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Bulletin 1656
Compensation in the
Construction Industry:
Employment Patterns,
Union Scales, and Earnings
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
George P. Shultz, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Geoffrey H. Moore, Commissioner
1970
ForFRASER
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price $1.00.
Digitized for
Preface
This study, covering the post-World War II period, was designed to shed some light
on the complex relationship between wage rates and annual earnings of contract construction
workers.
It assembles in one place most of the available data on the industry's wage and
earnings structure and relates these data to other relevant material.
Chapter I presents an introduction to the study and a brief interrelated summary of
subsequent chapters.
The second and third chapters explore the organization of the industry,
including factors such as its occupational composition and degree of collective bargaining
coverage, employment and unemployment, work stoppages, and industrial hazards.
These
two chapters establish a frame of reference for the analysis in subsequent chapters which
connect the factors to the wage-earnings relationship. The differences between construction
scales and maintenance wages, and the difference between construction workers' average
hourly earnings and union scales are examined in this study. Trends and recent changes in
scales, benefit costs, and earnings are also studied. -The last chapter analyzes annual earn
ings and total compensation and describes the relationship between earnings and the industry's
organization, occupational composition, and employment patterns.
The study does not answer all of the questions about why high wages and low earnings
exist side by side in the contract construction industry. Nor— because there are substantial
gaps in the available data series— could it.
Many of the gaps are noted in the text. How
ever, a few major gaps that create the greatest difficulties to an understanding and analysis
of the industry's wage and earnings structure are highlighted in the following paragraph.
No estimate of the proportion of workers covered by collective bargaining agreements
by craft can be made even though an estimate of the proportion of workers in all crafts that
are covered by bargaining agreements has been developed in this study. In addition, while
some estimate of the occupational composition of the industry as a whole is possible, no
estimate of the number of workers by craft is available by length of employment during the
year, by wage rates or even by industry segment.
Moreover, while the Bureau regularly
publishes estimates of gross weekly hours worked, these estimates, because of the mass inand out-movements of workers, cannot be converted into realistic approximations of average
annual hours worked by individuals. Further, information about the proportion of total paid
hours that were premium overtime hours is unavailable.
Some data for later periods than used in this study became available between the
time of study completion and printing.
These data affirm the conclusions of the study.
This bulletin was prepared in the Bureau's Office of Wages and Industrial Relations
by Arnold Strasser, Ross E. Azevedo, and H. Charles Spring.
The project, to which
Albert A. Belman, Lily Mary David, Howard N. Fullerton, Thomas C. Mobley, and Norman J.
Samuels among others made important contributions, was directed by Arnold Strasser.
iii
Contents
Page
Chapter 1.
Introduction and summary--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
Chapter 2. Industry organization and activity-------------------------------------------------------------------------3
The industry ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
5
Occupational composition of the industry----------------------------------------------------------------------------Craftsmen -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Apprentices __________________________________________________________________________________
7
Unionization__________________________________________________________________________________
9
Construction workers ____________________________________________________________________
9
Office workers ___________________________________________________________________________
10
Changing degrees of unionization-------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Construction activity----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Productivity_________________________________________________________________________________
12
Chapter 3. Employment, unemployment, work stoppages, and industrial hazards________
15
Annual employment---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Regions___________________________________________________________________________________
16
Seasonal fluctuations in construction employment -------------------------------------------------------------16
Employment patterns of the industry's work force _______________________________________
18
Extent of annual employment------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Office workers ______________________________________________________________________________
19
Negroes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Unemployment_______________________________________________________________________________ 21
Work stoppages and industrial hazards ____________________________________________________ 23
Work stoppages __________________________________________________________________________
23
Industrial hazards_______________________________________________________________________
24
Chapter 4. Union scales and benefits_______________________________________________________
Recent wage and benefit cost changes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------New contracts ___________________________________________________________________________
Deferred increases ______________________________________________________________________
Building trades scales and benefits since World War I I --------------------------------------------------Current levels of union sc a le s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comparison with other union scales ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Trend behavior of union hourly scales --------------------------------------------------------------------------Trends in regional union sc a le s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contractual hours in building trades----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29
29
30
31
32
32
34
34
35
35
Chapter 5. Building construction scales and maintenance wages--------------------------------------Differentials and overlap----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Meaning of the differential-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trends______________________________________________________________________________________
43
43
44
44
Chapter 6. Construction workers' hourly earnings and union s c a le s _____________________ 47
Special trades ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
General building and heavy construction------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50
General building ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
Heavy construction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
Chapter 7. The trend of hourly and weekly earnings-----------------------------------------------------------Intraindustry variations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
55
57
Chapter 8. Annual earnings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Actual annual earnings----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
Total money earnings ______________________________________________________________________
70
Earnings by occupation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
Compensation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
v
Contents---- Continued
Page
Charts:
1. Construction workers' gross average hourly earnings and building
trades union scales, July 1947—6 7 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------48
2. Construction workers' average weekly earnings, annual averages, 194 7—67 _______ 56
3. Annual earnings of construction's major earners, 1964 --------------------------------------------- 68
4. Total money earnings of all and year-round full-time workers,
construction, 1967 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
5. Total money earnings of all and year-round full-time professional and
managerial workers, craftsmen and operatives, construction, 1967________________
73
Tables:
1. Distribution of operating units, employment, and change, by
industry segm ent---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Construction industry employment, by sex and occupational group, I960 ---------------3. Number and percent of wage and salary workers by detailed occupation,
contract construction, I960 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Annual value of new construction put in place in the United States in
1957—59 dollars and percent distribution by type of
construction, 1946—66 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Average annual employment in the contract construction industry,
by type of worker, 1946—67 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. Extent to which employment in August exceeded that in February---------------------------7. Percent of workers in 1964 who had earnings in the industry-----------------------------------8. Average annual employment by region, contract construction, 1946—6 7 _____________
9. Unemployment rates by major industry group, 1948—67 --------------------------------------------10. Unemployment rates in selected occupational groups, 1957—6 8 --------------------------------11. Work stoppages in all industries and in contract construction, 1946—6 7 _____________
12. Median annual rates of increase negotiated in major settlements,
1961-68________________________________________________________________________________
13. Average union hourly wage rates and employer contributions in the
building trades, July 1, 1967 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14. Average union hourly wage rates in the building trades by region,
July 1967 ______________________________________________________________________________
15. Union hourly wage scales for United States and regions, selected
trades, 1967 __________________________________________________________________________
16. Average union wage scales in the building trades and U .S. relatives and
rank, 1949 and 1966 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17. Average union scales of journeymen and helpers in the building trades,
craft scale index and rank, by region, July 1949
and July 1966 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18. Distribution of union members in the building trades by straight-time
weekly hours, July 1, 1967-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19. Average union straight-time hours in the building trades,
9 selected cities, 1947 and 1967---------------------------------------------------------------------------------20. Straight-time average hourly earnings in maintenance work and union
scales in building construction, 3 trades in
50 areas, 1965—6 6 ____________________________________________________________________
21. Areas with highest and lowest percentage differential between union
scales in construction and straight-time average hourly earnings
..
of maintenance workers, 3 crafts, 1965—66 -----------------------------------
5
6
13
14
15
17
18
26
27
27
28
37
37
38
38
39
39
42
42
45
46
Contents---- Continued
Page
Tables— Continued
22. Proportion of maintenance workers receiving union construction scales
in major metropolitan areas, by region, 1965—66 ---------------------------------------------------23. Differences between union construction scales and straight»time average
hourly earnings of maintenance workers, 3 trades in selected
metropolitan areas, 1955—66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24. Number of plumbers and their straight-time hourly earnings,
November 1967 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25. Average union scales in the building trades by craft grouping, and
46
46
49
g r o s s a v e r a g e h ou rly e a r n in g s of c o n str u c tio n w o r k e r s ,
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
July 1947-67 __________________________________________________________________________
Contract construction workers gross average hourly earnings as a
percent of the average union scale in the building trades,
July 1947-67 _________________________________________________________________________
Gross average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers
on private nonagricultural payrolls, 1947—67 --------------------------------------------------------Gross average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, 1947—67 ____________________________
Gross average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers
on private nonagricultural payrolls, 1947—67 _____________________________________
Construction workers average weekly and hourly earnings and average
weekly hours, by month, 1947—68 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Average (mean) wage and salary income of major earners, by
quarters worked in their major industry------------------------------------------------------------------Standardized average annual earnings per full-time employee by
industry, 1946 and 1967 ____________________________________________________________
Median annual wage and salary earnings of major earners by industry
and quarters worked in the industry of major earnings, 1964_____________________
Percent distribution of major earners by earnings ir their major industry
and in all wage and salary employment, by quarter worked in their
industry of major earnings, 1964___________________________________________________
Median total money earnings by sex, industry, and occupation of
longest job, 1967 ____________________________________________________________________
Total money earnings of contract construction workers by occupation of
longest job, all workers and year-round full-time workers, 1967 ________________
Appendix contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vii
53
53
58
59
60
61
67
76
77
78
79
79
80
E m ploym ent P attern s, U nion Scales, and E arnings
Com pensation in the Construction Industry
Chapter 1.
Introduction and Summary
Construction wages are high; annual earnings are generally low.
This paradoxical
situation exists, it has been assumed, largely because construction work is seasonal, haz
ardous, and subject to an extensive amount of downtime due to adverse weather conditions
and industrial controversy, among other factors. The assertion has been made that the in
dustry is highly organized and that the unions control both the supply of labor by limiting
the number of apprentices, and the price of labor.
Despite the importance of the contract construction industry in our economy, these
shibboleths have not been tested. However, the absence of such studies does not imply an
absence of data.
Massive amounts of data are generated about the construction industry
each year. Unfortunately, much of the data are obtained in investigations designed for lim
ited purposes and are deficient for broader gage economic analysis.
Notwithstanding the many data problems, this study shows that apparently some of the
ancient claims about the contract construction industry are all too true. Construction work
is seasonal, hazardous, and subject to many factors that combined are not present in other
goods producing industries. Construction is not the prime source of wage and salary em
ployment for many of the individuals who work in the industry.
The industry has various types of firms----some of which, however, may shift from
one industry segment to another with great ease. The labor force is also fragmented into
a number of specialized crafts, few of which are mutually exclusive at all times and places.
Most, however, appear to be highly unionized.
The proportion of employed workers cov
ered by collectively bargained agreements, however, varies both by season and by type of
work activity.
The industry is basically local and unions negotiate wage scales for each craft on a
local basis. The negotiated scales for the skilled crafts are among the highest wage rates
in the United States.
Nevertheless, average hourly earnings of all construction workers,
tend toward the lower union scales because they are strongly affected by nonunion wages,
and the rates paid almost one-fourth of the construction force. Notwithstanding this damp
ening effect, the gross average hourly earnings of construction workers are generally greater
than those of any other groups of production or nonsupervisory employees in the private
sector.
Their weekly earnings, despite relatively short workweeks, are also among the
highest in the economy.
Work in the industry is seasonal.
Construction employment fluctuates widely during
the year; average employment in the most active month generally exceeds employment in
the least active month by more than 600, 000. In addition, and probably largely because of
the seasonal variations in demand for workers, about one-third of the contract construction
workers find employment in the industry for only one of the four quarters in the year.
Moreover, more than one-fourth of the industry's total work force earn most of their an
nual income in some other industry. In addition, many of the workers who earn all or the
major part of their annual earnings in contract construction employment are only marginally
attached to the labor force (e. g., students).
1
2
Short work years, even among the industry's major earners (those who earn all or
the major part of their annual earnings in the industry) are a characteristic of the industry—
only about half of construction's major earners work in the industry during all four quarters
of the year. Moreover, inclement weather reduces work opportunities even during the in
dustry's busiest months; and a substantial number of man-days of work are lost each year
because of work injuries and work stoppages resulting from labor disputes.
Similar em
ployment patterns are not to be found in any other nonagricultural goods producing industry.
A n n u a l e a r n i n g s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y e m p l o y e e s ( a b o u t 16 p e r c e n t o f w h o m a r e
o f f i c e w o r k e r s ) a s a r e s u l t o f the i n t e r a c t i o n o f h ig h w a g e r a t e s b u t r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t w o r k
y e a r s a r e l o w e r th an t h o s e o f t h e i r c b u n t e r p a r t s in s u b s t a n t i a l l y a l l o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s e x c e p t
r e t a i l t r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s . A n n u a l e a r n i n g s o f the i n d u s t r y ' s m a j o r e a r n e r s who w o r k e d in
the i n d u s t r y d u r i n g a l l f o u r q u a r t e r s o f the y e a r , h o w e v e r , e x c e e d t h o s e o f f o u r - q u a r t e r
w o r k e r s in a l l b u t a few o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g , m i n i n g , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n d u s t r i e s .
Chapter 2.
Industry Organization and Activity
The Industry
Contract construction is one of the more important industries in the country.
Its char
acteristics, however, are not those typically associated with large scale activity.
A few large construction firms operate over large parts of the country.
Most con
struction firms are small and operate only in their local areas. The labor supply is also
primarily local and is highly fragmented into craft groups that claim jurisdiction over spec
ified types of work. Entry into most of the skilled construction crafts requires specialized
training and examination which, unlike the situation in most other industries, frequently is
conducted by or is under the auspices of a craft union.
The fragmentation of the labor supply into numerous specialized crafts is similar to
the industrial specialization of firms that operate in the industry.
The industry1 includes establishments engaged primarily in contract construction in
cluding new work, additions, alterations, and repairs. Three broad types of establishments
are included in the industry: (1) General building contractors engaged primarily in the
construction of residential, farm, industrial, commercial, and public or other buildings
(SIC 15); (2) general contractors engaged in heavy construction such as highways and streets,
bridges, sewers, railroads, irrigation projects, flood control projects and marine con
struction, and m i s c e l l a n e o u s types of construction work other than building (SIC 16);
(3) special trade contractors who undertake specialized activities such as plumbing, painting,
plastering, carpentering, and electrical work (SIC 17).
Notwithstanding the primary specialization of the individual construction establishment,
considerable overlap exists in the functions performed by each type of firm.
A general con
tractor may perform some special trades work. A special trades contractor may act as a
general contractor. A building contractor may undertake some heavy construction work and
a heavy construction firm may do general building construction work. 2
The degree of specialization within the industry, particularly in the special trades
sector of the industry, is even greater than that suggested by the industrial classification
of firm s.
Some firms work on new construction only, others do both new construction and
alteration and repair work.
These facts (discussed in more detail subsequently) have im
portant ramifications 'in the unionization and wage structure of the industry.
1 Division C— Contract Construction— as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC) pre
pared by the U. S. Bureau of the Budget.
2 Construction of new facilities, and the alteration or repair of existing facilities also is done by firms whose primary activity
is the sale or lease of real estate and by manufacturing and nonmanufacturing firms for their own account and use, or as a service
incidental to their sale of prefabricated equipment and materials.
Included in this catagory are subdividers and developers (SIC 655)
engaged in subdividing real property into lots and developing it for resale on their own account or for others, and operative builders
(e. g. , speculative builders, condominium developers, and cooperative apartment builders) primarily engaged in construction for sale
on their own account (SIC 6561).
To the extent possible, the analysis presented in this bulletin is limited to contract construction (Division C).
The omission
of data for other industries from the employment and earnings statistics discussed in subsequent sections of this repjort slightly limits
the examination of construction wages.
This limitation results from the fact that some of the Nation's largest builders are in
dustrially classified in the real estate industries.
However, average annual employment in these industries (SIC's 655 and 6561) during
1967, for example, amounted to about 113,400 workers— approximately 1 worker for every 30 employed by contract construction
firms (SIC 15, 16, and 17).
For a detailed explanation of the industrial classification of different types of construction work see p. 27 of the SIC Manual.
3
4
The organization of the contract construction industry is by work function rather than by
product.
This functional orientation, which is unique among the goods producing sector,
generally reflects the nature of the product, the historical development of the craft struc
ture of the work force, and local statutory requirements. The variety of construction activ
ities, most of which are still performed on the building site, some of which require high
degrees of skill, and some of which cannot be performed elsewhere, necessitates numerous
contractors to handle various operations.
However, many of the operations, particularly
in the skilled crafts, require relatively small capital investments by the entrepreneur. Hence,
depending on business conditions, firms enter and leave the market with comparative ease.
The demand for the finished construction product is unlike that for goods produced by
most other industries.
In the construction industry, the contractor is responsible for o r
ganizing the factor of production to build a product, on a stipulated site that meets the
buyer's specifications. Several consequences have resulted from this market system: (1) The
use of mass production techniques has been retarded. 3 This results from the heterogeneity
of products that are demanded, plus variations in local building code standards, and the fact
that the complete product is immobile.
In addition, while the construction unions have ac
cepted many innovations in technique, they have tended to moderate the introduction of any
technique that would reduce the employment opportunities of their mem bership.4 (2) The
demand for contract construction fluctuates widely. Individual producers have not been able
to "smooth out" the demand— even in the single family housing market— in any substantial
way.
(3) Numerous firm s, usually small and primarily in the special trades and general
building construction segments of the industry, form in good times to share the "fea st" and
disappear when the "fam ine" sets in. The low capital requirements for much of the industry—
often only a set of tools (which many skilled craftsmen already own)— allows the individual
entrepreneur to hire a few workers and form his own company. 5
The market and the industry's response have been of prime influence in determining
the organizational size of firms in the industry.
The picture, however, is obscured by the
industrywide tendency to organize a separate legal enterprise for each major building con
tract.
Nevertheless, the available data indicate that there has been remarkable stability
in the distribution of establishments by employment size group since the end of World
War II.6 In 1966, as in most other post-World War II years, about 91 percent of the in
dustry's operating units employed fewer than 20 workers; and about 97 percent employed
fewer than 50 workers; only about 1 percent of all establishments employed 100 workers
or more.
3 The failure to adopt new technology does not necessarily imply that construction advancements are behind that of other in
dustries. The Battelle Memorial Institute in its report on The State of the Art of Prefabrication in the Construction Industry (Colum
bus, Ohio, September 1967), has concluded that construction technology, rather than lagging behind, is about 10 years ahead of the
industry.
On the other hand, the U. S. Department of Commerce has found that "Shortages of skilled craftsmen in the construction
trades and rising wage demands have contributed to increased mechanization in all phases of the construction industry. New building
materials and methods have led to greater mechanization of residential and nonresidential construction . . . builders have found that
increased use of construction machinery can raise their productivity. " (U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services
Administration, Growth Pace Setters in American Industry, 1958-68, Washington, D. C. , 1968, p. 28. )
4 Historically the building trades unions have attempted to maintain identity through craft separation.
Such separation, par
ticularly considering the changes in construction technology over the years and the variations in the degree of unionization extent in
the different sections of the country and in the different types of construction projects (e. g. , private home vs. highway construction),
does not mean that the craft groups are mutually exclusive.
The nature of some work (e. g. , sheet-metal work and paperhanging,
among others) often crosses traditional lines of craft jurisdiction.
In addition, developments such as plaster wallboard, preglazed
windows, and metal door jambs cross the job domains of carpenters, plasterers, glazers, and sheet-metal workers, and make the lines
of craft separation less distinct.
5 An additional feature of the construction industry is the competition between small construction firms and the industry's crafts
men who free lance in the evenings and on weekends as well as when they are between jobs. Data on the incidence of such moon
lighting are unavailable.
Nevertheless it exists--primarily because of the low capital (and in some cases no capital) requirements
for such work; the relatively high degree of skill needed to perform the work and the homeowner or small businessman's inability to
do handiwork or his lack of time or interest.
6 The data which underlie this analysis are based on the Bureau of the Census' concept of a reporting unit. In nonmanufacturing
industries, the Bureau of the Census counts employers once in each county for each industry in which they operate.
Thus the data
overstate the number of firms (separate legal entities) but understate their employment size; and understate the number of operating
establishments while overstating their employment size. The terms "firms, " "establishments, " and "reporting units" are used synonmously
in this report.
For additional detail, see Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns (U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash
ington, D. C. ), various years beginning 1946.
Data for 1967 became available subsequent to the preparation of this section. While the 1967 statistics are somewhat dif
ferent from those for 1966, the conclusions drawn on the basis of the earlier years still prevail.
5
Although the relative importance of operating units grouped by employment size has
remained stable over the last two decades, the number of units in the industry has increased
more than twofold and employment in the industry has about doubled. (See table 1.)
Table 1.
Distribution of operating units, employment, and change, by industry segment
Percent change 1946-66
(1946=100)
Percent of—
Industry
Reporting units
Employment
Reporting
units
Employment
1946
1966
1946
1966
Total---------------------------------------
100
100
100
100
227
198
General building contractors-----------Heavy construction contractors-------Special trades contractors---------------
23
8
68
29
9
62
40
17
43
32
20
48
280
249
204
158
237
220
SOURCES: Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Because contract construction firms can easily move from one branch of the industry
to another, and because data about the number of construction units by industry segment,
and accordingly employment, are among the least satisfactory of all official statistics it is
difficult to assess the actual changes in the composition of the industry during the postWorld War II period. Nevertheless, the available data indicate that almost three times as
many general building contractors were in business in 1966 as in 1946.
Nevertheless,
employment in this segment of the industry has declined as a proportion of total construc
tion employment while that of both heavy construction and special trades contractors has
increased. The shifts in the relative importance of the different types of construction firms
which suggest that the industry is becoming even more specialized than it had been, appear
to result, at least in part from the declining proportionate importance of private residen
tial construction.
Occupational Composition of the Industry
Approximately 1 of every 7 employees in the construction industry worked in a pro
fessional, technical, managerial, clerical, or sales job in I960— the date of the most recent
data. 7 The bulk of the industry’ s employment as shown in the table on page 6, however,
is split on about a 6 to 2 ratio between craftsmen8 and helpers.
These two groups, to
gether with apprentices and service workers, account for 84 percent of the industry's total
work force.
Because of a lack of mass production techniques there is a continual need for large
numbers of skilled craftsmen, many of whom are trained as apprentices. While mechanical
equipment has been developed to perform the heaviest work in construction, the industry
employs large numbers of unskilled workers and most construction jobs still require physical
strength and stamina. This has limited the number of jobs for women. However, the need
for substantial numbers of workers able to do relatively hard labor has provided opportunities
at relatively high wages for unskilled immigrants, or recently, for unskilled migrants from
the rural South.
Women who were about one-fourth of the industry's office staff constitute a substantial
proportion (about two-thirds) of the clerical force only. 9
7 Unless otherwise noted, all data in this section are based on the Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1960Occupation by Industry, 1963. ^The construction industry as defined by the Census Bureau includes contract construction and separable
governmental units engaged in construction operations.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics definition of "Construction Workers" is slightly
different from that employed here.
In essence, construction workers, as defined by the Bureau, include all workers other than pro
fessional, technical, managerial, sales, and clerical employees.
8 The terms craftsmen and journeymen as used in this report include all workers, except apprentices, classified by the Census
Bureau as craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers or as operatives and kindred workers.
9 The 1960 census data indicated that almost as many women are employed in journeyman craft occupations as are employed in the
industry's top professional, managerial, and sales jobs where women constitute about 3 percent of the employees. Interestingly, however,
women apparently are seeking and obtaining craft jobs in increasing numbers.
While women hold less than one-half percent of all
journeyman craft jobs, the census data (based on a 5 -percent sample) indicate that they were about 1 percent of the industry's apprentices.
6
Table 2.
Construction industry employment, by sex and occupational group, 1960
Number of workers
Occupational group
By sex
By sex
Total
Total
Men
Total em ployed---------------------------------------------
3 .0 6 2 ,03 8
2,931,880
Office and related workers--------------------------------------Professional and technical workers----------------------Managers and o ffic ia ls--------------------------------------Clerical and kindred workers-----------------------------Salesworkers--------------------------------------------------------
478,971
167,170
147,621
152, 944
11,236
367,119
162,756
142,806
51,298
10,259
Construction workers------ -----------------------------------------Craftsmen, operatives, and forem en----------------Apprentices---------------------------------------------------------Helpers and laborers---------------------------------------------
2,538,391
1,893,134
24,496
620,761
Service workers-------------------------------------------------------Protective service workers---------------------------------Janitors, cleaners, and porters----------------------------
19,188
6, 845
8,475
*
Percent of workers
Women
130,158
All
Men
Women
100
100
96
4
1 1 1 ,852
4,414
4, 815
101,646
977 |
16
5
5
5
(! )
100
100
100
100
100
77
97
97
34
91
23
3
3
66
9
2,526,021
1,884,811
24,318
616,892
12,370
8,323
178
3, 869
83
62
1
20
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
t1)
(M
1
1
14,778
6, 825
5, 538
4,410
20
2,937
1
(1)
( !)
100
100
100
77
100
65
23
(M
35
Less than 0. 5 percent.
NOTE: The number of workers by occupational group does not add to total because of the inclusion of 23,962 men
and 1,526 women in the total whose occupation was not reported.
All percentages have been rounded.
SOURCE: Bureau of the Census.
Women are also an important part of the industry's service worker staff. Employee
primarily as charwomen and cleaners, women constitute about one-fourth of all service
workers. Service workers, however, made up only about 1 percent of all employees in the
industry and janitorial workers were only about one-third of the service staff.
The other
major group of service workers— those in protective service occupations (e. g., guards and
watchmen), who were only a slightly smaller proportion of the total service group than jan
itors, were almost all men.
Craftsmen
Journeymen, 10 accounting for 62 percent of total construction employment, work at many
different crafts. Nevertheless, seven crafts— each with ,at least 100,000 journeymen work
ers— predominate. About 70 percent of all journeymen craft workers are employed as brickmasons; carpenters; electricians; excavating, grading, and road machinery operators; paint
ers; plumbers; and truck and tractor drivers.
Carpenters are numerically the most important group of journeymen in the industry
(about 25 percent).
The number of journeymen in the three next largest groups (painters,
plumbers, and truck and tractor drivers) combined constitute about 24 percent of all
journeymen.
A journeyman is generally considered to be a craftsman who mastered his trade by serving an apprenticeship.
However, some
of the crafts engaged in the building trades do not have formal apprenticeship programs.
Hence, for purposes of this bulletin, anY
worker employed as a fully qualified craftsman, foreman, operative or kindred worker, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, is
considered to be a journeyman worker.
The occupational designations used by the Bureau of the Census compress a number of
crafts recognized in the construction industry as separable occupations (or trades) into single occupational catagories.
For detailed
information about the classification system used by the Bureau of the Census, see 1960 Census of Population, Classified Index of
Occupations and Industries, Washington, D. C. , I960.
7
The list of journeyman worker occupations (see table 3) reveals the complex nature
of the construction industry. Construction work proceeds on land and at sea. Accordingly,
the industry employs sailors and deckhands (who are less than 0 .5 percent of all journey
men) as well as truck and tractor drivers (8 percent) and excavating, grading, and road
machinery operators (7 percent).
The industry requires workers with expert knowledge
about blasting procedures (less than 0. 1 percent of all journeymen work in these crafts) as
well as cement finishers (about 2 percent of the journeymen) among many others.
Apprentices
Apprentices, who constitute only about 1 percent of the industry's total work force,
are employed in the industry in a ratio of about 1 apprentice to every 75 journeymen. How
ever, not all crafts are apprentice able. Among the trades with the greatest number of ap
prentices (table 3) the apprentice to journeyman ratio varies from about 1 to 20 in the elec
trical and plumbing trades to approximately 1 apprentice to more than 50 brickmasons and
90 carpenters. 11
While the ratio of apprentices to journeymen carpenters is substantially different from
those in the other three crafts cited, the proportion of carpenter apprentices to all appren
tices is only slightly different from the industrywide proportion of carpenters to all craftsmen.
The differential ratios between crafts are, as indicated in the following tabulation, primarily
due to the fact that a substantially greater proportion of apprentices than of all journeymen
are in the electrical and plumbing trades.
Percent of all—
Trade
Plumbers and pipefitters------------- ----------
Apprentices
10
21
21
27
Journeymen
7
25
6
8
Apprenticeship is not the only means by which a worker can gain journeyman status.
A worker can move from the helper category— though with perhaps more difficulty than an
apprentice and possibly only after more working time has elapsed— to journeyman status.
In the carpentering trades, for example, there are almost six times as many carpenter
helpers as apprentices for a combined ratio of about 1 apprentice or
helper to every 14
journeymen.
Possibly only very few carpenters* helpers will ever become journeymen.
Nevertheless, this is another avenue toward fully qualified journeymen status that some
workers can take— particularly those who cannot gain entry into the formal apprenticeship
programs. 12
Data about the extent of unionization of carpenters, or any other craft, are not avail
able with any precision.
Nevertheless, unionization of each craft must be kept in mind
when evaluating the craft ratio of apprentices to journeymen.
11 Substantial difference exists between the number of apprentices reported by the Bureau of the Census and the number reported
by the Department of Labor's Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training (BAT). In 1960, the census reported (based on a 5-percent
sample) that 81,786 apprentices were in all crafts and industries in America. The number of apprentices participating in registered
programs in that year (and not all programs are registered) as reported by BAT was 172, 161.
Some of the differences are due to
sampling and other statistical errors and some are due to reporting error. To the extent that some apprentices were classified by the
person responding to the census interview as journeymen,, the apprentice to journeyman ratio is understated.
12 For additional discussion of this and related points, see, Edgar Weinberg, "Reducing Skill Shortages in Construction," Monthly
Labor Review, February 1969, pp. 3-9.
8
The short-term employment situation, prevelant in construction, mitigates against the
establishment of formal apprenticeship programs by individual employers. Such programs,
which often take 3 or 4 years can be effective only when the relationship between the ap
prentice and the training agency is stable.
Hence, most of the important apprenticeship
situations in the construction industry are in the unionized sector where the employers
jointly participate with the union, and the union provides the apprentices with the stable re
lationship required. 13
The ratio of apprentices to journeymen in the organized sector of the construction in
dustry is substantially higher than in the industry as a whole. The apprentice to journey
man ratios in the electrical and plumbing trades in the organized sector appear to be about
1 to 9 or about twice as high as in the industry as a whole.
Among the trowel and car
pentering trades in the organized sector, as indicated in the following tabulation, the ratios
indicate that there are about twice as many bricklayer and almost four times as many car
penter apprentices for the same relative number of journeymen.
Number of active journeymen
per apprentice as of—
Trade
Asbestos workers — ----------------- Bricklayers-------------------------------Carpenters-------------------------------Cement finishers----------------------Electricians-----------------------------Glaziers-------------------------------------Lathers--------------------------------------Marble setters -------------------------Mosaic and terrazzo workers----Painters-------------------------------------Pipefitters---------------------------------Plasterers ---------------------------------Plumbers-----------------------------------R odm en-----------------------------------Roofers, composition---------------Roofers, slate and t ile -------------Sheet-metal workers----------------Stonemasons-----------------------------Structural-iron workers-------------Tile layers--------------------------------
July 1967
5
21
25
26
9
13
14
20
19
29
10
30
9
16
7
8
8
33
15
17
July 1960
6
19
27
20
8
10
10
11
14
31
i l\
20
10
40
8
13
8
25
27
15
Data not available.
The data presented in the tabulation are based on information provided by local unions
included in the Bureau of Labor Statistics study of union wages and hours in the building
trades. 14 They indicate that the unionized sector in most of the trades has either main
tained about the same ratio or has improved the ratio of apprentices to journeymen since
the beginning of this decade.
13 Very little is now known about the number of apprentices in each step of their respective program. A forthcoming report
by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, limited to selected apprenticeship programs conducted under joint labor-management
auspices, is expected to provide information about the number of apprentices during 1967 by race and year of apprenticeship. The
available data do suggest that Negroes and members of other minority groups once enrolled in an apprenticeship program have better
than average chances of attaining journeyman status. In addition, the latest data indicate that the number and proportion of minority
group apprentices is growing rapidly (see "Reaching Out for Apprentices, " in Manpower. June 1969, pp. 8-13).
14 See BLS Union Wage and Hours: Building Trades July 1, 1968, Bulletin 1621, 1969.
9
A few trades, particularly the plasterers, marble setters, stonemasons, cement fin
ishers, mosaic and terrazzo workers, and lathers appreciably decreased the ratio of ap
prentices to journeyman workers.
The most marked decrease was in the plastering trades
where the ratios declined from 1 apprentice to 20 journeymen in I960, to 1 to 30 in 1967. 15
Unionization
Historically construction workers have tended to join together separately.
At least
26 national and international unions draw all or some of their membership from the con
tract construction industry.16 Aggregate construction industry membership of these 26 known
unions was 2, 288, 000 in 1966.
However, union membership by craft and the proportion
of workers covered by union agreements are not known.
Despite the general absence of studies showing the proportion of construction workers
employed by firms with collective bargaining agreements, an estimate of the proportion,
based on minimum and maximum limits established by collateral data, can be made.
Construction Workers.
The minimum estimate of bargaining agreement coverage of
construction workers is set by the extent of unionization in general building construction
(SIC 15), the only construction industry for which nationwide data are available.
A BLS
study 17 indicates that 45 percent of the construction workers in this industry are employed
by firms in which bargaining agreements cover a majority of the workers.
The maximum is established by the proportion of workers who are union members.
During 1966, construction worker union membership equalled about 80 percent of average
annual construction worker employment but 98 percent of February and 73 percent of August
employment. 18 However, not all of the union members were employed in contract con
struction.
An unknown proportion worked outside the construction industry for real estate
firms or for manufacturing and other nonmanufacturing enterprises, and some were retired
workers who continued to be active union members.
In addition, the union membership
statistics which are based on a count of "average dues-paying membership" reflect changes
(occurring over the year as members die, retire, or otherwise drop their membership and
as new members join) but do not fully reflect the extent of unemployment among union
members.
18 Data for the 2 years are not strictly comparable.
In each year the city data collected was weighted to represent all cities
with a population of 100,000 or more. The 1960 statistics were weighted by data from the 1950 Census of Population; the 1967
statistics were weighted on the basis of 1960 population data. Between the 2 census years more than 25 cities were added to the
list of those with a population of 100,000 or more. Accordingly, the number of workers by trade cannot be accurately compared on
a year-to-year basis.
The ratios, however, should be largely unaffected by the differences in the number of cities represented by
each study.
Notwithstanding the difficulties in comparing the aggregate number of workers by craft over the period, the increase in the num
ber of cities represented would be expected to have the effect of increasing the number of journeymen and apprentices in each trade.
Among all the trades for which data are presented in the tabulation, only the plasterers and lathers did not meet this expectation.
In 1967, the number of apprentices and the number of journeyman workers in these crafts were below the numbers recorded in the
1960 study.
16 Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United States, 1967, Bulletin 1596, 1968. Aggregate member
ship of the 26 unions attributable to contract construction was 2 ,4 6 3 ,0 0 0 of which 2 ,2 8 8 ,0 0 0 were estimated to belong to United
States locals.
Unionization in the construction industry occurred early in U. S. industrial history. As early as 1791 the carpenters formed craft
locals.
In that year, Philadelphia carpenters staged the first known building trades strike in the United States. (See Brief History of
the American Labor Movement, Bulletin 1000, 1964 edition. )
17 See appendix A.
18 The apparent increase in union membership relative to employment results from the comparison of membership at a single
point in time to a variable (employment) which fluctuates during the year.
Employment in the industry's unionized sector may in
crease substantially during months of peak construction activity (although relative to the nonunion sector, covered employment may
remain constant).
Nevertheless, union membership may remain relatively constant.
The areas of high activity may draw union
workers from low activity areas and/or may issue temporary work permits to nonunion workers.
When these work permits expire,
the holder who does not automatically gain union membership or any of the rights of a union member, returns to the nonunion sector
or leaves the industry.
10
The range estimates based on membership employment relationships can be refined
by an examination of the industry. Many building construction firms are engaged primarily
or exclusively in private home construction or alteration in which unionization is generally
conceded to be less common than in other types of construction; hence, unionization prob
ably is more widespread in other construction industries, which employ two-thirds of all
contract construction workers.
The extent to which heavy and special trades firms are organized is not known. How
ever, some recent studies conducted by the New York State Division of Employment in
dicate that between two-thirds and three-fourths of the journeymen painters and plumbers
in New York City were covered by union contracts. Statistics for New York City probably
are not parallel with those for other areas. Nevertheless, they clearly indicate that special
trades contracting is far less than completely organized, and that probably about one-fourth
or more of the special trades employees work for nonunion firm s.
Assumptions about heavy construction must be based partly on the fact that propor
tionately more firms in heavy construction than in either general building or special trades
construction are large and hence are likely to employ a substantial permanent work force
(even though employment in heavy construction fluctuates more on a proportionate basis than
in either general building or special trades) which facilitates unionization.
On the other
hand, there is no reason to assume that all heavy construction is carried on by unionized
firm s.
Considering all factors, it seems reasonable to assume that an average of about 60 to
70 percent of the construction workers are employed by firms that have collectively bar
gained agreements covering a majority of the workers.
This estimate of collective bargaining coverage suggests that bargaining agreement
coverage in construction is in about the same position today that it had been more than
three decades ago.
In 1936, a BLS survey indicated that about 68 percent of the employed
construction workers were union members. 19
Office Workers.
Office worker organization in contract construction is estimated to
be very low.
Only about 4 percent of the office workers in general building construction20
are covered by agreements and most of the major construction unions do not have whitecollar members. zr
Changing Degrees of Unionization.
The degree of unionization in the industry changes
over the year as the work force expands and contracts.
In addition, between years (and
presumably within a single year) the proportion of workers covered by collectively bargained
agreements is affected by the extent to which the work mix changes, that is, to the extent
that workers can obtain jobs with firms that do new construction work as opposed to firms
that only or principally do alteration and repair work.
Data to support these conclusions are quite sparse.
The findings of a few studies
conducted by the New York State Division of Employment (DE) do shed some light on the
subject. In November 1967, according to a DE study of plumbing, heating, and air-condi
tioning work (SIC 1711), 73 percent of the journeyman plumbers employed in New York City
were covered by collectively bargained agreements.
In June I960, when approximately
one-third fewer plumbers were employed in the City, 80 percent were covered by union
*9 The current estimate of collective bargaining coverage and the 1936 estimate of unionization are not strictly compatible.
The current estimate is based on the concept of majority coverage--thus if 51 percent of a firm's employees were covered by bar
gaining agreements all workers were considered to be covered--if 51 percent or more workers were not covered by contractual pro
visions all workers in the establishment were considered not covered.
The 1936 estimate was based on a head count within each unit
studied.
The 1936 survey was also limited to building contractors and those subcontractors that did work for general building con
tractors. In general, heavy construction contractors and those subcontractors that worked only with heavy contractors were excluded
from the survey scope. For detailed information about the 1936 study, see Sanford, Edward P. , "Wage Rates and Hours of Labor in
the Building Trades, " Monthly Labor Review, August 1937, pp. 281-300.
William Haber and Harold M. Levinson have suggested, in
Labor Relations and Productivity in the Building Trades (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1956), that the 1936 estimates were too high.
20 See appendix A.
21 Bulletin 1596, op. cit.
11
con tracts.
T h e d i f f e r e n c e s in th e u n i o n - n o n u n io n r a t i o s b e t w e e n t h e s e two p e r i o d s r e s u l t
a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f r o m c h a n g e s in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d b y n o n u n io n f i r m s t h a t
on ly d id a l t e r a t i o n a n d r e p a i r w o r k . 22
A n o t h e r s e t o f s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d b y th e N e w Y o r k a g e n c y a l s o t e n d to c o n f i r m th e g e n
eralizatio n s.
In O c t o b e r 1 9 6 7 , a c c o r d i n g to a D E s u r v e y , 64 p e r c e n t o f th e p a i n t e r s e m
p l o y e d in N e w Y o r k C i t y w e r e c o v e r e d b y u n io n c o n t r a c t s — 12 p e r c e n t f e w e r t h a n in N o v e m
b e r 1964 w h en t h e r e w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 p e r c e n t m o r e p a i n t e r s th a n in 19 6 7 . 23
T h e d i f f e r e n c e in th e p r o p o r t i o n of p a i n t e r s w o r k i n g u n d e r u n io n c o n t r a c t ,
c a s e w ith th e p l u m b e r s , r e s u l t e d p r i m a r i l y f r o m w o r k m i x . 24
a s w a s the
T h e s e d a t a do not s u g g e s t t h a t u n io n m e m b e r s h i p f l u c t u a t e s .
R a t h e r , th e y i m p l y t h a t
u n io n w o r k e r s w i l l a c c e p t n o n u n io n e m p l o y m e n t w h en n e c e s s a r y .
T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h a
w o r k e r n e e d s to s h i f t b e t w e e n th e o r g a n i z e d a n d u n o r g a n i z e d f i r m , h o w e v e r , i s u n kn o w n .
T h e e a s e w ith w h i c h s o m e f i r m s e n t e r a n d l e a v e th e m a r k e t p l a c e , th e s h o r t - t e r m n a t u r e
o f m o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t , a n d the f r e q u e n c y w ith w h ic h c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s c h a n g e
t h e i r j o b s te n d to f a c i l i t a t e t h e s e i n t r a i n d u s t r y s h i f t s .
C o n s t r u c t i o n A c t i v i t y 25
T o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y , w h ic h now c o n s t i t u t e s a b o u t 1 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o f g r o s s n a t i o n a l
p ro d u c t, h a s m o r e than d oubled sin c e 1946.
In t h a t y e a r , p r i v a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s 85 p e r
c e n t ( $ 2 1 . 8 b i l l i o n ) a n d p u b l i c c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s a b o u t 15 p e r c e n t ( $ 3 . 9 b i ll io n ) o f th e t o t a l
v a l u e o f n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n (in 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 d o l l a r s ) put in p l a c e .
S i n c e th e n th e v a l u e o f p r i v a t e
c o n s t r u c t i o n (in c o n s t a n t d o l l a r s ) , i n c r e a s i n g in a l l but 5 y e a r s , h a s p r a c t i c a l l y d o u b l e d ; th e
v a l u e o f p u b l ic c o n s t r u c t i o n , d e c l i n i n g b e l o w th e p r e v i o u s y e a r ' s l e v e l o n ly t w i c e in th e l a s t
20 y e a r s , h a s i n c r e a s e d f i v e f o l d .
B e c a u s e o f the d i f f e r e n t r a t e s b y w h ic h th e p r i v a t e a n d
p u b l ic s e c t o r s g r e w , p r i v a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n in 1966 w a s a b o u t 66 p e r c e n t ( $ 4 2 . 0 b i ll i o n ) a n d
p u b l ic c o n s t r u c t i o n a b o u t 33 p e r c e n t ( $ 1 9 . 7 b i ll io n ) o f th e t o t a l v a l u e of n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n
put in p l a c e . ( S e e t a b l e 4 . )
22 In 1967, 46 percent of the journeyman plumbers worked for such firms— and 42 percent of these workers were covered by
bargaining ^agreements. In 1960, 27 percent worked for alteration firms— and 38 percent worked under union contracts. In both years,
firms that did new construction work employed only union labor; and firms that did both new construction and alteration and repair
work were almost entirely unionized (98 percent in 1967; 92 percent in 1960).
New York State Department of Labor, Division of
Employment, Wages and Hours in Selected Occupations in the Plumbing, Heating and Air Conditioning Industry, June 1960, Wage
Bulletin 860, and Earnings and Hours of Full-Time Workers in Selected Occupations, Plumbing. Heating and Air Conditioning Work.
New York City, November 1967, Wage Report 102.
Permission to use data from these studies, which were conducted by the State
agency for administrative use only, was granted by the New York State Division of Employment.
New York State Department of Labor, Division of Employment, Earnings and Hours of Full-Time Workers in Selected Occu
pations. Painting and Decorating Work, New York City, October 1967. Wage Report 100, and November 1964. Wage Report 42.
2 4 in both years, all painters employed by firms that did new construction work only were covered by union contracts.
In
both years, the vast majority of painters employed by firms that did both new construction and alteration and repair work were union
ized (85 percent in 1967, 99 percent in 1964).
However, in 1967 more than four-fifths of the workers compared with two-fifths in
1964 worked for firms that only did alteration and repair work and 42 percent of these workers were not covered by bargaining agree
ments; in 1964, 60 percent of the alteration painters were employed by unorganized firms. Caution must be exercised in making
broad gage assumptions based on these data. In New York City, as in most other cities in the Nation, a firm's geographical area
of activity is not necessarily bounded by geopolitical borders. The surveys conducted by the State agency, however, were. The
State studies, conducted on a sample basis, were designed to include only those workers employed in New York City by firms in the
specified industries that could be identified as having work operations in the city.
Hence, workers at job sites located outside the
New York City boundaries but who were employed by city firms were out of scope of the State studies.
In addition, the number
of workers by occupation employed in New York City during each survey period is subject to the usual errors associated with statistical
surveys. Further, numerical and proportionate changes by occupation and type of work over time may reflect cyclical fluctu
ations, different levels of technology and productivity, and the relative ease of entry of firms into the industry and from one work
segment of the industry to another.
2® This discussion relates to total construction activity in the economy including work done by contract construction firms,
government agencies, and by firms in other nonconstruction industries. In the text, all measurement of level and change in value
of construction put in place is based on constant (1957-59) dollars. In 1966, the value of new construction put in place was $61.7
billion in constant dollars; the value in current dollars amounted to $74 .4 billion. Final data for subsequent years were not avail
able at the time this section was prepared. However, the Business and Defense Service Administration of the U. S. Department of
Commerce estimated that the total value of new construction put in place during 1967 was $76, 716,000 (in current dollars and the
value of 1968 construction put in place amounted to $84,700,000). For detail see U. S. Department of Commerce Business and De
fense Service Administration, U. S. Industrial Outlook. 1969. Washington, D. C ., 1968. For additional detailed information about
construction activity, see Lipsye, Robert E. and Doris Preston, Source Book of Statistics Relating to Construction. National Bureau of
Economic Research, New York, 1966, and Bureau of the Census, Housing Construction Statistics; 1889 to 1964, Washington, D. C ., 1966.
12
W ithin th e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , the v a l u e o f r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , in c o n s t a n t d o l l a r s ,
h a s b e e n on a d o w n w a r d t r e n d w h ile th e t r e n d f o r n o n r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s d o w n w a r d
u n t i l 1951 a n d u p w a r d s i n c e th e n .
T h e v a l u e o f p r i v a t e r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n put in p l a c e h a s r a n g e d b e t w e e n a b o u t
$ 1 9 a n d $ 2 3 b i l l i o n (in 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 d o l l a r s ) s i n c e 1950— a l e v e l a b o u t d o u b le t h a t o f 19 4 6 , the
f i r s t f u l l y e a r a f t e r W o r ld W a r II.
A s a p r o p o r t i o n o f the t o t a l v a l u e o f a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n
put in p l a c e , r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n g r e w f r o m 42 p e r c e n t of th e 1946 t o t a l to 52 p e r c e n t
in 1950; s i n c e th e n it h a s b e e n on a d o w n w a r d t r e n d .
In 1 9 6 6 , p r i v a t e r e s i d e n t i a l c o n
s t r u c t i o n , v a l u e d a t a l m o s t $ 2 0 b i l l i o n , w a s l e s s th a n 33 p e r c e n t o f a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y .
P r i v a t e n o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s c o n s t i t u t e d a b o u t 25 p e r c e n t of a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n in 1 9 4 6 , a n d
s l i d to a b o u t 1 2 . 5 p e r c e n t in 1950, but h a s r i s e n f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t l y s i n c e th e n .
In 19 6 6 ,
p r i v a t e n o n r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , v a l u e d a t s l i g h t l y m o r e th an $ 15 b i l l i o n , a c c o u n t e d f o r
o n ly a f r a c t i o n a l l y s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n v a l u e th a n in 1946.
T h e v a l u e of n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n put in p l a c e by p u b l ic a g e n c i e s h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m a b o u t
$ 4 b i l l i o n in 1946 to a l m o s t $ 2 0 b i l l i o n in 1 9 6 6 .
T h e m a j o r f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g to t h i s
f i v e f o l d i n c r e a s e w h ic h d o u b l e d th e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f p u b l ic c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y in the
e c o n o m y w a s th e m o r e t h a n s e v e n f o l d i n c r e a s e in th e v a l u e o f n e w h i g h w a y s a n d a m o r e t h a n
n i n e f o l d i n c r e a s e in th e v a l u e o f n o n r e s i d e n t i a l p u b l ic b u i l d i n g s .
H ig h w a y e x p e n d i t u r e s ,
w h ic h a m o u n t e d to a l m o s t $ 7 . 4 b i l l i o n in 1966 a n d m a d e u p 12 p e r c e n t o f a l l n e w c o n s t r u c
t i o n , w ith th e e x c e p t i o n o f a fe w y e a r s , h a v e m o v e d c o n s i s t e n t l y u p w a r d s i n c e th e end o f
W o r ld W ar II.
T h e v a l u e o f n e w p u b l ic b u i l d i n g s , s t a r t i n g w ith $ 7 1 7 m i l l i o n in v a l u e put
in p l a c e d u r i n g 1 9 4 6 , i n c r e a s e d a n n u a l l y u n t i l th e 1954 h ig h of $ 5 . 4 b i l l i o n a n d th en f l u c t u
a t e d b e t w e e n $ 4 . 3 a n d $ 4 . 8 b i l l i o n d u r i n g th e 1 9 5 5 - 6 2 p e r i o d .
In 1 9 6 3 , th e v a l u e o f n o n r e s i d e n t i a l p u b l ic b u i l d i n g s put in p l a c e a m o u n t e d to $ 5 . 2 b i l l i o n a n d in 1 9 6 6 , a f t e r s u c
c e e d i n g h i g h e r v a l u e y e a r s , a m o u n t s to $ 6 . 5 b i l l i o n , a l m o s t 11 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l v a l u e of
1966 c o n s t r u c t i o n .
P ro d u ctivity
W id e ly a c c e p t e d m e a s u r e s o f p r o d u c t i v i t y f o r th e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y a r e not y e t
a v a i l a b l e f o r v a r i o u s c o n c e p t u a l a n d t e c h n i c a l r e a s o n s . 26 A lt h o u g h th e B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s
i s d e v e l o p i n g p r i c e i n d e x e s b a s e d on s a l e s p r i c e s a d j u s t e d f o r c h a n g e s in q u a l i t y , s o f a r
s u c h s e r i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r o n ly p r i v a t e , s i n g l e f a m i l y d w e l l i n g s .
C u rren tly av ailab le
c o s t i n d e x e s w h ic h a r e u s e d a s d e f l a t o r s c a n be m i s l e a d i n g b e c a u s e th e y do not t a k e a c
c o u n t of i m p r o v e m e n t s in th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f l a b o r a n d m a t e r i a l s in c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d , t h e r e f o r e ,
o v e r s t a t e i n c r e a s e s in c o n s t r u c t i o n p r i c e s .
F o r t h i s r e a s o n , e s t i m a t e s o f th e g r o w t h of
r e a l ou tp u t in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d h e n c e , outp ut p e r m a n - h o u r , te n d to be u n d e r s t a t e d .
T h e s e e s t i m a t e s sh o w t h a t p r o d u c t i v i t y in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d a t a n a v e r a g e
a n n u a l r a t e o f a b o u t 2 p e r c e n t in the p o s t w a r p e r i o d , c o m p a r e d w ith th e 3 - p e r c e n t a n n u a l
r a t e f o r th e p r i v a t e e c o n o m y .
T h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s s t u d i e s of l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s o f c o n
s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s d o , h o w e v e r , a f f o r d s o m e i n s i g h t in to c h a n g i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y in two
sectors:
F e d e r a lly - a i d e d h igh w ays and sc h o o ls.
The d ata a v a ila b le fo r th e se s e c t o r s in
d i c a t e p r o d u c t i v i t y g a i n s a v e r a g i n g a b o u t 2. 7 to 3 . 2 p e r c e n t a y e a r s i n c e 19 5 8 . 27
2^ This section was primarily prepared in the Bureau's Office of Productivity, Technology, and Growth.
On-site man-hours per $1,000 of road contract (in constant 1958 dollars)--the reciprocal of output per man-hour— declined
by about 17.5 percent between 1958 and 1964, or about 3 .2 percent per year on the average. A recent study of school construc
tion labor requirements shows that on-site man-hour requirements per square foot declined by about 2.7 percent a year between 1959
and 1964-65.
These studies are based on data collected from records kept by contractors and subcontractors and from reports sub
mitted to various government agencies. Future studies will provide information about trends in labor requirements for other types
of construction. For details see: Labor Requirements for Federal Office Building Construction, Bulletin 1331, 1962; Labor and Mate
rial Requirements for Civil Works Construction by the Corps of Engineers. Bulletin 1390, 1964; Labor and Material Requirements
for Private One-Family House Construction, Bulletin 1404, 1964; Labor Requirements for Hospital Construction. Bulletin 1340, 1962;
and Labor Requirements for School Construction, Bulletin 1299, 1961. Also see Stephen G. Thompson, "The Rise in Building Pro
ductivity: Since World War II, Output Per Building Construction Worker in the United States has Risen a Surprising 13 Percent, "
Architectural Forum. May 1958, pp. 103-105 and 204-205, and Christopher A . Sims, "Efficiency in the Construction Industry, " in
vol. II, technical studies, The Report of the Presidents Committee on Urban Housing. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing
ton, D. C ., 1968.
13
T a b le 3.
N u m b e r a n d p e r c e n t o f w a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s by d e ta i le d o c c u p a tio n ,
O c c u p a tio n
N um ber
T o ta l e m p l o y e d -------------------------------
3 ,0 6 2 ,0 3 8
100. 0
1 6 7 ,1 7 0
5. 5
1 2 ,0 4 3
1, 107
3, 319
1 2 ,7 9 6
8 7 ,3 7 0
7 3 ,8 6 1
3, 398
1 ,3 3 3
4 ,9 9 0
2, 188
1 ,0 4 6
1 3 ,4 6 4
.4
(2)
(2 )
.4
2. 9
2. 4
. 1
(2 )
. 2
•1
(2 )
.4
A c c o u n ta n ts and a u d i t o r s ------------------------A r c h it e c ts -----------------------------------------------D e s i g n e r s -------------------------------------------------D r a f t s m e n -------------------------------------------------E n g i n e e r s , t e c h n i c a l ------------------------------C i v i l -----------------------------------------------------E l e c t r i c a l --------------------------------------------I n d u s t r i a l --------------------------------------------M e c h a n i c a l -----------------------------------------N a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s -----------------------------------S u r v e y o r s -------------------------------------------------T e c h n ic i a n s , e n g in e e r in g and
p h y s ic a l s c i e n c e s -----------------------------------
6, 723
.2
M a n a g e r s , o f f i c ia l s , and p r o p r i e
t o r s , e x c e p t f a r m ----------------------------
1 4 7 ,6 2 1
4 .8
C l e r i c a l a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s —
1 5 2 ,9 4 4
5. 0
1 1 ,2 3 6
.4
1 ,8 9 3 ,1 3 4
6 1 .8
S a le s w o rk e r s C ra fts m e n , f o re m e n , o p e ra tiv e s ,
and k in d r e d w o r k e r s -------------------A s b e s to s a n d in s u l a ti o n w o r k e r s -----------B l a s t e r s a n d p o w d e r m e n ------------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s -------------------------------- ----------B r i c k m a s o n s , s to n e m a s o n s , and
t il e s e t t e r s --------------------------------------------C a b in e tm a k e r s ----------------------------------------C a r p e n t e r s -----------------------------------------------C e m e n t a n d c o n c r e t e f i n i s h e r s ---------------C h a in m e n , r o d m e n , a n d a x m e n ,
s u r v e y i n g -----------------------------------------------C ra n e m e n , d e rr ic k m e n , and h o istm e n —
E l e c t r i c i a n s ---------------------------------------------E x c a v a tin g , g r a d i n g , a n d r o a d
m a c h in e r y op e r a to r s -----------------------------F o r e m e n (n. e. c . )
G l a z i e r s -----------------------------------------------I n s p e c t o r s (n. e . c . ) ----------------------------L in e m e n and s e r v i c e m e n , t e le p h o n e ,
t e l e g r a p h , and p o w e r ------------------------
9 ,9 4 9
1 ,2 5 0
3 ,6 2 9
1 2 7 ,1 5 6
4 , 618
4 8 0 ,9 1 4
3 6 ,3 5 3
3 ,3 4 7
1 6 ,2 2 7
1 0 7 ,9 0 4
1 4 1 ,3 6 2
9 5 ,5 4 7
4, 143
14, 606
7 ,8 7 3
O c c u p a tio n
P e rce n t
P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , and
k in d r e d w o r k e r s -------------------------------
. 3
(2 )
. 1
4.
.
15.
1.
2
2
7
2
. 1
.5
3. 5
4.
3.
.
.
6
1
1
5
. 3
c o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , 1 I9 6 0
C r a f t s m e n , f o r e m e n , o p e r a t iv e s ,
a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s ----C o n tin u e d
M a c h i n i s t s --------------------------------------------M e c h a n ic s a n d r e p a i r m e n ------------------A ir c o n d itio n in g , h e a tin g a n d
r e f r i g e r a t i o n --------------------------------A u to m o b ile ---------------------------------------R a d io a n d t e l e v i s i o n --------------------------M i l l w r i g h t s ----------------------------------------------O i l e r s a n d g r e a s e r s , e x c e p t a u to ----------P a i n t e r s , c o n s tr u c ti o n a n d m a in te n a n c e —
P a p e r h a n g e r s ------------------------------------------P l a s t e r e r s -----------------------------------------------P l u m b e r s a n d p i p e f i t t e r s ------------------R o o f e rs a n d s l a t e r s ----------------------------S a i lo r s a n d d e c k h a n d s -----------------------S a w y e r s ------------------------------------------------S ta tio n a r y e n g i n e e r s ---------------------------S t a ti o n a r y f ir e m e n ------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l m e t a l w o r k e r s --------------------T a x ic a b d r i v e r s a n d c h a u f f e u r s --------T i n s m i th s , c o p p e r s m it h s , a n d s h e e t m e t a l w o r k e r s -----------------------------------T ru ck and tr a c to r d r iv e r s W e ld e r s a n d f la m e c u t t e r s
A p p r e n tic e s ------------------B r i c k l a y e r s an d m a s o n s ---C a r p e n te r s ------------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s -----------------------P lu m b e rs and p ip e fitte rs —
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ----------C h a m b e r m a id s an d m a i d s ----------C h a rw o m e n an d c l e a n e r s ------------C o o k s , e x c e p t p r i v a t e h o u s e h o ld ■
J a n i t o r s a n d s e x t o n s -------------------P o r t e r s ----------------------------------------P r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e w o r k e r s -------L ab o rer
C a r p e n t e r s ' h e l p e r s --------------G a r d e n e r s , e x c e p t f a r m an d
g ro u n d sk eep ers
T e a m s te rs and tr u c k d r iv e r s : H e lp e rs —
W a r e h o u s e m e n (n. e . c. ) ---------------------------
2 .7 4 6
8 6 ,8 7 2
0. 1
2. 8
1 4 ,3 2 1
5 ,7 1 8
582
4 ,6 3 4
8 ,9 8 9
1 5 6 ,0 5 3
2 ,6 8 1
3 1 ,4 7 1
1 4 7 ,1 3 9
3 5 ,5 4 0
1 ,9 6 3
1 ,0 9 4
4 ,0 5 7
1 ,2 5 7
3 2 ,9 2 9
1 .7 4 7
.5
.2
(2 )
2 9 ,9 9 3
1 5 0 ,0 3 8
2 9 ,6 4 5
.
2
.3
5. 1
.1
1.0
4. 8
1. 2
.1
(2 )
.1
(2 )
1. 1
.1
1.0
4 .9
2 4 ,4 9 6
2 ,4 5 0
5 ,2 0 0
5 , 251
6 ,5 4 4
1 9 ,1 8 8
600
2 ,4 8 9
1 ,1 5 7
4 ,6 9 6
690
6 ,8 4 5
.2
.2
.6
(2 )
.1
(2
)
.2
(2>
.2
6 2 0 ,7 6 1
20. 3
2 9 ,7 5 1
1.0
3, 350
1 ,4 9 5
1 ,7 8 0
(21
S e e f o o tn o te 2, p. 3.
L e s s th a n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t .
N O T E : D e ta il by o c c u p a tio n d o e s n o t ad d to t o ta l s b e c a u s e : (a) A ll o c c u p a tio n s w ith f e w e r th a n 1 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s h a v e b e e n e x c lu d e d f r o m th is ta b le ;
a n d (b) 2 5 ,4 8 8 w o r k e r s w h o s e o c c u p a tio n s w e r e n o t r e p o r t e d a r e in c lu d e d in th e t o ta l . A ll p e r c e n t a g e s h a v e b e e n r o u n d e d .
SO U R C E: U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of C o m m e r c e , B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s , U .S . C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n :
W a sh in g to n , D . C . , 1963.
I9 6 0 O c c u p a tio n by I n d u s tr y ( fin a l r e p o r t P C (2 )-7 C ),
14
T a b le 4 .
T y p e o f c o n s tr u c ti o n
A n n u a l v a lu e o f new c o n s tr u c ti o n p u t in p la c e in th e U n ite d S ta te s in 1957—59
d o l l a r s a n d p e r c e n t d i s t r ib u t io n b y ty p e o f c o n s tr u c ti o n , 1946—6 6 1
1946
1947
1948
1950
1949
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
M illio n s o f d o l la r s
T o ta l, new c o n s t r u c t i o n ---------------
2 5 ,6 6 8
2 9 ,5 7 3
3 4 ,6 8 1
3 6 ,6 0 5
4 3 ,5 7 6
4 2 ,5 9 6
4 2 ,8 8 2
4 4 ,7 4 7
4 7 ,1 6 4
5 1 ,7 1 7
5 0 ,0 3 4
P r i v a t e --------------------------------------------------P u b l i c -----------------------------------------------------
2 1 ,7 8 7
3 ,8 8 1
2 4 ,6 8 2
4 ,8 9 1
2 8 ,3 8 5
6 ,2 9 6
2 7 ,7 7 9
8 ,8 2 6
3 4 ,3 0 9
9 ,2 6 7
3 1 ,3 8 7
1 1 ,2 0 9
3 0 ,3 3 4
1 2 ,5 4 8
3 1 ,8 1 8
1 2 ,9 2 9
3 3 ,7 2 1
1 3 ,4 4 3
3 8 ,3 9 4
13, 323
3 6 ,6 5 1
1 3 , 383
P e rce n t
T o ta l, new c o n s t r u c t i o n ---------------
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
P r i v a t e 2 ---- ---- ---------------- ---------- —
R e s i d e n t i a l b u ild in g s ( n o n f a r m ) ------N o n r e s id e n t ia l b u i l d i n g s -----------------F a r m c o n s t r u c t i o n --------------------------P u b l ic u t i l i t i e s -----------------------------------
8 4 .9
4 2 .0
25. 3
7. 5
9 .6
83. 5
47. 5
1 6 .9
6. 6
12. 1
8 1 .8
48. 3
1 5 .0
5 .9
12. 3
7 5 .9
44. 8
1 2 .9
5. 5
12. 4
78. 7
5 1 .5
12. 2
4. 4
10. 3
73.
43.
15.
4.
10.
7
1
6
2
6
70. 7
4 1 .5
14. 2
4. 2
10. 7
71. 1
4 1 .0
1 5 .0
3. 8
1 1 .1
7 1 .5
4 2 .9
15. 5
3. 4
9 .4
74. 2
45. 7
16. 8
2 .9
8. 5
7 3. 3
4 1 .7
’ 9 .0
2 .9
). 3
P u b l ic 2 --------------------------------------------------R e s i d e n t i a l b u i ld i n g s -----------------------N o n r e s id e n t ia l b u i l d i n g s -----------------M il it a r y f a c i l i t i e s -----------------------------H i g h w a y s ------------------------------------------S e w e r a n d w a t e r s y s t e m s ----------------C o n s e r v a tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t --------
15. 1
2. 5
2. 8
1. 3
4. 2
1 .5
2. 1
16. 5
1 .0
3. 1
1 .0
5. 6
2. 1
2. 5
18. 2
.6
5. 2
.6
5. 3
2 .4
3 .0
24.
1.
7.
.
7.
2.
3.
21. 3
1 .0
7. 5
.5
6. 2
2. 2
3. 1
26. 3
1. 6
10. 4
2. 5
5. 7
2. 5
2 .9
29. 3
1. 7
1 1 .7
3. 8
6. 3
2. 4
2. 7
28. 9
1 .4
1 1 .4
3. 3
7. 2
2. 4
2. 5
28. 5
.8
1 1 .4
2. 5
8. 7
2. 5
1 .9
25. 8
.6
9. 2
2. 8
8. 5
2. 4
1. 5
2 7 .7
.6
8. 7
2 .9
8 .9
2 .8
1 .8
1957
1958
1
3
8
5
3
6
5
1959
I9 6 0
1 0 0 .0
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
M illio n s o f d o l la r s
T o ta l, new c o n s t r u c t i o n -----------------
___________________
P u b l i c --------------------------------------------------------
4 9 .8 7 8
5 0 ,2 7 0
5 4 ,2 2 2
5 2 ,1 7 1
5 3 ,0 8 7
5 5 ,9 4 8
5 8 ,1 0 1
5 9 ,1 7 2
6 2 , 213
6 1 ,6 9 2
3 5 ,7 5 3
1 4 ,1 2 5
3 4 ,8 6 8
1 5 ,4 0 2
3 8 ,2 1 8
1 6 ,0 0 4
3 6 ,5 1 8
1 5 ,6 5 3
3 6 ,4 2 8
1 6 ,6 5 9
3 9 ,0 5 6
1 6 ,8 9 2
4 0 ,3 0 8
1 7 ,7 9 3
4 0 ,8 6 1
1 8 ,3 1 1
4 3 ,1 0 0
1 9 ,1 1 3
4 2 ,0 3 3
1 9 ,6 5 9
P ercen t
T o ta l, new c o n s t r u c t i o n --------------------------------
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
P r i v a t e 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------R e s i d e n t i a l b u ild in g s ( n o n f a r m ) ----------------------N o n r e s id e n t ia l b u i l d i n g s -----------------------------------F a r m c o n s tr u c ti o n
-----------------------------------------P u b l ic u t i l i t i e s ---------------------------------------------------
7 1 .7
38. 7
1 9 .6
2 .9
10. 1
6 9 .4
39. 6
17. 3
2. 8
9. 3
70. 5
43. 6
1 5 .9
2. 5
8. 1
7 0 .0
3 9 .9
18. 6
2. 4
8. 6
68. 6
3 9 .0
18. 8
2. 4
8. 0
69. 8
4 0 .8
1 8 .9
2. 2
7. 5
69. 4
41. 5
1 7 .7
2. 1
7. 7
69. 1
3 9 .7
1 8 .9
19. 8
8 .0
69. 3
3 6 .6
2 2 .4
1 .8
7. 9
68. 1
32. 1
24. 5
1 .8
(3 )
P u b l ic 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------R e s i d e n t i a l b u ild in g s ----------------------------------------N o n r e s id e n t ia l b u i l d i n g s -----------------------------------M il it a r y f a c i l i t i e s ---------------------------------------------H i g h w a y s ------------------------------------------------------------S e w e r a n d w a t e r s y s t e m s ----------------------------------C o n s e r v a tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t --------------------------
28. 3
1 .0
9. 3
2. 6
9. 5
2. 8
2. 0
3 0 .6
1 .7
9. 3
2. 8
10. 9
2 .8
2. 0
29. 5
1 .7
8. 1
2. 8
1 1 .1
2. 6
2. 0
3 0 .0
1. 3
8. 7
2. 6
1 1 .0
2. 6
2. 1
3 1 .4
1 .5
9 .0
2. 5
11. 6
2. 7
2. 4
30. 2
1 .6
8. 3
2. 1
1 1 .5
2. 8
2. 4
30. 6
.8
9. 1
1 .9
12. 1
2. 7
2. 5
3 0 .9
.9
9. 5
1 .4
1 1 .8
3. 2
2. 4
3 0 .7
.8
9. 7
1 .2
1 1 .4
3. 1
2. 6
3 1 .9
.9
10. 6
1 .0
1 1 .9
2 .9
2. 7
1 B e g in n in g 1959 in c lu d e s A la s k a a n d H a w a ii.
2 D e ta il d o e s n o t a d d to t o ta l b e c a u s e o f th e i n c l u s io n o f ty p e s o f c o n s tr u c ti o n n o t sh o w n s e p a r a te l y .
3 N o t a v a il a b le .
SOURCE:
U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e , B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s .
Chapter 3.
Employment, Unemployment, Work Stoppages,
and Industrial Hazards
Annual E m p lo y m e n t
A v e r a g e a n n u a l e m p l o y m e n t in the c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y , i n c r e a s i n g a t a n a n
n u a l r a t e o f a b o u t 3 . 2 p e r c e n t , h a s a l m o s t d o u b l e d s i n c e 1946 a n d i s a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s g r e a t e r
th an in 19 4 7 . In 1 9 4 7 , the e a r l i e s t y e a r f o r w h i c h d a t a b y o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p a r e a v a i l a b l e ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s m a d e up s e v e n - e i g h t h s o f the i n d u s t r y ' s w o r k f o r c e a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l ,
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , t e c h n i c a l , m a n a g e r i a l , a n d c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s c o n s t i t u t e d the r e m a i n d e r . T h i s
p r o p o r t i o n a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s s h i f t e d s l i g h t l y o v e r the y e a r s . O f f i c e w o r k e r s a r e now e s
t i m a t e d to m a k e up m o r e th a n 1 o f e v e r y 7 e m p l o y e e s in the i n d u s t r y . ( S e e t a b l e 5 . )
Table 5.
Average annual employment in the contract construction industry, by type of worker, 1946-67
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Average annual employment
Average annual employment
(in thousands)
Year
- ............ .............
------------------------------ -------------— ............ ........
.................. ........
----------------------.............. .............
— .....................
--------------------------------------------...........................
Total
Construction
workers
Office
workers
1,661
1,982
2,169
2,165
2, 333
2,603
2,634
2,623
2,612
2,802
2,999
(M
1,759
1,924
1,919
2,069
2,308
2,324
2, 305
2,281
2, 440
2,613
(*)
223
245
246
264
295
310
327
331
362
386
(in thousands)
Year
Construction
workers
Total
1957 -------- -----------1958 --------------------1959 --------------------1960 .........................
1 9 6 1 -------- -----------1962 .........................
1963 --------------------1964 — ...................
1965 --------------------1966 --------------------1967 ---------------------
2, 537
2, 384
2, 538
2, 459
2, 390
2,462
2,523
2, 597
2,710
2,784
2, 705
2,923
2,778
2,960
2,885
2,816
2, 902
2,963
3,050
3,186
3,275
3,203
Office
workers
386
394
422
426
426
440
440
453
476
491
498
1 Not available.
T h e d o w n s h i f t s in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ' s e m p l o y m e n t p i c t u r e h a v e r e s u l t e d e n t i r e l y
f r o m c h a n g e s in the e m p l o y m e n t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s .
Annual o ffice e m p lo y m e n t, in
c r e a s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e y e a r l y r a t e o f a b o u t 4. 1 p e r c e n t s i n c e 19 4 7 , h a s n e v e r d e c l i n e d a l
th o u g h o f f i c e e m p l o y m e n t in 19 5 7 , 1961, a n d 1963 i s e s t i m a t e d to h a v e b e e n a t the s a m e l e v e l
a s in the p r e c e d i n g y e a r .
In c o n t r a s t , c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r e m p l o y m e n t , i n c r e a s i n g a t an
a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e o f a b o u t 2 . 2 p e r c e n t , h a s d e c l i n e d in 8 o f the l a s t 21 y e a r s . A s a r e
s u l t o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n t i a l m o v e m e n t s in a n n u a l e m p l o y m e n t o f the i n d u s t r y ' s two w o r k f o r c e s ,
a v e r a g e c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r e m p l o y m e n t in 1967 w a s o n ly 41 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r th a n in 1947
w h ile o f f i c e w o r k e r e m p l o y m e n t o f 4 9 8 , 000 w a s m o r e th a n d o u b le the 1947 l e v e l o f 2 2 3 , 000.
T h e d e c l i n e s in t o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t , h o w e v e r ,
the f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n , a l w a y s b e e n i n d i c a t i v e o f l o w e r l e v e l s
m ajo r grou ps.
h a v e not» a s i n d i c a t e d in
in e a c h o f the i n d u s t r y ' s
Percent change in average annual employment during
years of employment decline, 1948-67
__________(change from previous years level)
Year
1949
1952
1953
1954
1957
1958
I960
1961
1967
........................ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...................... ------............- ..........------.................. — ----------------------------------------- ------------ -------
Contract
construction
General
building
contractors
-0 .2
+1.2
-.4
-.4
-2 .5
-5 .0
- 2 .5
_ 2 .4
-2 .2
-3 .3
8
-1 .4
-3 .3
-8 .2
-9 .4
-5 .3
-3 .7
-5 . 2
15
Heavy
construction
+3. 1
+4.3
-.3
-1 .9
+3. 5
-2 .0
-. 1
-.4
- 1 .8
Special
trades
+1. 2
+1.7
+. 4
+2.5
-. 5
-3 .0
-1 .7
- 2 .4
-.7
16
T h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e o f i n c r e a s e in t o t a l c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t h a s b e e n
h e a v i l y w e i g h t e d b y the r a p i d g r o w t h o f h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d s p e c i a l t r a d e s e m p l o y m e n t .
In 1946 g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t c o n s t i t u t e d a b o u t 4 0 p e r c e n t o f the i n d u s
t r y w i d e t o t a l , e m p l o y m e n t in s p e c i a l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t i n g w a s a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t a n d t h a t in
h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t o f the b a l a n c e .
S i n c e 19 4 6 , s p e c i a l t r a d e s a n d h e a v y
c o n str u c tio n e m p lo y m e n t, i n c r e a s in g at an a v e r a g e ann u al ra te of a p p r o x im a t e ly 4 p e r c e n t ,
h a s m o r e th an d o u b l e d ; g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s e m p l o y m e n t , i n c r e a s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e
r a t e o f 1 . 9 p e r c e n t , g r e w b y l e s s t h a n 50 p e r c e n t o v e r the 1946—67 p e r i o d . B e c a u s e o f t h e s e
d i f f e r e n t i a l m o v e m e n t s , w h i c h r e f l e c t b o th i n c r e a s i n g s p e c i a l i z a t i o n a n d a r e l a t i v e d e c l i n e in
r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t i n g e m p l o y m e n t now a c c o u n t s f o r o n ly a b o u t
30 p e r c e n t o f the i n d u s t r y w i d e t o t a l ; the o t h e r 70 p e r c e n t i s s p l i t b e t w e e n h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n
a n d s p e c i a l t r a d e s e m p l o y m e n t in a b o u t the s a m e p r o p o r t i o n a s in 1946.
G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s e m p l o y m e n t h a s d e c l i n e d in 9 o f the l a s t 21 y e a r s . T h e
f r e q u e n c y w ith w h i c h g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g e m p l o y m e n t d i m i n i s h e d w a s a b o u t o n e - t h i r d g r e a t e r
th a n in h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a l m o s t d o u b le th a t in s p e c i a l t r a d e s . E m p l o y m e n t in g e n e r a l
b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n n o t o n ly d e c l i n e d m o r e o f t e n t h a n in the o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n g r o u p s b u t the
e x t e n t o f the c o n t r a c t i o n
in g e n e r a l b u i ld i n g e m p l o y m e n t , d u r i n g e a c h
y e a r in w h ic h e m p l
m e n t in g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g
a n d e i t h e r o r b o th o f the o t h e r g r o u p s h a s d e c l i n e d , h a s b e e n s u b
s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r th a n in the o t h e r i n d u s t r y g r o u p s .
R e g io n s.
S i n c e the en d o f W o r l d W a r II, e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g the r e g i o n s h a s g r o w n
m o s t in the S o u th a n d l e a s t in the N o r t h e a s t .
In 1967 e m p l o y m e n t in the S o u th w a s a p
p r o x i m a t e l y two a n d o n e - h a l f t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n it h a d b e e n d u r i n g 1 9 4 6 ; 1 in 1967 e m p l o y
m e n t in the N o r t h e a s t w a s a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s m o r e th an in 1946.
T h e s e d i f f e r e n t i a l g r o w t h p a t t e r n s b y r e g i o n ( t a b l e 9) h a v e i m p o r t a n t l y c h a n g e d the r e l
ative r e g io n a l e m p lo y m e n t s t r u c t u r e .
In 19 4 6 , e a c h o f the r e g i o n s , e x c e p t the W e s t , h a d
a b o u t the s a m e p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t . T h e W e s t , w h e r e ^ p e r
c e n t o f a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y e m p l o y e e s w o r k e d , h a d a b o u t o n e - t h i r d f e w e r e m p l o y e e s th an
a n y o t h e r r e g i o n . 2 In 1967, e m p l o y m e n t in the S o u th c o n s t i t u t e d a b o u t 35 p e r c e n t o f the
in d u stry w id e to ta l.
The
N o r t h C e n t r a l a n d W e s t h ad a b o u t the s a j n e
p r o p o r t i o n o f the t o
a s in 1946.
E m p l o y m e n t in the N o r t h e a s t ,
a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s g r e a t e r in 1967 t h a n in 19 4 6 ,
h o w e v e r , h a d d e c l i n e d f r o m 27 p e r c e n t o f i n d u s t r y w i d e e m p l o y m e n t in 1946 to 23 p e r c e n t
in 1967.
S e a s o n a l F l u c t u a t i o n s in C o n s t r u c t i o n E m p l o y m e n t
C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t f l u c t u a t e s b y a b o u t 23 to 35 p e r c e n t b e t w e e n the
m o n t h s o f h i g h e s t a n d l o w e s t e m p l o y m e n t in a y e a r . F o r c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s , s e a s o n a l i t y
m e a n s s e r i o u s u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d l o s s of e a r n i n g s . P e a k o p e r a t i o n s in the s u m m e r a n d f a l l
d r a w m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f w o r k e r s in to the l a b o r f o r c e who c a n n o t fin d e m p l o y m e n t in the i n
d u s t r y d u r i n g the s l a c k o f w i n t e r . T h i s p a t t e r n r e s u l t s in a c o n s t r u c t i o n u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e
m o r e th an d o u b l e th a t f o r the N a t i o n a s a w h o l e . 3
E x c e p t f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s the g r e a t e s t s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s o f a n y m a j o r
in d u stry d iv isio n .
T h e y a r e m u c h m o r e p r o n o u n c e d in s o m e t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s
th an in o t h e r s , h o w e v e r .
In a d d i t i o n , the d e g r e e o f s e a s o n a l i t y v a r i e s a m o n g g e o g r a p h i c
a r e a s a s w e l l a s a m o n g the i n d u s t r y ' s t h r e e s e g m e n t s a n d the v a r i o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n o c c u p a t i o n s .
* The rapid growth of construction employment in the South undoubtedly reflects the rapid urbanization of the region. According
to the Bureau of the Census "since 1940 . . . metropolitan concentration has proceeded more rapidly in the South than in any other
region." (Current Population Reports, Series P-25, "Population Estimates." No. 415, January 1969.) In spite of the South's rapid
urbanization during the past three decades, most Southerners still reside outside the region's metropolitan centers, and Census projec
tions indicate that by 1975 only 49 percent of the South's population will reside in metropolitan areas— a smaller proportion than in any
other region.
2 In the West, employment has tended to fluctuate more than in any other region and has been declining since 1964 whereas
that in all other regions has been increasing.
3 See Seasonality and Manpower in Construction, Bulletin 1642, for a detailed analysis of seasonality and employment in
construction.
17
F r o m i t s low in F e b r u a r y to i t s p e a k in A u g u s t , 4 c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n a d d s e n o u g h
w o r k e r s to s t a f f e v e r y m i n i n g f i r m in the c o u n t r y , d o u b le the e m p l o y m e n t in the l u m b e r ,
fu r n itu r e , r u b b e r , and sto n e , c la y , and g l a s s in d u s t r ie s am on g o t h e r s .
S ix m onth s la te r
e m p l o y m e n t w i l l h a v e d r o p p e d b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e n u m b e r . A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m the
f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n , d u r i n g the l a s t d e c a d e t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n in
A u g u s t g e n e r a l l y h a s b e e n a b o u t 23 to 35 p e r c e n t (a b o u t 6 5 0 , 000 to 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) h i g h e r th an in
F e b r u a r y . (See ta b le 6.)
Table 6.
Year
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
I960
1959
1958
- ............ ..........
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extent to which employment in August exceeded that in February
Contract
construction
Number
Percent
of
workers
22.8
24. 6
28.6
31.8
32.3
37.6
35.8
35.0
28.0
3 5.3
33.4
660
695
806
855
835
916
866
818
706
867
766
(Workers in thousands)
General building
Heavy
construction
contractors
Number
Number
Percent
of
Percent
of
workers
workers
16.7
18.7
24. 1
29. 2
32.6
4 0.0
30.0
35.0
25.8
3 3.9
29.3
149. 2
167.0
219.5
248. 6
261.6
298.5
227.7
254.6
207.0
271.9
219. 2
55.9
50.9
64.8
73.1
65.8
7 5.5
69.3
65.5
63.9
7 0.6
67.2
290. 2
265. 5
315. 2
333.0
295. 2
314.4
297.5
277.0
278.0
293.9
269.5
Special trades
Percent
14. 9
18.7
19.0
19.8
20.9
23.7
21.8
24.1
17.3
24.3
24. 2
Number
of
workers
200. 1
263.3
271.6
273. 9
278.6
302.4
280.8
286.5
221.0
301.3
277.1
T h e s e a s o n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s in e m p l o y m e n t h a v e b e e n m o s t p r o n o u n c e d in h e a v y c o n s t r u c
tio n w h e r e the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n F e b r u a r y a n d A u g u s t e m p l o y m e n t h a s b e e n 50 to 75 p e r c e n t
o f the F e b r u a r y l e v e l . 5
T h e d i f f e r e n c e s in s e a s o n a l e m p l o y m e n t in h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n h a v e
n o t o n ly b e e n t w i c e a s s e v e r e a s in g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g f i r m s a n d a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s a s g r e a t
a s a m o n g s p e c i a l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s , b u t h a v e d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y a d d e d to the t o t a l f o r a l l o f
c o n trac t con struction .
In 19 6 7 , f o r e x a m p l e , a n n u a l e m p l o y m e n t in h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n f i r m s
w a s a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t o f the c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n t o t a l .
D u r i n g th a t y e a r , h o w e v e r , the
s e a s o n a l f l u c t u a t i o n in h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t w a s m o r e th a n 4 0 p e r c e n t o f c o n t r a c t
c o n s t r u c t i o n ' s F e b r u a r y —A u g u s t s h i f t .
T h e e x t e n t to w h i c h p e a k c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t h a s e x c e e d e d F e b r u a r y e m p l o y m e n t
h ad d e c l i n e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y d u r i n g the l a s t 5 y e a r s . ^ M o s t o f the d e c l i n e , h o w e v e r , c a n be
a t t r i b u t e d to the r a p i d e m p l o y m e n t g r o w t h in s p e c i a l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t i n g , w h e r e s e a s o n a l e m
p l o y m e n t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e l o w e s t a n d a r e d i m i n i s h i n g m o r e r a p i d l y th an in o t h e r c o n t r a c t
con struction in d u strie s.
In a d d i t i o n , the a v a i l a b l e d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t the d o w n t r e n d in s e a
s o n a l e m p l o y m e n t d i s p a r i t i e s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d , at l e a s t in p a r t , to the d e c l i n i n g r e l a t i v e
i m p o r t a n c e o f r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d the i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e o f n o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i ld i n g
in the c o n s t r u c t i o n m a r k e t .
A n o t h e r f a c t o r th a t m a y h a v e p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t r o l e in the
r e c e n t d i m i n u t i o n o f the s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n in c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n e m p l o y m e n t h a s b e e n the
The months of low and high employment in a year have occasionally been in some months other than February and August.
(See appendix B for details.)
® In recognition of the need to further reduce seasonality in construction, the 90th Congress took an important first step towards
the planning of a program to accomplish that goal.
That step incorporated in Title IV— Seasonal Employment in the Construction
Industry— of the 1968 amendments to the Manpower, Development and Training Act (public law 636) requires the Secretaries of Labor
and Commerce to conduct a study of seasonality in the construction industry with special attention to its implications for national
manpower planning. The report due by Dec. 31, 1969, is to consider, among other factors, the extent to which seasonal employment
can be reduced without substantial increases in construction costs by means such as— (a) the application of modern techniques to reduce
the influence of weather on construction activity; (b) the resolution of technical problems which have not been solved by existing
research and development activities; (c) possible changes in contract procedures in allocation cycles and (d) improved planning and
scheduling of construction projects.
Subsequently, the President issued a memorandum to the heads of departments and agencies requesting that they take a number
of steps designed to reduce seasonality in construction.
6
The extent of seasonal employment fluctuations over the whole post-World War II period, except during the most recent years,
has not shown any discernible improvement.
18
reduction in unemployment rates. As a result, construction employers may have been unable
to expand their summer work force, particularly among the skilled craft groups, as much
as in previous years.
Because of the cold weather, seasonal fluctuations are much more pronounced in the
North than in the South. In 1966, for example, employment in the West North Central region
was more than 45 percent higher in August than in February, whereas in the South Atlantic
region, August employment was less than 17 percent higher.
Comparison between States
shows that the differences were less than 10 percent in Florida and California; in Minne
sota, employment was 65 percent higher in August than in February. 7
Employment Patterns of the Industry's Work Force
Contract construction's employees form a floating labor pool and shift from industry
to industry and employer to employer.
In 1964, for example, about two-thirds of all work
ers employed by contract construction firms and more than two-fifths of the industry's major
earners worked in more than one major (2 digit) construction industry group or in another
industry in addition to their construction employment. 8 Preliminary data for 1965 indicate
that more than one-fourth of those who had earnings in any construction employment earned
the major part of their annual wages in some other industry.
The workers attachment to
a single construction firm, even among the industry's major earners, is tenuous.
More
than one-fourth of the major earners and about one-third of those employed in the industry
during each quarter of 1964 worked for more than one construction firm. (See table 7.)
T a b le 7 .
P e r c e n t o f w o rk e rs in 1 9 6 4 w h o h a d e a r n in g s in t h e in d u stry
M a jo r p r o p o r t io n s o f t h e ir
S o m e e a r n in g s in t h e in d u stry
e a r n in g s f r o m t h e in d u stry
W h o s e t o t a l e a r n in g s
W h o s e t o t a l e a r n in g s
w e r e fr o m
w e r e fr o m
T h is in d u stry o n ly
Industry
T ota l
T h is
in d u stry
o n ly
T h is an d
o th er
T ota l
in d u strie s
A ll
N um ber o f
T h is and
oth er
e m p lo y e r s
in d u strie s
M o r e th a n
1
1
G e n e r a l b u i l d in g
c o n s t r u c t i o n --------------------------H e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n ----------------
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
S p e c i a l tr a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s
1 0 0 .0
SOURCE:
--
BLS t a b u l a t i o n fr o m
34. 8
32. 2
4 0 .6
65. 2
67. 8
5 9 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
t h e S o c i a l S e c u r it y A d m in is t r a t io n 's
57. 3
4 1 .8
15. 5
4 2 .7
51. 6
6 1 .9
38. 2
4 3 .3
1 3 .4
18. 6
48. 3
38. 2
1 - p e r c e n t s a m p le d a t a .
The employment patterns of construction industry workers are unique among the Am er
ican industrial complex.
In any year, only about 30 percent of the employees in the pri
vate nonfarm sector work for more than one employer. About 20 percent of all job changes
in the private sector result from construction workers shifts. The only other industries
in which employment patterns are similar to those found in construction are the water
transportation, retail automobile repair services, and amusement industries. 9
7 S e e B u lle t in 1 6 4 2 ,
S ep tem b er 1967, pp. 1 -8 .
8
M a jo r e a r n e r s ,
op.
c it .,
an d R o b e r t V .
as d e f in e d h e r e ,
M y e rs an d S o l S w e r d lo f f ,
" S e a s o n a li t y an d C o n s t r u c t i o n , " M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w
a re th o s e w h o e a r n e d t h e h ig h e s t p r o p o r t io n o f t h e ir w a g e
and s a la r y i n c o m e in t h e in d u stry .
T h e s e d a ta w e r e t a b u la t e d b y BLS f r o m i n fo r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e 1 9 6 4 w o r k h is t o r y o f in d iv id u a ls i n c lu d e d in th e S o c i a l S e c u r it y A d m i n i
s t r a t io n 's (S S A ) 1 - p e r c e n t c o n t in u o u s w o r k h is t o r y s a m p l e . T h e e m p l o y m e n t p a tte r n d e s c r ib e d f o r 1 9 6 4 , t h e la t e s t y e a r f o r w h ic h s u c h
d a ta are a v a i l a b l e , a re e s s e n t ia lly t h e s a m e as in e a r lie r y e a r s . F or a d d it i o n a l and t h e l a t e s t d a ta p u b lis h e d b y t h e SS A in th is d e t a i l ,
s e e W o r k e r s U n d e r S o c i a l S e c u r it y .
v a r io u s y e a r s t h r o u g h 1 9 5 7 .
The
1960.
W a s h in g t o n ,
D .C .,
1968,
an d H a n d b o o k o f O l d - A g e
an d S u rv iv o rs In s u r a n c e S t a t is tic s fo r
S S A 's d e f in it i o n o f c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n in c lu d e s a l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s th a t w o u ld b e i n c lu d e d in t h e
in d u stry u n d e r
th e S IC
c r it e r ia a n d a ll s e p a r a b le g o v e r n m e n t a l u n its ( o t h e r th a n p o l i c y m a k i n g u n its)— v o l u n t a r i ly c o v e r e d u n d e r S o c i a l S e c u r it y — p r i m a r i l y e n
g a g e d in d o i n g w o rk t h a t w o u ld b e c la s s i f ie d as c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n i f d o n e b y a p r iv a t e f ir m .
9 F o r d e t a ils s e e A n n u a l E a rn in gs a n d E m p lo y m e n t P a ttern s in P r iv a te N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l E m p l o y m e n t .
W ork ers U n d er S o c ia l S e c u r ity , o p . c it .
1964.
R ep ort 33 0 ,
1 9 6 9 and
19
Extent of Annual Employment
The extent to which construction workers change jobs and industries is rooted in the
fact that construction offers less than one-half year's employment to the majority of its
employees.
Less than a full year of work is prevalent even among the industry's major
earners.
In 1964, for example, fewer than one-third of all workers and only about one-half
of the major earners worked in contract construction during all four quarters of the year.
General
building
construction
Heavy
construction
Special
trades
contractors
Major earners in 1964:
Number (thousands)--------------------Percent of all workers-----------------
1, 269.0
59
919.3
60
1, 918. 8
64
Percent of workers by quarters
worked in the industry during 1964:
All workers---------------------------------1 __ ------------------------------------2 --------------------------------------------3 ---------------------------- -----------—
4 ---------------------------------------------
100
34
23
14
30
100
34
23
16
27
100
30
20
13
-
Major earners-----------------------------1 --------------------------------------2 ------------ ---------------------------3 --------------------------------------------4 ---------------------------------------------
100
14
19
19
48
100
13
20
23
45
100
12
16
16
57
SOURCE: BLS tabulation from the Social Security Administration's
sample data.
1 -percent
Preliminary data for 1965 indicate that the industry shifts made by many workers are
from one industry within the contract construction division to another.
The 1965 data also
indicate that the proportions of all workers and of major earners with four quarters of em
ployment in their major (2 digit) industry group are quite similar to those noted for 1964.
The 1965 data, however, show that about 43 percent of all workers and 56 percent of the
major earners had four quarters of employment in the contract construction division.
Undoubtedly, the seasonal nature of construction work and the limited duration of each
crafts' involvement in a particular project contributes to the shortness of many workers annual
tenure in the industry.
Nevertheless, while many other industries are seriously affected
by seasonal and other factors similar to those in construction, the construction industry's
major earners' limited work history in the primary industry is equalled or exceeded in only
a few industries— predominantly in retail trade and services. 10
Office Workers
Employment opportunities for office workers are considerably more stable than for
workers engaged in construction operations. Average monthly employment of the office force,
and of women, varies by only about 3 percent during the year.
Data showing the extent of office employees work experience in the industry are not
available. Data for women, who in the aggregate constitute about 5 percent of the industry's
labor force but almost a quarter of its office force, however, indicates that their opportuni
ties for stable employment in the industry are considerably greater than generally exist for
men (including office and nonoffice employees).
10 Ibid.
20
Notwithstanding women's seemingly greater prospects
construction, fewer than one-third of those that worked in
about one-half of the women that earned the major portion of
in construction, were employed by construction firms during
for continuous employment in
the industry during 1964, and
their 1964 wages and salaries
all four quarters of the year.
These data indicate that the individual woman's employment tenure during the year is
about as tenuous as that of the majority of the industry's male employees. 11 The absence
of data on work in the industry by occupational group precludes an examination of the ex
tent to which women in the industry's offices have employment patterns different from those
of male office workers.
Since men occupy most of the professional, technical, and mana
gerial jobs, and women the clerical, some disparities in job and industry attachment must
exist.
Negroe s
The proportion that Negroes are of all the major earners in construction, however, is
about the same as the proportion of Negroes in the total population (11-12 percent).
De
spite this, Negroes made up a greater proportion of the major earners in construction
during 1964 (the latest year for which data are available) than in any other industry group
except tobacco manufactures (29 percent), lumber (19 percent), primary metals (13 per
cent), local passenger transportation (13 percent), water transportation (16 percent) eating
and drinking places (14 percent), real estate (17 percent), hotels (22 percent), personal
services (22 percent), auto repair services (18 percent), medical and other health services
(15 percent), and private households (56 percent). 12 In half these industries Negro women
were more than 2 of 5 Negro major earners and accounted for 26 percent of the Negro
major earners in real estate.
In construction, however, Negro women were about 3 per
cent of the Negroes that earned the major part of their 1964 wages in the industry.
Thus,
the only industries that are somewhat comparable to construction in terms of employment
potential for Negro men are lumber, primary metal, local passenger transportation, water
transportation, and auto repair services.
In each of these industries Negro men account
for 92 to 97 percent of all Negro major earners.
These industries combined, however,
employed about 3 percent fewer Negro male major earners in 1964 (465,700) than construc
tion (478,500) but almost 48 percent more Negro women (20,800) than construction (14,000).
Percent of major earners who worked in the
industry for 3 or 4 quarters of 1964_____
Industry and race
T otal
3 quarters
4 quarters
General building construction-------Negro --------------------------------------White ---------------------------------------
67
61
68
19
21
18
48
40
49
Heavy construction-----------------------Negro----------------------------------------W hite-----------------------------------------
68
61
69
23
23
23
45
38
46
Special trades-------------------------------Negro----------------------------------------W hite-----------------------------------------
73
61
74
16
19
16
57
42
58
SOURCE: BLS tabulation from the Social Security Administration's 1-percent
sample data.
^ The limited data available also indicate that construction's women workers once unemployed remain unemployed for more
weeks than men.
See, for example, table 2 in the New York State Division of Employment report on Unemployment Insurance
Beneficiaries: Benefit Years Ending in 1965 (1968).
’ 2 Railroad and railroad related employment covered by the Railroad Retirement System are excluded from this analysis.
The
stated proportion of Negroes in private households is considered to be an underestimate resulting from the Social Security System's
coverage and reporting requirements and some nonreporting of workers that should be covered under the system.
For additional and
later information than that provided here, see Claire C. Hodge, "The Negro Job Situation: Has it Improved, " Monthly Labor Review,
January 1969, pp. 20-28.
21
Negroes generally have less opportunity to work a full-year in construction than
do other workers and considerably fewer Negro than white major earners work in the in
dustry for more than one-half year.
Unemployment
Since 1948, the annual average rate of unemployment in construction has fallen below
6 percent only once— 5.5 percent in 1952.
The unemployment rate in all nonagricultural in
dustries (including construction) has amounted to 5. 5 percent or more in only 6 of the 20
years during the 1948-67 period.
The construction rate, in each of those years as shown
in the following tabulation, was about double or more than double the national rate.
C construction
Year
1949
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All nonagriculindustries
6. 2
7. 1
5.5
5 .6
6.7
5 .5
Total
Private
11. 9
13. 7
12.0
12. 2
14. 1
12.0
12. 9
15. 2
13.4
13.5
15.7
13.5
Excludes government.
The average annual rate of construction industry unemployment during the 20 years
studied has been greater than 10 percent in 9 years, between 7 and 10 percent in 8 years,
and below 7 percent in only 4 years. 13 When unemployment of experienced construction
workers in the private sector is considered separately, the annual average rate of unem
ployment has been below 10 percent in only 6 of the years in the 1948-67 period.
The annual rate of unemployment in construction has been exceeded by that of another
industry grouping only once since 1948.
In 1954, the construction rate was 10.5 percent;
the rate in mining, forestry, and fisheries was 12.3 percent. (See table 9.)
Not only is the construction unemployment rate significantly higher, usually double or
more than double, the rate in the total nonagricultural sector, but unemployed contract
construction workers generally make up 12 to 15 percent of the total number of unemployed
nonagricultural workers.
This proportion is substantially greater than construction's con
tribution to the Nation's total employment. 14
Construction unemployment has declined since 1961 when the construction rate hit its
post-World War II high of 14.1 percent (15.7 percent when only private sector employment
is considered).
The decline to 6 .6 percent, however, was only a slightly greater rate of
improvement than for the total nonagricultural sector and about the same pace as the im
provement in manufacturing.
(See table 10 for details.)
An examination of the limited occupational data available indicates that carpenters and
other construction craftsmen tend to have more stability of employment and suffer less un
employment than other construction employees.
The rates of unemployment among construc
tion craftsmen during both months of high and of low levels of industry activity, and on an
average annual basis, amount to less than one-half that of the construction laborers.
Never
theless, as table 6 shows, the unemployment rates of construction craftsmen and laborers,
For detail in addition to that presented in table 5, see the Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1969 Bulletin 1630 and Employment
and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force (various issues).
Data by industry for 1946 and 1947 are not available.
Hence,
the 1948 unemployment rate is used here as the basis for comparison.
Unless otherwise noted the construction industry as discussed
in this section refers to contract construction and construction activities in all other sectors of the economy including government.
" Ibid.
Fora discussion of the "cost" of unemployment in terms of the amount per hour worked employers contribute to un
employment compensation funds and the proportion of compensation accounted for by these contributions, see p. 24 and appendix A.
22
except during construction's peak months, tend to be about twice as great as those for other
craftsmen and laborers in the economy.
During the month of most intensive construction
activity (August) the unemployment rate of construction craftsmen is about one-third higher
than that of craftsmen in other industries while the rate of unemployment among construc
tion laborers is about 50 percent greater than that of all nonfarm laborers.
While the average annual level of unemployment is high in construction, the cyclical
and seasonal variations are also important.
In bad years, the monthly unemployment rate
can be as high as 26 or 27 percent in February.
In good years the rate may be as high
as 13 or 14 percent. Even in years of greatest construction activity the unemployment rate
usually is 4 percent or greater, and in midsummer, when construction employment is at its
peak the rate generally exceeds that for workers in most other industries.
During 1966 and 1967, for example, when the average annual rate of unemployment
among construction workers was 7. 1 and 6. 6 percent respectively, (lower than in any year
since 1953) the monthly rate exceeded the annual rate in about one-half of the months and
was as high as 11.4 percent in February 1966.
In spite of the generally low rates in the
industry during those 2 years, the rate of unemployment among construction workers ex
ceeded the rates for every other nonagricultural group except during July and August 1966
and September and October 1967.
Even during these months of particularly low unemploy
ment, the construction rate, except in September 1967, exceeded the nonagricultural rate
by more than 25 percent.
In September 1967, for only the second time since 1948, the
construction unemployment rate hit a low of 3. 2 percent— slightly below the nonagricultural
industries average of 3. 5. 15
To explain this high rate of joblessness in construction one must look at the economic
nature of the industry.
The fact that the product market of the construction industry is
local in nature is an important reason for the paradox of high unemployment associated with
high levels of industry activity.
When the economy moves upward, construction increases
In individual localities or markets.
This increased local activity may mean tight demand—
with numerous jobs going unfilled— in particular sections of the country while elsewhere men
are seeking employment and finding none available.
Those geographic disparities may be
compounded by the resistance of workers to move long (or even short) distances for jobs
which, they know by experience, tend to be of short duration and by the stringencies in
herent in a work situation in which workers frequently have to obtain travel cards from
their local union and work permits from the union of jurisdiction in the area where work
is available.
In addition, construction employees can and do change jobs often because of the prev
alence of short-term work on most projects.
The days spent between jobs, waiting for new
employment to become available, add to construction's high unemployment rate.
The weather also robs the employee in construction of the chance to work.
days are lost as employees wait out the enviornment.
Countless
Not all of the seasonal increases and decreases in construction employment are re
flected in the unemployment figures since many workers drop out of the labor force during
the slack season or get jobs in other industries.
In the busy season the construction in
dustry's labor force is augmented.
The movements in and out of the industry can be illus
trated by observing the employment figures for a recent year.
Between August 1964 and
February 1965, for example, employment declined by more than 700, 000, but unemployment
increased by only about one-half this amount.
The other half either left the labor force or
moved into other industries.
From February-August 1965, a period when cyclical as well
15 In the 1948-67 period, the monthly unemployment rate in construction fell below 4 percent only 7 times: May 1951, 3 .8 per
cent; August 1952, 3 .9 percent; September 1952, 3 .8 percent; October 1952, 3 .2 percent; November 1962, 3 .6 percent; October 1953,
3 .9 percent; and September 1967, 3. 2 percent.
16 Technically, an employee who is laid off for a day or two is not counted among the unemployed. To be counted among
the unemployed the construction worker could not have had any employment during the week of reference. For additional information
about the conceptual framework of the unemployment statistics, see Concepts and Methods used in Manpower Statistics from the
Current Population Survey Report 313; Current Population Reports. Series P-23, June 1967, No. 22.
23
as seasonal forces were important, employment increased by nearly 900,000.
However,
unemployment fell by only 400,000.
Thus, most of the additional workers came from out
side the industry. 17
In 1965, only about half of the construction industry's employees worked a full year
at a full-time job.
The average time worked among full-time workers was only 42 weeks.
The inclusion of government employees and the self-employed among the workers studied
yields a more favorable picture than for contract construction alone.
Not only are con
struction workers more likely to be unemployed at some time during the year than workers
in any other major industry group outside agriculture, but they are also more likely to have
several periods of unemployment and to be jobless for a total of 15 weeks or more. 18
Work Stoppages and Industrial Hazards
Construction workers generally lose more man-days of work each year because of in
dustrial disputes and industrial hazards then their counterparts in any other industry.
At
present the economic effects of these lost days cannot be adequately measured, particularly
in terms of the total cost to the involved workers and to society as a whole.
Although our measuring devices are imprecise the cost to the involved workers appears
to be about 17 days of wages per occurrence.
The cost per worker involved in an in
dustrial injury is apparently substantially higher than the cost per worker involved in an
industrial controversy— even when expressed simply in terms of wages lost because of time
away from work.
Moreover, the frequency of accidents on construction jobs is so great
that work injuries annually cost the industry about 4 to 5 times more man-days of wage
and salary workers time than are lost because of work stoppages.
During the 1958-65 period,
for example, work stoppages are estimated to have cost the industry between 1.9 and 4 .8
million man-days a year— an average of about 3. 8 million man-days annually.
During this
period, on-the-job accidents of wage and salary workers cost the industry an estimated
14 to 20 million man-days a year— an average of about 17 million man-days per year. 19
Work Stoppages. 20 Construction strikes21 since the end of World War II have been
an important component in the economy's work stoppage statistics.
Since 1953, when con
struction strikes accounted for more than two-fifths of all work stoppages in the Nation, about
15 to 25 percent of all strikes have been in the construction industries.
Prior to 1953,
construction strikes generally accounted for 10 to 15 percent of all work stoppages.
Strikes
in only one industry— basic steel— accounted for more post war idleness than construction,
and over half of the steel idleness was logged in 1952 and 1959. (See table 11.)
There were more construction strikes in 1966 than in any post-World War II year
except 1953.
Although there were 110 fewer construction strikes in 1967 than in 1966— the
severity of the 1967 strikes, in terms of an estimate of man-days cost per worker involved,
was at a post-World War II high.
17 Myers and Swerdloff, op. cit.
18 Ibid. For additional detail, see "Work Experience of the Population in 1965, " Monthly Labor Review, December 1966,
pp. 1369-1377. Also reprinted with additional tabular material, as Special Labor Force Report 76.
19 These measures are only rough approximations of relative amplitude. The concepts underlying both series are such that data,
for contract construction, converted to estimates of man-days lost tend to misstate the number of days lost. For additional informa
tion about the methods and techniques used in constructing these series and the limitations of the data, see BLS Handbook of Methods
for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1458 (1966).
Also see footnotes 20, 22, 23, and 24, this chapter.
~
20 This section was derived principally from Work Stoppages in Contract Construction 1946-66 (Report 346, 1968).
That
report which provides data for the period ending in 1966 contains information about each of the work stoppages involving 10,000
workers or more that occurred during the 1927-66 period as well as summary tabulations which provide information about work
stoppages by State.
21 These data include all work stoppages in major industry groups 15, 16, and 17, as defined by the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (1967), and known to the BLS and various cooperating agencies as involving six workers or more and lasting a full
day or shift or longer. Figures on the number of workers involved and man-days idle include all workers made idle for as long as
a shift on construction sites directly involved in a stoppage} they do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other sites or
other industries whose employees may be made idle as a result of a material or service shortage. Nor do they take any offsetting
factors— such as the extent to which construction workers obtain temporary or intermittant employment on nonstruck jobs during the
controversy--into consideration. For additional detail, see Bulletin 1458, op. cit.
The terms "work stoppage" and "strike" are used
interchangeably in this bulletin and include lockouts.
24
Economic issues 22 dominate the construction strike scene.
In 1967, for example,
strikes over economic issues constituted about one-third of all work stoppages that began
in the year, more than two-thirds of the strikers, and over four-fifths of all idle man-days
due to work stoppages.
From 1946 to 1961, the dominant issue in construction strikes was wage changes or
supplementary benefits.
Until 1955, more than half of all the strikes were over these issues.
In 1948, almost three-quarters of the strikes were over economic issues. During the late
1940's and early 1950's, up to nine-tenths of the idleness and four-fifths of the workers on
strike were attributable to economic demands. Strikes over economic issues reached their
postwar peak during the 1952-54 period. In 1955, the number of workers involved in eco
nomic strikes was only half the number in 1953, and the number of man-days lost due to
those strikes was two-thirds less. From 1955 through 1958, the average number of workers
per strike climbed each year, as did the duration of the strikes, although the number of
strikes over wages remained relatively stable.
As a result, idleness attributable to eco
nomic issues in 1958 reached the levels of the early 1950's (91 percent of all construction
strikes).
While strikes over wage demands did not occur as frequently as jurisdictional
disputes during the early 1960's they continued to account for most of the workers involved
and man-days idle.
Jurisdictional disputes generally account for the greatest or second largest number of
strikes begun in any year since World War II. Their impact in terms of workers involved
or idleness, however, isnot as important as the number would indicate.
Most jurisdictional strikes since the end of World War II have
occurred during the
term of the agreement. 23 They were short and affected only one job site. Their duration
has shown no trend over the period, ranging from 3.6 man-days idle per worker to 11.0.
Since 1952, the corresponding measure for all construction strikes has varied from 8.9 to
16. 9 days.
Industrial Hazards.
Work injuries in 1965 (the latest period for which data are
available), occurring at the rate of 28. 3 per million employee man-hours cost the industry
an average of 92 days per case.
Even the injuries which were temporary (those which
do not result in death or permanent impairment but render a person unable to perform a
regularly established job which is open and available to him during 1 or more days) cost
an average of 18 days of work per occurrence.
The chance of on-the-job injury exists in every work situation. The risk in construc
tion employment, however, far exceeds the risk inm ost other industries. In 1964 and 1965,
for example, the injury frequency rates in construction were twice as high and severity
rates three times as high as in manufacturing. In the total economy, only a few industries,
and most of those in mining, had greater injury frequency and severity rates. 24
The cost of injury in construction employment, measured in terms of employer ex
penditures for occupational injuries, is greater than the cost of unemployment to the em
ployer. In 1965, for example, employers in the general building construction industry paid
22 In most strikes several issues are usually in dispute and immediate and exact classification is difficult. Strikes are classi
fied, by the BLS, in accordance with the Bureau's understanding of the major issue at the beginning of the strike.
23 Since 1961, data on the status of the union-management agreement at the start of the stoppage has been available. These
figures confirm the conclusion that most construction strikes occur during the term of the agreement (only the mining industry shares
this strike pattern).
Since these stoppages are of short duration, they result in little idleness. If all 629 "wildcat" construction strikes
could have been avoided in 1966, for example, idleness would have been 5. 7 million man-days rather than 6. 1 million. Fifty-nine
percent of the construction strikes since 1961 have occurred during the term of the agreement.
24 Injury Rates by Industry, 1964 and 1965 (Report 342, 1968).
For additional information about work injuries in the con
struction industries, see Work Injuries and Work-Injury Rates in the Highway and Street Construction Industry, 1961 (Report 257,
1963), Work Injuries and Work Injury Rates in the Street and Highway Department Industry (Report 296, 1965), Work Injuries and
Work Injury Rates in the Heavy Construction Industry (Report 318, 1967), and table 140 "Work Injury Rates, by Industry, 1958-65"
in Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1968, Bulletin 1600 (1968). Also see Accident Facts, an annual report of the National Safety Council.
25
12 cents for each hour construction workers were on the job towards workmen's compensa
tion programs covering them. In that year, employer tax contributions toward unemployment
compensation programs covering construction workers amounted to only 9 cents a working
hour. In fact, workmen's compensation expenditures constituted the single largest component,
after straight-time pay, of total compensation of construction workers in 1965. 25
Measured in the same term s, the cost of injury for nonoffice workers in the total pri
vate nonfarm sector of the economy is substantially lower than in construction. While the
economy wide measures are affected by construction, the total expenditure per 1966 working
hour for workmen's compensation programs amounted to only 4 cents26— one-third of the con
struction level.
In contrast to construction, expenditures for unemployment compensation
in the total private sector (at 4 cents per hour of working time) were about the same as
those for workmen's compensation; and both were substantially less important components
of private sector compensation (about 1 .4 percent) than was true in the general building con
struction industry. Compared with the level of expenditures in the manufacturing industries,
construction fares even worse.
In 1966, manufacturing employers paid 3 cents for each
hour that production workers spent on the job for workmen's compensation programs— onefourth the construction rate— and about 4 cents, or about 1 percent of compensation, for
legally required unemployment insurance— less than one-half the construction rate.
In addition to having a marked affect on the structure of employee compensation, the
extent of the injury potential in construction has undoubtedly influenced the workers' wage
rates.
However, the extent to which the wage rates reflect the hazardous nature of con
struction employment, has not been measured.
25 See appendix A for details.
26 For detailed information about the level and structure of employee compensation in the total private sector, see table A -l
in Employee Compensation in Selected Industries. 1966 (Report 352, 1968).
26
T a b le 8.
A v e r a g e a n n u a l e m p lo y m e n t by r e g i o n , 1 c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n , 1 9 4 6 -6 7
( E m p lo y m e n t in th o u s a n d s , in d e x b a s e d on 1946=100)
Y ear
U n ite d S ta te s
N um ber
In d e x
N o rth e a s t
N um ber
S o u th
N o r th C e n t r a l
W est
In d e x
N um ber
In d e x
N um ber
In d e x
N um ber
In d e x
1967 _______________________________
1966 _______________________________
1965 _______________________________
3, 203
3, 275
3, 186
192
193
197
73 6 . 2
73 4 . 5
71 7 . 6
163
162
159
1. 125. 5
1 ,1 3 9 .7
1 ,0 8 2 . 9
243
246
234
840. 5
827. 8
803. 2
185
183
177
5 0 4 .0
54 3 . 3
5 5 7 .6
179
193
198
1964 . ___________________________
1963 _______________________________
1962 _______________________________
1961 _______________________________
I9 6 0 ______________________________
3, 050
2 ,9 6 3
2, 902
2 ,8 1 6
2 ,8 8 5
184
178
175
170
174
70 3 . 7
68 2 . 7
688. 5
664. 3
6 8 1 .4
156
151
152
147
151
1 ,0 0 8 . 0
9 4 9 .8
900. 3
866. 8
873. 9
218
205
194
187
189
746.
72 5 .
72 0 .
73 8 .
76 4 .
7
1
3
2
0
165
160
159
163
169
567. 4
5 5 8 .9
5 3 6 .4
519. 7
51 9 . 0
202
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
____ ___________________________
2 ,9 6 0
2 ,7 7 8
2 ,9 2 3
2 ,9 9 9
2 ,8 0 2
178
167
176
181
169
69 0 . 5
67 0 . 8
7 0 4 .4
712. 8
686.8
153
148
156
158
152
899.
854.
864.
84 6 .
79 5 .
1
1
5
5
6
194
184
187
183
172
77 0 .
758.
805.
83 4 .
808.
5
9
0
6
0
170
167
178
184
178
523. 8
490. 1
4 6 6 .8
470. 5
4 4 6 .8
186
174
166
167
159
1954
1953
1952
1951
1950
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
2, 612
157
158
159
157
140
653.
639.
643.
665.
614.
5
5
0
5
1
144
141
142
147
136
75 7 .
827.
851.
819.
691.
5
7
0
2
5
164
179
184
177
149
777. 1
74 2 . 3
7 4 9 .4
73 7 . 3
648. 4
171
164
165
163
143
421.
429.
421.
420.
389.
5
1
3
9
7
150
152
150
150
138
1949
1948
1947
1946
___________________ ____________
______________ _______________
_________________ _____________
_______________________________
2, 165
2 , 169
130
131
119
56 2 . 9
57 4 . 5
53 0 . 2
4 5 2 .4
124
127
117
6 1 7 .2
6 4 5 .8
5 8 6 .4
463. 0
133
139
127
59 9 .
61 4 .
55 2 .
453.
122
100
132
136
349.
386.
338.
28 1 .
1
2
3
5
124
137
2 ,6 2 3
2 ,6 3 4
2 ,6 0 3
2 , 333
1,982
1 ,6 6 1
100
100
100
3
9
9
3
199
191
185
184
120
100
1 T h e r e g i o n s u s e d in t h is ta b l e a r e : N o r t h e a s t — C o n n e c tic u t, M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , N ew H a m p s h ir e , N ew J e r s e y , N ew Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
R h o d e I s l a n d , a n d V e r m o n t; S o u th — A la b a m a , A r k a n s a s , D e la w a r e , D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia , F l o r d i a , G e o r g ia , K e n tu c k y , L o u i s ia n a , M a r y la n d , M i s s i s s i p p i ,
N o r th C a r o li n a , O k la h o m a , S o u th C a r o li n a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V i r g in i a , a n d W e st V ir g in i a ; N o r th C e n t r a l — I l l i n o i s , I n d ia n a , Io w a , K a n s a s , M ic h ig a n ,
M in n e s o t a , M is s o u r i , N e b r a s k a , N o r th D a k o ta , O h io , S o u th D a k o ta , a n d W is c o n s in ; a n d W e st— A l a s k a , A r i z o n a , C a l if o r n ia , C o lo r a d o , H a w a ii, I d a h o ,
M o n ta n a , N e v a d a , N ew M e x ic o , O r e g o n , U ta h , W a sh in g to n , a n d W y o m in g ,
D a ta f o r A la s k a a n d H a w a ii w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in to th e s e r i e s in I960
a n d 1 9 5 8 ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T o ta l c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n e m p lo y m e n t A la s k a d u r in g I9 6 0 w a s 5 . 9 th o u s a n d , a n d in H a w a ii d u r in g 1958 w a s 1 2 .7 th o u s a n d .
27
T a b le 9.
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e s by m a j o r i n d u s t r y g r o u p , 1948—67
E x p e r ie n c e d w a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s
Y ear
unem
p lo y e d 1
T o ta l
A g ric u l
tu re
T o ta l
M in in g ,
fo re s
tr y , and
f is h e r
ie s
N o n a g r ic u l tu r a l i n d u s t r ie s
T r a n s - W h o le - F i n a n c e ,
M a n u fa c tu r in g
i n s u r S e r v ic e
p o r ta t io n
s a le
N o n d u r
and
a n c e , and in d u s
and
D u r a b le
a b le
P r i v a t e 2 T o ta l
re ta il
trie s
p u b lic
rea l
goods
goods
e s ta te
u tilitie s tra d e
C o n s tr u c tio n
A ll
1948 _______________
1949 ----------------------1950 _______________
3.4
5.5
5.0
3. 7
6. 2
5 .6
4.7
3.7
2.9
6. 5
8. 2
6. 2
5 .4
8. 5
6 .6
7. 6
1 1 .9
10. 7
7. 8
1 2 .9
11. 5
3.5
7.2
5. 6
3.4
7.4
5.2
3. 6
6 .9
6 .0
3.0
5.2
4.1
4.3
5.8
5.8
1.6
1.8
2.0
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
_______________
_______________
3 ______________
_______________
_______________
3.0
2.7
2.5
5.0
4.0
3. 2
2 .9
2. 7
5. 5
4. 3
3. 9
3 .9
4. 7
8. 0
6 .4
3.
2.
2.
5.
4.
2
8
6
4
2
3 .8
3 .4
4 .9
12. 3
8. 2
6. 0
5. 5
6. 1
10. 5
9 .2
6. 5
6 .0
6. 2
1 2 .9
10. 9
3. 3
2 .8
2. 5
6. 1
4. 2
2.
2.
2.
6.
4.
4.
3.
3.
5.
4.
1.9
1.9
1.8
3.7
3.1
3.0
5.2
4.3
1.3
1.5
1956
1957
1958
1959
I9 6 0
________ ____
_______________
...............................
_______________
3______________
3.
4.
6.
5.
5.
8
3
8
5
6
3 .9
4. 5
7. 2
5. 6
5. 7
6. 5
6. 7
9 .9
8. 7
8. 0
3 .8
4. 5
7. 1
5. 5
5. 6
6 .4
6. 3
10. 6
9. 7
9. 5
8. 3
9 .8
13. 7
12. 0
12. 2
10.
10.
15.
13.
13.
4.
5.
9.
6.
6.
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
_______________
3______________
______ _____ ___
_______________
6. 7
5 .6
5. 7
5. 2
4 .6
6 .8
5. 5
5. 5
5. 0
4. 2
9. 3
7. 3
8 .9
9. 3
7. 3
6. 7
5. 5
5 .4
4. 8
4. 2
11.
8.
7.
7.
5.
6
6
5
6
5
14. 1
12. 0
1 1 .9
9. 9
9 .0
1966 4___________
1967 _______________
3 .8
3. 8
3. 5
3. 6
6 .6
6. 9
3. 5
3. 6
3. 7
4. 0
1966:
J a n u a r y ________
F eb ru ary
M a r c h __________
A p ril
M a y ______ -_____
J u n e ____________
4. 4
4. 2
4. 0
3 .6
3. 7
4. 6
4. 3
4. 1
3 .9
3 .4
3. 2
3 .8
1 1 .9
1 1 .6
9 .4
6. 3
6 .4
4. 4
4. 2
4. 0
3 .8
3. 3
3. 2
3. 8
3.9
6
3
2
4
5
3 .4
3. 5
3. 2
3. 0
3. 2
3. 3
3.4
5.5
4.1
4.9
4. 2
4. 2
3 .9
3. 5
3. 2
4. 6
4.1
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.5
J u l y _____________
A u g u s t _________
S e p te m b e r
O c t o b e r ________
N ovem ber
D e c e m b e r ______
1967:
J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y _______
M a r c h __________
A p r i l _________
M a y __________
J u n e ____________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c to b e r
N o v e m b e r ______
D ecem ber
1
2
3
4
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
6
4
0
5
0
0
3
1
7
4
4. 8
3. 5
P u b lic
a d m in
is tra
tio n
3.5
5.1
5.0
2.0
2.9
2. 8
3.1
1 .6
1. 1
1. 6
2. 0
2. 1
2. 6
2 .4
4. 0
3. 8
1 .2
2. 0
1 .8
2
0
2
0
2
4. 0
4 .9
10. 5
6. 1
6. 3
4.4
5.3
2 .4
3. 1
5 .6
4 .2
4. 3
4.1
4.5
7. 6
5 .9
6. 0
6. 7
5. 8
5 .9
1 .4
1 .8
2. 9
2. 6
2. 4
3 .2
3 .4
4 .6
4. 3
4. 1
1 .6
2 .0
3. 0
2. 3
2. 6
15. 7
13. 5
13. 3
1 1 .2
10. 1
7. 7
5 .8
5. 7
4 .9
4. 0
8 .4
5. 7
5 .4
4. 7
3. 4
6. 7
5 .9
6 .0
5. 3
4. 6
5. 1
3 .9
3 .9
3. 3
2. 7
7.
6.
6.
5.
5.
3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
4 .9
4. 3
4 .4
4. 1
3.8
2. 7
2. 2
2. 5
2. 3
1 .9
7. 1
6 .6
8. 1
7. 4
3. 2
3. 6
2. 7
3. 4
3. 8
4. 1
2 .0
2. 3
4. 4
4 .2
2. 1
2. 5
3.3
3.2
1 .6
1 .8
5 .9
5. 8
4. 3
3. 1
3. 3
1 .9
1 1 .2
1 1 .4
9. 9
8. 1
5. 7
4. 9
13. 0
13. 2
11. 3
9 .2
6. 3
5. 5
3. 8
3. 8
3. 5
3. 1
3 .0
3. 5
3. 3
3 .4
3. 0
2. 2
2. 4
3. 2
4 .4
4. 4
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
3
2
1
3
5
8
2. 1
1 .7
1 .7
1 .9
2. 0
2 .5
3.5
3.0
3.1
2.7
3. 8
2 .4
2. 3
2. 6
2. 2
1. 8
2 .4
2. 8
4. 6
1 .8
1. 3
1 .4
1 .8
1. 5
1 .2
6. 7
8. 7
3 .4
3 .4
3. 2
3. 0
3. 1
3. 3
3. 1
1 .6
4. 8
3. 8
3. 3
4. 2
4. 5
4. 3
4. 8
5. 1
7. 2
9 .6
5.
4.
5.
5.
8.
10.
1
8
3
8
1
8
3. 2
3. 1
2 .8
2. 7
2. 8
3. 0
2 .9
3. 0
2 .4
2. 3
2. 2
2 .6
3 .7
3. 3
3. 3
3. 2
3. 6
3. 6
2 .4
1 .9
1. 7
1. 3
1 .6
1 .9
4. 5
4. 3
4. 0
3 .9
4. 2
3. 3
2. 1
2. 4
2. 0
2 .4
2. 2
1 .9
3.4
4.2
3.4
3.1
2.9
3.0
1 .5
1 .6
2. 5
1 .4
1 .6
1 .9
4. 2
4. 1
3. 8
3 .4
3. 2
3 .9
9. 1
1 1 .0
7. 7
7. 0
4. 4
6. 7
4. 1
4. 0
3 .7
3. 3
3. 1
3. 8
3. 1
3. 1
4. 7
4. 1
3 .9
3. 1
10. 7
11. 3
9. 2
8. 0
5 .9
5. 8
12. 5
13. 0
1 0 .4
9 .2
6. 3
6. 3
3 .8
3. 8
3 .9
3. 7
3. 6
3 .8
3. 3
3. 3
3 .4
3. 3
3 .4
3 .4
4. 5
4. 6
4. 6
4. 2
3 .9
4. 4
2 .9
2. 6
2. 1
2 .0
2. 1
2 .4
4 .9
4. 8
4 .4
3. 5
3. 5
4 .4
2. 7
2. 8
2. 6
2. 2
1 .7
2 .4
3.5
3.1
2.9
2. 6
2. 6
4. 0
1 .6
2. 1
1 .8
1 .8
1 .4
2 .4
3. 6
3 .4
3. 6
3. 6
3. 5
3. 3
5 .0
5 .0
7. 0
6. 0
8. 6
7. 0
3. 5
3 .4
3. 5
3. 5
3. 4
3. 3
3.
3.
3.
5.
4.
4.
4. 6
4. 0
3. 2
4. 5
5 .9
6. 8
5. 3
4. 3
3. 4
4. 7
6 .6
7. 7
3 .9
3. 6
3. 5
3. 7
3 .4
3 .4
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3. 8
3. 7
4. 0
4. 2
3 .9
3. 6
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
4.3
3.9
2. 1
2. 7
3. 1
3. 0
1 .9
2. 2
3. 3
3. 5
3. 7
3 .4
3. 1
2. 8
1 .6
1. 4
1 .9
1. 7
1. 6
2. 1
2
8
3
0
8
7
0
9
2
4
5
0
5
2
3
1
3
4.1
4.2
4.0
2
3
0
1
2
1
4.
4.
4.
3.
2
3
2
7
0
6
5
3
5
3
1
7
5
3
A ls o i n c lu d e s th e s e lf - e m p lo y e d , u n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s , a n d th o s e w ith n o p r e v i o u s w o r k h i s t o r y , n o t sh o w n s e p a r a te l y .
E x c lu d e s th e e ff e c t of c o n s tr u c ti o n w o r k b y g o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y e e s .
N o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b le to p r i o r y e a r s . F o r d e t a i l s s e e fo o tn o te 1, ta b le 1 in th e H a n d b o o k of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , 196 8 , B L S B u lle tin 1600.
B e g in n in g w ith 1966 d a ta r e f e r to p e r s o n s 16 y e a r s o f a g e a n d o l d e r . D a ta f o r p r i o r y e a r s r e f e r to p e r s o n s 14 y e a r s of a g e a n d o l d e r .
T a b le 10.
M o n th a n d y e a r
A ll
c ra fts m e n
and
fo re m a n
F e b ru ary :
1968 ________________ __ .
1967 ______________________
1966 ___ _________ ______
1965
1964
3.
4.
5.
6.
A u g u s t:
1968 ______________________
1967
1966 ____________________
1965 ______________________
1964
1 .9
1. 8
2. 0
2. 6
3. 1
3.7
6
6
8
5
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s , 1957—68
C a r p e n te r s
an d o th e r
c o n s tr u c
tio n
c ra fts m e n
8.
8.
10.
12.
14.
A ll
no n farm
la b o re rs
3
6
5
4
2
14. 2
15. 9
2. 8
2. 4
5.7
5.9
3.0
4.2
4.4
5. 8
5. 2
8 .4
10.1
9.5
10.2
C o n s tru c
tio n
la b o re rs
18.
20.
17.
25.
25.
9
3
6
7
5
6.
7.
8.
8.
11.
9
6
0
2
5
M o n th a n d y e a r
A nnual a v e ra g e s:
1967 ______ _____________
1966
1965 „
. ____
_
1964 ____________________
1963
1962 ______________________
1 9 6 1 .............................................
1959 .............................................
1958 ______________________
1957
A ll
c ra f ts m e n
and
fo re m e n
C a r p e n te r s
a n d o th e r
c o n s tr u c
tio n
c ra fts m e n
2.
2.
3.
4.
4.
5
8
6
2
8
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
5.
6.
5.
5.
6.
3.
1
3
3
3
8
8
9 .0
11. 2
9. 3
9. 1
7
6
9
4
0
10.4
7. 0
A ll
n o n farm
la b o re rs
7.
7.
8.
10.
12.
5
3
4
6
1
1 2 .4
14. 5
12. 5
12. 4
14. 9
9. 4
C o n s tru c
tio n
la b o re rs
11.
11.
14.
16.
20.
7
9
5
5
5
2 0 .4
21. 7
19.3
19.0
21.3
12. 6
28
T a b le 11.
W o rk s to p p a g e s 1 in a ll i n d u s t r i e s a n d in c o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n ,
1946—67
( W o r k e r s a n d m a n - d a y s in t h o u s a n d s )
A ll i n d u s t r i e s
S to p p a g e s b e g in n in g
in y e a r
Y ear
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
..................
1960 ________
1961 ______ .
1962 ________
1963 ...............
1964 ________
1965 ..... ..... .
1966 ________
1967 ________
N um ber
W o rk e rs
in v o lv e d
4 ,9 8 5
3 ,6 9 3
3 ,4 1 9
3 ,6 0 6
4 ,8 4 3
4 ,7 3 7
5, 117
5, 091
3 ,4 6 8
4 ,3 2 0
3 ,8 2 5
3, 673
3, 694
3 ,7 0 8
3, 333
3 , 367
3, 614
3, 362
3, 655
3 ,9 6 3
4 ,4 0 5
4 , 595
4 , 600
2, 170
1,960
3 ,0 3 0
2 ,4 1 0
2,220
3 ,5 4 0
2 ,4 0 0
1 ,5 3 0
2, 650
1,900
1 ,3 9 0
2, 060
1 ,8 8 0
1 ,3 2 0
1 ,4 5 0
1 ,2 3 0
941
1 ,6 4 0
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,9 6 0
2 ,8 7 0
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n — t o t a l 2
M a n -d a y s id le
d u r in g y e a r
P e rce n t
e s ti m a t e d
N um ber
p r iv a t e
n o n farm
w o r k tim e
1 1 6 ,0 0 0
3 4 ,6 0 0
3 4 ,1 0 0
5 0 ,5 0 0
3 8 ,8 0 0
22,900
5 9 ,1 0 0
2 8 , 300
22, 600
2 8 , 200
3 3 , 100
1 6 ,5 0 0
2 3 ,9 0 0
6 9 ,0 0 0
19,100
1 6 ,3 0 0
1 8 ,6 0 0
1 6 ,1 0 0
22,900
2 3 , 300
2 5 ,4 0 0
4 2 ,1 0 0
1. 43
.4 1
. 37
. 59
. 40
. 21
. 57
. 26
. 19
. 26
. 29
. 14
. 22
.6 1
. 17
. 12
. 16
. 13
. 18
. 18
. 18
. 30
N um ber
S to p p a g e s b e g in n in g
in y e a r
W o rk e r s in v o lv e d
N um ber
P ercen t
as p tic e n t
of th o s e
N um ber
of a l l
in a ll
in d u s tr ie s
i n d u s t r ie s
351
382
380
615
611
651
794
1 ,0 3 9
804
733
784
785
844
771
773
824
913
840
944
943
977
867
7. 0
10. 3
146
175
108
197
237
232
634
574
437
204
231
308
326
251
269
217
284
208
248
301
455
305
11. 1
17. 1
12. 6
13. 7
15. 5
43. 3
23. 2
17. 0
20. 5
21. 4
22. 8
20. 8
23. 2
24. 5
25. 3
25. 0
25. 8
23. 8
22. 2
1 8 .9
3. 1
8. 1
5. 5
6. 5
9 .8
10. 5
17. 9
23. 9
28. 6
7. 7
12. 2
22. 2
15. 8
13. 4
20. 4
15. 0
23. 1
22. 1
15. 1
19. 4
23. 2
10. 6
M an - d a y s id le d u r in g y e a r
( a ll s to p p a g e s )
P e r c e n t oi
N um ber as
e s ti m a t e d
N um ber
p e r c e n t of
c o n tr a c t
a l l i n d u s t r ie s
c o n s tr u c ti o n
w o r k in g t im e
1 ,4 5 0
2, 770
1 ,4 3 0
2, 760
2 ,4 6 0
1, 190
6, 700
1. 3
8. 0
4. 2
5. 5
6. 3
5. 2
11. 3
28. 3
21. 2
6 .4
8. 1
24. 1
20. 0
6. 0
23. 4
2 7 .4
22. 3
12. 0
12. 2
1 9 .9
24. 2
12. 2
8,000
4 , 800
1 ,8 1 0
2 ,6 8 0
3, 970
4 ,7 9 0
4 , 120
4 ,4 7 0
3 ,4 9 0
4 , 150
1 ,9 3 0
2 , 790
4 ,6 3 0
6, 140
5, 160
0. 40
. 66
. 29
. 53
.4 4
. 18
1 .0 3
1. 22
. 71
. 28
. 35
. 51
. 71
. 58
. 63
. 50
. 60
. 25
. 35
. 57
. 73
. 62
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n by m a j o r i s s u e
E c o n o m ic i s s u e s
B e g in n in g in y e a r
N um ber
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
. . ___
________
_. .
_________
1960 ________
1961________
1962 ________
1963 ________
1964 ________
1965 ________
1966 ________
1967 ________
236
242
287
369
335
274
365
630
412
328
365
340
413
307
274
282
344
272
287
282
317
293
W o rk e r s
in v o lv e d
90. 4
151. 0
93. 0
159. 0
190. 0
105. 0
339. 0
449. 0
28 6 . 0
126. 0
166. 0
180. 0
25 2 . 0
157. 0
180. 0
123. 0
21 5 . 0
115. 0
164. 0
159. 0
301. 0
20 8 . 0
U n io n o r g a n i z a ti o n a n d s e c u r i ty
W o rk in g c o n d itio n s 3
M a n -d a y s
B e g in n in g in y e a r
s to p p a g e s )
N um ber
W o rk e rs
in v o lv e d
22
16
11
1. 5
4. 3
85 9 . 0
2, 3 9 0 .0
1, 3 1 0 .0
2 ,4 8 0 . 0
2 , 0 7 0 .0
59 4 . 0
5, 500. 0
7, 3 3 0 .0
4 , 1 7 0 .0
1 ,4 4 0 . 0
2, 2 5 0 .0
3, 3 6 0 .0
4 , 380. 0
2, 67 0 . 0
2 ,5 5 0 .0
1,9 9 0 . 0
3, 60 0 . 0
1, 3 5 0 .0
2 ,0 8 0 . 0
2, 8 9 0 . 0
3, 9 7 0 . 0
4 , 170. 0
39
45
99
121
103
103
91
75
86
77
77
112
118
146
121
116
119
100
78
1. 1
4. 2
10. 6
52. 1
79. 3
40. 3
45. 5
23. 8
12. 4
31. 2
35. 2
8. 1
21. 2
13. 7
14. 7
23. 0
12. 8
21. 2
45. 8
19. 8
M a n -d a y s
id le ( a l l
s to p p a g e s )
8.
23.
4.
17.
6
2
8
2
101 . 0
20 4 . 0
285. 0
158. 0
201. 0
78. 1
76. 6
185. 0
185. 0
45. 1
102. 0
90. 6
52. 0
106. 0
82. 9
307. 0
57 1 . 0
147. 0
B e g in n in g in y e a r
N um ber
52
56
48
107
105
71
97
122
120
111
110
126
94
111
99
113
129
123
142
126
114
105
W o rk e rs
in v o lv e d
M a n -d a y s
id le ( a l l
s to p p a g e s )
14. 9
8. 2
9. 6
12. 0
10. 1
9 .9
32. 1
18. 8
1 5 .9
31. 6
11. 5
15. 3
39 3 .
122.
84.
124.
127.
66.
119.
116.
73.
163.
96.
11.1
90. 9
1 ,2 6 0 . 0
1 ,7 1 0 .0
1 ,2 6 0 . 0
379. 0
321. 0
404. 0
1,2 1 0 . 0
1 ,2 8 0 . 0
120. 0
64.
44.
50.
28.
35.
25.
71.
53.
10.
4
6
1
8
4
0
7
8
9
0
0
6
0
0
3
0
0
6
0
3
121.0
J u ris d ic tio n a l d is p u te s 4
B e g in n in g in y e a r
N um ber
40
68
31
99
124
198
200
176
164
198
228
229
252
269
266
303
288
319
396
409
437
387
W o rk e r s
in v o lv e d
39. 0
11.2
4. 0
21.6
2 5 .4
63. 4
183. 0
64. 8
88. 9
22. 6
41. 1
81. 1
26. 8
20. 1
21. 1
28. 2
2 6 .0
33. 9
46. 0
49. 8
53. 4
65. 2
M a n -d a y s
id le ( a ll
s to p p a g e s )
1 8 7 .0
232. 0
32. 9
137. 0
166. 0
317. 0
798. 0
391. 0
353. 0
131. 0
256. 0
295. 0
134. 0
139. 0
98. 2
1 5 4 .0
121. 0
149. 0
224. 0
220. 0
301. 0
717. 0
1 A ll w o r k s to p p a g e s k n o w n to th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a n d i t s v a r i o u s c o o p e r a tin g a g e n c i e s , in v o lv in g 6 o r m o r e w o r k e r s a n d l a s t in g
a f u ll d a y o r s h i f t o r lo n g e r , a r e i n c l u d e d in t h is ta b l e . F i g u r e s o n " w o r k e r s in v o lv e d " a n d " m a n - d a y s id le " c o v e r a l l w o r k e r s m a d e id le
f o r a s lo n g a s 1 s h if t in e s ta b l is h m e n t s d i r e c t l y in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y do n o t m e a s u r e th e i n d i r e c t o r s e c o n d a r y e f f e c ts o n o t h e r e s ta b l is h m e n t s
o r i n d u s t r i e s w h o s e e m p lo y e e s a r e m a d e id le a s a r e s u l t o f m a t e r i a l o r s e r v i c e s h o r t a g e s . W o r k e r s a r e c o u n te d m o r e th a n o n c e if in v o lv e d in m o r e
th a n 1 s to p p a g e d u r in g th e y e a r .
2 I n c lu d e s s to p p a g e s n o t r e p o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y b y m a j o r i s s u e .
3 I n c lu d e s s to p p a g e s o v e r jo b s e c u r i t y , s a f e ty , o v e r t i m e , d i s c h a r g e s a n d s i m i l a r g r ie v a n c e s .
4 I n c lu d e s a few s to p p a g e s o v e r u n io n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d o t h e r i n t e r - a n d in tr a u n io n m a t t e r s .
NOTE:
B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g ,
sum s
of in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a l s .
Chapter 4.
Union Scales and Benefits
The contract construction industry is highly unionized and most construction workers
employed by unionized firms are paid scale level wages.
Thus, the average hourly earn
ings of all construction workers are substantially affected by the level of union wage scales.
These scales, however, cannot be used as earnings proxies. Craft scales vary significantly
by area; the ratio of apprentices to journeymen in the apprenticeable trades and the ratio
of journeymen to helpers and laborers varies by trade and presumably by area. In addition,
some workers shift between the union and nonunion sectors of the industry; some craftsmen
are paid at rates which exceed the negotiated scales; and the scales do not reflect the extent
to which hours worked are compensated at premium rates.
Although union scales cannot be used as direct estimates of hourly earnings, changes in
negotiated scales do forecast increases in earnings levels and, as discussed subsequently in
this chapter, also appear to foreshadow the dimensions of the next round of wage increases.
Recent Wage and Benefit Cost Changes
Average hourly earnings of construction workers have exceeded those of production
workers in most other industries during the entire post-World War II period. Recent nego
tiations indicate a continuation of this trend. (See table 12.)
Between 1965 and 1969 approximately 1.3 million construction workers— about fourfifths of those for whom data are available— received increases under newly negotiated major
contracts. 1 The remaining one-fifth of the workers covered by major agreements did not
negotiate new contracts during this period, but a majority of them received wage increases
that had been negotiated in earlier years. In any year— because most construction contracts
are negotiated for 3-year terms and because most provide for deferred wage increases—
most of the wage increases put into effect result from negotiations in earlier years.
Construction wage negotiations are typically conducted at the local level. Negotiations
within a year tend to be concentrated in one or two regions of the country and affect only
a portion of the regions* construction work force. In 1967, for example, 265, 000 construction
workers were affected by contracts negotiated in that year. Of those workers, 54 percent
were in the North Central region; 2 in contrast about 3 percent of all involved workers were
employed in the Pacific region. In 1968, however, approximately 60 percent of the 400, 000
workers covered under new major agreements were in the Pacific region; the North Central
region i n c l u d e d o n ly a b o u t 23 p e r c e n t of t h o s e t h a t c o n c lu d e d n e g o t i a t i o n s in t h a t y e a r .
A
majority of the contracts have a 3-year term.
Therefore the East Coast, which had its
last large scale round of bargaining in 1966, should be the dominant area in which nego
tiations are conducted during 1969.
This incidence of regional expirations is peculiar to
the construction industry and may have significant effect on subsequent bargaining. Although
A major contract is defined as one that covers 1,000 workers or more.
The discussion in this section is limited to major
contract situations, data for which are available in the files of the Bureau's Current Wage Developments section.
Data for minor
situations (those covering fewer than 1,000 workers) and for nonunion situations are not available.
Since 1965, approximately 1.6
million construction workers were affected either by newly negotiated or deferred wage increases.
This worker count includes a
worker each time a wage change is effectuated.
Thus some workers may be counted more than once as they change jobs during a
contract period.
2 The regions, for purposes of this analysis, are: New England--M aine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, and Connecticut; North Atlantic--N ew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; Southern- - Maryland, District of Columbia,
West Virginia, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Oklahoma, and Texas; North Central--O h io, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Montana; and Pacific— Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Nevada,
California, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, and Alaska.
29
30
Construction workers affected
by collective bargaining
Number
(in thousands!
Percent
1968
1967
1968
1967
T o t a l------------------------------------------------- --------------
400
265
100.0
100.0
New England------------------------------------------------ -------------North A tlantic--------------------------------------------- -------------Southern------------------------------------------------------ -------------North Central----------------------------------------------- -------------Pacific---------------------------------------------------------- --------------
4
30
39
91
239
18
67
29
144
7
(!)
8 .0
10.0
22.8
59.8
6.7
25.3
10. 8
54. 5
2.7
Region
* Less than 0 .05 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
wage bargaining is local, available (but unpublished) data suggest that the average rate of
construction wage increases in a region (though each individual settlement typically is inde
pendently concluded by the local parties) tends to be higher— on the average— than those
agreed upon in the preceding year's negotiations generally centered in another region. 3 This
regional escalation is probably more the result of economy wide inflationary pressures than
of any other factor.
However, the possibility of the emergence of some form of pattern
bargaining in the contract construction industry should not be overlooked.
Subsequent exam
ination, when data for additional years are available, should shed more light on the subject.
In many other major manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries (e. g. , mining;
lumber; paper; rubber; stone, clay, and glass; automobile; basic steel; copper; trucking;
railroads; and maritime industries) a wage and benefit pattern is concluded between one or
more unions and one or more large firms and the pattern is followed closely by other
unions and companies in the industry.
In construction, however, wages are negotiated at
the local level without any particular regard to wage and benefit patterns and levels in
other areas.
There are very few national or industrywide agreements in the construction
industry.
Those which do exist are concerned principally with working conditions and to
s o m e e x te n t s u p p le m e n ta r y b e n e fits
p la n s .
4
W age
ra te s
or
s c a le s
even
in
th e
fe w
n a tio n a l
agreements are usually determined by local parties.
Another major difference between bargaining in the construction industry and in other
industries is the use of options to divert (diversion provisions).
Such options, under which
the union unilaterally allocates an agreed upon cents-per-hour increase to wages or beneftis,
or to a combination of wages and benefits, 5 are relatively common in construction but are
rarely found in other industries.
Diversion provisions were included in about one-fifth of
the major construction contracts negotiated in 1967 and in about one-fourth of those con
cluded in 1968.
Diversion provisions typically are operative only after the first contract
year.
Hence, subsequent discussion of separate wage changes and benefit changes in con
struction is limited necessarily to the first contract year.
New Contracts.
The pace at which total compensation payments per worker have in
creased as a result of contract settlements has risen each year since 1965; the rate of 1968
negotiated increases was greater than in any other year for which comparable data are
3 A few of the contracts concluded in 1968 were for 4 or 5 years.
These contracts were concentrated in the North Central
region. The North Central region will have a major round of bargaining again in 1970; West Coast negotiations will dominate the
1971 bargaining.
The 5-year agreements expiring in the North Central region in 1972, therefore may parallel the West Coast gains
(typically higher than in other areas of the country) more closely than those in the other North Central contracts.
4
Among other national agreements are the National Sprinkler Agreement, the National Tank Fabricating Agreement, and the
Laborers International Union Pension Plan.
5
Data on the allocation of the increases generally are not available.
Estimates of the actual allocation, however, usually
can be obtained by comparing new agreements with prior ones.
Estimates of the allocation of the increases were made, for use in
subsequent analysis, after considering previous allocations and the present and historical wage-benefit relationship in the situation(s).
To the extent that these allocation estimates are in error, the individual wage change and benefit change data will be affected;
the total compensation cost figures will be unaffected.
31
available. 6 In each year the median annual rates of increase exceeded the average of those
negotiated in all major contracts in the private nonfarm economy.
In 1968, the median in
crease in compensation cost in new construction contracts, as shown in table 7, was 8. 6 per
cent.
The same measure for all other industries, excluding government, was 6. 0 percent. 7
Compensation cost increases over the life of construction agreements differ in size
and in timing from increases in most other industries.
An analysis of negotiated scales
in recent construction agreements indicates that wage increases sometimes are "front loaded"
even though the total package cost is distributed evenly over the term of the agreement or
even "back lo a d e d ."8 Wage increases negotiated in 1967, for example, were heavily "front
loaded. " Construction worker first-year wage changes amounted to 7 .8 percent of estimated
straight-time average hourly earnings 9 of the affected workers.
The annual rate of change
of the total wage increase average over the life of the agreement, however, amounted to
only 6. 9 percent.
Subsequent year wage changes, then, were necessarily smaller than those
in the first contract year.
This pattern is similar to that found in other industries in
recent years.
Construction's compensation costs have been uniform, or back loaded relative
to other industries, even though wage increases have been front loaded in some years and
back loaded in
others.
On the other hand, both wage changes and total compensation costs
averaged over
the life of the agreements have been consistently front loaded in all other
industries.
Deferred Increases. A much larger group of construction workers usually is affected
by deferred increases than are affected by first year changes negotiated during the year.
In 1967, for example, 935, 000 construction workers covered under major agreements re
ceived deferred wage changes resulting from negotiations in earlier years, but only 265, 000
workers received wage increases as a result of negotiations within 1967.
The following
year 829, 000 construction workers received deferred changes while 400,000 received first
year increases.
In 1969, 848, 000 are scheduled to received deferred wage changes.
Some of these deferred changes have been agreed upon as many as 5 years in advance, 10
but the majority are negotiated only 2 years prior to their effective dates.
In 1968, the dif
ferential between newly negotiated first year changes and deferred increases was 10 cents an
hour. First year wage changes in 1968 averaged 35 cents an hour; deferred changes amounted
to only 25 cents an hour.
For 1969, deferred increases will average 35 cents an hour.
Construction industry deferred wage changes, as indicated in the following tabulation,
are smaller than construction first year wage changes.
Median cents-per-hour increase during-Prov ision
Construction:
First year changes ----------------------------------------Deferred from previous negotiations------------- -----
1969
(!)
35
1968
1967
35
25
30
24
1966
21
20
* Not available.
8 Since 1961, the earliest data for which any estimates of construction settlement costs are available,the rate of annual
cost increases (based onan equal timing concept) was lower in 2 years (1962 and 1964) than in
the preceding year.
Since 1964,
however, the rate of cost increase in each year has been equal to, or greater than, that in the preceding year.
The medians were derived by arraying the number of workers by the size of the settlement rate of increase. This measure,
rather than weighted means, was used to exclude the effect of extreme settlements.
For the purposes of computing the package costs, the journeymen hourly wage rate was used for computation.
When several
rates for a single craft
group are specified in a contract, the single rate estimated to bethe most frequently paid is used as the
estimated average wage.
The total package costs were then computed using these rates.
7 For a detailed description of the measures used to estimate cost increase and the method of estimation see the article by
Lily Mary David and Victor J. Sheifer, "Estimating the Cost of Collective Bargaining Settlements," Monthly Labor Review, May 1969,
pp. 16-26
8 A contract is front loaded when the cost changes in the early years of the contract are higher than in subsequent years.
9 Straight-time average hourly earnings refer to the journeymen scales as defined in footnote 6, above.
1° The following is a distribution of workers receiving deferred wage increase in 1969 by the year in which they were negotiated.
Y e a r - - ______ ______________
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
Workers (in thousands)--------380
266
96
98
10
32
The structure of deferred wage changes in the construction industry differs from that
in other industries. Deferred changes in construction, like first year changes, are larger
than deferred increases in other industries.
The differential has varied in recent years,
but has always been in favor of construction.
Further, provisions for more than one in
crease in a year are common in construction, but are uncommon in other industries.
The
most typical combination lately used in construction being an increase of 25 cents an hour
in January and another 25-cent raise in June or July.
Another popular combination is an
increase in June and another in December.
Besides two increases of 25 cents each, an
alternative frequently used is two increases totaling 25 cents, usually one 15-cent increase
and a 10-cent one.
The distribution of workers receiving increases by month indicates that
about three-fourths of the affected workers receive their deferred wage change(s) in the first
6 months of the year with about one-half of the increases effective in either May or June.
1969______________ 1968
(Workers in thousands)
Jan------------------------------------------------Feb------------------------------------------------M ar----------------------------------------------A pril--------------------------------------------May----------------------------------------------June----------------------------------------------July----------------------------------------------A u g ----------------------------------------------Sept----------------------------------------------Oct------------------------------------------------N o v ----------------------------------------------D e c -----------------------------------------------
153
5
32
86
257
243
119
17
32
29
26
34
178
4
41
81
242
205
159
19
29
27
26
17
The large size, relative to those in other industries, of both the first contract year
increases and those in subsequent years in the construction industry is the result of several
factors. Most of them will be discussed in detail in other sections of this report. Closely
related to wage changes, however, are cost-of-living adjustments. Such clauses are rarely
found in major construction agreements.
Where they exist they most frequently provide
guaranteed annual increases of not less than 20 cents an hour, plus additional increases
based on changes in the Consumer Price Index.
Building Trades Scales and Benefits Since World War II
For many years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has published annual and quarterly
reports of wage scales in the building trades.
The report available for analysis and in
clusion in this study provides wage rate data for 24 journeymen trades and nine helper and
laborer classifications as of July 1967. 11 In addition, data on employer contributions to funds
for insurance (health and welfare), pensions, and/or vacations are reported.
The union scales and employer contributions for selected benefits are defined as (1) the
basic (minimum) wage scales (excluding holiday, vacation, or other benefit payments made
or credited to the worker each pay period) and (2) the minimum employer contributions for
one or more benefits.
Rates different from the negotiated minimum, which may be paid
for special qualifications or other reasons, are not discussed. 12
Current Levels of Union Scales.
The average union scale, as of July 1, 1967, was
$ 5 .0 9 for all journeymen, and $ 3 .8 3 for helpers and laborers (table 13). 13 Including the
average employer contribution for health, welfare, and other insurance programs, the rates
11 Data for 1968 became available after this and other chapters based on union scale data had been complete^. An examination
of the 1968 data suggests that basically the relationships and the trends as described through July 1967 have continued through July 1968.
12 The data on union scales and fringe benefit payments discussed in this section pertain to crafts that would be predominantly
included in SIC 15--General building construction, and SIC 17— Special trades contractors. Heavy construction wage scales are not
included in the union scales discussed here. For a discussion of heavy construction scales see chap. 7.
The two categories included
constitute almost 80 percent of the employment in contract construction.
3 This discussion is based upon, Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1967. Bulletin 1590. For j.968 data see,
Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades. July 1, 1968, Bulletin 1621 (1969).
33
were $ 5 .5 5 and $4. 19 respectively. The highest average union hourly wage rates were for
machinists ($5 .39) among the journeymen and for terrazzo workers' helpers ($4 .34) among
the helpers and laborers. The lowest wage rates were $ 4 .6 3 for paperhangers and $3 .0 6
for composition roofers' helpers.
Table 14 indicates regional differences in wage scales as well as interoccupational
differentials for the individual regions. This table illustrates the diversity of regional rates
possible for the same occupation.
In general, rates were highest in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific regions, lowest in
the Southwest and Southeast.
Among journeymen the highest average rate was the $6. 04
paid to machinists in the Pacific region. The lowest average rate for machinists was $4. 72
paid in the Southwest. The lowest average journeyman rate was $ 3 .5 4 paid hourly to roofers,
both composition and slate and tile, in the Southeast region. The highest average rates for
these trades were the $5. 32 for composition roofers in the Middle Atlantic region and $5.51
for slate and tile roofers in the New England region.
Among helpers and laborers, the highest average rate was for bricklayers' tenders
in the Middle Atlantic region, $ 4 .9 6 an hour.
This craft averaged only about one-half as
much in the Southwest region, $2 .5 1 an hour.
Composition roofers' helpers had the lowest
average scale— $ 2 .2 0 in the Southwest region. This compares to their highest average rate,
$ 3 .9 6 in thip Middle Atlantic region.
✓
The rlate differential between journeymen and helpers was greatest in the Southern
areas and least in the Middle Atlantic region.
The helpers average hourly wage rate of
$ 4 .5 1 in the Middle Atlantic region— a rate which exceeded the journeyman average in the
South— amounted to 75 percent of the Middle Atlantic journeyman rate of $ 5 .5 6 .
In the
Southeast, the helpers rate was only 56 percent of the average journeymen rate, $ 4 .3 5 ;
and in the Southwest, helpers were paid at an average of 63 percent of the journeyman's
$4. 38 rate. 14
The question of measuring and evaluating regional and occupational differentials in
union scales is a thorny one.
Because negotiations occur at different times for different
trades and are beginning to take on a pattern where bargaining is conducted by the bulk of
the trades in a region in a particular year and fall in different regions in different years,
any regional differentials will compress and expand depending upon the year in which the
measurement is taken.
When employer contributions to fringe benefits are taken into consideration, the picture
is changed a little. Table 8 shows that supplementary contributions range, among journey
men, from a low of 19 cents an hour for machinists to a high of 76 cents an hour for
plumbers.
Among helpers and laborers, the range is from 17 cents an hour for composition
roofers' helpers to 45 cents an hour for plasterers' laborers.
These differentials mean
that the largest average total payment is made to the plumbers— pushing their average scale
up to $6. 13 an hour.
The lowest average journeymen scale plus employer contribution was
$ 4 .9 0 for paperhangers.
Among helpers and laborers, a 22-cent-an-hour contribution kept the terrazzo workers'
helpers at the top of the union scale, while at the same time, an average contribution of
71 cents an hour makes the composition roofers* helpers the lowest paid over all.
Comparing fringe payments as a percent of the hourly scale, an element of union
choice can be measured. While fringe or supplementary payments average 9. 2 percent for
all journeymen in 1967, they amounted to only 3.5 percent for machinists but 14.2 percent
for plumbers. Among helpers and laborers, plasterers' laborers were high with an 1 1 .2 percent average while the terrazzo workers' helpers were at 5. 1 percent. These compare
with an all helpers and laborers average of 9. 3 percent.
What these figures indicate is
that some trades generally have a strong preference for fringe benefits while others do not.
14
Since these rates are weighted averages for individual communities within regions, they do not accurately represent the
true range of rates that exists among cities within individual trades. For details see, Bulletin 1621, op. cit.
Rates by city may
range by 25 percent above and below the regional average.
34
Although the pattern is not universal, the indications are that, on a national basis,
the relationship between union scales and employer fringe payments is positive.
On the
average, high levels of fringe payments tend to be associated with high union scales. How
ever, the relationships for individual cities are not as clear.
There is no consistent re
lationship between wages and fringe benefits levels in the largest cities surveyed. In cities
of smaller size, the relationship was generally slight.
Comparison With Other Union Scales.
To allow additional perspective on the union
wage scales paid in building trades, they were compared, on national and regional bases,
with those rates paid in the three other industries for which the Bureau prepares annual
surveys:
Printing trades, motortruck drivers and helpers, and local transit operating
employees.
Several relationships are apparent from an inspection of table 15. First, the average
rate paid to journeymen in building trades is higher than that for any of the other industries
studied.
The rate paid to helpers and laborers is higher than that paid to anyone except
printers.
Second,the spread of union scales between the highest and lowest regions is
much wider in the building trades than in other industries.
This spread is $ 1. 32 for the
industry as a whole, $ 1 .2 1 for journeymen, and $ 1 .7 7 for helpers and laborers.
Among
the other industries the largest spread was 98 cents, three-quarters the building industry
average, for the local transit operating employees.
These differences are probably due,
among other factors, to the fact that other occupations tend to have negotiated contracts
which generally cover much larger geographical areas thus allowing for more rate uniformity.
Third, although the lowest average union building trades scales were in the Southeast region,
they were lowest in the Southeast for local transit operating employees but in the Southwest
for printing trades and motortruck drivers. Fourth, the highest union scales for the building
trades and for local transit operating employees were in the Middle Atlantic region; the
highest rates for the printing trades and motortruck drivers and helpers were in the Pacific
region.
Trend Behavior of Union Hourly Scales. 15 The wage scale which prevails at any point
in time reflects the interaction of a variety of economic, social, and political forces. Over
time, however, the basic forces of supply and demand will be registered in the price paid—
the wage rate— for labor.
Overall, union scales in the building trades have increased from an average of $ 1 .9 1
in 1947 to $ 4 .5 9 in 1966, an increase of 140 percent or 4 .7 percent a year. 16 The increase
was 137 percent for journeymen, or a 4. 6 percent annual rate of increase, somewhat less
than the 5.6 percent annual rate for helpers and laborers, who received a 180 percent
total increase.
These increases are the averages of the increases received by the individual trades.
It is from these rates for particular occupational classifications that most insight can be
gained into forces acting upon the demand for and supply of labor to the construction industry.
Since 1947, the general wage trend has been upward, with only minor breaks. How
ever, not all scales moved up at the same rate. Among journeymen, the rate for plasterers,
for example, between 1947 and 1966, moved from $ 2 .2 7 an hour to $ 4 .8 9 , or a 115 per
cent increase.
This is at an average annual rate of about 4. 1 percent, about one-half a
percentage point below the average rate for all trades.
By contrast, the rate for sheetmetal workers increased from $ 1. 99 to $4. 89 over this period, an annual average increase
of 4. 8 percent for a 146 percent total increase.
The trends discussed in the following section refer to the period 1947 or 1949 through 1966 or 1967. The periods for which
data are available vary somewhat among industries but the use of different starting and ending dates does not appear to affect trends
in any substantial way.
The Bureau's indexes of union hourly wage rates (scales) in the building trades (available for the 1907-68 period) indicate
that the annual rate of increase during the 1947-66 period was 4 .8 percent for all trades, 4 .7 percent for journeymen, and 5 .4 per
cent for helpers and laborers. For detail, see Bulletin 1590, op. cit. A more detailed description of the construction of these
indexes may be found in chap. 16 (pp. 136-140) of the BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies. Bulletin 1458 (1966).
35
These differences in the rate of growth of union scales are due to a variety of factors
that affect the demand for the products of the construction industry. Changes in the types of
finished products and materials used have reduced the need for certain skills and increased
the need for others. These changes, in trun, would be reflected in the relative wages paid
to the particular skill groups which were in lesser or greater demand over time. The fact
that plasterers' wage scales rose at a rate lower than the average was because of a decline
in the relative demand for this skill. 17 Similarly, the fact that sheet-metal workers' average
wage scales increased at a rate which was higher than the average for the industry indicates
an upward movement to the relative demand for this skill.
Indeed, developments in the construction industry would support the above conclusion.
The use of dry wall has reduced the amount of work done, or demand, for plasterers
(particularly in residential construction) and the expansion of air-conditioning and forced
air heating have substantially increased the demand for sheet-metal workers.
Trends in Regional Union Scales. Regional wage rate relationships in 1966 were quite
similar to those existing in 1949 (tables 16 and 17). In 1966, the Southeast and Southwest
regions were still the lowest on the wage scale.
The Middle Atlantic region was still at
the upper end of the wage scale.
In the other regions journeymen were ranked in about
the same relative way as helpers and laborers. In 1949, data for journeymen and helpers
and laborers indicate that both occupational groups received the highest wages in the Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes regions. 18 The lowest wage scales were, as indicated in table 4,
in the Southeast and Southwest regions.
Between these rankings, however there is a sub
stantial difference in the ranking of regions as between the two skill groups.
The third
lowest rate for journeymen is in the Mountain region, for helpers and laborers it is in the
Border States. The other regions, ranked in ascending order of journeymen's wage scales,
are New England, Pacific, Border States, Middle West, and Great Lakes. The corresponding
ordering of regions for helpers and laborers is the Border States, Mountain and the Middle
West and New England, which are tied.
Contractual Hours in Building Trades
Part of the negotiation process in construction is the decision on the number of hours
for which particular rates will be paid.
On July 1, 1967, contractual straight-time hours
in contract construction average 39. 2 a week.
Table 18 shows that 85 percent of union
members worked under contracts providing for a 40-hour workweek.
While there was a
wide range of contractual hours in the industry, the only other significant grouping came
at the 35-hour level, where 12 percent of union workers were clustered.
Some of the shortest straight-time workweeks in American industry have been instituted
in the construction industry. Despite this, average straight-time hours of work have been
essentially unchanged during the post-World War II period, as shown in the tabulation below.
Year
1946--------------------------1947--------------------- -----1948--------------------------1949--------------------- -----1950--------------------------1951--------------------- -----1952--------------------------1953--------------------------1954 ------------------- -----1955--------------------------1956---------------------------
Average
s tra ig h t-tim e
w e e k ly hours
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
Y ear
A verage
s tra ig h t-tim e
w e e k ly hours
1957 -------------------------
39.4
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
39. 3
3 9 .3
39. 2
3 9 .3
39. 2
39. 2
39. 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 7 This does not m ea n , how ever, th a t the absolute dem and for this s k ill has fa lle n .
M ore plasterers were e m p loyed in 1966
than in 194 7 , but they did not represent as large a proportion o f the to ta l work force.
18 1949 was the first y ea r the Bureau ta b u la te d a reg io n al breakdown o f the union scales.
36
The straight-time workweek was 39.2
hours in 1947 and was still at that level in 1966
and 1967.
There does not appear to be a significant trend toward changes in scheduled
hours. 19
The short straight-time workweek is localized in a few areas and in a few contracts.
Table 19 gives the average contractual
hours in nine cities for 1947 and 1967. Even in
New York City, where average hours worked at straight-time rates are lowest, the average
workweek of journeymen was slightly higher, but that of helpers and laborers was slightly
lower in 1967 than in 1947.
The reasons for the increased hours standards in just a few
situations are not clear. The increased hours standards were introduced in the 1950's when
work was readily available.
It is possible that with an increase in the volume of work
available to most construction trades, unions accepted longer straight-time workweeks in
return for larger package settlements. The most significant reduction in the straight-time
hours standard, on the other hand, was negotiated by the New York City electricians in the
early 1960's when unemployment among the electricians was high and the union was seeking
some means by which to spread work among its membership.
A t the present no re g io n a l breakdown o f w e e k ly s tra ig h t-tim e hours has been m ade; therefore c ity data must be used.
These averages are sim ple averages o f the contractu al hours for in d iv id u a l crafts. Thus, although th e y take less than com plete
cognizance o f the changes in the s k ill com position, they do provide an in d ic a tio n o f the differences in le v e l betw een these tw o periods.
37
T a b le 12.
M e d ia n a n n u a l r a t e s o f i n c r e a s e n e g o tia te d in m a j o r 1 s e tt le m e n ts ,
1968
1967
1965
1966
1961—68
1964
1963
1962
1961
C on
A ll
C on
A ll
C on
A ll
Con
A ll
C on
A ll
A ll
A ll
C on
C on
C on
A ll
s t r u c in d u s - s t r u c in d u s - s t r u c in d u s - s t r u c i n d u s - s t r u c in d u s - s t r u c in d u s - s t r u c i n d u s - s t r u c in d u s tio n
trie s
tio n
trie s
tio n
trie s
tio n
tio n
trie s
trie s
tio n
trie s
tio n
tio n
trie s
trie s
M easu re
A c tu a l 2 ------------------------------------------
8. 5
6. 6
7. 1
5. 5
(3 )
4. 7
(3 )
(3 )
(3 )
(3)
(3 )
(3 )
(3 )
E q u a l 2 --------------------------------------------
8. 6
6. 0
7. 2
5. 2
6. 6
4. 0
6. 6
3. 3
4. 5
(3 )
4 5. 0
(3 )
4 4. 1
(3 )
(3 )
(3 ) 4 5. 2
(3 )
(3 )
F i r s t y e a r w a g e s ---------------------------
7 .8
7. 2
7. 8
5. 7
5. 0
4. 8
4. 5
3 .9
4. 3
3. 2
5 .0
3. 4
4. 1
3. 6
5. 2
2 .9
W ages o v e r th e lif e ----------------------
7. 9
5. 2
6. 9
5. 0
5. 6
3. 9
5. 2
3. 3
(3 )
3. 0
(3 )
2. 5
(3 )
(3 >
(3 )
(3 )
N u m b e r of w o r k e r s a ff e c te d
(in t h o u s a n d s ) ------------------------------
400
2 ,2 7 3
265
4 , 366
310
3, 390
311
3 ,5 9 0
_______
243
4 , 305
458
3 ,3 7 0
372
235
4 ,0 3 5
4 ,0 3 7
1 S itu a tio n s in c lu d in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e .
T h e a ll i n d u s t r i e s d a ta a r e s u b je c t to th e fo llo w in g l im it a ti o n s : In 1968 th e y e x c lu d e g o v e rn m e n t; in 1967 a n d 1966 th e y in c lu d e c o n s tr u c ti o n b u t
e x c lu d e g o v e rn m e n t; in p r i o r y e a r s th e y e x c lu d e th e c o n s tr u c ti o n , g o v e r n m e n t, f in a n c e s , i n s u r a n c e , r e a l e s t a t e , an d s e r v i c e s i n d u s t r i e s .
2 T h e a c tu a l t im e m e a s u r e is b a s e d o n d a ta w e ig h te d b y th e le n g th o f tim e e a c h w a g e a n d b e n e fit c o s t c h a n g e i s in e ff e c t. T h e e q u a l tim in g
m e a s u r e a s s u m e s t h a t c h a n g e s o c c u r th ro u g h o u t th e c o n tr a c t t e r m a n d t h a t t h e i r e ff e c t is u n ifo r m th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e t e r m . F o r a d e ta i le d d e s c r i p ti o n
of th e m e a s u r e s s e e " E s ti m a t i n g th e C o s t o f C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g S e t t l e m e n t s . "
3 D a ta a r e n o t a v a il a b le o r n o t c o m p u te d .
4 D a ta a r e e s ti m a t e d .
T a b le 13.
A v e r a g e u n io n h o u r ly w a g e r a t e s a n d e m p lo y e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s 1 in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s , J u ly 1, 1967
A v e ra g e r a te
p e r h o u r,
J u ly 1, 1967
A v e r a g e e m p lo y e r c o n
trib u tio n 1 p e r h o u r,
J u ly 1, 1967
$ 4 , 83
$ 0 . 44
$5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
09
17
27
28
01
83
$ 0 . 47
. 46
. 53
. 59
. 46
. 41
E l e c t r i c i a n s ( in s id e w ir e m e n )
E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s -----------G l a z i e r s ---------------------------------L a t h e r s -----------------------------------M a c h i n i s t s ------------------------------M a r b le s e t t e r s -----------------------M o s a ic and t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s
P a i n t e r s ---------------------------------P a p e r h a n g e r s -------------------------P i p e f i t t e r s ------------------------------P l a s t e r e r s ------------------------------P l u m b e r s --------------------------------R o d m e n -----------------------------------R o o f e r s , c o m p o s i ti o n ------------R o o f e r s , s la t e a n d t i l e ----------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s -------------S t o n e m a s o n s ---------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s -------T ile l a y e r s -------------------------------
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
4.
24
26
66
04
39
10
32
71
63
34
11
36
13
78
66
15
17
23
95
. 43
. 39
. 36
. 45
. 19
. 29
. 34
. 36
. 27
. 60
. 54
. 76
. 39
. 35
. 28
. 40
. 39
. 46
. 33
5. 67
5. 65
5. 02
5. 49
5. 57
5. 40
5. 66
5. 07
4. 90
5. 94
5. 64
6. 13
5. 52
5. 13
4. 94
5. 55
5. 55
5. 69
5. 28
H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s -------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ' t e n d e r s ----------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s ---------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s ' h e l p e r s —
E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s ' h e lp e r s
3.
4.
3.
3.
3.
83
12
74
06
76
.
.
.
.
.
36
35
36
17
38
4.
4.
4.
3.
4.
19
47
10
23
14
4.
4.
3.
4.
4.
20
02
97
34
10
. 27
. 45
. 28
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
48
47
24
56
45
T rad e
A ll b u ild in g t r a d e s
J o u r n e y m e n --------------------A s b e s to s w o r k e r s -----B o i l e r m a k e r s -----------B r i c k l a y e r s ---------------C a r p e n t e r s ---------------C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ------
M a rb le s e t t e r s ' h e l p e r s ----P l a s t e r e r s ' l a b o r e r s --------P l u m b e r s ' l a b o r e r s -----------T e r ra z z o w o r k e r s ' h e lp e r s
T ile l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------
. 22
. 34
A v e r a g e r a t e p lu s e m p lo y e r
c o n tr ib u tio n p e r h o u r ,
_________ J u ly 1 , 1967_________
$5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
55
63
80
87
47
24
1 In c lu d e s e m p lo y e r c o n tr i b u ti o n s to i n s u r a n c e ( life i n s u r a n c e , h o s p it a li z a ti o n , m e d i c a l, s u r g i c a l , a n d o t h e r s i m i l a r ty p e s o f h e a lth a n d w e lf a r e
p r o g r a m s ) a n d p e n s io n f u n d s , a n d v a c a tio n p a y m e n ts to a fu n d o r to th e w o r k e r a s p r o v id e d in la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s .
A v e ra g e s p re s e n te d a re
f o r a s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ; in a c tu a l p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r , s o m e e m p lo y e r p a y m e n ts a r e c a lc u l a t e d on th e b a s i s o f to ta l h o u r s w o r k e d o r g r o s s p a y r o l l .
A v e r a g e i s f o r a ll w o r k e r s in th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in c lu d in g t h o s e f o r w h o m e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u tio n s w e r e n o t s p e c if ie d in t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r c o n t r a c t s .
S o m e c o n tr a c ts a ls o p r o v id e f o r a d d itio n a l p a y m e n ts to o t h e r fu n d s s u c h a s h o lid a y , a p p r e n t ic e s h ip , an d u n e m p lo y m e n t b e n e f i ts . I n fo r m a tio n
o n p a y m e n ts to t h e s e fu n d s w a s n o t c o lle c te d .
NOTE:
B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g ,
s u m s o f in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o ta l s .
38
T a b le 14.
A v e r a g e u n io n h o u r ly w a g e r a t e s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s b y r e g i o n , 1 J u ly 1967
R e g io n
U n ited
S ta te s
T rad e
A ll b u ild in g t r a d e s --------------J o u r n e y m e n -----------------------------------A s b e s to s w o r k e r s ---------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s ---------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ------------------------------C a r p e n t e r s --------------------------------C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ---------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ( in s id e
w i r e m e n ) --------------------------------E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s --------------G l a z i e r s ------------------------------------L a t h e r s --------------------------------------M a c h i n i s t s --------------------------------M a r b le s e t t e r s --------------------------M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s —
P a i n t e r s ------------------------------------P a p e r h a n g e r s ---------------------------P i p e f i t t e r s --------------------------------P l a s t e r e r s ---------------------------------P l u m b e r s -----------------------------------R o d m e n --------------------------------------R o o f e r s , c o m p o s i t i o n --------------R o o f e r s , s la t e a n d t i l e ------------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s ---------------S t o n e m a s o n s -----------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s ----------T ile l a y e r s -------------------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s --------------------B r i c k l a y e r s * t e n d e r s ---------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s ---------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o fe r s *
h e l p e r s -----------------------------------E l e v a t o r c o n s tr u c to r s *
N ew
E n g la n d
B o rd er
S ta te s
M id d le
A tla n tic
G re a t
L akes
S o u th e a s t
M id d le
W e st
S o u th w e s t
M o u n ta in
P a c ific
$ 4 . 83
$ 4 . 71
$ 5 . 34
$ 4 . 23
$ 4 . 02
$ 4 .9 1
$ 4 . 65
$ 4 . 06
$ 4 .4 8
$ 5 . 06
$5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
09
17
27
28
01
83
$5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
5.
01
27
20
23
78
16
$5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
56
49
70
73
73
59
$4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
64
82
99
93
30
36
$4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
35
51
60
71
18
85
$5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
12
36
23
35
03
92
$4.
5.
4.
5.
4.
4.
87
12
82
10
79
62
$4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
$4.
4.
5.
5.
4.
4.
$5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
4.
3.
4.
3.
24
26
66
04
39
10
32
71
63
34
11
36
13
78
66
15
17
23
95
83
12
74
5. 09
5. 21
4. 57
5. 22
5. 20
5. 27
5. 20
4. 46
4. 33
5. 31
5. 09
5. 33
5. 56
5 .0 2
5. 51
5. 13
5. 31
5. 56
5. 17
3. 73
3. 69
3. 71
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
6.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
45
77
14
60
95
65
03
93
46
47
74
50
85
32
05
44
44
86
21
51
96
34
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
5.
5.
4.
2.
2.
2.
80
84
44
51
77
87
40
34
56
93
44
87
88
62
69
77
13
04
28
97
86
95
4.
4.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
2.
2.
2.
58
43
68
11
90
66
53
01
23
63
23
68
30
54
54
37
62
34
22
43
51
35
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
24
30
66
02
27
08
91
76
71
44
04
30
35
93
08
13
39
32
86
04
09
03
5.
4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
28
98
51
92
17
83
86
45
58
15
77
29
70
29
33
89
86
79
74
69
84
57
4. 69
4. 54
3. 94
4. 38
4. 72
4. 34
4. 12
4. 01
3. 97
4. 77
4. 40
4. 77
4. 27
3. 85
3. 81
4. 52
4. 62
4. 42
4. 17
2. 74
2 .9 1
2. 68
3. 06
3. 32
3. 96
2. 79
2. 26
3. 75
3. 60
2. 20
3.
4.
4.
3.
4.
4.
3. 62
4. 23
3. 88
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3. 13
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3. 46
3. 90
3. 71
4. 22
3. 99
3 .9 2
3.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
M a r b le s e tt e r s * h e l p e r s -----------P l a s t e r e r s * l a b o r e r s ---------------P lu m b e r s * l a b o r e r s -----------------T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s * h e l p e r s -----T ile l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s -----------------
76
20
02
97
34
08
-
4. 28
4. 20
29
80
53
17
85
33
46
69
05
01
43
53
-
2. 69
2. 54
-
65
02
14
23
21
96
38
86
80
61
17
13
81
63
02
05
70
68
5. 13
4. 91
4. 12
4. 75
5. 71
4. 23
4. 79
4. 23
4. 35
4. 89
4. 75
4. 92
5. 03
4. 67
3. 93
4. 89
5. 08
5 .0 7
4. 57
3. 54
3. 90
3. 50
5. 76
5. 59
4. 96
4. 94
6. 04
5. 23
5. 16
5. 18
5. 26
5. 84
5. 04
5. 80
5. 41
4. 98
4. 79
5. 76
5. 26
5. 60
5. 36
4. 40
4. 36
3 .9 5
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
3.
19
74
93
87
56
37
36
62
64
26
10
90
42
53
81
52
01
56
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
73
23
66
03
76
33
1 T h e r e g i o n s r e f e r r e d to in th is ta b le in c lu d e : N ew E n g la n d — C o n n e c tic u t, M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e tt s , N ew H a m p s h ir e , R h o d e I s la n d , a n d V e r m o n t;
M id d le A tla n tic — N ew J e r s e y , N ew Y o rk , P e n n s y lv a n ia ; B o r d e r S t a te s — D e la w a r e , D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia , K e n tu c k y , M a ry la n d , V ir g in i a , a n d W e s t,
V ir g in ia ; S o u th e a s t— A la b a m a , F l o r i d a , G e o r g ia , M i s s i s s i p p i , N o r th C a r o li n a , S o u th C a r o li n a , a n d T e n n e s s e e ; G r e a t L a k e s — I ll in o i s , In d ia n a , M ic h ig a n ,
M in n e s o ta , O h io , a n d W is c o n s in ; M id d le W e s t— Io w a, K a n s a s , M is s o u r i, N e b r a s k a , N o r th D a k o ta , a n d S o u th D a k o ta ; S o u th w e s t— A r k a n s a s , L o u is ia n a ,
O k la h o m a , a n d T e x a s ; M o u n ta in — A r iz o n a , C o lo r a d o , Id ah o , M o n ta n a , New M e x ic o , U ta h , a n d W y o m in g ; a n d P a c i f i c — A la s k a , C a l if o r n ia , N e v a d a ,
O r e g o n , a n d W a sh in to n .
H a w a ii w a s e x c lu d e d f r o m th e s u r v e y .
T a b le 15.
T ra d e
B u ild in g t r a d e s ----------------------------------J o u r n e y m e n ----------------------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s -------------------A ll p r in t in g t r a d e s ---------------------------M o to r t r u c k d r i v e r s a n d h e l p e r s ------L o c a l t r a n s i t o p e r a t in g e m p lo y e e s —
U n io n h o u r ly w a g e s c a l e s
U n ite d
S ta te s
f o r U n ite d S ta te s a n d r e g i o n s , s e le c te d t r a d e s ,
N ew
E n g la n d
H o u rly
ra te
H o u rly
ra te
$ 4 . 83
5 .0 9
3. 83
4. 01
3. 56
3. 22
$ 4. 71
5 .0 1
3. 73
4. 00
3. 44
3. 23
R e g io n a l
r e la tiv e s
97. 5
98. 4
97. 4
9 9 .8
96. 6
100. 3
H o u rly
ra te
$5.
5.
4.
4.
3.
3.
34
56
51
13
45
46
R e g io n a l
re la tiv e s
no. 6
109. 2
117. 8
1 0 3 .0
9 6 .9
107. 5
M id d le
W e st
H o u rly
ra te
B u ild in g t r a d e s ---------------------------------------------------------------------J o u r n e y m e n -------- ------------------------------------------------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s ------------------------------------------------------A ll p r in t in g t r a d e s ---------------------------------------------------------------M o to r t r u c k d r i v e r s a n d h e l p e r s -----------------------------------------L o c a l t r a n s i t o p e r a t in g e m p l o y e e s -------------------------------------NOTE:
$ 4 . 65
4. 87
3 .6 9
3 .8 2
3 .4 6
2 .9 5
R e l a ti v e s a r e u n w e ig h te d p r o p o r t io n s o f U. S. a v e r a g e .
B o rd er
S ta te s
M id d le
A tla n tic
H o u r ly
ra te
$ 4 . 23
4. 64
2 .9 7
3. 85
3. 26
3. 09
1967
G reat
Lakes
S o u th e a s t
R e g io n a l
re la tiv e s
H o u r ly
ra te
R e g io n a l
r e la tiv e s
87. 6
91. 2
77. 5
9 6 .0
91. 6
96. 0
$ 4 . 02
4 . 35
2. 43
3. 63
3 .4 1
2. 48
83. 2
85. 5
63. 4
90. 5
95. 8
7 7 .0
M o u n ta in
S o u th w e s t
H o u r ly
ra te
$ 4 .9 1
5. 12
4. 04
3 .9 5
3. 56
3. 17
R e g io n a l
r e la tiv e s
1 0 1 .7
10 0 . 6
10 5 . 5
98. 5
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .4
P a c if i c
S p read
R e g io n a l
r e la tiv e s
96. 3
95. 7
96. 3
95. 3
97. 2
9 1 .6
H o u r ly
ra te
$4.
4.
2.
3.
3.
2.
06
38
74
60
24
59
R e g io n a l
re la tiv e s
84.
86.
71.
89.
91.
80.
1
1
5
8
0
4
H o u r ly
ra te
$4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
2.
48
81
54
74
29
75
R e g io n a l
re la tiv e s
92. 8
94. 5
9 2 .4
93. 3
9 2 .4
8 5 .4
H o u r ly
ra te
R e g io n a l
re la tiv e s
$ 5 .0 6
5. 36
4. 04
4. 30
3 .9 7
3. 35
1 0 4 .8
105. 3
105. 5
10 7 . 2
1 1 1 .5
104. 0
1. 32
1 .2 1
1 .7 7
. 70
. 73
.9 8
39
T a b le 16.
A v e r a g e u n io n w a g e s c a l e s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s a n d U n ite d S ta te s r e l a t i v e s a n d r a n k ,
J o u rn e y m e n
R e g io n
U n io n
s c a le
1949 a n d 1966
H e lp e rs and la b o r e rs
u .s .
r e l a ti v e
U n io n
s c a le
R ank
U .S .
r e l a ti v e
R ank
1949
U n ite d S t a t e s --------------- ------------------------------
$ 2 . 34
New E n g la n d — __ __
___
M iddle A tla n tic — _ __
__ _
_
B o rd e r S ta te s —
__ __
S o u th e a s t _______________________________________
G re a t L akes
________________
______________
M id d le W e s t - _ ____
__ _
S o u t h w e s t __ ______________________ — __ ____
M o u n ta i n ________________________________________
P a c if ic
$ 2 .2 0
2. 66
2. 29
2. 03
2. 34
2. 32
2 . 12
2. 15
2. 24
_
94.
113.
97.
86.
100.
99.
90.
91.
9 5.
$ 1. 55
0
7
9
8
0
1
6
9
7
4
9
6
1
8
7
2
3
5
100. 6
1 1 1 .0
87. 1
64. 5
106. 5
100. 6
7 2 .9
96. 1
105. 8
1 .7 2
1. 35
1. 00
1. 65
1. 56
1. 13
1. 49
1. 64
3
8
5. 5
2
7
1966
U n ite s S t a t e s -
------ — — —
_ ______
N ew E n g la n d ________
______ ______
____
M id d le A tla n tic
____ _______________
B o r d e r S t a t e s ____ —
S o u th e a s t ______________________________ _______
G r e a t L a k e s _ _ _____________ ______________ _
M id d le w e st__ __ _
_____
S o u t h w e s t ______ _______________________________
M o u n ta i n ________________
_____________ _____
Pa c i fi c
T a b le 17.
A v e r a g e u n io n
_
$ 4 . 83
$4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
71
33
44
10
78
59
16
59
10
9 7.
110.
91.
84.
91.
9 5.
86.
95.
105.
5
4
9
9
0
0
1
0
6
_
$ 3 .6 7
6
9
3
1
7
4. 5
2
4. 5
8
$3.
4.
2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
3.
3.
57
35
85
31
80
53
54
31
89
97.
118.
77.
62.
103.
96.
69.
90.
105.
3
5
7
9
5
2
2
2
0
6
9
3
1
7
5
2
4
8
s c a l e s of j o u r n e y m e n a n d h e l p e r s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s , c r a f t s c a l e in d e x a n d r a n k , b y r e g io n ,
J u ly 1949 a n d J u ly 1966
R e g io n
U n ite d S ta te s
C ra ft
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
J o u r n e y m e n — _ ------- --------------- -------------------- —
A s b e s to s w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------------R o i lp r m a k p r s
_
. ...... ...
B r i c k l a y e r s ______________ ________ ___________
C a rp e n te rs
- —
— —
C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ________________________________
E l e c t r i c i a n s -------------------------------------------------- —
E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s ---------------------------------------G l a z i e r s — ___
—
— — -------- —
__ —
L a th e r s ___
M a c h in is t s ________ ___ _________________________
M a rb le s e t t e r s __________________________________
M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s — _______ ___
P a i n t e r s ----------------------------------- ---- ---- —
P a p e r h a n g e r s ___________ -___-_____ ___ _________
P l a s t e r e r s ______________________________________
P l u m b e r s ----------- — ----- — —
— —
R o d m e n ------------------ ------------------- -----------------R o o fe rs , c o m p o s itio n — — —
—
R o o f e r s , s la t e a n d t i l e ---— ----- ------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------S t o n e m a s o n s ------------------------------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s -----------------------------------T ile l a y e r s ' ____ — —
- — ----H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s ---- -------------------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ' t e n d e r s ----------------------------------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s ----------------------------------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s ' h e l p e r s -------------------------E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s 'h e l p e r s -------------------------M a rb le s e t t e r s ' h e l p e r s -----------------------------------P l a s t e r e r s ' h e lp e rs ---------------- --------- -----P l u m b e r s ' l a b o r e r s ------------------------------------------T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------------------T i le l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------------------------------
$ 2 . 34
2. 37
2 . 39
2. 74
2 . 25
2. 27
2. 49
2. 45
2. 14
2. 54
2 . 39
2. 46
2. 42
2. 19
2. 14
2. 67
2. 52
2. 27
2. 19
2. 24
2. 29
2 . 66
2. 42
2. 49
1. 55
1 .6 8
1 .4 7
1. 31
1 .7 3
1 .6 0
1. 80
1 .6 4
1 .8 6
1. 83
N ew E n g la n d
1966
1949
C ra ft
sc a le
in d e x
100. 0
101. 3
102. 1
117. 1
96. 2
97. 0
106. 4
104. 7
91. 5
108. 5
102. 1
105.-1
103. 4
93. 6
91. 5
114. 1
107. 7
97. 0
93. 6
95. 7
97. 9
113. 7
1 0 3 .4
1 0 6 .4
100. 0
108. 4
94. 8
84. 5
1 1 1 .6
1 0 3 .2
116. 1
105. 8
120. 0
118. 1
1966
1949
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
C ra ft
sc a le
in d e x
A v e ra g e
u n io n
sc a le
In d e x
$ 4 . 83
4. 83
5. 08
5. 04
4 . 74
4 . 57
4 . 98
5. 05
4 . 47
4 . 80
5. 1 1
4. 85
5. 10
4 . 46
4 . 37
4 . 89
5. 08
4. 83
4 . 54
4. 37
4 . 89
4. 89
4. 97
4 . 79
3. 67
3. 93
3. 56
2. 90
3. 64
3. 97
3. 89
3. 82
4 . 14
3. 96
100. 0
101. 0
105. 2
104. 3
98. 1
9 4 .6
103. 1
104. 6
92. 5
99. 4
105. 4
1 0 0 .4
105. 6
92. 3
90. 5
101. 2
105. 2
100. 0
94. 0
90. 5
101. 2
101. 2
102. 9
9 9 .2
100. 0
107. 1
97. 0
79. 0
99. 2
108. 2
106. 0
104. 1
•1 1 2 .8
107. 9
$ 2 .2 0
2. 40
2. 45
2 . 52
2 . 00
2. 47
2. 34
2. 36
2. 03
2. 61
2 . 25
2. 32
2 .2 6
1. 97
1. 75
2. 59
2. 35
2. 36
2. 24
2. 30
2. 36
2. 56
2 . 39
2 . 35
1. 56
1. 56
1. 54
1 .6 8
1 .6 6
1. 67
1 .6 9
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
100. 0
109. 1
1 1 1 .4
114. 5
90. 9
112. 3
106. 4
107. 3
92. 3
118. 6
102. 3
105. 5
102. 7
89. 5
79. 5
117. 7
106. 8
107. 3
101. 8
104. 5
107. 3
1 1 6 .4
108. 6
106. 8
100. 0
100. 0
98. 7
107. 7
106. 4
107. 1
108. 3
106. 4
107. 7
C ra ft s c a le
R ank
17
18
20
3
19
10
14
4
23
6
9
7
2
1
22
1 1 .5
14
5
8
14
21
16
11. 5
2
i
6. 5
3. 5
5
8
3 .5
6 .5
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
$ 4 . 71
5. 02
4. 95
4 . 95
4 . 43
4 . 86
4. 87
4 . 93
4 . 32
4. 99
4. 60
4. 92
4 . 89
4. 20
4. 09
4. 83
5. 07
5. 20
4. 72
5. 20
4 . 80
5. 04
5. 20
4 . 86
3. 57
3. 56
3. 55
3. 49
3 .4 5
3. 94
3 .7 1
4 . 07
3. 92
3. 57
C ra ft sc a le
In d e x
100. 0
106. 6
105. 1
105. 1
94. 1
103. 2
103. 4
104. 7
91. 7
105. 9
97. 7
104. 5
103. 8
89. 2
86. 8
102. 5
107. 6
1 10. 4
100. 2
1 1 0 .4
101. 9
107. 0
1 1 0 .4
103. 2
100. 0
99. 7
9 9 .4
97. 8
9 6 .6
110. 4
103. 9
114. 0
109. 8
100. 0
R ank
_
18
15.
15.
4
9.
11
14
3
17
5
13
12
2
1
8
20
22
6
22
7
19
22
9.
4
3
2
1
8
6
9
7
5
5
5
5
5
40
T a b le 17.
A v e ra g e u n io n s c a l e s o f j o u r n e y m e n a n d h e lp e r s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s , c r a f t s c a l e in d e x a n d r a n k , b y r e g io n ,
J u ly 1949 a n d J u ly 1966— C o n tin u e d
R e g io n
M id d le A tla n tic
C ra ft
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
J o u r n e y m e n -----------------------------------A s b e s to s w o r k e r s --------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s ---------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ________ - ______ ____
C a r p e n te r s --------------------------------C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ---------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ---------------------E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s -------------G l a z i e r s ------------------------------------L a t h e r s _________________________
M a c h i n i s t s --------------------------------M a rb le s e t t e r s --------------------------M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s —
P a i n t e r s ------------------------------------P a p e r h a n g e r s ---------------------------P l a s t e r e r s --------------------------------P l u m b e r s ----------------------------------R o d m e n -------------------------------------R o o f e r s , c o m p o s i ti o n ---------------R o o f e r s , s la t e and t i l e _________
S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s ------------ —
S to n e m a s o n s ------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s ________
T ile l a y e r s --------------------------------H e lp e r s a n d l a b o r e r s _____________
B r i c k l a y e r s ' t e n d e r s -----------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s ---------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s ' h e lp e r s —
E le v a to r c o n s tru c to rs ' h e lp e r s —
M a rb le s e t t e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------P l a s t e r e r s ' h e l p e r s ____________
P lu m b e r s * l a b o r e r s -----------------T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ' h e l p e r s -----T ile l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s -----------------
$ 2.66
2. 62
2. 63
3. 06
2. 62
2. 59
2. 84
2. 62
2. 44
2.75
2.55
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.
2.
62
66
37
13
05
81
59
47
2.73
2 . 58
2. 85
2 .7 3
2 .6 6
1. 72
1. 88
1 .5 9
1. 46
1 .8 8
1. 71
2. 02
1 .6 9
2. 06
2. 02
B o r d e r S ta te s
1966
1949
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
C ra ft sc a le
In d e x
R ank
100.0
98. 5
98. 9
115. 0
98. 5
97. 4
106. 8
98. 5
9L7
103. 4
95. 9
98. 5
100. 0
89. 1
80. 1
- 1 1 4 .7
105. 6
97. 4
92. 9
102. 6
97. 0
107. 1
102. 6
100. 0
100. 0
109. 3
97. 4
84. 9
109. 3
99. 4
117. 4
98. 3
119. 8
117. 4
_
10.5
13
23
10.
7.
20
10.
3
18
5
10.
14.
5
5
5
5
5
2
1
22
4.22
19
75
4
16.
6
21
16.
14.
5.
2
1
5.
4
$ 5.33
5. 23
5. 54
5. 53
5. 50
5. 33
5. 27
5. 64
4 . 96
5. 37
5. 67
5. 23
5. 83
4 . 71
5
5
5
5
5
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
3.
4.
4.
48
09
46
06
56
18
17
57
11
35
72
19
86
18
41
7.5
3
9
4.39
4.10
4.75
7. 5
4. 28
C r a f t s c a le
In d e x
R ank
100.0
98.
103.
103.
103.
100.
98.
105.
93.
100.
106.
98.
109.
88.
79.
102.
1966
1949
1
9
6
2
0
9
8
1
8
4
1
4
4
2
8
95.5
102.4
94.9
85. 6
97. 2
97. 0
104. 5
95. 9
100. 0
108. 5
96. 3
88. 7
96. 1
1 0 1 .4
100. 9
94.3
109.2
98. 4
_
10.5
19
18
17
13
12
21
4
14
22
10.5
23
3
1
16
6
15
5
2
9
8
20
7
8
4
1
3
7
6
2
9
5
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
$ 2.29
2. 23
2. 25
2. 84
2. 20
2. 10
2. 32
2. 60
2. 10
2. 50
2. 28
2.54
2.37
2. 00
1. 82
2. 62
2. 37
2. 25
1 .8 2
2. 15
2. 24
2. 89
2. 48
2. 37
1. 35
1 .4 3
1. 32
1 .4 5
1 .7 6
1 .7 0
1. 56
1. 39
1. 59
1. 60
C ra ft sc a le
In d e x
R ank
100.0
97.4
98. 3
124. 0
96. 1
9 1 .7
101. 3
113. 5
9 1 .7
109. 2
9 9 .6
110. 9
103. 5
87. 3
79. 5
114. 4
103. 5
98. 3
79. 5
93. 9
97. 8
126. 2
108. 3
103. 5
100. 0
105. 9
97. 8
107. 4
130. 4
125. 9
115. 6
103. 0
117. 8
125. 2
S o u th e a s t
J o u r n e y m e n ------------------------------------A s t e s t o s w o r k e r s --------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s ---------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ------------------------------C a r p e n te r s —___ _____ _____ ____
C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ---------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ------------------------------E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s -------------G l a z i e r s ------------------------------------L a t h e r s ___________ __________ __
M a c h i n i s t s --------------------------------M a rb le s e t t e r s --------------------------M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s —
P a i n t e r s ________________________
P a p e r h a n g e r s ----------------------- —
P l a s t e r e r s ----------------------- ------P l u m b e r s ---------------------------------R o d m e n ------------------------------------R o o f e r s , c o m p o s itio n _________
R o o f e r s , s la te a n d t i l e -------------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s ---------------S to n e m a s o n s ------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s ----------T ile l a y e r s —__—_______________
H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s _____________
B r i c k l a y e r s 't e n d e r s ----------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s ---------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s 'h e l p e r s __
E le v a to r c o n s tru c to rs ' h e lp e r s —
M a rb le s e t t e r s ' h e lp e r s ------ —
P l a s t e r e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------P l u m b e r s ' l a b o r e r s _____________
T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ' h e l p e r s ------T ile l a y e r s 'h e l p e r s ------------------
$ 2 . 03
2. 10
2. 25
2. 46
1 .9 0
1. 97
2. 21
2. 34
1. 83
2. 29
2. 22
2.39
2. 39
1. 87
1. 98
2. 32
2. 36
1. 97
1. 67
1.79
1.95
2.47
2.
2.
1.
1.
.
.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
15
34
00
02
99
89
63
04
14
05
05
02
100.0
103.
110.
121.
93.
97.
108.
115.
90.
112.
109.
1 17.
1 17.
4
8
2
6
0
9
3
1
8
4
7
7
92.1
97.5
114.
116.
97.
82.
88.
96.
121.
105.
115.
100.
102.
95.
89.
163.
104.
114.
105.
105.
102.
3
3
0
3
2
1
7
9
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
14
22
5
7.
12
17.
3
15
13
20.
20.
4
5
5
5
5
9
16
19
7. 5
1
2
6
23
11
17. 5
-
3
2
1
6
5
4
_
8
10.
22
7
4.
13
20
4.
18
12
19
15
3
1.
21
15
10.
1.
6
9
23
17
15
3
1
4
5
5
5
A v e ra g e
u n io n
sc a le
$4.44
4 . 56
4. 84
4 . 30
4. 12
4. 08
4. 67
4 . 68
4. 16
4. 32
4. 67
4. 74
4.22
4.16
5
4. 43
4.37
5
5
9
7.5
5
2
6
7. 5
4. 62
4. 59
3. 47
3. 32
4. 49
4. 82
4 . 83
4. 16
2. 85
2. 75
2. 82
2. 74
3. 26
3. 60
3. 00
3. 02
3. 15
3. 35
C ra ft sc a le
In d e x
R ank
100.0
102. 7
109.0
108. 1
92. 8
91. 9
105. 2
105. 4
93. 7
97. 3
105. 2
106. 8
95. 0
93. 7
99. 8
98. 4
104. 1
103. 4
78. 2
74. 8
101. 1
108. 6
108. 8
93. 7
100. 0
96. 5
93. 9
96. 1
114. 4
126. 3
105. 3
106. 0
110. 5
117. 5
13
23
20
4
3
16. 5
18
6
9
16. 5
19
8
6
11
10
15
14
2
1
12
21
22
6
-
2
3
1
7
9
4
5
6
8
G reat L akes
$4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
10
23
45
48
94
64
30
27
54
95
40
38
05
85
94
02
41
08
30
23
13
4.35
4 . 16
3. 99
2. 31
2. 31
2. 23
1. 96
3. 01
2. 56
2. 40
-
-
“
"
100.
103.
108.
109.
96.
88.
104.
104.
86.
96.
107.
106.
98.
0
2
5
3
1
8
9
1
3
3
3
8
8
93.9
96. 1
98. 0
107. 6
99. 5
80. 5
78. 8
100. 7
106. 1
101. 5
97. 3
100. 0
100. 0
96. 5
84. 8
130. 3
110. 8
103. 9
*
$ 2.34
15
22
23
6. 5
4
17
16
3
8
20
19
11
5
6. 5
10
21
12
2
1
13
18
14
9
-
3
2
1
6
-
5
4
-
“
2.35
2.37
2.53
2. 32
2. 27
2. 45
2.35
2.22
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
48
42
35
30
22
25
50
42
32
25
35
22
2.37
2.37
2. 38
1. 65
1. 71
1. 60
1. 44
1 .6 5
1. 76
1. 87
1 .7 2
1 .8 6
1. 77
100.
100.
101.
108.
99.
97.
104.
100.
94.
106.
103.
100.
98.
94.
96.
106.
103.
99.
96.
100.
94.
101.
0
4
3
1
1
0
7
4
9
0
4
4
3
9
2
8
4
1
2
4
9
3
101.3
101.7
100.0
103.
97.
87.
100.
106.
113.
104.
112.
107.
6
0
3
0
7
3
2
7
3
1 1.
15
23
8.
6
20
11.
2
21
18.
11.
7
5
5
5
5
5
2
4.5
22
18.
8.
4.
11.
2
15
15
17
-
4
2
1
3
6
9
5
8
7
5
5
5
5
$4.
4.
2.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
78
98
98
96
70
64
93
90
44
66
01
84
64
43
39
71
94
5.01
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
63
79
80
80
05
66
80
81
79
48
40
92
91
94
98
78
100.
104.
104.
103.
98.
97.
103.
0
2
2
8
3
1
1
102.5
92.9
97.5
104.
101.
87.
92.
91.
98.
103.
104.
96.
100.
100.
100.
105.
97.
100.
100.
8
3
1
7
8
5
3
8
9
2
4
4
6
5
0
3
99.7
91.
89.
103.
102.
103.
104.
99.
6
5
2
9
7
7
5
19.
19.
18
9
5.
16
15
3
7.
21.
14
5.
2
1
10
17
21.
4
11
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
12.5
12.5
23
7. 5
-
5
4
2
1
7
6
8
9
3
41
T a b le 17.
A v e r a g e u n io n s c a l e s of jo u r n e y m e n a n d h e lp e r s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s , c r a f t s c a l e in d e x a n d r a n k , b y r e g io n ,
J u ly 1949 a n d J u ly 1966— C o n tin u e d
R e g io n
M iddle W e st
C ra ft
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
J o u r n e y m e n -------------------------------------A s b e s to s w o r k e r s _____________ B o i l e r m a k e r s ------------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ____ ____ ____________
C a r p e n t e r s ---------------------------C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s -----------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s --------------------------------E le v a to r c o n s tr u c to r s ----------G la z ie r s _________________________ _
L a t h e r s _ _ __
M a c h i n i s t s ___________________ ___
M a rb le s e t t e r s ---------------------------M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ---P a i n t e r s ---------------------------------------P a p e r h a n g e r s ------------------------------P l a s t e r e r s ----------------------------P l u m b e r s ___________________ __
-------R o d m e n -------- — — ---R o o f e r s , c o m p o s i t i o n ----------------R o o f e r s , s la t e a n d t i l e ---------------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s - ------S to n e m a s o n s -------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s -------------T ile l a y e r s ------------ -------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s ----------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ' t e n d e r s -----------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s ----------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s ' h e l p e r s ---E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s' h e l p e r s —
M a rb le s e t t e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------P l a s t e r e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------P l u m b e r s ' l a b o r e r s ------------------T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ' h e l p e r s ------T i le l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s -------------------
$ 2 . 32
2. 38
2. 29
2. 70
2. 25
2. 33
2. 41
2. 42
2. 22
2. 35
2. 36
2. 39
2. 41
2. 16
2. 14
2. 55
2. 42
2. 40
2. 19
1. 96
2. 31
2. 56
2. 32
2. 39
1. 56
1. 64
1. 48
1. 73
1. 57
1 .7 8 .
1. 74
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
A v e ra g e
u n io n
sc a le
C ra ft s c a le
In d e x
100.0
102. 6
98. 7
1 1 6 .4
97. 0
100. 4
103. 9
104. 3
95. 7
101. 3
101. 7
103. 0
103. 9
93. 1
92. 2
109. 9
104. 3
1 0 3 .4
94. 4
84. 5
9 9 .6
110. 3
100. 0
103. 0
100. 0
105. 1
94. 9
110. 9
100. 6
114. 1
1 1 1 .5
103. 8
104. 5
S o u th w e s t
1966
1949
R ank
_
13
7
23
6
10
17.
19.
5
11
12
14.
17.
3
2
5
5
5
5
21
19.5
$ 4.59
4 . 70
4. 71
4. 88
4. 47
4 . 38
5. 03
4 . 66
4 . 28
4. 70
4. 41
4. 71
4. 69
4. 26
4 . 39
4. 54
4. 94
16
4
1
8
22
9
14. 5
5
1
6
2
8
7
3
4
4.49
4 . 14
3. 97
4. 67
4. 71
4. 56
4 . 62
3. 53
3. 60
3. 40
3 .4 5
3. 26
3. 68
3. 57
4. 04
3. 85
3 .4 2
C ra ft sc a le
In d e x
100.0
102.4
102. 6
106. 3
97. 4
95. 4
109. 6
101. 5
93. 2
102. 4
96. 1
102. 6
102. 2
92. 8
95. 6
98. 9
1 0 7 .6
97. 8
90. 2
86. 5
1 0 1 .7
102. 6
99. 3
100. 7
100. 0
103. 7
96. 3
9 7 .7
92. 4
104. 2
101. 1
114. 4
109.1
96. 9
R ank
_
16.5
19
21
8
5
23
13
4
16. 5
7
19
15
3
6
10
22
9
2
1
14
19
11
12
5
2
1
6
4
8
7
3
A v e ra g e
u n io n
s c a le
$ 2.12
2. 25
2. 25
2. 58
1. 99.
2. 04
2.29
2. 36
1. 79
2. 59
2. 25
2. 36
2. 26
1. 91
1. 84
2. 48
2. 31
2. 00
1. 78
1. 77
2. 20
2. 59
2. 19
2. 29
1. 13
1. 31
1. 06
1. 05
1 .6 5
1. 34
1. 29
1. 05
1. 25
1. 27
$ 2 . 15
2. 13
2. 32
2. 84
2. 03
2. 12
2. 26
2. 22
1. 87
2. 46
2. 07
2. 37
2. 58
2. 00
2. 04
2. 48
2. 30
2. 07
1. 97
2. 02
2. 06
2. 71
2. 08
2. 48
1. 49
1. 74
1. 40
1.54
1. 60
1 .7 8
1. 66
1 .5 1
1. 67
100. 0
99. 1
107. 9
132. 1
9 4 .4
98. 6
105. 1
103. 3
87. 0
1 14. 4
96. 3
110. 2
120. 0
93. 0
94. 9
115. 3
107. 0
96. 3
9 1 .6
94. 0
95. 8
126. 0
96. 7
115. 3
100. 0
116. 8 ,
94. 0
103. 4
107. 4
119.5
111.4
101.3
112.1
12
16
23
5
11
14
13
1
18
8. 5
17
21
3
6
19. 5
15
8. 5
2
4
7
22
10
19.5
8
4
2
6
5
7
1
3
A v erag e
u n io n
sc a le
C r a f t s c a le
In d e x
100.0
106. 1
106. 1
121. 7
93. 9
96. 2
108. 0
1 1 1 .3
84. 4
122. 2
106. 1
111. 3
106. 6
90. 1
86. 8
117. 0
109. 0
94. 3
84. 0
83. 5
103. 8
122. 2
103. 3
108. 0
100. 0
115. 9
93. 8
92. 9
146. 0
1 1 8 .6
114. 2
92. 9
110. 6
112. 4
M o u n ta in
J o u r n e y m e n ------- ------ -------------------A s b e s to s w o r k e r s -----------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s ------------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ____ ____ _. ______
C a r p e n te r s _ _ _ _________ ________
C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s -----------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s -------------------------------E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s ----------------G l a z i e r s --------------------------------------L a t h e r s ------------------------ ------- —
M a c h i n i s t s -----------------------------------M a rb le s e t t e r s ---------------------------M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ----P a i n t e r s __________________________
P a p e r h a n g e r s ----------------------- -----P l a s t e r e r s ------------------- —
P l u m b e r s ________ __ _____
___ _
R o d m e n _________________________ _
R o o f e r s , c o m p o s i t i o n ----------------R o o f e r s , s la t e and t i l e ---------------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s ------------------S to n e m a s o n s -------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s -------------T ile l a y e r s - — ____ ______________ _
H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s ----------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ' t e n d e r s -----------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s -----------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s ' h e l p e r s ---E l e v a t o r c o n s tr u c to r s' h e lp e r s —
M a rb le s e t t e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------P l a s t e r e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------P l u m b e r s ' l a b o r e r s ------------------T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ' h e l p e r s ------T ile l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s -------------------
1966
1949
R ank
.
12
12
21
6
8
15.
18.
3
22.
12
18.
14
5
4
20
17
5
5
5
5
7
2
1
10
22.5
9
15. 5
7
3
1. 5
9
8
6
1. 5
4
5
$ 4 . 16
4. 60
4 . 60
4. 45
3. 98
3. 94
4. 43
4. 18
3. 75
4 . 24
4. 58
4. 20
3. 90
3. 83
3. 86
4. 28
4 . 46
4. 06
3 .6 4
3 .6 3
4 . 28
4. 47
4. 19
4. 02
2. 54
2. 74
2. 48
2. 15
3. 04
2 . 31
2. 67
2. 78
2. 31
2. 11
C r a f t s c a le
In d e x
100.0
110. 6
110. 6
107. 0
95. 7
94. 7
106. 5
100. 5
90. 1
101. 9
110. 1
101. 0
93. 7
92. 1
92. 8
102. 9
107. 2
9 7 .6
87. 5
87. 3
102. 9
107. 5
100. 7
96. 6
R ank
_
22.5
22.5
18
8
7
17
11
3
14
21
13
6
4
5
107. 9
97. 6
84. 6
119. 7
90. 9
105. 1
109. 4
90. 9
83. 1
15.
19.
10
2
1
15.
19.
12
9
7
5
2
9
3.
6
8
3.
1
100. 0
105. 1
104. 7
9 9 .4
94. 9
9 1 .2
107. 1
104. 3
93. 7
92. 9
1 1 1 .4
100. 0
96. 5
95. 5
96. 9
95. 1
110. 8
99. 2
93. 9
90. 2
107. 8
97. 5
103. 5
101. 0
100. 0
108. 7
97. 4
94. 9
103. 9
1 14. 4
.
19
18
13
6
2
20
17
4
3
23
14
9
8
10
7
22
12
5
1
21
11
16
15
6
2
~
1
4
8
100.0
P a c if ic
$ 4 .5 9
4. 44
4.90
4 . 85
4. 51
4. 50
4. 79
4. 72
3. 92
4 . 59
5. 39
4 . 14
4. 67
4. 12
4. 26
4. 57
4. 70
4 .7 1
4. 50
3 .6 9
4 . 70
4. 98
4. 73
4. 40
3. 31
3. 70
3. 23
3. 33
3. 60
3. 38
3. 79
3. 44
3. 31
100. 0
96. 7
106. 8
105. 7
98. 3
98. 0
104. 4
102. 8
85. 4
100. 0
117. 4
90. 2
1 0 1 .7
89. 8
92. 8
99. 6
102. 4
102. 6
98. 0
80. 4
102. 4
108. 5
103. 1
95. 9
100. 0
1 1 1 .8
97. 6
100. 6
108. 8
102. 1
1 14. 5
103. 9
100. 0
.
7
$ 2 . 24
2 .2 9
2. 35
2. 77
2. 11
2. 16
8. 5
2. 46
19
17
2. 48
2
1. 97
12
2. 41
2. 38
23
4
2. 39
2. 32
13
2. 18
3
2. 15
5
2. 63
11
14. 5
2. 49
2. 16
16
8. 5
2. 23
2. 21
1
14. 5
2.22
22
2.73
18
2. 32
6
2.54
1 .6 4
7
1. 93
1 .5 6
1
3
1 .7 5
6
1. 81
4
2. 20
8
1. 74
5
1. 85
2
1. 88
21
20
10
100. 0
102. 2
104. 9
123. 7
94. 2
96. 4
109. 8
110. 7
87. 9
107. 6
106. 3
106. 7
103. 6
97. 3
96. 0
117. 4
1 1 1 .2
9 6 .4
99. 6
98. 7
99. 1
121. 9
103. 6
113. 4
100. 0
117. 7
95. 1
106. 7
1 10. 4
134. 1
106. 1
112. 8
114. 6
.
$ 5 . 10
5. 36
5. 34
5. 07
4. 84
4.5
4 . 65
17
5. 46
18
3. 52
1
4. 78
4 . 74
16
14
5. 68
15
5. 10
4 . 92
11. 5
6
4 . 87
4. 94
3
21
4 . 85
5. 65
19
4. 5
5. 06
4. 79
9
4. 60
7
5. 50
8
4 . 97
22
5. 28
11.5
20
5. 15
3. 89
4. 23
7
1
3. 79
3
3. 69
4
4. 04
4 . 45
8
2
3. 97
4. 35
5
6
4. 16
10
13
23
2
102.1
3
111. 8
106. 9
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
42
T a b le 18.
D i s tr i b u ti o n o f u n io n m e m b e r s im th e b u ild in g t r a d e s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e w e e k ly h o u r s , J u ly 1, 1967
A v erag e
h o u rs
per
w eek
T rad e
P e r c e n t o f u n io n m e m b e r s h a v in g a w o rk w e e k o f—
25 h o u r s
30 h o u r s
35 h o u r s
O v e r 35
and u n d e r
37. 5 h o u r s
O v e r 37. 5
37. 5 h o u r s a n d u n d e r
40 h o u r s
40 h o u r s
A ll b u ild in g t r a d e s --------------------
39. 2
0. 7
0 .4
12. 2
0. 8
0. 7
0. 2
8 5 .0
J o u r n e y m e n ----------------------------------------A s b e s to s w o r k e r s -------------------------B o i l e r m a k e r s --------------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s -----------------------------------C a r p e n t e r s ------------------------------------C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s --------------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ( in s id e w i r e m e n ) -----E l e v a t o r c o n s t r u c t o r s ------------------G l a z i e r s -----------------------------------------L a t h e r s -------------------------------------------M a c h i n i s t s -------------------------------------M a r b le s e t t e r s -------------------------------M o s a ic a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s -------
39. 1
39. 8
3 9 .5
3 9 .0
39. 1
39. 7
37. 9
39. 1
39. 7
38. 9
39. 9
39. 2
38. 3
38. 7
39. 5
39. 7
37. 5
39. 3
39. 8
39. 4
39. 7
39. 4
39. 3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
38. 7
39. 8
40. 0
38. 9
39. 4
38. 8
40. 0
38. 9
40. 0
0. 8
8. 9
-
0. 4
.1
22. 6
-
13. 5
4 .9
9 .7
18. 6
16. 2
6. 7
1 3 .9
17. 6
5. 2
20. 7
2. 8
16. 0
34. 9
25. 1
9 .9
6. 1
4. 7
12. 1
3. 4
8. 6
2. 9
9. 3
1 3 .0
2 .9
7. 5
26. 3
3. 6
22. 1
12. 2
2 .9
1 .0
2. 0
1 .0
.3
1 .2
-
0 .9
2. 3
1 .9
2 .9
1 .0
2. 7
1 .8
4. 2
2 .0
2. 2
0. 2
1. 1
1 .5
5. 5
.7
83. 3
95. 1
8 8 .0
79. 5
8 1 .8
93. 3
72. 6
82. 4
94. 8
77. 8
97. 2
84. 0
65. 1
74. 8
90. 1
92. 6
72. 7
84. 1
9 6 .6
84. 1
92. 2
86. 3
84. 8
97. 1
100. 0
9 1 .8
73. 7
96. 4
1 0 0 .0
77. 9
87. 8
85. 4
1 0 0 .0
78. 0
P a p e r h a n g e r s --------------------------------P i p e f i t t e r s -------------------------------------P l a s t e r e r s --------------------------------------P l u m b e r s ---------------------------------------R o d m e n -------------------------------------------R o o f e r s , c o m p o s i t i o n -------------------R o o f e r s , s l a t e a n d t i l e -----------------S h e e t- m e t a l w o r k e r s --------------------S t o n e m a s o n s ---------------------------------S t r u c t u r a l i r o n w o r k e r s ---------------T ile l a y e r s ------------------------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s -------------------------B r i c k l a y e r s ' t e n d e r s ---------------------B u ild in g l a b o r e r s --------------------------C o m p o s itio n r o o f e r s * h e l p e r s ------E le v a to r c o n s tr u c to r s ' h e lp e r s —
M a r b le s e t t e r s ' h e l p e r s ----------------P l a s t e r e r s * l a b o r e r s --------------------P l u m b e r s * l a b o r e r s ----------------------T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s * h e l p e r s ----------T ile l a y e r s ' h e l p e r s -----------------------
-
-
-
-
-
.7
10. 7
-
-
-
'
-
22. 0
"
-
2. 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
"
“
-
1 0 0
.
0
42. 5 h o u r s
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0. 1
_
_
1 . 0
•
1 L e s s th a n 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t .
NO TE:
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100.
T a b le 19.
A v e r a g e u n io n s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s , 9 s e le c te d c i t i e s , 1947 a n d 1967
Y e a r and tra d e
A tla n ta
B a l ti m o r e
B o s to n
C h ic a g o
D a lla s
D enver
K ansas
C ity
Los
A n g e le s
N ew Y o rk
C ity
1947:
J o u r n e y m e n --------------------------------------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s ------------------------------------
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
4 0 .0
40. 0
4 0 .0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
39. 6
39. 7
34. 3
3 6 .9
1967:
J o u r n e y m e n --------------------------------------------------H e l p e r s a n d l a b o r e r s ------------------------------------
4 0 .0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
4 0 .0
40. 0
39. 7
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
40. 0
4 0 .0
40. 0
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
34. 7
35. 8
N O TE:
F i g u r e s a r e s im p le u n w e ig h te d a v e r a g e s o f in d iv id u a l c r a f t s .
Chapter 5.
Building Construction Scales and Maintenance W ages1
A study covering three crafts in 50 metropolitan areas in late 1965 or early 19662
indicated that union scales of skilled workers in building construction were almost uniformly
higher than the average straight-time hourly earnings of such workers in maintenance activ
ities. 3 The three crafts were carpenters, electricians, and painters. Few individual main
tenance workers in these trades were paid as much as the union scale for construction work
in their area.
Differentials and Overlap
Union scales of construction carpenters were 11 to 73 percent higher than average
hourly earnings of maintenance carpenters in the same area, with the difference amounting
to 33 percent or more in half the cities. For the electricians, scales were 18 to 63 percent
higher than average hourly earnings of maintenance electricians, with a difference of at
least 39 percent in half the cities. Scales for painters in building construction were lower
than the average hourly pay of maintenance painters in only one city— Richmond, Va.
E lse
where differentials in favor of union scales for painters were smaller than for maintenance
electricians or carpenters; they ranged from 7 to 54 percent, with a differential of at least
27 percent in half the metropolitan areas surveyed. (See table 20.)
In cents per hour, the construction-maintenance differentials ranged among cities from
34 cents to $ 2 .4 5 for carpenters and from 66. 5 cents to $2.01 for electricians. Maintenance
painters in Richmond earned 34 cents more, on the average, than the union scale for con
struction painters.
In a majority of cities, the differentials were 85 cents to $1 .3 0 for
carpenters, $1 .1 0 to $ 1 .5 0 for electricians, and 55 cents to $ 1 .1 0 for painters.
Differentials varied not only among cities but among the three trades within the same
city (table 21).
To some extent, this lack of uniformity reflects intercity differences in
the industries in which maintenance workers are concentrated and the extent of unionization
of maintenance workers, as well as differences in local bargaining conditions among the
three construction crafts. 4
The spread between construction scales and maintenance pay varied more among cities
within a region than among regions. For carpenters and electricians, however, differentials
in favor of building scales tended to be proportionately greater in the Northeast than in
other cities. Of 10 cities with the greatest differentials, the Northeast accounted for 7 for
carpenters, 8 for electricians, and 5 for painters.
Three cities with the greatest differ
entials for carpenters and painters and two for electricians were in the South. The greatest
differentials occurred in New York City, where union scales exceeded average hourly earnings
for maintenance employees in the same trade by 50 to 73 percent; New Haven, where the
range was 48 to 61 percent; Trenton, 42 to 61; Boston, 44 to 62; and Pittsburgh, 41 to
52 percent.
1 This chapter was excerpted from the article by Lily Mary David and T. P. Kanninen "Workers' Wages in Construction and
Maintenance, " Monthly Labor Review, January 1968.
2 Data vary among cities from September 1965 to May 1966.
(See table 1 .)
The comparisons presented here are limited to union wage scales or straight-time hourly earnings and take no account of
expenditures for benefits.
For a discussion of such expenditures, see the section on "Compensation" in chap. 8 and appendix B.
Differences in the relative importance of various industries as well as in the extent of unionization among cities presumably
affected the size of the differential for all three trades.
For example, the relative importance of employment in the service indus
tries in New York reduced average hourly earnings for maintenance workers in that city.
43
44
An analysis of the distribution of individual maintenance workers’ earnings indicates
very little overlap between their pay and the union construction scales in the city in which
they work. 5 The overlap was confined largely to trade, where some stores paid their
maintenance workers the construction scale. Their payment of the construction scale may
be related in part to the fact that for relatively large projects, they hire union workers
temporarily or contract work out to a union contractor.
Moreover, in some of the other
industry divisions— for example, utilities— the pay scale for maintenance workers is governed
by a job evaluation system for all blue-collar workers. (See table 22.)
Meaning of the Differential
In evaluating these differentials, a number of distinctions between construction and
maintenance work should be recognized:
There are substantial differences in the number
of days worked in a year, since construction workers lose time because of weather and
because of shifting from job to job as work on a project is completed. Even though newer
methods of construction have reduced the exposure of building trades employees to weather,
their working conditions are usually still more rigorous than those of maintenance employees.
Data on union scales are limited to the central city; the information on average hourly
earnings of maintenance workers pertains to all those employed throughout the metropolitan
area.
In some areas, there may be a difference in union scales between the central city
and outlying communities.
Moreover, the information for maintenance workers includes
union and nonunion establishments.
Trends
When this chapter was prepared, information was available on trends in earnings
and union scales only from 1955 to 1966 (table 23).
It indicates that in all cities, the
absolute differentials (cents per hour) have grown substantially.
In a majority of cities,
also they have grown in relative term s, although the percentage differentials have not changed
markedly in most jobs and areas, and in some cases they have not grown at all. A substan
tial widening in percentage differentials did take place for Boston electricians and painters,
Buffalo electricians, New York City and St. Louis carpenters, Atlanta and Baltimore painters,
and Memphis carpenters and painters.
On the other hand, percentage differentials did
not widen at all for Buffalo carpenters and painters, Philadelphia carpenters, Atlanta and
Cleveland carpenters and electricians, Baltimore carpenters, Dallas electricians and painters,
Chicago painters, and Denver electricians.
The construction scale in an area consists of a single rate for the occupation—the basic (minimum) wage scale established
by the union agreement.
Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be paid for special qualifications or other reasons,
are not included but are probably paid to relatively few workers. By contrast, the data reported for maintenance workers consist of
their actual average hourly earnings, which vary among establishments and among individuals within the same establishment. The
information for maintenance workers includes workers employed in both union and nonunion establishments.
45
T a b le 20.
S t r a i g h t- t im e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s in m a i n te n a n c e w o r k an d u n io n s c a l e s in b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c ti o n , 3 t r a d e s in 50 a r e a s , 1965—66
C a r p e n te r s
R e g io n , m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a ,
a n d d a te o f s u r v e y
N o r th e a s t:
B o s to n , O c t. 1965 ----------B u ffa lo , D e c . 1965 ---------N ew H a v e n , J a n . 1 9 6 6 ---N ew Y o r k , A p r . 1 9 6 6 -----P h ila d e l p h ia , N ov. 1965—
P i t t s b u r g h , J a n . 1966 ---P o r tl a n d , N o v . 1965 ------P r o v id e n c e —P a w tu c k e t,
M ay 1966 ----------------------T r e n to n , D e c . 1965 -------Y o rk , F e b . 1966 ------------South:
A tla n ta , M ay 1966 ----------B a l ti m o r e , N ov. 1965 ---B i r m in g h a m , A p r. 1966—
C h a r le s t o n , A p r . 1966 —
C h a tta n o o g a , S e p t. 1965—
D a l la s , N ov. 1965 ----------H o u s to n , J u n e 1 9 6 6 --------J a c k s o n v i ll e , J a n . 1966 —
L i tt le R ock—N. L i tt le
R o c k , A ug. 1965 ----------L o u i s v il le , F e b . 1966 ---M e m p h is , J a n . 1966 ------M ia m i, D e c . 1965 ----------N ew O r l e a n s ,
F e b . 1966 ---------------------R ic h m o n d , N ov. 1 9 6 5 -----S a v a n n a h , M ay 1 9 6 6 -------W a sh in g to n , D . C . - M d . V a. , O c t. 1965 ------------N o r th C e n tra l:
C h ic a g o , A p r. 1 9 6 6 ______
C in c in n a ti, M a r. 1965 ---C le v e la n d , S e p t. 1965 ---C o lu m b u s , O c t. 1965 -----D a v e n p o r t—R o c k Is la n d —
M o lin e , O c t. 1965 -------D a y to n , J a n . 1966 ----------D e s M o in e s , F e b . 1966—
D e t r o i t , J a n . 1 9 6 6 ----------I n d ia n a p o lis , D e c . 1965—
K a n s a s C ity , N ov. 1965 —
M ilw a u k e e , A p r . 1 9 6 6 ---O m a h a , O c t. 1965 ----------S t. L o u is , O c t. 1 9 6 5 ------S o u th B e n d ,
M a r. 1966 --------------------T o le d o , F e b . 1 9 6 6 ----------W ic h ita , O c t. 1965 ---------Y o u n g sto w n —W a r r e n ,
N ov. 1965 ---------------------W e st:
D e n v e r , D e c . 1965 --------L o s A n g e le s —L ong
B e a c h , M a r . 1966 -------P h o e n ix , M a r. 1966 -------P o r t l a n d , M ay 1966 -------S a lt L a k e C ity ,
D e c . 1965 ---------------------S a n D ie g o , N ov. 1 9 6 5 -----S p o k a n e , J u n e 1 9 6 6 ---------
A v erag e
h o u r ly
e a r n in g s
in m a i n t e
nance
$3.
3.
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
13
17
79
35
38
34
52
U n io n
s c a l e s in
b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c
tio n
$4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
5.
3.
50
315
50
80
45
075
70
E le c tr ic ia n s
C o n s tr u c tio n
A v e ra g e
h o u r ly
r a te h ig h e r by—
D o lla rs
e a rn in g s
P
e
r
per
in m a i n t e
cent
hour
nance
$ 1 . 37
1. 145
1. 71
2. 45
1 .0 7
1 .7 3 5
1. 18
44
36
61
73
32
52
47
$3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
2.
24
49
04
46
33
45
75
U n io n
s c a l e s in
b u ild in g
c o n s tru c
tio n
$5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
5.
3.
P a in te r s
C o n s tr u c tio n
A v erag e
r a te h ig h e r by—
h o u r ly
D o lla rs
e a r n in g s
P er
per
in m a i n t e
cent
hour
nance
25
11
75
20
25
25
95
$ 2 . 01
1. 62
1 .7 1
1 .7 4
1 .9 2
1 .8 0
1 .2 0
62
46
56
50
58
52
44
$2.
3.
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
88
19
88
16
03
14
33
U nion
s c a l e s in
b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c
tio n
$4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
4.
2.
C o n s tr u c tio n
r a t e h i g h e r by—
D o lla rs
P er
per
cent
hour
20
125
25
80
975
425
50
$ 1 . 32
. 935
1. 37
1 .6 4
. 945
1 .2 8 5
. 17
46
29
48
52
31
41
7
2. 66
3. 08
2. 62
3. 95
4. 80
3. 55
1 .2 9
1 .7 2
.9 3
48
56
35
2 .9 7
3. 30
2. 94
4. 55
5. 30
4. 40
1 .5 8
2. 00
1 .4 6
53
61
50
2. 68
3. 09
2. 59
3. 60
4. 375
3. 05
.9 2
1. 285
. 46
34
42
18
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2.
3.
2.
97
11
31
58
45
95
61
82
4.
4.
3.
4.
3.
4.
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3.
00
09
90
475
85
15
32
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1 .0 3
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1 .4 0
1. 20
. 71
.9 3
35
32
18
25
57
41
20
33
3.
3.
3.
3.
2.
3.
3.
3.
46
23
67
58
91
18
69
18
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
30
70
35
45
25
275
355
40
. 84
1 .4 7
. 68
. 87
1 .3 4
1 .0 9 5
. 665
1. 22
24
46
19
24
46
34
18
38
2. 82
2. 98
3 .0 6
3. 53
2. 78
2. 81
3. 51
2. 67
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
4.
3.
1 .4 3
1 .0 7
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. 12
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1. 103
. 525
. 83
51
36
31
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35
39
15
31
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3.
2.
2.
47
40
62
85
3. 65
4. 125
4 .0 0
3. 90
1. 18
. 725
1. 38
1 .0 5
48
21
53
37
2.
3.
3.
3.
67
57
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4.
4.
4.
4.
35
545
525
55
1 .6 8
975
1. 305
1 .5 0
63
27
41
49
3. 25
2. 71
2. 52
3. 82
3. 80
3. 57
. 57
1 .0 9
1 .0 5
18
40
45
3. 09
3. 11
3. 14
3. 90
3. 45
3. 80
. 81
. 34
. 66
26
11
21
3. 30
3. 30
3. 35
4. 40
4. 05
4. 35
1. 10
. 75
1 .0 0
33
23
30
2. 99
3. 09
3. 07
3. 375
2. 75
3. 375
. 385
- . 34
. 305
3. 19
4. 10
.9 1
29
3. 30
4. 90
1 .6 0
48
2. 84
4. 37
1 .5 3
54
3.
3.
3.
3.
66
26
36
22
4.
4.
4.
4.
85
40
75
14
1 .1 9
1. 14
1 .3 9
.9 2
33
35
41
29
3.
3.
3.
3.
67
35
46
37
4.
4.
4.
4.
95
75
89
60
1 .2 8
1 .4 0
1 .4 3
1 .2 3
35
42
41
36
3.
3.
3.
3.
86
20
22
13
4.
4.
4.
3.
60
00
56
65
.
.
1.
.
74
80
34
52
19
25
42
17
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
33
53
46
51
39
49
40
11
34
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
12
38
20
43
40
15
26
10
675
.7 9
. 85
. 74
.9 2
1 .0 1
. 66
. 86
.9 9
1. 335
24
24
21
26
30
19
25
32
40
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
67
52
54
73
53
63
70
42
63
4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
56
64
60
00
625
85
60
60
15
.8 9
1 .1 2
1. 06
1 .2 7
1 .0 9 5
1 .2 2
.9 0
1. 18
1 .5 2
24
32
30
34
31
34
24
35
42
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
21
34
37
40
34
49
45
29
35
3.
4.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
4.
77
00
90
00
10
075
01
825
34
. 56
. 66
. 53
. 60
. 76
. 585
. 56
. 535
.9 9
17
20
16
18
23
17
16
16
30
3. 39
3. 49
2. 95
4. 15
4. 495
3. 825
. 76
1 .0 0 5
. 875
22
29
30
3 .4 1
3. 44
3. 14
4. 50
4. 75
4. 65
1 .0 9
1. 31
1. 51
32
38
48
3. 51
3. 28
2. 93
3. 80
4. 165
3. 50
. 29
. 885
. 57
8
27
19
3. 38
4. 50
1 .1 2
33
3. 61
4. 625
1 .0 1 5
28
3. 20
4. 14
.9 4
29
3. 22
4. 415
1. 195
37
3. 41
4. 62
1 .2 1
35
3. 35
3. 85
. 50
15
3. 39
3. 35
3. 39
4. 64
4. 505
4. 68
1 .2 5
1 .1 5 5
1. 29
37
34
38
3. 68
3. 56
3. 61
5. 46
5. 00
5. 00
1. 78
1 .4 4
1. 39
48
40
39
3. 37
3. 05
3. 49
4. 76
4. 05
4. 05
1. 39
1 .0 0
. 56
41
33
16
3. 25
3. 32
3. 53
4. 10
4. 75
4. 45
. 85
1 .4 3
. 92
26
43
26
3. 30
3. 83
3. 60
4. 60
5. 50
4. 538
1. 30
1 .6 7
. 938
39
44
26
3. 24
3. 24
3. 43
3. 85
4. 82
4. 38
. 61
1. 58
.9 5
19
49
28
25
05
00
65
75
913
035
50
13
-1 1
10
46
T a b le 21.
A r e a s w ith h i g h e s t a n d lo w e s t p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l b e tw e e n u n io n s c a l e s in c o n s tr u c ti o n a n d s t r a i g h t - t i m e
a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s o f m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s , 3 c r a f t s , 1965—66
E le c tr ic ia n s
P e r c e n t d i f f e r e n t ia l —
w age s c a le s o v e r
M e tr o p o lita n a r e a
m a in te n a n c e a v e r a g e
h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
H ig h e s t d i f f e r e n t ia l s
C a r p e n te r s
P e r c e n t d i f f e r e n t ia l —
w age s c a le s o v e r
M e tr o p o lita n a r e a
m a i n te n a n c e a v e r a g e
h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
N e w Y o rk --------------------------N ew H a v e n -------------------------C h a tta n o o g a ----------------------T r e n t o n ------------------------------M e m p h is -----------------------------P i t t s b u r g h -------------------------L i tt le R o c k —N o r th L ittle
R o c k --------------------------------P r o v id e n c e —
P a w t u c k e t ------------------------P o r tl a n d , M a in e ----------------B o s to n ---------------------------------
73
61
57
56
53
52
R ic h m o n d ---------------------------B i r m i n g h a m ----------------------K a n s a s C ity ------------------------H o u s t o n ------------------------------S a v a n n a h ---------------------------L o u i s v i l l e --------------------------D e s M o i n e s ------------------------S o u th B e n d -------------------------D a y t o n -------------------------------D a v e n p o r t—R o c k
I s la n d -------------------------------
11
L i tt le R o c k - N o r th L i tt le
R o c k -------------------------B o s to n ------------------------T r e n t o n ----------------------P h i l a d e l p h i a ---------------N ew H a v e n -----------------P r o v id e n c e —
P a w t u c k e t ----------------P i t t s b u r g h -------------------N ew Y o rk -------------------Y o r k ---------------------------M i a m i --------------------------
48
48
47
44
P a in te r s
P e r c e n t d i f f e r e n t ia l ---w age s c a le s o v e r
M e tr o p o lita n a r e a
m a in te n a n c e a v e r a g e
h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
W a sh in g to n , D . C -------N ew Y o rk --------------------A t l a n t a -------------------------S a n D ie g o ---------------------N ew H a v e n ------------------B o s t o n -------------------------C le v e la n d ---------------------M i a m i --------------------------T r e n t o n ------------------------P i t t s b u r g h -------------------
63
62
61
58
56
53
52
50
50
49
54
52
51
49
48
46
42
42
44
41
L o w e s t d i f f e r e n t ia l s
H o u s t o n ----------------------B i r m i n g h a m ---------------R ic h m o n d -------------------D a v e n p o r t—R o c k
I s l a n d ------------------------A t l a n t a ------------------------C h a r le s t o n , W. V a ---M ilw a u k e e -----------------S p o k a n e ----------------------L o u i s v i l l e -------------------Y o u n g sto w n —W a r r e n —
18
19
20
21
21
21
22
24
24
18
19
23
C h a r le s t o n , W. Va
P o r t l a n d , M a in e
S o u th B e n d -------S a v a n n a h ----------R ic h m o n d ----------N ew O r l e a n s ---D e n v e r ------------H o u s t o n -----------P o r tl a n d , O r e g
O m a h a -------------
24
24
24
24
26
27
28
3
7
8
10
11
13
15
15
16
16
T a b le 22. P r o p o r t i o n of m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g u n io n c o n s tr u c ti o n s c a l e s in m a j o r m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a s , by r e g io n ,
1965—66
N u m b e r of m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a s in w h ic h s p e c if ie d p e r c e n t of
__________________ m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d u n io n s c a l e o r m o r e
U n ite d S ta te s
N o rth e a s t
S outh
N o r th C e n t r a l
P e r c e n t of m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s
r e c e i v in g u n io n s c a l e o r m o r e
A re a s s tu d ie d C a r p e n te r s :
N o n e ------------------------L e s s th a n 2 p e r c e n t
2—4 p e r c e n t -------------5—9 p e r c e n t -------------10 p e r c e n t o r m o r e ■
E le c tr ic ia n s :
N o n e ------------------------L e s s th a n 2 p e r c e n t ■
2—4 p e r c e n t -------------5—9 p e r c e n t -------------10 p e r c e n t o r m o r e •
P a in te r s :
N one
L e s s th a n 2 p e r c e n t ■
2—4 p e r c e n t -------------5—9 p e r c e n t -------------10 p e r c e n t o r m o r e •
T a b le 23.
D i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n u n io n c o n s tr u c ti o n s c a l e s a n d s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
o f m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s , 3 t r a d e s in s e l e c t e d m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a s , 1955—66
E x c e s s o f c o n s tr u c ti o n r a t e s o v e r m a in te n a n c e s t r a i g h t - t i m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s fo r-
1955
N o rth e a s t:
B o s t o n -----------------------------B u f f a l o -----------------------------N ew Y o rk C i t y ----------------P h i l a d e l p h i a --------------------S outh:
A t l a n t a -----------------------------B a l t i m o r e ------------------------D a l l a s ------------------------------M e m p h is --------------------------M id d le W e st:
C h i c a g o ---------------------------C l e v e l a n d ------------------------S t. L o u i s -------------------------F a r W e st:
D e n v e r ------------------------------
L os A n g e le s ------------------P o r tla n d -------------------------
E l e c t r ic i a n s
C a r p e n te r s
R e g io n a n d m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a
1966
P e rc e n t excess
1966
1955
1955
1966
P a in te r s
P e rc e n t excess
1955
1955
1966
42
38
47
56
62
46
50
58
$ 0 . 70
. 73
.9 7
. 55
. 84
1 .4 7
1 .0 9 5
1 .3 0 5
35
36
43
39
24
46
1966
46
36
47
27
52
31
1 .4 3
1.Q7
1. 103
1 .0 9
35
22
39
29
51
36
39
40
. 575
. 82
. 66
. 74
1 .3 4
.9 9
23
38
29
19
42
30
.5 7
. 51
. 23
. 50
1 .3 9
. 56
28
23
10
15
41
16
41
36
55
40
44
36
73
32
$ 0 . 88
. 87
1 .0 5
1 .2 5
.
.
.
.
1 .0 3
0. 98
1 .2 0
1. 38
35
33
39
29
35
32
41
53
.
.
.
.
41
.
.
.
.
.6 9
1 .0 5 5
.7 8
1. 19
1 .3 9
1. 335
27
48
34
33
41
40
. 84
.9 5 5
.9 0
1 .2 8
1 .4 3
1. 52
34
41
38
35
41
42
.6 9
. 475
.2 7
1. 195
1 .2 5
1 .2 9
32
21
11
37
37
38
. 86
. 78
. 57
1. 21
1. 78
1. 39
40
32
24
35
48
39
34
1955
39
$ 1 .3 7
1. 145
2. 45
1 .0 7
77
795
90
83
P e rce n t excess
$ 1 . 32
.9 3 5
1. 64
. 945
$ 0 . 83
. 795
1 .2 1
.9 1
68
69
77
535
$ 2 . 01
1. 62
1 .7 5
1 .9 2
1966
67
43
735
513
29
Chapter 6. Construction W orkers’ Hourly
Earnings and Union Scales
Construction workers' hourly earnings, increasing at an average annual rate of about
5. 1 percent (from 1947 through 1967) have exceeded those of their nonsupervisory counter
parts in virtually every other industry. 1 Nonetheless, construction workers' gross aver
age hourly earnings— which vary significantly among contract construction's three major
segments— are considerably lower than indicated by the average building trades union scales.
In general, the average hourly earnings of all construction workers have followed
more closely the wage pattern indicated by union scales for helpers and laborers in the
building trades than either the average scale for journeymen or the average scale for all
building trades workers. Since the end of World War II, the average building trades union
scale for all trades (journeymen, helpers and laborers combined) has exceeded the gross
average hourly earnings of all construction workers by about 15 to 20 percent. 2 However,
over the 21-year period for which data are available (table 26), construction workers' average
hourly earnings and the average building trades scales have moved closer together.
The
greatest compression was in the spread between average earnings of all construction workers
and the building trades scale for helpers and laborers.
In 1947, average hourly earnings
were about 17 percent greater than the helper and laborer scale; by 1965, the spread had
had contracted to about 3 percent but by 1967 had widened again to about 7 percent. 3 The
percentage differential between the average building trades scale for helpers and laborers
and the scale for journeymen also has been contracting during the post-World War II years.
Since 1947, the average building trades scale for helpers and laborers has risen by about
5. 6 percent annually, that for journeymen only about 4. 6 percent.
Overall, the average
helpers and laborers scale has increased about 30 percent more than the journeymen rate.
Thus, one of the major factors in the changing relationship between gross hourly earnings
and building trades scales appears to be a change in the relationships between helpers and
laborers scales and those for journeymen crafts workers. 4
Since World War II the hourly earnings patterns in contract construction's three major
segments have followed somewhat different paths. Not only have the average hourly earnings
of special trades workers been higher than those of workers employed by general building
or heavy construction contractors, but the pace at which their hourly earnings have risen
over the years has been more consistent than in either of the other segments.
Hourly
earnings (averaged on an annual basis) in special trades and in general building construction
have increased at an average of about 5 .0 percent a year or about 13.6 and 12.5 cents an
hour a year, respectively.
The rate of increase in the heavy construction segment was
about 5. 1 percent, about 11. 9 cents an hour.
Special trades construction has shown the
least variation over the period; the range of annual increases was 2. 8 to 9. 7 percent.
Heavy construction has varied the most— 1.3 to 12. 3 percent a year.
Special Trades
The average hourly earnings of special trades workers, unlike either general building
or heavy construction workers, more closely parallels the average scale for all building
trades workers than the average rate for either journeymen or for helpers and laborers.
As between the journeymen and the helpers and laborers scales, the special trades workers'
average hourly earnings tend to be substantially closer to the building trade journeymen
* See chap. 7 for details.
2 This and subsequent comparisons, unless otherwise noted, are based on union scale data for the building trades as of July 1
of each year and gross average hourly earnings of construction workers as of the July pay period (of that year) which ended closest to
the middle of the month. For a definition of the construction segments covered by these scales, see footnote 12, p. 32, and Bulletin
1621, op. cit.
* Data permitting an analysis of, or explaining, this new movement are not available.
4 See chap, 4 for a further discussion of the trend of union scales in the building trades since World War II.
47
48
Chart 1.
Construction Workers’ Gross Average Hourly Earnings and
Building Trades Union Scales, July 1947-67
Dollars
Journeymen
scales
All trades
scales
Contract construction
earnings
Heavy construction
earnings
Special
trades
earnings
General building
contractors
earnings
Helpers and
laborers
>cales
1
1947
49
51
65
Note: Average hourly earnings are as of the middle of Ju ly of each year, and union scales are as of J u ly 1.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1967
49
craft scales than those for helpers and laborers. This relationship probably exists because
the predominant group of workers employed by special trades firms are skilled craftsmen.
Some of the firms these craftsmen work for, however, are unorganized and pay rates which
are lower than scale wages. The difference between union and nonunion wages explains, at
least in part, the difference between the average earnings of all special trade workers and
the average scale for all building trade workers.
Data on wages or earnings in the union and in the nonunion sectors of special trades
construction are generally nonexistent.
However, some data for New York City based on
studies conducted by the New York State Division of Employment are available.
These
data indicate that the gaps between the hourly earnings of union and nonunion workers are
wide; for example, in October 1967, the median straight-time hourly earnings of all full
time journeymen painters employed by special trades painting firms was $4 .2 5 an hour. 5
Approximately 64 percent of these journeymen were employed by unionized firm s, some of
which did new construction work only; some primarily did alteration and repair; and some
did both alteration and new construction work. A ll of the new construction firms employed
only union painters.
These painters had median hourly earnings of $ 5 .0 3 .
Painters employed by alteration and repair firms had a median wage of $4. 20 an hour,
83 cents less than the median of new construction painters. The differential probably results
from the fact that about 42 percent of the alteration painters were unorganized. 6 In addition,
while 40 percent of the alteration painters or more earned $ 4 .2 0 an hour, about 42 percent
earned less than $4 an hour, and about 17 percent earned less than $3. On the other hand,
some painters were paid more than the scale rate. In contrast, none of the new construction
painters earned less than $4. 80 an hour and none of the painters employed by firms that
did both kinds of work earned less than $3.
The median earnings of this latter group—
85 percent of whom were unionized— was $4. 71 an hour.
A similar relationship between straight-time hourly earnings of plumbers employed by
special trades plumbing firms (SIC 1711) in the various sectors of the industry was found in
another New York State study. That study, relating to earnings of New York City plumbers
during November 1967, is summarized in table 24. 7
Table 24.
Number of plumbers and their straight-time hourly earnings, November 1967
Straight-time hourly earnings
Workers
Type of plumbing firm
Number
Total---------------------------New construction----------------- Alteration and repair-------------New construction and/ or
alteration and rep air----------
Percent
union
Median
Mean
Concentration
of 40 percent
or more
Middle
50 percent
range
3, 897
73
(M
$4. 83
(*>
(M
1, 894
1,783
100
42
$5.38
3. 77
$5. 51
4 .02
$5.35
“
$ 5 .3 5 -$ 5 .94
3 .1 0 - 5.39
220
98
5.39
5. 47
5.35
5 .3 5 - 5.94
Not available.
In construction union workers appear to accept employment in nonunion firms— at less
than the applicable union scale— when employment in the union sector is unavailable. When
job opportunities are available in the union sector, the union worker returns to such em
ployment. Although hourly, daily, and weekly earnings in nonunion employment tend to be
lower than those possible in unionized situations, the acceptance of a temporary nonunion
job does boost the worker's annual earnings.
5 A full-time workweek was considered to consist of 30 hours or more. A special trades painting firm was defined as an
establishment covered by the New York State Unemployment Insurance Law and classified in accordance with the 1957 edition of the
Standard Industrial Classification Manual in SIC 1721. See footnotes 22-24, p. 11, for additional information about the New York
State studies.
6 This is the probable reason.
The DE study, which provided detail by type of firm, did not show separate detail by
union status.
7 See footnotes 23 and 24, p. 11, for additional information about this study.
50
General Building and Heavy Construction
The average hourly earnings— building trade wage scale relationships in
building and heavy construction segments of the contract construction industry
either helpers and laborers constitute a large proportion of the work force or
proportion of the work force in these segments of the construction industry are
the general
suggest that
that a large
unorganized.
The interrelationship between these factors may explain why the average hourly earnings
of general building construction workers dipped below the average building trades scale for
helpers and laborers in 1961 and only rose above it in 1966. However, it does not explain
why average hourly earnings of all heavy construction workers dropped below the average
building trades scale for helpers and laborers in 1959 and have yet to exceed them. Since
heavy construction is assumed to be highly organized the reason for the differential move
ment in heavy construction workers' earnings and building trade scales must result either
because the occupational mix in heavy construction is substantially different than in general
building trades, and/or the union scale rates pertaining to heavy construction are lower than
those which apply to the building trades, or because, since 1958, most contract construction
work may have been carried on in relatively low scale areas. (This latter hypothesis may
also be revelant to the general building situation in the early 1960's.)
Data that would shed some light on the levels of contract construction activity by area
are largely unavailable. However, contract construction employment has risen more rapidly
in the South and in the North Central regions than in the other regions of the country. The
average building trades scales in the South are considerably lower than those in the rest of
the country.
Building trades scales in the North Central region are about on a par with
the national averages, although they are lower than those which prevail in the Northeast or
the far West.
The actual distribution of workers by occupation among the various construction seg
ments is not known. However, since laborers and helpers, drivers, machinery operators and
their associated operative groups account for almost two-fifths of all construction workers—
practically all the rest are special trades craftsmen— a reasonable assumption is that most
of them are employed primarily by general and heavy construction contractors. Some helpers
and laborers, particularly those associated with a skilled craft (e.g. , plumbers' helpers), of
course, are employed by the special trades firms for which the skilled craftsmen work. Some
truckdrivers and machinery operators also are employed by such special trades firms as
those engaged in excavating and foundation work and wrecking and demolition work. The ma
jority, however, are probably employed by general building and heavy construction contractors.
If laborers and helpers, truckdrivers and machinery operators among others, as
assumed, are employed predominantly by general building and heavy construction firm s,
then it must be assumed that they are employed in about the same proportions— one to the
other— as in construction as a whole. Thus, there must be about two construction laborers
for every truckdriver and another two laborers for every machinery operator in the general
building and heavy construction industries. Firms in these industry segments also employ
large numbers of skilled craft workers— probably carpenters. 8 Nonetheless, the predominant
position of the three groups noted would be relatively unaffected by the employment of other
groupings of workers.
Helpers and laborers wage scales are lower than those for any skilled craft; the union
scales for truckdrivers employed by construction firms typically are substantially lower
than the building trades scales for journeymen craft workers, though somewhat higher than
the helper and laborer scales. On the other hand, the union scales for machinery operators
tend to be either the highest or among the highest in an area. 9 Building trades scales for
carpenters, who are presumed to be the other major occupational group employed by general
building and heavy construction contractors, are usually among the lowest of the craft scales. 10
8 This assumption is based on the fact that carpenters who constitute about one-fourth of all construction workers perform
functions basic to any construction activity.
9 For detail, see table 15 in Bulletin 1590, op. cit.
10 See table 13 for details.
51
General Building. Not only is a large proportion of the general building construction
work force presumed to be in relatively low scale occupational groups but more than half
the workers are employed by nonunion firm s.
In 1965, the most recent year for which
data by union status are available, about 55 percent of the general building construction
workers were employed by nonunion firm s. 11 Average straight-time hourly earnings of all
general building construction workers in 1965 were $3. 46 a working hour— about 9 cents more
than the average scale for helpers and laborers. In that year, straight-time hourly earnings
in the organized sector at an average of $4. 18 an hour of working time were only about
6 percent below the average of all building trades scales.
Earnings in the unorganized
sector, however, at $2. 79 an hour were about 25 percent lower than the helpers and
laborers scale.
Heavy Construction. Most heavy construction workers, unlike their counterparts in
the general building segment of the industry, are presumed to be employed at union scale
wages or better. 12 However, the union scales which pertain to heavy construction work
are typically equal to or lower than those which apply to general building construction and
special trades work.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not prepare any computations using union scale
data for the heavy construction segment of the contract construction industry.
However,
the BLS publishes union scale data for engineers (power equipment operators) in each of the
cities currently included in the building trades union wage study program for which such
data are available.
Engineers' rates usually differ by machine.
Specific rates are established for each
type and size of machine although, in some cases, the same rate may apply to a whole
class of machines.
In most cities, the available data indicated that there was either only
one contract for engineers, or a comparison of rates on a machine-by-machine basis indi
cated that the engineer scales for building construction work were the same as those for
heavy construction work. 13 However, there was a wage rate differential between building
and heavy construction work in 15 of the 68 cities for which building trades scales are
available.
In 80 percent of these cities the higher rate— machine-by-machine— was for
building construction work. 14
Data on union scales of heavy construction laborers are published by Engineering News
Record. Their data for heavy and for building laborers (in conjunction with the BLS building
laborer scales) indicate that union scales for these two laboring groups are usually the
same. However, there was a differential between the building and heavy construction rates
in 12 of the 39 cities for which observation of both types of laborers were available from
recent studies. 15 In 10 of the 12 cities, the building laborer rate was from 5 to 30 cents
an hour higherthan the heavy laborer rate (the median differential was 11. 25 cents).
In
the other two cities, both in the Mid-W est, the heavy construction rate was higher than the
building laborers' rate.
Truckdrivers are employed in all segments of the building
ever, it seems reasonable to assume that the proportion of
directly associated with the amount of material to be moved
Thus, the highest proportions of truckdrivers would reasonably
by general building and heavy construction contractors.
construction industry. How
drivers to other workers is
at or away from the site. 16
be expected to be employed
It is not known whether proportionately more truckdrivers (on an absolute or propor
tionate basis) are employed by general building or heavy construction firm s.
Nor is it
**
S e e a p p e n d ix A
12 S e e c h a p .
B u lle t in
f o r d e t a i ls .
2 f o r d is c u s s io n o f u n io n iz a t io n .
1590,
op.
c it.
14 E n g in e e rs th a t o p e r a t e m o r e th a n o n e m a c h i n e d u r in g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e d a y
are t y p i c a l l y p a id f o r e a c h h o u r w o r k e d a t th e
s c a l e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e h ig h e s t r a t e d m a c h i n e .
15 " B u ild in g T r a d e s W a g e R a te s in 4 2 C i t i e s - A u g u s t 1, 1 9 6 7 . " E n g in e e r in g N ew s R e c o r d . S e p t e m b e r
and B u lle t in 1 5 9 0 , o p . c i t .
21, 1967, pp.
1 1 4 -1 1 9 ,
^
A lt h o u g h d o c u m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e is n o t a v a i l a b l e it is g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d th a t m o s t d r iv e r s w h o b r in g s u p p lie s t o t h e s ite are
e m p l o y e d b y t h e s u p p lie r o f t h e m a t e r ia l n o t th e c o n s t r u c t io n f i r m .
52
possible to make an independent assessment of these relationships. On the basis of all the
evidence it seems likely, however, that the bulk of the construction truckdrivers are em
ployed by heavy construction firm s. 17
The union scales for truckdrivers employed by contract construction firms are sub
stantially below the building trades scale for journeyman craft workers and are often lower
than the average building trades scale for helpers and laborers. The average construction
truckdrivers rate, in 55 cities for which construction truckdrivers and building construction
scales were available, 18 exceeded the average journeyman craft rate in only one city.
Union scales for construction truckdrivers, as can be seen from the following tabulation,
are most frequently equal to between 70 and 80 percent of the average scale for journeymen
craft workers and equal or exceed the helpers and laborer scale by up to 15 percent.
N u m b e r o f m a t c h e d c it i e s w h e r e th e
a v e r a g e t r u c k d r iv e r r a te w as e q u a l
t o th e s p e c i f i e d p r o p o r t io n o f th e
a v e r a g e b u i l d in g s c a l e r a te fo r
P ercen t o f
H e lp e r s and
b u i l d in g tra d e s
Journeym en
s c a le
55
T o t a lLess th a n 6 0 p e r c e n t -------------------------
2
6 0 a n d u n d er
70
p e r c e n t ----------
6
la b o r e r s
55
7 0 a n d u n d er
75
p e r c e n t ----------
12
75 a n d u n d e r
80
p e r c e n t ----------
19
80 an d under
85
p e r c e n t ----------
3
8 5 a n d u nd er
90
p e r c e n t - --------
8
9 0 and under
95
p e r c e n t ----------
3
9
9 5 a n d u n d e r 1 0 0 p e r c e n t -----------------
1
5
1 0 0 a n d u n d e r 1 0 5 p e r c e n t --------------
1
11
4
105 and under 110 p e rce n t
8
11 0 an d under 115 p e rce n t
12
2
115 an d under 120 p e r c e n t
1 2 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e ----------
4
In a few cases (about 7 percent of those studied), the truckdriver scale amounts to
less than 60 percent or more than 95 percent of the journeyman craft worker rate. How
ever, in one-third of the cities for which data are available, the average truckdriver scale
is below that of the building trades helpers and laborers.
I f th is a s s u m p tio n is w r o n g , th e o n l y o t h e r h y p o th e s is th a t e x p la in s t h e lo w
is th a t a la r g e
r e je c t e d .
h o u r ly e a r n in g s l e v e l o f h e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n w o rk e r^
p r o p o r t io n o f t h e m w o rk f o r n o n u n io n fir m s a t s u b s t a n t ia lly less th a n u n io n r a t e s .
T h is h y p o t h e s is has a lr e a d y b e e r }
* 8 C o m p u t e d f o r e a c h c i t y f o r w h ic h c o n s t r u c t io n t r u c k d r iv e r s a n d b u i l d in g tr a d e s c a l e d a ta w e r e
t r u c k d r iv e r
d a ta w e r e o b t a i n e d
from
U n io n W a g e s an d H o u rs:
M o t o r t r u c k D riv e r s a n d H e lp e r s ,
J u ly 1,
a v a ila b le .
1 96 7
The
c o n s t r u c t io n
(B u lle t in 1 5 9 1 ,
1 9 6 8 ).
E a c h c o n s t r u c t io n t r u c k d r iv e r r a te in a c i t y w as w e ig h t e d e q u a ll y in c o m p u t in g th e c i t y a v e r a g e .
T h is t e c h n i q u e assu m e s th a t a jn
e q u a l n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs d r o v e e a c h d i ff e r e n t t y p e o f t r u c k .
In r e a l it y , a p lu r a lit y (p e r h a p s a m a j o r i t y ) o f t h e m p r o b a b ly drivie
d u m p tru ck s w h ic h t y p i c a l l y are t h e lo w e s t s c a l e r a t e v e h i c l e s .
53
T a b le 25.
A v e r a g e u n io n s c a l e s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s by c r a f t g ro u p in g , a n d g r o s s a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
o f c o n s tr u c ti o n w o r k e r s , J u ly 1947—67
A v e r a g e u n io n s c a l e s in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s
Y ear 1
A ll
tra d e s
1947--------------------------------- —
1948__________________________
1949--------------------------------------1950__________________________
1951.................................... ................
1952__________________________
1953______ ______________ 1954__________________________
1955 ..................................................
1956.....................................................
1957__________________________
1958-.............................................. —
1959__________________________
19 6 0
1 9 6 1__________________________
1 9 6 2 _-__ _____________________
1963.....................................................
1964__________________________
1965— ................................................
1966_______________ __________
1967................ ....................................
J o u rn ey m e n
$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
$ 1.91
2 .1 1
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
18
29
42
57
69
80
90
04
3 .3 9
3 .5 4
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
51
66
83
95
10
25
42
59
83
C o n tra c t
c o n s tr u c ti o n
$ 1. 31
1 .4 9
1. 55
1 .6 5
1. 75
1. 84
1. 95
2. 05
2. 16
2. 29
2 .4 5
2. 55
2. 74
2. 88
3. 06
3. 15
3. 26
3. 40
3. 54
3. 67
3. 83
$ 1 .5 3
1. 72
1. 78
1. 84
2. 02
04
25
34
45
60
76
88
99
09
22
3 .2 0
3 .3 4
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s o f c o n s tr u c ti o n w o r k e r s in —
H e lp e rs and
la b o re rs
71
86
02
15
31
46
64
83
09
G en eral
b u ild in g
c o n tra c to rs
$ 1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2 .1 1
2. 27
2. 36
2. 44
2. 55
2. 70
2. 81
2 .9 1
3. 06
3. 17
3. 29
3. 38
3. 53
3 .6 5
3. 86
4. 10
He avy
c o n s tr u c ti o n
50
70
75
79
95
04
22
32
38
50
64
72
$ 1.37
$ 1. 65
1. 82
1. 89
1. 96
2. 15
2. 24
2. 40
2. 50
2. 59
2. 71
2. 86
3. 00
3. 13
3 .2 9
3. 39
3. 53
3. 62
3. 77
3. 91
4. 11
4. 35
1 .5 4
1 .6 2
1. 68
1. 87
1. 96
2. 10
2. 17
2. 23
2. 35
2. 50
2. 58
2. 68
2 .8 5
2. 98
3. 02
3. 13
3. 25
3. 36
3. 56
3. 80
2 .7 9
2 .9 1
3 .0 2
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
S p e c ia l t r a d e s
14
24
39
50
73
96
1 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s a r e a s o f th e m id d le o f J u ly o f e a c h y e a r ; u n io n s c a l e s a r e a s of J u ly 1.
T a b le 26.
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n w o r k e r s g r o s s a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s a s a p e r c e n t o f th e a v e r a g e u n io n s c a le
in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s , J u ly 1947—67
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
Y ear 1
A ll
tra d e s
1947
1948__________________________
1040
1950 ___
..................
1951__________________________
1952__________________________
1953...................................................
1954...................................................
1955................... .................................
1956__________________________
1957-.
. ... _
.
__
1958__________________________
1959__________________________
1960_______________________
1961__________________________
1962 _______ _______ ________
1963 ...............................
1964.....................................................
196 5_____ ______ ___ ______ ___
1966 ..................................................
1967
A v e r a g e h o u r ly
80. 1
81. 5
8 1 .7
80. 3
83. 5
82. 1
84. 4
84. 2
84. 1
83. 9
8 4 .4
84. 1
82. 9
83. 6
82. 8
83. 3
82. 4
83. 1
82. 6
84. 1
84. 4
J o u rn e y
m en
7 5 .0
76.
76.
75.
77.
76.
78.
78.
79.
79.
79.
79.
78.
4
1
1
7
4
8
9
0
2
6
4
4
7 9 .3
78.
79.
78.
79.
78.
9
3
4
1
7
7 9 .9
80. 6
H e lp e r s
and
la b o re rs
116. 8
1 1 5 .4
114. 8
1 11. 5
115. 4
114. 7
116. 4
115. 1
113. 0
1 1 1 .4
110. 2
110. 2
106. 2
106. 3
103. 6
104. 4
103. 7
103. 8
103. 1
105. 2
107. 0
G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n s tr u c ti o n
A ll
tra d e s
J o u rn e y
m en
7 8 .5
80. 6
80. 3
78. 2
80. 6
7 9 .4
82. 5
82. 9
82. 1
82. 2
82. 5
81. 4
7 9 .5
7 9 .5
78.
79.
79.
79.
79.
81.
82.
9
5
0
8
2
3
0
7 3 .5
75.
74.
73.
75.
73.
77.
77.
77.
77.
77.
76.
75.
6
8
1
0
9
1
6
0
6
9
8
2
7 5 .4
7 5 .1
7 5 .7
7 5 .2
76.
75.
77.
77.
0
4
2
8
H e lp e r s
and
la b o re rs
114. 5
114. 1
112. 9
108. 5
1 1 1 .4
110. 9
113. 8
113. 2
110. 2
109. 2
107. 8
106. 7
101. 8
1 0 1 .0
98. 7
9 9 .7
9 9 .4
99. 7
98. 9
101. 6
1 0 3 .4
H e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n
A ll
tra d e s
71.
73.
74.
73.
77.
76.
78.
77.
76.
77.
78.
77.
76.
77.
77.
76.
76.
76.
76.
77.
78.
7
0
3
4
3
3
1
5
9
3
1
2
4
9
8
5
3
5
0
6
7
J o u rn e y
m en
67. 2
68. 4
69. 2
68. 6
71. 9
7 1 .0
72. 9
72. 6
72. 2
73. 0
73. 7
72. 9
72. 2
73. 8
74. 1
72. 8
72. 6
72. 9
72. 4
73. 7
74. 7
e a r n i n g s a r e a s of th e m id d le of J u ly o f e a c h y e a r ; u n io n s c a l e s a r e a s o f J u ly 1,
S p e c ia l t r a d e s
H e lp e r s
an d
la b o re rs
104.
103.
104.
101.
106.
106.
107.
105.
103.
102.
102.
101.
97.
6
4
5
8
9
5
7
9
2
6
0
2
8
9 9 .0
9 7 .4
9 5 .9
96. 0
95. 6
94. 9
97. 0
9 9 .2
A ll
tra d e s
86. 4
86. 3
86. 7
85. 6
88. 8
87. 2
89. 2
89. 3
89. 3
89. 1
89. 4
89. 8
89. 2
89. 9
88. 5
89. 4
88. 3
88. 7
88. 5
89. 5
90. 1
J o u rn e y
m en
80. 9
80. 9
80. 8
80. 0
82. 7
8 1 .2
83. 3
83. 6
83. 8
84. 2
84. 4
84. 7
84. 4
85. 2
84. 5
85. 1
84. 0
84. 5
84. 3
85. 1
85. 5
H e lp e r s
and
la b o re rs
126. 0
122. 1
121. 9
1 1 8 .8
122. 9
121. 7
123. 1
122. 0
1 1 9 .9
118. 3
1 1 6 .7
117. 6
114. 2
114. 2
no. 8
112. 1
111. 0
no. 9
1 1 0 .5
112. 0
1 1 3 .6
Chapter 7.
The Trend of Hourly and W eekly Earnings
Average hourly earnings of construction workers have increased at an average annual
rate of 5.1 percent or about 13.5 cents an hour during each of the last 21 years. 1 The
annual changes from 1947 to 1968 have ranged from a low of 2 .5 percent (6 cents) in 1955
to a high of 6. 6 percent (27 cents) in 1968.
During the 1947—68 period, construction workers gross average hourly earnings rose
approximately 2. 3 times faster than prices (as determined by the Consumer Price Index)
and were generally substantially higher than the hourly earnings level of production or nonsupervisory workers in virtually every other industry. This relationship between construction
workers hourly earnings and that of other workers is substantially similar to that noted in
1900.
In that year Levasseur wrote that: 2
"If we except a small body of men like the steelroilers who operate difficult
machines, and a small number of fine artificers who receive an exceptional com
pensation everywhere and particularly in Am erica, there is no class of trades in
which average wages are so high as in the building trades, especially in the cities."
The only major exceptions to the post-World War II generalizations about the hourly
earnings relationships between contract construction workers and workers in other industries
occurred before 1959. The gross average hourly earnings level (on an annual average basis)
achieved by construction workers has been surpassed only once and then only by a fraction.
In 1959, production workers in petroleum and coal products firms earned about 1 cent an
hour (on an annual basis) more than construction workers.
In some months in other pre1959 years, the hourly earnings of workers in few industries particularly petroleum refining,
newspaper printing and publishing, and mining were greater than those of construction
workers. However, when averaged for the whole year, construction workers hourly earnings
were higher than those of workers in any other industry.
Construction workers average weekly earnings (averaged over the year), like their
hourly earnings, have also been higher than those of workers in most other industries.
Their weekly earnings, however, have been exceeded regularly (on an annual basis) by those
of production workers in the petroleum refining industry and have been topped in a few
years by those in the primary metal, transportation equipment, printing and publishing,
and mining industries.
Even though weekly earnings in construction relative to other industries have not been
as high as hourly earnings they have increased at about the same rate as hourly earnings.
Increasing at an average annual rate of 5 percent a year since 1947, average weekly earn
ings have risen almost $5 a week each year. Like hourly earnings, the smallest increase
occurred in 1955 when weekly earnings rose only 2 .2 percent or $1 .9 9 a week. The largest
percent change was in 1948, when weekly earnings rose 10. 9 percent above the 1947 level,
but the largest dollar change occurred in 1967 when an additional $8. 69 a week was earned.
Weekly earnings (table 28) are a function of hourly earnings and weekly hours. Even
though construction workers' hourly earnings (table 2 7) exceed those of workers in other
industries, their average weekly hours (table 29) are generally lower than those of other
industry workers. 3 During the 21-year period under consideration average weekly hours
in the contract construction industry were lower than those of any goods-production industry,
except apparel. In the main, gross average weekly hours in the construction industry were
below the level in wholesale trade and were frequently equal to or lower than those in the
retail trade, and in the finance, insurance, and real estate industries.
1 T h e a n a ly s is p r e s e n t e d i n th is c h a p t e r r e la te s t o c o n s t r u c t io n w o rk e rs e m p l o y e d b y c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n fir m s o n l y .
‘ E. L e v a s se u r, T h e A m e r i c a n W o r k m a n , B a lt im o r e , John H o p k in s Press, 1 9 0 0 , p . 3 0 2 .
3
T h is d is c u s s io n is l i m i t e d t o gross a v e r a g e w e e k ly h ou rs.
D a ta o n t h e n u m b e r o f o v e r t im e hou rs w o r k e d
s t r u c t io n w o rk e rs are n o t a v a i l a b l e .
55
b y con tra ct co n
56
Chart 2.
Construction W orkers’ A v e ra g e W e e k ly Earnings,
Annual A verag es, 1 9 4 7 -6 7
Dollars
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
57
Intraindustry Variations
Hourly earnings in the general building and special trades segments of the construction
industry increased at an average rate of about 5. 0 percent a year while earnings in heavy
construction rose an average about 5. 1 percent a year from 1947 through 1967. The average
annual increase in the three construction segments amounted to about 12.5, 13.6, and 11.9
cents an hour respectively, each year. The least variation in the rate of change was in the
special trades construction segment where the annual increases ranged from 2.8 to 9 .7 per
cent. The rate of change has varied most in heavy construction where the increases ranged
from 1. 3 to 12. 3 percent a year. Throughout the post-World War II period, special trades
workers have earned more each hour than the others, and building construction workers
have earned more than heavy construction workers. (See table 30.)
Special trades construction workers gross weekly earnings are markedly higher than
those of either heavy or general building construction workers. Heavy construction workers'
weekly earnings are considerably below those of the special trades workers but exceed those
of the workers employed by general building firms.
Heavy construction workers' weekly earnings are not only relatively higher than ex
pected on the basis of their hourly earnings and those of other construction workers but,
on the average, have been increasing at a faster pace than those of special trades or general
building workers. Since 1947, average weekly earnings of heavy construction workers have
increased at an average rate of 5. 3 percent a year. In contrast, weekly earnings of general
building construction workers have risen at an annual average rate of 4. 9 percent and those
of special trades workers have increased by about 4. 7 percent a year.
Changes in hourly and weekly earnings partly reflect the actual variations in the wageearnings patterns of construction workers during the last 21 years. They also reflect dif
ferences in the base from which the computations are made.
The rates of increase of both hourly and weekly earnings of heavy construction work
ers have been greater than those of general building or special trades workers. In monetary
term s, however, special trades workers hourly earnings have increased 34 cents and those
of general building workers have risen by about 12 cents more than those of the heavy con
struction workers.
The change in weekly earnings reflects the changes that have occurred over the period
in hourly earnings and in the average number of hours worked per week. Heavy construction
workers average weekly hours have been increasing; those of other construction workers
have been decreasing. The differences in average hourly and weekly earnings and average
hours worked per week in 1947 and in 1967 in each segment of the contract construction
industry and in the industry as a whole are shown in the following tabulation.
C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n
A ll
G en eral
b u ild in g
H eavy
c o n s t r u c t io n
S p e c ia l
tra d e s
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s :
1 94 7 ............- -------------------------------------
$ 1 .5 4
$ 1 .5 0
$ 1 .3 8
$ 1 .6 5
1 9 6 7 -------------------------------P e r c e n t c h a n g e ------------------------------
4 .1 1
167
3 .9 9
166
3 .7 5
172
4 .3 6
164
A b s o lu t e c h a n g e ---------------------------
2. 57
2 .4 9
2 .3 7
2 .7 1
4 0 .0
4 1 .1
3 8 .7
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h ou rs:
1 9 4 7 -------------------
3 8 .2
3 7 .0
196 7 --------------------------
3 7 .7
P e r c e n t c h a n g e -----------------------------A b s o lu t e c h a n g e ----------------------------
-1 .3
-. 5
36. 5
- 1 .4
+ 2 .8
-4 .7
-.5
+ 1 .1
-1 . 8
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s :
1 9 4 7 ----------------------------
3 6 .9
$ 5 8 .8 7
$ 5 5 . 54
$ 5 5 . 20
$ 6 3 .7 4
196 7 -------------------------P e r c e n t c h a n g e ------------------------------
1 5 4 .9 5
163
1 4 5 . 64
162
1 5 4 .1 3
179
1 6 0 .8 8
152
A b s o lu t e c h a n g e ---------------------------
9 6 . 08
9 0 .1 0
9 8 . 93
9 7 .1 4
58
T a b le 27.
G r o s s a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s of p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
$ 2 . 36
$ 2 . 28
$ 2 . 22
$ 2. 14
$ 2. 09
$ 2. 02
$ 1. 95
$ 1. 89
$ 2. 81
$ 2 .7 5
$ 2 . 70
$ 2 . 64
$ 2 . 61
$ 2 . 56
$ 2 .4 7
$ 2 .4 6
3. 55
3 .4 1
3. 31
3. 20
3. 08
2. 93
2. 61
2. 53
2 .4 6
2. 39
2. 32
2. 26
2.
2. 05
2 . 90
2. 79
2. 71
2 .6 3
2. 56
2. 49
2 .4 3
2 . 36
2. 82
2. 11
2. 26
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
3.
2.
3.
2.
2.
17
25
21
72
28
88
09
65
33
73
22
3. 13
2. 17
2. 12
2. 62
3. 18
2. 76
2. 96
2. 58
3 .2 1
2. 62
2. 14
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.
03
11
05
53
11
68
87
51
09
54
08
2. 93
2. 04
2. 00
2 .4 7
3. 04
2. 61
2 .7 8
2. 46
3. 01
2. 49
2. 03
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
2. 75
1. 95
1. 91
2. 34
2. 90
2. 49
2 .6 2
2 . 35
2. 80
2. 38
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
2. 57
1. 87
1 .8 3
2. 22
2. 77
2. 35
2 .4 8
2. 20
2 . 64
2 . 24
1. 84
2. 51
1. 79
1. 78
2. 12
2. 64
2. 25
2. 37
2. 12
2. 51
2. 15
1 .7 9
2. 36
1 .7 4
1. 75
2. 05
2. 50
2. 16
2. 29
2. 04
2. 39
2. 06
1. 75
2. 57
2. 45
2. 36
2. 29
2. 22
2. 17
2. 05
1. 98
1. 91
1. 85
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
2.
1.
52
19
96
89
75
16
99
41
67
94
2 .4 3
2. 09
1. 87
1. 83
2. 65
3. 06
2. 89
3. 28
2. 30
1 .9 1
1 .7 1
1. 73
2. 48
2. 89
2. 72
3. 16
2 .4 7
1. 76
2. 24
1. 85
2. 17
1. 78
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
2 . 34
2 .7 5
2. 58
3. 01
2. 38
2. 11
1. 70
1. 61
1. 59
2. 26
2. 68
2. 02
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.61
1. 88
2 . 37
1. 95
1. 79
1. 79
2. 56
2. 97
2. 80
3. 20
2 . 54
1 .8 2
1967
1966
1965
T o ta l p r i v a t e -------------------------------------
$ 2. 68
$ 2. 56
$ 2. 45
M i n i n g ---------------------------------------------------------
$ 3 . 19
$ 3 . 05
$ 2 . 92
4 . 11
3. 89
3. 70
2. 83
2 . 72
3. 00
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
3.
2.
3.
2.
2.
In d u stry
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
—
— -
M a n u f a c tu r i n g --------------------------------------------D u r a b le g o o d s - _
—
----------- — -
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s --------------------L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s _ — - -----F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s - -------------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s - _ —
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s --------------------F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s -----------------M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l — — ---E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t __ _ ---- -------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t --------------------I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s -------M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ---------------N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s -------------------T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s
T e x tile m i l l p r o d u c t s
_
- —
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i le p r o d u c t s ------P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s --------------------P r i n t i n g a n d p u b lis h in g C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ------------P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ---------------R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ----------------
o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r i c u lt u r a l p a y r o l l s , 1947—67
17
36
33
82
34
98
19
77
44
85
35
64
27
06
03
87
28
10
58
75
07
1964
83
99
95
41
98
55
71
40
91
44
98
1.68
1 .6 9
2. 40
2. 82
2. 65
3. 05
2. 44
1. 72
1.92
2. 11
1.68
2.
2.
2.
1.
65
89
88
28
81
43
55
28
74
31
89
50
89
32
64
19
1. 64
1 .5 6
1. 56
2. 18
2 .5 9
2. 40
2 . 85
2 . 27
1 .5 9
1.66
2. 18
1. 47
1. 95
1. 89
1. 84
1. 96
1. 89
1. 83
1 .7 6
1. 71
W h o le s a le t r a d e .- ________ ___ — _ R e t a il t r a d e — ------ ------------ — ------ -
2. 88
2. 01
2. 73
1. 91
2 .6 1
1. 82
2. 52
1 .7 5
2 .4 5
1.68
2. 37
1. 63
2. 31
1. 56
2. 24
1. 52
F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e --------
2. 58
2. 47
2. 39
2. 30
2. 25
2. 17
2. 09
2. 02
1956
1955
1953
1952
1951
1950
1949
_ -
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
M a n u fa c tu r in g
—
—
D u r a b le g o o d s -
$ 1 .6 5
$ 1 .6 1
$ 1. 52
$ 1. 45
$ 1 . 335
$ 1. 275
$ 1. 225
* 1. 131
$ 2 . 20
$ 2. 14
$ 2 . 14
$ 2 . 01
$ 1 . 93
$ 1. 772
$ 1 ,7 1 7
$ 1 .6 6 4
$ 1 .4 6 9
2. 39
2. 28
2. 13
2. 02
1. 863
1. 792
1 .7 1 3
1 .5 4 1
1. 86
1 .7 8
1 .7 4
1 .6 5
1 .5 6
1. 440
1. 378
1. 328
1 .2 1 7
-----------
2. 08
2. 21
—
—
__ _
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e __________________ —
_ _
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta t e
$ 1. 71
$2. 33
2 .4 5
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
—
$ 1. 80
1. 95
F ood and k in d re d p ro d u c ts
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s —
T e x tile m il l p r o d u c ts
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i le p r o d u c t s ______ ________
P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s — - —
—
P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g __________________ ___________
C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ---------------- ___________
P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts
R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ____________ ___________
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s -------------------—
—
1947
2. 57
O rd n a n c e an d a c c e s s o r ie s —
_
L u m b e r a n d w ood p r o d u c t s
F u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s
S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c ts
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l —
E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t
In stru m e n ts and r e la te d p ro d u c ts
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g
W h o le s a le t r a d e
R e t a il t r a d e
1948
1. 37
—
- -
—
1 .5 2
1 .5 4
2. 03
—
2.66
2. 11
2. 02
2. 13
T o ta l p r iv a t e
85
53
49
51
02
40
20
2. 09
1. 42
2. 25
M in in g —
2. 19
1. 60
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ------------------------
1954
94
59
49
54
10
49
29
73
19
56
2 . 71
__
1. 99
1 .9 0
1. 86
1. 75
1. 65
1. 519
1. 453
1. 395
1. 278
2. 00
1. 92
1 .5 5
1. 54
1. 72
2. 06
1. 83
1 .9 5
1. 74
2. 05
1 .7 5
1. 52
1. 82
1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1. 96
2. 36
2. 05
2. 20
1. 95
2. 29
1. 97
1 .6 9
2.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1 .7 1
1 .4 1
1. 39
1. 54
1.8 1
1. 64
1 .7 5
1. 56
1. 84
1. 59
1. 36
1. 564
1. 298
1. 282
1. 438
1. 647
1. 519
1. 601
1. 444
1. 722
1 .4 4 8
1. 275
1. 481
1 .2 2 5
1 .2 34
1. 368
1. 587
1 .4 4 7
1. 523
1 .4 1 2
1. 644
1. 370
1. 218
1. 387
1. 190
1. 192
1. 307
1. 522
1. 384
1. 462
1. 360
1. 567
1. 308
1. 184
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1. 77
1 .6 7
1. 76
1. 45
1. 44
1 .4 7
1. 66
1.92
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
33
09
54
03
48
07
62
62
86
24
96
08
84
21
87
61
1. 34
1. 38
1. 37
1. 81
2. 26
1 .9 7
2. 37
1. 96
1. 39
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
57
57
77
10
88
00
79
11
80
56
1. 49
1. 47
1. 61
1. 90
1. 72
1. 85
1. 65
1. 95
1 .6 9
1. 45
306
090
097
194
388
265
344
247
436
197
106
1. 62
1. 58
1. 51
1. 44
1. 347
1. 295
1. 250
1. 145
1. 59
1. 30
1. 36
1. 37
1 .7 3
2. 18
1 .8 9
2. 29
1. 84
1. 36
1. 53
1. 25
1. 36
1. 35
1. 67
2. 11
1. 81
2. 22
1. 80
1. 35
1. 44
1. 18
1. 34
1. 32
1. 59
2. 02
1 .6 9
2. 10
1. 71
1. 30
1. 35
1. 14
1. 32
1. 31
1 .5 1
1. 91
1 .6 2
1. 99
1 .5 8
1. 25
1. 262
1. 206
. 999
1. 181
1. 153
. 956
1. 155
1. 220
1. 279
1. 654
1. 343
1 .7 0 7
1. 361
1. 105
1.
.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1. 076
1 .2 2 8
1. 240
1. 398
1. 832
1. 497
1. 841
1 .4 7 2
1. 170
1 .2 0 9
1. 329
1. 769
1 .4 1 7
1. 798
1. 410
1. 122
063
905
035
161
153
476
221
502
300
038
1 .4 7
1 .4 0
1. 35
1. 30
1. 23
1.
18
1. 100
1. 060
1. 010
. 940
1. 94
1. 30
1. 83
1. 25
1. 76
1. 20
1. 70
1. 16
1. 61
1. 09
1. 52
1. 06
1 .4 2 7
. 983
1. 360
. 951
1. 308
. 901
1.220
1. 78
1. 70
1 .6 5
1 .5 8
1. 51
1 .4 5
1. 340
1. 260
1. 200
1. 140
.8 3 8
59
T a b le 28.
G r o s s a v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s o f p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r i c u lt u r a l p a y r o l l s ,
In d u stry
1967
T o ta l p r i v a t e -----------------------------------
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1947—67
1958
1957
$ 1 0 1 . 84
$ 9 8 . 82
$ 9 5 . 06
$ 9 1 . 33
$ 8 8 .4 6
$ 8 5 . 91
$ 8 2 .6 0
$ 80. 67
$ 7 8 .7 8
$ 7 5 . 08
$ 7 3 . 33
-------
$135. 89
$130. 24
$123. 52
$117. 74
$ 1 1 4 .4 0
$110. 43
$106. 92
$1 0 5 .4 4
$103. 6 8
$ 96. 08
$ 98. 65
----------
154. 95
1 4 6 .2 6
138. 38
132. 06
127. 19
1 2 2 .4 7
118. 08
113. 04
108. 41
103. 78
100. 27
114. 90
1 1 2 .3 4
107. 53
102. 97
99. 63
96. 56
92. 34
89. 72
88.
26
82. 71
81. 59
D u r a b le g o o d s ----------------------------------
123. 60
122.
09
1 1 7 .1 8
112. 19
108. 09
104. 07
100. 35
9 7 .4 4
96. 05
89. 27
88.
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s -----------------___
L u m b e r a n d w ood p r o d u c t s
_
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ----------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c ts —____
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ---------------F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ___________
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ________
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t -------------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t —---------------I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s -----M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ________
132. 19
94. 87
94. 13
117. 31
137. 27
123. 67
135. 89
111. 35
1 4 2 .4 2
117. 71
9 2 . 59
1 3 3 .7 7
91. 80
91. 72
114. 24
138. 09
1 2 2 . 11
135. 34
109. 18
141. 8 6
114. 93
8 8 . 80
131. 15
8 8 .7 5
8 8 . 19
110. 04
1 3 3 .8 8
116. 2 0
127. 58
1 0 5 .7 8
137. 71
1 0 8 .4 7
8 5 .3 9
122. 72
85. 24
84. 46
105. 50
130. 00
1 1 1 .7 6
1 2 1 .6 9
1 1 6 .6 0
130. 09
103. 63
8 2 . 37
120. 42
8 1 . 80
81. 80
1 0 2 . 26
1 2 4 .6 4
108. 05
116. 20
99. 14
1 2 6 .7 2
1 0 1 . 59
80. 39
113. 03
76. 23
7 6 .4 0
95. 24
114. 84
100. 85
107. 42
9 4 .4 7
1 1 3 .4 0
96. 87
75. 84
108. 39
73. 71
75. 20
9 2 . 57
109. 59
9 8 .4 2
104. 55
90. 74
111. 52
93. 32
7 4 .2 8
106. 14
7 4 . 24
7 4 .4 8
91. 46
1 1 2 .1 9
96. 12
102. 92
89. 10
1 0 7 .4 5
91. 39
7 3 . 42
102. 41
6 9 . 09
6 9 .9 5
84. 80
1 0 1 . 11
8 9 .7 8
94. 33
83. 95
1 0 0 .4 0
8 5 . 57
7 0 . 17
9 5 . 58
6 6 .6 4
6 9 . 83
8 2 . 82
99. 00
8 8 . 34
94. 12
81. 80
97. 51
83. 22
6 9 .4 8
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ___________________
102. 03
9 8 .4 9
94. 64
90. 91
87. 91
9 5 .9 3
82. 9 2
80. 36
103. 82
85. 19
82. 1 2
6 8 . 80
119. 35
1 2 2 .6 1
125. 58
144. 58
1 1 2 .1 4
74. 88
99. 87
7 9 . 21
78. 17
6 6 .6 1
1 1 4 .2 2
118. 1 2
121. 09
1 3 8 .4 2
1 0 9 .6 2
71. 82
9 7 . 17
75. 6 6
73. 39
6 4 . 26
109. 57
1 1 4 .3 5
1 1 6 .4 8
133. 76
1 0 4 .9 0
6 8 . 98
9 4 . 30
7 3 . 92
6 9 . 43
6 2 . 45
105. 90
1 1 0 .6 9
112. 88
131. 77
100. 78
6 6 . 00
91.
71.
68.
61.
88.
86.
M in in g
-------
—
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
—
- -
-----
M a n u fa c tu r in g — _ ____
_____
____
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ___________
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s ________________
T e x tile m il l p r o d u c t s -------------------------A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i le p r o d u c t s ----P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ____________
P r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g ----------------------C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ----------P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ------------R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ____ __
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s _________
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e . . _____
107.
87.
84.
73.
122.
125.
128.
152.
113.
78.
.
98
62
25
08
84
95
96
87
85
87
99. 80
7 8 .6 1
7 8 .6 1
74. 11
7 2 . 52
108. 0 1
110. 24
1 2 6 .8 8
100. 04
6 4 . 67
75
69. 42
6 5 . 04
58. 06
9 9 .4 5
105. 05
1 0 6 .8 1
124. 31
9 6 . 15
6 2 . 83
09
64. 94
6 3 . 60
56. 29
95. 15
102. 91
1 0 3 .2 5
118. 78
92. 57
6 0 . 52
82. 82
64. 12
63. 02
56. 63
9 3 . 30
9 9 .4 6
99. 36
1 1 7 .4 2
9 3 .7 5
60. 10
7 9 . 15
6 2 . 17
57. 51
54. 05
87. 99
9 4 .6 2
93. 20
7 5 .4 8
58. 75
57. 96
53. 91
8 5 .4 5
92. 64
8 9 . 98
108. 53
8 5 .6 7
5 6 . 85
84
41
21
18
1 0 2 .0 0
1 1 1 .6 6
85. 85
57. 25
79. 02
7 6 .5 3
7 4 . 28
7 2 . 01
6 9 .9 1
6 7 .4 1
6 6 . 01
6 4 .4 1
6 1 . 76
5 9 .6 0
1 1 1 . 11
6 8 . 57
1 0 6 .4 9
6 6 .6 1
102. 31
6 4 .7 5
9 9 .4 7
62. 6 6
9 6 .2 2
60. 96
93. 56
58. 6 6
9 0 .7 2
57. 76
88.
51
56. 15
84. 02
54. 10
8 1 .4 1
5 2 . 20
9 5 .4 6
9 2 . 13
8 8 .9 1
85. 79
84. 38
80. 94
7 7 . 12
7 5 . 14
7 2 . 74
7 0 . 12
67. 53
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
1951
1950
1949
1948
1947
116.
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e _____
1 2 2 .2 2
06
7 0 . 95
82. 13
W h o le s a le t r a d e ----------------------------------R e t a il t r a d e -----------------------------------------
1 0 1 .6 6
7 9 . 20
7 9 . 37
98. 57
119. 80
1 0 4 .8 1
113. 01
97. 44
26
Totalprivate____________
$ 7 0 . 74
$ 6 7 .7 2
$ 6 4 . 52
$ 6 3 . 76
$ 6 0 . 65
$57. 86
$ 5 3 . 13
$ 5 0 . 24
$ 4 9 . 00
$ 4 5 . 58
$ 9 5 . 06
$ 8 9 . 54
$ 8 2 . 60
$ 8 3 . 03
$ 7 7 . 59
$ 7 4 . 11
$ 6 7 . 16
$ 6 2 . 33
$ 6 5 . 56
$ 5 9 . 94
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
96. 38
90. 90
88.
41
82. 8 6
76. 96
6 9 .6 8
6 7 .5 6
6 5 .2 7
58. 87
M a n u f a c t u r i n g --------------------------------------------- —
7 8 . 78
7 5 .7 0
7 0 .4 9
7 0 . 47
6 7 . 16
6 3 . 34
58. 32
53. 88
5 3 . 12
4 9 . 17
M in in g
..
— ------- .
.
. . .
91
86.
D u r a b le g o o d s — ______ _____ _________ _________
85. 28
82. 19
7 6 . 19
7 6 .6 3
7 2 .6 3
68.
6 2 .4 3
57. 25
5 6 . 36
5 1 .7 6
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s --------------------L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s _____________
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s -------------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c ts -__ __
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ___ —
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l __________
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t __________________
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t --------------------_________
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s —----M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ---------------- —
91. 72
6 5 . 57
6 8 . 78
80. 56
96. 76
84. 67
93. 06
7 9 . 56
9 4 . 81
80. 77
6 7 .6 0
8 3 .6 3
6 3 .9 9
6 7 . 07
7 7 . 00
92. 51
8 1 .7 3
87. 36
7 4 . 89
9 3 . 48
7 6 . 48
64. 88
7 9 . 80
6 1 . 39
6 2 . 80
7 1 . 69
8 1 .4 8
7 6 . 70
81. 40
71. 24
8 6 . 30
7 2 . 00
6 1 .7 8
7 8 . 14
6 0 . 76
6 2 . 99
7 0 . 18
84. 46
7 6 .4 9
82. 6 8
7 0 . 99
85. 28
7 2 .6 3
6 1 . 56
77.
59.
60.
66.
77.
71.
79.
67.
81.
70.
59.
7 4 . 04
5 5 .4 1
5 7 . 13
6 3 .7 6
7 5 . 30
6 8 . 55
7 6 . 13
6 4 . 27
7 5 . 81
6 7 . 10
5 5 .0 8
65.
51.
53.
59.
67.
63.
67.
59.
71.
59.
52.
58.
48.
49.
54.
60.
57.
60.
55.
65.
54,
48.
57. 28
47. 60
4 8 . 87
53. 19
6 1 . 18
56. 33
6 0 . 38
54. 54
6 1 .7 4
5 2 . 58
4 8 . 07
53. 81
4 3 . 93
4 5 . 53
4 8 . 95
55. 38
5 1 .7 4
5 5 .7 8
50. 25
5 7 . 01
4 8 . 36
4 4 . 79
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s _____________________ _________
7 0 . 09
6 6 .6 3
6 3 . 18
6 2 . 57
5 9 .9 5
56. 8 8
5 3 .4 8
5 0 . 38
4 9 . 50
4 6 . 03
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s - _ _ _ _
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s -------------------------- _________
T e x tile m il l p r o d u c t s __________________
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i le p r o d u c t s - -----P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s __ __ —
P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ________________ _________
C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s
- ____
P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ---------------- _________
R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s — ___
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s __________ —
7 2 .6 9
56. 26
57. 17
5 2 . 92
8 2 . 18
9 0 .6 4
8 5 . 90
104. 14
82. 0 1
55. 65
68.
51. 8 6
55. 34
4 9 .7 3
7 8 . 01
87. 91
80. 97
9 6 .9 3
81. 93
5 2 .6 8
65.
48.
52.
48.
73.
83.
77.
93.
73.
50.
63.
47.
53.
48.
71.
82.
74.
90.
72.
50.
50
63
18
74
81
29
21
35
72
90
6 0 . 34
4 5 . 31
5 2 . 39
4 7 . 92
6 8 . 05
78. 58
6 9 . 12
85. 05
6 9 .7 7
4 9 . 92
56.
43.
51.
46.
65.
74.
66.
81.
64.
46.
64
08
30
91
19
31
13
52. 8 8
4 1 . 00
4 8 .6 3
4 4 . 64
6 0 . 53
7 1 . 26
6 1 . 68
7 5 . 11
6 0 . 35
4 3 . 99
5 0 . 53
3 7 .2 6
4 4 . 41
4 2 . 80
5 5 .4 2
6 8 . 64
57. 67
7 2 . 46
54. 14
4 1 . 07
4 8 . 89
3 6 .6 1
4 5 . 28
4 3 .6 8
54. 74
6 5 . 17
55. 33
6 9 . 30
53. 35
4 1 . 11
4 5 . 92
35. 20
4 0 . 99
4 1 . 80
4 9 .6 9
59. 34
50. 31
60. 98
51. 87
4 0 . 07
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ________________ —
W h o le s a le t r a d e ________________________
R e ta il t r a d e ------------------------------------------F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e
__ —
—
89
67
88
09
36
18
93
11
20
23
18
35
15
86
17
52
72
55
98
51
98
02
48
84
89
22
06
27
59
10
36
04
08
35
29
80
02
80
02
36
31
94
45
31
77
10
39
23
5 7 .4 8
55. 16
5 3 . 33
51. 35
4 9 .2 0
4 7 . 79
4 4 . 55
4 2 . 93
4 0 . 80
38. 07
7 8 . 57
50. 18
7 4 .4 8
4 8 . 75
7 1 . 28
4 7 . 14 .
6 9 . 02
4 5 . 36
6 5 . 53
4 3 . 38
62. 02
4 2 . 82
58. 08
39. 71
5 5 .4 9
3 8 .4 2
5 3 .6 3
3 6 .2 2
50. 14
33. 77
65. 6 8
6 3 .9 2
6 2 . 04
59. 57
57. 08
5 4 .6 7
5 0 . 52
4 7 . 63
4 5 . 48
4 3 . 21
60
T a b le 29.
G r o s s a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s o f p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s
In d u stry
1967
1964
1965
1966
1963
o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p a y r o l l s ,
1962
1960
1961
1959
1947—67
1958
1957
T o ta l p r i v a t e -----------------------------------
38. 0
38. 6
38. 8
38. 7
38. 8
38. 7
38. 6
38. 6
39. 0
38. 5
38. 8
M i n i n g -------------------------------------------------------
42. 6
42. 7
42. 3
41. 9
4 1 .6
40. 9
40. 5
40. 4
40. 5
38. 9
40. 1
37. 0
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n -------------------------------
37. 7
37. 6
3 7 .4
37. 2
37. 3
37. 0
36. 9
36. 7
37. 0
36. 9
M a n u f a c tu r i n g ------------------------------------------
40. 6
41. 3
41. 2
40. 7
40. 5
40. 4
39. 8
39. 7
40. 3
39. 2
39. 8
D u r a b le g o o d s -----------------------------------
41. 2
42. 1
42. 0
41. 4
41. 1
40. 9
40. 3
40. 1
40. 7
39. 5
40. 3
41.
40.
40.
41.
41.
41.
42.
40.
41.
41.
39.
42.
40.
41.
42.
42.
42.
43.
41.
42.
42.
40.
1
0
4 1 .9
40. 9
4 1 .6
42. 0
42. 1
42. 1
43. 1
41. 0
42. 9
4 1 .4
39. 9
40.
40.
41.
41.
41.
41.
42.
40.
42.
40.
39.
41. 1
40. 1
40. 9
41. 4
41. 0
41. 4
41. 8
40. 3
42. 1
40. 8
3 9 .6
41.
39.
40.
40.
40.
41.
41.
40.
42.
40.
39.
41. 1
39. 4
40. 0
40. 7
3 9 .6
40. 5
41. 0
40. 2
40. 5
40. 7
39. 5
40.
39.
40.
40.
39.
40.
41.
39.
40.
40.
39.
41.
39.
40.
41.
40.
40.
41.
40.
40.
40.
39.
40.
38.
39.
40.
38.
39.
39.
39.
40.
39.
39.
40. 5
38. 3
39. 9
40. 4
3 9 .6
40. 9
41. 1
40. 1
40. 8
40. 4
39. 7
39. 7
40. 2
40. 1
39. 7
39. 6
3 9 .6
39. 7
38. 8
39. 2
7
4
1
41. 2
38. 9
41. 9
3 6 .4
43. 4
38. 8
42. 0
42. 4
42. 0
38. 6
41.
37.
41.
36.
43.
38.
41.
42.
42.
38.
9
2
0
2
41. 0
38. 8
41. 0
3 5 .9
42. 8
38. 5
41. 6
41. 8
41. 3
37. 9
41.
38.
40.
36.
42.
38.
41.
41.
40.
37.
5
40. 9
38. 6
40. 6
36. 2
42. 5
38. 3
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
41. 0
37. 6
39.
41.
39.
39.
35.
42.
38.
41.
41.
40.
37.
39. 2
40.
38.
40.
36.
42.
38.
41.
42.
41.
38.
9
4
5
2
4
3
4
4
40. 8
38. 2
39. 5
35. 4
42. 1
38. 4
4 1 .3
41. 1
39. 9
36. 9
41. 0
39. 1
40. 4
36. 3
42. 8
38. 4
41. 4
4 1 .2
41. 3
37. 8
40.
39.
38.
35.
41.
38.
40.
40.
39.
36.
40.
38.
38.
35.
42.
38.
40.
40.
40.
37.
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ----------------------
36. 5
37. 1
37. 7
37. 9
38. 1
38. 2
38. 3
38. 6
38. 8
38. 6
38. 7
W h o le s a le t r a d e ----------------------------------R e t a il t r a d e ----------------------------------------
40. 3
35. 3
40. 7
35. 9
40. 8
3 6 .6
40. 6
37. 0
40. 6
37. 3
40. 6
37. 4
40. 5
37. 6
40. 5
38. 0
40. 6
38. 2
40. 2
38. 1
40. 3
38. 1
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e --------
37. 0
37. 3
37. 2
37. 3
37. 5
37. 3
36. 9
37. 2
37. 3
37. 1
36. 7
1951
1950
1949
1948
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s -----------------L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ---------------F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ----------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s -------P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s -----------------F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ----------------M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ------------E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t--------------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t-----------------I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s -----M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ------------N o n d u ra b le g o o d s -----------------------------F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ----------------T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s ----------------------T e x tile m i l l p r o d u c t s -------------------------A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x tile p r o d u c t s —
P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s -----------------P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ---------------------C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ----------P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ------------R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ------------L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s -------------
7
2
4
6
1
5
6
2
4
3
4
9
6
9
0
8
4
6
2
8
5
0
1
4
8
2
6
1956
T o ta l p r i v a t e --------------
--------------------
M i n i n g ------------------------- -----------------
---------
1
9
8
4
1
6
5
4
2
7
8
7
4
5
1
8
6
1954
1955
0
7
6
1
7
3
5
7
8
1953
2
8
7
9
2
1
7
6
0
9
7
1952
3
0
0
9
0
0
6
0
5
0
8
7
4
3
3
7
7
2
5
9
5
5
7
8
9
8
6
3
0
3
9
8
6
0
8
2
8
1
6
1
9
0
7
9
2
7
8
4
9
7
3
6
9
8
6
4
1947
39. 3
39. 6
39. 1
39. 6
39. 9
39. 9
39. 8
39. 4
40. 0
40. 3
40. 8
40. 7
38. 6
38. 8
38. 6
38. 4
37. 9
36. 3
39. 4
40. 8
C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n --------------------------------
37. 5
37. 1
37. 2
37. 9
38. 9
38. 1
37. 4
37. 7
38. 1
38. 2
M a n u fa c tu r in g ---------------------------------------------- —
40. 4
40. 7
39. 6
40. 5
40. 7
40. 6
40. 5
39. 1
40. 0
40. 4
41. 0
41. 3
40. 1
41. 2
41. 5
41. 5
41. 1
39. 4
40. 4
40. 5
41. 5
38. 8
40. 7
41. 1
41. 0
41. 3
42. 3
40. 8
4 1 .4
41. 0
40. 0
40.
39.
41.
4 i.
41.
41.
42.
40.
42.
40.
40.
39.
39.
40.
40.
38.
40.
40.
39.
40.
40.
39.
40. 7
39. 2
40. 9
40. 8
41. 0
41. 8
42. 4
40. 8
4 1 .6
41. 5
40. 5
42.
39.
41.
41.
40.
41.
43.
41.
41.
42.
40.
43.
39.
41.
41.
41.
41.
43.
41.
41.
42.
40.
3
3
1
4
4 1 .6
39. 5
41. 8
41. 1
40. 9
41. 5
41. 9
41. 1
41. 4
41. 3
40. 8
39.
39.
40.
39.
38.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
41. 3
41. 2
5
1
5
D u r a b le g o o d s ---------------------- ------------O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s --------------------L u m b e r and w ood r p o d u c t s ------------------F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s -------------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ----------- __ ____
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s --------------------- _______
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ------------------M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l --------------- _________
E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t-------------------------- _
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t ------------- ---I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s -------M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g -------------N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ---------------------------------_________
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s — --------- _
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s — -------- --------T e x tile m i l l p r o d u c t s ----------------------A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i le p r o d u c t s ------ _________
P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c ts -------------- P r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g — — ------C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ------------- _________
P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ---------------- _________
R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s --------------- _________
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ---------------- —
4
5
4
4
3
7
0
7
3
9
3
9
1
0
5
8
8
7
8
9
0
6
5
7
4
1
8
7
0
2
8
0
7
6
8
5
2
2
2
5
39. 6
30. 9
39. 0
39. 6
39. 7
41.
38.
39.
36.
42.
38.
41.
41.
40.
37.
41.
38.
40.
36.
43.
38.
41.
40.
41.
37.
41.
37.
38.
35.
42.
38.
40.
40.
39.
36.
41.
38.
39.
36.
43.
39.
41.
40.
40.
37.
0
7
4
7
41. 9
38. 4
39. 1
36. 3
42. 8
38. 9
40. 9
40. 5
40. 8
3 8 .4
39.
42.
38.
38.
35.
43.
38.
41.
40.
40.
36.
7
9
39. 7
41. 9
38. 1
39. 6
36. 0
43. 3
38. 9
4 1 .2
40. 8
41. 0
37. 6
3
8
7
0
8
9
1
0
4
6
5
7
1
3
1
9
1
9
8
9
3
6
3
3
3
5
8
7
8
9
5
1
1
1
0
0
8
6
1
9
3
8
7
2
0
7
4
40
.0
40
.3
41. 0
40. 7
40. 2
40. 7
41. 3
40. 1
3 9 .4
40. 2
40. 6
41.
41.
39.
40.
41.
40.
39.
40.
40.
39. 6
42. 4
38. 3
39. 2
35. 8
42. 8
3 9 .4
41. 2
40. 6
3 9 .2
37. 2
40. 2
41. 9
37. 3
3 7 .6
3 5 .4
41. 7
38. 8
40. 7
40. 3
38. 4
36. 6
43.
38.
39.
36.
43.
40.
41.
40.
39.
38.
6
5
6
7
6
38. 9
5
0
9
9
5
3
7
4
5
2
9
6
0
1
2
2
6
9
6
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e —--------------------- —
39. 1
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
39. 5
40. 0
40. 5
40. 5
40. 5
40. 4
40. 5
W h o le s a le t r a d e ------------------------------------R e t a il t r a d e — — _ ------------ — -----
40. 5
38. 6
40. 7
39. 0
40. 5
39. 2
40. 6
39. 1
40. 7
39. 8
40. 8
40. 4
40. 7
40. 4
40. 8
40. 4
41. 0
40. 2
41. 1
40. 3
36. 9
37. 6
3 7 .6
37. 7
37. 8
37. 7
37. 7
37. 8
37. 9
37. 9
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta t e
—
61
T a b le 30.
C o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s a v e r a g e w e e k ly a n d h o u r ly e a r n i n g s a n d a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s , by m o n th , 1947—68
A.
A nnual
a v e ra g e
J a n u a ry
F e b ru ary
M a rc h
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
M ay
A p r il
Ju n e
J u ly
S e p te m b e r
A ugust
O c to b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s
$ 5 4 . 94
6 1 .7 3
6 6 . 95
63. 24
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$58.
65.
67.
69.
68
64. 89
1951
1952
I 953
1954
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
76. 96
82. 8 6
8 6 . 41
8 8 . 91
90. 90
96. 38
1 0 0 .2 7
103. 78
108. 41
113. 04
73. 11
7 9 .6 3
8 3 . 40
82. 11
8 6 . 51
9 0 . 11
9 2 .9 2
1 0 1 .1 6
104. 11
1 0 0 .9 2
1 0 6 .9 6
106. 40
1961 --------------------1 9 6 2 --------------------1963 --------------------1964 --------------------1965 --------------------1966 --------------------1967 --------------------1 9 6 8 ---------------------
118. 08
122. 47
1 2 7 .1 9
132. 06
1 3 8 .3 8
146. 26
154. 95
163. 81
115. 75
1 1 1 . 56
1 2 0 .7 1
121. 38
1 3 1 .7 7
138. 34
149. 92
1 5 1 .9 0
1947 --------------------1948 --------------------1 9 4 9 --------------------1950 ---------------------
$ 1 . 541
1. 713
1. 792
1 .8 6 3
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
I 960
87
27
56
$ 5 5 . 59
1947
1948
1949
1950
79
38
64
85
$ 5 6 . 40
63. 07
6 6 . 80
67. 05
$ 5 7 . 80
63. 47
6 8 . 51
6 8 . 70
$58.
65.
68.
69.
72. 44
78. 70
83. 93
8 8 . 16
8 8 . 69
89. 56
97. 89
103. 61
1 0 7 .8 8
74. 63
80. 2 2
84. 00
87. 79
87. 36
9 2 . 74
9 8 . 52
1 0 1 .2 8
107. 14
112. 04
7 7 .0 0
80. 70
85. 73
8 9 .1 1
90. 62
9 4 . 50
100. 34
104. 35
108. 58
1 1 2 . 11
114. 75
113. 72
117. 64
126. 37
1 3 1 .7 3
139. 41
144. 32
154. 57
112.
118.
122.
128.
134.
143.
147.
154.
113.
120.
124.
130.
132.
141.
147.
159.
13
74
21
61
85
34
60
27
116. 29
123. 83
127. 30
1 3 3 .0 0
140. 18
142. 46
1 5 0 .2 9
162. 43
129.
133.
139.
147.
153.
164.
$ 1 .4 6 3
1 .6 4 4
1 .7 8 1
1 .8 2 8
$ 1 ,4 6 5
1 .6 7 3
1 .7 9 5
1 .8 3 3
$ 1 .4 7 9
1 .7 9 3
1 .8 3 7
$ 1 .4 9 6
1. 673
1 .7 9 1
1 .8 2 2
$ 1 . 513
1. 679
1 .7 8 4
1 .8 3 2
$1. 515
1 .6 9 5
1 .7 7 9
1 .8 2 3
2 . 02
1 .9 6
2. 09
2. 23
2. 38
2. 43
2. 51
2. 67
2 . 81
2 . 90
3. 03
1 .9 9
2 . 10
2. 24
2. 36
2. 42
2. 52
2. 67
2 . 79
2 . 88
3. 02
2 . 00
2 . 08
2 . 01
2. 13
28
2. 39
2. 45
2. 57
2. 71
2 . 82
2 .9 3
3. 08
1 .9 8
2 . 10
2. 25
2. 37
2. 41
2. 52
2. 69
2 . 79
2 . 88
3. 03
2. 07
2. 24
2. 36
2. 42
2. 54
2. 69
2. 78
2 . 89
3. 03
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
6 1 .8 1
6 6 . 97
7 1 .0 8
80. 85
84. 07
87. 82
8 6 . 02
9 1 .8 4
99. 06
9 4 . 75
$56.
62.
66.
64.
1 0 0 .6 0
77
41
36
12
32
26
20
94
18
94
31
64
$62.
68.
66.
72.
51
53
69
31
73
$ 6 0 . 18
67. 22
6 8 . 86
7 1 .5 6
$ 6 1 .0 3
67. 74
67. 56
7 1 .4 8
$61.
67.
68.
73.
77. 39
82. 18
8 6 . 91
90. 15
91. 23
97. 79
1 0 1 .9 5
103. 69
1 1 0 .6 9
113. 93
78. 98
83. 13
8 6 . 71
9 0 . 15
93. 45
9 7 . 67
102. 87
105. 09
1 1 0 .5 8
116. 89
79. 58
84. 53
8 8 . 85
90. 6 8
9 2 . 61
99. 33
104. 72
107. 06
113. 10
1 1 7 .3 5
80. 16
8 6 . 80
8 6 . 07
8 8 . 56
95. 34
1 0 0 .6 2
104. 60
108. 0 2
1 0 9 .5 9
1 1 7 .2 5
81. 16
87. 56
90. 79
90. 38
9 3 . 00
101. 13
103. 78
108. 87
1 1 1 . 53
118. 87
76. 96
83. 32
87. 89
8 8 . 69
8 8 . 89
9 6 . 78
9 6 . 95
104. 03
107. 04
1 1 1 .0 3
79. 25
8 6 . 14
87. 32
8 8 . 94
92. 25
9 8 . 05
99. 60
103. 31
1 1 0 .7 7
108. 73
1 1 9 .5 1
1 2 0 .1 4
126. 34
1 3 0 .1 3
134. 49
1 4 0 .8 9
1 5 0 .5 4
158. 67
167. 52
122. 43
127. 71
1 3 1 .9 7
137. 03
143. 54
150. 15
159. 06
1 6 9 .9 4
1 2 0 .8 0
128. 64
131. 79
131. 39
139. 13
152. 43
162. 96
172. 99
123. 39
1 2 7 .5 9
134. 59
139. 37
144. 77
152. 85
160. 78
172. 80
118. 63
1 2 1 .6 1
124. 51
132. 10
136. 50
144. 51
161. 63
158. 20
115. 17
118. 67
124. 61
134. 32
1 4 0 .6 2
149. 20
15 5 . 13
168. 06
$ 1 .5 3 2
1 .7 1 8
1. 779
1 .8 3 5
$ 1 . 551
1 .7 2 8
1 .7 8 4
1 .8 4 9
$ 1 .5 7 7
1 .7 4 6
1 .7 9 2
1 .8 9 1
$ 1 .5 9 5
1 .7 4 8
1. 799
$ 1 .6 1 6
1. 762
1 .9 0 2
1 .9 1 7
$ 1 .6 3 2
1. 780
1 .8 2 7
1 .9 4 8
2. 02
2 . 11
2. 05
2. 17
2. 32
2. 40
2. 47
2 . 60
2. 76
2. 85
2. 97
3. 11
2 . 06
2 . 20
2 . 08
2 . 21
2 . 08
2 . 22
2. 27
2. 36
2. 44
2. 55
2. 70
2 . 81
2 .9 1
3. 06
2. 03
2. 14
2. 29
2. 38
2. 45
2. 58
2. 72
2 . 81
2 .9 3
3. 08
2. 34
2. 41
2. 48
2 . 62
2. 76
2. 85
2 .9 9
3. 12
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
35
41
49
63
77
85
99
11
2. 36
2. 43
2. 50
2. 65
2. 79
2 .9 1
3. 01
3. 17
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
25
35
43
58
75
97
22
52
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
1 2 1 .8 8
02
32
46
07
95
74
$59.
66.
68.
69.
14
66
89
30
72
42
$59.
65.
66.
73.
95
55
82
23
86
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
I9 6 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1961 --------------------1 9 6 2 --------------------1963 --------------------1964 --------------------1965 --------------------1 9 6 6 --------------------1967 --------------------1968 ---------------------
2.
20
31
41
55
70
89
11
38
18
34
41
57
63
79
03
34
1 .6 6 8
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
04
1 .9 9
2 . 11
2. 25
2. 37
2. 41
2. 53
2 . 66
2 . 81
2. 87
3. 10
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
17
24
40
53
69
83
02
27
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
23
38
43
53
67
82
90
15
28
38
51
66
80
00
28
16
29
33
53
62
82
00
27
16
25
35
50
66
84
04
32
17
25
36
49
67
84
03
29
17
29
38
53
65
86
10
34
18
30
41
55
69
90
11
38
23
35
45
59
75
98
20
47
23
34
46
62
77
97
22
50
1 .8 0 6
30
41
53
64
78
00
25
53
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
1947 --------------------1948 --------------------1 9 4 9 --------------------1950 ---------------------
38.
38.
37.
37.
2
1
7
4
38.
37.
37.
35.
0
1951 --------------------1952 --------------------1953 --------------------1 9 5 4 --------------------1 9 5 5 --------------------1956 --------------------1 9 5 7 --------------------1958 --------------------1959 -------------------I 9 6 0 ---------------------
38.
38.
37.
37.
37.
37.
37.
36.
37.
36.
1
9
9
2
1
5
0
3
1
4
5
0
7
37.
38.
37.
34.
35.
35.
34.
36.
35.
35.
l 9 6 i --------------------1 9 6 2 --------------------1963 --------------------1964 --------------------1965 --------------------1 9 6 6 --------------------1967 --------------------1 9 6 8 ---------------------
36. 9
3 7 .0
37. 3
37. 2
37. 4
37. 6
37. 7
37. 4
36.
33.
35.
34.
36.
36.
37.
35.
8
37.
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5
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37. 3
37. 3
37. 2
36. 8
35. 4
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35. 8
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34. 8
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35. 8
36. 7
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36. 9
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38.
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7
1
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39. 2
39. 5
38. 8
38. 1
37. 8
38. 5
38. 5
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38. 6
38. 1
39.
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38.
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36.
35.
35.
7
38.
38.
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35.
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2
2
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5
4
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36.
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1
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7
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9
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3
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2
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1
62
T a b le 30.
C o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e r s a v e r a g e w e e k ly a n d h o u r ly e a r n i n g s a n d a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s , b y m o n th , 1947—6 8 ^ —C o n tin u e d
B.
Ye a r
A nnual
a v e ra g e
J a n u a ry
F e b ru ary
M a rc h
G e n e r a l b u ild in g
A p r il
M ay
c o n t r a c t o r s - SIC 15
Ju n e
A u g u s t S e p te m b e r
J u ly
O c to b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s
1947 ----------------
1948 --------------------1949 --------------------1950 --------------------1 9 5 1 ------------------1952 --------------------1953 --------------------1954 --------------------1955 --------------------1956
1957 --------------------1958 ---------------------
-----------
1959 ----------------
1960 --------------------1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
---------------------
$ 5 5 . 54
6 1 .8 6
64. 17
65. 81
$ 5 2 . 76
58. 04
6 3 .9 7
60. 81
7 1 .7 6
79. 34
83. 69
85. 54
8 6 . 40
9 0 . 86
94. 78
9 6 .9 2
1 0 0 .3 2
103. 72
69. 33
7 5 . 22
82. 51
7 8 . 54
84. 83
8 4 . 77
8 5 .9 9
9 6 . 02
9 7 .0 9
9 9 .7 1
1968
-----------
108.
112.
117.
122.
128.
136.
145.
152.
1947
1948
1949
1950
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 1 .5 0 1
1 . 681
1. 763
1 .8 2 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 5 4 . 21
58. 84
63. 83
6 1 .0 4
$52.
59.
63.
63.
67
13
93
08
$54.
60.
65.
64.
69.
77.
83.
85.
83.
88.
93.
95.
99.
103.
87
18
00
61
24
38
63
14
60
6 6 .9 7
73. 20
82. 13
8 6 . 44
8 5 . 32
84. 04
9 1 .8 5
9 5 . 74
9 7 . 23
9 8 . 31
68
7 1 .9 7
76. 23
83. 66
8 5 . 74
8 6 . 38
8 9 . 78
9 4 . 84
9 7 . 56
1 0 0 .5 5
104. 11
7 1 .9 7
7 8 . 61
84. 75
8 6 .0 7
8 6 . 27
9 2 . 13
9 6 .4 2
97. 11
101. 94
104. 26
1 0 9 .5 6
1 1 1 .9 1
117. 85
123. 34
127. 78
1 3 5 .7 9
142. 76
1 5 1 .9 4
$ 5 1 .2 6
58. 00
63. 96
5 8 .9 4
65.
76.
82.
85.
66
20
94
05
8 1 .9 8
86.
94.
87.
95.
98.
66
07
34
58
72
13
41
38
90
$54.
62.
64.
65.
83
50
36
79
16
49
64
70
1 0 7 .4 6
1 0 2 . 08
1 1 0 .4 2
1 1 1 .4 9
123. 19
130. 31
1 4 1 .9 6
142. 80
1 0 6 . 50
106. 30
108. 51
118. 6 6
122. 84
1 3 1 .0 1
136. 54
147. 44
103. 70
1 0 9 .5 5
1 1 2 .9 9
121. 36
126. 0 2
134. 69
139. 98
1 4 7 .3 3
105. 05
1 1 1 . 78
115. 12
122. 44
124. 24
132. 83
140. 04
149. 14
1 0 8 .7 8
114. 14
1 1 7 .1 2
123. 03
129. 54
132. 80
1 4 1 .8 4
1 5 1 .7 9
$ 1 ,4 2 2
1. 599
1. 743
1 .7 7 8
$ 1 .4 2 0
1 .6 2 0
1. 762
1 .7 8 6
$ 1 .4 3 4
1 .7 7 3
1 .7 9 0
$ 1 .4 5 1
1 .6 2 9
1 .7 7 1
1 .7 7 7
$ 1 .4 7 5
1. 655
1 .7 6 7
1 .7 8 8
1 .9 3
2 . 00
2. 19
2. 33
2. 37
2. 45
2. 58
2. 72
2. 77
2 .9 7
1 .9 3
2 . 01
2. 19
2. 32
2. 37
2. 46
2 . 60
2. 70
2. 77
2 . 88
1 .9 4
1 .9 8
2. 19
2. 33
2. 36
2. 48
2 . 62
2. 71
2. 77
2 . 90
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2 .9 8
3. 13
3. 21
3 39
3. 52
3. 6 6
3 .9 1
4. 15
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
3 .0 3
3. 11
3. 20
3. 38
3. 52
3. 72
3. 94
4. 17
65
63
80
36
$56.
63.
64.
65.
06
51
33
76
27
9-5
01
77
$57.
64.
63.
67.
21
13
82
63
$58.
63.
64.
69.
1 0 7 .0 9
7 3 . 52
8 0 . 77
8 5 . 57
8 7 . 56
8 8 . 32
9 3 . 74
9 9 . 11
9 9 .4 6
103. 41
106. 95
74.
82.
82.
85.
89.
94.
98.
99.
101.
106.
45
32
13
20
65
74
09
00
82
26
76. 23
83. 74
49
87. 71
8 7 . 72
9 5 .4 9
9 8 .0 9
1 0 0 .6 5
103. 10
1 0 8 .1 1
7 2 . 80
81. 37
84. 50
85. 80
84. 28
9 2 . 11
9 1 . 19
9 7 .9 8
98. 44
102. 76
74. 82
84. 50
8 3 . 95
8 7 .0 0
8 7 . 96
9 2 . 36
9 3 . 50
9 4 . 64
103. 03
9 9 . 33
1 1 0 .2 3
115. 55
1 1 9 .8 8
123. 40
129. 15
138. 38
146. 92
153. 87
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126. 57
131. 33
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148. 83
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122. 49
128. 52
141. 30
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132. 50
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$ 1 ,4 9 5
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11
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65.
63.
68.
72
61
12
57
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
1 9 5 1 ------------------1952 --------------------1953 --------------------1954 --------------------1955
---------------
1956 --------------------1957 --------------------1958 ---------------------
1959 -----------------
1960 --------------------1 9 6 1 -----------------1962 --------------------1963 --------------------1964 --------------------1965 --------------------1966 ---------------------
1967
-----------
1968 ---------------------
1 .9 5
2. 05
1 .9 1
1 .9 9
2 . 22
2 . 16
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2. 35
2. 40
2. 51
2. 64
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35
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
4
1
37.
36.
36.
34.
1960 ---------------------
36. 8
38. 7
37. 7
36. 4
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1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
35.
35.
36.
35.
36.
36.
36.
36.
35.
32.
34.
32.
35.
35.
36.
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1947 --------------------1948 --------------------1949 ----------------
1950 --------------------1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 9 5 9 ---------------
---------------------
-----------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37.
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63
T a b le 30.
C o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e r s a v e r a g e w e e k ly a n d h o u r ly e a r n i n g s a n d a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s , b y m o n th , 1947- 68— C o n tin u e d
C.
Y ear
A nnual
a v e ra g e
J a n u a ry
F e b ru ary
M a rc h
H e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n c o n t r a c t o r s
A p ril
M ay
Ju n e
- SIC 16
J u ly
A ugust
S e p te m b e r O c to b e r
N ovem ber D ecem ber
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s
1947
1948
194 9
1950
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$55.
63.
66.
69.
20
24
59
54
14
26
95
10
$ 5 1 .9 1
58. 63
64. 44
63. 41
$52.
59.
63.
64.
32
83
72
72
$52.
60.
64.
67.
72
89
88
61
$54.
60.
67.
67.
1960 ---------------------
76. 89
82. 60
85. 24
87. 85
9 0 .0 9
96. 12
99. 35
105. 56
1 0 9 .3 4
115. 30
70. 71
7 7 .4 2
79- 52
79. 42
8 0 .4 4
88. 01
89. 65
9 8 . 30
1 0 1 .0 1
102. 10
68. 42
78. 59
80. 73
86. 58
83. 44
89. 24
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92. 01
95. 94
104. 12
7 0 . 25
75. 66
7 9 .8 7
85. 17
86. 55
86. 86
9 5 . 20
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103. 20
1 0 9 .8 0
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80.
84.
84.
90.
95.
99.
106.
112.
34
20
55
71
64
00
65
58
37
61
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
120. 09
122. 31
128. 44
1 3 1 .7 8
1 3 7 .9 0
145. 55
154. 13
166. 45
115. 44
106. 73
115. 82
116. 93
126. 68
133. 23
143. 75
1 4 4 .6 0
113. 68
1 1 0 .7 8
1 1 0 .3 3
1 2 1 .2 0
123. 58
1 3 1 .4 1
140. 82
1 4 9 .3 6
1 1 2 .0 3
116. 72
1 1 6 .9 1
1 2 0 .9 0
1 2 7 .7 9
139. 06
140. 14
148. 61
1 1 1 .4 5
118. 20
122. 36
126. 63
127. 12
137. 94
140. 30
159. 10
1947
1948
1949
19 50
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 1 . 380
1 .5 5 0
1 .6 2 8
1 .6 9 6
$ 1 .2 9 8
1 .4 9 9
1 .6 1 5
1 .6 5 6
$ 1 .2 8 8
1 .5 4 7
1 .6 1 9
1 .6 7 3
1951
1952
1953
1954
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 6 0 ---------------------
1 .8 8
2. 00
2. 11
2. 18
2. 23
2. 35
2. 49
2. 60
2. 68
2. 84
1 .7 9
1 .9 5
2. 06
2. 20
2. 18
2. 28
2. 41
2. 56
2. 59
2. 73
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
2 .9 3
3. 13
3 .0 4
3. 23
3. 24
3. 39
3. 63
3. 94
1951 ----------1952
1953 ----------------
1954 --------------------1955 --------------------1956 --------------------1 9 5 7 ---------------
1958 --------------------1959 ----------------
1961
$51.
57.
63.
62.
38
29
59
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63.
67.
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84
$ 5 5 . 84
64. 65
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66. 77
66. 99
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93
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6 1 .8 6
66. 28
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$56.
65.
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77. 10
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88. 73
8 9 . 28
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1 0 8 .6 2
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104. 75
106. 30
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106. 34
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41
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27
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59
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82. 81
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94. 71
97. 16
101. 64
108. 23
108. 62
1 1 7 .3 1
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126. 96
132. 82
1 4 0 .2 8
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132. 44
135. 04
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150. 10
155. 45
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128.
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128. 57
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140. 71
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180. 54
128.
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47
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139. 32
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113. 09
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142. 84
144. 01
164. 83
$ 1 . 397
1 .5 4 8
1 .6 1 7
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1. 571
1. 634
1. 727
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1 .5 7 9
1 .6 4 5
1 .7 2 6
$ 1 .4 4 4
1. 578
1. 657
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1 .6 1 7
1 .6 7 9
1. 776
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2. 90
1 .9 3
2. 07
2. 18
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2. 54
2. 65
2. 77
2. 92
1 .9 4
2 .0 6
2. 18
2. 20
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2. 40
2. 55
2. 60
2. 72
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1 .9 3
2. 06
2. 17
2. 20
2. 28
2. 41
2. 55
2. 64
2. 74
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3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
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4.
03
04
20
35
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3. 11
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97
35
22
13
81
50
64
30
84
97
47
57
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
1955 ----------------
1956 --------------------1957
---------------
1958 --------------------1 9 5 9 ---------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
98
02
11
23
38
55
75
04
$1.
1.
1.
1.
356
511
617
664
$ 1 . 345
1. 525
1 .6 1 0
1. 659
$ 1 . 372
1 .5 4 3
1. 617
1. 678
1 .8 4
1. 96
2. 06
2. 15
2. 21
2. 29
2. 44
2. 56
2. 62
2. 74
1 .8 4
1 .9 4
2. 07
2. 18
2. 21
2. 30
2. 47
2. 58
2. 63
2. 77
1 .8 7
1 .9 5
2. 07
2. 17
2. 21
2. 34
2. 47
2. 55
2. 67
2. 79
1 .8 7
1 .9 6
2. 10
2. 17
2. 23
2. 35
2. 50
2. 58
2. 68
2. 85
1.
2.
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2 .9 1
3. 00
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3. 89
2. 94
2. 98
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2 .9 8
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3.
3.
3.
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3.
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4.
318
538
609
668
$ 1 . 338
1 .5 1 1
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2. 17
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2. 57
2. 60
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2.
2.
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97
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$1.
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89
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04
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20
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71
90
16
09
05
22
28
41
58
82
08
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1959 ---------
1960 ----------1962 --------------------1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
-------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
---------------------
40. 0
40. 8
40. 9
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38.
39.
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6
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4 1 .9
41. 3
40. 1
40. 7
40. 4
40. 7
39. 8
4 1 .4
41. 3
40. 6
4 1 .4
42. 3
4 1 .9
42. 0
4 1 .2
42. 4
40. 8
41. 1
42. 8
4 1 .6
43. 0
41. 9
4 1 .8
42. 4
42. 2
42. 5
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
42. 7
42. 2
42. 8
42. 4
42. 6
42. 0
4 1 .8
42. 5
42. 2
42. 6
43. 4
42. 4
42. 0
43. 7
4 0 .0
40. 0
42. 9
42. 9
40. 9
42. 8
40. 2
42. 2
42. 7
43. 2
42. 3
40. 5
4 1 .5
42. 5
40. 7
43. 4
40. 6
42. 6
38. 8
39. 1
39. 5
40. 4
38. 7
39. 8
36. 7
40. 3
3 8 .9
38. 8
3 9 .0
40. 2
39. 2
38. 5
3 9 .6
39. 3
38. 1
38. 5
39. 5
37. 2
40. 3
40. 5
41. 3
40. 8
40. 8
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
39.
34.
38.
36.
39.
39.
39.
36.
39. 2
38. 2
3 6 .9
38. 6
37. 0
38. 2
3 8 .9
39. 1
38.
39.
39.
39.
39.
40.
39.
38.
9
3
1
0
2
9
7
6
38. 3
39. 4
4 1 .2
40. 2
39. 6
40. 1
39. 3
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
42. 0
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
42. 0
39. 5
40. 1
40. 8
41. 3
41. 3
43. 0
42. 2
4 1 .7
42. 4
4 1 .9
43. 2
41.
42.
43.
42.
42.
43.
42.
43.
43. 0
43. 3
43. 5
4 2 .9
43. 4
42. 2
43. 1
43. 6
40.
42.
42.
39.
40.
42.
43.
43.
42.
42.
43.
42.
42.
42.
42.
42.
39. 0
39. 5
39. 8
40. 4
39. 6
38. 7
41. 8
3 7 .0
36. 6
36. 6
3 6 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .9
3 7 .7
4 0 .4
4
1
1
2
1
3
6
7
6
5
2
5
8
4
8
7
6
5
9
6
3
2
0
4
4
2
6
6
6
5
2
3
8
8
4
3
64
T a b le 30.
C o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s a v e r a g e w e e k ly a n d h o u r ly e a r n i n g s a n d a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s , b y m o n th , 1947—68— C o n tin u e d
D.
Y ear
A nnual
a v e ra g e
J a n u a ry
F e b ru ary
M a rc h
S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n s t r a c t o r s - SIC 17
A p r il
M ay
Ju n e
A ugust
J u ly
S e p te m b e r
O c to b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e r
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s
1947
1948
1949
1950
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 6 3 . 74
69. 48
70. 99
- 7 3 .0 0
$ 5 9 .9 0
6 6 .7 6
7 0 . 80
6 8 .9 9
$ 5 9 .5 4
66. 00
70. 57
66. 67
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
I 957
1958
1959
I9 6 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 1 .9 2
86. 26
88. 93
91. 62
94. 69
100. 64
105. 41
108. 0 0
113. 62
118. 11
77. 42
8 4 . 29
85. 90
8 5 . 75
8 9 . 82
9 5 . 04
9 9 .3 3
105. 44
110. 05
113. 40
76. 49
85. 57
86. 38
90. 25
89. 66
96. 29
103. 8 6
1 0 0 .3 9
1 0 6 . 26
112. 45
_____________
1 9 6 2 --------------------1963 --------------------1 9 8 4 --------------------1965 --------------------1 9 6 6 --------------------1967 --------------------1 9 6 8 ---------------------
123. 44
128. 50
133. 23
138. 35
145. 39
152. 81
160. 8 8
1 6 9 .3 6
121. 36
1 1 9 .3 3
1 2 8 .4 7
1 2 8 .5 6
139. 29
146. 61
1 5 7 .1 4
1 5 9 .9 5
119. 99
1 1 9 .7 1
125. 56
133. 10
139. 23
147. 38
150. 38
161. 17
75
64
26
15
$61.
67.
70.
69.
28
39
20
94
$ 6 2 . 78
67. 84
7 1 .5 5
7 2 . 23
$63.
69.
71.
73.
38
88
67
13
$ 6 3 . 70
70. 65
7 1 .9 0
7 3 . 35
$64.
71.
72.
74.
64
21
24
79
$ 6 6 . 13
7 1 .6 0
71. 21
74. 75
$ 6 6 . 76
70. 89
7 1 .8 2
7 6 . 89
$65.
70.
70.
76.
7 7 . 91
84. 38
8 6 . 98
79.
83.
86.
90.
91.
97.
104.
105.
112.
117.
34
78
74
89
08
36
14
97
79
61
8 1 .3 7
8 4 . 52
88. 30
9 2 . 50
9 4 . 49
9 9 . 32
105. 45
1 0 7 .7 4
114. 70
1 1 7 .6 9
8 2 .9 9
85. 86
8 9 . 01
9 3 . 13
9 5 . 12
1 0 1 .6 8
106. 96
1 0 7 .8 1
115. 63
1 1 9 .6 4
8 3 . 64
85. 57
89. 28
9 3 . 50
9 7 . 64
1 0 1 .6 3
1 0 6 . 11
1 1 5 .5 0
1 2 2 . 06
84.
87.
90.
93.
95.
103.
108.
110.
117.
122.
24
10
75
25
83
30
38
47
44
76
85. 63
89. 70
89. 30
9 1 .9 8
9 8 . 92
104. 60
108. 9 2
111. 57
1 1 5 .0 7
85. 58
9 0 . 32
9 3 . 74
9 2 .9 9
9 6 . 94
104. 98
108. 1 2
1 1 1 .87
116. 71
123. 91
81. 33
85. 88
91. 76
9 0 .9 7
9 3 . 01
1 0 0 .9 1
102. 84
1 0 8 .5 8
113. 6 0
1 1 7 .2 3
84. 42
8 8 . 83
9 1 .1 3
92. 20
9 6 . 78
103. 60
104. 73
1 0 9 .3 9
117. 90
114. 58
118. 9 6
126. 70
1 3 1 .0 4
136. 8 6
140. 48
1 4 8 .1 5
155. 8 6
165. 62
121. 32
1 2 9 .8 3
1 3 4 .3 0
139. 13
1 4 7 .4 1
1 5 1 .2 9
1 5 7 .8 1
1 6 8 .5 4
124.
128.
135.
139.
146.
153.
159.
168.
1 2 5 .4 3
1 3 1 .6 7
1 3 5 .0 3
1 3 9 .8 7
1 4 7 .4 1
156. 59
164. 00
1 7 0 .7 5
126. 45
132. 75
136. 50
142. 51
149. 72
1 5 6 .4 9
163. 13
172. 8 8
126. 59
134. 98
136. 90
137. 54
146. 00
1 5 7 .8 8
168. 28
1 7 7 .7 5
1 2 7 .9 7
1 3 3 .9 1
138. 74
144. 38
1 4 9 .9 7
158. 34
124. 20
1 2 8 .1 6
1 3 0 .6 6
1 3 8 .6 7
143. 24
1 5 1 .5 6
167. 48
1 6 6 .5 6
1 2 1 .8 0
127. 40
132. 77
142. 80
1 4 8 .7 4
15 6 . 09
162. 9 0
174. 60
$ 1 .6 4 6
1 .8 2 1
1. 892
1 .9 5 6
$ 1 .6 6 6
1. 840
$ 1 .6 8 7
1 .8 5 5
1. 899
2. 004
$ 1 .7 0 3
1 .8 5 1
$ 1 . 720
1 .9 0 0
2 . 018
1 .9 1 1
2. 025
$ 1 .7 3 3
1 .8 7 8
1 .9 1 5
2 .0 4 7
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2.
2 . 21
2 . 21
04
17
33
2 . 20
2. 34
2. 48
2. 52
2 . 62
2. 77
2. 93
3 .0 4
3. 18
3. 34
2. 34
2. 48
2. 52
2 . 62
2. 78
2 .9 3
3. 05
3. 20
3. 34
2. 35
2. 49
2. 54
2. 63
2 . 80
2 .9 5
3. 09
3. 23
3. 38
3. 39
3. 53
3. 62
3 .7 7
3 .9 1
4. 11
4 . 35
4 . 59
44
59
69
81
00
21
44
74
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3. 45
3. 59
3. 6 6
3. 82
3 .9 9
4 . 21
4 . 49
4 . 80
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
39.
38.
36.
37.
$60.
66.
69.
68.
9 1 .0 0
9 2 .0 9
9 4 . 52
103. 49
104. 78
1 0 8 .6 8
112. 50
1 1 8 .9 6
124. 25
1 2 9 .9 5
134. 64
1 4 1 .6 0
1 5 0 .6 6
154. 64
162. 08
38
08
38
50
61
38
96
72
1 0 9 .2 0
1 2 1 .8 8
1 6 6 .2 1
1 7 8 .5 0
02
24
13
95
$67.
72.
70.
77.
93
12
47
17
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
1947 --------------------1948 --------------------1 9 4 9 --------------------1950 ---------------------
$ 1 . 647
1 .8 1 4
1 .8 9 3
1 .9 7 3
1 9 5 1 --------------------1952 --------------------1953 --------------------1954 --------------------1955 --------------------19 56 --------------------1 9 5 7 --------------------1958 --------------------1959 --------------------I9 6 0 ---------------------
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
1961 --------------------1 9 6 2 --------------------1963 --------------------1 9 ^ 4 --------------------1965 --------------------1966 --------------------1967 --------------------1 9 6 8 ---------------------
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
15
27
41
51
58
72
$ 1 . 560
1 .7 3 4
1 .8 7 3
1 .9 2 7
$ 1 .5 7 1
1 .7 6 0
1 .8 8 7
1 .9 2 7
2 . 10
2 . 11
2.
25
37
50
53
67
82
07
28
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
09
24
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2. 96
3. 10
3. 26
2. 15
2. 23
2. 38
2. 49
2. 55
2. 69
2 . 86
2 .9 7
3. 10
3. 26
37
50
63
74
89
05
26
54
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
37
50
60
76
87
07
27
55
3. 37
3. 49
3. 62
3. 73
3 .9 1
4 . 10
4 . 30
4 . 58
3. 38
3. 49
3. 61
3 .7 3
3. 92
4 . 09
4 . 30
4. 56
00
13
29
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
83
97
08
25
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
41
54
65
78
94
13
36
64
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
3. 38
3. 48
3. 65
3 .7 6
3. 90
4. 06
4. 26
4. 54
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
39
52
66
77
88
05
27
57
66
$ 1 . 625
1 .8 0 1
$ 1 .6 0 0
1 .7 7 8
1 .8 8 7
1 .9 3 2
2 .0 7
2. 23
2. 36
2. 50
2. 53
2. 64
2. 83
2. 97
3. 10
3. 24
88
09
24
36
50
54
$ 1. 618
1. 776
1. 883
1 .9 4 7
$ 1 . 578
1 .7 6 3
1 .8 8 2
1 .9 3 6
96
24
37
49
53
66
83
96
13
23
38
50
54
67
85
1 .8 8 6
1 .9 4 5
15
24
40
50
59
71
1 .8 9 6
1 .9 6 3
16
28
42
50
59
74
89
01
14
30
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3. 39
3. 54
3. 64
3. 77
3 .9 4
4 . 14
4. 35
4. 61
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
38.
38.
38.
38.
7
1
1
39.
38.
37.
37.
2
6
0
5
1
86
00
13
29
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
19
30
46
52
61
76
92
44
59
68
84
01
20
48
76
1 .8 6 8
49
64
74
87
02
23
50
81
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38. 7
38. 3
3 7 .5
3 7 .0
38.
38.
37.
35.
8
8
37.
37.
37.
34.
9
5
4
1 9 5 1 --------------------1952 --------------------1 9 5 3 --------------------1954 --------------------I 9 5 5 --------------------19 56 --------------------1957 --------------------1958 --------------------1 9 5 9 --------------------i 9 6 0 ---------------------
38. 1
38. 0
36. 9
36. 5
36. 7
37. 0
36. 6
3 6 .0
36. 3
35. 9
37. 4
37. 8
36. 4
34. 3
35. 5
36. 0
35. 1
35. 5
35. 5
3 5 .0
36.
38.
36.
36.
35.
36.
36.
33.
34.
34.
6
----------------------------------------1963 --------------------1 9 6 4 --------------------1965 --------------------1 9 6 6 --------------------1967 --------------------1 9 6 8 ---------------------
36.
36.
36.
36.
36.
37.
36.
36.
35. 8
33. 9
35. 1
34. 1
3 5 .9
36. 2
36. 8
3 5 .0
35.
34.
34.
35.
35.
36.
35.
35.
1947
1948
1949
1950
1961
1962
2
3
5
6
9
0
9
5
4
5
2
38.
37.
37.
36.
3
9
2
2
38.
38.
38.
37.
2
0
1
39. 0
38. 8
3 8 .0
37. 6
38.
38.
38.
37.
1
5
7
4
4
4
7
4
4
3
37.
37.
36.
36.
36.
36.
36.
35.
36.
36.
6
5
3
38.
37.
37.
37.
37.
37.
37.
36.
37.
36.
2
9
1
0
2
2
0
4
0
1
38. 6
38. 5
3 7 .4
3 7 .4
37. 3
37. 8
3 7 .4
36. 3
37. 3
36. 7
38.
38.
37.
37.
37.
37.
37.
36.
36.
37.
9
2
2
4
7
5
1
4
9
1
3 9 .0
38. 2
37. 5
37. 3
37. 0
37. 7
37. 5
36. 7
37. 4
37. 2
39.
39.
36.
36.
37.
37.
37.
36.
36.
36.
3
5
35. 3
36. 2
36. 4
3 6 .4
36. 3
36. 4
36. 5
36. 4
36.
37.
37.
37.
37.
36.
36.
36.
0
2
1
3
7
9
7
36. 8
36. 7
37. 5
3 7 .4
3 7 .4
37. 5
37. 2
37. 0
37.
37.
37.
37.
37.
38.
37.
37.
0
3
3
1
7
1
7
2
37. 3
37. 5
37. 5
37. 8
3 8 .0
37. 8
37. 5
37. 5
36.
37.
37.
36.
36.
37.
37.
37.
38.
37.
36.
35.
8
8
6
37.
37.
36.
36.
36.
35.
36.
35.
35.
34.
5
4
4
4
7
3
3
5
35.
35.
35.
36.
36.
37.
36.
35.
6
2
6
1
3
2
7
8
5
5
8
0
4
2
3
7
4
6
5
0
6
8
8
8
8
7
8
8
5
3
0
3
5
9
9
3
7
3
6
8
6
1
1
5
5
9
5
1
37.
37.
36.
38.
3 8 .9
38. 6
37. 8
36. 9
37. 0
37. 9
36. 9
36. 8
36. 7
37. 1
36.
36.
37.
36.
35.
36.
35.
35.
35.
35.
5
1
38. 2
37. 8
36. 6
36. 3
36. 8
37. 0
35. 5
35. 4
36. 5
3 3 .9
37. 2
37. 3
37. 7
37. 6
3 7 .4
37. 7
37. 1
37. 5
36. 0
35. 7
35. 7
36. 3
3 5 .9
3 6 .0
37. 3
34. 7
3 4 .9
3 5 .0
35. 5
3 6 .9
37. 0
36. 9
36. 2
36. 3
39.
38.
37.
38.
2
3
8
8
6
7
0
8
7
0
1
5
3
1
6
2
4
8
7
Chapter 8.
Annual Earnings
Construction workers hourly and weekly earnings vastly exceed those of their counter
parts inm ost other private sector industries. The annual earnings of all employees in the
construction industry, however, tend to be lower than those of workers in most industries
except retail trade and services. 1
A worker's annual wage and salary earnings are the product of two factors: The rate
of pay per unit of service and the extent to which the service is performed. These variables,
which are themselves dependent on a host of others differ by occupation, union status,
industry, and area.
In addition, workers do not necessarily work in only one occupation
or industry during the year; they may work at multiple jobs in the same week; and may
move into or out of the employed labor force at various times during the year.
Annual
wage and salary earnings, therefore, cannot be extrapolated from estimates of hourly or
weekly earnings with any precision unless employment is relatively constant and the varia
tions in other factors can be accounted for or are known to offset each other.
Generally, there is a high correlation between rates of pay and annual wage and salary
earnings in most industries because the work year for a large proportion of the employees
is relatively uniform.
In construction, however, employment is seasonal, projects are
frequently completed within relatively short periods of time, and some of the workers cannot
find other employment immediately after their job on a project has been completed.
In
addition, unemployment in the industry is high, inclement weather robs workers of days of
work, and many days of work time are lost because of work stoppages and industrial in
juries. As a result, the actual annual earnings of construction's major earners— those who
earn the largest part of their annual earnings in the industry— are substantially below those
of their counterparts in the mining industries; most manufacturing industries; the transpor
tation, communication and public utility industries; wholesale trade; and about one-fourth of
the finance, insurance and real estate industries.2 (See table 33.)
The low level of actual annual wage and salary earnings exists in the construction in
dustry despite the fact that construction workers when employed are paid at an average hourly
rate that substantially exceeds that of nonoffice workers in virtually every industry for which
data are available. 3 These high average hourly earnings ratios produce weekly earnings
that in 1964, the latest year for which actual wage and salary earnings data are available,
exceeded those of nonoffice workers in the total private nonfarm sector by about $41. Thus,
one would assume that annual wage and salary earnings of contract construction employees
would, on the average, be higher than those of employees in other industries.
The difference which exists between construction employees expected average annual
earnings, based on assumptions of full-time year-round work for each worker and actual
wage and salary earnings, is largely the result of short work years.
An examination of
the employment patterns of the industry's work force reveals that about half of construc
tion's major earners work in the industry fewer than four quarters of the year.
3
Unless otherwise noted all discussions of annual wage and salary earnings are based on special tabulations made by the BLS
from the Social Security Administration's 1-percent sample data adjusted to reflect earnings which exceed the maximum taxable
social security wage level.
^ See chap. 3 and 4 for details.
3
The limited data available indicates, as expected for high wage rate workers, that construction workers when unemployed
also receive higher weekly benefits than beneficiaries from other industries. For detail, see New York State Division of Employment,
Unemployment Insurance Beneficiaries. . . . op. c it ., and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Labor and Industry,
Bureau of Employment Security, Continuous Wage and Benefit History of Workers Covered by the Pennsylvania Unemployment Com
pensation Law. Report 6, Harrisburg, Pa. , July 1968. The New York data also indicate that construction workers whose base period
earnings were sufficiently high to establish a maximum benefit rate received unemployment benefits for more weeks than construction
workers who had lower base period earnings.
65
Satisfactory comparisons of actual wage and salary earnings in construction employment
with full-time year-round earnings are not possible.
Detailed information by construction
industry segment (i. e. , general building, heavy, and special trades) on full-time year-round
earnings is not currently available nor are statistics on the actual earnings available for
contract construction as a whole. 4 Nevertheless, it is apparent that there is a wide gulf
between estimated full-rtime year-round and actual construction industry wage and salary
earnings.
The gap narrows considerably when estimates of standardized annual earnings
(full-time year-round workers) and average actual earnings of workers employed in the in
dustry during all four quarters of the year are compared. 5
Annual wage and salary earnings vary by occupation, union status, industry, and the
extent to which work (or service) is performed. Available annual earnings, data, however,
permit an examination of earnings only of all workers grouped together by some measure
of industry attachment.
That annual earnings vary by occupation is more than substantiated by data (from the
Current Population Survey) on total money earnings. These data provide a picture of wage
and salary and self-employment earnings of workers in broad occupational groupings by a
measure of industry attachment.
For construction workers, the data are particularly im
portant if, as theorized in chapter 3, some workers actually shift from an employed to a
self-employed status during the course of a single year.
Actual Annual Earnings
In 1964, the actual average (mean) wage and salary earnings of construction industry
workers employed in each of the industry's major groups ranged from an estimated $ 2 ,5 1 5
in general building construction, to $ 3 ,0 8 9 in special trades contracting. 6 These annual
averages, however, are highly affected by the large proportion of workers employed in the
industry for only a fraction of the year and by workers who earned the major part of their
wages or salaries in another industry but worked in construction part of the year.
About
one-fourth to one-third of the workers who had some earnings in construction, as indicated
in chapter 3, earned the major part of their annual earnings in such employment and only
one-half of the industry's major earners were employed in construction during all four
quarters of the year.
Median construction industry earnings of all workers employed at any time and to any
extent in each of the industry's major groups ranged from $1, 130 in general building con
struction to $ 1,548 in special trades. 7 Median annual industry earnings of construction's
major earners, amounting to $ 2, 988 in general building construction, $ 3 ,4 8 8 in heavy con
struction, and $3, 750 in special trades, however, was more than double the median level
for major earners and other workers combined.
In the future, the BLS expects to obtain actual earnings data at the all contract construction level. It is not possible to
simply average the average (mean) earnings data now available for each construction segment (i. e . , 2-digit industry) to derive an
estimate of average earnings in the contract construction industry as a whole.
For a detailed explanation of why such a procedure
cannot^ be properly adopted, see Report 330, op. cit.
The data which underlie the discussion of standardized earnings were obtained from the U. S. Department of Commerce,
Office of Business Economics and are presented in table 35. Standardized earnings are defined as "average annual earnings per full
time employee and measure wage and salary income per man-year of full-tim e work. The definition of the contract construction
industry as applied in this statistical series is essentially the SIC definition for Division C, Contract Construction. For information
about the conceptual framework of and the basic technique used in constructing the estimate of "Average Annual Earnings Per FullTime Employee by Industry," see: Edward F. Denison, "Revised Estimates of Wages and Salaries in the National Income, 1929-43,"
Survey of Current Business. June 1945, pp. 17-19. For detailed information about earnings in industries and years not presented in
table 28, see table 6.5 in the "National Income Issue" of the Survey of Current Business. July 1968, and in The National Income
and Product Account of the United States. 1929-65, a supplement to the Survey of Current Business.
6 In comparison, standardized 1964 earnings amounted to $6,332. The analysis contained in this section is based on special
tabulations made by the BLS of data from the SSA's 1-percent continuous work history sample. See footnotes 7, 8, and 9 p. 18
for additional information about the scope and method of study.
7 The median is the value which divides the distribution into co-equal halves. Because of technical programing problems,
data for each individual were aggregated only at the major group level (e. g . , special trades) and not at the divisional level. The
earnings data presented in this section, therefore may understate average annual remuneration from construction employment. Divisional
level tabulations are planned for the future. Unless otherwise noted all actual earnings data presented in this report relate to 1964.
The earnings relationships described here are essentially similar to those for earlier years. See footnote 7, p. 18 for additional in
formation.
67
Median annual earnings of major earners computed without regard to the extent of
their industry attachment (as measured by quarters of work) was greatest for special trades
employees. A different relationship, however, existed when the extent of industry employ
ment (by quarters of work) was held constant in the computational procedure.
In 1964, major earners employed in heavy construction had greater earnings per quar
ter 8 of employment than their counterparts in either general building or special trades
construction. 9 This finding, based on the data presented in table 34, runs counter to most
other findings about the relationship between heavy construction and other construction em
ployment developed in previous chapters.
Nevertheless, this finding plus those previously
discussed suggests that heavy construction employment, though more seasonal than other
construction work and paid at hourly rates which on the average are lower than other con
struction rates, provides more hours per week and more consecutive weeks of work than
employment in either general building or special trades construction.
Weekly hours of work in heavy construction are greater than those in general building
or special trades. Data showing the number of weeks worked, however, are not available.
About two-fifths of construction major earners work in more than one industry (in
cluding different industries— at the 2- and 3-digit level of aggregation— within the Contract
Construction Division). 10 The extent to which they depend on supplementary employment to
increase their annual earnings, as indicated in table 31, differs among the industry's three
groups and within each group by duration of major industry employment.
In essence, the data presented in tables 31 and 34 suggest that a majority of the oneand two-quarter workers, as well as a substantial proportion of the three-quarter workers,
have only a marginal attachment to the employed labor force and an even more tenuous
attachment to the construction industry.
Table 31.
Average (mean) wage and salary income of major earners,
by quarters worked in their major industry
Industry of major earnings
and source of income
1
2
quarter
quarters
3
quarters
4
quarters
$593
447
146
25
$1,925
1,385
540
28
$3, 571
2,764
807
23
$6,579
6, 250
329
5
10
695
481
214
31
2,312
1,612
700
30
4, 353
3, 577
776
18
7,377
7,116
261
4
4,780
4, 476
304
516
410
106
21
3,355
2,721
634
19
6,897
6,677
6
1,837
1,364
473
26
Any
quarter
General building construction
Total earnings, all industries-------General building construction-----Difference-------------------------------Percent of t o t a l -----------------------
$4, 285
3, 852
433
10
Heavy construction
Total earnings, all industries-----Heavy construction----------------------Difference-------------------------------Percent of t o t a l -----------------------
4, 842
4, 382
460
Special trades
Total earnings, all industries-----Special trades-----------------------------Difference-------------------------------Percent of t o t a l -----------------------
220
3
g
A quarter of employment is defined as a calendar quarter in which any wages or salaries were earned.
Although heavy constructions major earners had higher average earnings per quarter of employment than major earners in
general building or special trades contracting, the average earnings level of all major earners— without regard to quarters of em
ployment— in special trades contracting exceeded that of heavy constructions major earners. This seemingly anomolous relationship
results from the fact that a greater proportion of special trades than heavy construction major earners worked during all four quarters
of the year. Each grouping of workers were assigned their appropriate weights and the apparent anomaly results from the mathematical
relationship between the groups.
10 The extent to which general building construction's major earners, for example, work in heavy construction and/or special
trades employment as opposed to employment in other nonconstruction industries is not known.
9
0)
©
Chart 3.
Annual Earnings of Construction’s M ajo r Earners, 1964
(Percent of major earners whose total wage and salary earnings in all
employment was less than the specified amount.)
percent
0
$15000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
Annual Earnings
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics tabulation of data from the Social Security AdminiS'
tration's one-percent continuous work history sample.
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000
In 1964, standardized average earnings for full-time year-round contract construction
employees was estimated to be $6 ,332 . ir On the average, therefore, workers employed
on a full-time basis during one quarter or more of 1964 would have earned about the amounts
shown in the following tabulation.
Quarters of
employment
1
Estimated
average
standardized
earnings
$1,582
3,166
4,749
6, 332
2
3
4
Among the industry's major earners, however, only about 5 percent of the one-quarter
workers, 10 percent of the two-quarter workers, and between about 20 to 25 percent of the
three-quarter workers earned that much or more.
In fact, actual average earnings per
quarter of construction industry employment, as indicated in the following tabulation, were
substantially below anticipated full-time earnings for all but four-quarter workers.
Mean actual construction industry earnings
of major earners as a percent of estimated
standardized earnings for workers employed
___________ in the industry during—__________
Industry
General building------------------------Heavy construction--------------------Special trades-----------------------------
1
2
quarter
quarters
28
30
26
44
51
43
3
quarters
58
75
57
4
quarters
99
112
105
Even among four-quarter workers, who on the average earned more than the amount indicated
by the standardized estimates, large proportions of workers were marginally attached to the
industry and the employed labor force.
During 1964, almost one-half of the four-quarter
workers earned less than $6 ,3 3 2 (standardized annual earnings) in construction employment,
and about two-fifths earned less than that amount in all wage and salary employment (in
construction and other industries).
In fact, approximately one-eighth of the four-quarter
construction workers earned less than $ 3 ,0 0 0 in all wage and salary employment during
1964 and about 4 percent earned less than $ 1, 800.
Industry earnings of construction's major earners are substantially lower than those
of major earners in most other industries except retail trade and most services. 12 How
ever, construction's major earners who worked in the industry during each quarter of 1964
fared substantially better.
Among those employed in the industry during all four quarters
of the year, median earnings in construction employment amounted to $ 5 ,7 7 6 in general
building employment; $6 ,5 6 2 in heavy construction; and $ 6 ,3 7 9 in special trades.
These
median earnings of four-quarter workers were exceeded by the earnings of four-quarter
workers in only a handful of industries, mostly in the transportation, mining, and durable
goods manufacturing industries. (See table 33.)
Even though the earnings of construction's major earners can be measured, the degree
or extent of their attachment to the contract construction industry or even the employed
labor force has not been satisfactorily measured. Although the rate of unemployment attrib
utable to the construction industries is greater than in any other private sector industry,
the low earnings of the one- and two- and even some three- and four-quarter workers can
not be attributed entirely to unemployment.
11
12
Survey of Current Business. July 1968, table 6 .5 , p. 42. Also see footnote 2, p. 18.
See table 33 and Report 330, op. c it ., for additional comparative industrial information.
70
The available earnings data, coupled with the knowledge that construction employment
peaks during the summer months, suggests that some of the workers, particularly those
employed in construction for only one or two quarters in the year, are not regular full-year
members of the labor force and that others, like public school personnel, not covered by
social security in their regular job, seek and find construction jobs during their regular va
cation period. Data obtained from the Current Population Survey confirms this conclusion. 13
Total Money Earnings
In 1967, median money earnings 14 from wage and salary employment and from selfemployment of contract construction's primary earners were below those of men and women
whose earnings were primarily drawn from most other industries.
Full-time year-round
construction workers earned more than the all-industry median for full-time workers, but
less than their counterparts in most of the industries for which separate data are available
(see table 35).
These findings, based on data for 1967 from the Current Population Survey, confirm
previous findings based solely on wage and salary earnings data from the social security
records. 15 The data however, do not permit a complete and accurate comparison between
wage and salary earnings and total money earnings. Nevertheless, if some workers actually
shift from an employed to a self-employed status, during the course of the year, their total
money earnings should be greater than wage and salary earnings alone.
Available data, however, suggest that such shifts contribute little to the annual earnings
of the average full-time year-round construction employee. The computed standardized annual
wage and salary earnings data indicate that the full-time year-round construction employee
earned a mean average of about $ 7 ,4 5 0 in 1967 (see table 32). For 1967, the mean average
money earnings of all full-time year-round construction employees was $ 7,455 (the median
was $ 6, 984). 16
Therefore, while some construction workers may shift between employment and selfemployment those who do must be primarily among those whose total earnings are obtained
during less than a full work year. On the other hand, some full-time year-round workers
possibly may shift from an employed to a self-employed status in an attempt to maintain
an earnings flow.
The evidence supporting this assumption is very thin and may be more
the result of differences in definitions between diverse statistical series and the usual errors
associated with sample studies.
However, the observed difference between median money
earnings of all workers and full-time year-round workers, of about 25 percent in 1967
(30 percent in 1964), 17 is considerably narrower than the more than 50-percent difference be
tween median actual wage and salary earnings of all construction employees (from all em
ployment) and those who worked during all four quarters of the year. This assumption also
gains some small support from the relationship between median money earnings of full-time
year-round workers and of all workers by occupation. The two occupational groups in which
workers should be able to shift between an employed and a self-employed status most easily
For details, see Bulletin 1642, op. cit.
earnings are the sum of money wages or salary and net income (adjusted to reflect losses in self-employment) from
farm and nonfarm self-employed. About one-fifth of all construction workers are self-employed.
These approximately 760,000
workers (in addition to those discussed in chap. 1) are distributed occupationally as follows: Professional and managerial, 3 1 .6 per
cent; clerical and sales, 2. 5 percent; craftsmen and operatives, 62. 2 percent; and other workers, 3 .7 percent.
Construction, as defined in the Current Population Survey, includes governmental units engaged in construction work. For details
see footnote 9, p. 18 and the Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census of Population. Classified Index of Occupations and Industries, op. cit.
15 Data for previous years reveal essentially the same relationships between construction and other industries. For detailed
information about the Current Population Survey, see the "Consumer Income" issue (series p. 60, No. 60) of the Current Population
Reports. 1969, and Bureau of the Census, the Current Population Survey— A Report on Methodology. Technical Paper No. 7, 1963
and Concepts and Methods used in Manpower Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Report 313 and Current Populations
Report Series p. 23, No. 22, 1967.
1^ Some entrepreneurs may earn substantially more than construction employees who do not also obtain self-employment earnings.
However, as a group, full-time entrepreneurs have little effect on the industry's earnings curve and probably earn only about as much
as the average full-time year-round employee with comparable occupational (craft) skills.
17 For details, see the "Consumer Income" issue of Current Population Reports (Series P-60, No. 47) September 1965.
14 Money
71
are the professional and managerial workers and the craftsmen and operatives. The relative
differential between median earnings of all workers in these occupations and the full-time
year-round workers were, as indicated in the following tabulation, substantially lower than
that for other occupational groupings.
Occupational group
Percent difference in median
money earnings of all workers
in the group and full-time
year-round workers
T o t a l--------------------------------
25
Professional and managerial-----Clerical and sales----------------------Craftsmen and operatives-----------Other workers 1----------------------------
11
33
17
50
* Principally laborers and service workers.
Earnings by Occupation. For the first time the 1967 data from the Current Population
Survey provided information about total money earnings of workers in broad occupational
grouping by industry.
The data, for the construction industry are summarized in the fol
lowing tabulation.
Median total money earnings in 1967
Occupational group
Men and
women
Men
Women
All workers
Total-----------------------------------------
$5,580
$5, 789
Professional and managerial------------Clerical and sales-----------------------------Craftsmen and operatives------------------Other workers-------------------------------------
8, 597
4,085
6,030
3,031
8,874
6, 869
6,085
3,064
(M
3,394
Total-----------------------------------------
6, 984
7, 200
4,368
Professional and managerial------------Clerical and sales-----------------------------Craftsmen and operatives------------------Other workers-------------------------------------
9,513
5, 422
7,028
4 ,53 8
9,695
(*)
7,077
4,546
(*)
4, 710
(!)
t1)
$3,019
<!>
0)
Year-round full-time workers
1 Data do not meet publication criteria.
The data indicate that, as expected, professional and managerial workers earn more
than workers in other occupational groups and that craftsmen and operatives, on the average,
earn about one-third more than that earned by workers in all other nonprofessional occupa
tional groups.
Total money earnings of all construction industry earners and of full-time year-round
workers were lower, on the average, than those of workers in any other industry (among
those for which data are available) except retail trade. Examining earnings of men and of
women separately in each occupational group for which data are available by sex, however,
reveals a somewhat different set of interindustry relationships. (See table 36.)
Total money earnings of men engaged in professional and managerial construction
occupations were lower than that of their counterparts in all industries other than retail
trade. Full-time year-round construction managers, however, earned more, on the average,
than their counterparts in any industry group other than the manufacturing industries.
Chart 4.
Total Money Earnings of All and Year-Round
Full-Time Workers, Construction, 1967 V
Percent
100
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000
Money Earnings
3-/ Includes wage and salary employees and self-employed persons.
$10,000
$15,000
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
Chart 5.
Total Money Earnings of All and Year-Round Full-Time Professional and
M an ag erial Workers, Craftsmen and Operatives, Construction, 1967 J/
Percent
100
80
AIJLcraftemen
and operatives
60
All professional
and managerial
Year-round full-time
craftsmen and operatives
40
20
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000
Money Earnings
J-/Includes wage and salary employees and self-employed persons.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
$10,000
$15,000
74
Construction's male clerical and sales staff earned more than their counterparts in
nondurable goods manufacturing and retail trade.
Earnings of women engaged in clerical
and sales occupations, however, were lower than those of like workers in other industries,
except retail trade.
Among the full-time year-round female clerical and sale sworkers,
however, only those engaged in durable goods manufacturing and transportation, communica
tions, and public utilities industries had higher median earnings than construction's women
clerks and salespersons.
The total money earnings of construction's male craftsmen and operatives were lower
than those of their counterparts in the durable and nondurable goods manufacturing and the
transportation, communications, and public utilities industries. Median earnings of full-time
year-round construction craftsmen were higher than those of craftsmen in the nondurable
goods manufacturing industry but were still exceeded by those of craftsmen in the durable
goods manufacturing and the transportation, communications, and public utilities industries.
Earnings of other workers employed in the construction industries, principally service
workers and laborers, tended to be lower than those of workers in any other industry.
Compensation
Compensation consists of gross money wages paid to employees and cash disburse
ments by employers for social and private welfare plans for the benefit of employees.
In
construction, as in the total private nonfarm economy, approximately 90 percent of the
total compensation bill is paid directly to the workers.
The other 10 percent is paid to
third parties— such as government agencies, insurance carries, and funds— that subsequently
make payments to workers or provide them with economic security against certain speci
fied contingencies. 18
Although a similarity exists in the distribution of the total employer disbursement
between direct and indirect compensation in construction and the private nonfarm economy,
there are substantial differences in the allocation of the payments made by employers
in construction, manufacturing, and the private sector as a whole.
Data on the structure of compensation payments are not available for construction as
a whole, though data on expenditures during 1965 in the general building construction industry
are available (see appendix A).
The level of expenditures in general building construction
is probably quite different from that of other construction segments, though the structure
is probably similar to that in construction as a whole.
The major difference between the structure of compensation in construction and in the
private nonfarm sector and the manufacturing industries (as indicated in the following tabula
tion) is in the proportion of the total paid for leave time and the differences in the importance
of the legally required insurance programs and private welfare plans.
In construction, almost all of the gross employer payments to workers are for time
worked.
Only 2 percent of total compensation is paid to the workers for leave time and
nonproduction bonuses. 19 In the private nonfarm economy as a whole and in the manufac
turing sector, leave and bonus expenditures are three to four times as large a proportion
of compensation as in construction; practically all of the difference was attributable to
leave time payments.
18
For details, see tables 6.1 and 6. 2 in the "National Income" issue of the Survey of Current Business, op. c it .; Report 352,
Employee Compensation in Selected Industries, 1966; and appendix B.
19
An examination of the structure of construction compensation by employee group (appendix A) reveals that practically all
of the leave and bonus payments were made to office workers. About one-third of the construction workers were employed by firms
with such expenditures; more than eight-tenths of the office employees, however, worked for firms that had expenditures for either
leave, bonuses, or both. In addition, few construction workers even among those employed by firms that do have expenditures for
leave time actually receive such pay.
75
Private
nonfarm
economy
(1966)
Manufacturing
industries
(1966)
Compensation
General
building
construction
(1965)
Total compensation------------------
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.9
87. 7
1. 1
.9
10. 1
6. 8
2.5
1.9
89. 9
83.0
5.6
1.2
10.1
5. 2
.9
1. 1
89.2
81.6
6. 3
1.3
10. 8
4. 9
.7
1. 1
2 .4
3.4
3. 1
3. 9
3.0
5. 9
1. 6
1.4
.4
2.1
2.5
.1
.1
2.6
2. 9
(2)
.1
Gross payments to workers'----------------Pay for time w orked--------------------Pay for leave tim e ------------------------Bonuses--------------------------------------Expenditures in addition to payroll------Legally required---------------------------Workmen's compensation-----------Unemployment insurance-----------Retirement income and
protection----------------------------Private welfare plans--------------------Life, accident, and health
insurance------------------------------Pension and retirement plans------Vacation and holiday funds-------Savings and thrift plans------------Severance pay or supplemental
unemployment benefit funds-----
(2 )
.2
* Includes terminal payments not presented separately.
Less than 0. 05 percent.
Construction employer's expenditures in addition to payroll are weighted heavily toward
those required by law. Legally required insurance programs account for twice (6. 8 percent)
as large a proportion of construction employees compensation as payments for private welfare
plans. In contrast the relationship between legally required and private welfare expenditures
in the private nonfarm economy as a whole is more nearly equal. In fact, the presumption
is that if data for construction were excluded from the total the resulting statistics would
indicate that private nonfarm employers— except construction— have higher expenditures for
private welfare plans than for legally required insurance programs. This is the case in the
manufacturing industries. In manufacturing, employers outlays for legally required insurance
programs, which constitute 4. 9 percent of compensation (40 percent less than in construction),
are about 20 percent lower than those for private welfare plans. Private welfare expenditures
in manufacturing account for 5. 9 percent of compensation— more than one-half again as great
a proportion of employee compensation than the 3. 4 percent which obtains in construction. 20
20
See chap. 3 for a discussion of some of the factors which underlie these differences.
76
T a b le 32.
S t a n d a r d iz e d a v e r a g e a n n u a l e a r n i n g s p e r f u l l - t i m e e m p lo y e e b y i n d u s t r y , 1946 a n d 1967
In d e x
( c o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
1946=100. 0)
M ean
a v e ra g e
In d u stry
1967
1946
1967
P e r c e n t change
A v erag e
annual
1946
1 9 4 6 -6 7
A ll p r iv a t e i n d u s t r i e s 1----------------------------
$ 6 ,2 0 9
$ 2 . 359
245. 6
93. 0
4. 7
164
C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n __________________________
$ 7 ,4 5 0
$ 2 ,5 3 7
293. 7
100. 0
5. 3
194
M in in g
__
— -
7, 545
2 ,7 1 9
297. 4
107. 2
5. 0
177
6 ,8 7 9
2, 517
27 1 . 1
99. 2
4 .9
173
D u r a b le g o o d s ---------------------------------------------
7, 368
2 ,6 1 5
29 0 . 4
103. 1
5. 1
182
L u m b e r a n d w ood p r o d u c ts
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s --------------------------------S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s ----------------------------------P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s — ________
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ______________
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t _______________________
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t:
----------M o to r v e h i c l e s -------------------------O t h e r ____ ______________ ___ _________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r e s _______________
5, 168
5, 465
6 ,7 7 4
7, 875
7 ,8 3 1
7, 070
1 ,8 1 3
2, 187
2, 380
2, 707
2, 862
2 ,6 1 5
20 3 . 7
21 5 . 4
26 7 . 0
3 1 0 .4
308. 7
278. 7
71.
86.
93.
106.
112.
103.
5.
4.
5.
5.
4.
4.
185
150
185
191
174
170
8, 511
8, 454
5 ,6 6 5
2 , 814
2, 971
2 ,4 4 2
335. 5
333. 2
223. 3
110. 9
117. 1
96. 3
M a n u fa c tu r in g i ------------------
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s _______________
____
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s
____ ____
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s ---- ----------------------T e x t il e s m il l p r o d u c t s — _ ________ __ __
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x t i le p r o d u c t s --------------P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s — ______
P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g -------------------------------C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s _____________
P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts _ _ __ _
R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s _______________
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ----------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t ______________________
C o m m u n ic a tio n --------------------------------------------------P u b lic u t i l i t i e s ___________ ____ ____ ___ ____
T r a d e -____________________ _______ _________ __ __
W h o le s a le t r a d e — ________
__ ________
R e t a il t r a d e __________ ___________ ____ __
F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ___________
S e r v i c e s ----------------- --- _
_____
U. S.
D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e ,
1
5
1
2
9
8
5. 4
5. 1
4. 1
203 .
185
132
6 , 179
2, 404
24 3 . 6
94. 8
4 .6
157
6 , 316
5, 276
4 , 926
4 , 264
7, 175
7, 000
8, 136
8, 967
6 ,6 3 8
4, 623
8, 127
7, 047
7, 964
5, 890
7 ,9 5 8
5 ,0 7 6
6 , 720
4 , 730
2, 385
1 ,7 7 9
2, 056
2 , 192
2, 535
2, 862
2 ,7 6 5
3, 183
2 , 826
2 ,1 3 1
2, 973
2 ,4 9 9
2 ,6 6 5
2, 378
3, 021
2 , 141
2, 570
1, 863
249. 0
20 7 . 6
194. 2
168. 1
28 2 . 8
275. 9
3 2 0 .7
353. 4
2 6 1 .6
182. 2
320. 3
277. 8
313. 9
232. 2
313. 7
200. 1
26 4 . 9
1 8 6 .4
94. 0
70. 1
81. 0
86. 4
99. 9
112. 8
109. 0
125. 5
111. 4
84. 0
117. 2
98. 5
105. 0
93. 7
119. 1
8 4 .4
101. 3
7 3 .4
4. 8
5. 3
4. 3
3. 3
5. 1
4. 4
5. 3
5. 1
4. 1
3. 8
4. 9
5. 1
5 .4
4. 4
4. 7
4. 2
4. 7
4. 5
165
196
140
96
183
145
194
182
135
117
173
182
199
148
163
137
162
154
1 In c lu d e s th e a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d f i s h e r i e s i n d u s t r y d i v is io n n o t p r e s e n t e d s e p a r a te l y .
2 In c lu d e s th e f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l a n d i n s t r u m e n t s i n d u s t r ie s n o t p r e s e n t e d s e p a r a te l y .
SO U RC E:
5
2
8
7
8
1
O ffic e of B u s i n e s s E c o n o m ic s .
77
T a b le 33.
M e d ia n a n n u a l w a g e a n d s a l a r y e a r n i n g s of m a j o r e a r n e r s b y in d u s t r y a n d q u a r t e r s w o r k e d in th e in d u s t r y of m a j o r e a r n i n g s , 1964
A ny q u a r t e r
4 q u a rte rs
I n d u s tr y of m a j o r e a r n in g s
E a r n in g s in —
T h is i n d u s t r y on ly
T h is a n d o t h e r
i n d u s t r ie s
T h is in d u s t r y on ly
T h is a n d o t h e r
i n d u s t r ie s
C o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n
G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n s tr u c ti o n _______________________
H e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n
—
---- — ----- ---- ------- —
S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s __ __________ ___________
$ 2 ,9 8 8
3 ,4 8 4
3 ,7 5 0
$ 3 ,5 6 4
4 , 093
4 , 180
$ 5 , 776
6 , 562
6 , 379
$ 6 , 075
6 ,7 1 9
6 ,5 6 6
5 ,6 9 7
4 , 500
5 ,6 1 7
5 ,4 4 7
4 , 364
5, 809
4 ,6 1 7
5, 681
5 ,5 6 9
4 , 554
6 ,3 6 3
4 , 867
6 , 188
6 , 565
5, 548
6 , 423
4 , 873
6 ,2 1 6
6,''586
5 ,6 2 1
6 ,5 0 6
3, 592
2 ,8 7 1
3, 244
2 , 356
2, 712
3 ,4 0 5
4 , 990
4 ,4 5 1
5, 897
7, 006
4 , 387
2, 695
4 , 703
6 ,2 5 9
4 , 900
5 ,6 1 1
4 ,7 6 7
6 ,3 3 1
4 , 970
2 ,7 8 5
6 ,6 2 6
3, 826
2, 958
3, 305
2 ,4 1 5
2 , 859
3, 562
5, 093
4 , 592
5, 980
7 , 078
4 ,5 6 3
2, 771
4 ,7 6 9
6 , 356
5, 032
5 ,7 5 6
4 , 807
6 ,4 4 4
5, 109
2, 916
7 ,2 2 7
5 ,4 3 5
4 ,2 8 5
3, 719
2, 874
4 , 068
4 , 361
5 ,7 9 6
6 ,0 7 0
6 ,5 9 1
7, 399
5 ,5 4 5
3, 394
5, 591
6 ,7 5 4
5, 908
6 ,4 2 0
5, 640
6 , 987
5, 918
4 , 147
7, 311
5, 486
4, 315
3, 741
2 , 889
4 , 122
4, 435
5, 840
6 , 140
6 ,6 4 6
7 ,4 5 9
5 ,6 1 9
3 ,4 3 0
5 ,6 4 4
6, 814
5, 975
6 ,4 7 8
5 ,6 9 8
7, 059
5, 984
4 , 208
3, 954
4 , 825
4 , 982
6 , 333
7, 180
4 , 120
4 , 689
6 ,3 5 3
4 , 227
5, 032
5, 391
6 ,4 3 3
7, 182
4 ,4 7 3
4 , 698
6 ,4 2 3
5 , 321
6 ,5 5 5
6 ,4 7 4
6 ,8 8 6
7 , 533
5 ,4 6 9
5, 385
6 ,7 1 3
5 ,4 1 4
6 ,6 0 3
6 ,8 4 3
6, 947
7, 543
5, 570
5, 433
6 , 777
4 , 365
4 , 588
5 ,6 8 7
5, 760
3, 008
1, 335
1 ,7 8 6
2, 824
1, 389
2 ,7 9 2
819
1 ,5 7 3
3, 290
1 ,4 5 5
1, 954
3, 122
1, 503
3, 022
887
1 ,7 2 0
4 , 352
2 ,9 0 9
3, 862
4 ,6 6 6
2, 886
4 ,4 5 1
2 , 100
3, 369
4 , 522
2 ,9 3 7
3, 910
4 ,7 0 6
2 ,9 1 7
4 , 567
2 , 147
3, 417
3 ,7 2 7
3, 524
4 , 901
4 , 094
3 ,4 8 9
2, 136
2 ,8 9 6
3, 356
3, 790
3, 701
4 , 918
4 , 255
3, 616
2, 404
3, 022
3 ,6 6 7
4 , 320
4 , 536
5 ,9 8 1
5, 045
4 , 585
3, 849
4 , 371
5, 756
4 , 353
4 , 598
6 ,0 0 0
5, 141
4 , 619
3, 955
4 , 486
5, 850
980
1 ,7 6 9
2 , 116
2 , 241
3 ,3 6 7
1 ,0 2 7
939
2 , 168
3, 229
3 ,4 3 5
2 ,9 5 4
1 ,7 3 9
725
4 , 441
1 ,0 9 2
1 ,8 5 6
2 ,4 2 2
2, 630
3, 748
1, 143
1 ,0 6 3
2. 232
3 ,4 1 3
3, 540
3, 300
1 ,8 9 1
738
4 ,6 7 4
2 ,4 2 8
2, 859
4 ,7 4 3
4 , 578
5, 200
4, 400
3, 540
3, 101
4 , 503
4 , 851
4 , 600
3, 599
1 ,0 5 7
6 ,6 3 4
2 ,4 9 6
2, 890
4 ,7 6 9
4 ,6 4 9
5 ,2 9 3
4 , 600
3 ,6 5 8
3, 119
4 , 531
4 , 856
4 , 800
3, 633
1 ,0 6 1
6 ,7 1 3
M in in g
M e ta l m in i n g - ----- — A n t h r a c i te m in in g — — — — — — — — ——---------------—
B itu m in o u s c o a l a n d lig n ite m i n i n g — — __ —
O il a n d g a s e x tr a c ti o n ___________ ___________ N o n m e ta llic m i n e r a l s , e x c e p t f u e l s ___________ ____
M a n u fa c tu r in g
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ___________________________
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ___________________________
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s _______________________ ______
T e x tile m il l p r o d u c t s _______ ________________________
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i le p r o d u c t s __________________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p r o d u c t s — --------- ------ ----------- _
F u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____________ — _____ _______
P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s ____________________________
P r in t in g and p u b lis h in g __
— - —
— —
C h e m ic a ls a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s _______________________
P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts — ------- — ----- -------R u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s , n . e . c ________________
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ________________________
S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s — — __
— ____
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s _______________ ___________
F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ___________________________
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ________________________
E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s ________ ________
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t -------------------------------- ------I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ____________________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s -------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n ic a tio n ,
a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s
L o c a l a n d in te r u b a n p a s s e n g e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ______
T r u c k in g a n d w a r e h o u s i n g ___
— __ - ____
W a te r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n — _
_
__ — A ir t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
----------- _
___ — _
P i p e lin e t r a n s p o r t a ti o n _ ____ — __
— ____ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ---------------------------- — ------------C o m m u n ic a tio n ------------------------------------------------------------P u b lic u t i l i t i e s — _____________ _____________________
T rad e
W h o le s a le t r a d e ------------------------------------ --------------------R e t a il t r a d e :
B u ild in g m a t e r i a l s a n d f a r m e q u ip m e n t ---------------R e t a il g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e ---- --- _ __ ________
F ood s to r e s
—
— __
_ — _ __
A uto d e a l e r s a n d s e r v i c e s ta t io n s
_ ____ —
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r y s t o r e s — __
_ --------F u r n i t u r e a n d h o m e f u r n is h in g s t o r e s __ ________
E a tin g a n d d r in k in g p l a c e s _______________________
M is c e lla n e o u s r e t a i l s t o r e s ----------------------------------F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta t e
B a n k in g - --------- — -------- ------- ---------- —
C r e d it a g e n c ie s o t h e r th a n b a n k s _______ ___________
S e c u r i t y , c o m m o d ity b r o k e r s , a n d s e r v i c e ----------------I n s u r a n c e c a r r i e r s _______________ ____ __________
I n s u r a n c e a g e n ts , b r o k e r s , a n d s e r v i c e _____________
R e a l e s ta t e ---------------------- ------------------------- --------------C o m b in e d r e a l e s t a t e , i n s u r a n c e , e tc
- —
H o ld in g a n d o t h e r i n v e s t m e n t c o m p a n ie s _____________
S e r v ic e s
H o te ls a n d o t h e r lo d g in g s e r v i c e s ----------------------------P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e ______________________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s b u s in e s s s e r v i c e ______________________
A uto r e p a i r , s e r v i c e s , a n d g a r a g e s __________________
M is c e lla n e o u s r e p a i r s e r v i c e s ________________ ____
M o tio n p i c t u r e s _ ____ _ - ____
_
____
A m u s e m e n t a n d r e c r e a t i o n s e r v i c e s , n . e . c ________
M e d ic a l a n d o t h e r s e r v i c e s ------------------------ ------L e g a l s e r v i c e s __________________________ -_____________
E d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s ------------------------------- -----------------M u s e u m s , b o t a n i c a l,- a n d z o o lo g ic a l g a r d e n s ----------N o n p r o f it m e m b e r s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n s ________________
P r i v a t e h o u s e ho Ida.____ ___________ __
_ __ _____
M is c e lla n e o u s s e r v i c e s
____ ____
—
____
SO U R C E :
B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s ta b u la tio n of d a ta f r o m th e S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A d m i n is tr a t io n 's
1 - p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o r k h i s t o r y s a m p le .
78
T a b le 34. P e r c e n t d i s t r ib u t io n o f m a j o r e a r n e r s b y e a r n i n g s in t h e i r m a j o r in d u s t r y a n d in a l l w ag e
a n d s a l a r y e m p lo y m e n t, b y q u a r t e r w o r k e d in t h e i r i n d u s t r y o f m a j o r e a r n i n g s , 1964
A ny
q u a rte r
E a r n in g s
--------- 1-------q u a rte r
2
q u a rte rs
3
q u a rte rs
4
q u a rte rs
A ny
q u a rte r
E a r n in g s in t h is in d u s t r y
1
q u a rte r
2
q u a rte rs
3
q u a rte rs
4
q u a rte rs
E a r n in g s in a ll w a g e a n d s a l a r y e m p lo y m e n t
G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n s tr u c ti o n
------
*100. 0
14. 0
$ 1 , 2 0 0 ........... .......................... ...
$ 1, 8 0 0 ______________________
$ 2 , 4 0 0 ______________________
$ 3 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 4 , 0 0 0 . .................................. . . .
$ 5 , 000 ______________________
$ 6 ,0 0 0 ______________________
$ 7 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 8 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 9 , 0 0 0 ______________________
1 7 .4
28. 1
36. 2
43. 5
50. 1
59. 9
69. 4
7 6 .4
83. 0
88. 2
92. 1
77. 3
92. 2
97. 2
98. 4
98. 6
99. 0
100. 0
(!)
( >
( >
(2 )
A v e ra g e a n n u a l e a rn in g s :
M e a n ___________________________
M e d ia n _ __________ __________
$ 3, 852
2 ,9 8 8
$447
381
P e r c e n t of w o r k e r s -------------
19. 3
18. 7
27.
55.
72.
84.
90.
96.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
5.
18.
33.
48.
61.
79.
91.
95.
97.
98.
99.
48. 1
*100. 0
14. 0
19. 3
18. 7
48. 1
72.
87.
94.
96.
97.
98.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
22.
45.
62.
72.
80.
88.
93.
96.
97.
98.
99.
4.
14.
26.
37.
47.
65.
78.
86.
91.
95.
97.
.
2.
4.
8.
13.
23.
36.
49.
62.
73.
82.
E a r n in g l e s s th a n —
5
4
5
1
9
3
3
7
7
7
7
$ 1 ,3 8 5
1 ,0 7 9
2
3
6
5
2
4
5
6
7
6
1
$ 2 ,7 6 4
2 ,4 7 2
.
2.
5.
9.
15.
26.
40.
52.
65.
76.
84.
7
3
0
5
3
3
0
8
8
1
1
$ 6 ,2 5 0
5, 776
15.
24.
32.
38.
44.
54.
64.
72.
79.
86.
90.
4
7
1
3
5
3
0
1
6
0
8
$ 4 ,2 8 5
3, 564
0
3
3
6
6
3
3
5
5
7
8
3
6
3
3
9
2
5
0
3
5
2
2
4
2
3
7
7
4
0
5
0
2
5
1
3
1
2
5
3
1
7
6
4
$593
417
$ 1 ,9 2 5
1 ,3 5 2
$ 3 , 571
3, 110
$ 6 ,5 7 9
6 ,0 7 5
12. 7
19. 6
22. 8
44. 8
63.
83.
91.
95.
97.
98.
98.
99.
99.
99.
99.
13.
35.
51.
64.
73.
84.
91.
94.
96.
97.
98.
1.
5.
14.
23.
33.
50.
66.
76.
85.
92.
95.
.
1.
2.
5.
9.
18.
30.
40.
53.
64.
74.
H e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n
P e r c e n t of w o r k e r s ---------------------E a r n in g l e s s th a n —
$ 600 ................. ................................
$ 1, 2 0 0 ................ ............................
$ 1 ,8 0 0 .........................................
$ 2 , 4 0 0 ______________________
$ 3 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 4 , 0 0 0 . . .........................................
$ 5 , 0 0 0 . . __________________
$ 6 ,0 0 0 ....................................
$ 7 ,0 0 0
......................................
$ 8 , 0 0 0 ........................ . ...... ....
$ 9 , 0 0 0 ______________________
A v e r a g e a n n u a l e a r n in g s :
M e a n ----------------------------------------M e d ia n ------------------------------ ------
'1 0 0 . 0
13.
22.
31.
37.
44.
55.
65.
71.
78.
84.
89.
12. 7
19. 6
22. 8
44. 8
2.
8.
19.
31.
44.
63.
80.
86.
92.
97.
98.
.
1.
3.
5.
10.
20.
32.
43.
55.
67.
76.
4
9
3
9
7
3
2
3
5
4
1
72. 3
90. 8
96. 8
98. 2
99. 2
99. 7
100. 0
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
18.
45.
66.
79.
88.
95.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
1
1
5
4
1
1
0
4
5
6
7
$ 4 ,3 8 2
3 ,4 8 4
$481
410
$ 1 ,6 1 2
1, 338
0
5
9
7
6
8
7
2
8
1
6
$ 3 , 577
3, 251
3
2
1
9
4
9
7
3
9
0
6
$ 7 , 116
6, 562
‘ 100. 0
11.
19.
26.
32.
38.
49.
59.
67.
75.
82.
87.
3
4
2
3
6
1
3
0
3
0
3
$ 4 ,8 4 2
4 ,0 9 3
8
9
4
6
4
2
8
3
6
7
9
6
0
7
1
6
0
1
1
6
9
5
5
8
5
4
0
9
7
7
8
2
7
3
2
5
0
4
9
3
9
7
8
6
$695
468
$ 2 , 312
1 ,7 3 9
$ 4 , 353
3 ,9 5 6
$ 7 , 377
6, 719
11. 7
15. 5
16. 3
56. 5
72.
89.
95.
97.
98.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
4.
15.
27.
39.
50.
68.
81.
87.
92.
95.
97.
.
2.
4.
7.
11.
20.
32.
43.
55.
66.
77.
S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n tr a c ti n g
P e r c e n t of w o r k e r s ---------------------E a r n in g l e s s th a n —
$ 6 0 0 ..................................................
..................................
$ 1 ,2 0 0
$ 1 ,8 0 0 ______________________
$ 2 ,4 0 0 ______________________
$ 3 , 0 0 0 ......................................... —
$ 4 , 0 0 0 . ...........................................
$ 5 , 0 0 0 .............................................
$ 6 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 7 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 8 , 0 0 0 ______________________
$ 9 , 0 0 0 ....................................
A v e ra g e a n n u a l e a rn in g s :
M e a n ___________________________
M e d ia n -------------- ------- ------- -
*100. 0
14.
24.
31.
37.
43.
52.
61.
68.
75.
82.
87.
11. 7
6
2
1
4
0
3
7
7
8
2
8
78. 7
93. 2
97. 5
99. 0
99. 4
99. 7
100. 0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$ 4 ,4 7 6
3, 750
$410
371
15. 5
16. 3
56. 5
26.
55.
74.
84.
91.
96.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
5.
20.
34.
49.
61.
78.
91.
95.
98.
99.
99.
.
2.
4.
8.
12.
22.
35.
46.
57.
68.
78.
5
8
0
3
1
2
3
6
7
8
8
$ 1 ,3 6 4
1 ,0 6 8
8
1
0
3
6
8
2
6
1
2
4
$ 2 , 721
2 ,4 3 1
6
4
8
3
7
9
0
0
8
8
7
$ 6 , 677
6, 379
‘ 100. 0
12.
21.
27.
33.
38.
48.
58.
65.
73.
80.
86.
9
4
9
4
9
4
0
5
3
3
8
2
1
4
7
6
3
9
9
9
9
100. 0
21.
46.
63.
73.
81.
89.
94.
96.
98.
98.
99.
5
2
5
7
7
7
8
9
2
9
6
$ 4 ,7 8 0
4 , 180
$516
416
$ 1 ,8 3 7
1, 333
1 T h e r e w e r e 1 ,2 6 9 t h o u s a n d s m a j o r e a r n e r s in g e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n s tr u c ti o n , 9 1 9 .3 t h o u s a n d s in h e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n ,
in s p e c i a l t r a d e s c o n tr a c ti n g in 1964.
2 A f r a c t i o n a l p r o p o r t io n of th e w o r k e r s ( l e s s t h a n 0. 05 p e r c e n t ) m a y h a v e e a r n e d m o r e th a n th e i n d ic a te d a m o u n t.
NOTE:
9
7
5
4
7
2
4
8
7
7
9
$ 3 , 355
2, 959
5
3
2
4
4
8
6
4
4
8
3
$ 6 , 897
6, 566
a n d 1 ,9 1 8 .8 t h o u s a n d s
B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , d e t a i l m a y n o t a d d to t o ta l s .
SO U R C E :
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s ta b u la tio n of d a ta f r o m th e S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 's
1 - p e r c e n t c o n tin u o u s w o r k h i s t o r y s a m p le .
79
T a b le 35.
M e d ia n to ta l m o n e y e a r n i n g s b y s e x , i n d u s t r y , a n d o c c u p a tio n o f lo n g e s t jo b , 1967
M en
In d u stry
P ro fe s s io n a l
an d
m a n a g e ria l
T o ta l
W om en
C le ric a l
a n d s a le s
C ra fts m e n
an d
o p e r a t iv e s
O th e r
w o rk e rs
T o ta l
P r o fe s s io n a l
an d
m a n a g e r ia l
C le ric a l
a n d s a le s
C ra fts m e n
and
o p e r a t iv e s
O th e r
w o rk e rs
A ll w o r k e r s
$ 2 ,3 5 1
A ll i n d u s t r i e s 1 ---------------------
$ 6 , 020
(2 )
<2 )
(2 )
(2 )
C o n s t r u c t i o n ----------------------------------M in i n g ----------- ---------— —
M a n u f a c tu r i n g -------------------------------D u r a b le g o o d s ---------------------------N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ---------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n ic a tio n ,
a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ---------------------W h o le s a le t r a d e -----------------------------R e ta il t r a d e ----------------------F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and
r e a l e s t a t e ______ ___ — — —
5 ,7 8 9
6 , 967
6 ,7 8 2
6, 951
6 ,4 4 4
$ 8, 874
(2 )
1 0 ,4 1 7
10, 757
9 ,8 1 0
$ 6 ,8 6 9
(2 )
6 , 335
6 ,8 6 3
5 ,4 6 3
$ 6 ,0 8 5
(2 )
6 , 523
6 ,6 4 6
6 , 244
$ 3 ,0 6 4
(2 )
4 ,4 5 8
4 ,6 1 4
4, 186
3, 019
(2 )
3 ,2 7 4
3 ,7 2 7
3, 009
7, 034
6 ,4 6 9
4 , 314
9, 278
8, 984
7, 316
6, 865
6 ,9 4 5
3, 180
6 ,9 7 0
5 ,2 4 7
4 , 394
4 , 901
3, 293
1 ,4 0 8
3, 982
3, 336
1, 519
7, 382
9, 225
7, 174
5 ,2 4 5
3, 301
3, 598
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
<3 )
(2 )
$ 5 , 575
6 , 239
5, 170
$ 3 , 394
(2 )
4 ,0 7 2
4 , 356
3, 688
(3 )
.$ 2 , 974
(2)
3, 319
2, 773
(3 )
(2 )
$ 2 ,4 6 8
2, 987
2, 167
(*)
(3 )
3, 342
4 , 090
3, 623
1, 578
1, 185
2, 042
2, 071
1 ,0 4 9
5, 103
3 ,5 6 5
(3 )
n
<3 )
(3 )
Y e a r-ro u n d w o rk e rs
A ll i n d u s t r ie s 1
C o n s t r u c t i o n ----------------------------------M in in g M a n u fa c tu r in g
—
D u ra b le g o o d s --------------------------N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ---------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n ic a tio n ,
a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ---------------------W h o le s a le t r a d e -----------------------------------R e t a il t r a d e — — — —
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and
r e a l e s t a t e _______________________
<2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
7 , 200
7, 690
7 ,4 3 0
7, 553
7 , 199
$ 9 ,6 9 5
<2 )
1 0 ,8 8 9
1 1 ,2 3 3
10, 159
(3 )
(2 )
$ 7 , 280
7 ,2 9 9
7, 251
$ 7 , 077
(2 )
6 ,9 9 4
7, 117
6 ,7 5 2
$ 4 ,5 4 6
(2 )
5 ,5 7 8
5, 589
5, 556
4 , 368
(3 )
4 , 139
4 ,5 6 2
3, 810
(3 )
(2 )
$ 6 ,3 5 4
6 ,4 9 7
6 ,2 1 8
$ 4 ,7 1 0
(2 )
4 , 849
4 ,9 7 9
4 ,6 6 1
(3 )
<2 )
$ 3 , 732
4 , 153
3 ,5 3 0
(3 )
(2 )
$ 3 ,4 8 1
(?)
(3 )
7 ,6 2 4
7 ,3 4 3
6 , 503
9 ,6 1 5
9, 536
7 ,6 8 7
7 ,2 2 7
7, 597
5 ,9 9 8
7 , 505
6 , 020
6 ,0 8 0
6 , 052
4 ,9 7 9
4 ,7 1 9
4 ,9 2 5
4 , 621
3, 350
4 ,2 5 1
4 , 812
4 ,5 8 7
3 ,4 4 0
3, 340
8, 132
9 , 537
7, 828
4 , 563
4 , 384
5 ,6 8 1
4 ,2 9 4
1 I n c lu d e s th e a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d f i s h e r i e s ,
2 N ot a v a ila b le .
3 D a ta do n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a .
S O U R C E : U. S .
T a b le 36.
$ 4 , 150
$ 7 , 182
D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e ,
(3 )
th e s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s ,
(3 )
(3 )
(*)
P)
(3 )
(3 )
2 , 399
<3 )
(3 )
a n d p u b lic a d m i n i s t r a t io n n o t p r e s e n t e d s e p a r a t e l y .
B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s .
T o ta l m o n e y e a r n i n g s o f c o n t r a c t c o n s tr u c ti o n w o r k e r s b y o c c u p a tio n o f l o n g e s t jo b , a ll w o r k e r s a n d y e a r - r o u n d f u l l - t i m e w o r k e r s , 1967
( In c lu d e s w a g e a n d s a l a r y e m p lo y e e s a n d s e lf - e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s )
Y e a r - r o u n d f u ll - t i m e w o r k e r s
A ll w o r k e r s
E a r n in g s
P e rc e n t of w o rk e rs
C o n s tru c
tio n
to ta l
— ----
P ro fe s s io n a l C ra fts m e n
an d
an d
m a n a g e r i a l o p e r a t iv e s
C o n s tru c
tio n
to ta l
P ro fe s s io n a l C ra fts m e n
an d
and
m a n a g e r ia l o p e r a t iv e s
C le ric a l
a n d s a le s
O th e r
w o rk e rs
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
1
0
1
3
8
6
6
7
5
0
5
6
10. 4
1 6 .6
23. 5
30. 6
33. 6
48. 9
62. 2
74. 6
81. 1
89. 3
94. 1
9 8 .4
26. 7
3 3 .4
38. 3
44. 6
49. 6
63. 6
75. 1
82. 2
90. 7
95. 1
98. 8
99. 8
2. 2
3. 1
4. 8
6 .6
8. 9
17. 6
27. 9
39. 3
50. 2
60. 9
77. 4
95. 1
1. 8
2. 2
3. 0
3. 7
5 .4
8. 6
12. 1
19. 1
27. 6
36. 7
54. 3
83. 5
$ 6 , 030
$ 4 , 085
$ 3 , 031
$ 6 , 984
$ 9 , 513
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
$ 1 ,0 0 0
.
.
.
$ l t 500 __________________________
$ 2 ,0 0 0
..................................................
$ 2 , 500 .
..
. . .
$ 3, 000 ___________________________
$ 4 , 000 ___________________________
$ 5 ,0 0 0 ___________________________
$ 6 ,0 0 0
..................................................
$ 7 ,0 0 0 ___________________________
$ 8 , 000 .......................... -..................
$ 1 0 ,0 0 0 . .
_____________________
$ 15, 000 __________________________
10. 5
14. 1
17. 8
2 1 .6
24. 6
34. 0
44. 2
54. 2
63. 5
72. 2
84. 8
96. 8
3.
5.
8.
9.
12.
15.
20.
28.
37.
45.
60.
85.
7.
10.
13.
16.
18.
27.
38.
49.
59.
70.
85.
98.
M e d ia n a n n u a l m o n e y e a r n i n g s ------
$ 5 , 580
C le ric a l
a n d s a le s
O th e r
w o rk ers
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
2.
2.
4.
6.
7.
15.
25.
38.
49.
61.
80.
98.
0.
1.
3.
4.
5.
21.
42.
61.
72.
80.
89.
97.
3.
6.
10.
15.
21.
40.
58.
69.
81.
88.
96.
99.
E a r n in g l e s s th a n :
SOURCE:
U. S.
D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e ,
3
2
2
7
0
6
4
5
6
4
8
8
$ 8 ,5 9 7
B u r e a u of th e C e n s u s .
1
8
5
1
9
6
9
2
7
9
5
3
$ 7 , 028
1
2
0
7
9
9
0
0
2
5
4
0
$ 5 ,4 2 2
5
7
5
6
2
6
1
4
2
7
8
5
$ 4 , 538
Appendix Contents
Page
Appendix A. Employee compensation and payroll hours: Building construction, 1965 ____
Scope and method of study_________________________________________________________________
Definition of te rm s_________________________________________________________________________
81
81
81
Tables:
A -l.
Percent distribution of employees by region and selected establishment
characteristics, building construction, 1965 ____________________________________
A - 2. Employer expenditures for the compensation of employees, building
construction, 1965 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A -3 . Employer expenditures for the compensation of employees, by bargaining
agreement coverage of construction workers, building
construction, 1965 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A -4. Composition of payroll hours, building construction, 1965 ______________________
A -5 . Composition of payroll hour s , by bargaining agreement coverage of
construction workers , building construction, 1965 ______________________________
Appendix B.
Employment in the contract construction industries_________________________
82
83
85
87
88
89
Tables:
B -l.
Contract construction, average employment by occupational group and
sex, 1946—6 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B -2. General building contractors (SIC 15), average employment by
occupational group and sex, 1947—68 --------------------------------------------------------------------B -3. Heavy construction contractors (SIC 16), average employment by
occupational group and sex, 1947—68 _____________________________________________
B -4. Special trades contractors (SIC 17), average employment by
occupational group and sex, 1947—68 ______________________________________________
80
89
90
91
92
81
Appendix A.
Employee Compensation and Payroll Hours:
Building Construction, 1965
Scope and Method of Study
This study covered all establishments in SIC 151, general building contractors, clas
sified according to the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC)
and 1963 supplement prepared by the U. S. Bureau of the Budget.
Survey coverage extended
to the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Data were obtained from 409 sample companies employing approximately 69, 000
workers— about 7 percent of total employment in the building construction industry during
1965.
Each sample unit was weighted according to its probability of selection and further
adjusted to industry totals based on data from the Bureau's monthly employment statistics
program.
Definition of Terms
Compensation, for purposes of this study, is defined as the Siam of the payments sub
ject to Federal withholding taxes made by employers directly to their employees (before de
ductions of any type), and the expenditures made by employers for legally required insurance
programs and private welfare plans for the benefit of employees.
Expenditure Ratios for "a ll establishments" represent the expenditures for the practice
divided by total compensation for all establishments— both those that had and those that did
not have expenditures— whereas the ratios for "establishments that had expenditures for the
practice" relate the same expenditures to the total compensation of only those establishments
that reported an actual expenditure. The expenditure rates represent the same expenditures
divided by the corresponding man-hours.
Hours Paid For consists of aggregate hours worked, paid leave hours, rest periods
coffee breaks, machine down-time, and other nonleave hours paid for but not worked, for
which employers made direct payments to workers during the year.
Working Time excludes
paid leave hours.
The Middle Range was determined by expenditures in companies that cumulatively em
ployed workers at the 25th and 75th percentiles.
These two points were selected from an
ascending magnitued array of company employment ranked by compensation outlays.
The Median is defined as the value at which one-half of the workers were employed
by companies whose expenditures were below this value, and one-half were employes by
companies having expenditures above this value.
In some cases, however, there may be a
clustering of observations at the median value.
A ll Employees consist of the two employee groups defined below. Proprietors, members
of unincorporated firm s, and unpaid family workers are not considered to be employed and
therefore were excluded from this study.
Construction Workers include all nonsupervisory workers and working foreman engaged
in building, altering, demolishing, excavating, mining, pumping, fabricating, processing,
assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking,
hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchmen services, product development, auxiliary
production for the plant's own use (e. g. , powerplant), recordkeeping, and other services
closely associated with the above production operations.
Office and Related Workers include all employees in executive, administrative, and
management positions above the working supervisor level.
Professional, technical, office
clerical, and sales employees also are included in this category.
Table A - l .
Percent Distribution o f Employees by Region and Selected Establishment
Characteristics, Building Construction, 1965
Characteristics
Total industry em ploym ent--------Regions:1
United S ta te s---------------------------------Northeast-----------------------------------S o u th ----------------------------------------North C e n tra l----------------------------W est------------------------------------------Bargaining agreement coverage:
Majority o f construction workers
covered by union con tra cts----------None or minority o f construction
workers covered by union
contracts --------------------------------------
A ll
employees
Construction
workers
O ffice and
related
workers
100
89
11
100
20
38
23
18
100
19
39
23
18
100
27
30
23
20
-
45
4
~
55
96
1 The regions used in this study are: Northeast— Connecticut, Maine, Massa
chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
and Vermont; South--A lab a m a , Arkansas, Delaware, District o f Columbia, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; North Central—
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West— Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New M exico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,
and Wyoming.
NOTE: Due to rounding, sums o f individual items may not equal totals.
Table A -| 2.
Em ployer Expenditures (or the Compensation of E m p loyees, Building Construction, 1965
A ll establishm ents
E stablishm ents that had expenditures for pay supplements
Construction
O ffice and related
Construction
O ffice and related
A ll em ployees
w orkers
w orkers
w orkers
w orkers
Percent
Percent
P ercent
P ercen t
Percent
P er hour
P e r hour
P er hour
P er hour
P er hour
P er hour
of
of
of
of
of
Paid
Working compen
Paid
Paid
Paid
Paid
Paid
Working compen
Working compen
Working com pen
Working compen
Working
for
sation
for
sation
for
sation
for
sation
for
sation
tim e
time
for
time
tim e
tim e
tim e
A ll em ployees
Compensation practice
P ercent
of
compen
sation
Total expenditures-------------Gross payments to w orkers---------Straight-time pay— — --------Premium payments 1----------------Overtime, -weekend, and
holiday w ork---------------------Pay for leave t im e ------------------Vacations — «------------------------Holidays-------------------------------Sick le a v e -------------------------------Civic and personal le a v e ----Nonproduction bonuses -------------Terminal payments — — — -----Expenditures in addition to
pay roll.........................—------— ------Legally required insurance
programs —-------------— —-------Retirement income and
protection--------------------------Unemployment insurance---Occupational injury and
i l l n e s s -----------------------------------
Private welfare plans 4------------Life, accident, and health
insurance--------------------------Contributory plans — ——
Noncontributory plans —
Pension and retirement '
plana----------------— -------------Contributory p la n s--------Noncontributory plana —
Vacation and holiday
funds — --------------------------------
(M
_
1 0 0 .0
8 4 . 16
$ 4 . 20
10 0.0
$ 3 .9 9
$ 4 .0 1
1 0 0 .0
$ 5 . 15
$ 5 .4 1
8 9 .9
86 . 1
1 .6
$ 3 .7 3
3. 58
.0 6
$ 3 .7 8
3 .6 3
.0 6
89. 1
8 6 .4
1 .9
$ 3 .5 6
3 .4 5
. 08
$ 3 .5 7
3 .4 6
.0 8
9 3 .4
8 5 .0
.4
$ 4 .8 0
4 . 38
. 02
$ 5 . 05
4 .6 0
. 02
C)
2. 3
o
$ 0 . 11
(*)
(')
(*)
$ 0 . 11
2 .7
1 .6
1. 1
.6
.5
. 1
(*)
.9
(*)
.0 6
. 04
. 02
. 02
(J)
(*)
. 04
.0 6
.0 5
. 02
. 02
1 .8
.4
.2
.2
.0 8
. 02
. 01
. 01
(’ )
. 01
(J)
.4
4 .5
2 .2
1 .7
.5
. 1
3 .5
<’ )
. 02
. 24
. 12
.0 9
. 02
.0 1
. 18
(’ )
. 02
. 25
. 12
. 09
. 02
.0 1
. 19
(’ )
2 .2
1 .5
.8
.6
. 3
. 1
2. 0
. 1
. 10
.0 6
. 03
. 03
. 01
. 01
.0 9
<J)
. 10
. 06
. 03
.0 3
.0 1
. 01
.0 9
<S)
( ')
(*)
(*>
(*)
. 04
(J)
<!>
(J)
.4
(*)
. 08
.0 2
. 01
. 01
(*)
(J)
.0 1
(’ )
0
r*i
(!>
(|)
r*i
<!)
( ')
(!>
(■)
_
(*)
(')
(!)
(M
(|)
C)
$ 0 . 12
$ 0 . 12
o
1 .4
C)
$ 0 .0 8
C)
$ 0 . 09
2 .7
1. 0
.7
. 5
. 3
. 1
1. 1
(’ )
. 12
.0 4
. 02
. 02
. 01
(J)
. 04
(J)
. 12
. 04
. 03
. 02
. 01
(J)
. 04
<J)
1 .4
5. 1
2 .7
2. 0
1. 0
.5
7 .6
. 3
. 08
. 27
. 14
. 11
. 05
. 03
.4 0
. 02
.0 9
.2 9
. 15
. 11
.0 6
.0 3
.4 3
.0 2
( ')
(‘ )
(M
10. 1
.4 2
.4 3
1 0 .9
.4 4
.4 4
6 .6
.3 3
.3 5
(*)
6 .8
.2 8
.2 9
7 .4
. 30
. 30
3 .8
. 19
.2 0
6 .8
. 28
. 29
7 .4
. 30
. 30
3 .8
. 19
. 20
2 .4
1 .9
. 10
.0 8
. 11
. 08
2 .6
2 .0
. 11
.0 9
. 11
.0 9
1 .7
1. 3
. 09
. 06
. 10
.0 6
2 .4
1 .9
. 10
. 08
. 11
.0 8
2 .6
2. 0
. 11
.0 9
. 11
.0 9
1 .7
1. 3
.0 9
.0 6
. 10
.0 6
2 .5
3 .4
. 11
. 14
. 11
. 14
2 .8
3 .5
. 11
. 14
. 12
. 14
.8
2 .7
.0 4
. 14
. 04
. 15
2 .6
4. 3
. 11
. 20
. 11
. 20
3. 0
4 .7
. 12
. 21
. 12
. 21
.9
4 .2
. 04
. 23
. 05
. 24
1 .6
-
.0 6
*
1. 3
"
.0 6
“
. 08
“
2. 1
“
. 10
“
“
. 06
“
“
. 10
*
*
2. 3
1 .6
2. 5
. 11
.0 6
. 13
. 11
.0 6
. 13
2. 1
1 .6
2. 5
. 11
.0 9
. 13
. 12
. 10
. 14
. 05
*
1 .3
"
.0 6
“
. 08
2. 3
. 12
. 12
*
.0 5
“
2 .4
2. 3
2 .4
. 12
. 11
. 13
. 12
. 11
. 13
4 .7
3 .2
4 .9
. 27
. 17
. 29
.2 9
. 18
. 30
.5
.0 2
. 02
(J)
2. 0
. 11
. 11
2 .0
. 14
. 14
. 06
.0 6
-
-
-
*
*
*
.0 5
. 05
-
-
1 .6
1 .4
*
.4
.0 1
.0 1
1 .4
-
(J)
“
(J)
'
1 .7
“
.0 9
(‘ )
( ')
( ')
*
.0 9
Sea footnotes at end of table.
8
Table A -2.
had expenditu res
fo the Dract ice
Office
and r e A ll e m lated em ployees
ployees
Range of expenditures in establishm ents that had expenditures for the p ractice
A ll em ployees
Percent of
eompen sation
Middle
ranee
Construction w orkers
P er hour
paid fo
Middle
Median
ranee
P ercen t of
compensation
Middle
Median
ranee__
Total ex p e n d itu res----------------
100
100
100
. .
$ 2 .8 9 - $ 5 .1 8
$ 4 .0 8
.
G ro ss payments to w o r k e r s ---------S traigh t-tim e p ay-----------------------P rem iu m payments 2-----------------O vertim e, weekend, and
holiday w o r k -----------------------Pay for leave t i m e --------------------V a c a tio n s -------------------------------H olid ays----------------------------------Sick le a v e -------------------------------Civic and person al l e a v e ----Nonproduction b o n u ses-------------T erm inal p a y m e n ts --------------------
100
100
63
100
100
61
100
100
22
8 8 -9 3
84 -9 1
1- 3
91
89
1
$2. 65—$4. 61
2 . 6 2 - 4 .4 5
.0 3 .1 3
4 3 .6 8
3. 58
.0 6
8 8 -9 3
8 5 -9 1
;- 4
63
67
61
63
29
14
40
8
61
37
26
30
7
2
29
3
22
83
76
80
42
23
44
11
1- 3
1- 2
1
1
1
Expenditures in addition to
p a y r o ll---------------------------------------------L egally required insurance
p r o g r a m s ----------------------------------R etirem ent incom e and
p rotection ----------------------------Unemployment in su ran ce----Occupational injury and
i l l n e s s _______________________
P rivate w elfare plans 4-------------L ife , accident, and health
insurance ----------------------------Contributory p la n s ---------Noncontributory p la n s----Pension and retirem ent
p la n s ------------------------------------Contributory p la n s ---------Noncontributory p la n s----Vacation and holiday
fUnd‘ .... .........................................
2
E m ployer Expenditure* for the Compensation of E m p loye es, Building Construction, 1965— Continued
P ercen t of w orkers in
<!>■ 1
( h i
(’ )-(* >
( )-C)
r
(* > -(* )
y-}
1
(*)
.0 3 . 02.0 1 .0 1 (*) "
(5 ) .0 2 (*) -
.1 2
. 09
.0 4
.0 3
-0 2
.0 1
.1 1
(’ )
:-
4
.0 6
. 04
. 03
. 02
. 01
(’ )
. 04
(’ )
P h i
( “ 1
<
(
(5 ~ 1
O -P )
1
2
1
(»)
.
$ 3 .6 5 —$6. 07
$ 5 .1 2
$ 3 .4 9
3. 32
. 08
9 2 -9 6
8 3 -9 2
(*)- 2
94
88
1
$3. 29—$5. 75
3 . 0 4 - 5 .2 7
.0 1 .1 1
$ 4 .7 2
4 .3 3
.0 5
. 14
.0 5
.0 3
.0 2
-0 1
(’ )
-0 4
(’ )
.0 6
. 02
. 01
. 01
. 01
(’ )
. 02
(’ )
(V 2
3- 6
2- 4
1- 2
(*)- 1
(’ ) - 1
1- 8
(’ ) - ( * )
1
5
2
2
1
(*)
2
(‘ )
< >
<!>
(5 )
i
(*)
$2. 49—$4. 50
2 . 4 8 - 4 . 33
.0 3 .1 5
. 03.0 1 .0 1 .0 1 (’ ) (*) (’ ) *
h
P er hour
paid fo
Middle
Median
ranee
$ 3 .8 6
$2. 75—$5, 09
90
88
2
O ffice and related w orkers
P er hour
P ercen t of
paid fo
___compensation___
Middle
Middle
Median
Median
ranee
ranee___
.0 1 . 14.0 9 . 06.0 2 .0 1 .0 3 (*) "
.1 1
.3 5
.1 8
. 14
.0 8
.0 5
. 47
.0 3
. 04
.2 6
. 12
.1 1
.0 5
.0 2
. 12
.0 1
100
100
99
7 -1 2
9
.2 1 -
.5 8
. 33
•- 1 2
10
.2 1 -
.5 8
. 33
4- 8
6
.1 6 -
.3 9
.2 7
100
100
99
6— 8
7
.1 9 -
.3 5
. 27
r~ 9
8
.20-
.3 6
. 28
3- 5
4
.1 4 -
.2 4
. 17
100
99
100
99
99
99
2- 3
2- 2
3
2
09.0 5 -
.1 2
.1 1
. 10
.0 8
“-
3
3
3
2
.0 9 .0 5 -
.1 3
.1 1
. 10
. 08
2- 2
1- 2
2
1
.0 8 .0 4 -
.1 0
.0 8
.0 9
.0 5
93
65
93
59
86
59
2- 4
1- 6
3
3
.0 6 .0 4 -
.1 4
.3 1
. 10
. 15
;
i-
4
6
3
4
.0 6 —
. 05-
. 16
. 35
. 11
. 15
(*h i
2- 5
1
3
.0 1 .0 9 -
.0 8
.2 7
.0 2
. 16
61
-
56
15
41
58
29
28
1- 3
-
2
-
.0 3 -
.1 5
.0 9
i- 3
(’ ) - 2
I- 3
2
1
2
.0 4 .0 1 . 06-
.1 6
.0 9
. 17
. 11
.0 2
. 13
1- 3
1- 2
1- 4
2
1
2
.0 4 .0 3 .0 5 -
.1 4
.1 2
.1 8
. IS
.0 6
.1 1
45
-
42
4
38
23
2
21
1- 3
-
2
-
.0 6 -
. 17
. 11
3
3
3
2
2
3
. 05.0 9 . 04-
. 18
.1 6
. 19
. 12
. 10
. 12
2- 7
2- 3
1- 7
4
2
4
.1 2 .1 3 .1 2 -
.3 5
.1 6
.3 5
. 19
. 13
.2 0
15
15
1
1- 2
2
.0 2 -
.1 5
(’ ) - 3
2
.0 2 -
.1 7
. 13
2- 2
2
.1 4 -
.1 4
. 14
;i-
. 10
1 Data for establishm ents that had expenditures for pay supplements do not add to totals because the base used in computing each component changed in accordance with the p r e v
alence of expenditures for the p ractice.
1 Includes shift d ifferen tials, not presented separately.
3 L e ss than 0 .0 5 percent or $ 0 ,0 0 5 .
4 Includes severance or d ism issa l pay an d /or supplemental unemployment benefit funds and savings and thrift plans, not presented separately.
3 L ess than 0 .5 percent or $ 0 ,0 0 5 .
NOTE:
Due to rounding,
sum s of individual item s may not equal totals,
Table Al-3.
Em ployer Expenditure* for the Compenaation of Em ployees, by Bargaining Agreem ent Coverage of
Construction W o r k e r s, Building Construction, 1965
A ll establishm ents
Compensation p ractice
M ajority of workers
covered bi barsainins aereem ents
P ercent
P er hour
of
Paid
compen
Working
sation
for
tim e
E stablishm ents that had expenditures for pay supplements
None or m inority of w orkers
covered bi baraainina aereem ents
P ercent
P e r hour
of
compen
Paid
Working
sation
for
time
M ajority of w orkers
covered b^ baraainina aereem ents
Percent
P er hour
of
compen
Paid
Working
sation
for
tim e
Total expenditures ......... .........
1 0 0 .0
1 4 .9 4
$ 4 .9 5
1 0 0 .0
$ 3 . 10
$ 3 . 12
.
G ro ss payments to w orkers ---------S traigh t-tim e p a y ....... ......... — —
P rem iu m payments 1------------------O ve rtim e, weekend, and
holiday w o r k -----------------------Pay for leave t i m e --------------------V a c a tio n s -------------------------------H olid ays-------------------------- •-----Sick le a v e -------------------------------Civic and p erson al le a v e ----Nonproduction b o n u se s .................
T erm in al p a y m e n t*--------------------
8 7 .4
8 4 .4
2. 3
$ 4 .3 2
4 . 17
. 12
$ 4 .3 3
4 . 18
. 12
9 1 .5
8 9 .4
1 .3
$ 2 .8 4
2 .7 8
. 04
$ 2 .8 5
2 .7 9
. 04
<*)
n
2 .7
2. 2
. 3
. 1
.2
(*)
(*)
.5
(J)
. 11
.0 1
. 01
.0 1
(*)
(J)
.0 2
(’ )
. 11
. 01
.0 1
.0 1
(*)
(J)
.0 2
(*)
1. 3
.6
. 3
.2
. 04
.0 2
. 01
. 01
(’ )
(*)
.0 1
(*)
. 04
.0 2
.0 1
. 01
(*)
(*)
.0 1
12 .6
.6 2
.6 2
8 .5
. 26
7 .5
. 38
.3 8
7 .3
.2 3
2 .4
2. 1
. 12
.1 1
. 12
.1 1
2 .8
2 .0
.0 9
.0 6
3 .0
5 .0
. 15
.2 5
. 15
. 25
2 .5
1. 1
. 08
.0 3
2 .3
. 12
. 12
.6
.0 2
2 .0
. 10
. 10
.4
.0 1
.7
.0 3
.0 3
.2
Expenditures in addition to
p a y r o ll___ ___________ _______________
L egally required ineurance
p rogram s — — -------------------------Retirem ent incom e and
p r o te c t io n ------ ------ -------------Unem ployment insurance —
Occupational injury and
i l l n e s s ----------------------------------P rivate w elfare p la n s4— — ;—
L ife , accident, and health
in su r a n c e ------ —-------------------Pension and retirem ent
plans — ---------- --------- — -------Vacation and holiday
funds* .................... ..................
See footnotes at end of table.
(’ )
(*)
.2
<*)
(*)
(')
None or m inority of w orkers
covered b baraainina aareem ents
P ercen t
P er hour
of
com pen
Paid
Working
sation
for
paid
.
C)
(M
<!>
o
2 .8
O
O
$ 0 . 09
<!>
(■)
$ 0 .0 9
2 .7
1 .6
1. 2
.9
1 .8
. 1
.9
(’ )
. 09
. 05
. 03
.0 2
. 05
(*)
.0 3
(’ )
.0 9
. 05
. 03
.0 2
.0 5
(’ )
.0 3
(’ )
(‘ )
( ')
(*)
(■)
o
$ 0 . 14
$ 0 . 14
2 .6
. 7
.4
.4
. 1
(*)
1. 2
. 1
. 13
. 03
. 02
. 02
.0 1
(‘ )
.0 5
(*)
. 13
. 03
.0 2
. 02
. 01
(’ )
.0 5
(J)
.2 7
<*>
(*)
( ')
.2 3
7 .5
. 38
.3 8
7. 3
.2 3
.2 3
. 09
.0 6
2 .4
2. 1
. 12
. 11
. 12.
. 11
2. 8
0
. 09
.0 6
.0 9
.0 6
. 08
. 03
3. 0
5. 2
. 15
.2 6
. 15
.2 6
2 .9
2 .9
.0 9
. 11
.0 9
.1 1
.0 2
2. 5
. 12
. 12
1 .7
.0 5
.0 5
. 01
2 .4
. 13
. 13
2 .6
. 11
. 11
2. 0
. 10
. 10
2. 0
. 12
. 12
V)
<•>
(J)
Table A -3 .
Em ployer Expenditures for the Compensation of Em ployees, by Bargaining A greem en t C overage of
Construction W ork ers, Building Construction, 196S— Continued
P ercen t of w orkers in
establishm ents that
had expe nditures
for the practice
None or m inority
M ajority
covered by
covered by
bargaining
bargaining
agreem ents
agreem ents
Compensation p ractice
Total ex p e n d itu res----------------
100
100
G ro ss payments to w o r k e r s ---------S traigh t-tim e p a y -----------------------P rem iu m paym ents2-------------------O vertim e, weekend, and
holiday w o r k -----------------------Pay for leave t i m e --------- ------ —
V a c a tio n s -------------------------------H o lid ays----------------------------------Sick le a v e -------------------------------Civic and p erson al le a v e ----Nonproduction b o n u ses-------------Term inal p a y m e n ts--------------------
100
100
82
100
100
44
82
42
29
36
12
1
37
2
44
34
24
25
3
3
22
4
Expenditures in addition to
p a y ro ll---------------------------------------------L egally required inaurance
p r o g r a m s --------------------------------—
R etirem ent incom e and
p rotection ----------------------------Unemployment in su ran ce----Occupational injury and
i l l n e s s __________________ ____
Private w elfare plans*---------------L ife , accident, and health
in su r a n c e ----------------- ----------Pension and retirem ent
plans
Vacation and holiday
f u n d s ------------------------------------
Range of expenditures in establishm ents that had expenditures for the p ractice
M ajority of w ork ers covpred
bv bargain!: ig agreem ents
P ercent of
P e r hour
combensation
paid, for
Middle
Middle
Median
Median
_____range_________
range
86 -91
8 2 -8 9
1- 3
88
86
2
1- 3
(‘ h i
(*h i
* )-( )
(* )-(‘ )
( h (‘ )
(‘ h
(‘ ) - ( ‘ )
2
<‘ )
<)
<‘ )
(‘ )
(‘ )
i
(‘ )
l
$4. 39—$5. 90
$ 5 .0 4
$3. 90—$5. 06
3 . 7 5 - 4. 91
. 0315
$4. 37
4. 30
.0 8
. 03. 01. 01-
~
(‘ )
<‘ ) n
.0 1 (‘ ) -
15
05
03
02
01
(*)
05
02
.0 8
. 02
. 01
. 01
(*)
(*)
.0 3
<‘ )
None or m inority of w ork ers covered
bv bargaini ng agreem ents
P ercen t of
P e r hour
compensation
______________ paid for_____________
Middle
Middle
Median
Median
range
range
.
$2. 3 0 -$ 3 . 53
$ 2 .9 0
9 0 -9 3
8 8 -9 2
1- 4
92
90
2
$2. 15—$3. 26
2. 1 2 - 3. 16
. 03. 13
$2. 68
2 .6 5
.0 6
1- 4
h 2
h 2
h 1
h i
h (‘ >
-1
(4 ) - ( ‘ )
2
1
1
(*)
(‘ )
*)
(*)
(‘ )
(‘
(‘
(‘
(‘
(
\*y
.0 3 . 01.0 1 .0 1 . 02(*) . 01(*) -
. 13
.0 5
.0 5
.0 2
.0 3
(‘ )
.0 3
(*>
.0 6
.0 2
.0 2
.0 1
.0 2
(*)
. 01
(‘ )
100
100
9 -1 4
12
.4 1 -
87
.5 8
7 -1 0
8
. 18-
.3 1
.2 3
100
100
6- 9
8
.2 9 -
44
. 36
7- 9
8
. 17-
.2 9
.2 1
100
100
100
99
2- 3
2- 2
3
2
.1 1 .0 8 -
14
13
. 13
. 11
3- 3
1- 3
3
2
.0 6 .0 4 -
. 10
.0 8
.0 9
.0 6
98
92
89
32
2- 4
2- 7
3
5
. 10. 12-
20
40
. 13
. 25
2- 4
(‘ h 3
3
1
.0 5 .0 1 -
. 12
. 11
.0 9
.0 4
(‘ h
90
28
2- 3
3
.0 6 -
17
. 13
2
1
.0 1 -
.0 6
.0 2
78
12
1- 3
3
.0 5 -
18
. 13
1- 3
2
. 04-
.2 0
.0 9
29
3
2
. 01-
17
. 11
2- 4
3
. 14-
.2 3
.1 6
(‘ h
3
1 Data fo r establish m en ts that had expenditures for pay supplements do not add to totals because the base used in computing each component changed in accordan ce with the p r e v
alence of expenditures fo r the p ractice.
2 Includes shift d ifferen tials, not presented separately.
1 L e ss than 0 .0 5 percen t or $ 0 ,0 0 5 .
* Includes severance or d ism issa l pay a n d /o r supplemental unemployment benefit funds and savings and thrift p lan s, not presented separately.
' In the nonunion estab lish m en ts, bargaining agreem ents providing for vacation and holiday funds m ay have covered a m inority of the w orkers in the fir m s with these expenditures;
inform ation about the d egree of unionisation below the m ajority group level was not collected in this study.
2 L e ss than 0 .5 percen t or $ 0 ,0 0 5 .
NOTE:
Due to rounding,
sum s of individual item s may not equal totals.
Table A -4 .
Com position of P ayroll H ou r*, Building Construction, 1965
Percent of hours paid for
Com position of payroll hours
AU
establish ments
Range in establishm ents
that had paid leave hours
Middle
Median
range
W eeks of vacation paid for
Percent of
em ployees
receiving
vacation pay
Number of holidays paid for
P ercent of
em ployees
in esta b lish
m ents having
the practice
A ll em ployees
Total
100. 0
Working tim e .. .............................. .....................
Holidays ...........................................................
9 8 .9
1. 1
.5
.4
. 1
(*)
98 -9 9
1- 2
1
(M - 1
99
1
1
0)
OHM
0)
(*)—
1‘H ')
3 and under 4 weeks
Total
100
None ......... ................................................................. _
Under 1 week
. . . . . . .
. ... ___
______________________
(‘)
88
1
4
6
(')
(*)
1
100
None _____ ____ _______________ ________________
Under 3 ________ _____________________________
3
5 and under 6 ________________________________
6
81
2
3
1
3
5
5
Construction w orkers
100. 0
99. 5
. 5
.2
.2
(*)
1
T o t a l ................................................................
9 9 -9 9
94
1
3
2
(*)
99
1
*C i
J»H ‘)
OHM
j:j
1*5
1
100
100
Under 3
4
5
.
. .......................................... ..
89
2
3
1
2
2
2
Office and related w orkers
Total
1 0 0 .0
95. 1
4. 9
2. 3
1 .8
.6
. 1
1
1
9 3 -9 6
4- 7
2- 4
2- 3
1- 2
( ') - »
94
6
3
2
1
(*)
100
38
2
16
41
3
1
(*)
T o t a l ______________
100
20
8
12
36
8
6
8
L e ss than 0. 5 percent.
L e s s than 0. 05 percent.
N O TE :
Due to rounding, su m s of individual item s m ay not equal totals.
00
>1
Table A -5 .
C om position of P ayroll H ou ri, By Bargaining A greem en t C overage of Construction W o r k e r *, Building Construction, 1965
Percent of hours paid for
Composition of payroll hours
A ll
estab lish m ents
Range in establishments
that had paid leave hours
Middle
Median
range
W eeks of vacation paid for
P ercent of
em ployees
receiving
vacation pay
Number of holidays paid for
P ercent of
em ployees
in esta b lish
m ents having
the practice
M ajority covered by bargaining agreem ents
Total
100. 0
Paid leave hours _______________ __________
99.
.
.
.
7
3
1
2
(l )
(l )
9 9 -9 9
!> - 1
'M ')
I ) -,1
"hi')
'H 1
100
99
1■)
1 and under 2 w eeks ________________________
*
«
>
97
1
1
1
(*)
4 _____________ _______________ __________________
5.
______
6
11
None or m in ority covered by bargaining agreem ents
T o ta l
100. 0
9 9 .4
.6
. 3
.2
(2)
M
9 8 -9 9
( ') - 2
') r ) - 1
■ )- 1
2
I ' H
1)
99
1
1
(*)
1
( ')
1 L e ss than 0. 5 percent.
2 L e ss than 0 .0 5 percent.
N O TE:
Due to rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal totals.
_______ _____________________
100
92
1
4
3
(*)
(M
T o ta l ................. ...................
3 ..........
.........................
4 ......... ...................... ......................................................
100
85
1
2
4
i
3
3
Appendix B. Employment in the Contract Construction Industries
T a b le
B - l . C o n tra ct c o n s tr u ctio n ,
average
e m p lo y m e n t b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
and se x ,
1 9 4 6 —6 8
^ A ^ r k e ^ ^ i i^ t h o u s a n d ^
Y ear
Annudl
average
Jan u ary
F ebu ary
M arch
A p r il
M ay
June
J u ly
A u gu st
S ep tem b er
O ctob er
N ovem ber D ecem ber
A ll e m p lo y e e s
1946
________________
1,220
1 ,8 6 1
1 ,9 8 2
1 ,7 0 2
2 , 169
2 , 165
1, 9 3 0
2 , 022
1 9 5 1 ________________
______________
1952
2, 333
2 ,6 0 3
2, 634
1, 9 2 9
2, 299
2 , 365
1 9 5 3 ________________
1 9 5 4 ________________
2 ,6 2 3
2 ,6 1 2
2 , 382
2, 288
1 9 5 5 ________________
1 9 5 6 ________________
1957
___ .
,
2, 802
2, 389
2, 539
2, 595
1 9 4 7 ________________
1 9 4 8 ________________
1 9 4 9 ------------------------1 9 5 0 ________________
1 9 5 8 ________________
1959
---------------------I 9 6 0 ________________
2 , 999
2, 923
2 ,7 7 8
2, 960
1 9 6 5 ________________
1 9 6 6 ________________
1 9 6 7 ________________
2, 885
2 , 816
2 , 902
2 ,9 6 3
3, 050
3 , 186
3, 275
3, 203
1 9 6 8 ________________
3 ,2 5 9
1961
1962
1963
1964
________________
.
..............................
________________
2, 520
2, 573
2 , 584
2 ,4 6 0
2 ,4 2 6
2, 556
2, 530
2, 780
2 , 941
2, 910
2 , 771
1 ,2 5 1
1 ,6 8 1
1, 375
1 ,7 2 7
1 ,7 9 3
1 ,9 3 1
1, 8 7 0
2, 244
2 , 362
1 ,8 7 9
1 ,9 5 3
1 ,9 1 6
2, 338
2, 362
2, 295
2, 345
2 , 355
2 , 388
2 , 351
2 ,4 6 4
2, 529
2, 583
2 ,6 0 3
2, 657
2, 295
2 ,4 5 6
2 ,4 1 9
2 ,5 6 2
2, 518
2 ,4 2 8
2, 457
2 ,4 8 0
2 ,5 1 8
2, 668
2 ,7 9 5
2, 339
2 ,4 1 8
1 ,5 2 8
1 ,8 4 2
2 , 021
2 , 043
2 , 086
2 ,4 8 9
2 ,4 8 3
2, 506
2 ,4 9 7
2 ,6 5 7
2, 804
2 , 811
2,
2,
2,
2,
583
835
755
637
2, 769
2, 800
1 ,8 1 7
1 ,9 3 6
1 ,7 0 1
2, 084
2,
2,
2,
2,
158
145
258
622
2, 293
2, 215
2, 430
2 ,7 1 7
2 , 597
2, 600
2, 606
2 , 751
2 ,7 0 2
2 , 721
2, 838
3, 012
2, 975
2 ,9 7 9
3, 274
2, 759
3, 024
2 , 961
2 , 805
2 ,9 6 1
2, 824
2 ,9 8 9
2, 875
2 ,9 5 9
3 , 162
3, 053
2 ,9 9 8
3, 062
3 , 197
3, 278
3, 168
2, 893
2 , 967
3 , 157
3 ,2 5 5
2 ,4 3 9
2, 584
2 ,6 9 1
2, 822
2, 869
3, 118
2 , 884
3 , 191
3, 100
3, 015
3, 068
3,
3,
3,
3,
169
259
388
520
3 , 341
3, 387
1 ,8 0 2
2 ,1 3 0
2, 353
2, 287
2, 549
2 , 791
2, 818
2, 769
2. 793
3, 074
3, 269
3, 168
2 ,9 7 4
3, 258
3 , 192
3 , 081
3 ,2 2 7
3, 291
3, 360
3 ,4 4 6
3 ,6 1 5
3 ,4 7 5
1 ,8 8 7
2 , 194
2 , 389
2 , 351
2 ,6 4 8
2, 852
2 , 886
2, 830
2 , 851
3 , 115
3 , 361
3, 199
3, 061
3, 323
3, 224
3, 157
3 ,2 8 4
3, 355
3 ,4 1 9
3, 546
3 ,6 2 8
1,923
2,193
2,375
2 , 351
2, 646
2, 814
2, 870
2, 836
2, 830
3, 099
3 ,3 1 7
3 , 165
3, 071
3 ,2 4 6
3 , 159
3 , 114
3 ,2 2 4
1,910
2 , 166
2, 340
2, 324
2 ,6 5 3
2, 812
2 ,2 5 7
2 , 592
2, 684
2, 807
2, 820
2 ,7 2 9
2, 720
2, 792
3, 021
3, 242
2 ,7 3 8
2 ,9 0 8
3 , 112
2, 952
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
107
067
165
114
087
3 ,4 6 9
3, 512
3 , 179
3, 236
3, 316
3 ,4 3 8
3, 4 3 4
3, 289
3, 333
1 ,8 8 7
2 , 102
2, 294
2 ,9 9 1
3, 032
2 , 947
2, 942
3 , 036
3, 075
3 ,2 1 3
3, 345
3 ,2 9 2
1 ,8 2 6
2 , 031
2 , 206
2, 098
2 ,4 2 2
2, 568
2 ,5 7 9
2, 567
2, 578
2 ,7 3 1
2, 926
2, 750
2, 715
2, 850
2 ,6 3 7
2 ,7 0 2
2 ,7 5 0
2 , 825
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
990
177
111
134
241
3, 498
3, 519
3, 553
3 ,4 4 0
3, 515
3, 391
3 ,4 9 8
3, 307
3, 374
227
254
244
275
234
252
252
284
233
255
252
235
253
252
237
300
317
304
283
302
288
304
259
256
292
304
319
319
341
370
402
319
321
341
320
316
343
313
316
338
369
396
393
370
387
390
411
366
388
386
O ffic e w o r k e r s
1947
________________
1 9 4 9 ------------------------1 9 5 0 ________________
223
245
246
264
263
233
153
245
208
224
242
1 9 5 1 ________________
1952
1953
1 9 5 4 ..............................
295
310
318
321
430
278
296
279
293
315
285
296
313
240
285
304
318
315
310
1 9 5 5 ________________
1956
1 9 5 7 ..............................
1 9 5 8 ________________
362
386
386
349
363
346
365
372
381
321
355
376
374
394
422
379
388
411
315
347
368
376
381
416
423
416
411
421
414
377
412
426
426
422
414
425
421
419
426
427
440
440
429
437
426
435
442
437
458
440
429
435
444
435
453
476
439
447
439
455
479
492
459
484
490
463
483
470
484
473
484
482
491
498
509
497
499
369
502
497
503
497
508
507
511
1 9 4 8 ________________
1959 1960
1 9 6 1 ________________
1 9 6 2 ________________
1963
1 9 6 4 ... ..........................
1 9 6 5 ________________
1 9 6 6 ________________
1 9 6 7 ________________
1968
..........................
211
232
240
236
233
211
231
226
215
242
238
252
293
306
318
327
357
383
384
382
226
248
241
266
297
310
319
327
323
337
319
332
372
402
343
371
398
396
402
371
402
395
398
391
391
427
528
431
466
429
429
435
433
431
448
445
443
459
430
446
462
445
514
547
500
507
496
613
389
405
425
407
427
426
427
435
426
432
425
432
445
445
442
439
437
486
459
483
459
486
437
458
500
505
515
499
500
516
499
498
514
1 ,9 6 0
2 , 120
1, 931
2 ,0 8 7
2, 072
485
497
499
514
240
261
249
287
304
412
425
420
432
439
438
458
482
495
498
513
C o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s
194v
________________
1,759
1 9 4 8 -------------------------
1 ,9 2 4
1 9 4 9 ----------- ------------1 9 5 0 ________________
1 9 5 1 ________________
1 ,9 1 9
2 ,0 6 9
2, 308
2 , 324
2 , 305
2 , 281
2 ,4 4 0
2 ,6 1 3
2 ,5 3 7
2 , 384
1 9 5 2 ________________
1 9 5 3 ..............................
1 9 5 4 ________________
1955.
1 9 5 6 ________________
1 9 5 7 ________________
1 9 5 8 ________________
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
------------------------________________
________________
..........................
________________
________________
.
.
.. ..
________________
________________
1 ,4 9 9
1 ,6 9 7
1 ,7 7 7
1 ,6 9 5
2 , 021
1 ,6 8 9
1 ,6 3 7
1 ,4 7 3
1 ,5 1 6
1 ,6 4 7
1, 7 1 3
1 ,6 8 0
1, 631
1 ,7 2 1
1 ,9 1 6
1, 85 8
2, 045
1, 9 0 7
2, 006
1, 9 7 4
2 , 164
1 ,9 6 5
2, 053
1, 790
1 ,8 0 8
1 ,8 4 6
2, 204
069
067
972
041
2 , 069
2 , 047
1, 9 8 5
2 , 173
2, 216
2 , 132
2 , 161
2 ,2 1 1
1 ,9 1 4
2, 059
2 , 075
2 , 036
2 , 117
2, 235
2 ,2 8 1
2 , 042
2 , 179
2 , 188
2 , 176
2, 302
2 ,4 2 8
2 ,4 3 2
2 ,2 0 2
2 ,4 5 9
2 , 390
2 ,4 6 2
2 , 162
2 , 161
2, 044
1 ,9 9 7
2 , 150
2 , 006
2, 523
2 , 597
2 ,7 1 0
2, 784
2,
2,
2,
2,
2 ,4 1 8
2, 274
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2, 705
2 ,7 5 0
2, 045
2 , 097
1 ,9 2 5
1 ,9 9 2
2, 004
2 , 144
2, 232
2 , 342
2, 334
2, 394
2 ,4 6 5
2, 538
2,
2,
1,
2,
119
093
322
462
1 ,5 6 9
1, 9 9 9
043
051
083
224
332
506
384
419
330
216
334
361
2, 422
2, 489
2, 678
2 , 556
2 ,6 5 4
2 , 329
2 ,4 2 0
2 ,2 9 1
2, 282
2 ,4 4 1
2, 383
2, 279
2, 481
2, 629
2, 389
2 ,6 0 7
2, 872
2, 727
2, 493
2, 784
2 ,5 9 1
2 , 377
2, 605
2, 535
2, 378
2 ,5 1 9
2, 559
2 ,6 0 7
2, 724
2 ,6 6 9
2, 585
2, 623
2 , 726
2, 800
2, 789
2 ,6 7 1
2 , 906
3, 024
2, 834
2 ,7 4 7
2, 876
1 ,9 0 3
1 ,9 6 0
2 ,0 9 9
2, 043
2 ,2 7 4
2 , 137
2 ,4 9 1
2 , 501
2, 446
2, 456
2, 703
2 ,8 6 7
2, 773
2, 576
2, 830
2, 759
2 ,6 5 0
2, 548
2 , 779
2 , 846
2 , 899
2, 962
3 , 114
2, 968
2 ,9 8 5
2 , 099
2, 364
2 ,5 6 7
2 , 503
2, 508
2, 744
2, 963
2 ,8 0 3
2 ,6 5 9
2, 894
2, 795
2, 722
2, 834
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2, 099
2, 363
2 , 512
2 , 551
2 , 517
2 ,4 8 9
2, 729
2, 915
2, 776
2 ,6 6 6
2 , 821
2, 732
2 ,6 7 9
2, 779
2, 850
2, 874
909
957
060
128
014
2 , 986
3, 013
2, 940
3, 038
2 ,9 9 9
2 , 365
2 ,5 0 8
1 ,8 6 5
2, 035
2 , 001
2, 300
2, 380
2 ,4 8 8
2 ,4 9 9
2, 451
2, 652
2 , 846
2, 714
2 ,4 0 9
2, 404
2, 660
2 ,7 3 8
2, 688
2, 655
2, 734
2, 580
2, 606
2, 522
2, 799
2 , 857
2 , 952
2, 935
2, 893
2 ,9 8 4
2,395
2, 538
2, 725
2 , 562
2 ,5 1 0
2, 594
2, 638
2, 755
2, 860
2 ,7 9 6
1 ,7 9 1
1, 9 4 5
1, 8 4 9
2 , 135
2, 264
2, 266
2 , 251
2, 240
2 , 365
2 , 538
2 , 364
2, 303
2, 425
2, 217
2, 270
2 , 311
2 , 387
2, 532
2 ,6 9 5
2, 616
2, 808
2, 860
2 ,6 3 6
2, 728
145
148
152
W om en
1 9 6 4 ________________
146
146
1 9 6 5 ..............................
1966
..................
1967
.
.
1 9 6 8 -------------------------
150
152
143
145
147
151
155
153
146
144
147
150
154
146
145
147
149
153
147
146
148
151
152
146
145
149
150
155
146
146
152
153
158
145
148
153
153
156
147
145
146
149
153
154
147
152
152
147
153
153
154
145
147
150
152
156
154
156
156
156
3 ,2 7 2
3 , 188
3, 322
3 , 170
3, 068
3 , 107
2, 845
3, 030
3 , 141
3 , 153
3 ,2 1 8
2, 982
3, 085
M en
1964
________________
1 9 6 5 ________ _______
1 9 6 6 ________________
1 9 6 7 ________________
1968
.
.
2, 904
2 , 387
2 ,4 3 8
2 , 522
2, 722
2 ,9 1 6
3,
3,
3,
3,
2, 635
2 ,7 9 0
2 , 547
2 ,6 7 5
2, 674
2 ,6 5 0
2, 842
2, 726
2, 814
2, 813
3, 014
2 ,9 0 2
3, 022
040
125
053
104
2 , 759
2 ,6 1 8
2, 739
3, 005
3 , 129
3, 018
3, 100
3 , 113
3 ,2 4 2
3, 368
3 , 188
3 ,2 2 9
3 ,2 1 5
3 ,2 9 8
3 ,4 6 2
3, 322
3 , 342
3, 397
3 ,4 7 5
3, 365
3, 397
3, 360
3 ,2 8 8
3, 291
3 ,2 8 1
3, 238
3, 361
3, 342
3, 261
90
T a b le
B -2 .
G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n t r a c t o r s
(S IC
1 5 ),
average
e m p lo y m e n t b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
and s e x ,
1 9 4 7 —6 8
j W o r k e r s ^ i^ h o u s a n d s ^
A nnual
average
Y ears
Jan u ary
F ebru ary
A p r il
M arch
M ay
June
A ugust
J u ly
S ep tem b er
O ctob er
N ovem ber D ecem ber
A ll e m p lo y e e s
1947
762
684
667
675
1 9 4 8 ______________
837
756
1 9 4 9 -------------------------1950
1951
1 9 5 2 -------------------------
809
875
9 9 1 .4
775
720
698
733
735
738
697
845. 8
894. 0
709
895. 2
8 9 0 .4
819. 0
854. 0
880. 6
821. 5
8 3 4 .2
893. 2
842. 5
8 9 1 .2
903. 9
925. 6
896. 0
907. 9
926. 0
926. 4
1953
1954 ..
1955
1 9 5 6 ..............................
1957
1 9 5 8 ________________
983. 2
9 6 9 .2
937. 1
9 9 7 .2
1, 074. 6
986. 8
8 9 3 .6
1 9 5 9 -------------------------1 9 6 0 ________________
........................
1962
1 9 6 3 ________________
1 9 6 4 ________________
1 9 6 5 ________ . ______
959. 0
908. 4
1 9 6 6 ________________
1 9 6 7 ..............................
1 ,0 3 1 . 5
977. 5
1 9 6 8 ________________
967. 7
1961
874. 9
882. 1
914. 1
949. 1
994. 0
882. 7
891. 2
890. 6
829. 8
850. 3
831. 7
772. 7
757. 3
784. 6
789. 4
890. 9
955. 1
925. 8
8 5 2 .4
749.
801.
803.
727.
3
6
8
2
759.
745.
802.
851.
7
6
8
8
909. 8
891. 0
893. 3
879.
960.
897.
.
906
4
9
9
8
735
834
793
888
810
904
795
821
850
768
946. 4
925. 6
934. 0
839
9 9 8 .6
963. 3
. 9
9 3 4 .4
1, 0 0 4 . 1
908
1 ,0 4 0 . 1
1 ,0 3 1 . 3
, 0 0 0 .4
9 7 8 .6
1 ,0 5 7 .6
955
1 ,0 6 5 . 8
1 ,0 5 7 .0
1 ,0 2 7 . 6
1 ,0 0 7 . 0
, 101. 1
1, 0 4 7 . 8
1 ,0 2 2 . 7
1, 0 6 5 .
1, 0 1 3 .
885.
.
938.
864.
1 ,1 7 6 .0
1 ,0 4 5 . 8
9 1 7 .2
1 ,0 3 9 .7
. 8
932. 0
1, 1 8 3 . 3
1 ,0 8 2 . 8
944. 2
1 ,2 2 5 .6
1 ,0 6 6 .0
968. 5
1 ,0 7 3 .5
,0 1 0 . 8
898. 0
9 5 0 .4
1 .0 0 4 . 6
976. 0
834. 2
7 9 3 .9
833. 0
756. 6
765. 3
767. 0
772. 1
830. 0
709
787
764
923. 0
8 8 0 .4
817. 5
857. 2
864. 4
887. 8
913. 7
, 0 0 2 .2
1
931. 8
940. 4
961
980
0
5
0
8
5
6
1
980
893. 4
924. 3
913. 5
938. 5
981. 2
979. 0
1 ,0 0 7 . 0
1 ,0 1 9 . 9
956. 2
941. 6
1, 0 4 7 . 9
1, 0 9 8 . 4
1 ,0 0 2 . 4
985. 8
1
831
917
870
996
1, 0 8 9 . 4
1, 0 7 6 .2
1, 114. 8
1 ,0 5 5 . 1
1 ,0 1 0 .4
1
954. 9
9 7 2 .6
1, 0 2 4 . 4
981. 8
987. 4
1, 0 4 4 . 1
1, 0 4 2 . 2
1 ,0 6 7 . 7
1, 0 6 4 .4
1, 1 0 0 . 4
1, 1 2 3 . 0
1 ,0 3 7 . 3
,0 2 2 . 0
1, 1 2 9 . 3
1 ,0 5 8 . 0
1 ,0 4 2 . 5
1
832
821
804
787
905
865
891
860
876
851
794
•998
1, 0 7 3 . 5
1 ,0 6 0 .6
999
1 ,0 7 5 . 1
1 ,0 3 5 .4
1, 0 4 4 . 7
1, 0 1 2 . 3
,0 9 1 .6
1
1 ,0 2 8 . 3
1 ,0 0 0 . 5
1, 0 6 1 . 3
1, 1 9 5 .4
1, 0 3 2 . 6
971. 5
1, 1 5 9 . 7
1, 0 0 4 . 9
980. 7
1 ,0 4 3 . 0
9 8 0 .7
9 6 0 .7
960. 7
1, 0 1 5 . 1
9 5 9 .4
843
956. 0
9 4 6 .9
9 9 6 .6
1 ,0 1 4 .0
1, 0 3 1 . 7
1, 0 7 1 . 3
1 ,0 8 7 . 7
1, 0 6 5 . 8
1 ,0 3 0 .8
1 ,0 2 8 . 3
1, 0 1 9 . 9
, 028. 2
77
84
80
75
82
1, 0 2 7 . 0
1 ,0 5 8 . 7
1
986
1 ,0 1 3 . 8
1 ,0 1 4 . 1
988. 9
982. 1
1 ,0 3 1 .6
1, 1 0 9 . 7
961. 5
973.
971.
918.
915.
4
9
9
2
918.
956.
1 ,0 1 5 .
1, 0 4 4 .
5
7
2
0
1 ,0 3 3 . 4
1 ,0 0 6 .8
9 9 8 .4
927
970. 6
959.
932.
926.
974.
1, 0 5 0 .
898.
8
1
8
9
1
5
875.
920.
828.
850.
840.
874.
7
4
2
5
3
5
9 5 3 .4
1 ,0 2 1 . 4
992. 5
972. 2
972. 0
O ffic e w o rk e rs
1947
..
73
81
78
1 9 4 8 ________________
1 9 4 9 -------------------------1 9 5 0 ______________
1 9 5 1 ________________
1 9 5 2 ------------------------1 9 5 3 ________________
1 9 5 4 ________________
1 9 5 5 -------------------------1956
1 9 5 7 ________________
1 9 5 8 ........................
1959
1 9 6 0 ________________
1 9 6 1 ________________
1962
..
1 9 6 3 ________________
1 9 6 4 ________________
1 9 6 5 ... ..........................
________________
1966
1 9 6 7 ________________
1 9 6 8 _________________
70
77
72
73
77
74
66
74
95. 6
100. 9
105.
105.
117.
124.
78
9
1
1
2
120. 6
88.
3
103. 6
100. 7
. 0
115. 7
. 1
106. 8
99. 3
112. 3
118. 5
115. 7
116. 7
111
122. 2
117. 9
123. 6
123. 9
143. 5
142. 2
145. 0
73
92. 2
9 4 .4
93. 0
104. 8
1 1 8 .4
124. 6
131. 8
141. 3
8
96. 2
105. 1
123. 0
122. 3
126. 3
127. 1
88.
69
76
76
119. 6
124. 7
128.
127.
136.
142.
1
4
7
0
140. 8
145. 0
96
116.2
69
77
75
75
91. 8
97. 2
106. 5
103. 3
115. 0
121.6
119. 1
115. 6
114. 7
1 1 3 .6
123. 5
123. 2
122 2
121. 8
118. 5
. 0
. 0
123.
.
118.
124.
127.
5
3
0
120. 4
124. 9
126. 9
127.
138.
141.
141.
144.
128.
138.
143.
140.
144.
3
1
0
3
2
129.
139.
143.
140.
162.
121
120
6
8
7
1
0
0
123. 6
5
0
7
7
8
70
76
74
80
74
83
77
83
77
79
94. 9
99.
105.
106.
113.
86
9 9 .9
100. 0
76
83
60
88
98. 1
102. 5
2
8
5
5
108. 0
106. 7
1 2 3 .7
110. 0
106. 7
121. 1
123. 5
. 6
130. 5
1 2 3 .4
130. 2
126. 7
116. 5
119. 0
125. 9
124. 8
120
115. 1
124. 3
123. 2
121. 4
1 2 5 .6
125. 5
130. 3
140.
143.
140.
145.
6
8
4
5
127. 3
124. 5
123.
126.
126.
132.
5
8
0
0
142. 9
144. 0
143. 2
1 4 5 .7
91
99. 1
104. 9
. 0
1 0 9 .4
78
93
81
88
65
82
96
79
92
82
94
110
122.6
99. 8
105. 6
107. 5
9 8 .9
107. 6
98. 3
107. 5
106. 9
109. 3
122. 3
1 3 2 .4
1 3 1 .7
109. 1
118. 9
1 2 6 .4
103.
108.
128.
.
125. 8
120.
121. 8
120. 6
121.6
100
106. 5
8
0
6
0
100. 7
1 0 6 .6
118. 3
1 1 5 .9
123. 5
123. 7
1 2 0 .4
124. 8
121
122.6
124. 6
121. 8
129. 0
125. 0
1
120. 5
124. 9
122. 5
1
7
9
8
1 2 6 .7
123. 4
124. 2
124. 1
127. 7
127. 6
1 3 4 .4
146. 1
183. 3
144. 8
1 4 3 .4
162. 9
144. 3
143. 6
144. 9
1 4 5 .5
147. 1
145. 5
755
821
746
726
706
809
781
907
976. 2
9 2 9 .8
921. 4
791
761
890
915. 5
763
712
833
870. 6
853. 3
8 3 1 .4
820. 2
122. 9
127.
127.
132.
144.
123.
126.
126.
134.
9
7
8
6
124. 4
123. 0
124. 3
128. 1
127. 1
125. 1
128. 0
127. 5
128. 2
1 2 7 .4
134. 6
142. 5
137. 4
142. 5
1 3 5 .4
142. 6
143. 5
141. 3
1 4 2 .6
144. 2
145. 0
142. 1
144. 3
144. 1
C o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s
1 9 4 7 ________________
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
________________
.
________________
_________________
________________
________________
________________
..............................
1957 .
1 9 5 8 ------------------------1 9 5 9 -------------------------1 9 6 0 ..............................
1 9 6 1 ________________
1962 .
1963
1964
.
.
.
1965
1 9 6 6 ________________
1 9 6 7 ________________
1968
689
756
731
616
680
698
648
794. 4
791
895. 8
882. 3
863. 3
832. 0
880. 1
950. 4
. 2
775. 2
834. 4
7 8 5 .4
7 5 2 .6
755. 8
787. 0
817. 3
852. 7
754. 2
835. 3
822. 7
813. 1
785. 0
707. 4
866
888. 0
795.
785.
718.
743.
788.
803.
0
5
3
0
2
4
7 1 1 .9
726. 7
707. 8
653. 1
6 3 2 .6
656. 5
662. 0
597
625
656
623
757
801
775. 8
725. 4
722. 4
779. 5
7 9 1 .7
634. 6
678. 1
680. 6
608. 7
6 3 5 .7
6 1 7 .6
675. 2
713. 0
768. 1
7 4 9 .9
749. 3
606
640
710
659
662
636
803
796
789.
743.
778.
8 1 .0 .
6
1
9
3
809. 7
680. 3
710. 0
6 3 4 .4
646. 8
642. 7
645. 1
7 0 1 .7
741. 3
817. 9
7 5 7 .6
7 6 2 .6
689
693
8 5 4 .6
8 2 8 .4
827. 5
794. 7
835. 4
883. 0
856. 9
718. 3
7 9 9 .4
758.
697.
732.
737.
758.
6
1
3
5
3
774. 7
858. 5
791. 1
7 9 7 .6
665
754
721
760
903. 7
864. 1
856. 1
717
805
744
822
736
827.
890.
941.
892.
9
6
5
9
871. 9
769.
856.
815.
743.
767.
788.
808.
9
5
3
2
8
0
2
942. 3
931. 3
8 9 2 .4
9 3 3 .9
1, 0 4 5 . 5
922. 4
800. 7
9 1 2 .4
856.
808.
797.
853.
3
5
5
0
821
773
867
967. 7
954. 5
917.
900.
.
1 ,0 5 3 .
956.
825.
980
6
3
n
1
1
2
929. 2
8 8 5 .6
832. 0
845. 5
896. 7
909. 3
8 4 0 .6
876. 1
815. 8
875. 0
905. 0
9 5 4 .4
8 5 9 .2
9 2 2 .9
976. 9
894. 0
796. 1
840. 1
887. 7
755
834
790
905
990. 3
971. 8
937. 8
913. 3
9 9 2 .2
1 ,0 9 3 . 2
940. 2
848. 4
946. 8
886.6
857. 7
859. 7
916. 5
930. 0
9 5 5 .6
984. 5
9 1 4 .6
897. 0
785
905
973. 7
955. 6
9 3 9 .2
903. 0
969.
1, 0 6 3 .
910.
851.
.
858.
826.
834.
918
3
9
8
0
1
2
8
0
887. 2
897. 1
9 2 8 .4
943. 4
887. 2
8 8 1 .2
906.6
4
4
3
3
885.
874.
913.
988.
843.
1
1
0
7
2
859. 1
890. 7
8 3 6 .4
831. 7
818. 8
850.
847.
797.
790.
790.
8
9
1
1
5
869. 5
8 9 2 .4
747. 1
818. 0
882. 7
829. 2
879. 8
901. 5
. 8
862. 6
8 5 3 .4
41. 9
41. 5
41. 3
42. 0
4 1 .5
40. 8
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
40. 6
40. 6
3 9 .8
891.
942.
1 ,0 3 3 .
884.
916. 2
922. 3
8 7 8 .6
890
8 5 9 .9
925. 1
782. 6
752. 2
7 9 6 .9
707. 8
725. 9
712. 1
878. 8
8 5 0 .4
827. 9
827. 9
W om en
1964
42. 2
1965
42. 0
1 9 6 6 ________________
1967 .
1968
41. 9
40. 4
4 0 .2
4 1 .6
42. 1
42. 3
42. 3
41. 8
42. 1
4 1 .4
42. 3
42. 5
42. 2
42. 3
41. 1
41. 5
4 0 .4
41. 5
4 0 .4
41. 3
41. 9
4 0 .0
39. 5
42. 1
41. 9
42. 3
4 0 .4
40. 1
42. 9
42. 0
42. 2
42. 0
43. 1
40. 4
41. 1
4 2 .2
40. 1
43.
43.
42.
40.
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
39. 0
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
0
1 ,0 2 5 .7
1 ,0 2 1 . 4
1 ,0 5 6 .8
9 7 3 .2
1 ,0 0 2 . 5
9 1 1 .7
9 7 9 .6
1 ,0 8 7 .2
989. 8
1 ,0 2 9 . 2
1, 0 4 6 . 1
985. 1
1 ,0 1 7 .2
1 ,0 8 0 . 8
9 9 7 .2
982. 5
1, 0 2 4 . 5
1 ,0 1 7 .7
1, 0 0 2 . 9
989. 3
9 9 2 .6
. 2
9 5 8 .6
951. 9
931. 5
932. 2
0
6
1
3
41. 9
42. 1
4 1 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
39. 8
M en
1964
1 9 6 5 ________________
________________
1966
1967
1968 ________________
9 0 6 .9
952. 0
977. 5
937. 1
927. 5
747. 8
760. 5
848. 8
912. 8
810. 0
8 6 7 .6
787. 9
838. 0
9 1 8 .6
8 4 9 .9
8 1 0 .9
8 5 0 .6
851. 8
857. 5
865. 5
845.
871.
871.
.
962
5
2
8
2
901. 8
896. 4
964. 1
9 3 9 .3
977. 6
1 .0 0 5 .9
1 ,0 5 5 .3
963. 0
944. 7
915. 8
901. 5
1, 0 0 0 .
9 9 0 .9
979. 5
989. 0
966
91
T a b le B - 3 . H e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n c o n t r a c t o r s (SIC 1 6 ), a v e r a g e e m p lo y m e n t b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p a n d s e x , 1947—68
(W o r k e r s in th o u s a n d s )
Y ear
A nnual
a v e ra g e
J a n u a ry
F e b ru ary
M a rc h
A p ril
Ju n e
M ay
J u ly
A u g u st
S e p te m b e r
O c to b e r N o v e m b e r D e c e m b e i
A ll e m p lo y e e s
-----------------1948 -----------------1949 -----------------1950 -----------------1 9 5 1 -----------------1952 -----------------1953 -----------------1954 -----------------1955 -----------------1956 -----------------1957 -----------------1958 -----------------1959 -----------------i 9 6 0 -----------------1 9 6 1 -----------------1962 -----------------1963 -----------------1964 -----------------1965 -----------------1966 -----------------1967 -----------------1968 ------------------
1 9 4 7
363
389
401
419
46 1 . 6
4 8 1 .4
48 0 . 1
4 7 1 .0
48 3 . 8
556. 7
5 7 6 .0
564. 6
586. 5
585. 7
583. 3
59 3. 1
599. 2
613. 9
648. 5
673. 5
666. 1
688. 3
264
309
322
304
3 5 7 .9
374. 1
388. 3
374. 9
363. 8
399. 6
44 9 . 6
45 7 . 4
43 8 . 7
4 3 9 .9
44 7 . 7
43 0 . 5
44 4 . 2
43 2 . 8
4 7 7 .4
51 9 . 3
53 3 . 8
48 8 . 0
264
276
308
290
346. 4
379. 6
39 0 . 5
3 8 0 .0
354. 2
401. 3
44 2 . 5
4 0 0 .9
41 6 . 2
43 5 . 1
42 3 . 0
429. 3
416. 5
448. 4
45 5 . 5
48 6 . 5
521. 8
51 9 . 3
276
294
327
305
368. 5
384. 2
3 9 7 .9
40 0 . 5
375. 3
4 3 1 .8
46 0 . 1
432. 4
458. 7
425. 2
454. 8
455. 3
44 5 . 8
4 7 1 .5
496. 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------—---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42
46
47
49
54. 6
57. 8
53. 4
52. 3
54. 1
63. 3
63. 1
6 6 .5
69. 7
74. 2
77. 6
78. 3
76. 7
84. 3
88. 4
93. 1
9 3 .7
95. 8
35
41
54
42
48. 3
64. 6
53. 6
52. 1
52. 1
56. 6
6 1 .6
6 7 .4
6 6 .8
6 9 .7
73. 3
77. 1
75. 3
7 9 .7
84. 1
88. 5
9 1 .8
9 9 .8
37
40
44
41
49. 5
55. 5
5 3 .9
52. 8
5 1 .0
58. 2
60. 2
6 5 .9
67. 1
70. 2
74. 1
74. 5
74. 2
8 1 .0
82. 5
89. 1
9 1 .9
90. 8
40
41
41
42
50. 1
56. 5
53. 7
53. 7
5 1 .0
59. 6
61. 2
64. 4
67. 2
71. 1
74. 1
77. 1
74. 4
8 2 .7
84. 9
90. 7
91. 6
92. 8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 9 5 7 -----------------1958 -----------------1959 -----------------I9 6 0 -----------------1 9 6 1 -----------------1962 -----------------1963 -----------------1964 -----------------1965 -----------------1966 -----------------1967 -----------------1968 ------------------
321
343
354
370
4 0 7 .0
42 3 . 6
426. 7
418. 7
429. 7
493. 4
512. 9
498. 1
516. 8
5 1 1 .5
505. 7
514. 8
522. 5
529. 6
560. 1
580. 4
572. 4
592. 5
229
268
278
262
309. 6
319. 5
334. 7
32 2 . 8
3 1 1 .8
343. 3
388. 0
390. 0
3 7 1 .9
370. 2
374. 4
353. 4
368. 9
353. 1
393. 3
43 0 . 8
44 2 . 0
398. 2
227
236
264
249
2 9 6 .9
324. 3
336. 6
327. 2
30 3. 2
343. 1
382. 3
335. 0
349. 1
364. 9
348. 9
354. 8
342. 3
367. 4
3 7 3 .0
397. 4
4 2 9 .9
42 8 . 5
238
253
283
263
318. 4
32 7 . 7
344. 2
346. 8
324. 3
372. 2
398. 9
368. 0
391. 5
354. 1
380. 7
378. 2
3 7 1 .4
388. 8
4 1 1 .7
444. 2
448. 1
464. 3
5 3 4 .9
5 3 9 .7
5 5 7 .1
321
344
373
362
433. 3
441. 2
443. 5
448. 5
43 4 . 3
499. 9
522. 5
50 3. 0
551. 8
525. 8
526. 5
544. 2
54 6 . 9
555. 3
57 4 . 3
63 4 . 1
61 3 . 6
6 4 6 .0
364
393
417
414
480. 6
489. 3
485. 3
4 9 5 .9
493. 3
588. 1
6 0 0 .9
580. 8
62 5 . 6
617. 7
60 2 . 2
6 3 1 .4
63 3 . 8
6 4 3 .9
6 7 5 .9
69 7 . 2
67 3 . 9
7 2 5 .9
408
430
441
463
51 3 . 1
52 6 . 8
51 5 . 6
523. 6
53 4 . 8
66 4 . 1
64 4 . 3
62 5 . 3
67 6 . 3
67 2 . 4
66 8 . 2
6 5 9 .9
68 8 . 8
705. 3
739. 3
775. 8
7 3 9 .9
7 6 7 .9
425
449
458
488
53 0 . 5
54 2 . 2
53 0 . 1
535. 7
56 2 . 6
64 7 . 7
66 3 . 5
64 6 . 7
69 7 . 4
6 9 8 .0
685. 9
715. 8
7 1 5 .4
7 3 1 .7
7 5 5 .0
80 2 . 0
7 7 6 .4
798. 4
442
461
474
516
543. 8
56 9 . 8
55 7 . 1
545. 2
572. 1
660. 1
6 7 9 .9
67 0 . 4
71 0 . 1
71 3 . 1
7 0 0 .0
726. 8
730. 9
743. 6
788. 5
80 1 . 7
787. 3
80 9 . 5
435
458
471
509
53 0 . 5
56 5 . 1
553. 2
5 3 1 .3
575. 2
65 2 . 2
6 7 2 .4
677. 4
683. 0
69 5 . 5
6 9 4 .9
70 8 . 5
71 7 . 8
722. 3
76 0 . 8
77 8 . 9
768. 5
796. 8
420
447
449
503
52 2 . 8
551. 6
548. 2
51 4 . 9
55 9 . 2
63 2 . 6
65 6 . 3
66 0 . 0
657. 6
685. 1
6 7 8 .0
6 8 9 .0
6 9 9 .5
7 1 1 .0
752. 7
76 1 . 6
74 4 . 1
78 3 . 0
385
424
419
475
476. 6
50 7 . 1
50 4 . 5
485. 7
52 4 . 4
56 3 . 7
59 6 . 7
61 2 . 3
602. 6
6 1 9 .0
613. 3
61 8 . 5
62 4 . 3
65 0 . 9
703. 4
69 5 . 4
69 4 . 0
720. 0
44
19
48
52
57. 8
60. 2
52. 5
52. 5
55. 1
6 7 .4
6 3 .0
67. 2
7 1 .0
77. 0
80. 2
78. 6
8 1 .0
98. 4
89. 6
95. 4
9 8 .9
97. 5
45
47
49
55
57. 6
59. 8
5 2 .9
53. 4
54. 9
6 3 .4
6 2 .6
67. 6
71. 7
77. 3
80. 2
8 1 .8
8 7 .4
87. 4
91. 7
9 5 .9
86. 3
98. 6
44
48
49
53
56. 2
6 1 .0
53. 1
5 1 .5
54. 1
67. 2
63. 2
6 8 .0
70. 2
77. 8
7 9 .9
79. 5
76. 0
86. 1
91. 2
95. 2
94. 4
98. 8
46
49
49
55
57. 5
60. 1
42. 1
50. 5
5 5 .9
67. 1
65. 6
67. 3
7 0 .9
76. 2
79. 2
78. 7
77. 3
85. 3
91. 5
97. 1
92. 7
99. 1
45
50
49
56
57. 2
57. 8
5 1 .5
5 3 .4
59. 3
63. 0
6 6 .8
6 7 .9
7 1 .4
75. 5
78. 1
7 7 .4
77. 5
82. 2
80. 3
94. 7
9 1 .9
97. 1
397
414
425
461
486. 2
5 1 0 .0
504. 2
49 1 . 8
51 7 . 2
596. 7
61 7 . 3
60 2 . 8
63 8 . 4
835. 8
61 9 . 8
645. 0
65 3 . 5
65 6 . 2
696. 8
70 5 . 8
6 9 1 .0
710. 9
391
410
422
456
47 4 . 3
504. 1
500. 1
47 9 . 8
521. 1
58 5 . 0
609. 2
609. 4
612. 8
617. 7
6 1 5 .0
62 9 . 0
6 4 1 .8
63 6 . 2
66 9 . 6
68 3 . 7
67 4 . 1
69 8 . 0
374
398
400
448
465. 3
491. 5
49 6 . 1
46 4 . 4
503. 3
565. 5
590. 7
59 2 . 7
58 6 . 7
60 8 . 9
598. 8
61 0 . 3
62 2 . 2
625. 7
661. 2
66 4 . 5
6 5 1 .4
683. 9
340
374
370
419
41 9 . 4
449. 3
45 3 . 0
43 2 . 3
46 5 . 1
520. 7
5 2 9 .9
54 4 . 4
5 3 1 .2
543. 5
53 5 . 2
5 4 1 .1
546. 8
568. 7
613. 1
60 0 . 7
60 2 . 1
6 2 2 .9
22.
23.
25.
26.
27.
2
4
3
0
7
22.
23.
24.
25.
27.
1
1
8
4
6
21. 7
23. 2
2 5 .0
25. 2
27. 7
2 1 .2
22. 8
24. 8
25. 2
27. 8
21.
22.
23.
24.
27.
1
5
6
5
4
7 2 1 .4
76 5 . 1
7 7 6 .4
761. 3
78 1 . 8
700.
73 7 .
75 4 .
74 3 .
76 9 .
2
7
1
1
2
689. 3
729. 5
736. 6
7 1 8 .9
755. 3
6 2 9 .7
68 0 . 6
67 0 . 6
66 8 . 8
692. 2
52 9 .
57 9 .
57 0 .
576.
62 0 .
4
9
4
2
2
245
378
352
401
434. 9
44 5 . 6
4 4 7 .4
416. 0
456. 3
519. 4
523. 2
508. 9
5 1 9 .9
5 0 1 .9
50 5 . 2
50 8 . 1
52 6 . 6
55 0 . 5
60 2 . 3
594. 2
6 0 0 .7
64 7 . 6
O ffic e w o r k e r s
1947
1948
194 9
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
i9 6 0
196 i
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
39
42
46
45
5 3 .7
5 9 .1
5 5 .4
40
44
46
46
5 9 .3
5 7 .7
5 5 .3
52. 5
51. 7
6 2 .0
61. 7
6 5 .0
69. 4
72. 3
76. 4
78. 2
76. 6
8 3 .7
87. 2
91. 2
9 3 .0
9 5 .0
5 1 .6
53. 3
64. 1
63. 1
64. 5
6 9 .7
7 2 .7
70. 5
282
302
327
317
379. 6
382. 1
388. 1
396. 0
382. 6
43 7 . 9
46 0 . 8
43 8 . 0
48 2 . 4
453. 5
45 0 . 1
46 6 . 0
47 0 . 3
4 7 1 .5
48 7 . 1
542. 9
52 0 . 6
5 5 1 .0
324
349
371
368
426. 3
4 3 1 .6
430. 0
44 4 . 3
4 4 0 .0
524. 0
53 7 . 8
516. 3
55 5 . 9
545. 0
521. 7
55 2 . 4
5 5 7 .0
55 7 . 1
58 8 . 2
60 4 . 9
57 9 . 2
629. 8
7 9 .0
7 6 .8
86. 8
87. 7
92. 3
94. 7
96. 1
42
65
47
50
55. 9
58. 1
53. 6
53. 4
52. 4
67. 7
76. 1
70. 2
75. 8
75. 8
78. 6
79. 7
86. 5
9 0 .0
94. 5
95. 4
98. 2
9 7 .0
45
49
46
54
5 7 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
4 9 .9
5 8 .9
63. 4
66. 5
66. 6
70. 8
7 4 .9
78. 2
76. 3
78. 6
84. 4
89. 5
9 1 .9
9 1 .9
97. 0
C o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
366
385
394
413
457. 2
468. 7
462. 0
47 0 . 2
48 2 . 4
59 6 . 4
58 3 . 7
559. 2
606. 1
59 6 . 6
589. 6
58 0 . 2
61 1 . 3
61 8 . 8
649. 3
681. 3
6 4 1 .7
6 7 0 .9
381
400
410
436
4 7 2 .7
4 8 2 .0
47 7 . 6
48 3 . 2
507. 5
580. 3
60 0 . 5
57 9 . 2
62 6 . 4
6 2 1 .0
60 7 . 3
63 4 . 8
6 3 6 .9
6 4 5 .0
66 5 . 4
70 6 . 6
67 9 . 5
700. 9
300
329
306
347
377. 5
392. 1
394. 2
366. 1
397. 4
456. 0
455. 7
442. 3
44 9 . 1
42 7 . 0
4 2 7 .0
4 3 1 .8
44 8 . 0
466. 1
51 2 . 8
50 2 . 3
50 8 . 8
55 0 . 6
W o m en
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 1 .0
22. 0
24. 0
24. 7
26. 4
19.
20.
22.
23.
24.
5
2
6
7
4
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
613. 9
5 9 2 .9
626. 5
649. 5
426. 9
41 3 .
45 7 .
49 6 .
510.
46 3 .
3
2
7
1
6
1 9 .9
20. 3
22. 3
23. 7
24. 4
19.
20.
22.
23.
24.
9
9
4
2
4
20. 6
21. 1
23. 2
2 3 .9
25. 3
20.
21.
23.
24.
26.
9
3
7
1
3
62 3 .
654.
67 3 .
649.
699.
0
6
5
8
6
* 21.
22.
24.
25.
27.
2
2
5
3
2
2 1 .7
2 3 .0
25. 2
25. 7
27. 1
1
1
3
6
7
71 0 . 0
7 3 2 .0
77 6 . 8
74 9 . 7
77 1 . 3
M en
435.
46 4 .
49 8 .
49 4 .
49 4 .
2
2
1
9
9
4 5 1 .6
475. 7
51 4 . 0
51 6 . 5
532. 7
53 4 .
55 3.
61 0 .
58 9 .
62 0 .
7
2
9
7
7
68 4 .
71 7 .
75 1 .
71 4 .
74 0 .
92
T a b le B - 4 .
Y ear
A nnual
a v e ra g e
S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s (SIC 17), a v e r a g e e m p lo y m e n t oy o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p a n d s e x , 1947—68
Jan u ary
F eb ru ary
M a rc h
A p r il
Ju n e
M ay
J u ly
A ugust
S e p te m b e r
O c to b e r
895
1 ,0 0 0
979
1, 106
1, 195. 0
1 , 2 1 8 .9
1 , 2 1 0 .8
1 , 2 5 0 .2
1 ,4 1 0 . 1
1 ,4 3 7 . 7
1 ,4 2 2 . 1
1, 38 3. 5
1 ,5 0 5 . 5
1 , 4 8 3 .4
1 ,4 4 0 . 5
1 , 5 3 9 .0
1 ,5 5 1 . 5
1 ,5 8 5 . 9
1 , 6 2 3 .5
1 , 6 8 9 .7
1 , 6 6 1 .4
1 , 6 7 7 .0
921
1 ,0 1 1
1 ,0 0 7
1, 136
1 ,2 1 8 . 7
1 ,2 4 0 . 0
1 ,2 2 5 . 3
1 ,2 8 2 .8
1 ,4 2 8 .4
1 ,4 7 5 . 0
1 ,4 5 2 .8
1 ,4 2 2 . 2
1 ,5 3 9 .2
1 ,4 9 9 . 7
1 ,4 7 4 . 8
1 ,5 6 9 .6
1 ,5 7 9 . 6
1 ,6 1 1 . 2
1 ,6 5 7 .4
1 , 6 9 7 .4
1 ,6 7 4 . 1
1 ,7 0 0 . 7
926
1 ,0 1 2
1 ,0 1 5
1, 139
1 , 2 1 0 .4
1, 24 4 . 2
1, 23 8 . 2
1 , 2 8 6 .8
1 ,4 3 2 . 2
1 ,4 6 9 . 3
1 , 4 6 0 .4
1 ,4 2 2 . 3
1 , 5 1 9 .7
1 ,4 8 3. 1
1 ,4 5 7 . 9
1 ,5 5 5 .0
1 ,5 5 7 . 4
1 ,5 7 8 . 8
1 ,6 3 6 . 7
1 ,6 4 5 . 6
1 ,6 4 1 . 1
1 ,6 8 9 . 5
925
1 ,0 0 2
1 ,0 1 5
1, 151
1 ,2 1 4 . 1
1 , 2 2 0 .2
1 ,2 4 3 . 1
1 ,2 7 6 . 1
1 ,4 0 0 . 9
1 ,4 5 0 . 1
1 ,4 4 5 . 5
1 ,4 2 6 .6
1 ,4 9 2 . 1
1 ,4 6 9 . 8
1 ,4 5 2 . 7
1 ,5 4 2 . 6
1 ,5 3 9 .4
1 ,5 7 7 . 6
1 ,6 2 6 .5
1 ,6 0 6 . 5
1 .6 2 6 .9
1 ,6 8 6 .5
913
994
995
1, 131
1 ,1 9 3 . 3
1 ,2 0 7 .6
1 ,2 2 6 .9
1 ,2 6 9 . 7
1, 352. 1
1 ,4 1 8 . 5
1, 3 9 3 .9
1 ,4 0 5 . 2
1 ,4 5 7 . 7
1 ,4 0 9 . 2
1 ,4 1 3 . 1
1 ,4 9 8 .8
1 ,4 9 4 . 2
1 ,5 4 6 .4
1 ,5 9 8 .0
1 ,5 6 4 .5
1 ,6 0 5 .9
1 ,6 5 5 . 1
899
977
952
1 ,0 9 4
1, 1 6 2 ,8
1 ,1 7 4 .0
1, 187. 1
1 ,2 3 4 .8
1, 3 0 0 .2
1 ,3 5 6 . 6
1 ,3 2 8 .5
1, 3 3 0 .5
1 ,4 0 9 . 7
1 ,3 0 6 .4
1, 346. 1
1 ,4 0 1 . 7
1 ,4 2 4 . 2
1 ,4 8 5 .8
1 ,5 5 3 . 1
1 ,5 2 3 .8
1 ,5 6 1 . 1
1 ,6 2 1 . 0
808
889
884
998
1 ,0 7 1 . 2
1 ,0 8 5 .0
1 ,0 6 1 . 1
1, 103. 2
1 ,2 3 4 . 1
1 ,2 7 2 . 9
1 ,2 4 5 . 0
1 ,2 0 7 . 9
1 ,3 0 8 .8
1 ,2 7 2 . 5
1 ,2 4 4 .8
1, 329. 1
1 ,3 3 9 . 1
1, 371. 1
1 ,4 0 7 . 9
1 ,4 3 8 . 0
1 ,4 0 7 . 9
1 ,4 3 0 . 0
814
889
892
1 ,0 0 2
1 ,0 6 3 .9
1 ,0 9 1 . 2
1 ,0 7 7 . 2
1, 106. 6
1 ,2 3 8 .9
1 ,2 6 6 . 5
1 ,2 5 5 .5
1 ,2 0 5 . 8
1 , 2 8 9 .9
1, 25 5 . 7
1, 22 7 . 0
1, 316. 2
1, 3 2 0 .6
1, 3 4 0 .8
1, 3 8 7 .9
1, 385. 9
1, 3 7 8 .3
1 ,4 2 0 . 1
811
880
891
1 ,0 1 0
1 ,0 6 6 .0
1 ,0 6 6 . 5
1 ,0 8 1 . 5
1 ,0 9 4 .9
1, 2 0 6 .2
1 ,2 4 7 . 1
1 ,2 3 8 . 8
1 ,2 0 8 . 6
1 ,2 6 0 . 5
1 ,2 4 2 .4
1, 22 4 . 0
1 ,3 0 4 .8
1 ,3 0 6 . 8
1 ,3 3 8 .8
1, 3 7 4 .9
1 ,3 4 8 .6
1, 363. 3
1 ,4 1 7 . 3
799
870
870
991
1 ,0 4 5 . 3
1 ,0 5 3 .0
1 , 0 6 6 .2
1 ,0 8 8 . 1
1 ,1 6 0 . 1
1 ,2 1 5 . 7
1 , 1 8 9 .0
1, 184. 3
1 ,2 2 6 .7
1, 181. 1
1, 1 8 4 .2
1, 26 2 . 7
1, 262. 1
1 ,3 0 6 . 8
1, 3 4 5 .3
1 ,3 0 4 .5
1, 343. 0
1, 3 8 3 .4
785
853
831
955
1 ,0 1 6 . 3
1 ,0 2 0 . 2
1 ,0 2 5 . 7
1 ,0 5 3 . 3
1, 1 0 7 .8
1, 157. 2
1, 125. 2
1, 108. 5
1, 178. 7
1 ,0 8 1 . 7
1, 117. 3
1, 167. 3
1, 191. 6
1 ,2 4 8 .0
1 ,3 0 3. 1
1 ,2 6 3 . 7
1 , 2 9 8 .8
1 ,3 4 9 . 1
114
122
124
141
148. 1
153. 7
161. 6
181. 2
194. 7
20 3 . 0
20 6 . 7
21 8 . 0
231. 5
22 7 . 4
22 8 . 7
23 7 . 8
23 2 . 6
238. 8
25 1 . 6
25 7 . 9
263. 6
26 9 . 2
N ovem ber D ecem ber
A ll e m p lo y e e s
1947 ____________
1948 ____________
1949 ____________
1950 ____________
1 9 5 1 ____________
1952 ______ ___
1953 ____________
1954 ____________
1955 ____________
1956 ____________
1957 ____________
1958 ____________
1959 ____________
1960 ____________
1 9 6 1 ____________
1962 ____________
1963 ____________
1964 ____________
1965 ____________
1966 _
1967 ____________
1968 ____________
857
944
955
1 ,0 3 9
1 ,1 4 9 .6
1 .1 6 8 .8
1 ,1 7 4 .0
1 ,2 0 3 . 5
1, 3 2 0 .8
1, 3 6 7 .6
1, 360. 6
1, 3 2 0 .2
1 ,4 1 4 . 1
1 ,3 9 0 . 7
1 ,3 5 7 .9
1 ,4 2 6 .6
1 ,4 4 9 .3
1 ,4 8 7 . 0
1 ,5 4 3 .4
1 ,5 7 0 .6
1 ,5 5 9 . 5
1 ,6 0 2 .9
754
865
925
905
1 ,0 5 8 . 1
1 ,0 9 9 . 5
1, 1 0 2 .6
1 ,0 9 4 . 3
1, 171. 6
1 ,2 3 5 .6
1 ,2 1 9 .4
1 ,2 3 3 . 2
1 ,2 8 4 . 3
1 ,3 1 2 .0
l ,2 t f > . 4
1, 2)98. 5
1 ,3 2 7 . 5
1 ,3 0 7 . 3
1 ,4 1 1 . 9
1 ,4 6 6 . 9
1 ,4 5 0 . 5
1 ,4 3 0 . 1
750
819
890
883
1 ,0 5 1 . 7
1 ,0 8 7 .9
1 , 0 9 0 .4
1 ,0 9 3 . 8
1 ,1 5 6 .3
1 ,2 3 1 . 3
1 ,2 3 2 .8
1, 145. 1
1 ,2 3 7 .9
1 ,2 7 8 . 7
1 ,1 8 8 . 3
1 ,2 2 8 . 8
1 ,2 7 7 .2
1, 3 3 2 .6
1 ,3 8 3 . 5
1 ,4 2 5 .8
1 ,4 1 0 . 8
1 ,4 8 0 . 6
774
850
888
902
1 ,0 7 4 . 5
1 ,0 8 0 . 0
1 ,0 9 6 .4
1 ,1 0 8 .0
1 , 1 9 7 .9
1 ,2 4 5 . 1
1 ,2 7 0 . 1
1, 192. 7
1 ,2 6 9 .9
1 ,2 4 6 . 1
1 ,2 3 6 . 7
1 ,2 5 8 . 1
1 ,2 9 9 .6
1 ,3 6 6 .3
1 ,4 1 8 . 9
1 ,4 9 3 .4
1 ,4 3 7 . 6
1 ,5 3 0 . 1
812
890
906
956
1 , 1 0 9 .6
1, 115. 9
1 ,1 2 8 .5
1, 150. 5
1 ,2 7 2 . 0
1 ,2 9 9 .7
1, 3 1 2 .7
1 ,2 4 6 . 2
1, 3 6 0 .3
1 ,3 4 8 .9
1 ,2 9 2 . 6
1 ,3 6 7 . 4
1 ,3 8 8 .8
1 ,4 2 6 . 3
1 ,4 7 0 .8
1, 526. 1
1 ,5 0 7 .4
1 ,5 7 0 .5
837
931
933
1 ,0 0 5
1, 142. 4
1, 1 4 4 .4
1, 153. 0
1, 175. 8
1, 340. 8
1 ,3 5 9 .1
1, 3 6 0 .4
1 ,2 9 3 . 5
1 ,4 1 7 . 3
1 ,4 0 4 . 5
1 , 3 3 8 .6
1 ,4 3 5 . 7
1 ,4 5 0 .6
1 , 4 7 9 .4
1 , 5 3 9 .7
1 ,5 6 1 . 1
1 ,5 3 8 .3
1 ,5 8 7 . 1
883
975
953
1 ,0 5 9
1 ,1 6 4 .0
1, 192. 4
1, 185. 8
1 ,2 1 8 .8
1 ,3 8 6 .5
1 ,4 3 3 . 7
1 ,4 2 8 . 0
1, 341. 4
1 ,4 7 5 . 1
1 ,4 4 6 . 5
1 ,4 1 4 . 5
1 ,4 8 3 . 5
1 ,5 0 1 .4
1 ,5 4 6 . 5
1 ,6 0 0 . 3
1 ,6 4 5 .9
1, 5 9 8 .9
1 ,6 3 3 . 7
C o n st ru c tio n w o rk e rs
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
............ ... .
____________
____________
......................
____________
____________
____________
____________
...................
____________
____________
_______
_________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
__________
____________
749
825
834
908
1 ,0 0 5 .2
1 ,0 1 8 .2
1 ,0 1 5 . 2
1 ,0 3 0 . 5
1, 130. 1
1 ,1 6 8 .8
1, 1 5 8 .2
1 ,1 1 0 .3
1, 186. 9
1 ,1 6 2 .3
1, 131. 3
1, 1 9 1 . 8
1 ,2 1 3 . 9
1, 260. 2
1 ,2 9 7 . 2
1, 3 1 5 .2
1 , 2 9 6 .9
1 ,3 3 5 . 1
654
749
801
785
9 1 7 .4
9 5 4 .4
947. 1
931. 2
986. 5
1 ,0 4 1 . 6
1 ,0 2 4 .3
1 ,0 3 0 .0
1 ,0 6 3 . 2
1 ,0 8 2 . 9
1 ,0 1 6 . 8
1 , 0 1 0 .6
1 ,0 9 3 . 5
1 , 0 7 8 .2
1, 1 7 4 .4
1 ,2 1 8 . 2
1, 190. 8
1, 168. 7
649
708
769
765
910.
8
943. 2
934. 5
9 3 1 .9
973. 6
1 ,0 3 8 .0
1 ,0 3 6 . 8
944. 0
1 ,0 1 7 .4
1 ,0 5 1 .2
96 7 . 8
1 ,0 0 1 . 5
1 ,0 4 4 . 1
1, 101. 7
1, 146. 0
1, 1 7 6 .0
1, 1 5 4 .4
1 , 2 1 5 .7
672
735
768
781
93 1 . 6
93 5 . 3
94 0 . 7
94 6 . 2
1 ,0 1 3 . 4
1 ,0 5 2 . 1
1 ,0 7 2 . 0
9 9 3 .4
1 ,0 4 8 . 2
1 ,0 1 7 . 7
1 ,0 1 5 . 3
1 ,0 3 0 . 3
1 ,0 6 6 . 5
1, 133. 9
1 ,1 7 9 . 1
1 , 2 4 3 .4
1 , 1 7 8 .7
1 ,2 3 8 . 4
709
778
792
836
9 6 9 .8
968. 6
972. 8
98 4 . 8
1 ,0 8 3 . 7
1, 1 0 7 .4
1 , 1 1 4 .5
1 , 0 4 5 .9
1, 1 3 6 .9
1, 1 1 8 .3
1 , 0 6 8 .4
1, 135. 7
1, 152. 9
1, 1 9 1 .7
1 ,2 2 7 . 4
1 ,2 7 6 . 3
1 ,2 4 4 . 2
1, 3 0 5 .4
732
813
815
878
99 8 . 5
9 9 5 .6
99 6 . 2
1 ,0 0 6 . 5
1, 150. 4
1, 1 6 3 .4
1 ,1 6 0 .4
1 ,0 9 0 . 4
1 ,1 9 2 . 1
1, 175. 1
1, 113. 0
1 ,1 9 9 . 1
1 ,2 1 4 .0
1 ,2 4 1 .2
1 ,2 9 4 .9
1 ,3 0 8 .2
1 ,2 7 6 . 3
1 ,3 2 4 . 1
775
855
836
929
1 ,0 2 0 . 8
1 ,0 4 1 . 0
1 ,0 2 8 . 1
1 ,0 4 6 . 9
1, 191. 0
1 ,2 3 0 . 1
- 1 ,2 2 0 . 9
1, 133. 4
1 ,2 4 5 . 7
1 , 2 1 6 .4
1, 186. 7
1 ,2 4 5 . 2
1 ,2 6 2 . 0
1 , 3 0 6 .4
1, 352. 1
1 ,3 8 8 .3
1, 332. 9
1 , 3 6 4 .9
786
878
860
971
1, 05 0 . 4
1 ,0 6 4 . 1
1 ,0 5 1 . 0
1 ,0 7 2 . 7
1 ,2 1 5 . 5
1, 2 3 3 .5
1 ,2 1 5 .9
1 ,1 7 1 .6
1 ,2 7 4 .6
1 , 2 5 2 .4
1 ,2 1 0 .4
1 ,2 9 8 .9
1, 312. 6
1, 3 4 4 .3
1, 373. 7
1 ,4 3 0 . 9
1 ,3 9 4 .2
1 ,4 0 6 .6
O ffic e w o r k e r s
1947 ____
1948 ____________
1949 ____________
1 9 5 0 ________
1951 ____________
1952 ____________
1953 ____________
1954 ____________
1955 ____________
1956 _____ _____
1957
1958 _ .
1959 ____________
1960 __________
1961 ____________
1962 ____________
1963 ....
1964 ........................
1965 ____________
1966 ____________
1967 ____________
1968 ____________
108
119
121
131
144. 4
150. 6
158. 8
173. 0
190. 7
198. 8
20 2 . 4
20 9 . 9
227. 2
2 2 8 .4
22 6 . 6
23 4 . 8
2 3 5 .4
2 3 6 .8
24 6 . 2
2 5 5 .4
262. 6
26 7 . 8
100
116
124
120
140. 7
145. 1
155. 5
163. 1
185. 1
194. 0
195. 1
20 3 . 2
22 1 . 1
22 9 . 1
22 2 . 6
227. 9
23 4 . 0
229. 1
23 7 . 5
24 8 . 7
259. 7
2 6 1 .4
101
111
121
118
140. 9
144. 7
155. 9
161. 9
182. 7
193. 3
196. 0
201. 1
220. 5
227. 5
220. 5
22 7 . 3
233. 1
23 0 . 9
23 7 . 5
24 9 . 8
2 5 6 .4
2 6 4 .9
102
115
120
121
1 4 2 .9
144. 7
155. 7
161. 8
184. 5
193. 0
198. 1
199. 3
22 1 . 7
22 8 . 4
2 2 1 .4
22 7 . 8
23 2 . 7
2 3 2 .4
23 9 . 8
314. 3
258. 9
264. 7
103
112
114
120
139.
147.
156.
165.
188.
192.
198.
20 0 .
22 3 .
23 0 .
22 4 .
231.
23 5 .
311.
424.
24 9 .
26 3 .
26 5 .
8
3
7
7
3
4
2
3
4
6
2
7
0
8
9
8
2
1
105
118
118
127
143. 9
148. 8
156. 8
179. 6
190. 4
195. 7
20 0 . 0
20 3 . 1
22 5 . 2
2 2 9 .4
225. 6
236. 6
23 6 . 6
23 8 . 2
24 4 . 8
25 2 . 9
26 2 . 0
263. 0
82.
82.
82.
85.
86.
0
8
0
9
8
8 3 .4
82. 1
82. 1
8 5 .4
87. 7
8 4 .4
82. 8
82. 6
85. 0
87. 5
83.
82.
83.
86.
87.
9
2
2
7
0
83.
81.
82.
85.
88.
1 ,2 2 5 . 3
1, 329. 1
1 ,3 8 9 . 9
1 , 3 6 4 .6
1, 34 3 . 3
1 ,2 4 9 .2
1 ,3 0 1 . 4
1, 343. 7
1 ,3 2 8 .7
1, 3 9 2 .9
1 ,2 8 1 . 9
1, 336. 7
1 ,4 1 0 . 8
1 ,3 8 8 .6
1 ,4 4 2 . 6
108
120
117
130
143. 2
151. 4
157. 7
171. 9
195. 5
20 3 . 6
207. 1
20 8 . 0
129. 4
230. 1
22 7 . 8
238. 3
23 9 . 4
24 0 . 1
248. 2
25 7 . 6
26 6 . 0
2 6 8 .8
109
122
119
135
144. 6
154. 8
159. 5
177. 5
194. 6
204. 2
20 6 . 2
2 1 1 .9
23 0 . 9
2 3 1 .0
23 0 . 1
240. 1
23 8 . 9
24 1 . 6
249. 8
258. 8
267. 2
27 0 . 4
113
122
123
138
147.
155.
164.
179.
194.
20 2 .
207.
21 4 .
230.
22 7 .
230.
24 0 .
24 0 .
240.
24 9 .
25 9 .
26 6 .
27 0 .
5
0
2
6
3
1
8
3
4
2
0
5
5
1
5
4
2
7
112
123
123
137
146. 5
153. 0
1 6 1 .0
180. 2
194. 1
202. 8
20 4 . 5
21 6 . 5
22 9 . 8
22 7 . 4
230. 9
23 8 . 8
236. 8
23 8 . 0
24 8 . 8
25 9 . 7
26 2 . 8
2 6 9 .4
8 1 .5
82. 5
85. 8
87. 5
89. 4
81.
82.
85.
87.
88.
8
1
5
3
6
8 1 .2
82. 1
85. 1
8 6 .2
87. 7
1 ,5 2 9 . 4
1 ,5 7 5 . 3
1 , 6 1 1 .9
1 , 5 8 6 .8
1 ,6 1 2 . 1
1 , 4 9 7 .6
1, 5 5 4 .6
1 ,5 6 0 . 5
1 , 5 5 4 .9
1 , 6 0 1 .8
114
124
125
140
148.
154.
160.
181.
192.
20 2 .
20 4 .
22 0 .
231.
22 8 .
22 8 .
23 6 .
22 9 .
23 9 .
252.
26 0 .
26 2 .
27 1 .
0
6
6
6
0
8
9
9
0
1
9
1
1
6
7
0
9
7
114
124
121
139
146. 5
153. 8
1 6 1 .4
181. 5
192. 4
1 9 9 .4
20 3 . 3
22 2 . 0
23 1 . 0
22 4 . 7
22 8 . 8
234. 4
23 2 . 6
237. 8
25 0 . 0
260. 1
262. 3
27 1 . 9
1
7
2
2
6
81. 6
8 3 .8
8 6 .0
88'. 1
88. 5
82. 1
82. 7
85. 6
8 6 .6
89. 1
1 ,4 9 5 . 5
1 , 5 4 3 .8
1 ,5 2 0 . 3
1 ,5 3 9 . 7
1 , 5 9 7 .9
1 ,4 6 4 . 8
1 ,5 1 4 .2
1 ,4 7 8 . 5
1 ,5 1 7 . 8
1 ,5 6 6 .6
1 ,4 0 3 . 7
1 , 4 7 0 .4
1 ,4 3 8 . 2
1 ,4 7 4 . 5
1 ,5 3 1 .9
W o m en
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
. _________
____________
____________
____________
____________
8 2 .4
8 2 .4
84. 3
8 6 .6
88. 3
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
____________
____________
____________
______
____________
1 ,4 0 4 . 6
1 ,4 6 1 . 0
1 ,4 8 6 . 3
1 ,4 7 2 .9
1 ,5 1 4 .6
0
7
8
9
8
82. 3
8 1 .7
84. 8
87. 1
89. 3
1 , 3 9 6 .8
1 ,4 5 8 . 0
1 ,4 7 8 . 3
1 ,4 5 2 .4
1 ,4 9 8 . 3
1 ,4 6 2 .4
1 ,5 1 8 . 6
1 ,5 6 1 . 1
1 , 5 1 1 .8
1, 54 4 . 4
82.
82.
86.
87.
88.
M en
1 ,3 4 2 .4
1 ,3 8 8 .6
1 ,4 4 2 . 9
1 ,4 2 0 .7
1 ,4 8 3 . 5
1, 5 0 4 .4
1 ,5 4 1 . 0
1 ,6 0 3 .9
1 ,5 7 3 . 9
1 ,5 8 7 .6
☆ U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E : 1970 O - 3 8 5 -8 7 8
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S R E G I O N A L O F F IC E S
0 0 9
REGION VJ
r E(
)tOW*
NE8R
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yo
M e*
a a d e lp "'
pn>
C h ic a flO
R E G IO N II
KANS
K a n s a s C it y
U.S.
OK LA
BR.
VIRGIN ISLANDS
A tla n ta
Dallas
REGION VI
HAWAII
PUERTO RICO
Region II
R egion I
341 N inth Ave.
1603-B Federal Building
New York, N. Y. 10001
Governm ent Center
Phone: 971-5405 (Area Code 212)
Boston, Mass. 02203
Phone: 223-6762 (Area Code 617)
R egion III
406 Penn Square Building
1317 Filbert St.
P h ilad elp h ia, Pa. 19107
Phone: 597-7796 (Area Code 215)
R egion IV
Suite 540
1371 Peachtree St. NE.
A tlan ta, Ga. 30309
Phone: 526-5418 (Area Code 404)
R egion VI
R egion V
337 M ayflow er Building
219 South Dearborn St.
411 North A kard St.
C hicago, 111. 60604
D allas, Tex. 75201
Phone: 353-7230 (Area Code 312)
Phone: 749-3516 (Area Code 214)
Regions VII and VIII
Federal O ffice Building
911 W alnut St. , 10th Floor
Kansas C ity, Mo. 64106
Phone: 374-2481 (Area Code 816)
Regions IX and X
450 G olden G ate Ave.
Box 36017
San Francisco, C alif. 94102
Phone: 556-4678 (Area Code 415)
* Regions VII and VIII w ill be serviced by Kansas City.
** Regions IX and X w ill be serviced by San Francisco.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
W A S H IN G TO N , D .C .
20212
O FFIC IA L BUSINESS
I
TH IR D CLASS M AIL
@FedFRASER