u b v e r s i o n , it w a s p r o v i d e d th at: a g a in st a ffilia te s c h a r g e d w ith c o r r u p t i o n o r • . . T h e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l, w hen r e q u e s t e d to do s o b y th e P r e s i d e n t o r b y a n y o t h e r m e m b e r o f th e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l, s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to c o n d u c t a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n . . . o f a n y s i t u a t i o n in w h ich t h e r e i s r e a s o n to b e l i e v e th a t a n y a f f i l i a t e i s d o m i n a t e d , c o n t r o l l e d , o r s u b s t a n t i a l l y in f l u e n c e d in the c o n d u c t o f i t s a f f a i r s b y a n y c o r r u p t i n f l u e n c e , o r th a t the p o l i c i e s o r a c t i v i t i e s o f a n y a f f i l i a t e a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y d i r e c t e d t o w a r d th e a d v o c a c y , s u p p o r t , a d v a n c e m e n t o r a c h i e v e m e n t o f th e p r o g r a m o r o f th e p u r p o s e s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , a n y f a s c i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n o r o t h e r t o t a l i t a r i a n m o v e m e n t • • • ( a r t i c l e VIII, s e c t i o n 7) A n y s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s to b e c a r r i e d out b y a s t a n d i n g o r s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e a p p o in t e d b y the p r e s i d e n t . U p on c o m p l e t i o n o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , w h ich w a s to i n c l u d e a h e a r i n g i f r e q u e s t e d , th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s f u r t h e r em pow ered: . . . to m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o r g i v e d i r e c t i o n s to the a f f i l i a t e in v o l v e d an d s h a l l h a v e the f u r t h e r a u t h o r i t y , u p o n a t w o - t h i r d s v o te , to s u s p e n d a n y a f f i l i a t e fo un d g u il t y o f a v i o l a t i o n o f t h is s e c t i o n . . . Such e x e c u tiv e co u n cil actio n a b l e to th e c o n v e n t io n . a g a in s t an a ffilia te w as s p e c i f ic a l ly m a d e a p p e a l - In a d d it i o n , th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l w a s g iv e n r u l e m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y to p r o v i d e f o r th e d i s c i p l i n e , in c lu d in g s u s p e n s i o n , e x p u l s i o n , an d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t r u s t e e s h i p s o f S t a t e a n d l o c a l c e n t r a l l a b o r b o d i e s ( a r t i c l e X I V , s e c t i o n 3) an d o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e s , n a t i o n a l c o u n c i l s , an d d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d l o c a l u n io n s ( a r t i c l e X V , s e c t i o n 2)43 43 R u l e s an d r e g u l a t i o n s i s s u e d u n d e r t h e s e s e c t i o n s b y th e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l d e s i g n a t e th e P r e s i d e n t a s th e a g e n t to a d m i n i s t e r d i s c i p l i n e , an d d e t a i l e d t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s h av e been p u b lish ed . 690-094 0 - 6 3 - 1 1 Chapter VIII. Influence of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act on Discipline Provisions of Union Constitutions T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s of 70 n a t i o n a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s w h ic h h e ld c o n v e n t i o n s b e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 14, 1959, an d l a t e 1961 w e r e s t u d i e d f o r c h a n g e s in d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s a d o p t e d a f t e r the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t w e n t into e f f e c t . 44 Of the 70 u n io n s s t u d i e d , 55, c o v e r i n g o v e r 9 m i l l io n m e m b e r s , h ad a m e n d e d one or m o r e of t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g to d i s c i p l i n i n g o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s . T h e r e m a i n i n g 15 h a d n ot a m e n d e d th e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s in t h is a r e a . In s e v e r a l of the r e m a i n i n g u n io n s, the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s a p p e a r e d to c o n t a in m o s t , if not a l l , o f the s a f e g u a r d s a n d g u a r a n t e e s i n t r o d u c e d b y o t h e r u n io n s to c o n f o r m to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the 1959 A c t. T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s v a r i e d in b o th s u b s t a n c e an d d e g r e e . In s o m e c a s e s , f o r e x a m p l e , the c h a n g e s i n v o l v e d a s e n t e n c e o r two c l a r i f y i n g e x i s t i n g p r o c e d u r a l p r o v i s i o n s ; in o t h e r s , d e t a i l e d s u b s t a n t i v e c h a n g e s w e r e adopted. A g e n e r a l s a v i n g s c l a u s e w a s a d d e d in a fe w i n s t a n c e s ; f o r e x a m p l e , the P a p e r m a k e r s a d o p t e d the f o llo w in g p r o v i s i o n a t t h e i r I 9 6 0 co n v e n tio n : In the e v e n t a n y p r o v i s i o n o f th is C o n s t it u t i o n s h a l l h e r e a f t e r b e d e t e r m i n e d to be i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s of T i t l e I o r T i t l e IV o f the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g and D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1 959, the I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y t h e r e u p o n c e a s e g iv i n g e f f e c t to s u c h p r o v i s i o n s an d m a y a d o p t a s u b s t i t u t e p r o v i s i o n p e n d in g a c t i o n b y the n e x t r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l c o n v e n t io n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n . E x c e p t w h e r e a n a m e n d m e n t , a s in the f o r e g o i n g c l a u s e , s p e c i f i c a l l y m e n t i o n e d the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t , it c a n n o t b e i n f e r r e d th a t a l l a m e n d m e n t s in d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e d u r e s w e r e a d o p t e d d i r e c t l y a s a r e s u l t of th e a c t . 45* T h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s m o r e s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d in s o m e c a s e s th an in o t h e r s . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e i s l i t t l e r e a s o n to d o u b t th a t the a c t w a s 44 A t l e a s t 45 a d d i t i o n a l u n io n s w e r e kn ow n to h a v e h e ld c o n v e n t io n s d u r i n g t h is p e r i o d , b u t t h e ir c o n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e not a v a i l a b l e a t the t i m e t h is a n a l y s i s w as com p leted . It m u s t b e e m p h a s i z e d th a t the a c t i s a l s o a p p l i c a b l e to s u b ord in ate b o d ie s. 45 In a n u m b e r of c a s e s , a lt h o u g h the a m e n d m e n t s d id not r e f e r to the a c t , c o n v e n t io n p r o c e e d i n g s a n d s t a t e m e n t s in un ion n e w s p a p e r s o r o t h e r un ion p e r i o d i c a l s l e f t no d o u b t a s to the r e a s o n f o r the c h a n g e . F o r i n s t a n c e , the a m e n d m e n t s to the M a c h i n i s t s * c o n s t i t u t i o n w e r e p r e f a c e d w ith the s t a t e m e n t th a t nt h e s e a m e n d m e n t s r e p r e s e n t c h a n g e s in o u r C o n s t it u t i o n s o a s to c o n f o r m to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the L a n d r u m - G r i f f i n A c t. n ( S e e p r e a m b l e to the r e s o l u t i o n c o n t a in in g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s p r e s e n t e d to the 25th C o n v e n tio n , S e p t e m b e r I 9 6 0 . ) U n ion s t a t e m e n t s to the e f f e c t th a t a m e n d m e n t s to c o n f o r m to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the L a n d r u m - G r i f f i n A c t , " a r e r e q u i r e d b y the A c t , n e tc . , do n ot n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t o f f i c i a l G o v e r n m e n t o r j u d i c i a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the a c t ! s r e q u i r e m en ts. T h i s c a u t io n fo un d i t s w a y into s o m e un ion s t a t e m e n t s , a s , f o r e x a m p l e , the fo ll o w in g i s s u e d by the M a r b l e , S l a t e , a n d S to n e P o l i s h e r s : . . . o u r G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l . . . f o llo w in g r e v i e w of the p e r t i n e n t s e c t i o n s of o u r C o n s t it u t i o n a n d upon a d v i c e of o u r a t t o r n e y , h a v e c o n c lu d e d th a t the c h a n g e s , alte ratio n s, a m e n d m e n ts-, a n d d e l e t i o n s n o te d h e r e i n w il l s a t i s f y the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the L a w w ith r e s p e c t to o u r c o n s t it u t io n . 154 155 p r i m a r i l y , if not e n t i r e l y , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the a d o p t io n by s o m e u n io n s o f a 4-m onth e x h a u stio n -o f-r e m e d ie s p ro v isio n . The c a u s e and e ffe c t r e la tio n sh ip is l e s s c e r t a i n , h o w e v e r , w ith r e g a r d to an a m e n d m e n t a d d in g , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e q u i r e m e n t th a t w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f y u n d e r o a th . F e w g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c a n b e d r a w n a s to the n a t u r e o f the a m e n d m e n t s . C h a n g e s r e l a t i n g to g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e , due p r o c e s s , an d r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s w e r e p r e v a l e n t , b u t no s p e c i f i c i s s u e w a s p r e d o m i n a n t . It c a n be s a i d with c e r t a i n t y , h o w e v e r , th a t the a c t p r o v i d e d a s t r o n g s t i m u l u s f o r u n io n s to r e v i e w the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , in s o m e u n io n s f o r the f i r s t t i m e in m a n y y e a r s . 46 T h e o v e r a l l r e s u l t h a s b e e n a t r e n d t o w a r d m o r e f o r m a l i z e d un ion d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s w ithin a f r a m e w o r k o f b r o a d g u a r a n t e e s an d p r o h i b i t i o n s . A p p l i c a b l e P r o v i s i o n s o f the L a w A t l e a s t 12 p r o v i s i o n s of the a c t d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t e to the d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e s s a s c o n c e i v e d in th is s tu d y . T h e s e a r e d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y b e l o w 47 S e c t i o n 201(a) r e q u i r e s e v e r y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n to a d o p t a c o n s t it u t io n a n d b y l a w s , an d s u b s e c t i o n s 5(H) and 5(1) of th is s e c t i o n r e q u i r e r e p o r t s to be f i l e d w ith the S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r in d i c a t in g t h e i r d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s . T i t l e I, e n t it le d nB i l l of R ig h t s o f M e m b e r s of L a b o r O r g a n i z a t i o n s , n h a s a n u m b e r of r e le v a n t s e c t io n s . T h e f i r s t , a p r o v i s o in s e c t i o n 101(a) (2), m a y a f f e c t un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w h ich m a k e u n i o n - l o y a l t y v i o l a t i o n s a g r o u n d fo r d iscip lin e . S e c t i o n 101(a) (4), in p r o t e c t i n g the r ig h t to s u e , b e a r s d i r e c t l y up on un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w h ich c a l l f o r the s u s p e n s i o n , e x p u l s i o n , o r fin in g o f a n y m e m b e r who r e s o r t s to a c i v i l c o u r t b e f o r e e x h a u s t i n g the i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s o f the union. A t h ir d s e c t i o n , 101(a) (5)^ f o c u s e s d i r e c t l y on d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s , a n d e n c o m p a s s e s the e n t i r e d u e - p r o c e s s a r e a . A n y c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n w h ich v i o l a t e s o r i s i n c o n s i s t e n t with t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s ( a s w e l l a s w ith a n y o f the t i t l e I r e q u i r e m e n t s ) i s d e c l a r e d i n o p e r a t i v e u n d e r s e c t i o n 101(b). T i t l e IV, w h ich d e a l s with un ion e l e c t i o n s , c o n t a in s f i v e r e l e v a n t s e c tio n s. E le c t io n e e r in g a s a ground fo r d is c ip lin e h as been so m e w h a t c i r c u m s c r i b e d b y s e c t i o n 4 0 1 ( c ) , w h ich g u a r a n t e e s m e m b e r s who a r e c a n d i d a t e s f o r un ion o f f i c e the r ig h t to d i s t r i b u t e c a m p a i g n l i t e r a t u r e ; a s s u r a n c e s r e g a r d i n g the r i g h t to v o te a n d to p a r t i c i p a t e in e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n s a r e s e t f o r t h in s e c tio n 4 0 1 ( e ) . S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (h ), p r o v i d i n g f o r the r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s g u il ty of s e r i o u s m i s c o n d u c t , by v o te o f the m e m b e r s h i p , in c a s e s w h e r e the c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s o f the un ion p r o v i d e no a d e q u a t e r e m o v a l p r o c e d u r e , w ill p r o b a b l y h a v e i t s g r e a t e s t i m p a c t a f t e r the S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r p r o m u l g a t e s m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s a s to w h at c o n s t i t u t e s s u c h p r o c e d u r e s , a s p r o v i d e d in s e c t i o n 40 l ( i ) . 48 S e c t i o n 4 0 2 (a ) a p p l i e s a 3 - m o n t h e x h a u s t i o n - o f - r e m e d i e s t i m e l i m i t to t i t l e IV, t h e r e b y a f f e c t i n g th is a s p e c t o f un ion d u e - p r o c e s s p r o v i s i o n s . T i t l e V, s e c t i o n 5 0 4 ^ p r o h ib it s p e r s o n s who a r e o r who h a v e b e e n m e m b e r s o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r who h a v e b e e n c o n v ic t e d of s p e c i f i e d m a j o r c r i m e s , f r o m h o ld in g un ion o f f i c e f o r a 5 - y e a r p e r i o d . F o r e x a m p l e , the B i l l P o s t e r s , B o i l e r m a k e r s , a n d M e a t C u t t e r s . S e e p. 163 f o r the t e x t o f a l l s e c t i o n s of the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t o f 1959 c ite d in th is c h a p t e r . 48 P r o p o s e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r the r e m o v a l of o f f i c e r s , i s s u e d by the S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r , w e r e p u b l i s h e d in the F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r , N o v e m b e r 7, 1962. 156 T i t l e V, s e c t i o n 5 0 4 ^ p r o h ib it s p e r s o n s who a r e o r w ho h a v e b e e n m e m b e r s of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r who h a v e b e e n c o n v i c t e d of s p e c i f i e d m a j o r c r i m e s , f r o m h o ld in g un ion o f f i c e f o r a 5 - y e a r p e r i o d . S e c t i o n 609 p r o h i b i t s the d i s c i p l i n i n g of m e m b e r s f o r e x e r c i s i n g a n y r i g h t to w h ic h th e y a r e e n t it le d u n d e r the a c t , a n d t h e r e b y s e r v e s a s a n o v e r a l l c h e c k on g r o u n d s f o r d i s c i p l i n e u n d e r un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s . In a d d i t i o n to the 12 s e c t i o n s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , 2 o t h e r s e c t i o n s , 101(a) (1) a n d 610, m e r i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . A m e n d m e n t s to U n ion C o n s t i t u t i o n s P r o t e c t i o n of T h e R ig h t to S u e . T h e ’’p r o t e c t i o n of the r i g h t to s u e ” p r o v i s i o n of the la w ( S e c . l u T fa ] ( 4)J) s e e m s to h a v e h a d a c l e a r e f f e c t up o n un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s . F i f t e e n of the c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , c o v e r i n g m o r e th a n 2 m i l l i o n m e m b e r s , h a d c h a n g e s d e s i g n e d to c o n f o r m w ith t h is p r o v i s i o n . One m e t h o d w a s to e n a c t a n the L a u n d r y W o r k e r s (Ind. ): in terp re tatio n clau se, as in the c a s e of T h e s e b y l a w s s h a l l not b e c o n s t r u e d a s r e q u i r i n g a n y m e m b e r . . . to e x h a u s t h i s r e m e d i e s f o r a p e r i o d m o r e th a n f o u r m o n t h s a f t e r the d a t e of s e r v i c e of c h a r g e s . A s e c o n d a p p r o a c h w a s to w ith h o ld s a n c t i o n s i f i n t e r n a l r e m e d i e s w e r e p u r s u e d f o r a 4 - m o n t h p e r i o d , w ith o u t a f i n a l d e c i s i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , the c o n s t it u t io n of the G r a n i t e C u t t e r s , p r i o r to th e 1959 law , c o n t a in e d the f o l l o w in g p r o v i s i o n : No o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of the A s s o c i a t i o n o r a n y l o c a l b r a n c h s h a l l r e s o r t to c o u r t p r o c e e d i n g s o f a n y d e s c r i p t i o n in a n y m a t t e r p e r t a i n i n g to t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , i t s l o c a l b r a n c h e s o r i t s m e m b e r s h i p u n til a l l r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r w ith in the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d the L o c a l B r a n c h L a w s h a v e b e e n f u ll y e x h a u s t e d . T h e s a m e c o n s t it u t io n , a s a m e n d e d in I 9 6 0 , r e t a i n e d t h i s c l a u s e , f o ll o w in g p r o v i s o : b u t a d d e d the P r o v i d e d th a t a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r s h a l l n ot b e s u b j e c t to a n y c h a r g e s h e r e u n d e r i f he h a s e x h a u s t e d h i s r e m e d i e s f o r a p e r i o d not to e x c e e d fo u r m o n t h s . T h e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t of the tw o p r o v i s i o n s j u s t c i t e d w a s to v a r y the id e n ti ty of the f i n a l d e c i s i o n b o d y o r f i n a l a p p e a l w ith in the u n io n w h e r e d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n w a s n ot c o m p l e t e d w ith in 4 m o n t h s . In a t h i r d ty p e of p r o v i s i o n , t h i s w a s d e a l t w ith d i r e c t l y . T h e L a t h e r s * c o n s t it u t io n , f o r e x a m p l e , c o n t a in e d the f o ll o w in g p r o v i s i o n b e f o r e the 1959 A c t : T h e a p p e l l a t e b o dy, w h e t h e r it b e the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t a n d / o r the E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l a n d / o r the C o n v e n tio n of th e ( i n t e r n a t i o n a l ) , s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r to a f f i r m , r e v e r s e , m o d i f y o r a m e n d a n y d e c i s i o n o r to r e n d e r s u c h a n ew d e c i s i o n o r p e n a l t y a s it, the a p p e l l a t e b o d y , b e l i e v e s to b e f a ir and ju st. 157 F o l l o w i n g e n a c t m e n t of th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t, the E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l i s s u e d th e fo ll o w in g r u l e r e g a r d i n g th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d a p p l i c a t i o n of the a b o v e p r o v i s i o n : If an a p p e a l h a s not o r c a n n o t be h e a r d o r a c t e d up o n by th e C o n v e n tio n of th e ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l) w ith in th e f o u r m o n th p e r i o d r e f e r r e d to an d d e s c r i b e d in T i t l e I, S e c t i o n 10 1 (a ) (4) of th e L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g a n d D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959, th e n , if l i t i g a t e d by th e m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s in v o l v e d , th e d e c i s i o n o f th e a p p e l l a t e b o d y w h ic h l a s t h e a r d an d d e c i d e d th e m a t t e r s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d a s the f i n a l a p p e l l a t e d e c i s i o n on th e m e r i t s of the q u e s t i o n o r m a t t e r in v o l v e d . F i n a l l y , s o m e u n io n s a d o p t e d a g e n e r a l s a v i n g s c l a u s e , th e F i r e m e n a n d O i l e r s : as, fo r e xam p le , C o n s i s t e n t w ith e x i s t i n g la w , no m e m b e r s h a l l a p p e a l to the C i v i l C o u r t s f o r r e d r e s s u n til a f t e r e x h a u s t i n g a l l r i g h t s o f a p p e a l p r o v i d e d in th is C o n stitu tio n . S o m e u n io n s th a t d id not a m e n d t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s in t h i s a r e a m a y h a v e c h a n g e d t h e i r p r o c e d u r e s by a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c t i o n . T h e f o llo w in g e x c e r p t f r o m a l e t t e r to l o c a l u n io n s o f the M a r b l e P o l i s h e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , o u t l in e d a new p o lic y fo r exp e d itin g a p p e lla te h e a r in g s . . . . In o r d e r to c o m p l y w ith the in ten t o f the l a w it s h a l l be o u r p o l i c y th a t, w h e r e a p p e a l s a r e t a k e n t i m e l y an d w ith in th e p r o v i s i o n s of o u r C o n s t it u t i o n , the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r m a y , w ith in h is d i s c r e t i o n , c a l l a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g of th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l f o r th e p u r p o s e of h e a r i n g o r d e c i d i n g a n y a p p e a l w ith in th e p r e sc rib e d statu tory period . It w il l not be n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , to a m e n d , c h a n g e , o r a l t e r th e p r e s e n t p r o v i s i o n s o f o u r C o n s t i t u t i o n . (C ircu lar l e t t e r f r o m G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t to a l l l o c a l u n i o n s , d a t e d 2 - 2 6 - 6 0 . ) R ig h t to a F a i r T r i a l . A n u m b e r of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s c o u l d be t r a c e d to th e s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of s u b s e c t i o n s A, B , an d C of s e c t i o n 1 01(a) (5). In s o m e , a m e n d m e n t s t o o k th e f o r m of i n c o r p o r a t i n g th e l a n g u a g e of s e c tio n 10 1 (a ) (5). T h i s w a s t r u e of u n io n s w h ic h a l r e a d y h ad e x t e n s i v e h e a r i n g p r o v i s i o n s s u c h a s th e T y p o g r a p h e r s , a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h ic h p r e v i o u s l y h ad fe w d e t a i l s , s u c h a s the C i g a r M a k e r s . F i f t e e n u n io n s a d o p t e d a m e n d m e n t s to t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t f e l l w ith in th e s c o p e of th e 10 1 (a ) (5) (A) r e q u i r e m e n t th a t m e m b e r s be f u r n i s h e d w ith w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s . Of t h e s e , 12 w e r e c o n c e r n e d w ith th e s p e c i f i c i t y of the c h a r g e s (at e i t h e r th e l o c a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , o r at b o th ). F i v e o f th e 12, a s w e l l a s 3 o t h e r s , d e a l t w ith th e m e d i u m f o r n o t ify in g th e a c c u s e d . M o s t of th e 12 c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c h a n g e s c o n c e r n i n g s p e c i f i c i t y of c h a r g e s stiffen ed e x istin g r e q u ir e m e n ts . F o r i n s t a n c e , th e S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y an d M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s un ion m a d e the f o ll o w in g c h a n g e s in i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n in late S e p te m b e r 1959: When an y c h a r g e o r c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s , s u c h c h a r g e o r c h a r g e s s h a l l be in w r i t i n g A N D S H A L L B E SP E C IFIC . (a u th o r's e m p h a sis) 158 In o t h e r u n i o n s , the a m e n d m e n t s w e r e m o r e d e t a i l e d . in I 9 6 0 th e O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s m a d e th e f o llo w in g c h a n g e : F o r e x am p le , A ll c h a r g e s m u s t be p r e f e r r e d in w r i t i n g , s i g n e d by the c o m p l a i n a n t a n d f i l e d w ith the R e c o r d i n g - C o r r e s p o n d i n g S e c r e t a r y . . . C H A R G E S S H A L L B E S P E C I F I C , ST A T IN G C L E A R L Y , C O N C IS E L Y AND AS A C C U R A T E L Y AS P O S S I B L E T H E T IM E , P L A C E , N A T U R E AND C IR C U M S T A N C E S O F T H E O F F E N S E A L L E G E D , (a u th o r's e m p h a sis) S e c t i o n 101(a) (5) (A) r e q u i r e s not on ly " s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s , " but a l s o th a t t h e s e c h a r g e s be " s e r v e d " on the a c c u s e d . M o s t of th e u n io n s m a k i n g c h a n g e s in t h i s a r e a r e q u i r e d th a t c h a r g e s be s e r v e d in p e r s o n o r by r e g i s t e r e d m a i l . F o r m e r l y , m o s t of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s e i t h e r c o n t a i n e d no s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s e r v i c e , o r m e r e l y s t a t e d th a t an a c c u s e d m u s t be " n o t i f i e d . " T h e r e w e r e v a r y i n g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s b e t w e e n u n io n s a s to how b e s t to i m p l e m e n t th e " s e r v i c e " r e q u i r e m e n t s of the a c t . F o r i n s t a n c e , th e C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s ' c o n s t i tu tio n f o r m e r l y p r o v i d e d : When s u c h c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r , th e P r e s i d e n t o r G e n e r a l C h a i r m a n of the D i v i s i o n s h a l l w ith in 10 d a y s M A I L a c o p y of s u c h c h a r g e s to the a c c u s e d m e m b e r . (a u th o r's e m p h a sis) H o w e v e r , in 1959, a f t e r p a s s a g e of th e a c t , th e r e q u i r e m e n t th a t a c o p y of the c h a r g e s be " m a i l e d " w a s d r o p p e d , an d th e w o r d s " s h a l l f u r n i s h th e a c c u s e d w ith a c o p y of the c h a r g e s " w e r e s u b s t i t u t e d . On th e o t h e r hand, a lt h o u g h the B o i l e r m a k e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n f o r m e r l y a l l o w e d s e r v i c e e i t h e r by p e r s o n a l d e l i v e r y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l , s i n c e 1961 the c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s o n ly f o r s e r v i c e by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l . E i g h t e e n u n io n s a d o p t e d a m e n d m e n t s w h ic h r e f l e c t e d the 10 1 (a ) (5) (B) r e q u i r e m e n t th a t a n a c c u s e d m e m b e r be " g i v e n a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d efen se, " T h e r e w a s a d i f f e r e n c e of o p in io n , h o w e v e r , a s to w h at c o n s t i t u t e d a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e , a s the fo llo w in g t a b u l a t i o n i n d i c a t e s : 49 Unions 1 -------------------------------- ----- — - Days 5 2 ------------------5 ------------------------------------------------------------1 ..................-................... - ........- ......... 3 ----------------------------------------------------- 10 14 1 20 ___________________ _____________ 2 ___________________________________ 2 ______________________________________________ 1 ______________________________________________ 7 15 30 "A reason ab le tim e " "A reason ab le tim e, but in no event less than 10 d ays" W h e re d i f f e r e n t t i m e l i m i t s w e r e s p e c i f i e d f o r the l o c a l an d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l l e v e l s , the l o c a l l e v e l p r o v i s i o n i s g iv e n . 159 E ig h t of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s a l r e a d y h ad d e s i g n a t e d s p e c i f i c p e r i o d s of t i m e f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e a c c u s e d ' s d e f e n s e , an d in e a c h i n s t a n c e the p e r i o d w as in c r e a se d , a s fo llo w s: Increase Unions 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 3 5 5 7 7 10 10 days days days days days days days To 10 7 10 14 15 15 30 days days days days days days days T h e two u n io n s w h ic h s p e c i f i e d " a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e " p r e v i o u s l y c o n t a in e d no r e f e r e n c e on t h i s m a t t e r . On th e o t h e r h an d, two u n io n s w h ic h f o r m e r l y s p e c i f i e d " a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e , " c h a n g e d t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s by s p e c i f y i n g the n u m b e r of d a y s . F o r e x a m p l e , th e C o m m e r c i a l T e l e g r a p h e r s f o r m e r l y s p e c i f i e d a " r e a s o n a b le t i m e , not to e x c e e d 30 d a y s , " but s i n c e 1959 th e c o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s th a t " 3 0 d a y s s h a l l be a l l o w e d (the a c c u s e d ) in w h ic h to f u r n i s h a d e f e n s e . " One un ion , th e S e a f a r e r s , c h a n g e d f r o m a s p e c i f i c to a g e n e r a l p r o v isio n . T h e p e r t i n e n t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n o f th a t un ion , b e f o r e the 1959 A c t, w as a s fo llo w s: S u c h c o m p l a i n t s m u s t be f i l e d not m o r e th a n 90 d a y s f r o m th e d a te th a t the g r i e v a n c e a r o s e . U pon th e fi l i n g of a c o m p l a i n t th e bo d y h a v in g j u r i s d i c t i o n s h a l l f i x a d a t e not l e s s th a n tw e n ty d a y s n o r m o r e th a n f o r t y d a y s f r o m th e d a t e of f i lin g s a i d g r i e v a n c e f o r h e a r i n g . In 1 961, th a t l a n g u a g e w a s d e l e t e d an d the fo ll o w in g s u b s t i t u t e d : T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l e s t a b l i s h r u l e s an d p r o c e d u r e s f o r fi l i n g of g r i e v a n c e s o r c o m p l a i n t s and f o r h e a r i n g a n d d i s p o s i t i o n of an y g r i e v a n c e o r c o m p l a i n t f a l l i n g w ith in th e j u r i s d i c t i o n of the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . T h e t h i r d r e q u i r e m e n t in s e c t i o n 10 1 (a ) (5), n a m e l y , th a t an a c c u s e d be " ( C ) a f f o r d e d a f u ll an d f a i r h e a r i n g , " w a s a l s o r e f l e c t e d in c o n f o r m i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s . T h i r t e e n u n io n s i n c o r p o r a t e d the t e r m " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g " into t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n s ; 10 a p p l i c a b l e to t r i a l s at the l o c a l l e v e l , 1 at th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r i a l l e v e l , an d 2 at both t r i a l l e v e l s . In s o m e of t h e s e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a s th at o f the T y p o g r a p h e r s , th e fu ll an d f a i r h e a r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t w a s s u p e r i m p o s e d on a n u m b e r of e x i s t i n g s p e c i f i c s a f e g u a r d s , s u c h a s the r ig h t to i n t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e , to t e s t i f y , an d to r e q u i r e w i t n e s s e s to t e s t i f y u n d e r o a t h . In o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n s , s u c h a s th e C i g a r M a k e r s , t h e r e h ad b e e n fe w , i f an y, s p e cific s a f e g u a r d s . In 12 o t h e r u n i o n s , w h e r e the t e r m " f u l l an d f a i r h e a r i n g " w a s not i n c o r p o r a t e d , a v a r i e t y of h e a r i n g s a f e g u a r d s w e r e a d d e d . F o r e x a m p l e , th e A l l i e d I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s a m e n d e d i t s c o n s t it u t io n by p r o v i d i n g a n u m b e r of d u e - p r o c e s s g u a r a n t e e s , n a m e l y , the r ig h t to i n t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e , to t e s t i f y , to in v ite w i t n e s s e s , and to c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s . 160 T w o of th e u n io n s a d d in g a fu ll and f a i r h e a r i n g c l a u s e , a s w e l l a s two o t h e r s , a l s o a d o p t e d s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s to a s s u r e an i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b o a r d . B y f a r the m o s t d e t a i l e d of t h e s e w a s th a t of th e M a s t e r s , M a t e s , a n d P i l o t s , a d o p t e d in I 9 6 0 : 1. When th e A c c u s e d i s P r e s e n t : T h e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r at the m e e t i n g s h a l l d r a w s e v e n t e e n n a m e s . If a n y m e m b e r d e c l i n e s to s e r v e on th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e a n o t h e r n a m e s h a l l be d r a w n . T h e a c c u s e d m e m b e r a n d the c h a r g i n g m e m b e r s h a l l e a c h h a v e the r ig h t to s t r i k e fi v e n a m e s . T h e f i r s t s e v e n of the n a m e s r e m a i n i n g s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , f i v e o f w h o m s h a l l c o n stitu te a q u o ru m . If th e q u o r u m f o r a L o c a l ’ s r e g u l a r m e e t i n g i s l e s s th a n tw e n ty , e l e v e n n a m e s s h a l l be d r a w n an d e a c h s i d e ’ s r ig h t to s t r i k e s h a l l be l i m i t e d to t h r e e n a m e s an d the r e m a i n i n g f i v e n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , t h r e e of w h ich s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a q u o r u m . 2. When the A c c u s e d i s not P r e s e n t : When c h a r g e s a r e p r o p e r l y m a d e a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r of th e O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d a r e p r o p e r l y s e r v e d a g a i n s t the m e m b e r of th e O r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d w h en s a i d m e m b e r i s not p r e s e n t w h en th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e i s s e l e c t e d , the p r o c e d u r e s h a l l be a s f o l l o w s : T h e a c c u s e d m a y d e s i g n a t e an y p e r s o n to a c t a s h is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e an d in s u c h e v e n t, the p r o c e d u r e f o r the s e l e c t i o n of the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e s h a l l be th e s a m e a s if th e a c c u s e d w a s p r e s e n t . In th e a b s e n c e of s u c h d e s i g n a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r the a c c u s e d , th e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r a t th e m e e t i n g s h a l l d r a w s e v e n n a m e s . If a n y m e m b e r d e c l i n e s to s e r v e on th e T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , a n o t h e r n a m e s h a l l be d r a w n . T h ese seven n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , f i v e o f w h o m s h a l l c o n s t i tu te a q u o r u m . If th e q u o r u m f o r a L o c a l ' s r e g u l a r m e e t i n g i s l e s s th a n tw e n ty , th e p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r s h a l l d r a w f i v e n a m e s . If an y m e m b e r d e c l i n e s to s e r v e on the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , a n o t h e r n a m e s h a l l be d r a w n . T hese f iv e n a m e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e the T r i a l C o m m i t t e e , t h r e e of w h ic h s h a l l c o n stitu te a q u o ru m . S u m m ary D isc ip lin e . In a d d it i o n to the p o s i t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s of s e c t i o n 101(a) (5), the o v e r a l l e f f e c t of the s e c t i o n , it w ou ld s e e m , i s to p r o h i b i t o r s h a r p l y l i m i t s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s o t h e r th a n f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s . 50 50 T h e l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y i n d i c a t e s th a t the 101(a) (5) r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e a p p l i c a b l e on ly to m e m b e r s , a n d not to o f f i c e r s , in th e f o ll o w in g l a n g u a g e : "In p a r a g r a p h (5), r e l a t i n g to s a f e g u a r d s a g a i n s t i m p r o p e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , it s h o u ld be n o t e d th a t the p r o h i b i t i o n on s u s p e n s i o n w ithout o b s e r v i n g c e r t a i n s a f e g u a r d s a p p l i e s on ly to s u s p e n s i o n o f m e m b e r s h i p in th e u n ion ; it d o e s not r e f e r to s u s p e n s i o n of a m e m b e r ' s s t a t u s a s a n o f f i c e r in th e u n i o n . " (H. R . R e p . 1147, 86th C o n g . 1 st s e s s . 1 9 5 9 .) S o m e o b s e r v e r s h a v e q u e s t i o n e d w h e t h e r s e c . 101(a) (5) p r o h i b i t s a l l s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s . F o r e x a m p le , E d w ard H ickey, J r . , has said : "O n i t s f a c e , s e c . 101(a) (5) o f th e a c t w o u ld p r o h i b i t s u m m a r y a c t i o n o f a n y kin d, but p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n o f i t s p r o v i s i o n s w ith th e r ig h t of a un ion u n d e r s e c . 101(a) (2) not on ly to a d o p t r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s a s to a m e m b e r ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to h is un ion a s an i n s t i t u t i o n but a l s o to e n f o r c e s u c h r u l e s , m a y s a v e th e p r o v i s i o n in s e c . 101(a) (5) f r o m t h is u n r e a l i s t i c a p p l i c a t i o n . " (48 G e o . L . J . 226, 236 ( 1 9 5 9 ) ) . 161 T w e n ty of th e c o n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d w e r e a m e n d e d to a b o l i s h s o m e o r a l l f o r m s of s u m m a r y d is c ip lin e . T he F u r n itu r e W o r k e r s, B o i l e r m a k e r s , and R a i l w a y C a r m e n w e r e a m o n g t h o s e th a t a b o l i s h e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e e n t i r e l y . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n w a s a m e n d e d to a b o l i s h s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e of m e m b e r s (fo r r e a s o n s o t h e r th a n n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s ) by th e a d d it i o n , in 1961, of th e f o llo w in g s e c t i o n : N o t w i th s t a n d i n g an y o t h e r a r t i c l e o r s e c t i o n o f t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , an y p r o v i s i o n t h e r e o f w h ic h p r o v i d e s f o r th e i m p o s i t i o n A G A I N S T AN I N D I V I D U A L M E M B E R of an y p e n a l t y , f o r f e i t u r e , s u s p e n s i o n , e x p u l s i o n , r e v o c a t i o n o r an y o t h e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , i s h e r e b y a m e n d e d to r e q u i r e the fi l i n g an d s e r v i c e of w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a g a i n s t an y m e m b e r of a s u b o r d i n a t e un ion c h a r g e d w ith a v i o l a t i o n of an y a r t i c l e o r s e c t i o n of t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d l a w s , e x c e p t n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , a r e a s o n a b l e o p p o r tu n ity f o r s u c h m e m b e r o r s u b o r d i n a t e un ion to p r e p a r e a d e f e n s e w h ic h i s d e f in e d a s not l e s s th a n 15 d a y s fo ll o w in g the s e r v i c e o f s a i d w r i t t e n c h a r g e s a n d a h e a r i n g t h e r e o n b e f o r e an i m p a r t i a l t r i a l b o a r d c o n s t i t u t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d l a w s . . . ( a u t h o r ' s e m p h a s i s ) O th e r u n io n s a b o l i s h e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r c e r t a i n o f f e n s e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the A uto W o r k e r s ' a n d M a s t e r s , M a t e s and P i l o t s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n s no l o n g e r p e r m i t s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e s o r t to c o u r t , w h ile p e r s o n s c h a r g e d w ith d u a l u n i o n i s m m a y no l o n g e r be p u n i s h e d s u m m a r i l y u n d e r th e c o n s t i t u t i o n of th e H o te l and R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s . On the o t h e r h an d , th e P o t t e r s a p p e a r to h a v e a d d e d s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r r e s o r t to c o u r t , b y a d o p t in g the f o ll o w in g a m e n d m e n t , e f f e c t i v e J u l y 1, I 9 6 0 : Any m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s . . . a t t e m p t i n g to , o r a c t u a l l y r e s o r t i n g to c o u r t a c t i o n in an a t t e m p t to r e d r e s s an a c t u a l , o r s o - c a l l e d g r i e v an ce a g a in s t any m e m b e r . . . o r a n a c t o f th e C o n v e n tio n o r an y a u t h o r i z e d a g e n t o r a g e n t s t h e r e t o , w ith o ut f i r s t e x h a u s t i n g e v e r y p o s s i b l e e f f o r t to r e d r e s s the g r i e v a n c e u n d e r the . . . C o n s t i t u t i o n , s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d a s a ( s i c ) v i o l a t i o n o f th e C o n s t it u t i o n / A N D D E A L T W ITH U N D E R A P P R O P R I A T E LAW S O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L B R O T H E R HOOD O F P O T T E R J S / an d s u s p e n d e d by th e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . / j B r a c k e t e d w o rd s d e le te d ; u n d e r s c o r e d w o rd s addedT? A t h i r d g r o u p of u n i o n s , w h ic h i n c l u d e d t h e C l o t h i n g W o r k e r s , C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s , an d B r i c k l a y e r s , a m e n d e d t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g to s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s to c o n f o r m to the 1959 la w . T h e n a t u r e of t h e s e a m e n d m e n t s w a s to l i m i t s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e s t r i c t l y to the n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , a s a g a i n s t n o n p a y m e n t of f i n e s an d a s s e s s m e n t s . T h u s , f o r e x a m p l e , th e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s in I 9 6 0 m a d e th e f o ll o w in g c h a n g e in i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n : A m e m b e r in d e f a u l t , w ithout g o o d c a u s e , in th e p a y m e n t of an y i n s t a l l m e n t of d u e s / o r an y fin e o r a s s e s s m e n t / f o r s i x t y (60) d a y s f r o m th e d a y s u c h a m o u n t b e c o m e s d u e, s h a l l be a u t o m a t i c a l l y s u s p e n d e d . . . /B ra c k e te d w ords d e le te d // S o m e of th e s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e a m e n d m e n t s p r o v i d e d p r o t e c t i o n s b e y o n d the r e q u i r e m e n t s of th e 1959 la w . F o r e x a m p l e , th e C lo t h in g W o r k e r s not o n ly l i m i t e d t h e i r s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n to n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s , r a t h e r th a n d u e s o r a s s e s s m e n t s , but a l s o f u r t h e r s p e c i f i e d th a t e v e n n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s w o u ld not r e s u l t in s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e if the m e m b e r " i s u n e m p l o y e d b e c a u s e of a p la n t sh u tdo w n , in a b i l i t y to o b t a in w o r k o r i l l n e s s . " T h e C h a i r m a n of the C o m m i t t e e on L a w an d C o n s t i t u t i o n r e p o r t e d to the C lo th in g W o r k e r s ' I 9 6 0 c o n v e n tio n th a t th e f o r e g o i n g a m e n d m e n t " a f f o r d s o u r m e m b e r s g r e a t e r p r o t e c t i o n 162 th a n th a t r e q u i r e d by l a w . M In o t h e r u n i o n s , p r o t e c t i o n s th a t a p p e a r e d to go b e yon d th e r e q u i r e m e n t s of th e la w w e r e in th e f o r m of d e l e t i n g s u m m a r y d i s c i p l i n e f o r o f f i c e r s . 51 F o r e x a m p l e , in I 9 6 0 th e R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n a m e n d e d th e p r o v i s i o n of i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n d e a l i n g w ith the d u t i e s of th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t, a s f o l l o w s : He s h a l l not h a v e p o w e r to s u s p e n d o r r e m o v e an y s u b o r d i n a t e l o d g e o f f i c e r o r C o m m i t t e e o r b o a r d m e m b e r e x c e p t w h en th e y a r e c h a r g e d w ith v i o l a t i o n of th e C o n s t it u t i o n o r o f t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n a s a n o f f i c e r , a n d not th e n u n til s a i d o f f i c e r o r c o m m i t t e e o r b o a r d m e m b e r s h a l l h a v e h a d a f a i r t r i a l in h is own l o d g e , ( a u t h o r ’ s e m p h a s i s ) A lt h o u g h n u m e r o u s o t h e r c h a n g e s in d i s c i p l i n e p r o v i s i o n s w e r e m a d e in un ion c o n s t i t u t i o n s , th e y f o ll o w e d no p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n . In I 9 6 0 c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c h a n g e s w e r e n o te d th a t w e r e o b v i o u s l y the r e s u l t of the 1959 l a w . F o r in sta n c e , in I 9 6 0 th e O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s a d o p t e d the f o llo w in g a m e n d m e n t : . . . A ny . . . m e m b e r p u b l i s h i n g o r c i r c u l a t i n g l i t e r a t u r e of a d e f a m a t o r y n a t u r e in v i o l a t i o n of t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o w a r d th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n ion o r an y of i t s s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n . . . m a y be d i s c i p l i n e d . ! ! ( a u t h o r ' s e m p h a s i s ) It w i l l be n o t e d th a t t h i s n ew l a n g u a g e , z a t i o n / a s an i n s t i t u t i o n " i s d r a w n f r o m A c t ( s e c t i o n 10 1 (a ) ( 2 ) J * T h e M a r b l e , w a s a l s o a m e n d e d to c o n f o r m to the f r e e " r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . . . t o w a r d the O r g a n i the " f r e e s p e e c h " p r o v i s i o n of the 1959 S l a t e and S to n e P o l i s h e r s ' co n stitu tio n s p e e c h p r o v i s i o n , in the f o llo w in g m a n n e r : No . . . o f f i c e r . . . o r m e m b e r . . . s h a l l s e n d out o r p u b l i s h an y c i r c u l a r s , l e t t e r s , w r i t i n g s o r p r i n t e d m a t t e r of an y k in d o r g iv e out an y i n t e r v i e w s f o r g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , e i t h e r p r i v a t e l y o r p u b l i c l y , v i l l i f y i n g o r im p u g n in g th e h o n e s t y o r c h a r a c t e r of an y o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r . . . /[W ITHOUT F I R S T S U B M I T T I N G S U C H C I R C U L A R S , L E T T E R S , W RITING S, P R IN T E D M A T T E R , OR IN T E R V IE W S TO T H E G E N E R A L E X E C U T IV E C O U N C IL AND SE C U R IN G IT S C O N SE N T AND A P P R O V A L T H E R E T O . . Z J /[B rack eted w o rd s d e l e t e d ^ In s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s , a m e n d m e n t s c o u l d not be r e l a t e d to s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of th e L M R D A . In a n u m b e r of i n s t a n c e s , m o r e o v e r , th e c h a n g e s d i f f e r e d f r o m t h o s e m a d e by o t h e r u n i o n s . F o r i n s t a n c e , w ith r e g a r d to w h e t h e r a d e c i s i o n i s s t a y e d p e n d in g a n a p p e a l , s e v e n u n io n s a d o p t e d p r o v i s i o n s a u t h o r i z i n g th e a p p e a l b o d y to s t a y the d e c i s i o n at i t s d i s c r e t i o n , t h r e e u n io n s a d o p t e d p r o v is io n s p ro h ib itin g a sta y . T o i n d i c a t e the d i v e r g e n c e f u r t h e r , w ith r e g a r d to f iv e c o n s t i t u t i o n s th a t p r e v i o u s l y h ad no p r o v i s i o n c o n c e r n i n g the s t a t u s of a n a c c u s e d d u r i n g a p p e a l , two a d o p t e d "no s t a y " p r o v i s i o n s , two a d o p t e d " a u t o m a t i c s t a y " p r o v i s i o n s , an d one a d o p t e d an " o p t i o n a l s t a y " p r o v i s i o n . L a c k of u n i f o r m i t y w a s a l s o n o te d in o t h e r a r e a s . For A i r l i n e D i s p a t c h e r s a d o p t e d a p r o v i s i o n r e q u i r i n g c h a r g e s to be y e a r o f th e d a te of the a l l e g e d o f f e n s e ; the S e a f a r e r s , on the o t h e r a p r o v i s i o n w h ic h c a l l e d f o r c h a r g e s to be f i l e d w ith in 90 d a y s "th e g r i e v a n c e a r o s e . " i n s t a n c e , the f i l e d w ith in a h an d, d r o p p e d f r o m the d a te I llu s tr a tiv e C o n stitu tio n s T o i l l u s t r a t e the s c o p e an d c o m p l e x i t y o f d i s c i p l i n e p r o c e d u r e s in t h e i r e n t i r e t y , an d the s p e c i f i c c h a n g e s e n a c t e d s i n c e the p a s s a g e of the L M R D A , p e r t i n e n t c l a u s e s a r e show n in a p p e n d i x D f o r two u n i o n s , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h i n i s t s a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of T e a m s t e r s . 51 Sec. 101(a) (5) a p p l i e s to m e m b e r s o n ly. See su p ra, fo o tn o te 50. 163 S e l e c t e d S e c t i o n s f r o m the L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t R e p o r t i n g an d D i s c l o s u r e A c t of 1959 S e c t i o n 101(a) (1) E Q U A L R IG H T S. E v e r y m e m b e r of a la b o r o r g a n iz a tio n s h a ll have equ al r i g h t s an d p r i v i l e g e s w ithin s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n to n o m i n a t e c a n d i d a t e s , to v o te in e l e c t i o n s o r r e f e r e n d u m s o f the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , to a tt e n d m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g s , an d to p a r t i c i p a t e in the d e l i b e r a t i o n s a n d v o tin g up on the b u s i n e s s o f s u c h m e e t i n g s , s u b j e c t to r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s in s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s . S e c t i o n 101(a ) (Z) F r e e d o m o f S p e e c h an d A s s e m b l y . E v e r y m e m b e r of any la b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to m e e t a n d a s s e m b l e f r e e l y w ith o t h e r m e m b e r s ; and to e x p r e s s a n y v i e w s , a r g u m e n t s , o r o p i n i o n s ; an d to e x p r e s s a t m e e t i n g s of the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n h is v i e w s , upon c a n d i d a t e s in a n e l e c t i o n of the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n o r up o n a n y b u s i n e s s p r o p e r l y b e f o r e the m e e t i n g , s u b j e c t to the o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ e s t a b l i s h e d a n d r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s p e r t a i n i n g to the c o n d u c t o f m e e t i n g s : P r o v i d e d , T h a t n o th in g h e r e i n s h a l l b e c o n s t r u e d to i m p a i r the r i g h t o f a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n to a d o p t an d e n f o r c e r e a s o n a b l e r u l e s a s to the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f e v e r y m e m b e r t o w a r d the o r g a n i z a t i o n a s an in s t i t u t i o n a n d to h i s r e f r a i n i n g f r o m c o n d u c t th a t w ou ld i n t e r f e r e w ith i t s p e r f o r m a n c e o f i t s l e g a l o r c o n t r a c t u a l o b l i g a t i o n s . S e c t i o n 101(a) (4) P r o t e c t i o n of the R ig h t To S u e . N o l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l l i m i t the r i g h t o f a n y m e m b e r t h e r e o f to i n s t i t u t e a n a c t i o n in a n y c o u r t , o r in a p r o c e e d i n g b e f o r e a n y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c y , i r r e s p e c t i v e of w h e t h e r o r n ot the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n o r i t s o f f i c e r s a r e n a m e d a s d e f e n d a n t s o r r e s p o n d e n t s in s u c h a c t i o n o r p r o c e e d i n g , o r th e r i g h t o f a n y m e m b e r of a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n to a p p e a r a s a w i t n e s s in a n y j u d i c i a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , o r l e g i s l a t i v e p r o c e e d i n g , o r to p e t i t i o n a n y l e g i s l a t u r e o r to c o m m u n i c a t e w ith a n y l e g i s l a t o r : P r o v id e d , That any such m e m b e r m a y b e r e q u i r e d to e x h a u s t r e a s o n a b l e h e a r i n g p r o c e d u r e s (but n ot to e x c e e d a 4 - m o n t h l a p s e o f t i m e ) w ith in s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n , b e f o r e in s t i t u t i n g l e g a l o r a d m in is tr a tiv e p ro c e e d in g s a g a in s t such o rg a n iz atio n s o r any o ffic e r th e reo f: A n d p r o v i d e d f u r t h e r , T h a t no i n t e r e s t e d e m p l o y e r o r e m p l o y e r a s s o c i a t i o n s h a l l d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y f i n a n c e , e n c o u r a g e , o r p a r t i c i p a t e in, e x c e p t a s a p a r t y , a n y s u c h a c t i o n , p r o c e e d i n g , a p p e a r a n c e , o r p e t it io n . S e c t i o n 101(a) (5) S a fe g u a rd s A g a in st Im p ro p er D isc ip lin a ry A ction . No m e m b e r of a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a y be fin e d , s u s p e n d e d , e x p e l l e d , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e d e x c e p t f o r n o n p a y m e n t of d u e s by s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n o r b y a n y o f f i c e r t h e r e o f u n l e s s s u c h m e m b e r h a s b e e n (A) s e r v e d with w r it t e n s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s ; (B ) g iv e n a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e to p r e p a r e h is d e f e n s e ; (C) a f f o r d e d a f u l l a n d f a i r h e a r i n g . S e c t i o n 101(b) A n y p r o v i s i o n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n and b y l a w s of a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n w h ic h i s i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s of t h is s e c t i o n s h a l l b e of no f o r c e o r effect. S e c t i o n s Z 0 l ( a ) (5) (H) an d Z01(a) (5) (I): E v e r y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l a d o p t a c o n s t i t u t i o n and b y l a w s and s h a l l f i l e a co p y t h e r e o f w ith the S e c r e t a r y , t o g e t h e r w ith a r e p o r t , s i g n e d by i t s p r e s i dent and s e c r e t a r y o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r s , c o n t a in in g the f o llo w in g in fo rm atio n . . . 164 (5) d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t s , o r r e f e r e n c e s to s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s o f d o c u m e n t s f i l e d u n d e r t h is s u b s e c t i o n w h ich c o n ta in s u c h s t a t e m e n t s , s h o w in g the p r o v i s i o n m a d e a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o ll o w e d w ith r e s p e c t to e a c h o f the f o ll o w in g : . . . (H) d i s c i p l i n e o r r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s o r a g e n t s f o r b r e a c h e s o f t h e i r t r u s t , (I) i m p o s i t i o n o f f i n e s , s u s p e n s i o n s , and e x p u l s i o n s of m e m b e r s , i n c l u d i n g the g r o u n d s f o r s u c h a c t i o n an d a n y p r o v i s i o n m a d e f o r n o t i c e , h e a r i n g , ju d g m e n t on the e v i d e n c e a n d a p p e a l p r o c e d u r e s . . . . S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (c ) E v e r y n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , e x c e p t a f e d e r a t i o n of n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , an d e v e r y l o c a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d i t s o f f i c e r s , s h a l l b e u n d e r a du ty, e n f o r c e a b l e a t the s u i t of a n y b o n a fi d e c a n d i d a t e f o r o f f i c e in s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n in the d i s t r i c t c o u r t o f th e U n it e d S t a t e s in w h ic h s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n m a i n t a i n s i t s p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e , to c o m p l y w ith a l l r e a s o n a b l e r e q u e s t s o f a n y c a n d i d a t e to d i s t r i b u t e b y m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e a t the c a n d i d a t e ^ e x p e n s e c a m p a i g n l i t e r a t u r e in a i d o f s u c h p e r s o n ^ c a n d i d a c y to a l l m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d i n g o f s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d to r e f r a i n f r o m d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in f a v o r of o r a g a i n s t a n y c a n d i d a t e w ith r e s p e c t to the u s e of l i s t s o f m e m b e r s , and w h e n e v e r s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r it s o f f i c e r s a u t h o r i z e the d i s t r i b u t i o n by m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e to m e m b e r s o f c a m p a i g n l i t e r a t u r e on b e h a l f o f a n y c a n d i d a t e o r o f the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n i t s e l f w ith r e f e r e n c e to s u c h e l e c t i o n , s i m i l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n a t the r e q u e s t o f a n y o t h e r b o n a f i d e c a n d i d a t e s h a l l b e m a d e b y s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i t s o f f i c e r s , w ith e q u a l t r e a t m e n t a s to the e x p e n s e of su ch d istrib u tio n . E v e r y b o n a fi d e c a n d i d a t e s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t , o n c e w ithin 30 d a y s p r i o r to a n e l e c t i o n of a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n in w h ich he i s a c a n d i d a t e , to i n s p e c t a l i s t c o n ta in in g the n a m e s a n d l a s t kn ow n a d d r e s s e s o f a l l m e m b e r s of the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n who a r e s u b j e c t to a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t r e q u i r i n g m e m b e r s h i p t h e r e i n a s a c o n d itio n o f e m p l o y m e n t , w h ic h l i s t s h a l l be m a i n t a i n e d and k e p t a t the p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e o f s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n b y a d e s i g nated o ffic ia l th e reo f. A d e q u a t e s a f e g u a r d s to i n s u r e a f a i r e l e c t i o n s h a l l be p r o v i d e d , in c l u d i n g the r i g h t o f a n y c a n d id a t e to h a v e an o b s e r v e r a t the p o l l s a n d a t th e c o u n tin g of the b a l l o t s . S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (e ) In a n y e l e c t i o n r e q u i r e d b y th is s e c t i o n w h ic h i s to b e h e ld b y s e c r e t b a l l o t a r e a s o n a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y s h a l l b e g i v e n f o r the n o m in a t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s and e v e r y m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d i n g s h a l l b e e l i g i b l e to b e a c a n d i d a t e an d to h old o f f i c e ( s u b j e c t to s e c t i o n 504 a n d to r e a s o n a b l e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s u n i f o r m l y i m p o s e d ) an d s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to v o t e f o r o r o t h e r w i s e s u p p o r t the c a n d i d a t e o r c a n d i d a t e s o f h is c h o i c e , w itho ut b e in g s u b j e c t to p e n a l t y , d i s c i p l i n e , o r i m p r o p e r i n t e r f e r e n c e o r r e p r i s a l of a n y k in d b y s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n o r a n y m e m b e r t h e r e o f . N o t l e s s th a n 15 d a y s p r i o r to the e l e c t i o n n o t i c e t h e r e o f s h a l l be m a i l e d to e a c h m e m b e r a t h is l a s t known h o m e a d d r e s s . E a c h m e m b e r in g o o d s t a n d i n g s h a l l b e e n t it le d to one v o t e . No m e m b e r w h o s e d u e s h a v e b e e n w ith h e ld b y h is e m p l o y e r f o r p a y m e n t to s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n p u r s u a n t to h is v o l u n t a r y a u t h o r i z a t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r in a c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t s h a l l b e d e c l a r e d i n e l i g i b l e to v o t e o r b e a c a n d i d a t e f o r o f f i c e in s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n by r e a s o n o f a l l e g e d d e l a y o r d e f a u l t in the p a y m e n t of d u e s . The v o te s c a s t by m e m b e r s of e a c h lo c a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l be c o u n te d , an d the r e s u l t s p u b l i s h e d , s e p a r a t e l y . The e l e c t i o n o f f i c i a l s d e s i g n a t e d in the c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s o r the s e c r e t a r y , if no o t h e r o f f i c i a l i s d e s i g n a t e d , s h a l l p r e s e r v e f o r 1 y e a r the b a l l o t s a n d a l l o t h e r r e c o r d s p e r t a i n i n g to the e l e c t i o n . T h e e l e c t i o n s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y l a w s of s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n i n s o f a r a s th e y a r e n ot i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is t i t l e . 165 S e c t i o n 401(h) If the S e c r e t a r y , up on a p p l i c a t i o n of a n y m e m b e r o f a l o c a l l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , fin d s a f t e r h e a r i n g in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P r o c e d u r e A c t th a t the c o n s t it u t io n a n d b y l a w s o f s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n do n ot p r o v i d e an a d e q u a t e p r o c e d u r e f o r the r e m o v a l o f a n e l e c t e d o f f i c e r g u i l t y o f s e r i o u s m i s c o n d u c t , s u c h o f f i c e r m a y be r e m o v e d , f o r c a u s e sh o w n a n d a f t e r n o t i c e an d h e a r i n g , by the m e m b e r s in g o o d s t a n d in g v o tin g in a s e c r e t b a l l o t c o n d u c t e d b y th e o f f i c e r s of s u c h l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w ith i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s i n s o f a r a s th e y a r e n ot i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is t i t l e . S e c t i o n 4 0 1 (i) The S e c r e t a r y s h a ll p r o m u lg a t e r u le s and r e g u la tio n s p r e s c r i b i n g m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the a d e q u a c y of the r e m o v a l p r o c e d u r e s to w h ic h r e f e r e n c e i s m a d e in s u b s e c t i o n (h). S e c tio n 402(a) A m e m b e r of a la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n — (1) who h a s e x h a u s t e d th e r e m e d i e s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n and b y l a w s of s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n an d of a n y p a r e n t b o d y , o r (2) who h a s in v o k e d s u c h a v a i l a b l e r e m e d i e s w ith o u t o b t a in i n g a f i n a l d e c i s i o n w ith in t h r e e c a l e n d a r m o n t h s a f t e r t h e i r i n v o c a t i o n , m a y f i l e a c o m p l a i n t w ith the S e c r e t a r y w ith in one c a l e n d a r m o n th t h e r e a f t e r a l l e g i n g the v i o l a t io n o f a n y p r o v i s i o n of s e c t i o n 401 ( in c l u d i n g v i o l a t i o n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s o f the l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n p e r t a i n i n g to the e l e c t i o n a n d r e m o v a l o f o f f i c e r s ) . T h e c h a l l e n g e d e l e c t i o n s h a l l b e p r e s u m e d v a l i d p e n d in g a f i n a l d e c i s i o n t h e r e o n ( a s h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d ) a n d in the i n t e r i m the a f f a i r s of the o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d b y the o f f i c e r s e l e c t e d o r in s u c h o t h e r m a n n e r a s i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d b y l a w s m a y p r o v i d e : S e c t i o n 504 (a) No p e r s o n who i s o r h a s b e e n a m e m b e r o f the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o r who h a s b e e n c o n v i c t e d of, o r s e r v e d an y p a r t of a p r i s o n t e r m r e s u l t i n g f r o m h i s c o n v ic t io n o f, r o b b e r y , b r i b e r y , e x t o r t i o n , e m b e z z l e m e n t , g r a n d l a r c e n y , b u r g l a r y , a r s o n , v i o l a t i o n o f n a r c o t i c s l a w s , m u r d e r , r a p e , a s s a u l t w ith in te n t to k i l l , a s s a u l t w h ic h i n f l i c t s g r i e v o u s b o d i l y i n j u r y , o r a v i o l a t i o n o f t i t l e II o r III of th is A c t , o r c o n s p i r a c y to c o m m i t any s u c h c r i m e s , s h a l l s e r v e — (1) a s an o f f i c e r , d i r e c t o r , t r u s t e e , m e m b e r of a n y e x e c u t i v e b o a r d o r s i m i l a r g o v ern in g body, b u s i n e s s agen t, m a n a g e r , o r g a n i z e r , o r o t h e r e m p l o y e e ( o t h e r th an a s a n e m p l o y e e p e r f o r m i n g e x c l u s i v e l y c l e r i ca l o r c u sto d ia l d u tie s) of any lab o r o rg a n iz atio n , or (2) a s a l a b o r r e l a t i o n s c o n s u l t a n t to a p e r s o n e n g a g e d in an i n d u s try o r a c tiv ity affe ctin g c o m m e r c e , o r a s an o f fic e r , d i r e c t o r , age n t, or e m p l o y e e ( o t h e r th an a s an e m p l o y e e p e r f o r m i n g e x c l u s i v e l y c l e r i c a l o r c u s t o d i a l d u t i e s ) of an y g r o u p o r a s s o c i a t i o n o f e m p l o y e r s d e a l i n g w ith an y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , d u r i n g o r f o r 5 y e a r s a f t e r the t e r m i n a t i o n o f h i s m e m b e r s h i p in the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , o r f o r 5 y e a r s a f t e r s u c h c o n v ic t io n o r a f t e r the en d o f s u c h i m p r i s o n m e n t , u n l e s s p r i o r to the end o f such. 5 - y e a r p e r i o d , in the c a s e o f a p e r s o n s o 166 c o n v i c t e d o r i m p r i s o n e d , (A) h i s c i t i z e n s h i p r i g h t s , h a v in g b e e n r e v o k e d a s a r e s u l t o f s u c h c o n v ic t io n , h a v e b e e n f u lly r e s t o r e d , o r (B) the B o a r d of P a r o l e of the U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of J u s t i c e d e t e r m i n e s th a t s u c h p e r s o n ' s s e r v i c e in an y c a p a c i t y r e f e r r e d to in c l a u s e (1) o r (2) w o u ld n ot be c o n t r a r y to the p u r p o s e s of th is A c t . P r i o r to m a k i n g an y s u c h d e t e r m i n a t i o n , the B o a r d s h a l l h o ld an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h e a r i n g an d s h a l l g i v e n o t ic e of s u c h p r o c e e d i n g b y c e r t i f i e d m a i l to the S t a t e , co u n ty , an d F e d e r a l p r o s e c u t i n g o f f i c i a l s in the j u r i s d i c t i o n o r j u r i s d i c t i o n s in w h ich s u c h p e r s o n w a s c o n v ic t e d . T h e B o a r d ' s d e t e r m i n a t i o n in an y s u c h p r o c e e d i n g s h a l l b e f i n a l . No l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n o r o f f i c e r t h e r e o f s h a l l k n o w in g ly p e r m i t an y p e r s o n to a s s u m e o r h o ld any o f f i c e o r p a i d p o s i t i o n in v i o l a t i o n o f th is s u b s e c t i o n . (b) A n y p e r s o n who w i l l f u l l y v i o l a t e s th is s e c t i o n s h a l l b e fin e d not m o r e th an $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d f o r not m o r e th an 1 y e a r , o r both . (c) F o r the p u r p o s e s of th is s e c t i o n , an y p e r s o n s h a l l b e d e e m e d to h a v e b e e n " c o n v i c t e d " an d u n d e r the d i s a b i l i t y o f " c o n v i c t i o n " f r o m the d a t e of the j u d g m e n t o f the t r i a l c o u r t o r the d a t e o f the f i n a l s u s t a i n i n g o f s u c h ju d g m e n t on a p p e a l , w h i c h e v e r i s the l a t e r e v e n t, r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r s u c h c o n v i c t i o n o c c u r r e d b e f o r e o r a f t e r the d a t e o f e n a c t m e n t of t h is A c t. S e c t i o n 609 It s h a l l b e u n la w fu l f o r a n y l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r a n y o f f i c e r , a g e n t , sh o p s t e w a r d , o r o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r an y e m p l o y e e t h e r e o f to fi n e , s u s p e n d , e x p e l , o r o t h e r w i s e d i s c i p l i n e a n y o f i t s m e m b e r s f o r e x e r c i s i n g a n y r i g h t to w h ich he i s e n t it le d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s of t h is A c t . The p r o v is io n s o f s e c t i o n 102 s h a l l b e a p p l i c a b l e in the e n f o r c e m e n t of t h is s e c t i o n . S e c t i o n 610 It s h a l l b e u n la w fu l f o r a n y r e a s o n t h r o u g h the u s e of f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e , o r t h r e a t of the u s e of f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e , to r e s t r a i n , c o e r c e , o r i n t i m i d a t e , o r a t t e m p t to r e s t r a i n , c o e r c e , o r i n t i m i d a t e a n y m e m b e r o f a l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r the p u r p o s e o f i n t e r f e r i n g with o r p r e v e n t i n g the e x e r c i s e o f a n y r i g h t to w h ic h he i s e n t it le d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is A c t . A n y p e r s o n who w il f u l ly v i o l a t e s t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l b e fin e d n ot m o r e th an $ 1 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d f o r n ot m o r e th a n 1 y e a r , o r both . A p p e n d ix A: Listing of National and International Unions Studied D a t e of M em ber constitution s h ip 2 stu died Union 1 A g r i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s U nion ; N a t i o n a l ___________________________________ A i r L i n e C o m m u n i c a t i o n E m p l o y e e s A s s o c i a t i o n (Ind) ________________ A i r L i n e D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ---------------------------------------------------A i r L i n e P i l o t s A s s o c i a t i o n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ---------------------------------------A lu m i n u m W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union -------------------------------------------A s b e s t o s W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of H e a t and F r o s t I n s u l a t o r s and --------------------------------------------------------------------A s s o c i a t e d U n io n s of A m e r i c a (I n d )--------------------------------------------------A u t o m o b il e , A e r o s p a c e and A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p l e m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union, U n ited _________ ________________________ B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union; Amp.-riran -B a k e r y and C o n f e c t i o n e r y W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of A m ftrir a (Tnrl) B a r b e r s , H a i r d r e s s e r s , C o s m e t o l o g i s t s and P r o p r i e t o r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of A m e r i c a ; J o u r n e y m e n ---------------------------------B i l l P o s t e r s , B i l l e r s and D i s t r i b u t o r s of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e o f --------------------------------------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s , Ir o n S h i p b u i l d e r s , B l a c k s m i t h s , F o r g e r s and H e l p e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of -------------------------------------------B o o k b i n d e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f ---------------------------------------B r e w e r y , F l o u r , C e r e a l , S o ft D r i n k and D i s t i l l e r y W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of U n i t e d ________________________________ B r i c k and C l a y W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n i t e d ____________________________ B r i c k l a y e r s , M a s o n s and P l a s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B r o a d c a s t E m p l o y e e s a n d T e c h n i c i a n s ; N a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f ______ B r o o m and W h isk M a k e r s * Union of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l _________ B u i ld in g S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion _____________________ C a r p e n t e r s and J o i n e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited B r o t h e r h o o d o f --------------C e m e n t , L i m e and G y p s u m W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion ; U n i t e d _____ C h e m i c a l W o r k e r s U nion ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l -------------------------------------------C h r i s t i a n L a b o r A s s o c i a t i o n o f the U n ited S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a (Ind)-----C i g a r M a k e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of A m e r i c a --------------------------------C lo th in g W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d __________________________ C o m m u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t i o n ; A m e r i c a n (Ind) __________________________ C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------C o o p e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of N o r th A m e r i c a _______________________ D ie S i n k e r s 1 C o n f e r e n c e ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) ____________________________ D i s t i l l e r y , R e c t i f y i n g an d Wine W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of A m e r i c a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E l e c t r i c a l , R a d io and M a c h i n e W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union o f ______ E l e c t r i c a l , R a d io and M a c h i n e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d ( I n d ) ____ E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of ---------------------------E l e v a t o r C o n s t r u c t o r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of ---------------------------------E n g i n e e r s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of T e c h n i c a l ---------------------------------E n g i n e e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; T e c h n i c a l (ind) _________________________________ E n g i n e e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of O p e r a t i n g ------------------------------------E n g r a v e r s and S k e t c h m a k e r s ; F r i e n d l y S o c i e t y of ( I n d ) ---------------------S e e f o o t n o t e s at end of t a b l e . 167 4, 500 1 , 800 630 13 ,6 6 4 24, 000 U n d a te d 1952 1959 1958 1957 13, 700 5, 850 I 960 1959 1, 027, 000 1959 71, 500 1958 8 8 , 077 1958 73, 000 1959 1 , 600 1958 1 3 2 ,3 5 6 59,000 1957 1959 6 2 ,0 0 0 23, 500 1959 1959 159, 1 2 6 5, 702 1, 000 1958 1959 1946 1955 1959 1959 I 960 260,000 8 3 5 ,0 0 0 3 9 ,746 8 1 ,1 4 4 1, 200 6 , 294 3 76,000 8 , 000 255, 365 3, 951 6 , 000 33, 000 278,2 8 1 160,000 7 5 0 ,0 0 0 9, 855 12, 450 807 2 8 0 ,0 0 0 525 1958 1956 1955 1959 I 960 1959 1957 1954 1959 1959 1959 1956 1958 1957 I960 1955 168 Listing of National and International Unions Studied— Continued U nion 1 F i r e m e n and O i l e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f ______________________ F l i g h t E n g i n e e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n _____________________________ F u r n i t u r e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited __________________________________ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d ____________________________________ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’ U nion ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a d i e s ' ________________________ G l a s s B o t t l e B l o w e r s A s s o c i a t i o n of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a --------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------G l a s s and C e r a m i c W o r k e r s o f N o r th A m e r i c a ; U n i t e d ----------------------G l a s s C u t t e r s L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a ; W i n d o w _______________________________ G l a s s W o r k e r s ’ U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; A m e r i c a n F l i n t ----------------G lo v e W o r k e r s ’ U nion of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ________________________ G r a i n M i l l e r s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of --------------------------------------------G r a n i t e C u t t e r s ’ I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a ; T h e -------------G u a r d W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited P l a n t (Ind) ----------------------------------G u a r d s U nion of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) -----------------------------------H a t t e r s , C a p and M i l l i n e r y W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion; U n i t e d -------H od C a r r i e r s ' , B u i ld in g and C o m m o n L a b o r e r s ' Union of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t io n a l -------------------------------------------------------------------H o r s e s h o e r s of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union o f Jm vrnoyrnen H o s i e r y W o r k e r s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f ----------------------------------------H o t e l and R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s an d B a r t e n d e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l TTr) ior| , ........ ............... ._ ... __ _ __ _. I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t io n a l U nion, A l l i e d -------------I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s U nion; N a t io n a l (Ind) ------------------------------------------I n s u r a n c e A g e n t s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of L i f e ( I n d ) ______________________ I n s u r a n c e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion --------------------------------------------I r o n W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of B r i d g e , S t r u c t u r a l and O r n a m ^ n f a l . ....... J e w e l r y W o r k e r s ' U nion; I n t e r n a t i o n a l --------------------------------------------L a c e O p e r a t i v e s o f A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d (Ind) -------------------------------L a t h e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion; Th e Wood, W ire and M e t a l --------------------L a u n d r y and D r y C l e a n i n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion __________________________ L a u n d r y , D r y C l e a n i n g and D ye H o u s e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion (Ind) ________________________________________________________________ L e a t h e r G o o d s , P l a s t i c and N o v e lt y W o r k e r s ’ U nion; Tntp.motion a 1 _ _ ___________ ______ L e a t h e r W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t io n a l Union of A m e r i c a -----------------------------L i t h o g r a p h e r s of A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d (Ind) ---------------------------------L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s ; B r o t h e r h o o d of (Ind) --------------------------------------L o c o m o t i v e F i r e m e n and E n g i n e m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f ------------------------L o n g s h o r e m e n ’ s A s s o c i a t i o n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l --------------------------------------L o n g s h o r e m e n ’ s and W a r e h o u s e m e n ' s U nion; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) ------M a c h in e P r i n t e r s ' B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n of the U n ite d S t a t e s ( i n d ) ---M a c h i n i s t s ; I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of --------------------------------------------M a i l e r s U nion; I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Ind) ----------------------------------------------------M a i n t e n a n c e of Way E m p l o y e s ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f ---------------------------------M a r b l e , S l a t e and Ston e P o l i s h e r s , R u b b e r s and S a w y e r s , T i l e and M a r b l e S e t t e r s ' H e l p e r s and M a r b l e M o s a i c and T e r r a z z o W o r k e r s ' H e l p e r s ; I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of -----------------------------M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s ’ B e n e f i c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n ; N a t io n a l ------------------------M a r i n e and S h ip b u ild in g W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n d u s t r i a l U nion o f ------M a r i t i m e Union of A m e r i c a ; N a t i o n a l -----------------------------------------------S e e f o o t n o t e s at end of t a b l e . D a te of M em ber c o n s ti t u t i o n sh ip 2 st u d i e d 5 5 ,0 0 0 3, 2 0 0 5 0 ,0 0 0 35 ,0 0 0 4 4 2 ,9 0 1 1956 1958 1958 1957 1959 53, 500 5 2 ,5 0 0 1 , 600 2 6 , 619 2, 538 35,000 3, 500 12,580 2 , 600 4 0 ,0 0 0 1957 I 960 1959 1959 1959 1958 I 960 1958 1958 1959 4 7 6 ,5 9 8 1956 281 5, 875 1957 1957 436, 315 80, 0 0 0 150 2 , 000 22 ,6 5 0 1957 1959 1959 1959 1959 152, 389 4, 000 1 8 ,0 0 0 20, 307 1956 1959 U n d a te d I 960 1958 76, 240 I 960 28,5 0 0 1957 1959 1958 1956 I 960 1959 1959 1957 20,000 10,000 35, 087 5 0 ,0 0 0 7 8 ,4 1 2 90,000 5 6 ,0 0 0 1, 000 992,6 8 9 4, 200 1 8 3 ,0 0 0 9 ,7 8 8 8 , 000 5 0 ,0 0 0 4 0 ,0 0 0 1961 1960 1958 I 960 1959 1958 I960 169 Listing of National and International Unions Studied— Continued U nion 1 M a s t e r s , M a t e s and P i l o t s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n of ______________ M e a t C u t t e r s and B u t c h e r W o rk m e n of N o r th A m e r i c a ; A m a l g a m a t e d _____________________________________________________________ M e c h a n i c s E d u c a t i o n a l S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a _______________________________ M e t a l P o l i s h e r s , B u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and H e l p e r s I n t e r n a t io n a l Union M in e , M i l l and S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of (Ind) _________ M in e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d (Ind) __________________________________ M o l d e r s ' and A l l i e d W o r k e r s 1 U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ______________________________________________________ ________ M u s i c i a n s ; A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n of _____________________________________ N e w s p a p e r G u ild ; A m e r i c a n -------------------------------------------------------------N e w s p a p e r and M a i l D e l i v e r e r s ' U nion of New Y o r k and V ic in ity (TnH) __ O f f ic e E m p l o y e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union _____________________________________ O il, C h e m i c a l and A t o m i c W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion _______________ P a c k i n g h o u s e W o r k e r s ; N a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of ( I n d ) ___________________ P a c k i n g h o u s e , F o o d and A l l i e d W o r k e r s ; U n ite d ________________________ P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s and P a p e r h a n g e r s of A m e r i c a ; Rrnt.Vip.rhnnri of . _.ni P a p e r m a k e r s and P a p e r w o r k e r s ; U n ite d ------------------------------------------P a t t e r n M a k e r s ' L e a g u e of N o r th A m e r i c a _____________________________ P e t r o l e u m W o r k e r s , In c. ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of (Ind) _________________ P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s ' U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ______________ P l a s t e r e r s ’ and C e m e n t M a s o n s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; O p e r a t i v e ____________________________________ P l a t e P r i n t e r s ' , D ie S t a m p e r s ' and E n g r a v e r s 1 U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ___________________________________________________ P l u m b i n g a n d P i p e F i t t i n g I n d u s t r y of the U n ited S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; U n ite d A s s o c i a t i o n of J o u r n e y m e n and A p p r e n t i c e s of the ____________ P o r t e r s ; B r o t h e r h o o d of S l e e p i n g C a r ____________________________________ P o t t e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f O p e r a t i v e ________________________ P r i n t i n g P r e s s m e n and A s s i s t a n t s ' U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; Tntprnqtinnal ............ P u lp , S u lp h ite an d P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of _________________________________________________________ _ R a d io A s s o c i a t i o n ; A m e r i c a n ------------------------------------------------------------R a i l r o a d S i g n a l m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d o f _____________________________________ R a i l r o a d T e l e g r a p h e r s ; T h e O r d e r of ____________________________________ R a i l r o a d T r a i n m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d of _____________________________________ R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------R a i l r o a d Y a r d m a s t e r s of N o r th A m e r i c a , In c. (Ind) ___________________ R a i l w a y C a r m e n of A m e r i c a ; B r o t h e r h o o d ----------------------------------------R a i l w a y C o n d u c t o r s and B r a k e m e n ; O r d e r of (Ind) ______________________ R a i l w a y E m p l o y e e s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of (Ind) _________________ R a i l w a y P a t r o l m e n ' s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion ------------------------------------------R a i l w a y and S t e a m s h i p C l e r k s , F r e i g h t H a n d l e r s , E x p r e s s and S t a ti o n E m p l o y e s ; B r o t h e r h o o d of ----------------- -------------------------------R a i l w a y and A i r l i n e S u p e r v i s o r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; T h e A m e r i c a n __________ R a i l w a y T r a i n m e n a n d L o c o m o t i v e F i r e m e n ; A s s o c i a t i o n of ( I n d ) _____ R e t a i l C l e r k s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n --------------------------------------------R e t a i l , W h o l e s a l e and D e p a r t m e n t S t o r e Union ---------------------------------S e e f o o t n o t e s a t end of t a b l e . 6 9 0 -094 0 - 6 3 - 1 2 M em ber sh ip 2 D a te of c o n s ti t u t i o n stu died 9, 050 I 960 325, 304 4 1 ,3 2 5 1956 1959 1 4 ,0 0 0 I 960 1959 1960 100,000 6 0 0 ,0 0 0 73, 209 3 0 ,430 1959 1959 I 960 4, 000 4 5 ,9 6 0 1 8 0 ,1 7 5 1959 1959 1959 6 , 500 1 5 7 ,6 9 0 1959 1958 184, 502 1 3 5 ,0 0 0 15 ,0 0 0 3, 344 1 6 ,9 2 8 1960 1957 1958 1959 1959 65,8 8 1 I960 800 1947 25 5 ,8 0 0 8 , 000 22, 547 1956 1956 I 960 1 1 0 ,5 0 0 1956 1 6 5 ,0 0 0 1, 000 14, 000 1959 1956 62, 276 1956 I 960 1954 1946 I 960 1958 1956 1958 2 6 2 , 882 2 0 0 , 111 4, 000 1, 500 1 5 6 ,9 0 0 26, 532 400 3, 000 360,899 5, 97 4 1, 000 3 05,000 160,000 1960 1959 1957 1948 1959 1958 170 Listing of National and International Unions Studied— Continued U nion 1 M em persh ip 213 R o o f e r s , D a m p an d W a t e r p r o o f W o r k e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; U n ited 20,861 S l a t e , T i l e an d C o m p o s i t i o n ----------------------------------------------------------R u b b e r , C o r k , L i n o l e u m and P l a s t i c W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; TTnit^H 1 5 8 ,5 7 0 S e a f a r e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of N o r th A m e r i c a -----------------------------7 5 ,0 0 0 7 5 ,0 0 0 S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s 1 I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n ________________________ 4, 300 Shoe a n d A l l i e d C r a f t s m e n ; B r o t h e r h o o d of (Ind) -------------------------------5 8 ,0 0 0 Shoe W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited ----------------------------------------------------4 0 ,0 0 0 Shoe W o r k e r s ’ U n ion ; B o o t and --------------------------------------------------------40 S i d e r o g r a p h e r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of ___________________________ S t a g e E m p l o y e s and M o v in g P i c t u r e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s of the 6 4 ,6 0 7 U n it e d S t a t e s an d C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e of T h e a t r i c a l --------960,000 S t e e l w o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ited -----------------------------------------------------S t e r e o t y p e r s ' and E l e c t r o t y p e r s ' U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ; 14, 000 I n t e r n a t i o n a l -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ston e an d A l l i e d P r o d u c t s W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d _______________ 11, 815 Ston e C u t t e r s A s s o c i a t i o n of N o r th A m e r i c a ; J o u r n e y m e n -----------------1, 900 S to v e M o u n t e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of N o r th A m e r i c a ----------------------7, 265 S t r e e t , E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y and M o t o r C o a c h E m p l o y e s o f A m e r i c a ; 124, 637 A m a l g a m a t e d A s s o c i a t i o n of ----------------------------------------------------------S w i t c h m e n 's U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a -----------------------------------------------1 8 ,8 0 0 T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n and H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of (Ind) ---------------------------------------------------- 1,418, 246 T e l e g r a p h e r s ' U nion ; T h e C o m m e r c i a l --------------------------------------------T e x t i l e W o r k e r s of A m e r i c a ; U n ite d -------------------------------------------------T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U nion of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------T o b a c c o W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union -----------------------------------------------T o o l C r a f t s m e n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of (Ind) -----------------------------T o y W o r k e r s of the U n ite d S t a t e s and C a n a d a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of D o l l and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T r a i n D i s p a t c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; A m e r i c a n ----------------------------------------T r a n s p o r t S e r v i c e E m p l o y e e s ; U n ited -----------------------------------------------T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s Union of A m e r i c a -----------------------------------------------T y p o g r a p h i c a l U nion ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l ---------------------------------------------------U p h o l s t e r e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion of N o r th A m e r i c a ------------------------U t ility W o r k e r s of New E n g l a n d , Inc. ; B r o t h e r h o o d of ( I n d ) ---------------U t ilit y W o r k e r s U nion of A m e r i c a ---------------------------------------------------W atch W o r k e r s U nion ; A m e r i c a n (Ind) -----------------------------------------------W a t c h m e n ' s A s s o c i a t i o n ; In d e p e n d en t (Ind) ----------------------------------------W e l d o r s ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union, U n ite d (Ind) ----------------------------------------W o o d w o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l --------------------------------------------- 29,262 4 6 ,0 0 0 1 9 7 ,2 0 0 34, 89 4 75 0 1 8 ,9 0 0 4, 198 3, 000 1 3 5 ,0 0 0 1 1 0 , 449 5 6 ,1 0 1 4, 600 66,000 2, 510 3, 000 1, 500 86,620 D a t e of co n stitution studied 1958 I 960 1957 1958 1959 1959 1957 1959 1956 I 960 I 960 1958 1957 1959 1959 1959 1957 1959 1956 1958 1956 1958 1958 1956 1958 1957 I 960 1956 1958 1959 1954 I960 1959 1959 A f f i l i a t e d with A F L - C I O , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d . M e m b e r s h i p f i g u r e s a r e t h o s e r e p o r t e d in the D i r e c t o r y of N a t io n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r U n io n s in the U n ite d S t a t e s , 1959 ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1267). F o r l a t e r m e m b e r s h i p f i g u r e s , s e e 1961 D i r e c t o r y ( B L S B u l l e t i n 1320). 3 Not i n c lu d e d in 1959 D i r e c t o r y , m e m b e r s h i p f i g u r e r e p o r t e d d i r e c t l y to B u r e a u in I 9 6 0 . 1 2 A p p e n d ix B Table B - l . International Level D ecision Authority, National and International Union Constitutions, E arly 1961 ( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A ffiliatio n T o t a l st u d i e d D e c isio n auth ority A FL -C IO U n io n s U n ion s A ll constitution s p rovidin g for t r i a l a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ___ C o n s t it u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g 1 d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t y f o r a l l c a s e s _____________ E x e c u t i v e b o a r d _________________ P r e s i d e n t _________________________ C o n v en tio n ________________________ O th e r d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t i e s _____ C o n s t it u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g 2 o r m o r e d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t i e s _______________ E x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e c i d e d the c a s e s it h e a r d ; p r e s i d e n t d e c i d e d the c a s e s he h e a r d _____ E x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e c i d e d the c a s e s it h e a r d , w h ile the c o n vention d e c i d e d the c a s e s it h e a r d _________________________ O th e r d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t i e s ____ U n affiliated M em bers M em bers U n io n s M em bers 13, 515. 0 92 1 0 ,9 7 0 . 1 24 2, 544. 9 9 ,0 8 4 . 6 ,9 9 1 . 1, 946. 67. 79. 73 53 17 20 0 1 2 7, 979. 5 6 , 042. 1 1, 820. 4 41. 3 75. 7 2 1 1 1, 105. 949. 126. 26. 3. 23 4 ,4 3 0 . 4 19 2, 990. 6 4 1,439. 8 15 2, 755. 5 13 1, 3 2 4 . 6 2 1 ,430. 8 3 31. 5 1, 643. 4 1 22. 5 1, 643. 4 2 9. 0 5 - - 116 93 69 19 2 25 6 1 6 9 16 1 0 2 5 3 1 U nder 2 co n stitu tio n s, p e rm an e n t c o m m it te e s re n d e re d d e c i s i o n s , and under 1 co n s t i t u t i o n , d e c i s i o n s w e r e r e n d e r e d by the p e r s o n s s e l e c t e d by the p a r t i e s . 2 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t y w a s v e s t e d in the p r e s i d e n t , e x e c u t i v e b o a r d , o r co n v e n tio n f o r c a s e s t r i e d by e a c h body; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , d e c i s i o n a u t h o r i t y w a s v e s t e d in the p r e s i d e n t o r c o n v e n tio n f o r c a s e s t r i e d by e a c h body; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d d e c i d e d c a s e s h e a r d by it a s did a p e r m a n e n t c o m m i t t e e ; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , p e r s o n s s e l e c t e d by the p a r t i e s r e n d e r e d a l l d e c i s i o n s e x c e p t that t h o s e in v o lv in g s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l sio n w e r e to be a p p r o v e d by the e x e c u t i v e b o a r d ; a n d u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , a p e r m a n e n t c o m m i t t e e r e n d e r e d a l l d e c i s i o n s e x c e p t that f i n e s o f m o r e than $25 w e r e s u b j e c t to a p p r o v a l by the exe cu tiv e b o ard . NOTE: B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s . 171 690-094 0 - 63-13 172 Table B -2 . Role of the President and Executive Board in International D isciplin ary P rocedu res, National and International Union Constitutions, E arly 1961 ( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A ffiliation T o t a l st u d i e d R o le of p r e s i d e n t and execu tiv e b o a rd M em bers U n io n s T o t a l t r i a l p r o v i s i o n s _______________ P r e s id e n t o r exe cu tiv e b o ard p e r f o r m s f u n c t i o n s _________________ In v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e ________ In voke an d d e c i d e __ _____________ In v o k e , t r i a l , d e c i d e , and a p p e a l ___________________________ T r i a l an d d e c i d e __________________ T r i a l , d e c i d e , an d a p p e a l _______ S u s p e n d , in v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e _______________________ S u spen d , invoke, t r i a l, d e c i d e , an d a p p e a l ___ __________ O t h e r ___ _ _ ___ _______________ E x e c u t i v e b o a r d only p e r f o r m s fu n c t io n s ____________________________ In v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e ________ T r i a l a n d d e c i d e ____________ _____ T r i a l , d e c i d e , an d a p p e a l _______ T r i a l an d a p p e a l __________________ Su spen d , invoke, t r i a l, and d e c i d e _____ _______________ ____________________________ O th e r P r e s i d e n t only p e r f o r m s fu n c t io n s _______________ __________ In v o k e , t r i a l , an d d e c i d e ________ T r i a l a n d d e c i d e __ __ ___________ N o r e f e r e n c e to p r e s i d e n t o r e x e c u t i v e b o a r d on t h e s e f u n c t io n s ____________________________ U n affiliated A F L -C IO U n io n s M em bers U n io n s M em bers 116 13, 515. 0 92 10, 970. 1 24 2, 544. 9 69 30 8 , 792. 9 3, 054. 6 62 28 6 , 724. 8 7 2 2 47 7 . 9 2 3. 048. 0 47 7. 9 - 2 , 068. 1 6. 5 - 6 4 3 2, 647. 7 231. 3 881. 7 5 4 - 2 1, 229. 5 231. 3 281. 7 1 1 ,418. 2 600. 0 17 1, 171. 8 15 1, 155. 0 2 16. 8 2 172. 4 155. 5 2 4 172. 4 129. 0 1 26. 5 x5 36 12 16 2 2 3, 132. 6 2 , 559. 6 392. 6 6. 1 21 10 8 5. 0 1 15 2 2 , 709. 1 2, 396. 6 306. 5 5. 0 1 2 76. 2 92. 1 1 1 - 2 8 2 - 423. 163. 86. 6. 5 0 1 1 - 77. 2 1 1. 0 92. 1 - - 6 3 1 ,5 4 4 .9 189. 7 1, 355. 2 8 5 3 1,494. 9 139. 7 1, 355. 2 - 50. 0 50. 0 - 32 44. 7 1 41. 3 1 3. 3 2 22 9 1 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e i r r o l e w a s l i m i t e d to invo kin g t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ; u n d e r 1 c o n st i t u t i o n , they in v o k e d and h e ld t r i a l s ; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , they s u s p e n d e d , h e ld t r i a l s , and r e n d e r e d a f in a l d e c i s i o n ; u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , they s u s p e n d e d and r e n d e r e d f i n a l a p p e l l a t e d e c i s i o n s ; an d u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e i r r o l e w a s l i m i t e d to r e n d e r i n g f in a l a p p e l l a t e d e c i s i o n s . 2 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , the p r e s i d e n t in v o k e d and h e ld t r i a l s ; and u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n he w a s a u t h o r i z e d to in v o k e , h o ld t r i a l s , r e n d e r d e c i s i o n s a f t e r t r i a l , and r e n d e r f in a l a p pellate d e cisio n s. 3 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , any m e m b e r in v o k e d j u r i s d i c t i o n by filin g c h a r g e s d i r e c t l y with the co n v e n tio n ; and u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , any m e m b e r in v o k e d j u r i s d i c t i o n an d a t r i a l body s e l e c t e d by the p a r t i e s h e a r d and d e c i d e d the c a s e . NOTE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of i n d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s . A p p e n d ix C T a b l e C - l . C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f S e l e c t e d H e a r i n g S a f e g u a r d s in L o c a l U nion T r i a l P r o c e d u r e s , N a t i o n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion C o n s t i t u t i o n s , E a r l y 1961 S e le c te d h earing sa fe g u a r d s 1 N um ber of sa fe g u a rd s Total stu died F u l l and fair hearing N o t i c e of h earing A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v id in g l o c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s __ __ 136 55 116 1 s a f e g u a r d ___________ 2 s a f e g u a r d s __ ______ 5 14 2 1 11 3 safeguard s 4 s a f e g u a r d s __________ 5 safeguards 6 s a f e g u a r d s __________ 7 safegu ard s _ 8 s a f e g u a r d s __________ 9 s a f e g u a r d s ________ _ 10 s a f e g u a r d s _______ 11 s a f e g u a r d s _________ 12 s a f e g u a r d s _________ No s e l e c t e d s a f e g u a r d s __________ 11 18 19 21 16 13 7 4 5 4 4 7 12 5 9 4 C ontin Im partial uance or trial postpone body ment 58 15 _ _ 2 2 2 3 - _ 1 1 6 1 16 8 2 13 7 4 9 5 4 5 12 10 7 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 4 - - - - 7 10 9 T e sti mony under o a th Confront and crossex am in e T e stify on h is own b e h alf R ecordof proceed ings O th e r safe, 1 guards 58 12 45 54 45 114 _ _ 1 - - 4 1 6 6 3 - 1 6 8 10 - 5 4 2 4 8 10 8 13 3 8 8 9 8 5 4 4 3 4 - 6 19 13 16 4 6 1 2 2 5 5 - - - Invite w itn e sses 3 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______ 4 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ __ ___ __ 5 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______ 6 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ _____ __ 7 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ____ ___ 8 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ________ 9 safeguard s _ __ 10 s a f e g u a r d s ________ 11 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______ 12 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ — No s e l e c t e d s a f e g u a r d s ___________ — 1 1 - 2 2 1 safeguard _ 2 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ _____ __ 56 13 2 A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o viding lo c a l t r i a l p r o c e d u r e s ___________ 96 8 2 2 - Introduce e v id e n c e 7 14 15 18 14 9 15 17 19 1 1 2 1 1 C oun sel 4 10 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - 1 10 6 7 12 20 1 T h e s e s a f e g u a r d s i n c lu d e d the r i g h t s to a s p e e d y t r i a l , s u b p e n a w i t n e s s e s , s e p a r a t e w i t n e s s e s , c h a n g e v e n u e , s u b m i t a w r i t t e n d e f e n s e , r e p r e s e n t a t i o n wh en u n a b le to a t ten d the h e a r i n g , p r e s e n t a d e f e n s e when the t r i a l b od y * s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e s u b m i t t e d to the m e m b e r s h i p , do u b le j e o p a r d y p r o v i s i o n s , and n o t ic e o f d e c i s i o n . 173 174 Table C -2 . Concentration of Selected Hearing Safeguards in International T r ia l P roced u res, National and International Union Constitutions, E a rly 1961 S ele cted h earin g sa fe g u a rd s N u m b e r of s a f e g u a r d s Total studied F u l l and fair hearing Im partial trial body Speedy trial C ounsel Introduce e v id e n c e 69 26 26 50 39 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 5 1 1 2 N o t i c e of he a r i n g A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v id in g f o r t r i a l at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l 116 1 s a f e g u a r d __________ 2 s a f e g u a r d s __________ 18 14 3 safegu ard s ___ 4 safeguard s 5 safeguard s 6 safeguard s 7 s a f e g u a r d s _________ 8 s a f e g u a r d s __________ 9 safeguard s 10 s a f e g u a r d s 11 s a f e g u a r d s No s e l e c t e d s a f e g u a r d s __________ 12 11 7 9 11 8 37 6 2 4 4 4 4 9 11 8 6 2 7 3 11 6 3 5 2 2 6 6 11 2 3 4 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 3 5 7 2 7 6 6 3 5 6 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 17 - - - - - - Invite w itn esses A ll c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v id in g f o r t r i a l at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l __________________ 1 safeguard __ 2 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______ 3 safeguard s _ ___ 4 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ____ ____ 5 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ____ _____ 6 safegu ard s 7 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ______ 8 s a f e g u a r d s ___________ ________ 9 safegu ard s 10 s a f e g u a r d s _________ ______ 11 s a f e g u a r d s _________ — No s e l e c t e d s a f e g u a r d s ___________ — Confront and crossex am in e T estify on h is own b eh alf 1 R e c o r d of proceed ings O th e r safe guards 1 32 28 37 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 4 6 6 5 9 2 7 1 - N o t ic e o f decision 29 26 45 _ _ - 4 4 2 2 1 2 2 5 3 7 5 8 6 5 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 7 5 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 ■ - - - - 1 3 3 4 5 5 2 3 3 1 T h e s e s a f e g u a r d s in c lu d e d the r i g h t s to s u b p e n a w i t n e s s e s , c h a n g e v e n u e , r e q u e s t a c o n t in u a n c e o r p o s t p o n e m e n t , r e p r e s e n t a t i o n b y a n o th e r when u n a b le to a t te n d the h e a r in g , and s u b m i t a w r i t t e n d e f e n s e . 175 T a b l e C - 3 . M a x i m u m T i m e L i m i t s to C o n v en e the T r i a l B o d y in L o c a l U nion T r i a l P r o c e d u r e s , N a t i o n a l a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union C o n s t i t u t i o n s , E a r l y 1961 ( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) Total s t u d i e d T im e sp ecified Un ions T i m e l i m i t to c o n v e n e b e g i n s — M em bers F rom m eeting O th e r a t wh ich p o in t s charges accepted Un M em Un M em io n s b e r s i o n s b e r s F rom n o t ic e of h e a r i n g F r o m t im e charges f il e d Un ions M em bers Un ions M em bers A l l c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t i n g the t i m e a l lo w e d to c o n v e n e a t the l o c a l l e v e l _____________ 49 8, 5 8 2 . 6 26 5, 9 7 2 . 1 9 1, 5 8 0 . 7 9 531. 7 5 498. 1 Specific tim e p e rio d s W i t h i n 15 d a y s W i t h i n 30 d a y s __ __ _..... W i t h i n 60 d a y s ...... _ ________ G e n e ra l tim e p e rio d s R eason able tim e _ __ Next, m e e t i n g ___ _______ __ 35 9 19 7 14 12 2 4, 8 6 4 . 9 661. 7 2, 8 6 6 . 1 1, 3 3 7 . 1 3, 7 1 7 . 7 3, 3 9 1 . 7 326. 0 15 1 8 6 11 11 2, 6 2 0 . 360. 1, 1 0 6 . 1, 1 5 2 . 3, 3 5 1 . 3, 3 5 1 . 9 4 4 1 1, 5 8 0 . 220. 1, 1 7 6 . 184. 8 3 5 485. 7 79. 5 406. 2 3 X1 22 178. 1 156. 9 21. 2 1 46. 0 1 46. 0 2 31 41 320. 0 40. 0 280. 0 4 9 8 6 7 7 7 1 1 5 _ 1 U n d e r t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , the l o c a l union w a s r e q u i r e d to t r y s t r i k e b r e a k e r s within 15 d a y s of the o f f e n s e . 2 U n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e t r i e d w ithin 30 d a y s o f s u s p e n s i o n , but no r e f e r e n c e w a s p r o v i d e d f o r m e m b e r s ; an d u n d e r 1 c o n s t i t u t i o n , t r i a l s of l o c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e h e ld within 30 d a y s o f the t r i a l b o d y 1 s e l e c t i o n , but no r e f e r e n c e w a s p r o v i d e d f o r m e m b e r s . 3 U n d e r t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , the t r i a l c o n v e n e d p r o m p t l y a f t e r c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d when the a c c u s e d w a s s u s p e n d e d p r i o r to filin g c h a r g e s . 4 U n d e r t h is c o n s t i t u t i o n , the t r i a l w a s h e ld a t the n ex t m e e t i n g fo llo w in g the m e e t i n g a t w h ich the a c c u s e d ' s a n s w e r w a s f il e d . T h e a c c u s e d w a s a l lo w e d 4 w e e k s f r o m the t i m e c h a r g e s w e r e f i l e d to s u b m i t h i s a n s w e r . NOTE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of i n d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s . T a b l e C - 4 . M a x i m u m T i m e L i m i t s to C o n v e n e the T r i a l B o d y in I n t e r n a t i o n a l L e v e l T r i a l P r o c e d u r e s , N a t i o n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion C o n s t i t u t i o n s , E a r l y 1961 ( M e m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) T i m e l i m i t to c o n v e n e b e g i n s — T o t a l st u d i e d T im e sp ecified Un ions M em bers F r o m tim e ch arges f il e d F rom su s p en sion Un ions M em bers Un ions M em bers F rom F rom p relim a c c u se d 's inary request review Un M e m Un M em ions b e r s ions b e r s A l l c o n s t i t u t i o n s l i m i t i n g the t i m e a l l o w e d to c o n v e n e a t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l ____ 33 3, 676. 9 15 1, 9 2 6 . 0 13 1,424. 9 4 263. 8 S p e c i f i e d t i m e p e r i o d s ------Within 15 d a y s __________ Within 30 d a y s __________ Within 60 d a y s __________ G e n e r a l t i m e p e r i o d s --------R e a s o n a b l e _______________ N e x t m e e t i n g ____________ 16 5 7 4 17 13 4 1 ,480. 4 6 6 0 .4 601. 1 218. 9 2, 196. 5 1, 975. 8 220. 7 8 1 947. 8 442 . 9 3 1 6 .4 188. 5 978. 2 960. 5 17. 7 5 3 4 38 . 9 216. 5 222. 4 2 1 31. 4 1. 0 NOTE: 4 3 7 5 2 2 - 8 6 2 - 986. 0 782. 9 203. 1 - 1 2 2 - - 30. 4 232. 4 232. 4 - B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y not e q u a l t o t a l s . 1 62. 3 1 62. 3 - 1 - - 62. 3 - - - - - Appendix D D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists 1958 C o n s t it u tio n 1961 C o n s t it u ti o n Grounds Grounds A rticle H A rtic le H Sp ecial L e v ie s F a i l u r e to p a y s p e c i a l l e v i e s and f i n e s S e c t i o n 1. S p e c i a l l e v i e s an d f i n e s s h a l l b e due w ithin 30 d a y s a f t e r l e v i e d . If not p a i d w ithin that t i m e the F . S. o r S. T. s h a l l n otify t h o s e in a r r e a r s in w r i t i n g , an d s h o u ld they f a i l to m a k e p a y m e n t w ithin 60 d a y s f r o m the d a t e of s u c h w r i t t e n n o t ic e , t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p s h a l l b e c a n c e l l e d r e g a r d l e s s of the d a t e to w h ich t h e i r d u e s a r e p a i d . S e c t i o n 1. in A r t i c l e F , T h is p r o v i s i o n now c o n t a in e d S e c t i o n 1. L . L s . , p u r s u a n t to S e c t i o n 1, A r t i c l e G, m a y t h ro u g h t h e i r b y - l a w s a d o p t a p r o v i s i o n to le v y f i n e s upon m e m b e r s who f a i l to a tte n d a t l e a s t one L . L . m e e t i n g p e r m o n th . In itia tio n f e e s , r e i n s t a t e m e n t f e e s , d u e s and f i n e s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a l e g a l l i a b i l i t y by a m e m b e r to the L . L . C o s t of l i t i g a t i o n a r i s i n g f r o m c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r by r e a s o n of s u c h l i a b i l i t i e s , s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a l e g a l d e b t and p a y a b l e b y s u c h m e m b e r . A rticle J A rtic le K D e c lin in g R o u g h W o r k S e c t i o n 4. S e c t i o n 4. Any m e m b e r who r e f u s e s to do any k in d of w o r k b e l o n g i n g to the t r a d e b e c a u s e it i s ro u g h o r d i r t y s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to fin e o r e x p u l s i o n . D eleted. P i e c e w o r k , Two M a c h i n e s and P r e m i u m S y s t e m s Sec tio n 6 . In s h o p s w h e r e it i s not now a p r a c t i c e , no m e m b e r i s p e r m i t t e d to a c c e p t p i e c e w o r k , o p e r a t e m o r e than one m a c h i n e , o r a c c e p t e m p l o y m e n t u n d e r the p r e m i u m , m e rit, task , or contract sy stem . M em bers found g u ilty of a d v o c a t in g o r e n c o u r a g i n g any of t h e s e s y s t e m s in s h o p s w h e r e they a r e not now in o p e r a t i o n s h a l l b e l i a b l e to e x p u l s i o n . Section 6 . R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 5. F o l low in g w o r d s a d d e d a t end: "A fter ch arges an d t r i a l f o r m i s c o n d u c t a s p r o v i d e d in A r tic le L. " 176 177 D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1961 C o n s t it u ti o n 1958 C o n s t it u tio n In tro d u c tio n of U n q u a l i f ie d P e r s o n s S e c t io n 7. M e m b e r s who i n t r o d u c e into the t r a d e any p e r s o n o t h e r than a m e m b e r of the I. A. M ., s h a l l b e h e a v i l y fin e d f o r the f i r s t o f f e n s e and e x p e l l e d f o r the s e c o n d o f f e n s e . T h is S e c t io n s h a l l not b e c o n s t r u e d to r e f e r to a p p r e n t i c e s p r o p e r l y in d e n tu r e d . S e c t i o n 7. R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 6. F o l low in g w o r d s a d d e d a t end of f i r s t s e n t e n c e : " A f t e r c h a r g e s an d t r i a l f o r m i s c o n d u c t a s p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e L . " M isrep resen tation S e c t io n 8. Any a p p l i c a n t a d m i t t e d to m e m b e r s h i p who h a s f a l s i f i e d h i s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r i n i t ia t i o n o r r e i n s t a t e m e n t , s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to fin e o r e x p u l s i o n , o r both. S e c t io n 8. Sam e. R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 7. S e c t i o n 9. R e p l a c e d by the f o llo w in g : M e m b e r s who f a l s e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s to b e c o m p e t e n t w o r k m e n , s h a l l b e fin e d o r e x p e l l e d a t the d i s c r e t i o n of the L . L . of w h ich they a r e m e m b e r s . In e b r ie t y S e c t io n 9. M e m b e r s e n t e r i n g the L . L . r o o m w h ile u n d e r the i n f l u e n c e of i n t o x i c a t ing d r i n k s , o r who a r e g u il t y of u s i n g i n decent or p ro fan e lan gu age therein, sh a ll be r e p r i m a n d e d , f in e d , s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e l l e d , a t the op tion o f the L . L . H a b it u a l d r u n k e n n e s s o r c o n d u ct d i s g r a c e f u l to t h e m s e l v e s o r a s s o c i a t e s s h a l l b e p u n i s h e d b y e x p u ls io n . A rtic le K D i s o r d e r l y C ond uct S e c t i o n 8. M e m b e r s e n t e r i n g the L . L . r o o m w h ile u n d e r the in f l u e n c e o f i n t o x i c a t ing d r i n k s , o r who a r e g u il t y of u s i n g i n d e c e n t o r p r o f a n e l a n g u a g e t h e r e i n , s h a l l be e x c l u d e d t h e r e f r o m upon o r d e r of the p r e s i d ing o f f i c e r and s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to p e n a l t y of r e p r i m a n d , fin e , s u s p e n s i o n o r e x p u l s i o n a f t e r c h a r g e s and t r i a l a s p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e L . M e m b e r s , i f g u ilt y o f h a b i t u a l d r u n k e n n e s s o r c o n d u ct d i s g r a c e f u l to t h e m s e l v e s o r a s s o c i a t e s , s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to the p e n a l t y o f e x p u l s i o n f r o m m e m b e r s h i p a f t e r c h a r g e s and tria l. A rtic le L C ode I m p r o p e r C on d uc t o f L o c a l L o d g e s , D i s t r i c t L o d g e s , an d M e m b e r s T h e r e o f S e c t i o n 1. T h e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s sio n s sh a ll co n stitute m isc o n d u c t by a L . L. o r D. L . w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t s u s p e n s i o n o r r e v o c a t i o n o f the c h a r t e r t h e r e o f a s the e v i dence m ay w arran t: C i r c u l a t i n g o r c a u s i n g in any m a n n e r to b e c i r c u l a t e d any f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s s t a t e m e n t r e f l e c t i n g upon the p r i v a t e o r p u b l ic co n d u ct, H e a d in g c h a n g e d a s f o l l o w s : Im proper C on d uc t of L o c a l L o d g e s , D i s t r i c t L o d g e s , C oun cils and C o n f e r e n c e s , and M e m b e r s Th ereof. S e c t i o n 1. L i n e s 2, 3, a n d 19, the l a n g u a g e " L . L . o r D . L . " c h a n g e d to r e a d : L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e . " 178 D -l. Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 196 1 Constitution 1958 Constitution S e c t i o n 1 . — C on tin u ed o r f a l s e l y o r m a l i c i o u s l y a t t a c k i n g the c h a r a c t e r , im p u g n in g the m o t i v e s , o r q u e s t io n i n g the i n t e g r i t y of any o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r of the I. A. M. F a i l u r e to p e r f o r m d u t ie s a s p r o v i d e d in t h is C o n s t it u tio n o r v i o l a t io n of any of the p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is C o n s t it u tio n . I n s u b o r d i n a t io n with r e s p e c t to v a l i d o r d e r s o r d i r e c t i v e s of o f f i c e r s a n d /o r the co n v e n tio n o f the G. L . of the I. A. M. Any co n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a L . L . o r D. L . w h ich i s d e t r i m e n t a l to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the I. A. M. I m p r o p e r C on d uc t of O f f i c e r s an d R e p r e s e n t i v e s S e c t i o n 2. The f o llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s s i o n s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e m i s c o n d u c t b y any o f f i c e r of a L . L . o r D. L . , o r b y a n y b u s i n e s s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a L . L . o r D. L . , w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , fin e , re m o v al fro m o ffice, su sp en sio n fro m office a n d /o r m e m b e r s h ip , or exp u lsio n fro m m e m b e r s h i p , o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y s u c h a s an a p o lo g y , o r any c o m b i n a t io n of t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v i d e n c e m a y w a r r a n t : Any of the a c t i o n s s e t f o r t h in S e c t i o n 3 o f t h is A r t i c l e with r e s p e c t to m i s c o n d u c t of a m em ber. In co m peten ce, n eg lig en ce, or in su b o r d in a tion in the p e r f o r m a n c e of o f f i c i a l d u t ie s o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m d u t ie s v a l i d l y a s s i g n e d . A c t i o n s c o n s t i t u t i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f the p r o v i s i o n s of th is C o n s titu tio n . S e c t i o n 2. R e p l a c e d b y the f o llo w in g : I m p r o p e r C on d u c t o f O f f i c e r s an d R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s S e c t i o n 2. Th e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s s i o n s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e m i s c o n d u c t by any o f f i c e r of a L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e , o r by any b u s i n e s s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a L . L . o r D. L . w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , r e m o v a l f r o m o f f i c e a n d /o r d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n f r o m h o ld in g o f f i c e f o r not m o r e than 5 y e a r s , s u s p e n s i o n f r o m o f f i c e , o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y o r any c o m b i n a t io n of t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v id e n c e m a y w a r r a n t : In co m peten ce, n eg lig en ce or in su b o r d in a tion in the p e r f o r m a n c e of o f f i c i a l d u t i e s o r f a i l u r e o r r e f u s a l to p e r f o r m d u t ie s v a l i d l y a ssig n ed . I m p r o p e r C ond uct of a M e m b e r I m p r o p e r C o n d u c t of a M e m b e r S e c t i o n 3. T h e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s s i o n s s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e m i s c o n d u c t by a m e m b e r w h ich s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , f in e , s u s p en sio n a n d /o r exp u lsio n fro m m e m b e r s h ip , o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y o r any c o m b i n a t io n of t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v id e n c e m a y w a r r a n t : S e c t i o n 3. Th e fo llo w in g a c t i o n s o r o m i s sio n s sh a ll co n stitute m isc o n d u c t by a m e m b e r w h ic h s h a l l w a r r a n t a r e p r i m a n d , f in e , s u s p e n sio n a n d /o r ex p u lsio n fr o m m e m b e r s h ip , o r any l e s s e r p e n a l t y o r any c o m b i n a t io n of t h e s e p e n a l t i e s a s the e v i d e n c e m a y w a r r a n t a f t e r w r i t t e n a n d s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s and a fu ll h earing a s h e re in afte r provided: C i r c u l a t i n g o r c a u s i n g in any m a n n e r to b e c i r c u l a t e d any f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s s t a t e m e n t r e f l e c t i n g upon the p r i v a t e o r p u b l ic c o n d u c t, o r f a l s e l y o r m a l i c i o u s l y a t t a c k i n g the c h a r a c t e r , im p u g n in g the m o t i v e s , o r C i r c u l a t i n g o r c a u s i n g in any m a n n e r to b e c i r c u l a t e d any f a l s e o r m a l i c i o u s s t a t e m e n t r e f l e c t i n g upon the p r i v a t e o r p u b l ic 179 D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1961 Constitution 1958 Constitution S e c t i o n 3 . — C ontinu ed q u e s t io n i n g officer. the in teg rity o f any m e m b e r o r R e f u s a l o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m any duty o r o b l i g a t i o n i m p o s e d b y th is C o n s t it u ti o n ; the e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s o f the I. A. M. ; the v a l i d d e c i s i o n s an d d i r e c t i v e s of any o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s t h e r e o f ; o r , the v a l i d d e c i s i o n s o f the E . C. o r the G. L . co n v e n tio n . A tt e m p t i n g , i n a u g u r a t i n g , o r e n c o u r a g i n g s e c e s s i o n f r o m the I. A. M. , o r a d v o c a t in g o r e n c o u r a g i n g o r a t t e m p t in g to i n a u g u r a t e any d u a l l a b o r m o v e m e n t , o r a d v o c a t in g o r en co uragin g c o m m u n ism , f a s c i s m , n a z is m , o r any o t h e r t o t a l i t a r i a n p h i l o s o p h y , o r b y o t h e r a c t i o n s g i v i n g s u p p o r t to t h e s e p h i l o s o ph ie s o r " i s m s . " A cqu irin g m e m b e r s h ip by f a l s e p r e t e n s e , m isr e p re se n ta tio n , or fraud. co n d u ct, o r f a l s e l y o r m a l i c i o u s l y a t t a c k i n g the c h a r a c t e r , im p u g n in g the m o t i v e s , o r q u e s t io n i n g the i n t e g r i t y o f any m e m b e r o r officer. R e f u s a l o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m any duty o r o b l i g a t i o n i m p o s e d b y t h is C o n s t it u tio n ; the e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s o f the I. A. M. ; the v a l i d d e c i s i o n s and d i r e c t i v e s of a n y o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s t h e r e o f ; o r , the v a l i d d e c i s i o n s of the E . C. o r the G. L . co n v e n tio n . A ttem pting, in au g u ratin g , o r en co u ragin g s e c e s s i o n f r o m the I. A . M. , o r a d v o c a t i n g o r e n c o u r a g i n g o r a t t e m p t in g to i n a u g u r a t e any d u a l l a b o r m o v e m e n t , o r a d v o c a t in g o r e n co uragin g c o m m u n ism , f a s c i s m , n a z ism , or any o t h e r t o t a l i t a r i a n p h i l o s o p h y , o r b y o t h e r a c t i o n s g iv in g s u p p o r t to t h e s e p h i l o s o p h i e s o r " i s m s " o r to m o v e m e n t s o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n i m i c a l to the I. A. M. o r i t s e s t a b l i s h e d p o l i c i e s and l a w s . A c c e p t i n g e m p l o y m e n t in any c a p a c i t y in an e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h e r e a s t r i k e o r lo c k o u t e x i s t s a s r e c o g n i z e d u n d e r th is C o n s t it u ti o n , w ithou t p e r m i s s i o n . A c q u i r i n g m e m b e r s h i p by f a l s e p r e t e n s e , m isr e p r e se n ta tio n , or fraud. Any o t h e r co n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r o f the I. A. M. A c c e p t i n g e m p l o y m e n t in a n y c a p a c i t y in an e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h e r e a s t r i k e o r lo c k o u t e x i s t s a s r e c o g n i z e d u n d e r t h is C o n s t it u ti o n , w ithou t p e r m i s s i o n . A c t i o n s c o n s t i t u t i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f the p r o v i s i o n s of th is C o n s t it u ti o n . I l l e g a l v o tin g o r in a n y w a y p r e v e n t i n g an h o n e s t e l e c t i o n to f i l l e l e c t i v e o f f i c e s , p o s t s o r p o s i t i o n s in the G. L . o r a n y L . L . , D. L . , council o r co n fe re n c e . Any o t h e r c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a m e m b e r of the I. A . M . , p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , th at any ch a rg e of such conduct sh a ll s p e c ific a lly se t fo r t h the a c t o r a c t s o r o m i s s i o n s a l l e g e d to constitute su ch o ffen se . T ria l P ro ce d u re T rial P roced u re A rtic le K A rtic le L S u sp e n sio n s S e c t i o n 4. W h e n e v e r the I. P . s u s p e n d s a L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , c h a r g e d with any o f the a c t s s e t f o r t h in S e c t io n s 1, 2 a n d 3 a b o v e , p e n d in g a f in a l d i s p o s i t i o n o f s u c h c h a r g e s , a n y s u c h o r d e r of S e c t i o n 4. A m e n d e d to read a s follow s: S u sp e n sio n s S e c t i o n 4. W h e n e v e r the I. P . s u s p e n d s a L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e 180 D -l Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t i o n 4 . — C ontinu ed su sp en sion sh a llb e sen tby r e g is te r e d m a il, or t e l e g r a m , to s u c h L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r , o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , o r m e m b e r , t o g e t h e r with a f u ll s t a t e m e n t of the c h a r g e s upon wh ich su sp en sio n is p red ic ate d . D u r in g the s u s p e n s i o n o f a Li. L . a n d / o r D. L . , p e n d in g the d i s p o s i t i o n o f c h a r g e s , the L . L . a n d /o r D. L . s h a l l b e u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n o f the I. P . o r h is r e p r e se n ta tiv e . D u r in g s u c h p e r i o d the L . L . a n d /o r D. L . s h a l l fun ction only in t h o s e c a p a c i t i e s th a t w i l l b e s t s e r v e the i n t e r e s t s of the m e m b e r s . Any s u c h o r d e r s u s p e n d i n g an o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r s h a l l o p e r a t e only to s u s p e n d the r i g h t o f s u c h o f f i c e r o r m e m b e r to a tte n d m e e t i n g s of any L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e , h o ld any o f f i c e , o r o t h e r w i s e p a r t i c i p a t e in any of the a c t i v i t i e s o f the I. A . M. A ll o t h e r m e m b e r s h i p r i g h t s o f s u c h officer, re p re se n ta tiv e , or m e m b e r, sh all r e m a i n u n a f f e c t e d u n l e s s an d u n til he h a s b e e n t r i e d a n d c o n v i c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o c e d u r e s s e t fo r t h h e r e i n . c h a r g e d with any o f the a c t s s e t f o r t h in S e c t io n s 1, 2 a n d 3 a b o v e , p e n d in g a f in a l d i s p o s i t i o n of s u c h c h a r g e s , a n y s u c h o r d e r of s u s p e n s i o n s h a l l be s e n t by r e g i s t e r e d m a i l , o r t e l e g r a m , to s u c h L . L . o r D. L . , o r o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , t o g e t h e r with a full s t a t e m e n t o f the c h a r g e s upon w h ich s u s p e n s i o n i s p r e d i c a t e d . D u r in g the s u s p e n s i o n of a L . L . a n d / o r D. L . , p e n d in g the d i s p o s i t i o n o f c h a r g e s , the L . L . a n d / o r D . L . s h a l l be u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n of the I. P . o r h i s r e p re se n ta tiv e . D u r in g s u c h p e r i o d the L . L . a n d / o r D . L . s h a l l fu n ctio n only in t h o s e c a p a c i t i e s th a t w i l l b e s t s e r v e the i n t e r e s t s of the m e m b e r s h i p . Any s u c h o r d e r s u s p e n d i n g an o f f i c e r o r e l e c t e d o r a p p o in t e d r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s h a l l o p e r a t e on ly to s u s p e n d the r i g h t of s u c h p e r s o n to o c c u p y any o f f i c e o r p o s i t i o n p e r f o r m any of the f u n c t io n s t h e r e o f , b u t a l l o t h e r m e m b e r s h i p r i g h t s of s u c h o f f i c e r o r r e p re se n ta tiv e sh all re m ain unaffected u n less an d u ntil he h a s b e e n s e r v e d with c h a r g e s an d t r i e d an d c o n v i c t e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o c e d u r e s h e r e a f t e r s e t f o r t h in t h is A r t i c l e . T r i a l of L o c a l L o d g e o r D i s t r i c t L o d g e S e c t i o n 5. A c h a r g e o f m i s c o n d u c t a g a i n s t a L . L . o r D. L . m a y b e p r e f e r r e d b y any o f f i c e r , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r m e m b e r , in w r it i n g t r a n s m i t t e d to the I. P . A t r i a l of s u c h a ch arge sh all be had b efo re a sp e c ia l c o m m it t e e d e s i g n a t e d b y the I. P . f o r that p u r p o s e , o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n of the G. L . a t the d i s c r e t i o n o f the I. P . T h ese trib u n als a r e v e s t e d with o r i g i n a l t r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n to h e a r and d e c i d e s u c h c h a r g e s in the m a n n e r p r e s c r i b e d b e lo w : Th e L . L . o r D . L . s h a l l b e n o t if i e d in w r i t ing by r e g i s t e r e d m a i l of the c h a r g e s on w h ich it w i l l b e t r i e d , an d the t i m e an d p l a c e of t r i a l w h ich s h a l l b e h e l d not l e s s than 30 d a y s a f t e r the m a i l i n g o f s u c h n o t ic e b y the G. S. T. In the c a s e of a t r i a l b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , the a c c u s e d L . L . o r D. L . s h a l l b e g iv e n fu l l o p p o r t u n it y to p r e s e n t e v id e n c e and a r g u m e n t s in r e f u t a t io n o f the p r e f e r r e d c h a r g e s , to e x a m i n e an d c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s , and m a y b e r e p r e s e n t e d by an a t t o r ney , a s p r o v i d e d in S e c t i o n 10 o f t h is A r t i c l e . The s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t in w r i t ing to the I. P . i t s v e r d i c t an d i t s r e c o m m e n d a t io n o f the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d if the v e r d i c t b e that of " g u i l t y . " The I .P . m a y a f f i r m , S e c t i o n 5. S e c t i o n h e a d in g a m e n d e d to re a d : T r ia l of L o c a l L o d g e , D is tr ic t L o d g e , C o u n c il o r C o n f e r e n c e . The f o llo w in g A m e n d m e n t s a l s o m a d e : L i n e s 2, 12, 18, and lin e 32, the l a n g u a g e " L . L . o r D . L . " c h a n g e d to r e a d : "L . L. , D. L . , C o u n c il o r C o n f e r e n c e . " In sertin g, a f t e r the w o r d " n o t i f i e d " on lin e 12, the w o r d s " b y the G. S. T. " D e l e t i n g , on lin e 16, the w o r d s " b y the G. S . T . " I n s e r t i n g , a f t e r the w o r d " C o m m i t t e e " on lin e 58, the f o llo w in g : "or r e j e c t s a C o m m i t t e e finding o f 'n o t g u i l t y ' and then f in d s the d e fe n d a n t ' g u i l t y ' " . 181 D-l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 C o n s t it u tio n 1961 C o n s t it u ti o n S e c t i o n 5 . — C on tin u ed m o d i f y , o r r e v e r s e in fu ll o r in p a r t , the d e c i s i o n o f the s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , o r i m p o s e any p e n a l t y o r fin e w h ich he d e e m s to b e re q u ired . Any L . L . o r D. L . s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to d e m a n d th a t the t r i a l b e c o n d u c t e d in the l o c a l i t y w h e r e the o f f e n s e i s a l l e g e d to h a v e b e e n c o m m i t t e d e x c e p t that th is p r o v i s i o n s h a l l not a p p l y with r e s p e c t to t r i a l s c o n d u c t e d by the G. L . co n v e n tio n a s h e r e i n a f t e r p rovided. In the c a s e of a t r i a l b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n o f the G. L». , the t r i a l s h a l l b e r e f e r r e d to and c o n d u c t e d b y the A p p e a l s a n d G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e of the co n v e n tio n w h ich s h a l l a c c o r d the a c c u s e d fu ll o p p o r t u n it y to p r e s e n t e v id e n c e in r e f u t a t io n of the p r e f e r r e d c h a r g e s , to e x a m i n e and c r o s s - e x a m i n e w i t n e s s e s , and the a c c u s e d m a y b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y an a t t o r n e y , a s p r o v i d e d in S e c t i o n 10 o f th is A r t i c l e ; an d s u c h c o m m i t t e e s h a l l s u b m i t i t s r e p o r t to the co n v e n tio n , w h ich s h a l l i n c lu d e i t s f in d i n g s and v e r d i c t , t o g e t h e r with i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d i f the v e r d i c t b e that of " g u i l t y . " The c o n v e n tio n m a y a m e n d o r r e j e c t the v e r d i c t o r f in d i n g s o f s a i d c o m m i t t e e in w h ole o r in p a r t , an d fin d the a c c u s e d e i t h e r " g u i l t y " o r " n o t g u ilt y . " If the co n v e n tio n c o n c u r s with a " g u i l t y " v e r d i c t o f the A p p e a l s and G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e , the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of s a i d c o m m i t t e e a s to the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d m a y b e a m e n d e d o r r e j e c t e d in w h ole o r in p a r t a n d / o r a n o t h e r p e n a l t y s u b s t i t u t e d t h e r e f o r b y a m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e d e l e g a t e s vo tin g on the q u e s t io n . S u c h a c t i o n o f the c o n v e n tio n s h a l l b e r e c o g n i z e d a n d a c c e p t e d a s f in a l and b in d in g on a l l p a r t i e s . T r ia l of O ffic e r s or R e p r e s e n ta t iv e s S e c t i o n 6. A c h a r g e of m i s c o n d u c t m a y b e m a d e a g a i n s t any o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a L . L . o r D. L . b y an y m e m b e r in w r i t ing t r a n s m i t t e d to the I. P . , with a c o py to the p r o p e r o f f i c e r of the b o d y in v o lv e d . The I. P . m a y d e t e r m i n e th at f a i r n e s s to the a c c u s e d and the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the I. A . M. re q u ire a tr ia l th ereof b efo re a sp e c ia l c o m m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d b y the I. P . f o r that p u r p o s e o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n of the G. L . In the ev en t the I. P . r e f e r s the c h a r g e s to t r i a l S e c t i o n 6. A ch a rg e of m isc o n d u ct m a y be m a d e a g a in s t any o f f ic e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f a L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e , by any m e m b e r in w r i t i n g to the p r o p e r o f f i c e r o f the b od y in v o lv e d w ith a c o p y of su c h c h a r g e s to the I. P . T h e I. P . m a y d e t e r m i n e that f a i r n e s s to the a c c u s e d a n d the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the I. A . M. r e q u i r e a t r i a l t h e r e o f b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d by the I. P . f o r that p u r p o s e o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n of the G. L . In the ev en t the I. P . 182 D-l. Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t i o n 6 . — C on tin u ed b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e o r b e f o r e the c o n v e n tio n o f the G. L t h e m a t t e r s h a l l b e h e a r d and d e c i d e d b y t h o s e t r i b u n a l s in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 5 of t h is A r t i c l e . O t h e r w i s e , the c h a r g e s w i l l b e t r i e d b e f o r e the L . L . o r D. L . of w h ich the a c c u s e d i s an o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n s 8 t h ro u g h 13 of th is A r t i c l e . r e f e r s the c h a r g e s to t r i a l b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e o r b e f o r e the co n v e n tio n o f the G . L . , the m a t t e r s h a l l b e h e a r d a n d d e c i d e d by t h o s e t r i b u n a l s in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 5 of th is A r t i c l e . O t h e r w i s e , the c h a r g e s w i l l b e t r i e d b e f o r e the L . L . , D. L . , c o u n c i l o r c o n f e r e n c e of w h ich the a c c u s e d i s an o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e in a c c o r d a n c e with the t r i a l p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n s 8 t h ro u g h 13 o f t h is A rtic le . T r ia l of a M e m b e r S e c t i o n 7. C h arges p r e fe r r e d again st a m e m b e r f o r o t h e r than a v i o l a t i o n of h i s o r h e r duty o r d u t i e s a s an o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of e i t h e r a L . L . o r D. L . s h a l l b e g o v e r n e d b y the fo llo w in g p r o c e d u r e s : It i s the duty o f any m e m b e r who h a s i n f o r m a t i o n a s to c o n d u c t of a m e m b e r c o v e r e d b y S e c t i o n 3 o f t h is A r t i c l e to i m m e d i a t e l y p r e f e r c h a r g e s in w r it i n g a g a i n s t s u c h m e m b e r b y f ilin g the s a m e w ith the p r e s i d e n t of the L . L . o f w h ich the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r . The p r e s i d e n t of the L . L . with w h o m the c h a r g e s a r e f i l e d s h a l l su p p l y a c o py to the a c c u s e d a n d fo rth w ith p r o c e e d to b r i n g the a c c u s e d to t r i a l u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s o f S e c t io n s 8 th ro u g h 13 of th is A r t i c l e , e x c e p t that the I. P . m a y , w hen he d e e m s s u c h a c t i o n n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r to p r o v i d e a f a i r t r i a l o r to p r o t e c t the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the I. A. M . , d i r e c t th a t the a c c u s e d b e t r i e d e i t h e r by a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e d e s i g n a t e d f o r th at p u r p o s e o r b y the G. L . co n v e n tio n . In the e v e n t the l a t t e r p r o c e d u r e i s a d o p t e d , the t r i a l o f the c h a r g e s s h a l l b e g o v e r n e d b y the p r o v i s i o n s o f S e c t i o n 5 o f th is A r t i c l e . i In the e v e n t the p r e s i d e n t o r the p r e s i d e n t and o t h e r o f f i c e r s o f the L . L . a r e in v o lv e d in the c h a r g e s f i l e d , the n e x t r a n k in g o f f i c e r s h a l l p r e s i d e , a s h e r e i n s e t f o rt h . In the a p p l i c a t i o n of t h is S e c t i o n the o r d e r of r a n k ing of o f f i c e r s s h a l l b e p r e s i d e n t a n d v i c e p r e s i d e n t . In the ev en t a p r e s i d e n t a n d v i c e p r e s i d e n t a r e in v o lv e d in the c h a r g e s , o r a r e a b s e n t , the R. S . s h a l l c a l l f o r n o m i n a t i o n of a t e m p o r a r y c h a i r m a n an d the m e m b e r s p r e s ent s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y p r o c e e d to s e l e c t a t e m p o r a r y c h a i r m a n b y m a j o r i t y v o te . The t e m p o r a r y c h a i r m a n s e l e c t e d s h a l l then p r o c e e d to c a r r y out the r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h is S e c t io n . S e c t i o n 7. Sam e. 183 D-l. Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 196 1 Constitution 1958 Constitution S e c t i o n 7. — C on tin u ed In the ev en t that any L . L . , o r the m e m b e r s t h e r e o f , f a i l to p r o c e e d a s p r e s c r i b e d h e r e i n , then any o f f i c e r o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , o r m e m b e r , m a y f i l e w r it t e n c h a r g e s a g a i n s t s u c h m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s with the I. P . U pon the r e c e i p t o f s u c h c h a r g e s , the I. P . s h a l l f o r w a r d one co py t h e r e o f to the a c c u s e d and one co p y t h e r e o f to the p r e s i d e n t o f the L . L . of w h ich the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r , t o g e t h e r with an o r d e r c o m m a n d i n g s a i d L . L . to p r o c e e d to p l a c e the a c c u s e d on t r i a l u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s of th is A r t i c l e . If s a i d L . L . f a i l s o r r e f u s e s f o r 15 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r , to p r o c e e d a s o r d e r e d b y the I. P . , then the I. P . s h a l l n otify the a c c u s e d a n d the L . L . of w h ich the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r , of the t im e and p l a c e , when and w h e r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e w i l l m e e t f o r the p u r p o s e of h e a r ing e v id e n c e and t r y i n g the a c c u s e d upon ch a rg e s th eretofore p r e f e r r e d , p rovided, how e v e r , that the I. P . o r the E . C. m a y , i f they d e e m a d v i s a b l e , in l ie u of a t r i a l b e f o r e a s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e , o r d e r the a c c u s e d to b e t r i e d by the G. L . co n v e n tio n . In the e v e n t the l a t t e r p r o c e d u r e i s a d o p t e d , the t r i a l o f the c h a r g e s s h a l l b e g o v e r n e d b y the p r o v i s i o n s of S e c t i o n 5 of t h is A r t i c l e . A p p o in t m e n t o f T r i a l C o m m i t t e e S e c t i o n 8. E x cep t a s otherw ise p rovided in t h is A r t i c l e , w h e n e v e r c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a m e m b e r , the p r e s i d e n t of the L . L . s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y a p p o in t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e of not m o r e than 5 m e m b e r s , one of w h om s h a l l a c t a s c h a i r m a n and one of w h om s h a l l a c t a s s e c r e t a r y , to i n v e s t i g a t e the c h a r g e s , t a k e t e s t i m o n y and d e c i d e upon the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the a c c u s e d . The t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s o a p p o i n t e d s h a l l w ithin one w e e k t h e r e a f t e r , n otify the m e m b e r of the c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h i m an d the t i m e and p l a c e , when and w h e r e , to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l . S e c t i o n 8. R e p l a c e d by the f o llo w in g : S e c t i o n 8. E x c ep t a s otherw ise provided in t h is A r t i c l e , w h e n e v e r c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a m e m b e r , the p r e s i d e n t of the L . L . s h a l l p r o m p t l y a p p o in t a t r i a l c o m m i t t e e of not m o r e than 5 m e m b e r s , one of w h om s h a l l a c t a s c h a i r m a n and one of w h om sh all act a s s e c r e t a r y . The t r ia l co m m ittee s h a l l c o n d u c t an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the c h a r g e s and d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t s u b s t a n c e to w a r r a n t a t r i a l h e a r i n g b e i n g h e ld . If the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e d e c i d e s a t r i a l h e a r i n g i s w a r r a n t e d , the c o m m i t t e e s h a l l , w ithin one w e e k of i t s a p p o i n t m e n t , n otify the m e m b e r of the c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h i m and when an d w h e r e to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l . Th e t i m e s e t f o r t r i a l s h a l l a l lo w the a c c u s e d a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e (not l e s s than 7 c a l e n d a r d a y s a f t e r n o t i f i c a tio n ) to p r e p a r e h i s d e f e n s e . If the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e d e c i d e s the c h a r g e s sh o u ld b e d i s m i s s e d on the b a s i s of l a c k of s u p p o r t i n g e v i d e n c e , it w i l l s o r e c o m m e n d to 184 D -l. Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 C o n s t it u ti o n 1961 C o n s t it u ti o n S e c t io n 8 . — C on tin u ed the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the L . L . a n d the L . L . s h a l l a d o p t o r r e j e c t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e ’s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . If the E . E . a d o p t s the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , the c h a r g e s s h a l l s t a n d d i s m i s s e d s u b j e c t to a p p e a l of L . L . d e c i s i o n s a s p r o v i d e d in S e c t i o n 14 of t h is A r t i c l e . If the L . L . r e j e c t s the c o m m i t t e e ' s r e c o m m e n d a t io n , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l p r o c e e d to n otify the c h a r g e d m e m b e r a n d h o ld a t r i a l hearing. A ppearance S e c t i o n 9. If a m e m b e r f a i l s to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l when n o t if i e d to do s o , the t r i a l s h a l l p r o c e e d a s though the m e m b e r w e r e in f a c t p resen t. S e c t i o n 9. Sam e. S e c t i o n 10. Sam e. E v id en ce S e c t i o n 10. B o th the p l a i n t i f f and the d e fen d a n t s h a l l h a v e the p r i v i l e g e of p r e s e n t i n g e v id e n c e a n d b e in g r e p r e s e n t e d e i t h e r in p e r so n o r b y a t t o r n e y (the a t t o r n e y b e in g a m e m b e r of the I. A. M .) . The t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l m a i n t a i n a w r i t t e n r e c o r d of the t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , in c lu d in g a l l t e s t i m o n y and d o c u m e n t s i n t r o d u c e d b y e i t h e r the p l a i n t i f f o r the d e fe n d a n t. T r ia l P ro c e d u re S e c t i o n 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C a l l t r i a l c o m m i t t e e to o r d e r . E x a m i n e due b o o k s . C l e a r the t r i a l c h a m b e r of a l l p e o p l e e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the t r i a l r e p o r t e r (who n e e d not b e a m e m b e r of the I. A . M. ), the p l a i n t i f f an d h i s a t t o r n e y , the d e f e n d a n t an d h i s a t t o r n ey , and a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the G. L . , i f in a t t e n d a n c e . Th e p l a i n t i f f an d the d e f e n d a n t s h a l l r e m a i n in the t r i a l c h a m b e r u n til t r i a l i s c o n c l u d e d , bu t s h a l l s i t a p a r t . The c h a i r m a n s h a l l r e a d the c h a r g e s and a s k the d e f e n d a n t if he i s " g u i l t y " o r " n o t g u ilt y . " If the p l e a i s " n o t g u i l t y " the t r i a l s h a l l then p r o c e e d ; if the p l e a i s " g u i l t y " the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l co n d u c t s u c h f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s a s in i t s j u d g m e n t a r e r e q u i r e d . The p l a i n t i f f o r h i s a t t o r n e y s h a l l p r e sent his c a s e f ir st. S e c t i o n 11. S a m e , e x c e p t in s u b s e c t i o n 3 , c h a n g e " a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e " to r e a d " r e p r e sen tatives. " 185 D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t io n 1 1. — C on tin u ed 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. W i t n e s s e s s h a l l b e c a l l e d into the t r i a l c h a m b e r one a t a t i m e , and w i l l l e a v e the t r i a l c h a m b e r upon c o m p l e t i n g t h e ir t e s t i m o n y , s u b j e c t to r e c a l l b y e i t h e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the p l a i n t i f f , the d e f e n d a n t, o r the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the G. Li. A ll p e r s o n s g iv in g t e s t i m o n y s h a l l b e r e q u i r e d to a f f i r m that the t e s t i m o n y that they g i v e s h a l l b e the tru th . D e fe n d a n t and h i s a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e p l a i n t i f f ' s w itn esses. D e f e n d a n t ' s w i t n e s s e s s h a l l then b e called . P l a i n t i f f and h i s a t t o r n e y s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to c r o s s - e x a m i n e the d e fen d a n t ' s w itne s s e s . F o l lo w i n g the c o m p l e t i o n o f c r o s s e x a m i n a t i o n , the p l a i n t i f f and d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e g i v e n the o p p o r t u n it y to m a k e a s t a t e m e n t o r s u m m a t i o n of t h e ir c a s e , with the p l a i n t i f f h a v in g the f i r s t and l a s t o p p o r t u n it y f o r r e m arks. B e f o r e the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e gin t h e i r d e l i b e r a t i o n s upon the t e s t i m o n y g i v e n , a l l p e r s o n s e x c e p t the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , s h a l l l e a v e the t r i a l cham ber. R e p o r t of T r i a l C o m m i t t e e S e c t i o n 12. The t r ia l co m m itte e sh a ll c o n s i d e r a l l o f the e v id e n c e in the c a s e and t h e r e a f t e r a g r e e upon i t s v e r d i c t of " g u i l t y " o r " n o t g u ilt y . " If the v e r d i c t b e that of " g u i l t y , " the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l then c o n s i d e r an d a g r e e upon i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of p u n is h m e n t . Th e t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f the L . L . s u c h r e p o r t s h a l l b e in two p a r t s a s f o l l o w s : 1. Th e r e p o r t s h a l l c o n t a in a s y n o p s i s of the e v i d e n c e and t e s t i m o n y p r e s e n t e d b y b oth s i d e s t o g e t h e r with the f in d in g s an d v e r d i c t of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e . A f t e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e h a s m a d e the n e c e s s a r y e x p l a n a t io n of i t s i n ten t an d m e a n i n g , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e ' s v e r d i c t with r e s p e c t to g u ilt o r in n o c e n c e o f the d e f e n d a n t, s h a l l b e s u b m i t t e d w ithou t d e b a t e to a v o te b y s e c r e t b a l l o t of the m e m b e r s of the L . L . in a t t e n d a n c e . S e c t i o n 12. R eplaced by the f o llo w in g : R e p o rt of T r ia l C om m ittee S e c t i o n 12. The t r i a l co m m itte e sh a ll c o n s i d e r a l l o f the e v i d e n c e in the c a s e and t h e r e a f t e r a g r e e upon i t s v e r d i c t of " g u i l t y " o r " n o t g u ilt y . " If the v e r d i c t b e that of " g u i l t y , " the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l then c o n s i d e r and a g r e e upon i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of p u n is h m e n t . F o l lo w i n g c o m p l e t i o n of t h e s e d e l i b e r a t i o n s an d c o n c l u s i o n s , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e s h a l l r e p o r t a t the n e x t r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of the L . L . T h e p l a i n t i f f and the d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e p r o m p t l y n o t if ie d in w r it i n g b y the R . S. of the d e c i s i o n of the L . L . with r e s p e c t to the g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e of the d e f e n d a n t and with r e s p e c t to the p e n a l t y i m p o s e d i f the L . L . took a c t i o n on the l a t t e r ; the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e ' s r e p o r t s h a l l b e in two p a r t s a s f o l l o w s : 186 D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 C o n s t it u tio n 1961 C o n s t it u tio n S e c t i o n 1 2 . — C ontinu ed 2. If the L . L . c o n c u r s with a " g u i l t y " v e r d i c t of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f the c o m m i t t e e a s to the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d s h a l l b e s u b m i t t e d in a s e p a r a t e r e p o r t to the L . L . and v o te d on b y s e c r e t b a l l o t of the m e m b e r s then in a t t e n d a n c e . 1. Th e r e p o r t s h a l l c o n t a in a s y n o p s i s of the e v i d e n c e and t e s t i m o n y p r e s e n t e d by both s i d e s t o g e t h e r with the f in d i n g s and v e r d i c t o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e . A f t e r the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e h a s m a d e the n e c e s s a r y e x p l a n a t io n of i t s inten t and m e a n i n g , the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e ' s v e r d i c t with r e s p e c t to g u il t o r in n o c e n c e of the d e f e n d a n t s h a l l b e s u b m i t t e d w ithou t d e b a t e to a v o te by s e c r e t b a l l o t o f the m e m b e r s o f the L . L . in a t t e n d a n c e . 2. If the L . L . c o n c u r s with a " g u i l t y " v e r d i c t of the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the c o m m i t t e e a s to the p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d s h a l l be s u b m i t t e d in a s e p a r a t e r e p o r t to the L . L . and v o te d on b y s e c r e t b a l l o t of the m e m b e r s then in a t te n d a n c e . V oting on R e p o r t S e c t i o n 13. Th e p e n a l t y r e c o m m e n d e d by the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e m a y b e a m e n d e d , r e j e c t e d , o r a n o t h e r p u n i s h m e n t s u b s t i t u t e d t h e r e f o r , by a m a j o r i t y v o te of t h o s e v o tin g on the q u e s tio n, e x c e p t th a t it s h a l l r e q u i r e a t w o - t h i r d s v o te of t h o s e vo tin g to e x p e l the d e fe n d a n t from m e m b e rsh ip . Sec tio n 13. Sam e. If the L . L . r e v e r s e s a "n o t g u i l t y " v e r d i c t o f the t r i a l c o m m i t t e e , the p u n i s h m e n t to be i m p o s e d s h a l l b e d e c i d e d by the L . L . b y a m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e vo tin g on the q u e s t i o n , e x c e p t that it s h a l l r e q u i r e a t w o - t h i r d s vo te o f t h o s e v o tin g to e x p e l the d e f e n d a n t f r o m m em b e rsh ip . D i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n f r o m h o ld in g o f f i c e a s a pen alty for m isc o n d u ct a s a m e m b e r or o f f i c e r , s h a l l b e l i m i t e d to 5 y e a r s . A r t i c l e III R ecall P rovision s S e c t i o n 21. A L . L . in g o o d s t a n d i n g with the G. L . m a y p r o p o s e the r e c a l l of any one o r m o r e of the G. L . o f f i c e r s , the c o m m i t t e e on la w and d e l e g a t e s to the A. F . L . - C. I. O. a nd the C. L . C. b y f ilin g with the G. S. T . a p e t it i o n f o r the r e c a l l of s u c h o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s , t o g e t h e r with the e n d o r s e m e n t s t h e r e o f u n d e r the s e a l o f a t l e a s t 15% of the L . L s . in g o o d s t a n d i n g with the G. L . , not m o r e than 15 o f w h ich s h a l l b e l o c a t e d in any one state, p rovin ce or te r rito r y . E v e r y p e t it i o n f o r a r e c a l l m u s t c o n t a in a c l e a r , c o n c i s e S ec tio n 2 1 . S a m e . R e n u m b e r e d S e c t i o n 22. 187 D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 Constitution S e c t i o n 2 1 . — C on tin u ed s t a t e m e n t o f the s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s a g a i n s t su c h o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s upon wh ich the p r o c e e d ing i s b a s e d . A ll c i r c u l a r s i s s u e d b y a L . L . f o r the p u r p o s e of s e c u r i n g the e n d o r s e m e n t s of o t h e r L . L s . m u s t b e i d e n t i c a l a s to c o n ten t and f o r m , in c lu d in g the e n d o r s e m e n t f o r m attach ed th ereto. A ll su ch c i r c u l a r s sh a ll b e a r the d a t e o f i s s u a n c e , b e m a d e r e t u r n a b l e to the L . L . i s s u i n g s a m e a n d d e p o s i t e d b y s u c h L . L . with the G. S . T. w ithin 45 d a y s a f t e r the d a t e t h e r e o f . Upon r e c e i p t o f the p e t it i o n and e n d o r s e m e n t s f o r r e c a l l , the G. S . T. s h a l l n otify the o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t and f u r n i s h h i m o r th e m with a c o r r e c t c o py of the p e t it i o n and the n u m b e r s of the L . L s . a p p e a r i n g a s e n d o r s e r s t h e r e o f , and s u c h o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s m a y w ithin 10 d a y s t h e r e a f t e r f i l e a w r it t e n s t a t e m e n t o f d e f e n s e , c o n ta in in g not m o r e than 500 w o r d s , with the G. S. T. , who s h a l l c a u s e the s a m e to b e p r i n t e d and m a i l e d to a l l L . L s . c o n c u r r e n t l y w ith the c a l l f o r the e n d o r s e m e n t s f o r n o m i n e e s n e x t h e r e i n a fter pro v ided for. On the 1 st o f the m o n th n e x t f o llo w in g , the G. S. T . s h a l l i s s u e a c i r c u l a r to a l l L . L s . c a l l i n g f o r e n d o r s e m e n t s o f n o m i n e e s f o r the o f f i c e o r o f f i c e s h e ld b y the o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t . The s e l e c t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s an d the e l e c t i o n , and the t a b u l a t in g and coun tin g o f the v o t e s , e x c e p t a s h e r e i n a f t e r m o d i f i e d , s h a l l p r o c e e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the e l e c t i o n l a w s s e t f o r t h , s u b s t i t u t i n g the n a m e o f s u c h m o n t h s a s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to h o ld an i n t e r i m e l e c t i o n in p l a c e of t h o s e m o n t h s s p e c i f i e d in o t h e r S e c t i o n s of th is A r t i c l e . U n l e s s the o f f i c e r w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t l a c k s the n e c e s s a r y q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o r f i l e s a w r it t e n d e c l i n a t i o n w ith the G. S . T . , h i s n a m e s h a l l b e p r i n t e d upon the o f f i c i a l b a l l o t t o g e t h e r with the n a m e of the one o t h e r c a n d i d a t e who h a s r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t 25 e n d o r s e m e n t s and the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r o f e n d o r s e m e n t s a s c a n d i d a t e f o r n o m i n e e f o r that o f f i c e . S h o u ld the o f f i c e r w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t d e c l i n e to b e a c a n d i d a t e o r l a c k the n e c e s s a r y q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , then the n a m e s of 2 m e m b e r s who h a v e e a c h r e c e i v e d a t l e a s t 25 e n d o r s e m e n t s an d g r e a t e s t and n e x t g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of e n d o r s e m e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a s can d id ates fo r n om in ee fo r su ch o ffice, sh a ll b e p r i n t e d upon the o f f i c i a l b a l l o t a s c a n d i d ate s fo r such o ffice. 1961 Constitution 188 D -l. Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t i o n 2 1 . — C on tin u ed T h e c a n d i d a t e f o r any o f f i c e who r e c e i v e s the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of v o t e s in any r e c a l l e l e c t i o n s h a l l b e p r o m p t l y n o t if i e d of h i s e l e c t i o n b y the G. S . T , If the o f f i c e r w h o s e r e c a l l i s so u g h t , i s not e l e c t e d , h i s t e n u r e of o f f i c e s h a l l t e r m i n a t e 15 d a y s a f t e r the r e s u l t o f the e l e c t i o n i s a n n o u n c e d and the n ew ly e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s h a l l t h e r e u p o n a s s u m e the d u t i e s o f the o f f i c e . A ppeals A pp eals A rtic le K A rtic le L A pp eal F r o m D ec isio n of L . L . or D .L . S e c t i o n 14. An a p p e a l m a y b e t a k e n to the I. P . f r o m the d e c i s i o n of a L . L . o r D. L . by e i t h e r the a c c u s e d o r the p a r t y p r e f e r r i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t the a c c u s e d w ithin 30 d a y s a f t e r the v e r d i c t . S u ch a p p e a l m u s t b e a d d r e s s e d to the I. P . in w r it i n g and s e t f o r t h in s p e c i f i c d e t a i l the g r o u n d s on w h ich it i s b a s e d . The a p p e a l m a y a l s o in c lu d e a n y a r g u m e n t in s u p p o r t t h e r e o f w h ic h the a p p e l la n t d e s i r e s to a d v a n c e , b u t s h a l l not in c lu d e any new e v i d e n c e . Th e I. P . s h a l l t r a n s m i t to the o p p o s i n g p a r t y a copy of the a p p e a l and s u c h p a r t y s h a l l h a v e a p e r i o d of 15 d a y s to reply th ereto. T h e I. P . s h a l l o b ta in f r o m the L . L . o r D. L . a c o m p l e t e r e c o r d of the t r i a l b e f o r e the L . L . o r D. L . an d s h a l l m a k e a d e c i s i o n b a s e d on s u c h r e c o r d , wh ich s h a l l b e f in a l a n d b in d in g u n l e s s c h a n g e d on f u r t h e r a p p e a l a s h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d . Th e d e c i s i o n o f the I. P . s h a l l c o n t a in h i s f in d in g s and c o n c l u s i o n s and the p e n a l t y , i f any, to b e im posed. Upon s u c h an a p p e a l the I. P . s h a l l h a v e fu l l a u t h o r i t y to a f f i r m o r to m o d i f y o r r e v e r s e , in w h o le o r in p a r t , the d e c i s i o n of the L . L . o r D. L ., o r to r e m a n d the p r o c e e d i n g s f o r f u r t h e r t r i a l b e f o r e the D . L . o r D . L . , o r to i m p o s e any p e n a l t y o r fin e w h ich he d e e m s to b e r e q u i r e d , in c lu d in g e x p u l s i o n . No p a r t y to the a p p e a l s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to a p p e a r in p e r s o n b e f o r e the I. P . H ow ever, the I. P . , i f h e d e e m s it n e c e s s a r y o r d e s i r a b l e , in c o n n e c t io n with h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the a p p e a l , m a y a c c o r d s u c h a p r i v i l e g e . Th e I. P . s h a l l f u r n i s h a co py of h i s d e c i s i o n to e a c h p a r t y to the a p p e a l b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l . S e c t i o n 14. Sam e. S e c t io n 15. Sam e. A p p e a l f r o m D e c i s i o n of I. P . S e c t i o n 15. An a p p e a l m a y b e ta k e n f r o m a d e c i s i o n o f the I. P . to the E . C. by any int e r e s t e d p a r t y to the p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e e i t h e r the I. P . , the L . L . o r D. L . S u c h a p p e a l m u s t b e ta k e n w ithin 30 d a y s f r o m the d a t e of the 189 D -l. Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t i o n 15. — C on tin u ed I P ' s , d e c i s i o n and s h a l l b e m a d e in w r it i n g to the G. S. T. T h e a p p e a l s h a l l s e t fo r t h in s p e c i f i c d e t a i l the g r o u n d s t h e r e f o r and m a y i n c lu d e any w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in s u p p o r t of t h e s e g r o u n d s . The G. S . T . s h a l l a l s o n o tify the o p p o s i n g p a r t y o f any a p p e a l f r o m a d e c i s i o n of the I. P . to the E . C. and s h a l l f u r n is h s u c h p a r t y w ith a co p y t h e r e o f . T h e o p p o s i n g p a r t y s h a l l h a v e a p e r i o d of 15 d a y s in w h ich to f i l e a n y w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in o p p o s i t i o n to the a p p e a l with the G. S. T. The G. S . T . s h a l l t r a n s m i t to the E . C. s u c h a p p e a l and any w r it t e n a r g u m e n t s in o p p o s i t i o n t h e r e to, t o g e t h e r with the r e c o r d of the p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e the I. P . , an d the d e c i s i o n o f the E . C. s h a l l b e m a d e upon t h is r e c o r d an d the a r g u m e n t s s u b m i t t e d in c o n n e c t io n th e r e w it h . No p a r t y to the a p p e a l s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to a p p e a r in p e r s o n b e f o r e the E . C. H o w e v e r , the E . C. , i f it d e e m s n e c e s s a r y o r d e s i r a b l e in c o n n e c t io n with and c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the a p p e a l , m a y a c c o r d s u c h a p r i v i l e g e . The d e c i s i o n o f the E . C. s h a l l b e b y m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h o s e p a r t i c i p a t i n g and s h a l l b e f in a l u n l e s s c h a n g e d upon f u r t h e r a p p e a l a s h e r e u n d e r p r o v id e d . No m e m b e r o f the E . C. i n v o lv e d in the c a s e o r who h a s p a r t i c i p a t e d in the m a t t e r a t e a r l i e r s t a g e s s h a l l b e e n t it l e d to p a r t i c i p a t e in the d e c i s i o n on a p p e a l . The E . C . s h a l l h a v e f u ll a u t h o r i t y to a f f i r m o r to m o d i f y o r r e v e r s e , in w h ole o r in p a r t , the d e c i s i o n of the I. P . o r to r e m a n d the p r o c e e d i n g s f o r f u r t h e r t r i a l b e f o r e the L . L . o r D. L . o r to i m p o s e a n y p e n a l t y o r fin e w h ich it d e e m s to b e r e q u i r e d . T h e G . S . T . s h a l l f u r n i s h a co py o f the d e c i s i o n o f the E . C. to e a c h p a r t y to the a p p e a l b y r e g i s t e r e d m a i l . A p p e a l f r o m D e c i s i o n o f E . C. S ection l6. An a p p e a l m a y b e m a d e f r o m a d e c i s i o n of the E . C. b y any p a r t y to the p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e the E . C. to the G. L . co n v e n tio n , o r to the m e m b e r s h i p a t l a r g e b y s u b m i s s i o n t h e r e o f to the r e f e r e n d u m a s p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e X X III. S u c h a p p e a l s h a l l b e m a d e in w r it i n g to the G . S . T . w ithin 90 d a y s f r o m the d a t e o f the E . C ' s . d e c i s i o n and s h a l l s e t f o r t h in s p e c i f i c d e t a i l the g r o u n d s th erefor. T h e a p p e a l m a y in c lu d e a w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in s u p p o r t of s u c h g r o u n d s . The G. S. T. s h a l l n o tify the E . C. an d the o p p o s i n g p a r t y of s u c h a p p e a l a n d f u r n i s h t h e m with a co p y t h e r e o f . S u c h p a r t y m a y , w ithin 15 d a y s f i l e with the G. S. T . a w r i t t e n a r g u m e n t in o p p o s i t i o n to the a p p e a l . The a p p ea l sh a ll b e r e f e r r e d to the A p p e a l s an d G r i e v a n c e 690-094 0-63-14 S e c t i o n 16. L i n e 6, c h a n g e ,,X X I I I n to " X X . n D e l e t e l a s t s e n t e n c e , and a d d the f o l low in g p a r a g r a p h a t end: No o f f i c e r , m e m b e r , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , L . L . , D. L . , o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d y of the I .A .M . s h a l l r e s o r t to any c o u r t of la w o r eq u ity o r o t h e r c i v i l a u t h o r i t y f o r the p u r p o s e of s e c u r ing an opin ion o r d e c i s i o n in c o n n e c t io n with any a l l e g e d g r i e v a n c e p r w r o n g a r i s i n g w ithin the I. A. M . o r a n y o f i t s s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s u ntil s u c h p a r t y s h a l l h a v e f i r s t e x h a u s t e d a l l r e m e d i e s by a p p e a l o r o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d in t h is C o n s t it u ti o n not i n c o n s i s t e n t with a p p l i c a b l e la w f o r the s e t t l e m e n t and d i s p o s i t i o n o f such, a l l e g e d r i g h t s , g r i e v a n c e s o r w r o n g s . The I. P . , E . C. , a n d G. L . c o n v e n tio n a r e 190 D -l. Com parison of D iscipline P rovision s in 1958 and 1961 Constitutions of the International A ssociation of M achinists— Continued 1958 C o n s t it u tio n 1961 C o n s t it u ti o n S e c t i o n 1 6 . — C on tin u ed C o m m i t t e e of the c o n v e n tio n , and the G. S. T. s h a l l t r a n s m i t to s u c h c o m m i t t e e the r e c o r d o f the p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e the l o w e r t r i b u n a l s o f the I. A. M. a s w e l l a s the a r g u m e n t s of the a p p e l l a n t an d of the o p p o s i t i o n p a r t y . The A p p e a l s and G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e s h a l l , upon t i m e l y r e q u e s t , h e a r b oth p a r t i e s to the a p p e a l in p e r s o n . H o w e v e r , no p a r t y to the a p p e a l s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to a p p e a r in p e r s o n b e f o r e the co n v e n tio n . The A p p e a l s and G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e s h a l l m a k e a w r it t e n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n to the c o n v e n tio n b a s e d upon the r e c o r d b e f o r e it, w h ich s h a l l c o n ta in i t s f i n d i n g s , c o n c l u s i o n s , an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s to p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d , i f any. Th e c o n v e n tion m a y a m e n d o r r e j e c t in w h ole o r in p a r t the fin d i n g s an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f the A p p e a l s an d G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e a n d find the a c c u s e d e i t h e r " g u i l t y " o r " n o t g u ilt y . " The c o n v e n tio n m a y a l s o a c c e p t o r r e j e c t in w h ole o r in p a r t any r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the A p p e a l s and G r i e v a n c e C o m m i t t e e with r e s p e c t to a p e n a l t y to b e i m p o s e d , and m a y i t s e l f p r o v i d e a s u b s t i t u t e p e n a l t y b y a m a j o r i t y of d e l e g a t e s vo tin g on the q u e s t io n . S u c h a c t i o n of the co n v e n tio n s h a l l b e r e c o g n i z e d an d a c c e p t e d a s f in a l and b in d in g on a l l p a r t i e s . h e r e b y e m p o w e r e d to r e f u s e o r d e f e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , o r to r e f u s e o r d e f e r o r w ithho ld d e c i s i o n s , in any m a t t e r p e n d in g in any c o u r t of la w o r b e f o r e a n y o t h e r c i v i l a u t h o r i t y a s c i r c u m s t a n c e s in t h e i r j u d g m e n t m a y w a r r a n t and j u s t i f y . B e f o r e any a p p e a l ca n b e t a k e n f r o m an E . C. d e c i s i o n , the d e c i s i o n and a l l o r d e r s o f the E . C. in r e l a t i o n t h e r e t o m u s t b e c o m p l i e d with b y a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d t h e r e i n ; p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , that in the e v e n t the E . C. c o n c l u d e s th at c o m p l i a n c e p e n d in g a p p e a l w o u ld c o n s t i t u t e a s u b s t a n t i a l b a r to the e x e r c i s e o f the r i g h t t h e r e o f , c o m p l i a n c e t h e r e with m a y b e w a i v e d o r m o d i f i e d b y the E . C. with r e s p e c t t h e r e t o . In no c a s e s h a l l any L .L ,, D .L ., o fficer, re p re se n tativ e, or m e m b e r t h e r e o f , a p p e a l to the c i v i l c o u r t s f o r r e d r e s s u ntil a f t e r h a v in g e x h a u s t e d a l l r i g h t s of a p p e a l u n d e r t h is C o n s t it u tio n . R i g h t s o f M e m b e r D u r in g A p p e a l S e c t i o n 17. While any m e m b e r o r L . L . i s e x e r c i s i n g the r i g h t o f a p p e a l the f i n a n c i a l s t a n d i n g o f s u c h m e m b e r o r L . L . s h a l l not b e i m p a i r e d b y r e f u s a l to a c c e p t d u e s o r p e r c a p i t a t a x until a f t e r the E . C. h a s p a s s e d upon the a p p e a l . S e c t i o n 17. Sam e. S e c t i o n 18. Sam e. N o t i f i c a t i o n to L o c a l L o d g e and D i s t r i c t L o d g e S e c t i o n 18. W henever a p p e a ls a r e taken to the I. P . , E . C. , a c o n v e n tio n o f the G. L . o r g e n e r a l r e f e r e n d u m , the L . L . o r D. L . i n v o lv e d s h a l l b e n o t if i e d i m m e d i a t e l y . 191 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T eam sters 1957 C o n s titu tio n 1961 C o n s titu tio n Grounds Grounds A r t i c l e IX T r ia l of M em b er A ssau ltin g G en eral O f f ic e r o r O r g a n i z e r S e c t io n 4. Any m e m b e r o r n u m b e r of m e m b e r s of a L o c a l Union a s s a u l t i n g o r i n ju rin g a g e n e ra l o ffic e r, o r o r g a n iz e r, sh all be t r i e d and if found gu ilty p u n is h e d by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d on su ch c h a r g e in the s a m e m a n n e r a s h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d f o r oth e r t r i a l s and p u n is h m e n t s by the G e n e r a l Execu tiv e B o a r d . If he i s found not guilty, h i s e x p e n s e s to the p l a c e of the G e n e r a l E x ec u tiv e B o a r d m e e t i n g s h a l l be p a i d by the G e n e r a l O f f ic e . If he i s found guilty he s h a l l be d i s c i p l i n e d a s the ju d g m e n t of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d d i c t a t e s and h i s e x p e n s e s s h a l l not be p a i d . If he d e s i r e s not to attend h i s t r i a l , he m a y s u b m i t h i s a n s w e r o r d e f e n s e in w r it i n g to the B o a r d . A r t i c l e XVIII G r o u n d s fo r C h a r g e s A g a i n s t M e m b e r s , L o c a l U n ion s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s and O f f i c e r s S e c t io n 6. Th e b a s i s f o r c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r s , L o c a l U n io n s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , f o r which he o r it s h a l l sta n d t r i a l , s h a l l c o n s i s t of but not be l i m i t e d to- the follow in g : (1) V io la t io n of any s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n of the C o n s titu tio n o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m any of the d u t ie s s p e c i f i e d t h e r e u n d e r . (2) V io la t io n of the oath of lo y a lty to the L o c a l Union and the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union. (3) V io la tio n of the oath of o f f i c e . (4) G r o s s d i s lo y a l t y , o r conduct u n b e c o m ing a m e m b e r . (5) If an o f f i c e r , g r o s s in e ff i c i e n c y which s h a l l h in d e r and i m p a i r the i n t e r e s t s of the L o c a l Union o r of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union. (6) M i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n . (7) S e c e s s i o n , o r f o s t e r i n g the s a m e . S e c t io n 4. Sam e. A r t i c l e X IX G rounds for C h a r g e s A gain st M e m b e r s, L o c a l U n io n s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s and O f f i c e r s S e c t io n 6. The b a s i s fo r c h a r g e s again st m e m b e r s , o f fic e r s, elected b u sin e ss agents, L o c a l U n io n s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r oth e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , f o r which he o r it s h a ll st a n d t r i a l , s h a l l c o n s i s t of but not be l i m ite d to the follow ing: (1) V io latio n of any s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n of the C o n s titu tio n o r f a i l u r e to p e r f o r m any of the d u t ie s s p e c i f i e d t h e r e u n d e r . (2) V io la tio n of the oath of lo y a lty to the L o c a l Union and the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union. (3) E m b e z z l e m e n t . (4) S e c e s s i o n , o r f o s t e r i n g the s a m e . (5) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s and o f f i c e r s by w r it t e n o r o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . (6) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s in the m e e t i n g h a l l . (7) F i l i n g c h a r g e s in b a d fa ith o r out of m alice. 192 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters---- Continued 1957 Constitution 196 1 Constitution S e c t io n 6 . — C ontinu ed (8) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s and o f f i c e r s by w r it t e n o r o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . (9) A b u s e of fe llo w m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e r s in the m e e t i n g h a l l . (10) A c t i v i t i e s which tend to b r i n g the L o c a l Union o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union into disrep ute. (11) D i s o b e d i e n c e to the r e g u l a t i o n s , r u l e s , m a n d a t e s and d e c r e e s of the L o c a l Union o r of the o f f i c e r s of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union. (12) Such o t h e r a c t s and conduct which s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d i n c o n s i s t e n t with the d u t i e s , o b l i g a t i o n s and f e a l t y to a m e m b e r of a t r a d e union, and fo r v io la t io n of soun d t r a d e union p r i n c i p l e s . Sp e cific O ffen ses S e c t io n 7. Any m e m b e r who (1) know ingly g o e s to w o r k o r r e m a i n s in the e m p l o y m e n t of any p e r s o n , f i r m o r c o r p o r a t i o n , w h o se m e n a r e on s t r i k e o r lo c k e d out u n l e s s he h a s p e r m i s s i o n of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union, the J o i n t C o u n c il o r h i s L o c a l Union, m a y be t r i e d by the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of h i s L o c a l Union, o r (2) knowingly g i v e s o r a t t e m p t s to g iv e d i r e c t l y o r i n d ir e c t l y , any in f o r m a t io n to any e m p l o y e r on an u n f a ir l i s t o r w h o se m e n a r e on s t r i k e o r lo c k e d out, o r w h o se m e n a r e t r y i n g to s e c u r e an a g r e e m e n t o r an i m p r o v e m e n t in t h e ir w o rk in g c o n d itio n s o r w h o se m e n a r e t r y i n g to p r e v e n t an i n c r e a s e in h o u r s of l a b o r o r a d e c r e a s e in w a g e s , f o r the p u r p o s e of a s s i s t i n g su ch e m p l o y e r , o r f o r any g a in o r p r o m i s e of gain, o r (3) know ingly g o e s to w o r k o r r e m a i n s in the e m p lo y m e n t of any p e r s o n , f i r m o r c o r p o r a t i o n on an u n f a i r l i s t of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, without p e r m i s s i o n f r o m the In t e r n a t io n a l U n ion, the J o i n t C o u n c il o r h i s L o c a l Union, m a y be t r i e d in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d f o r the t r i a l of o t h e r o f f e n s e s . S e c t io n 7. Sam e, S e c t io n 8. Sam e, R e f u s a l to R e t u r n B o o k s S e c t io n 8. Any m e m b e r who (1) w r o n g fu lly t a k e s o r r e t a i n s any m o n e y , b o o k s , p a p e r s o r any o th e r p r o p e r t y b e lo n g in g to the I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C hauffeurs, W a r e h o u s e m e n and H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , any J o i n t C o u n cil, L o c a l Union, o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body; o r (2) who m u t i l a t e s , e r a s e s , d e s t r o y s o r in any w a y i n j u r e s any 193 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters----Continued 1957 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t io n 8 . --- C ontinued b o o k s , b i l l s , r e c e i p t s , v o u c h e r s , o r o th e r p r o p e r t y of the I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d of T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n and H e l p e r s of A m e r i c a , any J o i n t C o u n cil, L o c a l Union o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body, m a y be t r i e d in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d f o r the t r i a l o f o t h e r offen ses. C h a r g e s Not P r e f e r r e d in Good F a i t h S e c t io n 11. If c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d and su ch c h a r g e s a r e not s u s t a i n e d and the t r i a l body o r a p p e l l a t e body is co n v in c e d that the s a m e w e r e not b ro u g h t in good faith o r w e r e a c t u a t e d by m a l i c e , the t r i a l body o r the a p p e l l a t e body m a y i m p o s e su c h p e n a lty by the w ay of p u n is h m e n t a s in i t s ju d g m e n t is d e e m e d p r o p e r u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s . S e c t io n 11. D e le te d , R e v o c a t i o n of M e m b e r s h i p on B e in g F o u n d Guilty of C r i m e S e c t io n 13. (a). When a m e m b e r i s co n v i c t e d of the c o m m i s s i o n of a c r i m e o r s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g , o r p l e a d s guilty to the c o m m i s s i o n of a c r i m e o r s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g , a g a i n s t the L o c a l Union o r a g a i n s t the c o m m u nity , and which c r i m e o r a c t of s e r i o u s w r o n g d o in g ten d s to b r i n g d is h o n o r upon the L o c a l Union o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, it s h a l l be the duty of the L o c a l Union to p r o c e e d to r e v o k e the m e m b e r s h i p of su c h m e m ber. L i k e w i s e , w h e n e v e r a m e m b e r of a S e c t io n 13. (a). D e l e te d , S e c t io n 13. (b). D eleted, L o c a l U n io n h a s e n g a g e d in w h a t is c o m m o n ly t e r m e d r a c k e t e e r i n g , and he i s found gu ilty t h e r e o f, t h e r e b y b r i n g in g d is h o n o r upon the L o c a l Union o r upon the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, it s h a l l be the duty of the L o c a l Union to p r o c e e d in the m a n n e r p r o v i d e d in A r t i c l e XVIII, S e c t io n 1, to r e v o k e the m e m b e r s h i p of su c h m em ber. (b). U n d er the c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e f e r r e d to in the f o r e g o i n g p a r a g r a p h , the S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r of the L o c a l Union s h a l l r e f u s e to a c c e p t d u e s f r o m any p e r s o n s o r e m o v e d f r o m m e m b e r s h i p . It s h a l l be m a n d a t o r y upon the L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d to o r d e r the n a m e of su ch m e m b e r s t r i c k e n f r o m the r o l l s and to notify a l l L o c a l U nion s in the d i s t r i c t , the J o i n t C o u n c il and the In t e r n a t io n a l Union, of its a c t io n and the c a u s e t h e r e f o r . 194 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued 1957 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t io n 1 3 . — C ontinued (c) . In the ev en t a L o c a l Union f a i l s to c a r r y out the f o r e g o i n g p r o v i s i o n , then the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , when the m a t t e r i s b ro u gh t to h i s attention , s h a l l h a v e the p o w e r, in h i s d i s c r e t i o n , to p r o c e e d to r e v o k e o r o r d e r the r e v o c a t i o n of the m e m b e r s h i p of su ch m e m b e r . S e c t io n 13. (c). D eleted. (d ) . Any in d iv id u a l w h o se m e m b e r s h i p i s h e r e a f t e r r e v o k e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o v i s i o n s of th is s e c t i o n m a y su b s e q u e n t ly be r e i n s t a t e d to m e m b e r s h i p ; su ch r e i n s t a t e m e n t s h a l l be s u b j e c t to the a p p r o v a l of the L o c a l Union of which he w a s a m e m b e r , the in v o lv ed J o i n t C o u n cil, and the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e Board. S e c t io n 14. (d). D eleted. T ria l P rocedure T ria l P rocedure A r t i c l e XVIII T r i a l s and A p p e a l s T r i a l s of l o c a l union o f f i c e r s and m e m b e rs— procedure S e c t io n 1. (a). A m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a L o c a l Union c h a r g e d by any o th e r m e m b e r of the L o c a l Union with any o f f e n s e c o n s titu tin g a v io la t io n of t h is C o n s titu tio n , s h a ll , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d in th is C o n stitu tio n , be t r i e d by the L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . If the m e m b e r c h a r g e d o r p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s i s a m e m b e r of su ch B o a r d then the p r e s i d e n t of the L o c a l Union s h a l l app oint a d i s i n t e r e s t e d m e m b e r a s a s u b s t i t u t e . If the p r e s i d e n t of the L o c a l Union i s c h a r g e d o r i s p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s the L o c a l Union s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r s h a l l app oint the s u b s t i t u t e . (b). W henever the c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t any m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a L o c a l Union, the c h a r g e s s h a l l be f il e d in w r itin g in d u p lic a t e with the s e c r e t a r y of the L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d which i s to t r y the c a s e . No m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a L o c a l Union s h a l l be t r i e d u n l e s s he o r sh e s h a l l be s e r v e d by the s e c r e t a r y , p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l , with a w r it t e n co py of su ch c h a r g e s s p e c if y i n g the n a t u r e of the o f f e n s e of which he o r she i s a c c u s e d . T h e r e u p o n , the a c c u s e d s h a l l be r e q u i r e d to st a n d t r i a l at the t im e and p l a c e d e s i g n a t e d , which s h a l l not be l e s s than ten (10) d a y s f r o m the da te the c h a r g e s a r e s e r v e d upon the a c c u s e d . The a c c u s e d m a y a p p e a r in p e r s o n , and with w i t n e s s e s , to a n s w e r the c h a r g e s p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t h im o r her. H e m a y s e l e c t only a m e m b e r of h i s L o c a l Union to r e p r e s e n t h im in the p r e s e n ta tio n of h is d e f e n s e . S e c t io n 1. (a). Sam e. S e c t io n 1. (b). T h e f o llo w in g w o r d s a dd ed at end: and the c h a r g i n g p a r t y m a y s e l e c t only a m e m b e r of h i s l o c a l union to a s s i s t h im in the p r e s e n t a t i o n of the e v id e n c e in s u p p o r t of the c h a r g e s . T h e l o c a l union e x e c u tiv e b o a r d s h a l l h a v e the a u th o rity to d e t e r m in e the m a n n e r of r e p o r t i n g the p r o c e e d i n g s and s h a l l h a v e the a u th o rity to e x c lu d e any m e t h o d not a u t h o r i z e d by it. T h e fo llo w in g new s e c t i o n a dd ed : (c). A m e m b e r of one l o c a l union s h a l l h a v e a r i g h t to f il e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r of a n o th e r l o c a l union. Such c h a r g e s m u s t be f i l e d with the e x e c u t iv e b o a r d of the l o c a l union of whic h the a c c u s e d i s a m e m b e r . Th e e x e c u t iv e b o a r d m a y , at i t s d i s c r e t i o n , d e c l i n e to p r o c e s s the c h a r g e s . H o w e v e r , a d e c i s i o n of the e x e c u t iv e b o a r d not to p r o c e s s the c h a r g e s m a y be a p p e a l e d in a c c o r d a n c e with the p r o v i s i o n s of S e c t io n 2. 195 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued 1957 C o n s t it u tio n 1961 C o n s t it u tio n S e c t io n 1 . — C ontinued (c). If the c h a r g e s , o r any p o r t io n t h e r e o f , a r e s u s t a i n e d , then the t r i a l body s h a l l r e n d e r ju d g m e n t and i m p o s e d i s c i p l i n a r y a c tio n a s p r o v id e d f o r in th is C o n s titu tio n . If the c h a r g e s a r e not s u s t a i n e d , the s a m e s h a l l be d i s m i s s e d and the a c c u s e d r e s t o r e d to fu ll r i g h t s of m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the L o c a l Union. (d). Upon f ilin g of su c h c h a r g e s , and if s a m e a r e of su ch m a g n i tu d e and s e r i o u s n e s s a s to j e o p a r d i z e the i n t e r e s t s of the L o c a l Union o r I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, then, and in t hat even t, the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , i f the m a t t e r i s b ro u g h t to h i s a ttention , m a y , if he d e e m sit a d v i s a b l e , i m m e d i a t e l y s u s p e n d su c h m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f i c e in the L o c a l Union u ntil a d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n r e n d e r e d in the c a s e . S e c t io n 1. (c). R e n u m b e r e d S e c t io n 1 (d), and the f o llo w in g w o r d s d e l e t e d : (and the a c c u s e d r e s t o r e d to f u ll r i g h t s of m e m b e r s h i p o r o f f ic e in the l o c a l union. ) S e c t io n 1. (d). R e n u m b e r e d 1 (e). S e c t io n 3. (a). W h enever c h a r g e s a r e p r e f e r r e d a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union o r a g a i n s t a J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e body, su c h c h a r g e s s h a l l be f i l e d in w r it i n g in d u p l i c a t e with the s e c r e t a r y of the t r i a l body, and s h a l l be s e r v e d p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l on the S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r e r of the L o c a l Union o r the J o i n t -Council o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body so c h a r g e d . If the c h a r g e s a r e a g a i n s t the L o c a l Union the t r i a l s h a l l be by the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the J o i n t C o u n c il, p r o v i d e d that if a L o c a l Union i s not a f f i l i a t e d with a J o i n t C o u n c il due to the f a c t th at no J o i n t C o u n c il e x i s t s with whic h s u c h L o c a l Union ca n a f f i l i a t e , the t r i a l s h a l l be by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . If the c h a r g e s a r e a g a i n s t a J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body the t r i a l s h a l l be b e f o r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . Th e p r o v i s i o n s of this s e c t i o n s h a l l a l s o be a p p l ic a b l e when the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the s u b o r d i n a t e body i s c h a r g e d o r i s the c h a r g i n g p a r t y . S e c t io n 3. (a). Sam e. (b). A L o c a l Union s h a l l be a c c o r d e d t h irt y (30) d a y s * t i m e in which to a p p e a r f o r t r i a l and s u b m i t i t s d e f e n s e . In the c a s e of a J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body the t im e of t r i a l s h a l l be f ix e d by the G e n e r a l E xe cu tiv e B o ar d . S e c t io n 3. (b). Sam e. T r i a l s and a p p e a l s o f l o c a l u n io n s, o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , and ele ctiv e international union o f f i c e r s 196 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued 1957 C o n s titu tio n 1961 C o n s titu tio n S e c t io n 3 . — C ontinued (d). T r i a l of e l e c t i v e In t e r n a t io n a l Union O f f i c e r s s h a l l b e b e f o r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d at su ch t im e and p l a c e a s f ix e d by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . Th e o f f i c e r c h a r g e d s h a l l be found gu ilty only on a m a j o r i t y vote of the e n t ir e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . Ap p e a l s by su c h g e n e r a l o f f i c e r s f r o m d e c i s i o n s of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l be to the co nvention . (e). E m e r g e n c y p o w e r s p r o v i d e d f o r in S e c t io n 9, th is A r t i c l e , s h a l l app ly with the s a m e f o r c e and e f f e c t to L o c a l U nions and J o i n t C o u n c i l s and o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s . S e c t io n 3. (d). Vote r e q u i r e m e n t ch a n g e d f r o m " m a j o r i t y " to " t w o - t h i r d s . " S e c t io n 3. (e). Sam e. R e f u s a l o f l o c a l union to try m e m b e r S e c t io n 12. Any L o c a l Union r e f u s i n g to t r y its m e m b e r s when c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d by a n o th e r L o c a l Union, f o r any c a u s e w h a t s o e v e r , the L o c a l Union p r e f e r r i n g the c h a r g e s m a y then b r i n g the c h a r g e b e f o r e the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the J o i n t C o u n cil, w h e r e one e x i s t s f o r t r i a l and d e c i s i o n in the s a m e m a n n e r a s p r o v i d e d f o r the co n d uct of o th e r t r i a l s b e f o r e the L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . If no J o i n t C o u n c il e x i s t s , then the m a t t e r s h a l l c o m e within the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the G e n e r a l E xe cu tiv e B o ar d . S e c t io n 12. Sam e. O r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n of g e n e r a l e x e c u t iv e b o a r d to t r y o f f e n s e s a g a i n s t In t e r n a t io n a l union S e c t io n 4. (a). N otw ith stan d in g any o th e r p r o v i s i o n of th is C o n stitu tio n , the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s h a l l h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n to t r y in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r s , L o c a l U nion s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d ie s f o r a l l o f f e n s e s c o m m i t t e d a g a i n s t the o f f i c e r s of the I n t e r n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t i o n o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t i o n . In the ev en t c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f il e d o r h e a r i n g s a r e p en ding b e f o r e a s u b o r d i n a t e body in r e s p e c t to any o f f e n s e o v e r which the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d h a s a s s u m e d j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d er th is se c t i o n , the j u r i s d i c t i o n of su ch s u b o r d i n a t e body s h a l l forth w ith t e r m i n a t e and the s u b o r d i n a t e body s h a l l , upon r e q u e s t of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , t r a n s f e r a l l of its r e c o r d s and p a p e r s p e r t a i n i n g to the c a s e to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e Board. S e c t io n 4. (a). Sam e. 197 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued 1957 Constitution 196 1 Constitution S e c t io n 4 . — C ontinu ed (b) . C h a r g e s s h a l l be fil e d in d u p lic a t e in w r it i n g with the G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r o r the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t . A copy of the c h a r g e s s h a l l be s e r v e d p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l upon the a c c u s e d , t o g e th e r with n o tic e o f the t im e and p l a c e of t r i a l . S e c t io n 4. (b). Sam e. (c). If the a c c u s e d a r e u n a b le to be p r e se n t at the m e e t i n g of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , they m a y p r e s e n t t h e ir c a s e in w r it i n g . S e c t io n 4. (c). Sam e. T r i a l s B e f o r e P a n e l s of E xecu tiv e B o a r d s S e c t io n 5. In any c a s e w h e r e a t r i a l b e f o r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union o r the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of any s u b o r d i n a t e body t h e r e o f i s r e q u i r e d u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s of t h is C o n s titu tio n , su c h B o a r d m a y h a v e su c h t r i a l co n d u cte d b e f o r e a p a n e l ap p o in te d by the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t o r the p r e s i d e n t of the s u b o r d i n a t e body a s the c a s e m a y b e, c o n s i s t i n g of one (1) o r m o r e d i s i n t e r e s t e d m e m b e r s t h e r e o f . T h is p a n e l s h a ll a c t on b e h a lf of su c h B o a r d in the ho ld in g of h e a r i n g s and the ta k in g of e v id e n c e and, f o l lowing the c o n c l u s i o n of the h e a r i n g b e f o r e it, s h a l l m a k e a f u ll r e p o r t in w r it i n g , i n clu din g fin d in g s and su c h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c tio n , if any, the B o a r d i t s e l f i s to t a k e . T h e u l t i m a t e d e t e r m in a t io n of the c a s e , h o w e v e r , s h a l l be m a d e by the B o a r d i t s e l f on the b a s i s of the r e c o r d m a d e b e f o r e the p a n e l. S e c t io n 5. F i r s t se n t e n c e now r e a d s : "In any c a s e w h e r e a t r i a l o r h e a r i n g on a p p e a l b e f o r e the . . . " O therw ise, sa m e . E m e r g e n c y P o w e r in G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t to C ond uct a T r i a l When W e lf a r e of O r g a n iz a t i o n 'D e m a n d s S e c t io n 10. (a). W henever c h a r g e s i n v o l v ing a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r o r o f f i c e r s , L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n ate body c r e a t e , invo lv e o r r e l a t e to a s i t u a tion i m m in e n t ly d a n g e r o u s to the w e l f a r e of a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il, o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e body o r the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t i s e m p o w e r e d , in h i s d i s c r e t i o n , in a l l c a s e s e x c e p t w h e r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d h a s a s s u m e d j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d e r S e c t io n 4 of t h is a r t i c l e , to a s s u m e o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c tion in su ch m a t t e r , r e g a r d l e s s of the f a c t that c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n f il e d with a s u b o r d i n a t e body and a r e p en d in g. When the G e n e r a l P r e s ident h a s a s s u m e d su c h o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n S e c t io n 10. (a). Sam e. 198 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued 1957 Constitution 1961 Constitution S e c t io n 1 0 . — C ontinued u n d e r th is s e c t i o n , the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the s u b o r d i n a t e body s h a l l c e a s e . U n d er su ch c i r c u m s t a n c e s , the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t s h a l l h o ld a h e a r i n g upon giv in g not l e s s than f o r t y - e i g h t (48) h o u r s n o tic e to the p a r t y o r p a r t i e s c h a r g e d to a p p e a r b e f o r e h im at a p l a c e and t im e d e s i g n a t e d by h i m . H e s h a l l then p r o c e e d to h e a r and t r y the m a t t e r and r e n d e r ju d g m e n t in a c c o r d a n c e with the f a c t s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s p r e s e n t e d to h i m . When the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h a s so a c t e d , an a p p e a l s h a l l lie f r o m h i s d e c i s i o n to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , and f r o m the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d to the co nvention in the s a m e m a n n e r and to the s a m e exte n t only a s i s p r o v i d e d f o r a p p e a l s in o t h e r c a s e s . P e n d in g a p p e a l f r o m the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t s a ctio n , h i s d e c i s i o n s h a l l st a n d and be e n f o r c e d . (b). When the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t d e e m s it n e c e s s a r y to e x e r c i s e the f o r e g o i n g e m e r g e n c y p o w e r, he m a y d e p u tiz e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s to a c t f o r h i m in su c h m a t t e r . Such r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a l l h a v e the s a m e p o w e r s a s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t a s h e r e i n p r o v id e d ; h o w e v e r , when a t r i a l s h a l l be c o n d u c t ed by a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , su c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s h a l l m a k e h i s o r t h e ir r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t , o r a l ly o r in w r it i n g , and the d e c i s i o n in the c a s e s h a l l b e m a d e by the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h i m self. S e c t io n 10. (b). P e n altie s Sam e, P e n alties A r t i c l e XV III D e c i s i o n s and P e n a l t i e s S e c t io n 9. (a). D e c i s i o n s and p e n a l t i e s i m p o s e d upon in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s , o f f i c e r s , L o c a l U n ion s, J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d ie s found gu ilty of c h a r g e s m a y c o n s i s t of r e p rim a n d s , fin es, su sp e n sio n s, exp u lsio n s, r e v o c a t i o n s , d e n i a l to ho ld any o f f ic e p e r m a nently o r f o r a f ix e d p e r i o d o r c o m m a n d s to do o r p e r f o r m , o r r e f r a i n f r o m doing o r p e r f o r m in g , s p e c i f i e d a c t s . If the p e n alty i s by way of fin e then the s a m e m u s t be p a id , p e n d ing an a p p e a l if one i s ta ke n u n l e s s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t w a i v e s the s a m e within ten (10) d a y s f r o m r e c e i p t of r e q u e s t t h e r e f o r . A L o c a l Union o r d e r e d to r e i n s t a t e a m e m b e r o r p e r f o r m an a c t oth e r than the p a y m e n t of S e c t io n 9. (a). Sam e. 199 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued 1957 C o n s titu tio n 1961 C o n s t it u tio n S e c t io n 9 . — C ontinued a fine m u s t c o m p ly th e re w ith a s a cond ition p r e c e d e n t to t a k in g an a p p e a l u n l e s s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t o r the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s u s p e n d s su ch o r d e r pen ding the a p p e a l . If the fine i s a g a i n s t a m e m b e r o r o f f i c e r of a L o c a l Union, a s s e s s e d by the L o c a l Union, it s h a l l be p a id into the t r e a s u r y of the L o c a l Union. If a fin e i s a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union by a J o i n t C o u n c il the p a y m e n t s h a l l be to the t r e a s u r y of the J o i n t C o u n c il. (b). If the fine i s a s s e s s e d w h e r e the G e n e r a l E x e c u t iv e B o a r d h a s a s s u m e d o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , it s h a l l be p a i d to the T r e a s u r y of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union. S e c t io n 9. (b). Sam e. (c). When su c h p e n a lty c o n s i s t s only of a fine and an a p p e a l i s taken, su c h fine s h a l l be d e p o s i t e d a s a b ove p r o v i d e d ; th e re u p o n su ch m e m b e r , o f f i c e r o r L o c a l Union s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d to continue in the L o c a l Union with f u ll r i g h t s and p r i v i l e g e s in a c c o r d a n c e with the la w s of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union. If on a p p e a l the d e c i s i o n i s r e v e r s e d and the fin e d i s allo w ed , then the s a m e s h a l l b e r e t u r n e d to the p a r t y d e p o s i t in g the s a m e . W henever a d e c i s i o n i s h a n de d down by any t r i a l o r a p p e l l a t e body and an a p p e a l i s taken, su ch d e c i s i o n s h a l l sta n d and r e m a i n in fu ll f o r c e and e f f e c t until r e v e r s e d by a h i g h e r body. S e c t io n 9. (c). F o l lo w i n g w o r d s a d d ed at end: " u n l e s s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h a s s t a y e d the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the d e c i s i o n pen ding a p p eal. " (d). In the even t of n o n - c o m p l i a n c e with the d e c i s i o n h a n de d down by a t r i a l o r a p p e l l a t e body, the m e m b e r , o f f i c e r , L o c a l Union, o r J o i n t C o u n c il s h a l l s t a n d s u s p e n d e d f r o m a l l p r i v i l e g e s of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union u ntil the p r o v i s i o n s of the d e c i s i o n h a v e b e e n c o m p l i e d with. If, h o w e v e r , the d e c i s i o n c a r r i e s with it an o r d e r of e x p u ls io n , then su c h o r d e r of e x p u ls io n s h a l l i m m e d i a t e l y take effect. S e c t io n 9. (d). F o l lo w i n g w o r d s a d d ed at end: " u n l e s s the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t h a s s t a y e d the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the d e c i s i o n p ending a p p eal. " (e). Any m e m b e r o r L o c a l Union that i s t r i e d by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d cannot be t r i e d f o r the s a m e o f f e n s e by a L o c a l Union o r J o i n t C o u n c il. S e c t io n 9. (e ). Sam e. (f). Th e G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y se n d a c a s e b a c k to the J o i n t C o u n c il, the L o c a l Union, o r oth e r h e a r i n g body o r o f f i c e r f o r f u r t h e r h e a r i n g , p r o d u c t io n of a d d it io n a l t e s t i m o n y , o r f o r f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n with o r without su c h f u r t h e r h e a r i n g . S e c t io n 9. (f). Sam e. 200 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline P rovisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T ea m sters— Continued 1957 C o n s titu tio n 1961 Constitution A ppeals A pp eals A p p e a l s of L o c a l Union O f f i c e r s and M e m b e r s S e c t io n 2. (a). In the event d i s c i p l i n a r y a c tio n i s t a k e n a g a i n s t the a c c u s e d , he o r sh e m a y t a k e an a p p e a l f r o m the d e c i s i o n of the L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d to the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the J o i n t C o u n cil, if one e x i s t s , o t h e r w i s e the a p p e a l s h a l l be ta k e n to the G e n e ra l E xe cu tiv e B o a r d . A pp eals fro m d e c i s i o n s of the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of J o i n t C o u n c i l s m a y be ta k e n to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e Board. In a l l m a t t e r s in vo lv in g o f f i c e r s of s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s and i n d iv id u a l m e m b e r s t h e r e s h a l l be no f u r t h e r a p p e a l f r o m the d e c i s i o n of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . W here e l e c t i v e o f f i c e r s of the In t e r n a t io n a l Union a r e inv o lv ed , and a s to a l l o t h e r m a t t e r s not s p e c ific a lly excluded herein , appeals from d e c i s i o n s of the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d m a y be ta k e n to the next co nvention . A ll m a n n e r of a p p e a l s s h a l l be ta k e n within f if t e e n (15) d a y s f r o m the date the d e c i s i o n i s p l a c e d in the m a i l o r o t h e r w i s e t r a n s m i t t e d to the i n terested p artie s. S e c t io n 2. (a). Sam e, (b). T h e a p p e l l a n t s h a l l m a i l a w r it t e n n o tic e of su c h a p p e a l to the s e c r e t a r y of the body to wh ich the a p p e a l i s d i r e c t e d . No s p e c i f ic f o r m o r f o r m a l i t y s h a l l be r e q u i r e d , e x c e p t that su c h n o tic e s h a l l c l e a r l y s t a t e an a p p e a l i s b e in g take n f r o m the p a r t i c u l a r d e c i s i o n r e n d e r e d in the p a r t i c u l a r c a s e . P e n d ing any a p p e a l , the d e c i s i o n a p p e a l e d f r o m s h a l l r e m a i n in fu ll f o r c e and e f f e c t . A p p e a l s s h a l l b e h e a r d e i t h e r on the r e c o r d m a d e b e f o r e the t r i a l t r i b u n a l o r by a r e - t r i a l , in the d i s c r e t i o n of the body h e a r i n g the a p p e a l . D e c i s i o n s on a p p e a l s s h a l l b e r e n d e r e d a s p r o m p t ly a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r the a p p e a l h a s b e e n h e a r d . Th e date when an a p p e a l w ill be c o n s i d e r e d by the a p p e l l a t e body m a y be f ix e d by it, but it s h a l l p r o c e e d without u n n e c e s s a r y d e l a y . N o t ic e of the date when the a p p e a l w ill be h e a r d s h a l l be s e r v e d p e r s o n a l l y o r by r e g i s t e r e d o r c e r t i f i e d m a i l on the p a r t i e s i n t e r e s t e d in the p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , and su c h p a r t i e s m a y , in the d i s c r e t i o n of the a p p e l l a t e body, be a c c o r d e d the r i g h t to a p p e a r b e f o r e the a p p e l l a t e body and p r e s e n t a r g u m e n t on the c a s e . S e c t io n 2. (b). Sam e, 201 P -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued 1957 C o n s t it u tio n 1961 C o n s t it u tio n S e c t io n 2 . — C ontinu ed (c). If a m e m b e r o f the E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the J o i n t C o u n c il o r of the G e n e r a l E x e c u tive B o a r d i s i n t e r e s t e d in the c a s e a s a p a r t y t h e r e t o , then the P r e s i d e n t of the J o i n t C o u n c i l o r the G e n e r a l P r e s i d e n t of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, a s the c a s e m a y be, s h a l l appoint a s u b s t i t u t e . S e c t io n 2. (c). Sam e. (d). F a i l u r e of any i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y in any c a s e to a p p e a r b e f o r e any t r i a l o r a p p e l l a t e body at the t i m e and p l a c e d e s i g n a t e d in the n o tic e s h a l l c o n s tit u t e a w a i v e r of a p p e a r a n c e and the t r i a l s h a l l p r o c e e d o r the a p p e a l h e a r d r e g a r d l e s s of the a b s e n c e of su ch p a r t y . S e c t io n 2. (d). Sam e. (e ). Any p a r t y to a c a s e , r e g a r d l e s s of w h e th e r su c h p a r t y i s the a c c u s e d o r not, b ein g a g g r i e v e d of a d e c i s i o n r e n d e r e d in the c a s e s h a l l be e n title d to the s a m e r i g h t s of appeal as a re h erein b efo re provided for a c cused. S e c t io n 2. (e). Sam e. S e c t io n 3. (c). In the m a t t e r of a p p e a l s f r o m d e c i s i o n s a f f e c t i n g L o c a l U nion s not i n clu ding d e c i s i o n s in vo lv in g o f f i c e r s o r i n d i v i d u a l s , the s a m e s h a l l be ta k e n to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , and f r o m it to the co nvention . In the m a t t e r of a p p e a l s f r o m d e c i s i o n s a f f e c t i n g J o i n t C o u n c i l s , o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e b o d i e s , not in c lu d in g d e c i s i o n s in vo lv in g o f f i c e r s o r m e m b e r s t h e r e o f , the s a m e s h a l l be t a k e n to the co nvention . In a l l o t h e r r e s p e c t s p r o c e d u r e on a p p e a l s s h a l l be the s a m e a s p r o v i d e d f o r in S e c t io n 2, this A rtic le . S e c t io n 3. (c). A ppeals fro m d e cisio n s on c h a r g e s a g a i n s t L o c a l U nion s o r L o c a l Union E x e c u t i v e B o a r d s s h a l l be ta k e n to the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d and f r o m it to the C onv en tion . A p p e a l s f r o m d e c i s i o n s on c h a r g e s a g a i n s t J o i n t C o u n c i l s o r o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e b o d ie s s h a l l be t a k e n to the C onven tion by only the J o i n t C o u n c il o r o t h e r s u b o r d i n a t e body inv o lv ed . In a l l o t h e r r e s p e c t s the p r o c e d u r e on a p p e a l s s h a l l be the s a m e a s p r o v id e d in S e c t io n 2. O ther O ther E x h a u s t i o n of R e m e d i e s S e c t io n 14. (a). E v ery m e m b e r, officer, L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r s u b o r d i n ate body a g a i n s t w h om c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d and d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t io n take n a s r e s u lt t h e r e o f, o r a g a i n s t w hom a d v e r s e r u l i n g s o r d e c i s i o n s h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d o r who c l a i m s to be a g g r i e v e d , s h a l l be o b l i g e d to e x h a u s t a l l r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r in th is C o n s titu tio n and by the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g to any o th e r c o u r t o r t r i b u n a l. S e c t i o n s 14. (a, b, and c). U nd erscored w o r d s in s e c t i o n s 12(a) and 12(b) a d d ed . S e c tio n s r e n u m b e r e d . O t h e r w i s e s a m e . S e c t io n (c) a d d e d . S e c t io n 15 s a m e ; r e n u m b e r e d . S e c t io n 1 2 ( a ) . E v ery m e m b e r, officer, e l e c t e d B u s i n e s s A gen t, L o c a l Union, J o i n t C oun cil o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body a g a i n s t whom c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p r e f e r r e d and d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t io n ta k e n a s a r e s u l t t h e r e o f, o r 202 D -2 . Com parison of Discipline Provisions in 1957 and 1961 Constitutions of the International Brotherhood of T eam sters— Continued 1957 Constitution 1961 Constitution a g a i n s t w hom a d v e r s e r u l i n g s o r d e c i s i o n s h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d o r who c l a i m s to be a g g r i e v e d , s h a l l b e o b lig e d to e x h a u s t a l l r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r this C o n stitu tio n and by the In t e r n a t io n a l Union b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g to any c o u rt , t r i b u n a l o r a g e n c y a g a i n s t the I n t e r n a tio n a l Union, any s u b o r d i n a t e body o r any o fficer or em ployee th e re o f. (b). W here a m e m b e r , o f f i c e r , L o c a l U n ion, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body, b e f o r e o r follow in g e x h a u s t i o n of a l l r e m e d i e s p r o v i d e d f o r within the In t e r n a t io n a l Union, r e s o r t s to a c o u r t of law and l o s e s h i s o r its c a u s e t h e r e i n , a l l c o s t s and e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d by the In t e r n a t io n a l Union s h a l l be a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t su ch in d iv id u a l, L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il, o r o th e r s u b o r d i n a t e body, in the n a t u r e of a fin e, s u b j e c t to a l l p e n a l t i e s a p p l i c a b l e w h e r e f in e s r e m a i n u np aid . (b). W here a m e m b e r , o f f i c e r , e l e c t e d B u s i n e s s A g e n t , L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r oth e r su b o r d i n a t e body, b e f o r e o r fo llo w in g e x h a u s tio n of a l l re m e 'd ie s p r o v i d e d f o r within the I n t e r n a t io n a l Union, r e s o r t s to a c o u r t of law and l o s e s h i s o r i ts c a u s e t h e r e i n , a l l c o s t s and e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d by the I n t e r n a tio n a l Union s h a l l be a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t su ch in d iv id u a l; L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body, in the n a t u r e of a fin e, s u b je c t to a ll p e n a l t i e s a p p l i c a b l e w h e r e f in e s r e m a i n u n p aid . W here su c h c o u r t a c t io n i s by an in d iv id u a l o r by a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r oth e r su b o r d i n a t e body a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o t h e r su b o r d i n a t e body, the f o r e goin g p r o v i s i o n in r e s p e c t to the p a y m e n t of c o s t s and e x p e n s e s s h a l l be a p p l i c a b l e in fa v o r of the L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body p r o c e e d e d a g a i n s t in c o u r t . W here su ch c o u r t a c tio n i s by an in d iv id u a l o r by a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n cil, o r o th e r su b o r d i n a t e body a g a i n s t a L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r oth e r s u b o r d i n a t e body, the f o r e going p r o v i s i o n in r e s p e c t to the p a y m e n t of c o s t s and e x p e n s e s s h a l l be a p p l i c a b l e in f a v o r of the L o c a l Union, J o i n t C o u n c il o r oth e r s u b o r d i n a t e body p r o c e e d e d a g a i n s t in c o u r t . (c). T h e a p p e a l s p r o c e d u r e p r o v i d e d h e r e i n i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e to and m u s t be f o llo w e d by any m e m b e r who is a g g r i e v e d by any d e c i s i o n , r u lin g , opinion o r a c tio n of the L o c a l U n io n , m e m b e rsh ip , o ffic e r s or E xe cu tiv e B o ar d , e x clu ding c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g m a t t e r s . S e c t io n 15. A ll d e c i s i o n s fo llow in g t r i a l s o r h e a r i n g s s h a l l be m a d e and r e n d e r e d within s i x t y (60) d a y s o f the date of the h e a r i n g of t r i a l c o m m e n c e d , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e o r d e r e d by the G e n e r a l E x e c u t i v e B o a r d . U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 0 - 6 9 0 - 0 9 4