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Comparative Growth in Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs in Selected Industrialized Countries U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1977 Bulletin 1958 Comparative Growth in Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs in Selected Industrialized Countries U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1977 Bulletin 1958 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D .C . 20402 Stock N o. 029-001-02044-9 Preface This bulletin is one of a series of BLS studies providing comparative measures of productivity for the United States and other industrialized countries. Other studies in clude Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing: Trends in Nine Countries, 1960-65 (Bulletin 1518, 1966); An International Comparison o f Unit Labor Costs in the Iron and Steel Industry, 1964: United States, France, Germany, United Kingdom (Bulletin 1580, 1968); and the chartbook Productivity: An International Perspective (Bulletin 1811, 1974). Jerome A. Mark, Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics, presented the findings of this study at the Workshop on Recent Progress in Productivity Measurement and Prospects, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in October 1976. This bulletin incorporates certain data refinements and minor textual revisions. The bulletin was prepared by Assistant Commissioner Mark and by Arthur Neef, Patricia Capdevielle, and other staff members of the Bureau’s Office of Productivity and Technology, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics and Trade, John Chandler, Chief. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without the permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite the name and number of the publication. in Contents Page Page Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Concepts and methods ............................................................................................... 2 What the data s h o w ...................................................................................................... 3 Productivity ...................................................................................................... 3 Labor c o s t s ......................................................................................................... 6 Effects of shifts within c o u n trie s ..................................................................... 7 Trends by manufacturing i n d u s t r y .....................................................................15 Comparative productivity levels ................................................................. 16 Bilateral com parisons.................................................................................. 16 Iron and steel i n d u s tr y ...............................................................................17 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Charts: 1. 2. Indexes of output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75 ......................................................................... Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75 ......................................................................... Summary tables: 1. Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change, 12countries, 1960-75 ................................... 2. Output per hour in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75 . . . . •................................. 3. Hourly compensation in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 5-year periods,1960-75 ................................... 4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values: Average annual rates of change,12 countries, 1960-75 11. 4 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 ................ 7 Productivity change in manufacturing by source: Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 14 Productivity change in 15 manufacturing industries: Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 15 Ranking of 15 manufacturing industries by productivity change: Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 . „ ................................16 Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Canada/United States, 1960-75 ............................................................................................... 17 Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Japan/United States, 1958-75 ............................................................................................... 18 Estimates of relative levels of output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries, 8 12. 3 1964 and 1972-75 ............................................................................... 19 Estimates of indexes of output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries, 1964 and 1972-75 ............................................................................... 20 Appendixes: A. Sources and m e th o d s .................................................................................21 B. Reference tables ........................................................................................27 C. Selected re fere n ces.................................................................................... 72 6 6 7 v Introduction For many years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has provided comparative measures of labor statistics for the United States and other industrialized countries to shed light on U.S. economic performance relative to these countries. The principal mea sures developed cover productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs, as well as labor force, employment, and unemployment. With regard to productivity, comparative trends in output per hour in the manu facturing sector are compiled and published annually for the United States and 11 other industrialized countries. These are time series generally starting with 1950 and expressed in index form (1967=100). Because of its principal interest in labor costs and the greater availability of current labor input data, the Bureau has directed its attention to measures of output per unit of labor input, i.e., labor productivity measures. In addition, the Bureau prepares corresponding hourly compensation and unit labor cost indexes to indicate the relationship between productivity movements and cost movements in the various countries. The all-manufacturing measures are limited to trend comparisons, i.e., inter country series of productivity and cost changes over time, rather than level compari sons, because of the difficulties involved in developing an adequate and comprehen sive set of intercountry measures of absolute levels of productivity and because of the need to have current information on changes in relative performance of the countries. The requirements for developing a suitable set of level comparisons gen erally preclude the possibility of deriving current measures. In comparing productivity levels, the data needs are rigorous, because any incon sistency is likely to be reflected fully in the relative level measure. Therefore, it is extremely important that data on output and input within each country be carefully matched and that coverage and definitions be closely aligned between countries. In addition, when making bilateral comparisons, it is desirable to use weighting systems from both countries wherever possible. In comparing trend measures, some data inconsistencies can be tolerated because their effects are not likely to alter the comparative trends appreciably. This is so especially where a consistent error is carried within a series over a period of years. 1 Concepts and Methods Another indication is that, in the eight countries that have more than one production series, the differences between series are often substantial. Employment customarily means wage and salary employment, excluding the sellemployed and unpaid family workers. However, a preferable concept would cover all persons engaged in manufacturing. For the United States and Canada, the labor input measure pertains to all persons. For Switzerland, the data cover wage earners only, and for the other countries, the data apply to employees only, because of a dearth of information about other employed persons. Also, the employment data for one country (Germany) do not cover persons in establishments of less than 10 workers. Total hours data represent “hours worked” for most of the countries but “hours paid” for the United States and Switzerland. The preferred measure is hours worked, rather than hours paid for. Hours worked are also described as hours at work or plant hours. The Bureau has explored the problems of developing a series on hours worked in the United States, but it may be a long time before such a change can be made. Estimates of total hours generally must be made without information on the number of hours worked by salaried employees. The concept of compensation presents difficulties that involve both the source of payment and the purpose of payment. The Bureau’s general view is that compensa tion (labor cost) should cover all employer expenditures that are ordinarily allocated to labor. Included would be direct pay in cash or in kind, before any deductions, and all payments into funds for the benefit of employees. Because of measurement difficulties, certain costs of hiring and retaining an effective work force, such as recruitment and training costs, subsidies for lunchrooms and similar plant facilities, and plant medical and welfare services, are not included. On ther other hand, certain payroll-related taxes that are not of direct benefit to employees have been included. Examples are the 5-percent payroll tax that applied in France until December 1968 and the British Selective Employment Tax (SET) that was introduced in 1966 and discontinued several years later. Employee benefits that are not derived directly from employers or from employer-financed funds are not included as compensation. An example is the value of benefits received from the British National Health System, which is financed out of general public revenues. Data on total compensation are available from national accounts for nine of the countries studied. For France, Belgium, and Switzerland, estimates are constructed from data on average earnings, average compensation, employment, and average hours. The BLS indexes of manufacturing output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in 12 countries are derived from available country sources of data. Comparisons are necessarily limited because statistical concepts and methods in each country are fashioned to meet domestic needs rather than international needs. In some cases, a country’s data can be adjusted, if necessary, to achieve greater consis tency with other countries’ series. More often, however, it is only possible to point out the main inconsistencies. Inconsistencies can arise from differing definitions or concepts, and from differing methods of compiling data among countries. For in stance, it cannot be taken for granted that each country means precisely the same thing when using such common terms as manufacturing, or production, or employee, or hours, or compensation. Denmark, for example, excludes handicraft work from its manufacturing classification. Other countries have regarded certain repair work, such as auto repair or shoe repair, as manufacturing production. In deriving these measures the Bureau has confronted many of the conceptual problems and data limitations that are inherent in international comparisons, and it has developed some accommodations that satisfy practical needs, at least, if not all theoretical conditions. The output component of the measures refers to constant value gross product originating or value added in all countries.1 The data are from the national accounts for all countries except Japan and Switzerland. The methods used to compile the real output measures, however, differ considerably among the 12 countries. The United States, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Sweden measure the trend in real output by using some variant of a deflated value measure, involving deflation of both material input values and output values by appropriate price indexes. In the other countries, the estimation procedure involves some form of extrapolation of base-year value added, using deflated values, quantity indicators, or a mixture of the two. Canada and France extrapolate both inputs and outputs, and the remaining countries generally use gross output indicators only. In addition, the weighting struc ture, the frequency of revision, the use of proxy measures, and the method of linking with earlier series vary considerably. An indication of the problems with present measures of manufacturing output can be found in the magnitude of revi sions that have been made from time to time in several countries, including the United States. 1 A description of the measures for each country is presented in appendix A to this report. 2 What the Data Show As indicated earlier, the Bureau’s series for most of the countries begin with the year 1950. However, principal attention has been given to the period from 1960 to the present. The decade of the 1950’s was an important period of reconstruction and growth, but it was a period of transition in several respects. For many of the coun tries, the post-World War II phase of restoration and rebuilding of capital facilities lasted well into the 1950’s, the worldwide dollar shortage tended to dominate inter national economic decisions, and many restrictions on the movement of goods and supplies were still in effect. Consequently, the productivity and cost experience of the period is no longer very pertinent to current international conditions. Also, the data systems for all of the countries were less refined than they have become, so that measures of productivity and labor costs during the 1950’s may be less reliable than recent measures. past 15 years are summarized in table 1. Supporting details are shown in appendix tables B-l through B-17. Within the period, there were marked changes in the relative productivity growth rates both within and among the countries. During the first 5 years—from 1960 to 1965—although most countries showed productivity increases averaging from 4 to 7 percent per year, the United States had a substantially higher rate than it did for the entire period and was much more in line with the rates for most of the other countries (table 2). Japan led in productivity growth during the early years as it did throughout the entire period, but the difference between its rate and that of other countries during the first 5 years was not as great as it was to become. On the other hand, Switzerland Productivity Table 1. Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 Looking at the results over the past 15 years, output per hour in manufacturing has risen at an annual rate between 4 percent and 7 percent for most countries. The conspicuous exceptions are the United States, which shows an average rise of less than 3 percent per year, and Japan, where the average rate has been over 9 percent per year. Within Europe, the smaller nations have shown a much better performance than the larger countries. The European countries included here showing the most vigorous gains since 1960 have been Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and Sweden. Similarly, in North America, the smaller economy, Canada, has shown the higher rate of productivity gain. The productivity gains in each of the countries reflected different output and input movements. In North America and Japan, manufacturing output rose more than productivity so that the productivity gains were associated with labor input increases. In most European countries, however, the pattern was reversed; average productivity gain over the entire period 1960-75 exceeded output growth, reflecting a general decline in total hours. The exceptions were France and Italy, where average output gains slightly exceeded productivity gains. The relationship between trends in productivity, output, and hours is shown graphically in chart 1. The changes over the (Percent) Country Output per hour Output Hours United States ........................................................... Canada ..................................................................... Japan ........................................................................ B e lg iu m ..................................................................... Denmark .................................................................. France ........................................................................ 2.7 4.0 9.7 7.0 7.2 5.6 3.8 5.7 11.2 6.1 5.7 6.0 1.1 1.6 1.4 -.8 -1 .4 .4 Germany .................................................................. I t a l y ............................................................................ Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden ..................................................................... Switzerland .............................................................. United Kingdom........................................................ 5.7 6.2 7.1 6.6 5.1 3.8 5.0 6.4 5.8 5.2 4.1 2.7 -.7 .2 -1 .2 -1 .4 -.9 -1.1 N O T E : T h e p e rce n t changes are c o m p u te d fro m th e least squares tren d o f th e lo garithm s o f th e in dex n u m b ers. 3 Chart 1. Indexes of output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75 (1960=100; ratio scale) — Output per hour — Output — Hours 4 Chart 1. Indexes of output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued ITALY SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM 5 recession of 1974 and 1975 that sharp declines in output occurred in most countries and were accompanied by productivity declines in most cases. Table 2. Output per hour in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75 (Percent) Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75 United States ........................................................ Canada ..................................................................... Japan ..................................................................... Belgium .................................................................. Denm ark.................................................................. France ..................................................................... 2.7 4.0 9.7 7.0 7.2 5.6 4.9 4.5 8.5 4.8 5.4 5.2 1.4 4.5 13.4 8.0 8.7 6.7 1.8 2.7 5.4 7.6 6.8 3.4 G erm any.................................................................. I t a l y ......................................................................... Netherlands ............................................................ Sweden .................................................................. Switzerland ............................................................ United K ingdom ..................................................... 5.7 6.2 7.1 6.6 5.1 3.8 6.4 6.8 5.0 7.1 2.3 4.1 5.6 5.3 8.7 7.6 6.7 3.7 5.4 6.0 5.8 5.0 3.5 3.1 N O TE : The percent changes are computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers. experienced very modest productivity growth during the period, substantially lower than all the countries examined. During 1965-70 some pronounced changes took place. Japan’s rate of increase rose to the remarkable level of 13.4 percent per year, and four other countries showed gains of over 7 percent per year. In the United States, however, the average fell to 1.4 percent per year. Altogether, 8 of the 12 countries equalled or exceeded their rates of gain in the previous period. In the most recent 5-year period, 1970-75, the situation reversed itself to a great extent. All but two of the countries showed a slower rate of gain in productivity than in the previous 5 years. Most noteworthy was the change for Japan, which dropped from a 13.4-percent to a 5.4-percent rate of gain, still a very substantial rate of productivity improvement. Only the United States and Italy were able to improve upon their 1965-70 performance, but the United States continued to show the slowest rate (1.8 percent) among all the countries. It is difficult to ascertain the sources of the differences in productivity growth among the countries, particularly at the manufacturing level. It is also difficult to separate the short-term cyclical effects on productivity change from the longer term factors. BLS has not attempted to do this. It would appear, however, that the decelerations which occurred in most countries in recent years were strongly influ enced by the greater severity of the recent recessions. The years between 1960 and 1970 were remarkably free of serious industrial recession, judging from trends in manufacturing output. In most countries there was a mild slowdown in growth during 1966-67 and a sharper slowdown during 1970-71, but few countries showed actual output declines during either period. It was not until the recent widespread Labor costs Productivity movements can be viewed in conjunction with changes in hourly compensation in order to understand the implications for unit labor cost changes among countries. The average rate of gain in employee compensation in manufacturing has acceler ated in almost all countries since the early 1960’s (table 3). In the latter half of the 1960’s, 7 of the 12 countries showed a higher rate of gain in hourly compensation. During 1970-75, the rate of gain accelerated in all countries without exception. However, the countries that showed the lowest annual gain in compensation since 1960 were also those that showed the least productivity gain (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Switzerland). Japan showed the highest rate of increase in average compensation and also in productivity. In brief, the rate of change in compensation has accelerated since the 1960’s while the rate of productivity gain has slowed down. Consequently, unit labor costs have surged in recent years in close association with price increases. The decade of the 1960’s was a period of relative cost stability, with manufactur ing unit labor costs rising at annual rates ranging from 1.5 percent to 4 percent among the countries. An important shift occurred during the decade, however. The United States showed an average annual decline in costs of 1 percent during 1960-65, Table 3. Hourly compensation in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75 (Percent) Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75 United States ........................................................ Canada ..................................................................... Japan ..................................................................... Belgium .................................................................. Denm ark.................................................................. F ra n c e ..................................................................... 5.6 7.0 15.6 11.6 12.2 10.4 3.5 3.6 13.2 9.6 9.6 9.2 6.1 7.6 15.3 9.3 12.5 9.3 8.0 10.0 20.7 16.9 15.5 15.1 G erm any.................................................................. I t a l y ........................................................................ Netherlands ........................................................... Sweden .................................................................. Switzerland ........................................................... United Kingdom ..................................................... 10.2 13.3 13.0 10.9 9.0 9.7 9.6 13.6 11.3 10.2 8.8 6.4 8.3 9.4 12.0 9.8 7.1 7.6 13.3 22.1 16.0 14.1 11.9 16.4 N O T E : T h e p e rce n t changes are c o m p u te d fro m th e least squares tren ds o f th e lo g a rith m s o f th e in d e x n u m b ers. Table 4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 unit costs and thereby reducing the inflationary pressures that can be generated by high wage increases. (Percent) Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75 United States ........................................................ Canada ..................................................................... Japan ..................................................................... Belgium .................................................................. Denm ark........................................................ . . . France ..................................................................... 2.9 2.8 5.4 4.2 4.6 4.5 -1 .3 -.9 4.3 4.6 4.0 3.8 4.6 3.0 1.7 1.2 3.5 2.4 6.1 7.1 14.5 8.7 8.1 11.4 G erm any.................................................................. I t a l y ......................................................................... Netherlands ........................................................... Sweden .................................................................. Switzerland ........................................................... United Kingdom ..................................................... 4.2 6.7 5.5 4.0 3.8 5.7 3.0 6.3 5.9 3.0 6.3 2.2 2.5 3.8 3.0 2.1 .4 3.7 7.5 15.2 -9 .7 8.7 8.2 12.9 N O TE : The percent changes are computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers. while Japan and most European countries showed increases averaging from 3 percent to 6 percent (table 4). During 1965-70, the situation reversed as U.S. unit labor costs rose at a 4.6-percent annual rate while the rate was below 4 percent for all other countries. Then, in 1970-75, unit labor costs rose explosively. The average annual increase in 1970-75 was higher than in 1965-70 for all 12 countries, ranging from 6 percent for the United States up to about 15 percent for Japan and Italy. For international comparisons, currency revaluation is an additional factor that influences the trend in unit labor costs. When trends in national units are converted to a U.S. dollar basis, the measures of increase in unit labor costs are more pro nounced, especially in recent years (table 5). During the 1970-75 period, the ex change value of the U.S. dollar declined in relation to the currencies of nine of the other countries. Consequently, unit labor costs in those nine countries rose more sharply in U.S. dollar terms than in national currency terms. Only in Italy and the United Kingdom, where severe devaluations occurred in recent years, did unit labor costs on a dollar basis rise somewhat less than on a national currency basis. Where there is relative stability in growth of hourly compensation, changes in unit labor costs display a close inverse relation to changes in output per hour. When changes in these two rates are charted, they tend to show a mirror image of each other. (See chart 2.) This is particularly true of the United States, Sweden, and, until recently, Canada. Where the changes in hourly compensation are more volatile or erratic, as in Italy, the inverse relationship between productivity and unit labor costs is less pronounced. Hourly compensation and unit labor costs show very similar movements in several countries, notably Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. These relationships illustrate the key role of productivity in holding down Effects of shifts within countries It is well known that labor productivity indexes based on real gross product and unweighted employee hours reflect the effects of shifts among industries with differ ent net output per hour as well as movements in output per unit of labor input within component industries. In these measures, shifts in industry shares of output and input can affect productivity for manufacturing as a whole even in the absence of productivity growth in the component industries. For some purposes an overall productivity index should reflect shifts over time in the importance of industries in addition to productivity changes within industries. For other purposes it should not. In any event, it is useful to explore how much of the total productivity change was a result of the contribution of each of these components; that is, to disaggregate the total change into the portion resulting from component industry productivity changes, the portion resulting from shifts in the mix, and the portion resulting from the interaction between productivity changes and changes in the mix. Since productivity is the ratio of output to input, the relative importance of the industries can be defined in terms of either the numerator or the denominator. Consequently, the total productivity change can be partitioned into the contribution from shifts in the shares of industry output, industry productivity change, and Table 5. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values: Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 (Percent) Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75 United States ........................................................ Canada ..................................................................... Japan ..................................................................... Belgium .................................................................. Denm ark.............................................. ................... France ..................................................................... 2.9 3.1 7.1 6.1 5.4 4.8 -1 .3 -3 .0 4.2 4.7 3.9 3.8 4.6 3.5 1.9 1.1 1.6 .2 6.1 7.8 19.8 16.1 14.7 17.3 G erm any.................................................................. I t a l y ........................................................................ Netherlands ........................................................... Sweden .................................................................. Switzerland ........................................................... United Kingdom ..................................................... 7.6 6.7 7.7 5.2 6.5 4.0 3.7 6.2 6.7 3.0 6.2 2.1 4.1 3.8 3.0 2.0 .5 -.3 17.3 14.0 18.6 13.9 20.3 11.2 N O T E : T h e p e rce n t changes are c o m p u te d fro m th e least squares tre n d o f th e lo g a rith m s o f th e in dex nu m b ers. Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75 UNITED STATES CANADA Percent change Percent change Output per hour 8 Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued JAPAN_________ Percent BELGIUM Percent change 1960 1965 19 7 0 1975 9 Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued FRANCE DENMARK Percent change Percent change 12 8 Output per hour / • r \ 4 0 i i V -4 Unit labor costs 24 20 - /- 16 w / 12 » 8 - / J - 4 0 -4 24 20 — |S . / i — - Compensation per hour / \- 16 12 8 4 1960 1965 1970 0 ________ I960 1975 10 i _____________________ i ___________________— 1965 1970 1975 Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued GERMANY Percent change Percent change 11 Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued JffiXHERLANDS________________________________________________ JSMEDEN Percent change Percent change Output per hour Output per hour 12 - 12 8 8 4 4 ^ 0 i i V 0 -4 V 1 N / A - * - 4 *» 20 Unit labor costs 16 Unit labor costs 16 12 12 8 8 4 4 0 \ / i 1 0 -4 -4 - Compensation per hour 20 m 16 12 . / \ \ - «■ 16 Y A / 20 “■ - - Compensation per hour 12 m S yr \ / « 8 8 4 4 - 0 __ ___________ i_______ _____ _i_____________ _ 0 —___________ 1______ _____ ___ i__ ____ ____ __ I960 1965 1970 1975 1960 1965 1970 1975 12 Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM Percent change Percent change 13 interaction or into the contribution from shifts in the share of industry hours, industry productivity change, and this interaction.2 To estimate these separate effects, the Bureau assembled the necessary disaggre gated output and input data for separate groups of industries within manufacturing for four countries—the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In order to obtain the desired detail, it was necessary to use some data sources other than those used for the all-manufacturing measures. The individual industry mea sures, therefore, and the resultant all-manufacturing totals should be considered as preliminary estimates compiled primarily for purposes of analyzing the effect of shifts in output or hours. For the United States, unpublished output data for the U.S. two-digit Standard Industrial Classification industry groups were available from the national accounts. These output figures are entirely consistent with the published all-manufacturing measure. The labor input figures by industry differ slightly, however, because they exclude the hours of self-employed persons. Data that match the published all-manu facturing measures were not available for the other three countries. For Germany, the necessary output figures were not available in sufficient detail from the national accounts so industrial production indexes were used. For the United Kingdom and Japan, it was necessary to substitute alternative measures of labor input.3 Conse quently, the all-manufacturing productivity indexes constructed from data for the Table 6. Productivity change in manufacturing by source: Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 (Percent) Source of change Country Change in output per hour United States.......................... United K in g d o m .................... G erm an y................................. Japan (1 9 6 0 -7 2 ) .................... 2.68 3.67 5.69 9.46 Productivity change1 Shift in hours Interaction: productivity and shift Number of industry groups 2.70 3.59 5.71 9.30 -0 .0 2 .08 -.01 .12 -0.01 -.01 -.01 .03 20 17 33 17 1 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction. N O TE : Components may not add to total because of rounding. Percent changes are a simple average of year-to-year changes. component industries differ from the published all-manufacturing measures. How ever, while there are some significant year-to-year differences in productivity move ments, the constructed and published measures for each country show very similar rates of productivity change over the 1960-74 period (1960 to 1972 for Japan). Results of the shift analysis based on the constructed measures, therefore, probably also apply in general to the published all-manufacturing measures. It would have been desirable to have separate industry data in as fine detail as 2 The following formula was used to estimate the separate effects of shifts in the share of possible and at the same time roughly comparable among the countries. However, industry hours, industry productivity change, and interaction: such data are generally available only at the major industry group level. Moreover, APt = (AP, 1 - S1, . , ) + (AP, 2 • S2, . , ) + . . . + (APt n • Sn(_j) since systems of industry classification are not identical from country to country, it (Productivity effect) is not possible to achieve precisely matched coverage even for some of the major + (AS, 1 • P1, . , ) + (ASt 2 • P2t. j ) + . . . + '(A P,n • Snt. j ) industries. As a result, the Bureau used data .for different groupings of industries which comprise all manufacturing in each country.4 (Shift effect) Table 6 shows the average annual rat§s of change in manufacturing labor produc + (AS, 1 • A P ,1) + (AS, 2 • A P ,2) + . . . + (A S ," ° A P,n) tivity separated into the effects from shifts in the shares of industry hours, industry (Interaction effect) productivity change, and their interaction in each o f these countries. Annual data for where: the four countries can be found in appendix tables B-18 through B-21. As can be is output per hour in all manufacturing in year t readily seen, shifts in the importance of industries in terms of hours had virtually no impact on the total productivity change in most years. In each country, the few years is output per hour in the first industry group in year t rt ptn St1 is output per hour in the nth industry group in year t is the share of total manufacturing hours in the first industry group in year t st" is the share of total manufacturing hours in the nth industry group in year t t-1 A refers to the value of a variable for the previous year is a first difference operator: APt denotes Pt —Pt l 3 There are also some differences in the all-manufacturing output measures for the United Kingdom and Japan. This is because a constant set of weights was used to combine the individual manufacturing industries over the entire period for each country whereas the published all-manu facturing production indexes for both countries include shifts in the weights. 4For the United States, all manufacturing was divided into 20 industry groups; for the United Kingdom, 17 groups; for Germany, 33 groups; and for Japan, 17 groups. For industry-by-indus try comparisons, data for all four countries were combined into 15 industry groups. ASt denotes St — St j 14 in which shifts in hours had any appreciable impact were usually recession years. In Germany, for example, the greatest effect was in 1974, where the contribution of shifts in hours was 0.7 percentage points to the total productivity change of 3.8 percent. In the United States, large effects also took place in 1974 (with 0.3 per centage points and a total change of —3.9 percent) and in 1961 (w ith—0.3 percent age points and a total change of 2.4 percent). Both were recession years in the United States but the effects were in the opposite direction. The United Kingdom had a very substantial shift effect in 1 y e a r-1961—with 0.15 percentage points and a total change of -0 .2 2 percent. In Japan, the effect of shifts in hours has been rather slight in relation to overall productivity gains. The greatest shift effect in Japan was 0.38 percent in 1968, when the total productivity change was 12 percent. For the period as a whole, however, in each country the productivity growth within industries was virtually the entire source of the overall productivity change. For the most part this was because in each country industries maintained almost the same proportions of total manufacturing hours over the entire period. In Germany, for example, with the exception of textile mill products, no industry’s share of total manufacturing hours changed by more than 2 percentage points, and even textiles changed by only 3 percentage points. The industry group productivity changes, however, reflect the effects of shifts among the industries comprising the group. We were not able to extend the analysis for any of the countries except the United States, where we had available unpub lished measures for 400 manufacturing industries on a gross output basis. The total shift effect based on this additional detail was increased but not appreciably. With regard to the effects of output shifts on manufacturing productivity, for the period 1960-74 the results for the United States show a slight negative effect, amounting to —0.16 percent per year. For the United Kingdom, the effect of output shifts was negligible for the period. For Germany and Japan, however, the effects were substantial, amounting to 0.45 percent for Germany and 0.82 percent for Japan (1960-72). Trends by manufacturing industry As mentioned earlier, the productivity growth rates for manufacturing in the four countries are almost entirely a reflection of the productivity movements of the component industries. Table 7 summarizes these movements for the 1960-74 period for the 15 industry groups included; appendix tables B-22 through B-45 show annual data. The results for the period show a low variance among rates of productivity change for individual industries in three of the countries. In other words, the industry rates cluster closely around the mean for all manufacturing. For the United States, the average annual increase for all manufacturing was 2.7 percent, and 14 of the 15 industries showed gains within 2 percentage points of that average, i.e., between 0.7 Table 7. Productivity change in 15 manufacturing industries: Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 (Percent) U.S. SIC number Industry United United Germany States Kingdom Japan (1960-72) 20-39 All manufacturing industries............... 2.7 4.1 5.8 9.8 20,21 22 23,31 24, 25 26, 27 28 29 30, 39 Food and tobacco................................. Textile mill products............................. Apparel and leather goods.................... Lumber and furniture .......................... Paper and printing................................. Chemicals and allied products............. Petroleum and coal products............... Rubber and miscellaneous manufactures..................................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products ............................................ Primary metals........................................ Fabricated metal products.................... Machinery, except electrical ............... Electrical equipment and supplies Transportation equipment.................... Instruments and related products 3.0 4.6 2.9 3.8 2.3 4.5 3.6 3.3 6.0 3.7 3.6 3.0 7.1 7.0 5.0 6.8 4.4 6.7 5.4 9.2 8.5 6.4 4.4 3.5 14.2 28.9 14.0 14.9 2.4 4.6 6.7 7.7 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.7 5.0 2.6 2.7 4.9 2.4 51.8 64.2 5.4 2.8 6.6 35.7 4 5.4 4.4 7 2.8 6.5 84.5 4.7 7.5 12.2 9.6 11.8 12.3 12.6 8.2 Standard deviation (unweighted)9 . . . . 1.134 1.641 1.607 3.533 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 Excludes fu rn itu re. 2 E x c lu d e s p r in t in g . 3 Includes quarrying. 4 Includes railroad and street cars. 5 Includes jew elry and precious metals. 6 Includes ordnance and small arms. 7 Includes locomotives. 8 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 9 For the United States, standard deviations weighted by o u tp ut or by hours are about the same as the unweighted; fo r the United Kingdom and Japan, weighted standard deviations are lower; fo r Germ any, the output-weighted standard deviation is higher than the unweighted. N O T E : The percent changes are computed from the least squares trend o f the logarithms of the index numbers. The standard deviations were computed from simple averages of the unweighted industry rates of productivity change: 2.9 percent fo r the United States; 4 .4 percent for the United Kingdom; 5.8 percent for Germany; and 9 .2 percent fo r Japan. percent and 4.7 percent. Furthermore, 10 of the 15 industries were within 1 percent age point of the average. For the United Kingdom, the average was 4.1 percent, and 11 of the 15 industries showed gains within 2 points of that average. Similarly, for Germany, the all-manufacturing average gain was 5.8 percent, and 12 of the 15 industries gained within 2 points of that average. For Japan, the outcome is noticeably different. Japan has six major industries that have been expanding rapidly since 1960—chemicals, petroleum refining, primary metals, machinery, electrical equipment, and transportation equipment. These indus tries, combined, accounted for 43 percent of Japan’s manufacturing output in 1960, rising to 60 percent of output by 1972. They each achieved productivity gains of over 12 percent per year, compared to a 9.8-percent average gain for all manufactur ing. Most of the remaining industries had productivity gains well below 9 percent per year and accounted for a diminishing share of Japanese manufacturing output. Thus the pattern of Japanese productivity improvement does not resemble the cluster pattern found in the other three countries. The structure of Japan’s manufacturing output and productivity has undergone profound changes since 1960. In general, in none of the countries can the overall rate of gain be attributed in large measure to an outstanding performance by just one or two industries.5 Nor can a relatively low overall rate, such as in the United States, be attributed to a laggard performance by one or two industries. Although the variance in industry growth rates is low within most of the coun tries, there appears to be a similarity in the rankings of industry growth rates among countries. For example, chemicals, petroleum, and electrical manufacturing were among the six industries with the largest productivity gains in each country (table 8). On the other hand, primary metals, fabricated metals, machinery, food and tobacco, and paper and printing were among the industries with the smallest rates of gain in all or most cases. With very few exceptions, Japan shows the highest productivity gains in each industry, followed by Germany, then the United Kingdom, and finally the United States. Thus, the ranking of countries by productivity increase in all manufac turing holds true as well for individual industry groups. Table 8. Ranking of 15 manufacturing industries by productivity change: Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 U.S. SIC number 36 22 28 24, 29 20, 23, 38 37 30, 21 31 39 26, 27 34 35 32 33 Electrical equipment and supplies Textile mill products............................ Chemicals and allied products............. Lumber and furniture .......................... Petroleum and coal products............... Food and tobacco................................. Apparel and leather goods.................... Instruments and related products Transportation equipment.................... Rubber and miscellaneous manufactures ................................... Paper and printing................................. Fabricated metal products.................... Machinery, except electrical ................ Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products............................. Primary metals........................................ United United States Kingdom Germany Japan (1960-72) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 4 1 10 2 11 9 3 13 6 3 1 4 2 10 13 11 12 4 13 2 14 1 12 15 9 3 10 11 12 13 7 12 15 8 5 8 15 14 10 8 7 6 14 15 6 14 7 9 11 5 nomic Commission for Europe (ECE) has contributed significantly as a sponsor of comparative studies among the European countries. More recently, E. C.West has conducted comparisons between U.S. and Canadian manufacturing and K. Yukizawa has conducted Japan-United States comparisons, also for manufacturing. West’s study is based upon a comparison of output and employment in Canada and the United States during 1963. West calculated net output by double deflation for a sample of 30 three-digit manufacturing industries as reported in the Census of Manufactures for each country. In order to estimate relative levels for all manufactur ing, he adjusted the Canadian employment data to account for head office employ ment and he added an adjustment to account for the nonsample industries. His results showed that Canadian output per manufacturing employee was 64.4 percent of the U.S. level, using Canadian price weights, or 68.5 percent using U.S. price weights. In order to estimate relative levels for more recent years, BLS has made an adjustment to the West estimates to account for a slight difference in average hours worked between the two countries. Then the Canada-to-United States ratios were calculated for other years by using the BLS indexes of manufacturing output per hour for the two countries. The results for 1975, for example, show the ratio of Canadian to U.S. output per hour to be 76 percent, using Canadian weights, and 81 percent, using U.S. weights. The BLS results, presented in table 9, correspons closely with similar estimates made by Professor D. J. Daly of York University, Downsview, Ontario. Comparative productivity levels A number of efforts have been made over the past 30 years to compare levels of output or productivity between major countries. Some have been highly aggregative in coverage, such as the studies undertaken for the Organization for European Eco nomic Co-operation (OEEC) by Milton Gilbert and Irving Kravis during the 1950’s. (See appendix C for these and other studies discussed below.) Other studies have been bilateral in nature. Bilateral comparisons. An early bilateral comparison, covering U.S. and U.K. outputs, was conducted by Deborah Paige and Gottfried Bombach for the OEEC. The Eco- 5 The German chemical industry may offer an exception. This major industry has expanded rapidly since 1960 and has shown an average productivity increase o f 9.2 percent per year, compared to an all-manufacturing increase o f 5.8 percent per year. It has been calculated that, excluding the chemical industry, the rate o f increase for all German manufacturing would have been just 5.2 percent, so the influence o f the chemical industry was to raise the all-manufacturing rate by 0.6 percent. 25 Industry 16 Table 9. 1960-75 figures therefore are not necessarily representative of all manufacturing industries and appear to cover a higher proportion of relatively efficient industries in Japan than in the United States. BLS has adjusted Yukizawa’s ratios to account for the difference in average hours worked between the two countries and has calculated the ratios for other years on the basis of its trend series on output per hour. These estimates for 1975 show a Japan-to-United States ratio of 65 percent, using Japanese price weights, and 76 percent using U.S. price weights, (table 10). Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Canada/United States, (U.S. = 100) Ratio in percent Item and year Ratio, Canadian to U.S. net output per employee, 19631 ...................... Ratio, Canadian to U.S. average annual hours worked per employee, 19632 ...................................................................................... Ratio, Canadian to U.S. net ouxpui per hour worked, 1963 .................... Ratio, Canadian to U.S. net output per hour3 : 1 9 60..................................................................................................... 1 9 6 1 ..................................................................................................... 1 9 6 2 ..................................................................................................... 1963 ..................................................................................................... 19 6 4 ................................................................................................. . . 1 9 6 5 ..................................................................................................... 19 6 6 ..................................... ............................................................... 1 9 6 7 ..................................................................................................... 19 68..................................................................................................... 1 9 69..................................................................................................... 19 70..................................................................................................... 19 71.......................................................................................... .......... 19 72.......................................................................................... .......... 1973 ..................................................................................................... 19 7 4 ..................................................................................................... 1975 ..................................................................................................... Canadian price weights U.S. price weights 64.4 68.5 101.4 63.5 101.4 67.5 63.1 65.0 65.4 63.5 62.9 63.3 64.2 65.9 68.2 71.2 72.6 73.4 72.1 72.4 75.2 76.3 67.1 69.1 69.6 67.5 66.9 67.4 68.3 70.1 72.6 75.7 77.3 78.1 76.7 77.0 80.0 81.2 Iron and steel industry. The BLS has undertaken some comparisons of productivity levels with the concentration on selected manufacturing industries. The principal effort has been to compare levels of productivity and labor costs in the iron and steel industry of five countries. The steel industry was selected for the first absolute measurement project because it ranks high among basic industries in terms of size, public interest, and availability and comparability of data. The initial report on iron and steel was issued in 1968, and indexes have been used to keep the comparisons up to date since that time. Just recently the Bureau has introduced more current weights and made other revisions in the data; the preliminary findings are presented here for the first time. The BLS studies involve one serious technical problem—the weights—and numer ous problems that arise from insufficient data or unmatched data. The weights in use until very recently were 1961 unit labor requirements for the industry in the United States, applied to the United States and each of the other countries. These are the same weights that have been used by the ECE in its steel productivity project. The Bureau has recently introduced later U.S. weights, for the year 1967, which were obtained mainly for the domestic measure of steel productivity. The shift from 1961 to 1967 weights did not have an appreciable effect on the international comparisons of productivity levels. The results are about the same, using either set of weights. Nevertheless, the U.S. weights may be inadequate for use in international compari sons. One reason for being cautious about the use of U.S. weights is that there has been a major expansion of the industry in most countries since 1967, accompanied by widespread introduction of steelmaking innovations that might alter unit labor re quirements for certain products. A second reason is that the Bureau has weights from no other country to permit balanced international comparisons. The absence of complete matching data on steel output and labor input for each country obliges the analyst to make a series of assumptions and extrapolations in order to bridge the data gaps. A few examples will illustrate the nature of the problem. The European data on pipe and tubing are reported in two categories, welded and seamless. The U.S. data system, on the other hand, covers seven cate gories of pipe and tubing, some with sharply different labor requirement weights. The European data on stainless steel give an overall tonnage figure but no product 1 Ratio of Canadian to U.S. net ou tp u t per em ployee in total manufacturing, as estimated by C. West in C a n a d a -U n ite d S tates P ric e a n d P ro d u c tiv ity D iffe re n c e s in M a n u fa c tu rin g Industries, 1 9 6 3 ; S taff S tudy No. 32 prepared fo r the Economic Council of Canada, 1971, p. 26. 2 BLS estimate, calculated after reducing U.S. average paid hours by 7 percent in order to compare w ith Canadian hours w orked series. 3 Calculated from BLS index series on m anufacturing ou tp u t per hour in the tw o countries. E. A somewhat similar bilateral comparison has been prepared by Professor Kenzo Yukizawa, covering productivity in Japanese and U.S. manufacturing. Yukizawa compared U.S. gross output per employee with Japanese gross output per employee for three time periods, 1958-59, 1963, and 1967, based mainly on physical quantity measures of output for a sampling of matched products. Yukizawa’s results for 1967 show Japanese manufacturing output per employee to be 49 percent of the U.S. level, using Japanese price weights, and 58 percent using U.S. price weights. Daly points out that the results may show a higher Japan-to-United States ratio than would be shown if net output data were used. In addition, the comparisons are based on only 60 industries at approximately the 4-digit U.S. level of classification. The industry coverage in 1967 accounted for only 25 percent of U.S. gross value added and 32 percent of Japanese net value added in manufacturing, and for 21 percent of U.S. employment and 24 percent of Japanese employment in manufacturing. The 17 Table 10. 1958-75 detail; alloy and stainless tonnage are combined in the product listings. Yet the U.S. weights are vastly different between products of alloy and products of stainless steel. In Japan, there is substantial employment of contract labor in steelmaking activities, and the use of contract labor is said to vary from period to period. The Bureau has not been able to obtain adequate data on how many contract workers are employed or the number of hours or rates of pay for these workers. In each case it is obliged to estimate the output or inputs on the basis of inadequate information. The initial results therefore contain a degree of uncertainty or variance that reaches beyond any normal amount of statistical discrepancy. The method of dealing with these uncertainties has been to present the results as ranges rather than single best estimates. The Bureau feels reasonably confident that a particular measure of productivity or labor cost falls within the given range, but it does not have the precise measure. In brief, as indicated in table 11, the findings show some sharp contrasts among the five major countries studied. Preliminary estimates for 1975 show that produc tivity in the Japanese steel industry is above the U.S. level, ranging between 111 and 132 percent of the United States. The German industry reached a level between 81 and 90 percent of the United States. The French productivity level was about onehalf, and the British was less than one-half, the U.S. level. It should be noted that 1975 was a recession year for the steel industry in all of the countries. Steel output dropped sharply in every country, but most acutely in France (table 12). Productivity showed virtually no change in Japan, but dropped 10 to 11 percent in the United States and Germany, 14 percent in the United Kingdom, and 28 percent in France. Estimates of grotvth in steel productivity illustrate very clearly the changes that have occurred since 1964. In the 10 years from 1964 to 1974, productivity in the steel industry increased at a rate of 3 percent per year in the United States, 2 percent per year in the United Kingdom, 5.6 percent per year in France, and 7 percent per year in Germany. The rate for Japan was 11 percent per year. In order to develop better measures, however, a broader effort seems called for than BLS alone can offer. It is important to obtain weights from the other countries besides the United States. The ECE project of several years ago attempted to do this but was not successful. Also, improved matching of products could be achieved. To do this, however, closer collaboration on a bilateral basis among country statisticians is called for. Or a stronger coordinating effort by international organizations could be undertaken and perhaps would be more successful now because of the greater inter est in productivity within nations. Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Japan/United States, (U.S. = 100) Ratio in percent Item and year Ratio, Japanese to U.S. output per employee1: 1958-592 ............................................................................................. 19583 ................................................................................................... 19593 ................................................................................................... 1 9 6 3 ..................................................................................................... 1 9 67...................................................................................................... Ratio, Japanese to U.S. output per hour worked4 : 1 9 5 8 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 5 9 ..................................................................................................... 1963 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 7 ...................................................................................................... Ratio, Japanese to U.S. output per hour worked5: 1 9 5 8 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 5 9 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 0 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 1 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 2 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 3 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 4 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 5 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 6 ...................................................................................................... 1967 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 8 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 6 9 ...................................................................................................... 19 7 0 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 7 1 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 7 2 ...................................................................................................... 1973 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 7 4 ...................................................................................................... 1 9 7 5 ...................................................................................................... Japanese price weights U.S. price weights 31.6 27.2 30.2 34.0 49.3 37.5 32.2 35.8 39.7 57.8 21.3 23.8 27.8 41.0 25.2 28.1 32.4 48.1 21.6 23.9 27.4 30.1 30.0 30.4 32.7 33.0 35.8 41.0 44.6 50.8 57.5 56.4 58.0 63.4 67.1 64.9 25.3 28.1 32.1 35.4 35.3 35.7 38.4 38.8 42.0 48.1 52.3 59.6 67.5 66.2 68.0 74.3 78.7 76.2 1 (Rates converted to U.S. = 100) from ratios of U.S. gross output per employee to Japanese gross output per employee, as estimated by K. Yukizawa in Japanese and American Productivity: An International Comparison of Physical Output Per Head’, Discussion Paper No. 08 7, K yo to Institute o f Econom ic Research, March 19 75, p. 17. 2 Ratio of Japanese gross o u tp u t per em ployee in 19 59 to U.S. gross o u tp u t per em ployee in 1958. 3 BLS estimates based on indexes o f U.S. and Japanese o u tp u t and em plo ym ent in the 2 years. 4 Based on BLS estimates of annual hours w orked per em ployee in the tw o countries. 5Calculated from BLS index series on m anufacturing o u tp u t per hour in the tw o countries linked in 19 67 by the ratio of U.S. to Japanese ou tp u t per hour worked. N O T E : Comparison is based on 6 0 industries (59 in 1 9 6 7 ) at approxim ately the 4-dig it U.S. level of classification. 18 Table 11. Estimates of relative levels ot output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries, 1964 and 1972-75 (U nited States = 1 0 0 ) Year United States Japan Minimum Germany France Maximum Minimum Maximum United Kingdom Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 55 77 77 82 81 63 85 86 91 90 48 50 48 44 42 51 53 51 46 45 37 58 74 76 76 39 58 74 76 76 29 33 34 33 35 30 34 35 34 36 60 68 86 84 84 70 76 96 93 93 57 62 66 72 79 61 67 71 78 86 Output per hour 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100 48 87 98 100 111 55 103 117 119 132 48 62 60 61 49 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100 16 33 42 44 44 16 34 43 46 45 34 48 60 59 67 52 69 67 68 54 Hourly labor costs I1) 35 48 60 59 67 Unit labor costs 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100 29 32 36 37 33 33 39 44 46 41 1 Labor costs converted to U.S. dollars at the annual average exchange rate fo r each year. has b e e n a d ju s te d f o r d iff e r e n c e s in p r o d u c t m ix a m o n g c o u n tr ie s a n d over tim e by weighting the com ponent products of the iron and ste«*l industry w ith U.S. 1967 labor requirements (hours of labor required per ton of each product). The weights used are cumulative, th at is, fo r each ena product, they reflect all stages of production w ithin the industry 72 77 100 97 138 from coke through the end products. No adjustments have been made fo r possible differences among countries in the degree of vertical integration or the quality o f steel produced. The results are presented in ranges because of gaps in the data. The estimates fo r 19 73-7 5 were obtained by applying trend indexes fo r each co un try—unadjusted fo r strict com parability among countries—to the 1972 relatives. W hile the 1973-7 5 o u tp u t index fo r the United States is based on the 1967 labor requirements weights, the o u tp ut indexes fo r the other countries are based on the weights underlying their own production indexes. N O T E : W ith the exception o f a few items (wire and w ire products are excluded for the United Kingdom and wheels and axles are excluded fo r Germ any), the estimates fo r 1964 and 1972 are based on the U.S. definition of the iron and steel industry. In addition, the ou tp u t of each c o u n t r y 's in d u s t r y 66 69 89 87 124 i1 ) 19 Table 12. Estimates of indexes of output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries, 1964 and 1972-75 (1 9 6 4 = 100) Hourly labor costs Year Output per hour Based on national currency values Based on U.S. dollar values1 Unit labor costs Based on national currency values Based on U.S. dollar values1 Output Hours Total labor costs 100.0 133.5 130.3 150.6 198.2 100.0 107.2 127.6 127.5 96.5 100.0 88.8 95.9 95.0 80.3 100.0 143.2 166.3 192.0 191.4 100.0 149.8 165.5 199.6 233.9 100.0 253.2 312.4 311.2 270.7 100.0 114.5 113.3 110.0 96.2 100.0 317.5 386.9 500.4 518.9 100.0 141.4 178.1 201.2 376.8 100.0 130.0 137.7 147.2 98.1 100.0 81.7 81.5 85.1 79.1 100.0 180.1 222.0 290.4 322.9 100.0 148.4 182.5 205.2 271.9 100.0 143.2 163.1 171.6 134.0 100.0 85.8 88.0 87.0 76.2 100.0 170.5 198.4 228.8 225.0 100.0 145.6 151.4 190.7 276.0 100.0 94.4 105.1 93.5 78.6 100.0 74.7 78.4 76.7 74.5 100.0 153.5 181.3 212.8 272.6 United States 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 100.0 120.7 133.1 134.2 120.2 100.0 161.2 173.4 202.1 238.3 100.0 161.2 173.4 202.1 238.3 100.0 133.5 130.3 150.6 198.2 Japan 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 100.0 221.1 275.8 282.9 281.4 100.0 277.2 341.5 454.9 539.4 100.0 331.1 456.3 564.7 658.2 100.0 125.4 123.8 160.8 191.7 France 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 100.0 159.2 169.0 173.0 124.1 100.0 231.6 272.6 341.3 408.4 100.0 225.0 301.1 348.0 467.5 100.0 145.5 161.2 197.3 329.2 Germany 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... .................................... ................................................ 100.0 166.9 185.4 197.2 175.8 100.0 198.8 225.5 262.9 295.1 100.0 247.8 338.5 404.7 477.8 100.0 119.1 121.6 133.3 167.9 United Kingdom 1964 1972 1973 1974 1975 ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 100.0 126.4 134.1 122.0 105.5 100.0 205.5 231.3 277.7 366.0 1 Indexes in national currencies adjusted fo r changes in prevailing exchange rates. 100.0 184.0 203.1 232.7 291.2 100.0 162.6 172.5 227.5 346.8 the fo ur foreign countries, they are based on the m idp oint of m inim um and m axim um estimates fo r each year. Indexes fo r 19 73 to 1 9 7 5 —unadjusted fo r strict com parability among countries—have been linked at 1974. See note to table 11. N O T E : W ith the exception of a fe w items, the indexes fo r 1 9 6 4 and 1972 are based on the U.S. definition of the iron and steel industry. For 20 Appendix A. Sources and Methods The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) compiles and publishes indexes of output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing for the United States .and 11 other industrial countries. The indexes are constructed from three aggregate measures—manufacturing output, total hours, and total compensation. For most countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as defined by the Inter national Standard Industrial Classification, but some countries depart from these definitions to one degree or another. The output measures refer to constant value gross product originating or value added in all countries. The methods used to compile the real output measures, however, differ considerably among the 12 countries. In the United States, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Sweden, the estimation procedure is wholly or primarily that of double deflation, that is, adjustment of both gross outputs and inputs to eliminate price change. In the other countries, the estimation procedure involves some form of extrapolation of base-year value added, using either quantity indicators or deflated values. Canada and France extrapolate both inputs and outputs while the other countries generally use gross output indicators. The hours and compensation measures refer to all persons engaged in the United States and Canada, wage workers only in Switzerland, and to all employees in the other countries except Germany. For Germany, the compensation data refer to all employees including workers in the handicraft industries while the hours data ex clude handicraft workers but include the self-employed. Hours refer to paid hours in the United States and Switzerland, hours worked for the other countries. Compensa tion includes all wages and salaries paid directly to employees plus employer expendi tures for social insurance programs, and—for France, Sweden, and the United King dom-employment or payroll taxes that are not compensation to employees but are a labor cost to employers. The definitions and data sources for the output, hours, and compensation mea sures used by the Bureau are outlined briefly for each country in this appendix. To simplify the discussion, only the long-term measures used from 1960 are covered. The statistical measures used for the years before 1960 and the statistical series used for recent year estimates—until the long-term measures are available—are not men tioned. United States Output Gross product originating in market prices in 1972 dollars. Obtained by deflation of product originating in current prices based on income statistics by means of implicit price deflators. Deflators computed using value added in current prices, based on production statistics, divided by value added in constant prices, estimated by deflation of the current-price data on both outputs and inputs by wholesale price indexes. Publication: Survey o f Current Business (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C») Hours. Total hours paid of all persons engaged. Compiled by BLS as denominator for national productivity index. Based on employment for wage workers and salaried employees and average paid hours for wage workers from BLS monthly establish ment survey covering all sizes of establishments; normally scheduled hours (unpub lished data) from BLS biennial employee compensation survey; and number of selfemployed and average hours from BLS labor force sample survey of households. Publication: Employment and Earnings (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.). Compensation Total compensation of employees from national accounts, adjusted by BLS for estimated compensation of self-employed. Employee compensation com piled on the basis of data from unemployment insurance reports to estimate aggre gate wages and salaries, and statistics from the Social Security Administration and other Government insurance agencies and from various tax and insurance reports for private plans to estimate employer insurance contributions. Compensation imputed for self-employed by assuming that hourly compensation of self-employed equals that of employees. Publication: Survey o f Current Business (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C.). 21 costs derived from Census of Manufactures and, for commodity weights, Current Production Survey. Index recalculated back for 2 years preceding new base year. 1970-based index linked to 1965-based index at January 1968 and 1965-based index linked to 1960-based index at January 1963. Publications: Industry Statistics Monthly (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo), or Monthly Statis tics o f Japan and Japan Statistical Yearbook (Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Prime Minister, Tokyo). Canada BLS uses productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor cost data compiled by Input-Output Division, Statistics Canada. Publication: Aggregate Productivity Measures, 1946-74 (Statistics Canada, Ottawa). Output. Index of real domestic product at 1971 factor costs, linked at 1971 to index at 1961 factor costs, compiled as part of system of national accounts. Index com puted monthly as well as annually, and for manufacturing and other industry, also called index of industrial production. Estimation procedure consists of extrapolation of base year value added. Value-added weights derived from detailed input-output tables for base years. Extrapolation primarily by means of volume indexes based on deflated current values. Both inputs and outputs deflated for over 80 percent of value added. Manufacturing census or annual survey provide current value data for annual indexes, other sources for monthly indexes and recent years. Industry selling price indexes are most frequently used deflators. Publications: Indexes o f Real Do mestic Product by Industry or Canadian Statistical Review (Statistics Canada, Ottawa). Hours. BLS estimates of total hours worked by all employees based on employment data published with the national accounts and average monthly hours worked by regular employees from the Monthly Labour Survey. Employment computed by extrapolating manufacturing employment from the population census using data from the Labour Force Survey. Average monthly hours obtained from establishment sample survey and refer to all “regular” employees in establishments with five or more regular employees. Publications: Annual Report on National Income Statistics (Economic Planning Agency, Economic Research Institute, Tokyo); Year Book o f Labour Statistics (Ministry of Labour, Statistics and Information Department, Tokyo). Hours. Total hours worked by all persons engaged. Compiled on basis of data on wage and salary worker employment and average hours worked by wage workers from Annual Census of Manufactures; average hours worked by salary workers, using paid hours from deflated Census salaries, adjusted to hours worked basis using hours structure data from Labour Cost Survey; number of self-employed based on working owners and partners series from Annual Census of Manufactures; and average hours worked by self-employed from Labour Force Survey. Compensation Total compensation of employees from Japanese national accounts. Compiled by estimating regular wages and salaries using average per capita wages and employment for various employee and establishment size groups, and estimating value of other pay, allowances, and employer social insurance expenditures. Average wages based on data from Monthly Labour Survey and Enterprise Welfare Facility Survey. Employment estimated from Population Census data extrapolated using Labour Force Survey data; 1966 Business Establishment Statistics for large firm employment, also extrapolated; and Monthly Labour Survey statistics. Other com pensation estimated using Dwelling Statistics Survey data, for value of companysupplied housing, and various Government tax statistics. Publication: Annual Report on National Income Statistics (Economic Planning Agency, Economic Research In stitute, Tokyo). Compensation. Total compensation of employees from national accounts, adjusted for estimated compensation of self-employed. Employee compensation compiled on the basis of data from Annual Census of Manufactures for aggregate wages and salaries, and data from various supervisory agencies for employer contributions to pension and other insurance funds. Compensation imputed for self-employed by assuming that hourly compensation of self-employed equals that of employees. Belgium Japan Output. Gross product originating at market prices in 1970 francs, obtained by double deflation of current-price value added. Data calculated using 1970 valueadded price weights linked at 1966 to data for previous years calculated using 1963 value-added price weights. Estimating procedure consists of deflation of current price data on both outputs and inputs, these data having been used to compile estimates of value added in current prices. Publication: Bulletin de Statistique or Etudes Economiques (Institut National de Statistique, Brussels). Output. Index of industrial production, calculated using quantity indicators exclu sively, combined with value-added weights for 1960, 1965, and 1970. Printing and publishing, wood furniture and fixtures, and ordnance and accessories not covered by index. Indicators measure directly 65 percent of value added in manufacturing indus tries covered. Monthly Current Production Survey of Ministry of International Trade and Industry provides most indicators of quantity. Base-year value added at factor 22 Hours. BLS estimates of total hours worked by all employees. Calculated using employment statistics published with the national accounts and average hours worked of wage workers and of salary workers. Employment data compiled primarily on basis of social security statistics on covered wage and salary worker employment. Average hours worked of wage workers and average scheduled hours of salary workers obtained from semiannual survey of establishments with 10 or more employees, and benchmarked to annual hours worked for 1966 and 1969 obtained from the EEC harmonized labor cost survey of establishments with 50 or more employees. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg) and lEconomie Beige (Ministere des Affaires Economiques, Direction Generale des Etudes et de la Documentation, Brussels); Annuaire Statistique de la Belgique (Ministere des Affaires Economiques, Institute National de Statistique, Brussels); Statistiques Sociales or Bulletin de Statistique (Institut National de Statistique, Brussels); Labor Costs in Industry, Social Statistics series (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg). Compensation. BLS estimates of total compensation of all employees. Compiled using total hours worked by wage workers and by salaried workers, explained in previous section, and estimates of average hourly compensation of wage workers and of salaried workers. Average hourly earnings of wage workers obtained from semi annual survey of establishments with 10 or more employees. Average hourly earnings of salary workers estimated by BLS using hourly earnings in 1966, 1969, and 1972 obtained from the EEC harmonized labor cost survey extrapolated on the basis of earnings trend obtained from the index of contractual monthly salaries, converted to an hourly basis and adjusted for estimated wage drift. Earnings adjusted for addi tional compensation using primarily EEC labor cost survey data. Publications: Sta tistiques Sociales (Institut National de Statistique, Brussels); Labor Costs in Industry, Social Statistics series (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxem bourg); Revue du Travail (Ministere de L’Emploi et du Travail, Brussels). Denmark Danish statistics on manufacturing output, total hours, and compensation exclude manufacturing activities classified as handicrafts, including all firms with less than 6 employees and certain manufacturing industries for which statistics do not corres pond well with those available for other industry. Those manufacturing activities excluded accounted for approximately 20 percent of production value in manufac turing in 1966. Output. Gross product originating at factor cost in 1955 kroner, obtained by extra polation of base-year value added using single indicators—output volume indexes compiled from gross output values in current prices deflated by appropriate price indexes. Publication: “Nationalregnskabsstatistik,” in Statistiske Efterretninger (Danmarks Statistik, Copenhagen). Hours. Total hours worked in manufacturing computed by BLS using wage and salary worker employment and total wage worker hours data from monthly establish ment survey, benchmarked to data from annual census of manufacturing establish ments employing six or more workers, both conducted by Danmarks Statistik. Homeworkers and persons working less than 15 hours per week excluded. Census statistics linked at 1965 and 1970 to account for sample revisions. Publication: “Industribeskaeftigelsen,” in Statistiske Efterretninger (Danmarks Statistik, Copen hagen). Compensation. Total compensation of employees, from Danish national accounts. Publication: “Nationalregnskabsstatistik,” in Statistiske Efterretninger (Danmarks Statistik, Copenhagen). France Output. Gross product originating in 1963 market prices from European Economic Community harmonized national accounts for 1960-70, and gross product origi nating including mining in 1970 market prices from French national accounts for later years. Estimation procedure involves extrapolation of output and inputs within the framework of detailed annual input-output tables. Extrapolation using quantity indicators. Publication: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the Euro pean Communities, Luxembourg) and Rapport sur les Comptes de la Nation (Minis tere de l’Economie et des Finances, Institut national de la Statistique et des Etudes economiques (INSEE), Paris). Hours. BLS estimate of total hours worked by all employees. Compiled using em ployment data published with national accounts and adjusted average scheduled hours of wage and salary workers. Employment estimates by INSEE based on popu lation census, annual labor force survey, and quarterly establishment survey. Average scheduled hours obtained from the quarterly survey of establishments with 10 or more employees. Scheduled hours adjusted by BLS for changes in holiday and vaca tion leave and for time lost due to strikes, using information from various sources. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the European Com munities, Luxembourg) and Rapport sur les Comptes de la Nation (INSEE, Paris); Bulletin Mensuel et Supplements des Statistiques du Travail (Ministere du Travail, Division de la Statistique, Paris). Compensation. For 1960-65, total compensation of employees compiled by INSEE for EEC harmonized national accounts; for 1966 and later years, BLS estimates. 1971. Aggregate wages and salaries estimated by BLS on basis of wage, salary, and employment data for manufacturing excluding handicrafts from the Monthly Indus try Report. Wages and salaries adjusted for changes in employer social insurance contributions using employee compensation data for the total economy from the German national accounts. Publications: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, Konten und Standardtabellen (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden); Industrie und Handwerk: Beschaftigung und Umsatz, Brennstoff- und Energieversorgung (Statis tisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden). Compensation in 1960-68 adjusted by BLS for 5-percent payroll tax for general government revenues. BLS estimates compiled on basis of total employment pub lished with national accounts; annual employment structure survey data; average hourly earnings of wage workers obtained from semiannual surveys of establishments with 10 or more employees; average hours worked by wage workers computed using data sources and procedures cited in previous section; monthly earnings of salary workers obtained from same establishment survey as wage worker earnings; and additional compensation data from EEC labor cost surveys extrapolated to other years on the basis of other information. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg); Statistiques du Travail, selected supplements (Ministere du Travail, Division de la Statistique, Paris); Labor Costs in Industry, Social Statistics series (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg). Italy Output. Gross product originating at factor costs in 1963 lire, and for years since 1970, gross product originating, including mining but excluding energy products, at market prices in 1970 lire, linked to manufacturing series. Constant price estimates obtained by deflating current price data on both gross output and inputs, these data having been used to compile the estimates of value added by industry in current prices. Publication: Annuario di Contabilita Nazionale (Institute Centrale di Statistica, Rome). Germany Output Gross product originating -in market prices in 1962 marks, obtained by double deflation of current-price output and input data which are benchmarked to the 5-year census of manufactures and irregular craft censuses. Ratios of inputs to gross output are obtained from the censuses and from periodic cost structure surveys, and are assumed to be fixed between benchmark years. Constant-price value added estimated by deflating gross output by means of output price indexes and adjusting input ratios for changes in input prices. Publication: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, Konten und Standardtabellen (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden). Hours. Total hours worked by manufacturing employees, estimated by BLS using data on total employment and average hours worked by production workers. Begin ning in 1965, employment data are from a quarterly survey of establishments with 10 or more employees conducted by the Ministry of Labor and National Insurance, benchmarked to April all-establishment employment estimates made by the Ministry for the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Statistics on the number of permanent employees (employees working more than 32 hours per week) from the quarterly labor force survey are used for the years betore 1965 and are linked to the establishment-survey-based data at 1965. Average hours worked by production workers are also obtained form the quarterly establishment survey. Publications: Rassegna di Statistiche del Lavoro (Servizio Italiano Publicazioni Internazionali, Rome); Social Statistics (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxem bourg); Bollettino Mensile di Statistica, August 1966 supplement (Instituto Centrale di Statistica, Rome). Hours. Computed by BLS using wage and salary worker and proprietor employment and wage worker average hours from Statistisches Bundesamfs Monthly Industry Report covering manufacturing enterprises, excluding licensed handicrafts, with 10 and more employees. Total hours exclude employees in handicrafts and small establishments and in clude the self-employed, while output includes licensed handicrafts and compensa tion covers all wage and salary workers including those in licensed handicrafts consid ered manufacturing activity. Preliminary calculations of handicraft worker hours by BLS indicate that this discrepancy has little effect on the productivity or hourly compensation trends over time, although it does affect some year-to-year changes. Publication: Industrie und Handwerk: Beschaftigung und Umsatz, Brennstoff- und Energieversorgung (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden). Compensation. Total compensation of including mining but excluding energy have information concerning details of nuario di Contabilita Nazional (Instituto Compensation. Total compensation of employees, from German national accounts for 1960-71. Beginning in 1972, BLS estimates of manufacturing wages and salaries plus employer social security contributions linked to natioanl accounts measure at 24 employees from Italian national accounts, products from 1970. The Bureau does not the estimation procedure. Publication: A n Centrale di Statistica, Rome). of manufactures and labor force survey. Publication: Nationalrakenskaper (Statistiska Centralbyran, Stockholm). Netherlands Output. Gross product originating at market prices in 1963 guilders for 1961-69; index of industrial production for 1970 and later years. Real value added compiled within the framework of detailed input-output tables. Preferred method of estima tion-extrapolation of base-year value added using single indicators of quantities of gross output. Double deflation of gross output and inputs used for a few industries. Index of industrial production calculated using data on quantities produced, deflated values of deliveries, quantities of materials used, and other estimates, combined with 1970 factor cost value-added weights. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg); Maandschrift (Cen tral Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague). Compensation. Total compensation of employees from Swedish national accounts. Compensation adjusted by BLS for an employment tax for general Government revenues introduced in 1969. Publication: Nationalrakenskaper (Statistiska Central byran, Stockholm). Switzerland Output. Index of industrial production, calculated using quantity indicators pri marily, combined using gross value-added weights. Handicrafts and manufacture of transport equipment, musical instruments, and jewelry not covered by index. Indi cators used are quantities produced, quantities of materials used, volume of exports, and deflated value of sales, which together measure 85 percent of value added in the manufacturing industries covered. Gross value added in 1964 market prices used to combine the indexes for 1964 and later years; gross value added in 1958 market prices used to combine the indexes for 1958 to 1963. Publication: La Vie Economique (Departement Federal de L’Economie Publique, Berne). Hours. Total hours worked by all employees, estimated by BLS using data on (1) number of employees (in man-years) from Dutch national accounts; and (2) aver age weekly scheduled hours including overtime of wage and salaried workers in industry, obtained from a semiannual survey of earnings and hours in establishments with 10 or more employees, and adjusted by BLS for changes in holiday, vacation, and personal leave. Published employment statistics are adjusted by BLS, beginning in 1970, to exclude employment in natural gas and oil extraction. Publications: Nationale Rekiningen (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague); Sociale Maandstatistiek and Jaarcifers (Central Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague). Hours. Total paid hours of wage workers in manufacturing, excluding handicrafts, computed by BLS using data on wage worker employment and average weekly paid hours from quarterly reports of industrial establishments subject to the “Federal Act respecting work in industry, handicrafts, and commerce” (Labor Act). The reports cover one-third of the establishments subject to the act and two-thirds of all wage workers engaged in manufacturing. Publication: Yearbook o f Labour Statistics (In ternational Labour Office, Geneva). Compensation. Total compensation of employees from Dutch national accounts. Published compensation adjusted by BLS, beginning in 1970, to exclude compensa tion in natural gas and oil extraction. Publication: Nationale Rekeningen (Central Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague). Compensation. Total compensation of wage workers, calculated by BLS using data on (1) average hourly earnings, obtained from an annual October earnings survey covering establishments employing approximately 85 percent of all workers engaged in manufacturing; (2) additional compensation, estimated by the Swiss Employers’ Confederation; and (3) total paid hours. Publications: La Vie Economique (Departe ment Federal de L’Economie Publique, Berne); and Wages and Total Labour Costs for Workers, International Survey (Swedish Employers’ Confederation, Research De partment, Stockholm). Sweden Output. Gross product originating in 1968 market prices. Constant-price estimates calculated by separately deflating data on gross output and inputs used to compile current price estimates of value added. Current-price data obtained from comprehen sive annual industrial surveys. Real gross output estimated using both quantity indi cators and price deflation. For inputs, current values deflated by fixed-weight price indexes. Hours. Aggregate hours worked by employees, from Swedish national accounts. Em ployment data from the quinquennial Census of Population and Housing are adjusted to labor force survey concepts, and extrapolated for other years. Extrapolation of employment and estimating of average hours based on data from the annual survey United Kingdom Output. Index of real output at 1970 factor costs from the British national accounts (also published as annual index of industrial production), obtained by single indi 25 cator extrapolation of base-year value added. Indicator most frequently used is de flated value of sales or deliveries. 1970 value-added weights, derived from inputoutput table compiled using 1968 and 1970 Census of Production data, used to combine index since 1968; other weight bases are 1958 and 1963. At time of each earlier rebasing, estimates of real output revised to take account of Census of Produc tion data. Long-term index linked using coefficients derived from 3-year overlaps. Index for whole period recalculated on 1968 SIC. Publication: National Income and Expenditure or Monthly Digest o f Statistics (Central Statistical Office, London). prises in Great Britain with 25 or more employees. Publications: National Income and Expenditure (Central Statistical Office, London); Labour Costs in Great Britain, 1968 (Department of Employment, London); Department o f Employment Gazette and British Labour Statistics Year Book (Department of Employment, London). Compensation. Total compensation of employees from national accounts, adjusted by BLS for net premiums from the selective employment tax (SET) introduced in 1966. Compensation compiled using data on (1) aggregate wages and salaries, ob tained primarily from periodic Census of Production statistics, extrapolated to non survey years using annual data on numbers employed and average wages and salaries; and (2) employer expenditures for pay in kind and social insurance programs, esti mated on the basis of Government tax statistics, Department of Employment labor cost survey results, and Government surveys of pension programs. Publication: Na tional Income and Expenditure (Central Statistical Office, London). Hours. Total hours worked by manufacturing employees, estimated by BLS using data on total employment, published with the national accounts, and average weekly hours worked by production workers. Employment figures based on census of pro duction coverage and definitions. Average hours are estimated by applying the monthly index of average weekly hours worked by operatives to 1968 annual hours worked by all employees from the 1968 labor cost survey of manufacturing enter 26 Appendix B. Reference Tables Page Page B -l. B-2. B-3. B-4. B-5. B-6. B-7. B-8. B-9. B-10. B-l 1. B-l2. B-l3. B-l4. B -l5. B-16. B-17. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 ..................... Hourly compensation in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 . . . Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values, 12 countries, 1950-75 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values, 12 countries, 1950-75 Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, United States, 1950-75 ........................................................ Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Canada, 1950-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Japan, 1950-75 .................................................................... Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Belgium, 1960-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Denmark, 1950-75 ................................................................ Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, France, 1950-75 .................................................................... Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Germany, 1950-75 ................................................................ Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Italy, 1950-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Netherlands, 1950-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Sweden, 1950-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, Switzerland, 1960-75 Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manu facturing, United Kingdom, 1950-75 B-l 8. 29 30 B-l9. 31 B-20. 32 33 B-21. 34 Productivity 1960-74 Productivity 1960-74 Productivity 1960-74 Productivity change in manufacturing by source, United States, 46 change in manufacturing by source, United Kingdom, 46 change in manufacturing by source, Germany, change in manufacturing by source, Japan, 1960-72 . . . 47 47 United States 35 B-22. B-23 B-24 B-25. 36 37 B-26. 38 B-27. 39 Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 48 49 50 51 52 53 40 United Kingdom 41 43 B-28. B-29. B-30. B-31. 44 B-32. 45 B-33. 42 27 Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 54 55 56 57 58 . 59 Page Page Japan Germany B-34. B-35. B-36. B-37. B-38. B-39. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries,1960-74 Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 ................................. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 ......................................... Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturingindustries, 1960-74 . B-40. B-41. B-42. B-43. 60 61 62 63 B-44. 64 65 B-45. 28 Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 Percent distribution, 15 manufacturing industries,1960-72 66 67 68 69 70 71 Table B-1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) YEAE 1950 ...... 1951 ...... 1952 ....... 1953 ...... 1954 ....... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... I960 ...... 1961 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 1964 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ....... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1S 71 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1974 ...... 1975p ..... UNITED STATES CANADA JA FAN BEL GIUM DEN MARK FRANCE 64.9 67.0 68.2 69.4 70.5 74.0 73.5 75.0 74.6 78.1 78.8 80.7 84. 5 90.4 95. 2 98.2 99.7 100.0 103. 6 1 04 .9 104. 5 110.3 116, 0 119.4 114. 7 114.9 51. 9 54.0 55. 5 57 .4 59. 8 63.8 66. 5 66 .9 69. 2 73.0 75. 5 79.6 83. 9 87.1 90. 9 94 .4 97. 2 100.0 107. 3 113.3 115. 2 122.9 126. 9 131.1 131. 0 133.1 21.4 26.8 28.2 32.0 34. 3 36.0 38.4 41.9 39. 2 45.6 52. 6 59.3 61.9 67.1 75. 9 79.1 87. 1 100.0 112. 6 130 .0 146. 5 151.7 163. 9 184.3 187. 5 181.7 0.0 0.0 0. C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.5 71.7 76.7 79.3 84.1 88.0 94.2 100.0 109.1 118.6 129.2 136.3 152.6 164.2 174.0 183.3 50.3 50.9 50.5 51.2 53 .4 54.8 56 .3 58. 4 60.4 64. 5 66 .6 70.4 74.0 76. 4 82 .6 86.7 91 .1 100.0 109.8 120.3 129.3 138.8 150.7 159.8 166 .9 180.8 43.9 46. 2 47 .7 50. 2 51 .6 54. 2 57.7 58. 6 60.9 65. 3 68.7 71.9 75 .2 79.7 83 .7 88. 5 94 .7 100.0 111.4 115. 4 121 .2 127. 5 135 .9 142.2 146.1 139. 8 p = preliminary. NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed, GERMANY ITALY 36 .6 37.7 41 .2 44.2 46 .0 48.9 50.2 54.6 57 .4 62.0 66 .4 70.0 74 .4 78.4 84 .5 90.4 94 .0 100.0 107 .6 113.8 116.6 122. 5 130.3 138.6 145 .6 150.4 36.5 40.7 42.3 44.1 46.6 51.1 54.4 56. 5 58.5 62.9 65.1 67.4 74.1 76.5 81.5 91.6 96.0 100.0 108.4 112.2 117.8 123.5 132.9 147.8 155.5 150.7 NETHER LANDS SWEDEN 42.9 44.4 45. 5 49.1 51.0 53.6 56. 8 59.0 60.3 64.7 68. 1 71.9 73.8 75.7 82.9 87.8 93.1 100.0 110.9 120.5 132.2 140.6 152.0 163.9 173.3 169.9 45.0 46.3 46.2 48.7 48.7 48.3 52. 4 55.1 57.6 61.1 63.1 66.1 7 1.0 75.1 8 1.9 88.5 9 2.1 100 .C 110.1 118.3 124.5 128.0 137.9 147.4 154.7 154.7 SWITZ ERLAND 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 77.7 80. 4 80.5 79.9 82.2 85. 8 90.5 95. 2 100.0 105. 2 116.1 125. 5 131.3 137.9 147.7 150.7 144. 8 UNITED KINGDOM 61.9 62 .5 59.9 62.7 64.8 66.9 66.9 68.5 69.7 72 .5 76.8 77.4 79.3 83.6 89.7 92.4 9 5.7 100.0 10 6.9 108.4 109. 1 114.3 121. 2 127.9 127. 1 125.4 and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. 29 Table B-2. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) YEA B 1950 ...... 1951...... 1952 ...... 1952 ...... 1 9 5 4 ...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... I960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 1 9 6 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1 5 7 1 ...... 1572 ...... 1973 ...... 1974 ...... 197 5 p ..... UNITED STATES CANADA JAPAN BEL GIUM 45.0 49. 5 52.7 55.7 58.2 60.4 64.3 68.1 71.1 74.0 77.0 79.3 82.5 85.1 88.9 90.9 95.2 100.0 107.0 114.0 121.7 129.8 137.0 147.0 161.7 179.8 39. 3 44.5 48.9 51.3 54. 2 55.9 58.9 62.9 66.1 68.7 72.2 74. 1 76. 3 79.0 82.0 86.1 92.9 100.0 107. 3 115.3 124. 3 133.1 142.6 155.2 174. 4 203.0 17. 7 22.6 26. 1 27.4 30. 1 31.5 32.8 34.4 3 5. 1 39.1 43. 1 50.2 57.3 64.0 71.9 81.0 89. 3 100.0 116. 3 137.9 164. 2 190.2 219.5 267.9 352.2 406.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 52.5 55.6 59. 8 66.2 74. 2 82.3 91.4 100.0 106. 3 116.2 130. 9 149.7 173.8 199.0 240.4 286.9 DEN MARK FRANCE1 GERMANY 26.6 21.6 29.5 27.7 32.0 , 32. 1 33 .0 33.0 34.5 34.9 36.3 37.6 39.0 40.5 41 .3 43.6 48.7 43.2 46.2 51.8 49.2 56.0 55.2 61.6 60.5 67,. 8 65.7 74.9 71.1 80.5 78.9 86.7 89.6 92.4 100.0 100.0 111.2 113.3 124.1 120.0 134.7 145.0 157.2 150.6 168.4 176. 1 203 .4 190.0 244.9 231.2 272.5 295.3 1 Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers, p = preliminary. 24.# 27.6 29.6 31.0 32.® 34.2 36.9 41.3 44.8 48.6 54.3 60.6 68.5 73.2 78.9 86 .7 94.5 100.0 105.9 115 .5 133.0 151.5 169.4 191.8 221.9 247 .6 ITALY 25.8 28.3 3®.5 32.5 33.9 37.0 40.3 42.5 45.5 47.1 49. 5 52.5 61.5 73.2 82.3 89.0 91.4 100.0 107.2 117.6 141.1 165.9 189.2 237.6 297.3 383.2 SWITZ NETHER LANDS SWEEIN1 ERLAND 22.7 25. 1 26.7 27.5 3®.2 33.0 36.6 40.7 42.4 4 3. 4 46.6 53. 3 56.7 62.2 72.1 80.5 90.0 100.0 110.4 124.4 143.8 163.8 188.0 220. 2 261.8 297. 4 23.1 27.0 31.7 33. 5 34.3 36.6 3 9.3 42.0 45.2 47. 2 50.8 55.7 62 .2 68.7 74.9 82. 5 90.2 100.0 109.2 119. 5 131 .9 148. 2 168 .6 185. 5 217.2 259. 3 f.O 0. 0 ®.® 0. 0 ®.« 0.0 0.® 0. 0 0.9 54. 4 57.1 62. 2 68.1 74. 3 80.5 86. 6 94.1 100. 0 105.2 112. 2 124.7 141. 1 157.4 177. 9 201.4 216. 0 ONI TED KINGDOM1 33.6 36.5 4®.® 42.0 44.4 47.6 51.7 55.0 58.6 60.4 64.5 69.5 73.1 76.5 8 2.0 89.7 97.2 100.0 107.2 115.8 132.8 151.7 170.3 193.7 230.0 291.8 NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. 30 Table B-3. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values, 12 countries, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967= 100) YE AB 19 E C ...... 1 9 5 1 ...... 19 5 2 ...... 1953 ...... 1 9 5 4 ............... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1956 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 196 U ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 9 7 4 ...... 1S75p ..... UNITED STATES CANADA JAPAN 69.4 73.9 77.3 80. 2 82.5 81.6 87.5 90.8 95.4 94.8 97.7 98.3 97.7 94.2 93.4 92.6 95.4 100.0 103.3 108.7 116. 5 117.6 118.1 123.2 140.9 156.4 75.8 82.4 88.1 89.4 90.5 87.6 88.6 93.9 95.6 94. 1 95.6 93.0 90.9 90.7 90.2 91.3 95.6 100.0 99.9 101.7 107.9 108. 3 112.3 118.4 133.1 152.6 82.7 8 4. 5 92.7 8 5. 5 87.6 87. 4 85.4 8 2. 2 89.6 8 5. 6 82.0 8 4. 5 92.5 9 5. 4 94.8 10 2. 3 102.5 100.0 103.4 106. 1 112.1 125. 4 134.0 145. 4 187.8 223. 5 BEL GIUM DENMABK FBANCE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.8 57.8 63.4 64.5 64.6 66.2 69.2 70.8 71.5 71.6 73.8 78.4 81.7 86.0 86 .0 91,0 98 .4 100.0 101.3 103.2 112.2 113.3 116.8 127.3 146.7 163.3 49.2 60.0 67.2 65.8 67.6 69.3 70.1 74.4 80.0 79.2 81.4 85.7 90. 1 94.0 96.2 98.0 97.5 100.0 101.7 104.0 111.1 118.2 123.9 133.6 158.3 195.0 0.0 0.0 74.5 77. 6 78.0 83. 4 88.2 93. 5 97.0 100.0 97.4 97. 9 101.4 109. 8 113.9 121. 2 138.1 156. 5 p = preliminary. NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed, GEFMANY ITALY 65.7 73.4 71.7 70.2 69.6 69.9 73.6 75.6 78. 1 78.4 81.8 86.5 92.0 S3.3 93. 3 95.8 100.5 1C0.0 98. 5 1C1.4 114.0 123.7 130.0 138.4 152.4 164.6 70. 7 69.5 72. 0 73.7 72. 8 72.4 74. 0 75.3 77. 8 74.8 76. 1 78.0 82. 9 95.7 101.0 97.2 95. 2 100.0 98. 9 104.8 119. 8 134.3 142. 4 160.8 191.2 254.2 NETHER LANDS SWEDEN 52.9 56.6 58.6 56.0 59.2 61.6 64. 5 68.9 70.3 67.0 68.4 74.1 76.8 82.2 87.0 91.7 96.6 100.0 99.6 103.3 108.8 116.5 123.7 134.4 151. 1 175.0 51.3 58.3 68.7 68.7 70.3 74.1 75.1 76.2 78.4 77.2 80.6 84.2 87.6 91.5 91.4 93.2 97.9 100.0 99.2 101.0 105.9 114.8 122.2 125.8 140.4 167.6 SWITZ ERLAND 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70. 1 71.0 77,3 85.3 90.5 93. 8 95.6 98.9 100.0 100.0 96.7 99.4 107.4 114.2 120.4 133. 7 149.2 UNITED KI NGDCM 54.3 58.4 66.8 67.0 68.5 71.2 77.3 80.3 84.1 83.3 84.0 89.8 92.2 91.5 91.4 97.1 101.6 100.0 100.2 106.8 121.7 132.6 140.5 151.4 180.9 232.7 and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. 31 Table B-4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values, 12 countries, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 - 100) YEAH 1 9 5 0 ................... 1 9 5 1 ................... 1 9 5 2 .................. 1 9 5 3 ................... 1 9 5 a ............... 1 9 5 5 ................... 1 9 5 6 ................... 1 9 5 7 .................. 1 9 5 8 .................. 1 9 5 9 ................... 1 9 6 0 ................... 1 9 6 1 .................. 1 9 6 2 .................. 1 9 6 3 ................... 1 9 6 a ............... 1 9 6 5 ................... 1 9 6 6 ................... 1 9 6 7 .................. 1 9 6 8 ................... 1 9 6 9 ................... 1 9 7 0 ................... 1 9 7 1 ................... 1 9 7 2 ................... 1 9 7 3 ................... 1 9 7 4 .................. 1 9 7 5 p ................ UNITED STATES CANADA JA EAN 69. a 73.9 77. 3 80.2 82. 5 81 . 6 87. 5 90.8 95. 4 94.8 97.7 98.3 97.7 94.2 93. 4 92 . 6 95. 4 100.0 103. 3 108.7 116.5 117.6 118. 1 123.2 140.9 156.4 74. 8 84.4 97. 0 98.0 100. 3 95.8 97. 1 105.7 106. 2 105.8 106. 3 99.1 91. 8 90.7 90. 2 91.3 95. 7 100.0 100. 1 101.9 111. 5 115.7 122. 3 127.7 146. 9 161.8 83.2 85.0 93.3 86.1 88. 1 87.9 85.9 82.7 90. 1 86.1 82. 5 84.8 92.8 95.6 94. 8 102.5 102. 4 100.0 103. 8 107.2 113.3 130.7 160. 1 194.3 233.4 272.9 BEL GIUM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 o.c 0.0 7a . 2 77.3 77.S 83.1 88.1 93.6 96.8 100.0 96.9 97.0 101.5 1 1 2 .a 128.5 155.2 176.5 211.9 DENMABK FRANCE 53.4 58.5 64.2 65.3 65.3 66.9 70.0 71.5 72.3 72.5 7a .7 79.2 82.6 87.0 86.8 91.8 99.5 100.0 101.5 95.8 ica.a 106.8 117.3 ia7 . 6 1 6 8 .a 198.8 69.2 84.3 94.5 92.5 94.9 97.4 98.5 87.0 81 . 7 79.5 81 . 7 85.9 90.5 94.3 96.6 98.3 97.6 100.0 101.1 98.8 98.9 105.5 120.8 148.1 162.0 224.1 p = preliminary NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed, GERMANY ITALY 62.4 €9.7 € 8.2 66.8 66.1 66.2 69.7 71.7 74.2 74.7 78.1 85.9 91.7 93.3 93.6 95.7 100.2 100.0 98.3 103. 1 124.6 141.8 1 €2 . 5 208.3 235.2 267.3 70.6 69. 4 71 . 9 73. 6 72.7 72. 3 73.9 75. 2 77.8 75. 2 76.5 78. 3 83.4 96. 1 1 01 . 0 97. 1 95.1 100.0 99.0 104. 3 119.2 135. 6 152.2 172. 5 183.4 243. 2 NETHER LANDS SWEDEN 50.0 53. 5 55.6 53. 1 56.3 58. 2 60.6 65.0 66.9 64.0 65.4 73.6 76.8 82. 2 86.9 91. 8 96.2 100.0 99.1 102.7 108.4 120. 3 138.9 174. 1 202.8 249. 8 51.2 58.2 68.5 68. 5 70.2 7 4 .C 74.9 7 6 .C 78.2 77.0 80.5 84.1 87.7 9 1 .C 9 1.6 93.3 97.8 1 0 0 .C 99.1 100.8 105.4 116.1 132.6 149.2 163.6 208.9 SWITZ ERLAND 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 o.c o,.o 0. 0 0.0 70.2 71. 1 77.4 8 5. 4 90.6 9 3.9 95.6 98. 9 100.0 100. 3 97.1 99.7 113.1 129. 5 165.2 194.9 2 5 C .2 UNITED KINGDOM 55. 2 59.4 67.8 68.6 70.0 72.3 78.6 81 . 5 85.9 85.1 8 5.7 91.4 94. 1 93.1 9 2.8 98.7 10 3. 1 100.0 87. 2 92.8 10 6 . 0 117.9 127.7 134.9 153.9 187.9 and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. 32 Table B-5. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) YEA B 1950 ...... 19 5 1 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 1 9 5 4 ...... 1 9 5 5 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ___ _ . . 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 1 9 6 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 19 7 C ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 97 a ..... 1975p ..... UNITED STATES CANADA JAPAN BEL GIUM DEN MARK FRANCE 51 .7 57.5 59.3 63. a 58.9 65.3 65.7 66. 1 60.3 67.2 67.7 67.4 73.3 79.1 84.9 92.5 100.0 100.0 105.6 108.7 102.6 103.9 113.6 123.2 116.8 106.3 41. a 44.9 46.6 50.0 48.9 53.6 58.6 58.5 57.4 61.6 62.7 65.2 71.3 76.1 83.4 91.0 97.4 100.0 106.7 114.4 112.9 119.6 127.5 137.8 141.7 134.8 8.6 12.1 13.1 16.2 17.8 19.2 23.7 28.1 27.6 33.5 42.0 50.3 54.6 61.0 70,8 73.5 83. 3 100.0 115.4 134.3 152.9 157.0 168.7 195.4 189.3 168.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.6 72.7 78.4 82.3 89.8 93.2 98.6 100.0 107.2 119.7 131. 3 136.6 148. 3 158.8 165.6 149.0 45.0 45 .4 43.2 44.8 48.5 49.4 50.1 53 .1 55.3 62.0 68.5 72.2 78.4 79.4 88.7 94.6 96.5 100.0 107.0 120.7 127.7 132 .2 142.5 148.2 152.7 142.0 37. 6 41 .2 41.9 43.1 45.0 47.7 52.2 55.2 57. 1 59.5 64. 5 68.7 73.3 79.1 84.9 88.4 95. 8 100.0 106. 4 116.2 123. 7 13 0.6 138. 8 146 .6 150. 1 136 .7 p = preliminary. 33 GERMANY ITALY 26.9 30.9 35.1 39.1 43.5 50.7 54.4 57.9 60.3 65 .5 73.5 78.7 82.3 84.9 92.5 100.3 102.3 100.0 111.5 124.8 132.2 134 .7 138.8 147.9 146.9 137.1 26.4 30.2 31.4 34.0 37. 5 40.9 44.1 47.0 48.0 53.3 60.2 66.3 73.4 78.2 79.2 83.3 91.0 100.0 109.3 116.4 125.6 126.0 131.1 145.3 154.4 139.4 NETHER LANDS SWEDEN 36.4 38.0 38.0 42.0 45.9 49.9 53.8 56. 2 56.2 61.8 68.9 71.3 74.8 77.6 85.4 91.3 96.2 100.0 109.5 120. 1 129.5 134.6 138.5 145.6 148.9 138.5 44.3 47.2 46.0 47.0 49.1 51.3 54.0 56.8 58.0 61. 2 65.9 70.4 75.8 79. 5 87.2 94.0 96.7 100.0 106.1 114. 2 122.1 122.0 124.7 132.8 140.3 137. 1 SWITZ ERLAND 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68. 5 74.8 80.0 83.5 87.0 91.3 93. 9 96.5 100. 0 104.3 114. 8 123.5 127. 0 129.6 136.5 138.3 118.3 UNITED KINGDOM 60.9 63.3 60.1 64.4 67.9 72.2 72.0 73.7 72.9 77.2 83.4 83.5 83.7 86.7 94.8 97.6 99.3 100.0 106.8 110.9 111 .4 110.9 114.0 123.5 120.0 112.9 Table B-6. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, United States, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOUEIY COMPENSATION YEAR 1950 ...... 1 9 5 1 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 1 9 5 4 ...... 1 9 5 5 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 1964 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1 9 7 C ...... 1971 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1974 ...... 1 9 7 5 p ..... OUTEOT .51 .7 57.5 59.3 63.4 58.9 65.3 65.7 66.1 60.3 67.2 67.7 67.4 73.3 79. 1 84.9 92.5 100.0 100.0 105.6 108.7 102.6 103.9 113.6 123.2 116.8 106.3 HOURS 79.6 85.7 87.0 91.4 83.5 88.1 89.4 88.1 80.9 86.0 85.9 83.5 86.8 87.6 89.2 94.3 100.3 100. 0 101.9 103. 7 98.2 94. 2 98.0 103. 2 101.8 92. 5 COMPEN SATION 35.8 42.5 45* 9 5C.9 48.6 53.3 57.5 6C.0 57.5 63.7 66.1 66.3 71.6 74.5 79.3 85.7 95.4 1CO.O 109.1 118.2 119.5 122.3 134.2 151.8 164.6 166.3 OUTPUT PEB HOUR 64. 9 67.0 68. 2 69.4 70. 5 74.0 73. 5 75.0 74.6 78.1 78. 8 8C.7 84. 5 90.4 9 5. 2 98.2 99. 7 100.0 103. 6 104.9 10 4. 5 11C.3 115.0 119.4 114. 7 114.9 p = preliminary. 34 NATICNAL CURRENCY UNIT LABOR COSTS BASIS EOILAE EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. COLLAR BASIS 45.0 49.5 52.7 55.7 58.2 60.4 64.3 68.1 71.1 74.0 77.0 79.3 82. 5 85.1 88w 9 90 .9 95.2 100.0 107.0 114 .0 121.7 129 .8 137.0 147.0 161.7 179 .8 45. 0 49.5 52.7 55.7 58.2 60.4 €4. 3 68. 1 71.1 74.0 77.0 79.3 82. 5 85. 1 88.9 90.9 95.2 100.0 107.0 114.0 121.7 129.8 137.0 147.0 161.7 179.8 69.4 73. 9 77.3 80. 2 82.5 81. 6 87.5 90.8 95.4 94. 8 97.7 98. 3 97.7 94. 2 93.4 92. 6 95.4 100.0 103.3 108.7 116.5 117.6 118.1 123.2 140.9 156.4 69.4 73.9 77.3 80. 2 82.5 81. 6 87.5 90. 8 95.4 94. 8 97.7 98.3 97.7 94. 2 93.4 92.6 95.4 100.0 103.3 108.7 116.5 117.6 118.1 123.2 140.9 156.4 u. s. Table B-7. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Canada, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOURLY COMPENSATION YEAR OUTPUT HOURS COMPEN SATION 1950 ...... 1 9 5 1 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 195*1...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1956 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 1 9 6 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1 9 7 0 ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 9 7 4 ...... 1975 ...... 41 •4 44.S 46.6 50.0 48.9 53.6 58.6 58.5 57.4 61.6 62.7 65.2 71.3 76.1 83.4 91.0 97.4 100.0 106.7 114.4 112.9 119.6 127.5 137.8 141 .7 134.8 79.6 83. 2 84.0 87. 1 81.6 84. 0 88.2 87. 4 83.0 84. 4 83.0 81. 9 85.0 87. 4 91.7 96.4 100.2 100. 0 99.4 101. 0 98.0 97.3 100.4 105. 1 108.2 101. 3 31.3 37.0 41.1 44.7 44.2 47.0 52.0 55.0 54.9 58.0 59.9 60.7 64.8 65.1 75.3 83.0 93.1 1CO.O 106.7 116.4 121.8 129.5 143.2 163.1 188.6 2C5.6 OUTPUT PER HOUR 51.9 54.0 55. 5 57.4 59.8 63.8 66. 5 66.9 69. 2 73. C 75. 5 79.6 83.9 87.1 90. 9 94.4 97. 2 1 00.0 107. 3 113.3 115. 2 122.9 126.9 131.1 131.0 133.1 NATIONAL CURRENCY EASIS U.S, DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. DOLLAR BASIS 39.3 44.5 48. 9 51 .3 54.2 55 .9 58.9 62 .9 66. 1 68.7 72.2 74.1 76.3 79 .0 82.0 86.1 92.9 100.0 107.3 115.3 124.3 133.1 142.6 155 .2 174.4 203.0 38. 8 45. 6 53. 9 56. 3 60. 0 61. 2 64. 6 70. 7 73. 5 77. 2 80. 3 78. 9 77. 0 79. 0 82. 0 86. 2 93. 0 100. 0 107. 4 115. 5 128. 5 142. 2 155. 3 167. 4 192. 4 215. 3 75. 8 82. 4 88. 1 89. 4 90. c 87. 6 88. 6 93. 9 95. 6 94. 1 95. 6 93. 0 90. 9 90. 7 90. 2 91. 3 95. 6 100. 0 99. 9 101. 7 107. 9 108. 3 112. Z 118. 4 133. 1 152. 6 74. 8 84. 4 97. 0 98. 0 100. 3 95. 8 97. 1 105. 7 106. 2 105. 8 106. 3 99. 1 91. 8 90. 7 90. 2 91. 3 95. 7 100. 0 100. 1 10 1.9 111. 5 115. 7 122. 3 127. 7 146. 9 161. 8 p = preliminary. 1Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. 35 UNIT' LABOR COSTS EXCHANGE SATE1 98.7 10 2.4 11 0.2 109.7 110.8 109.4 109.6 112.5 111.2 112.5 111 .3 106.5 100.9 100.0 100.0 100. 1 100.1 100.0 100.1 100. 2 103 .4 10 6.8 108.9 10 7,.9 11 0.3 10 6. 1 Table B-8. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Japan, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOUFIY COMPENSATION YE AB OUTPUT HOURS COBFENSAT ION 1 9 5 C ...... 1 9 5 1 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 1 9 5 4 ...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1 9 6 ? ...... 1963 ...... 1 9 6 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 9 7 4 ...... 1975P...... 8.6 12.1 13.1 16.2 17.8 19.2 23.7 28.1 27.6 33.5 42.0 50.3 54.6 61.0 70.8 73. 5 83.3 100.0 115.4 134. 3 152.9 157.0 168.7 195. 4 189.3 168. 3 40.0 45.2 46.4 50. 5 51.7 53. 3 61.7 67. 1 70.5 73. 3 80.0 84. 8 88.1 91. 0 93.2 93. 0 95.7 100.0 102.6 103. 3 104.4 103. 5 102.9 106. 0 101.0 92.6 7.1 1C.2 12.1 13.8 15.5 16.8 20.3 23.1 24.7 28.6 34.5 42.5 50.5 56.2 67.1 75.3 85.4 1CC.0 119.3 142.4 171.4 196.9 225.9 284.1 355.6 376.3 OUTPUT PER HOUR 21. 4 26.8 28. 2 32.0 34. 3 36.0 38. 4 41.9 39. 2 45.6 52. 6 59.3 61. 9 67.1 75. 9 79.1 87. 1 10C.C 112. 6 130.0 146. 5 151.7 163.9 184.3 187. 5 181.7 1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S, DCILAB EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U,S. DOLLAR BASIS 17.7 22.6 26. 1 27.4 30. 1 31 .5 32.8 34.4 35. 1 39.1 43.1 50.2 57.3 64 .0 71.9 81 .0 89.3 100.0 116.3 137.9 164.2 190.2 219.5 267.9 352.2 406 .3 17. 8 22.8 26.3 27.6 30.2 31.7 33.0 34.7 35.3 39.3 43. 4 50.3 57. 5 64.1 72.0 81.1 89.2 100.0 116.9 139.3 166.0 198.2 262.3 358.2 437.6 495.9 82.7 84. 5 92.7 85.5 87.6 87.4 85.4 82.2 89.6 85.6 82.0 84.5 92.5 95.4 94.8 102. 3 102.5 100.0 103.4 106.1 112.1 125.4 134.0 145.4 187.8 223.5 83. 2 85. 0 93. 3 86. 1 88. 1 87. 9 85. 9 82. 7 90. 1 86. 1 82. 5 84. 8 92. 8 95. 6 94. 3 102. 5 102. a 100. 0 103. 8 107. 2 113. 3 130. 7 160. 1 194. 3 233. a 27 2. 9 p = preliminary. 36 UNIT LABOR COSTS EXCHANGE BATE1 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.3 100.4 100.2 100.0 100.2 99.9 100.0 100.4 101. 1 101.1 10 4. 2 119.5 133.7 124.2 122. 1 Table B-9. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Belgium, 1960-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOUBIY COMPENSATION YEAR OUTPUT HOURS COMPEN SATION 1 9 6 C ...... 1961 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 196(1...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1 S 7 0 ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 9 7 4 ...... 1975 p...... 6 9„ 6 72.7 78.(1 82.3 89.8 93.2 98.6 100.0 107.2 119.7 131 .3 136. 6 148.3 158. 8 165.6 149.0 98.7 101. 4 102.2 103. 8 106.7 105. 8 104.7 100.0 98.2 100. 9 101.7 100.2 97.2 96. 8 95.1 81.3 51.8 56.4 61.2 68.7 79.2 87.1 95.7 1CC.0 104.4 117.2 133.1 15C.0 168.9 192.6 228.7 233.2 OUTPUT FEB HOUR 70. 5 71.7 76.7 79.3 8 4. 1 88.0 94. 2 100.0 109. 1 118.6 129. 2 136.3 152. 6 164.2 174.0 183.3 'Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S, DOLLAB EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. EOLLAB BASIS 52.5 55.6 59.8 66 .2 74.2 82.3 91.4 100.0 106.3 116.2 130.9 149.7 173.8 199.0 240. 4 286.9 52.3 55.4 59.7 65.9 74. 1 82.4 91. 1 100.0 105.7 115.1 131.0 153.2 196. 2 254.8 307. 1 388.5 74.5 77.6 78.0 83.4 88.2 93.5 97.0 100.0 97.4 97.9 101.4 109.8 113.9 121.2 138.1 156.5 74.2 77.3 77.9 83. 1 88.1 93.6 96.8 100.0 96.9 97.0 101.5 112.4 128.5 155.2 176.5 211.9 p = preliminary. 37 UNIT LABOR COSTS EXCHANGE RATE1 99.6 99.6 99.8 99.6 99.9 100.1 99.7 100.0 99.5 99. 1 100.1 10 2.4 112.9 128.0 127.8 135.4 Table B-10. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Denmark, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HCUBIY COMPENSATION YEAR OUTPUT HOURS COMPEN SATION 1950 ...... 1951 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 1954 ...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1961 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 19 6 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1 9 6 6 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1971 ...... 1972 ....... 1973 ...... 1974 ....... 1975p ..... 45.0 45.4 43.2 44. 8 48.5 49.4 50.1 53. 1 55.3 62.0 68.5 72.2 78.4 79.4 88.7 94.6 96.5 100.0 107.0 120.7 127.7 132.2 142.5 148.2 152.7 142.0 89.4 89. 1 85.6 87.4 90.9 90.2 88.9 91.0 91.6 96. 1 102.8 10 2.5 105.9 103.9 107.4 109.d 106.0 100.0 97.4 100. 3 98.8 95. 2 94.6 92.7 91.5 78. 5 23.7 26.3 27.4 28.9 31.4 32.7 34.7 37.6 39.6 44. 4 5C.5 56.6 64.0 68.3 76.3 86.0 95.0 100.0 108.4 124. 5 143.2 149.7 166.5 188.7 224.0 231.8 • OUTPUT PER HOUR 50.3 50. 9 50.5 51.2 53.4 54. 8 56.3 58.4 60.4 64. 5 66.6 70. 4 74.0 7 6. 4 82.6 86. 7 91.1 100,. 0 109.8 120. 3 129.3 138. 8 150.7 159.8 166.9 180. 8 NATIONAL CURRENCY EASIS u,s. DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. DOLLAR BASIS 26.6 29.5 32.0 33.C 34.5 36.3 39.0 41.3 43.2 46.2 49.2 55.2 60.5 65.7 71. 1 78.9 89.6 100.0 111.2 124.1 145.0 157.2 176. 1 203.4 244.9 295.3 26.9 29.8 32. 4 33.4 34.9 36.7 39. 4 41.8 43. 7 46.8 49. 8 55.8 61. 2 66.5 71. 7 79.6 90. 6 100.0 111. 5 115.2 135.0 148.3 17 6. 8 235.8 281. 1 359.4 52. 6 57.8 63. 4 64.5 64.6 66.2 69.2 70.8 71.5 71.6 73.8 78.4 81.7 86.0 86.0 91.0 98. 4 100.0 101.3 103.2 112.2 113.3 116.8 127.3 146.7 163.3 53.4 58.5 64.2 65.3 65.3 66.9 70.0 71.5 72.3 72.5 74.7 79.2 82.6 87.0 86.8 91.8 99.5 100.0 101.5 95.8 104.4 106.8 117.3 147.6 168.4 198.8 p = preliminary. 1Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. 38 UNIT LABOR COSTS EXCHANGE BATE1 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.1 101. 1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.3 101.3 101.1 101.2 101.1 100.9 100.9 101.0 100.0 100.3 92.8 93.1 94.3 100.4 115.9 114.8 121.7 Table B-11. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, France, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) UNIT LABOR COSTS HOURLY COMPENSATION YEAR OUTPUT HOURS COMPEN SATION 1 9 5 0 ................... 1 9 5 1 ................... 1 9 5 2 ................... 1 9 5 3 ................... 1 9 5 0 ................... 1 9 5 5 ................... 1 9 5 6 ................... 1 9 5 7 ................... 1 9 5 8 .................. 1 9 5 9 ................... 1 9 6 0 ................... 1 9 6 1 ................... 1 9 6 2 .................. 1 9 6 3 ................... 1 9 6 <1.................. 1 9 6 5 ................... 1 9 6 6 ................... 1 9 6 7 .................. 1 9 6 8 ................... 1 9 6 9 .................. 1 9 7 0 .................. 1 9 7 1 .................. 1 9 7 2 ................... 1 9 7 3 ................... 1 9 7 0 ................... 1 9 7 5 p ................ 37.6 01.2 01.9 03.1 05.0 07.7 52.2 55.2 57.1 59.5 60.5 68.7 73.3 79.1 80.9 88.0 95.8 100.0 106.0 116.2 123.7 130.6 138.8 106.6 150.1 136.7 85.8 89. 2 87.8 85.8 87.1 88.0 90.0 9 0. 1 93.7 91.0 93.8 95. 5 97.5 99. 2 101.0 99.9 101.2 100.0 95.6 100.6 102.0 102. 5 102.1 103.0 102.8 97.8 18.5 20.7 28.1 28.3 30.0 33.0 36.6 01. 1 05.7 07. 1 52.5 58.8 66.1 70.3 81.6 86.6 93.0 100.0 1 C8 . 2 120. 8 137.0 150. 3 172.0 195.8 237.7 266.5 OUTPUT PER HCUB 03.9 06.2 07.7 50.2 51-6 50.2 57.7 58. 6 60.9 65. 3 68.7 71.9 7 5.2 79.7 83.7 88.5 90.7 100. 0 111.0 115.0 121.2 127. 5 135.9 102. 2 106.1 139. 8 NATIONAL CURRENCY EASIS 21.6 27.7 32. 1 33. C 30.9 37.6 00.5 03.6 08.7 51.8 56.0 61.6 67.8 70.9 80.5 86.7 92.0 10C .0 113.3 1 2 C.C 130.7 15C .6 168.0 19C .0 231.2 272.5 1Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. U.S. DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS 30. 0 38.9 05.0 06.0 09. 0 52.8 56. 8 51.0 09. 7 51.9 56. 1 61.8 68. 1 75.2 80.9 87.0 92. 5 100.0 112. 5 110.0 119. 9 130.5 160. 3 210.7 236. 7 213.2 2 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars, p = preliminary. 39 09.2 60.0 67.2 65.8 67.6 69.3 70. 1 70.0 80. 0 79.2 81.0 85.7 90. 1 90.0 96.2 98.0 97.5 100.0 101.7 100.0 111.1 118.2 123.9 133.6 158. 3 195.0 U.S. DOLLAR BASIS 69.2 80.3 90.5 92.5 90.9 97.0 98.5 87.0 81.7 79.5 81.7 85.9 90.5 90.3 96.6 98.3 97.6 100.0 101.1 98.8 98.9 105.5 120.8 108.1 162.0 220.1 EXCHANGE BATE2 100.6 100 . 5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 116.9 102.1 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0 99.0 95.0 89.0 89 .3 97.5 110.9 102.0 110.9 Table B-12. Output per hour, hourly comoensation. and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Germany, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOURLY COMPENSATION YEAR OUTPUT HOURS 1950 ..... . 1 9 5 1 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 1 9 5 0 ...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... I960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 196 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 9 7 0 ...... 1975p ..... 26.9 30.9 35.1 39.1 03.5 50.7 50.0 57.9 60.3 65.5 73. 5 78.7 82.3 80.9 92. 5 100.3 102.3 73.7 82.0 85.0 8 8 .6 94.7 10 3. 5 108.2 106.0 105.0 10 5.6 110.7 112. 3 110.5 108. 2 109.5 1 1 1 .0 108.8 COMPEN SATION OUTPUT PER HCUB 17.7 22.7 25.1 27. 5 3C.3 35.0 OC.O «!3.8 07.0 51. 3 6 C.1 68. 1 75.6 79. 2 86.3 96. 2 1 0 2 .7 36.6 37. 7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 111.5 103.6 109.7 113.0 109.9 106.5 106.7 100.9 91. 2 109.8 126.6 15C.7 166. 6 18C.0 20 0.6 223.8 225.8 1 2 0 .8 132.2 130.7 138.8 107.9 106.9 137.1 0 1 .2 0 0. 2 06.0 08. 9 50.2 50.6 57.0 62. 0 6 6 .0 70. 0 70.0 78. 0 80.5 90. 0 90.0 100.0 107.6 113. 8 116.6 122. 5 130.3 138.6 105.6 150. 0 1Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. NATIONAL CURRENCY EASTS U.S. DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. DOLLAR BASIS 65.7 73.0 71.7 70.2 69. 6 69.9 73.6 75.6 78. 1 78.0 81.8 86.5 92.0 93.3 93.3 95.8 100.5 62.0 69.7 69.7 71.7 70.2 70.7 78.1 85.9 91.7 93.3 93. 6 95.7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 105.8 117.0 105. 0 173.8 211.7 288.7 302.5 98.5 101 .0 98. 3 103.1 1 2 0 .6 2 0 .0 2 2 .8 27.6 29.6 31.0 32.0 30.2 36.9 01.3 26.3 28. 1 29.5 30.0 32.0 35.0 39.2 0 0 .8 0 2 .6 08.6 50.3 60.6 68.5 73.2 78.9 86.7 90.5 1 0 C.0 105.9 115.5 133.0 151.5 169.0 191.8 221.9 207.6 06.0 51. 9 60.2 68.3 73.2 79. 1 86.5 90. 2 p = preliminary. 40 UNIT LABOR COSTS 0 0 2 .0 1 1 0 .0 123.7 130.0 138.0 152.0 160.6 6 8 .2 6 6 .8 6 6 .1 6 6 .2 1 0 1 .8 162. 5 208.3 235.2 267.3 EXCHANGE BATE1 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 9 0.7 90.8 90.9 95.1 95.0 95.6 99.3 99.7 1 0 0 .0 100.3 99.8 99.7 100 .0 99.9 1 0 1 .6 109.3 110.7 125.0 150.5 150.0 162.0 Table B-13. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Italy, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOURLY COMPENSATION YE/IB 1 9 5 0 ...... 1 9 5 1 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 1 9 5 4 ...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1 9 6 1 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 196 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1 9 7 1 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1 9 7 4 ...... 1975p ..... OUTPUT HOURS 26.4 30.2 31.a 34.0 37. 5 ao.9 4a.1 47.0 48.0 53.3 60.2 66.3 73.4 78.2 79.2 83.3 91.0 72.5 74. 2 74.2 77. 1 80.6 80.0 81.0 83. 2 82.1 84.7 92.4 98. 4 99.1 102. 3 97.2 91.0 94.7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 109.3 116.4 125. 6 126.0 131.1 145.3 154.4 139.4 100.9 10 3.7 106.6 10 2.0 98.7 98. 3 99.3 92. 4 COMPEN SATION 18.7 OUTPUT PER HCUE 108.1 36.5 40.7 42.3 44. 1 46.6 51. 1 54.4 56. 5 58.5 62.9 65.1 67. 4 74.1 76. 5 81.5 91.6 96.0 1 0 C.0 108.4 1 2 2 .0 1 1 2 .2 150.5 169. 3 186.7 233. 6 295.1 354. 3 117.8 123.5 132.9 147. 8 155.5 150. 7 2 1 .0 2 2 .6 25.0 27.3 29.6 32.6 35.4 37.4 39.9 45.8 51.7 60.9 7 4.9 80.0 81.0 8 6 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. EXCHANGE KATE1 NATIONAL CUBBENCY EASIS u,s. DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. DOLLAR BASIS 25.8 28.3 30.5 32.5 33.9 37.C 40.3 42.5 45.5 47.1 49.5 52.5 61.5 73,. 2 82.3 89.C 91.4 25. 7 28.2 30.4 32.4 33.9 36.9 40. 2 42.5 45.5 47.3 49. 8 52.8 61. 8 73.5 82.3 88.9 91.3 70.7 69.5 72.0 73.7 72.8 72.4 74.0 75.3 77.8 74.8 76. 1 78.0 82.9 95.7 70.6 69.4 71.9 73.6 72.7 72.3 73.9 75.2 77.8 75.2 76.5 78.3 83.4 96.1 99.9 99.9 99.9 99 .9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.4 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 97.2 95. 2 97.1 95. 1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 107.2 117.6 141.1 165.9 189.2 237.6 297.3 383.2 107.3 117.0 140. 4 167.5 202.3 255.0 285.3 366.6 98.9 104.8 119.8 134.3 142.4 160.8 191.2 254.2 99.0 104.3 119. 2 135.6 152. 2 172.5 183. 4 243.2 p = preliminary. 41 UNIT LABOR COSTS 99.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 99.5 99.5 100.9 106.9 107.3 95.9 95.7 Table B-14. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Netherlands, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HO UR IY COMPENSATION YEAR 1950 ...... 1 9 5 1 ..... . 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 195<l...... 1955 ...... 1956 ...... 1957 ..... . 1958 ...... 1959 ...... 1960 ...... 1961 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 196*1...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1971 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 197*1 ...... 1975p ..... OUTPUT 36.** 38.0 38.0 **2.0 **5.9 **9.9 53.8 56.2 56.2 61.8 68.9 71.3 7**.8 77.6 85.** 91.3 96.2 HOURS 85.0 85.6 83.6 85. 5 90.1 93. 1 94.8 95. 3 93.2 95.4 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 109.5 1 2 0 .1 129. 5 134.6 138.5 145.6 148.9 138.5 99. 1 101.4 10 2. 4 103.0 10 3.9 103.3 1 0 0 .0 98.8 99.7 98.0 95. 8 91.2 88.9 85.9 81. 5 COMPEN SATION 19.2 21.5 22.3 23.5 27.2 30.7 34.7 38.7 39.5 41. 4 47.1 52.8 57.5 63.7 74.2 83.7 93.0 1 0 0 .0 109.1 124.0 14C.8 156.9 171.4 195.7 224.9 24 2. 4 OUTPUT PER HCUB 42.9 44, 4 45.5 49. 1 51.0 53.6 56.8 59.0 60.3 6 4. 7 6 8 .1 71.9 73.8 75. 7 82.9 87. 8 93. 1 1 0 0 .0 110.9 120. 5 132.2 140. 6 152.0 163.9 173.3 169.9 NATIONAL CURRENCY EASIS U.S, DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S. DOLLAR BASIS 22.7 25.1 26.7 27.5 30.2 33.C 36.6 4C.7 42.4 43.4 46.6 53.3 56.7 62.2 72.1 8C.5 90.0 10C.C 110.4 124.4 143.8 163.8 188.0 22C.2 261.8 297.4 21.4 23.8 25.3 26.1 28. 7 31.2 3 4.4 38.3 40. 4 41.4 44. 5 52.9 56. 7 62.2 72. 0 80.6 89. 5 52.9 56.6 58.6 56.0 59.2 61 .6 64.5 68.9 70.3 67.0 68.4 74.1 76.8 82.2 87.0 91.7 96.6 50. 0 53. 5 55. 6 53. 1 56. 3 58. 2 60. 6 65. 0 6 6 .9 64. 0 65. 4 73. 6 76. 8 82. 2 8 6 .9 91 .8 96. 2 1 0 0 .0 99. 1 1 0 2 .7 108. 4 1 2 0 .3 138. 9 174. 1 2 0 2 .8 249. 8 p = preliminary. 1Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. 42 UNIT LABOR COSTS 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 109.9 123.7 143. 2 169.1 2 1 1 .0 285.4 351.5 424.6 99.6 103.3 108.8 116.5 123.7 134.4 151. 1 175.0 EXCHANGE BATE1 94.6 94.6 94.8 94.9 95.0 94.5 94.1 94.3 95.2 95.4 95.5 99 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 99.9 1 0 0 .1 99.5 1 0 0 .0 99.5 99.4 99.6 103.2 1 1 2 .2 129 .6 134.3 142.8 Table B-15. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Sweden, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) UNIT LABOR COSTS HO UR IY COMPENSATION YEAR 1 9 5 0 ...... 1951 ...... 1952 ...... 1953 ...... 19 5 «4...... 1955 ...... 19 56 ...... 1957 ...... 1958 ...... 1959 ...... I960 ...... 1961 ...... 1962 ...... 1963 ...... 1964 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1971 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 19 74 ...... 1S75p ..... OUTPUT HOURS 44.3 47.2 46.0 47.0 49.1 51.3 54.0 56.8 58. 0 61.2 65.9 70.4 75.8 79.5 87.2 94.0 96.7 98.4 101.9 99.5 96. 4 1 0 0 .0 106.1 114.2 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .0 124.7 132.8 140.3 137.1 1 0 0 .8 10 3.9 103.1 10 3.0 1 0 0 .6 100 . 2 104.5 106. 5 1 06.8 105.9 106.4 106.2 105.0 1 0 0 .0 96.4 96. 6 98.1 9 4. 6 90.4 90.0 90.7 8 8 .6 COMPEN SATION1 OUTPUT PER HCUE 22.7 27.6 31.6 22.3 34.5 38.0 4C.5 43.3 45.5 47.3 53.1 59.3 66.4 72.7 79.7 87.6 94.6 45. 0 1 0 0 .0 105.3 115.4 129.3 140. 1 152.4 167. 1 197.0 229.9 46. 3 46. 2 48. 7 48. 7 49. 3 52. 4 cc 1 57. 6 61. 1 63. 1 66.1 71. 0 7 5. 1 81. 9 8 8 .c 92. 1 1 0 0 .0 1 1 0 .1 118. 3 124. 5 129. 0 137. 9 147. 4 154. 7 154. 7 U.S. DOLLAR EASIS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS U.S* DOLLAR BASIS 23.1 27.C 31.7 33.5 34.3 36.6 39.3 42.0 45.2 47.2 50.8 55.7 62.2 68.7 74.9 82.5 90.2 23.0 27.0 31.7 33.4 34. 2 36. 5 39.2 41.9 45.1 47. 1 50.8 55.6 62.2 68.3 75.0 82. 6 90.1 1 0 0 .0 109.1 119.3 131.3 149.8 182.9 51. 3 58. 3 6 8 .7 6 8 .7 70. 3 74 .1 75. 1 76. 2 78. 4 77. 2 80. 6 84. 2 87. 6 91 .5 91. 4 93. 2 97. 9 1 0 0 .0 99. 2 101 .C 105. 9 114. 8 1 2 2 .2 125. 8 140. 4 167. 6 51. 2 58. 2 6 8 .5 6 8 .5 70. 2 74. 0 74. 9 76. 0 78. 2 77. 0 80. c 84. 1 87. 7 91. 0 91. 6 93. 3 97. 8 1 0 0 .0 99. 1 1 0 0 .8 105. 4 116. 1 132. 6 149. 2 163. 6 208. 9 1 0 0 .0 109.2 119.5 131.9 148.2 168.6 185. 5 217.2 259.3 1 Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. NATIONAL CURRENCY E AS IS 2 2 0 .0 253.0 323.1 2 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars, p = preliminary. 43 EXCHANGE FATE2 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7 99.9 99.9 1 0 0 .1 99.5 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 99.9 1 0 0 .0 99.9 99.8 99.5 1 0 1 .1 108.5 118 .6 116.5 124.6 Table B-16. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Switzerland, 1960-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOURLY COMPENSATION YEAR I960 ...... 1961 ...... 1962 ...... 1 963 ...... 19 6 4 ...... 1965 ...... 1966 ...... 1967 ...... 1968 ...... 1969 ...... 1970 ...... 1971 ...... 1972 ...... 1973 ...... 1974 ...... 19 7 5 p ..... OUTPUT HOURS 7H. 8 80.0 83.5 87.0 91.3 93.9 96. 5 93.0 99. 4 104.5 105.9 106.4 10 3.7 101.4 1 0 0 .0 104.3 114.8 123.5 127.0 129. 6 136.5 138.3 118.3 1 0 0 .0 99.1 98. 9 98.4 96.7 94.0 9 2. 4 91.8 81.7 COMPEN SATION 53.1 61.8 71.2 76.7 85.6 89. 8 95.4 OUTPUT PER HCUE 80.4 80. 5 79.9 82.2 85.8 9C. 5 95.2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 104.3 105.2 116. 1 125.5 131.3 137.9 147.7 150.7 144.8 1 1 1 .0 122.7 136. 4 148.0 16 4.4 184.9 176.5 NATICNAL CURRENCY E AS I S U .S . DOLLAR EASIS NATICNAL CURRENCY BASIS U .S . DOLLAR BASIS 57.1 62.2 57. 2 62.3 6 8 .2 74.5 80.6 71.0 77.3 85. 3 90.5 93. 8 95.6 98. 9 71. 1 77.4 85. 4 90.6 93.9 95.6 98. 9 6 8 .1 74.3 80.5 8 6 .6 8 6 .6 94.1 10C.0 105.2 94. 1 1 1 2 .2 124.7 141.1 157.4 177.9 201.4 216.0 p = preliminary. 1Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. 44 UNIT LABOR COSTS 1 0 0 .0 105.6 112.7 125. 2 148.5 178.5 244. 1 293.7 362.3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 96.7 99. 4 107.4 114. 2 120.4 133.7 149.2 EXCHANGE PATE 1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 3 97.1 99.7 113.1 129. 5 165 .2 194. 9 250.2 100.3 100.4 100.4 105.3 113.4 137 .2 145.8 167.7 Table B-17. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, United Kingdom, 1950-75 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) HOURLY COMPENSATION YEAR OUTPUT HOURS COEEENSAHON1 1 9 5 0 ................... 1 9 5 1 ................... 1 9 5 2 ................... 1 9 5 3 ................... 1 9 5 4 ................... 1 9 5 5 ................... 1 9 5 6 ................... 1 9 5 1 ................... 1 9 5 8 ................... 1 9 5 9 ................... 1 9 6 0 ................... 1 9 6 1 .................. 1 9 6 2 .................. 1 9 6 3 .................. 1 9 6 9 .................. 1 9 6 5 .................. 1 9 6 6 .................. 1 9 6 7 .................. 1 9 6 8 .................. 1 9 6 9 .................. 1 9 7 0 .................. 1 S 7 1 ................... 1 9 7 2 ................... 1 9 7 3 ................... 1 9 7 9 ................... 19 7 5 p ................ 60.9 63.3 60. 1 69.9 67.9 72.2 72.0 73.7 72.9 77.2 83. 9 83 . 5 83.7 86.7 99. 8 97.6 99. 3 100.0 106. 8 110.9 111.9 110.9 119.0 123 .5 120.0 112.9 98. 4 101.3 100. 9 102.6 109. 8 107.9 107. 7 107.6 109.7 106.9 108. 6 107.9 105. 6 103.7 105.7 105.6 103.7 100.0 99. 9 102.9 102. 1 97.0 99. 1 96.5 99. 9 90.0 33.0 36-9 9 C .2 93.2 46-5 51.9 55.7 59.2 61.9 69.3 7 C.C 75.0 77.2 79.3 86.6 99.7 1CC.9 100.0 1 C7.0 118.5 135.5 197.1 16C.2 187.0 217.2 262.7 OUTPUT PER HCUB NATIONAL CURRENCY EASTS 33 .6 36.5 90.0 92.0 99.9 97.6 51 . 7 55.C 58.6 60.9 69.5 69.5 73.1 76.5 82.0 89.7 97.2 1 0 0 .C 107.2 115.8 132.8 151.7 170.3 193.7 230.0 291.e 61.9 62- 5 59.9 62. 7 64.8 66. 9 66.9 68. 5 69.7 72. 5 76.8 77. 9 79.3 8 3. 6 89.7 92. 9 95.7 100.0 106.9 108. 9 109.1 119. 3 121.2 127. 9 127.1 125. 9 1Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. U .S . COLLAR EASIS 39.2 37. 1 90.6 93.0 95.3 98.3 52.6 55.9 59.9 61.7 65.9 70.8 79.6 77.9 83.2 91.2 98.7 100.0 93.3 100.6 115.6 139.8 159.8 172.6 195.7 235.7 UNIT LABOR COSTS NATIONAL CURRENCY EASIS 59.3 58.9 66.8 67.0 68.5 71.2 77.3 80.3 89.1 83.3 89.0 89.8 92.2 91.5 91.9 97.1 101.6 100.0 100.2 106.6 121.7 132.6 190.5 151.9 180.9 232.7 2Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars, p = preliminary. 45 U .S . DOLLAR EASIS 55. 2 59.9 67.8 68.6 70.0 72.3 78.6 81.5 85.9 85.1 85.7 91.9 99. 1 93.1 92.8 98.7 .10 3 . 1 100.0 87.2 92.8 106.0 117.9 127.7 139.9 153.9 187.9 EXCHANGE RATE 2 101.8 101 . 8 10 1. 5 102.3 10 2 . 1 101 . 5 10 1 . 6 101 . 6 10 2 . 2 102.1 10 2 . 1 101 . 9 10 2 . 1 101 . 8 101.5 101.7 10 1. 5 100.0 87.0 86.9 87. 1 88.9 90.9 89.1 8 5. 1 80.8 Table B-18. 1960-74 Table B-19. 1960-74 Productivity changes in manufacturing1 by source, United States, Productivity change in manufacturing1 by source. United Kingdom, (Percent) (Percent) Source of change Source of change Period Change in output per hour 2.39 4.40 6.86 5.10 3.34 1.19 .26 3.59 1.15 -.2 3 Interaction: productivity and shift Period Change in output per hour Productivity change2 Shift in hours Interaction: productivity and shift Productivity change2 Shift in hours -0 .3 3 -.1 5 -.1 9 .04 -.0 9 -.0 2 .15 .02 -.0 2 -.0 2 -1 .8 9 -.31 .18 .31 0.01 .01 -.0 2 .00 .00 -.0 4 -.01 .04 .01 .07 -.0 5 -.0 3 -.0 3 -.0 3 1 9 6 1 ............................................................. 1962 ............................................................. 1963 ............................................................. 1964 ............................................................. 1965 ............................................................. 1966 ............................................................. 1967 ............................................................. 1968 ............................................................. 1969 ............................................................. 1970 ............................................................. 1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 1972 ............................................................. 1973 ............................................................. 1974 ............................................................. -0 .2 2 2.08 4.09 7.62 3.68 3.63 3.04 6.29 2.92 2.34 5.04 5.47 7.34 -1 .9 6 -0.36 2.10 3.88 7.65 3.59 3.56 2.82 6.37 2.79 2.14 5.04 5.50 7.41 -2.22 0.15 .00 .20 -.0 4 .10 .06 .23 -.0 4 .13 .22 .03 -.0 6 -.0 4 .25 -0.01 -.0 2 .00 .01 .00 .01 -.01 -.0 4 .00 -.0 2 -.0 2 .03 -.0 3 .00 -.0 2 .00 .02 -.0 7 -.01 -.0 4 .01 .00 Average annual rate: 1960-74 .................................................... 1970-74 ..................................................... 1965-70 ..................................................... 1960-65 ..................................................... 3.67 3.97 3.64 3.45 3.59 3.93 3.54 3.37 .08 .04 .12 .08 -.01 -.01 -.01 .00 1 9 6 1 ............................................................ 1962 ............................................................ 1963 ............................................................ 1964 ............................................................. 1965 ............................................................. 1966 ............................................................. 1967 ............................................................. 1968 ............................................................. 1969 ............................................................. 1970 ............................................................. 1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 1972 ............................................................. 1973 ............................................................. 1974 ............................................................. 5.00 2.91 -3 .8 5 2.72 4.54 6.69 5.06 3.34 1.25 .11 3.54 1.15 -.2 8 5.66 5.35 2.76 —4.14 Average annual rate: 1960-74 ..................................................... 1970-74 ..................................................... 1965-70 ..................................................... 1960-65 ..................................................... 2.68 2.37 1.19 4.42 2.70 2.41 1.15 4.42 1 Based on 2 0 industry groups. 2 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction. 1 Based on 17 industry groups. 2 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction. N O T E : Components may not add to to tal because o f rounding. N O T E : Components may not add to to tal because of rounding. 46 Table B-20. 1960-74 Table B-21. 1960-72 Productivity change in manufacturing1 by source, Germany, Productivity change in manufacturing1 by source, Japan, (Percent) (Percent) Source of change Source of change Period Change in output per hour Productivity change1 Shift in hours Interaction: productivity and shift 1 9 6 1 ............................................................. 1962 ............................................................. 1963 ............................................................. 1964 ............................................................. 1965 ............................................................. 1966 ............................................................. 1967 ............................................................. 1968 ............................................................. 1969 ............................................................. 1970 ............................................................. 1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 1972 ............................................................. 1973 ............................................................. 1974 ............................................................. 4.61 5.80 4.99 8.53 4.94 3.57 5.91 8.47 7.09 2.91 5.27 7.05 6.82 3.76 4.94 5.79 4.99 8.57 5.29 3.58 5.03 9.07 7.72 3.21 5.04 6.73 6.89 3.06 -0 .2 4 .08 .01 -.0 4 -.3 0 -.01 .76 -.5 6 -.6 0 -.2 8 .20 .31 -.11 .67 -0 .0 9 -.0 6 .00 .00 -.0 5 .00 .12 -.0 5 -.0 3 -.0 3 .03 .02 .03 .03 Average annual rate: .................................................... 1960-74 1970-74 .................................................... 1965-70 ........................ ' ......................... 1960-65 .................................................... 5.69 5.72 5.59 5.77 5.71 5.43 5.72 5.92 -.01 .27 -.1 4 -.1 0 -.01 .03 .00 -.0 4 Productivity change2 Shift in hours Interaction: productivity and shift 1 9 6 1 ............................................................ 1962 ............................................................. 1963 ............................................................ 1964 ............................................................. 1965 ............................................................ 1966 ........................................................ .... 1967 ............................................................ 1968 ............................................................ 1969 ............................................................. 1970 ............................................................. 1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 1972 ............................................................. 9.00 5.84 7.26 11.15 4.86 10.20 14.71 12.04 12.76 11.16 3.80 10.70 8.84 5.63 7.35 11.08 4.74 10.38 14.60 11.54 12.32 10.87 3.93 10.32 0.05 .12 .04 .03 .06 -.1 6 .06 .38 .31 .29 -.1 0 .35 0.12 .08 -.1 3 .03 .05 -.0 3 .05 Average annual rate: 1960-72 .................................................... 1970-72 ..................................................... .................................................... 1965-70 1960-65 .................................................... 9.46 7.25 12.17 7.62 9.30 7.13 11.94 7.53 .12 .12 .17 .06 1 Based on 17 industry groups. 2 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction. 1 Based on 33 industry groups. N O T E : Components may not add to total because of rounding. 2 P r o d u c t iv it y c h a n g e e x c lu d in g c h a n g e d u e t o s h if t in h o u rs a n d in t e r a c t io n . N O TE : Components may not add to total because of rounding. Period Change in output per hour 47 .11 .13 .01 -.0 3 .03 .03 .00 .05 .03 . Table B-22. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) 1973 1 974 115.7 119. 1 1 14. 5 118.8 119.8 121.8 19 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 7 9. 4 81.3 84.9 90. 8 95.4 98.6 99.7 10C.0 103.6 104.8 104.5 110. 2 FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................... ..................,............................. 80.1 82.4 86. 1 91.9 93. 2 94. 8 99.5 1CC.C 1 01 . 9 104.8 109.5 112.1 T E XTI LE MI LL PRODUCTS APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS I NDUSTEY ALL I N D U S T R I E S LUMBER PAPER ............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................ 62.3 65. 6 68. 3 88. 1 92.2 95.9 1 CO . 7 100.0 1CC.8 102.3 112. 1 114. 5 117.8 115. 5 124. 2 ............................................................................ 86. 9 86.9 88.5 91.0 94.2 96.5 1 00.4 100.0 104.0 103.6 104. 9 108. 0 115.3 128.6 134. 8 AND F U R N I T U R E ...................................................................... .................... 70. 2 70.7 70.5 80.2 91 . C 98.2 95.7 100.0 102.8 103.2 108. 9 107. 3 111.8 110.8 114.9 84.6 86.7 89.2 93.7 99.9 100.8 102.0 100.0 103.7 107.6 101.4 108.0 114.6 123.2 117.7 75.4 78.5 82.4 90.1 96.1 101.3 102.0 100.0 110.1 112.7 115. 4 124.2 134.7 142.5 135.2 ..................................................................... 69.3 75.8 83.8 89.8 93.9 98.5 100.0 100.0 106.0 110.0 111.4 113.6 116.1 122 .7 116.3 M F R S .................................................................. 82.0 86.3 89.1 94. 1 96. 2 95. 9 97.7 1C0.0 104.9 110.1 105.7 113.8 117.9 121.3 107. 3 ....................................................... 86.7 89.7 92.4 97. 9 101.7 102. 5 100.6 10C.0 101.7 104.2 102.7 104.9 111.0 112.8 104. 2 ............................................................................................................. 83.3 83. 9 86. 8 90. 7 95.6 98.0 100.8 1CC.0 99.0 94.5 91.6 92.6 97. 4 103. 2 104. 1 85.2 86.8 89.5 90.6 94.7 99.0 99.6 100.0 102.5 104.7 102. 7 106.6 112.8 117.1 107. 0 85. 4 88. 6 93.0 94.3 99.1 99.8 99.9 100.0 101.0 101.5 104. 6 108. 7 113. 9 115.2 105.4 126.5 AND P R I N T I N G ................................................................................................. CHEMI CALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS S TONE, PRIMARY CL AY, GLASS, METALS ................................................................ AND CONCRETE F ABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NERY, EXCEET E L E CT R I C AL ELECTRICAI EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... T R ANS PORTATI ON EQUI PMENT ............................................................................ ................................................................... ............................................................................... I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... €6.0 69.2 73.4 82.0 87.5 95.9 97.2 100.0 104. 5 109. 5 109. 9 119.6 128.2 130.4 77.6 79.0 85.5 92.4 97.8 101.7 100.2 100.0 106.2 102.8 98. 8 114.4 118.2 117.6 105.1 82.4 81.9 87.5 91.5 9 1.8 99.5 102. 1 100.0 106.0 114.7 106.8 111.0 115.5 117.9 115.7 48 Table B-23. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) 1S 60 1961 1962 1963 1 964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1 974 ............................................................................................................ 67.7 67. 4 73. 3 79. 1 84.9 92.5 1C 0 . 0 10C . 0 105.6 108.7 102.6 103.9 113.6 123. 2 116. 8 FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 8C.9 82.3 85.3 90.4 91.7 93. 5 99.3 T E X T I L E MI L L 59.2 59. 8 63. 9 80.9 86.2 94. 4 103.5 78.2 77.0 82. 4 84. 8 88.5 94.9 1C2.4 66. 63.0 65.0 75. C 88. C 98.6 99.4 76.2 79.5 84.1 91 . 4 95.0 100.4 I NDUSTBY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................... 62.6 65.0 69.9 77.9 84.4 92.4 98.7 ..................................................................... 78.8 82.1 88.0 91.2 93. 1 97.6 100.0 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS ME RS .................................................................. 65.8 68.1 75.1 79.8 84.9 91.4 98. 8 1C C . 0 1C C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 S T O NE r CL AY, ....................................................... 81.7 81.6 86.0 93. 1 99. 6 103. 2 104.0 ............................................................................................................ 7*1. 4 70.3 75.2 80. 3 90.6 98.4 105.1 FABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S ............................................................................ 68.6 67. 6 73. 5 76. 1 81.8 90.8 98.5 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C AL ................................................................... 61. 6 62. 1 69.5 72.2 80.8 88.8 98.9 E L E CT R I C AL EQUI PMENT AND S U F E L I E S ............................... .................... 49. 2 52. 1 59.1 65.2 69.3 82.3 96.3 APPAREL PRODUCTS AND LEATHER GOODS LUMBER AND F UBNI T URE PAPER AND P R I N T I N G CHEMI CALS ........................................................................... .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................ AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRIMARY ....................................................................................... GLASS, METALS TRANSPORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS AND CONCRETE EQUI PMENT ............................................................................... AND RELATED PRCEUCTS ....................................................... 1 74.2 61.2 58.0 68.7 77.1 80.9 91.6 99.5 64.1 62.6 69.2 73.6 74.8 86.2 99.0 49 101.3 104.6 108.4 108.6 114 . 0 114.0 115. 6 105.2 1C6.9 111.7 113.8 123. 4 123.6 123.9 104.9 103.2 99.3 100.6 110. 5 124.0 122. 105.4 106.9 105. 0 106. 3 120. 9 124.2 122.4 105.5 112.6 104.7 108. 2 117. 1 128.2 122.1 113.6 119.7 12 C. 1C 8 . 0 110.6 1C9.4 116.0 120.3 1 CC . C 1C3.4 1C9.6 10C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10C . 0 99.5 98.6 6 125.1 135.9 147.7 142.7 lr9 .1 122.4 129.0 125.9 11C . 6 117.7 132.0 144.1 125. 5 1 04.0 105.9 117.2 125.5 114.0 89.9 85.0 92.3 106.0 107. 0 8 110.0 99.9 98.2 109. 8 122. 7 110. 99.9 104.5 102. 7 96. 7 108. 2 122.3 118. 0 105.5 113.3 106.9 107. 6 121.6 135.0 130.2 105.3 8 112.8 108. 3 88. 4 97.9 105.4 112.5 93.2 107.5 120.3 107.2 105.4 116.3 129.0 131.2 Table B-24. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ................................. .................... ...................................................... FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 1S60 1961 1962 1963 1969 1965 1966 85.2 82. 9 86. 3 87. 2 69.C 93.9 1 C1.0 99.9 99.0 98.3 98.9 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1979 100.2 1C C . 0 10 2 . 0 103.8 98.1 99.3 98. 2 103. 9 102.0 98.6 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.0 96.9 96.0 95.2 99.9 102.8 1C 2 . 0 100.0 10C . 0 100.0 10C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.7 107.0 ........................................................................................ 93.7 91.2 93.6 91. 8 93. 9 98. 9 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 90.0 88. 6 93. 1 93. 3 99.C 98.3 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ............................................................. .............................. 99. 1 89.0 92. 3 93. 6 96.8 100.9 1 09.0 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 87.7 87. 9 89.1 89.7 91.5 99.2 98.9 86.5 87.8 91.2 96.7 TEXTILE Mill CHEMI CALS EECDUCTS ................................................................................................. AND AL LI E D ................................................................ 83.0 82.8 89.8 ..................................................................... 113.8 108.3 105.0 MFFS................................................................... 8C.2 79.0 AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 99.3 PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CL AY, GLASS, PRI MARY METALS ....................................................................................................... FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NERY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON ............................................................................. E L E CT R I C AL EQUI PMENT ................................................................... 99.1 99.1 89.3 89.8 88.2 95. 2 100. 1 101. 2 91.0 93. 1 95.2 97.9 100.7 103.9 99. 5 100. 109.3 89.2 83.8 86.6 88. 80.6 77.9 82. 1 83.9 86.3 91.7 98.9 73.3 70.1 79.7 76.6 81.5 89.0 99.1 5 $ .................................................... 79. 6 75. 2 80.5 79.5 79.2 85.8 99.1 ............................................................................... 78.9 73.9 80.3 83.9 82.7 90.1 99.3 77.8 76.5 79.2 80.9 81 . 5 86.6 97.0 I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 101.6 ....................................................... 50 1C9.3 1C9.5 99.6 99.9 100.9 99.6 99.6 93. 2 95.8 102.5 103.6 96.9 99.0 108.1 112. 1 106. 5 101.7 109.6 103. 3 100. 102. 109. 1 103.7 103. 2 106.1 109.6 100.7 100.9 103.6 105.5 2 1 96. 5 99. 8 90. 9 101.9 99. 9 109. 1 109.9 105.9 105.1 108.2 105.9 1C9.2 1C9.6 103.5 111.9 118.8 117.0 101.7 105.2 10 1 . 2 100.9 105.5 111.2 109. 5 1CC.5 1C9.9 98.2 91.8 99.8 102.7 102 . 10 2 . 8 1C5.0 97.2 92. 1 97. 3 109. 8 103. 5 98.9 103.0 98. 1 88.9 99.9 106.2 111. 9 101.0 103.5 97. 3 90.0 99.8 103.6 102.9 106. 2 105.3 89.5 85.6 89.2 95.7 88.7 101.9 109.9 100. 9 95.0 100.7 109.3 113.9 8 Table B-25. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................. FOOD AND TOBACCO .............................. ....................................................................... TEXTI LE MI LL PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ........................................................................................... PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ................................................................................................. 1S 60 1961 1962 1963 196 0 1965 1966 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.2 115.7 115.8 115.7 111.6 109.9 47.7 48.3 48.2 57.5 56.1 54.7 72.8 71.6 68. 100.0 104. 1 102.5 3 58. 2 58.0 51.8 1968 100.0 1CC. C 1 CO. O 114.0 110.2 112.0 59.9 58.3 60.5 52.7 1971 1972 1973 1970 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.3 119.7 116.2 117.2 114.9 121.5 58.5 64.2 62.2 61.0 58.1 65.0 51.9 52.7 51.4 52.3 56.7 61.8 52.9 78.5 82.0 79.0 82.3 81 . 7 81 . 1 85.8 80.2 79.6 76. 6 82. 1C2.3 99.8 99.8 97.6 97.7 100.2 90. 7 95. 7 96.7 101.0 1CC.0 72.7 52.5 1970 1969 , 51. 0 52.6 100.8 58. 3 1967 6 ............................................................... 113. 9 115.9 116.5 119.2 12C.9 123.4 122.8 120.0 127.6 129.1 132.5 135. 2 139.7 103.6 101.7 ..................................................................... 219.8 235.0 248.8 2 49.4 248.2 252.0 252.6 252. 1 258.0 260.8 268. 8 259.8 252.8 259.8 256.1 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS M F R S .................................................................. €8.1 90.5 89.6 88.5 86.5 89.7 86.0 88.1 87.0 87.0 80.0 ....................................................... 109.4 110.6 109.1 108.2 106.9 104.3 101. 1 100.3 98.5 99.8 98.6 95.5 ............................................................................................................ 14C.4 138.0 136.7 133.8 130. 0 133.0 135.2 133.8 127.8 12C.7 117.2 112.4 86.6 102.2 105.6 CHEMI CALS ANE AL L I E D PROEUCTS PETROLEUM ANE COAL PRODUCTS STONE, CL AY, GLASS, PRIMARY METALS AND CONCRETE FABRICATE! METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NFRY, EXCEPT ELE CT RI CAL ........................................................................... .................................................................. E LE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANS PORTATI ON EQUI PMENT .............................................................................. I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS .................................................... ...................................................... 86.1 86.0 83. 1 83. 6 85.0 86.6 92.9 92. 5 91.3 86.5 87.0 86.5 113.4 114.9 115. 5 109. 6 109.1 106.8 1 C5.6 71. 5 73.2 74.3 77.7 78.9 83 . 7 83.8 86.0 86.8 89.9 128. 5 127.7 132.4 133.9 134.8 135.6 132.1 131.5 134.9 102. 4 99.5 99.7 95.1 99.8 101.2 98.8 101. 101.8 51 105.5 85.7 102.9 1 85. 1 83.8 104. 1 96.2 95.0 91.2 112.6 115.9 121. 7 84. 5 10 3 . 9 85. 1 81. 0 102 . 0 97. 2 95. 1 90. 5 93. 0 95. 3 90.2 129.1 120. 3 136.5 134. 3 129. 8 120.7 108. 2 100. 9 99. 5 98.6 97.9 99.8 Table B-26. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY 1960 ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... T E X T I L E MI LL ERODUCTS ........................................................................................ APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS CHEMI CALS RUBBER ANE 1963 1964 1965 1966 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1967 10C.CC0 1968 19 69 1970 197 1 1972 1973 1974 100. CCO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 13.121 13.405 12.775 12.548 11.868 11.096 10.909 10.564 10.535 10.567 11.609 11.481 11.018 10.164 10.865 2.614 2.647 2.600 3.049 3. 025 3.042 3.086 2.582 2.969 2.931 3.247 3.264 3.238 2.990 3. 164 ........................................................................... 4.979 4.922 4.841 4.619 4. 492 4. 416 4.412 4.3C7 4.279 4.088 4.170 4.169 4.187 4.335 4.521 4.343 4. 154 3. 9 4 3 4. 2 1 7 4.611 4.736 4.423 4.446 4 .437 4.374 4.551 4.547 4.731 4. 4 8 4 4. 6 5 7 ................................................................................................ 8.984 AND AL LI E D PETROLEUM AND CCAL 1962 ........................................................................................... LUMBER AND F URNI TURE PAPER ANE P R I N T I N G 19 61 9 . 4 26 9.719 9.317 9. 130 9. 253 8.821 8.632 8.556 8. 5 8 7 8.899 8.778 8.953 8.857 8.945 ............................................................... 5. 7 5 7 6.002 5. 934 6.129 6.185 6. 2 1 1 6. 1 4 3 6.223 6.694 6.8 48 7 . 329 7. 4 8 8 7. 441 7. 459 7.601 ...................................................................... 2.636 2.967 2.925 2.807 2.671 2.570 2 . 4 37 2.426 2. 490 2. 4 5 1 2.755 2.791 2.623 2.550 2.626 PRODUCTS PRODUCTS MI SCELLANEOUS M F R S .................................................................. 4.C25 4.187 4.246 4.178 4.140 4.089 4.093 4 . 142 4.338 4. 583 4 . 468 4.693 4.812 4.846 4.450 ....................................................... 4.C05 4.015 3.890 3.903 3.889 3.697 3. 448 3. 216 3.245 3.344 3.361 3.377 3.419 3.377 3.237 ............................................................................................................ 10.128 9.614 9.448 9.351 9 . 821 9. 802 9.690 9 . 2 16 8.679 8.360 8.081 7.535 7.484 7.928 8.443 FABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S ............................................................................ 7.004 6.933 6.931 6.642 6. 656 6.780 6.810 6.510 6.890 6.990 6.729 6.530 6.673 6.883 6.553 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C AL 10.226 10. 195 1 0. 4 8 2 10.097 10.525 10.608 10.945 11 . 0 5 9 10.461 10.629 11.068 10.284 10.527 10.974 11. 172 E L E C T R I C AL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S ..................................................... 6.267 6.654 6.941 7.095 7 . C35 7.664 8 . 2 97 8.6 14 8. 6 0 7 8.977 8.979 8. 9 2 0 9. 214 9.441 9.601 ............................................................................... 13.C78 12.437 13.544 14.083 13.773 14.314 14.384 14.457 15.437 14.402 12.457 13.622 13.411 13.201 11.530 2.1SC 2.149 2.184 2.151 2.038 2.153 2. 2 1 2 2. 2 5 2 2. 5 5 8 2 . 417 2.346 2.366 2.420 2.597 S T O NE , PRIMARY CL AY, GLASS, METALS AND CONCRETE TRANSPORTATI ON EQUI PMENT I NSTRUMENTS .................................................................. AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 52 2.29 1 Table B-27. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) --------- | 1960 IN D U S T FY ALT. TND USTR TP S ........................................................................................................ ... FOOD AND T O R AC C C TEXT TT .F MTI.T. APPARFT. AND LUMBER P APE R AND AND .............................................................................................................. P R O DU C TS LEATHER .............................................................................................. GOODS FURNITURE ....................... ............................ ... P R I N T I N G ........................................................................................ ... C H E M IC A L S AND PETROLEUM AND COAT, ALLIED PRODUCTS PRODUCTS RURRER AND M I S C E L L A N E O U S STONE, CLAY, PRIMARY .................................................................................. 100.000 100.000 1965 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . ooc 1973 1974 1 CO.. 0 00 1 CC.C CC 1 0 0 . CCO 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 CC.000 1O0. 000 100 . 0 0 0 100 . 0 0 0 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 197 1 1972 11.394 11.587 11.031 10.845 10.634 10.100 9. 573 9. 616 9. 374 9. 249 9.700 9.883 9. 399 8. 845 8.943 5.475 5.480 \52399 5. 241 5. 225 5.218 5. 103 4.877 5. C92 5. 011 5. 054 5 . 247 5.309 5.148 4.87 0 8 . 666 8. 774 8.844 8.773 8. 666 8. 590 8.348 8. 2C3 8. 118 7.875 7.911 8.105 8.007 7.649 7 . 312 ^ 5. 966 5. 803 5. 772 5 . 7 98 5.871 5.773 5.602 5 . 4C1 5.428 5.391 5 . 306 5.67 1 5.946 5. 854 5.639 9.067 9. 338 9. 090 9.058 9. 049 8. 835 8. 648 8. 806 8. 785 8.879 9.269 9.358 9. 161 8. 858 8. 950 5. 054 5. 181 5. C95 5.142 5. 115 5.035 5. 003 5. 185 5.246 5. 30 4 5. 529 5. 539 5. 328 5. 193 5.362 1. 291 1.263 1. 176 1.126 1 . 076 1 . 020 0 .965 0.966 0.965 C.926 1. 025 1. 075 1. 037 0. 982 1.025 4.570 4.625 4. 740 4.720 4.807 4 .923 4 . 898 4.853 5. 0 16 5. 107 5. 174 5.325 5.532 5.572 5.563 3.660 3. 631 3. 564 3. 608 3.637 3.545 3. 410 3. 3 C6 3.296 3. 352 3. 409 3.536 3. 553 3.554 3.547 6. 966 6.912 6.991 7.314 7.370 7. 166 6. 887 6.789 6.929 6.896 6 . 701 6.647 6. 840 6.940 7.541 7.497 7.589 7.679 7. 735 7.793 7.873 7.976 8. 038 8.073 7.905 7. 791 7.901 8.083 8.094 AND C O N C R ET E PRODUCTS EXCEPT FT. ECTRT CAT E Q U IP M E N T AND 1 0 0 . COO 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1964 7. 214 M AC HI N ER Y , INSTRUMENTS 1963 ........................................................... FA R RTC A TE T METAT. TRANSPO RTA TION M E R S ........................................................................ 1962 ..................................................................................................................... GLASS, MET ALS ..................................................................... ....................................................... ... 1961 ................................................................................. 9 . 0 18 8. 872 9. 076 9.212 9 . 6C2 9.934 10 . 362 10.482 10. 168 1 C. 400 10.483 9.879 10. 134 10.757 11. 498 ....................................................... 8. 768 9.087 9. 339 9. 129 8.912 9.152 9. 899 10. 011 9 . 913 9. 9 8 1 9.923 9.551 9. 666 10. 023 10.098 .................................................................................... 10. 177 9.738 1C. 228 10. 519 10.216 10. 554 10.887 10. 992 11.447 11.157 10.022 9. 981 9. 982 10.168 9.557 2. 137 2. 159 2. 146 2.159 2.142 2.158 2.264 2. 3 4 0 2.326 2. 365 2.395 2.358 2.400 2. 473 2.602 ET.ECTRTC AT AND E Q U IP M E N T RET. ATED ....................................................................... SU PPLIE S P RO D U C TS ........................................................... 53 Table B-28. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 1960 1961 1962 1963 1S€ M 1965 1,966 1967 1968 1969 1970 79.2 79.0 80.6 83.9 90. 3 93.7 97. 1 100.0 106.3 1C9.4 112.0 97. 1 104.7 107.1 108. 3 116.5 118.5 104.9 103.7 99.2 1 03.8 FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 8C . 7 82.7 84.1 87.1 90.0 93.3 TEXTILE HI LL 72.7 74.4 75.0 82.7 87.3 92.0 94.6 ........................................................................... 81.9 83.3 81.5 83.0 88. 4 94. 8 98.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 .......................................................................................... 74.8 78.7 78.4 81. 1 92. 5 92. 1 94.1 10C.O 101.0 ................................................................................................ EBODUCTS ........................................................................................ APPAREL AND LEATHER GOOES LUMBER ANE F URNI TURE 197 1 1972 1973 1974 117.6 124.0 133.1 130. 5 112.3 119.4 124.5 125.3 125.2 137.4 144.4 154.8 145.8 108.7 115.5 119.6 130.2 133.0 109.3 117.2 129.5 116. 1 87.5 85.7 85.9 87.8 95.2 96.2 99.3 1CC.0 1 03.3 105.7 107.2 110.9 119. 5 132. 3 127. 3 ............................................................... 64.5 66.0 69.5 74. 7 82.6 88.8 93.5 112.3 114.4 123.0 129. 2 140.3 157.3 163. 5 ................................. , ................................ 55.7 60. 1 67.3 72.7 82.8 89.4 97.4 101.5 108.6 110. 126. 1 133. 6 148.4 141.9 RUBBER ANE MI SCELLANEOUS M F R S .................................................................. €9.8 68.9 72.6 75.8 84.6 88.9 94.7 106. 1 108. 1 108. 4 111.4 115.8 124.4 122.1 STONE, 72.3 74.8 75.9 79.9 88.6 90.3 93.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1C 0 . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 106.0 106. 2 119.5 128.7 141.6 135.5 PAPER ANE P R I N T I N G CHEMI CALS AND AL LI E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL C L AY, PRODUCTS GLASS, AND CONCRETE ....................................................... ............................................................................................................. 91.9 85.5 88.1 90.6 98.2 102. 4 101.0 METAL PRODUCTS1 ............................................................................ 97.7 90.5 89.9 92. 3 103.0 105.4 99.9 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 2 ................................................................... 77.4 80.5 81.1 82.9 88. 92. 3 97.6 ELEC TR IC A L 74.8 75. 8 78.0 84.8 92.0 83.0 80.8 84.8 87. 6 94.C 96.6 101 . 3 €4. 6 64. 9 69.9 73.5 84.6 94 . 7 98.6 PRIMARY METALS FABRI CATED EQ U IP M E N T AND TRANSPORTATI ON EQUI PMENT I NSTRUMENTS S U PPLIE S ............................................................................... AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Includes jewelry and precious metals ......................................................... ....................................................... 81.7 2 85. 1 2 Includes ordnance and small arms. 54 8 104.8 1C8.7 108.5 109.9 115.5 124.4 117.6 107.2 112.4 108.6 108.3 112.8 118.5 117. 2 105.3 1C 6 . 6 111.3 121.3 123.0 132. 1 132. 1 104.3 111 .4 117. 1 123.3 135.8 153. 2 141. 8 106.9 110.7 108.0 111.9 117. 3 116.0 113. 4 114.7 126.4 134. 4 133. 7 129. 5 139.8 147.6 Table B-29. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUSTEY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1 S 67 1968 1969 1970 84.3 84.3 84.4 87.1 95.2 98.0 99. 6 100.0 1C6.2 110.3 110.9 110.6 113.5 123.0 119.6 83.9 86.5 88.1 90.9 92.9 95.3 98.2 102. 8 106.0 107. 5 108.2 112.9 117.6 118.3 115.5 119.1 116.9 119.7 118.0 1C3.1 1C2.4 107.6 122.6 110.0 129.1 104.6 115.6 112.7 107.8 1 CO. 9 10 1 . 2 104.3 114.9 134.2 113.9 117.6 ....................................................................................... 94.2 91.0 89.3 93.8 99.5 102.4 102. APPAREL AND LEATHER GOCDS ............................................................................ 99.7 100.1 95.4 95.4 100.6 104. 3 104. 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 LUMBER AND FURNI TURE . . . . * ................ .............................................................. 79.7 82.6 80.9 84. 1 9 8. 1 99. 1 97. 1 1CC.0 POOD AND TOBACCO TEXTI LE MILL ...................................................................................................... ERCDUCTS PAPER AND P R I N T I N G CHEMI CALS ................................................................................................. AND AL LI E D PRODUCTS ................................................................ 1 1971 1972 197 3 1974 86.6 85.2 85. 1 87.7 95.7 97.7 1 CO. 3 10C.C 104.0 107.4 108. 1 105.2 110.9 121. 67.0 68.0 70.6 75. 9 83.6 89.4 94.5 10C.0 107.8 113.9 119.9 122.4 129. 6 145. 3 153. 1 78. 6 83. 0 81.4 84.0 92.1 98.2 1 04.3 109.9 120.5 130. 9 135. 3 134.3 144.C 138.7 112.3 116.8 117.4 117.0 122. 3 136.7 134.2 104. 6 106. 1 102. 4 110.2 116.9 130.9 120.3 2 67. 6 67. 1 70.5 75.1 86.9 92.3 96.1 ...................................................... 75.8 79.0 80.5 83.0 95.8 97.0 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 ............................................................................................................. 1C1.8 95.9 90.5 94.8 107.6 112.5 106. 2 10C.0 106.4 1C9.0 108.7 99.2 99.3 108.7 99.7 FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 96.7 92.4 89.2 92.0 106.4 110. 4 104. 3 100.0 109.0 115.4 110.9 103.8 106.1 114.3 113.7 MACHI NERY, 75.3 81.7 81.2 81. 1 88.7 93.7 99.4 10C.C 1C4.2 1C9.9 113.3 113.4 107.6 117.1 117. 1 1C C . 0 100.0 100.0 103.4 110.1 110.2 120.2 1 13.4 116.3 124.9 142.0 136.4 105.6 106. 1 104.9 107.8 109. 6 104. 8 130.0 131. 1 120.9 132.2 136.4 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , PRIMARY METALS EXCEET ................................................ ..................... MP RS ................................................................... AND CONCRETE E L E C T R I C AL 2 .................................................................. I NSTRUMENTS 86.8 .................................................... 70.0 72. 8 76.0 79.9 85.6 93.4 .............................................................................. 98.2 92.7 94. 3 95. 9 102.7 101.9 1C1 . 4 61.9 65. 5 7C.C 74.8 83.2 94.0 S I . 5 E LE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON EQUI PMENT AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms. 55 111.8 Table B-30. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) 196C 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 15 67 1S68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ..................................................................................................................... 1C6.5 1 06.7 104.7 103 . 8 105.4 104.7 102. 6 100.0 SS. 9 1C0.8 99. 1 94.0 91 . 5 92 .4 91.6 AND T O P A C C O ................................. - .......................................................................... 1C3.9 104.6 104.8 104.3 1 0 3 . ”2 102.1 10 1 . 1 1 00. 0 98. 2 99.0 99. 3 96.3 94.5 94.5 94.4 I NDUST FY ALL TN DU ST R T F S FOOD TEXTILE MTT.L APPARET. AND T.FATHFR 12*/. 7 122.2 119.0 113.4 114.0 111.3 1 08. 0 100. 0 99. 1 100. 5 95. 0 87.2 84.9 83.4 80.9 .............................................................. - ................ 121.7 120.2 117.0 115.0 113.8 11 0 . 0 105. 5 100.0 99.7 9 9. 4 9 4. 2 93.2 91 . 9 88.8 84.7 ........................................................................................... 106 . 5 105 . 0 10 3 . 2 10 3 . 7 106.0 107.6 1C3. 2 100.0 106.8 1C1. 7 97.5 95.4 98.1 103.6 98. 1 ................................................................................................ 98.9 99.4 99.1 99.8 100.5 101. 6 101. 1 1CC.0 1 CC.6 101.5 100.9 94.9 92.8 9 1. 6 92. 4 ............................................................... 104. 0 103. 0 101. 7 101.7 1C1.2 1 CC. 7 1C1 .1 10C. 0 96.0 99.6 97.5 94.7 9 2. 4 92. 4 93. 6 ...............,_______ _____ _____ _______ 142. 9 138. 2 120 . 9 115. 6 111.3 109.8 1 C7.1 100.0 108.3 111. 0 11 8. 2 107. 3 1 00. 5 97.0 97. 8 M F F S .................................................................. 96.9 97. 4 97.2 99.1 102.7 1 03.8 101 . 5 100.0 105.9 108. 1 108. 3 105. 1 105. 6 109.9 109.9 1C4. 9 105.6 106.0 104.0 1C8. 1 107 . 4 103.2 100. 0 100. 9 100. 1 96.4 92.2 90.8 9 2. 5 88. 8 PRO DU C TS ................................. - .......................................................... ROODS LUMBER AND F URNI TURE PAPER ANE PRINTING CHEMI CALS AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM ANT c o a t RUBBER ANE STC1NE PRIMARY r T, Ay , RT AS S r MACHI NERY, C O N C R ET E ........................................................... 11C. 9 112. 1 102.7 104.6 109.6 109.9 105.2 100 . 0 101. 6 100.3 100. 2 90.3 86.0 8 7. 4 84.7 S5.0 102.0 99.2 99.7 103.3 104.7 104. 4 100.0 101.7 102.7 1C2. 1 95.8 94. 1 96.5 97.1 EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 2 . . . . . . . ................ .. ........................... 97.3 101.5 100.1 97. 8 100. 6 101.5 131.9 100.0 98.9 1C3. 0 101.8 93.4 87.5 88.6 88. 6 93.5 96.0 97.4 97. 8 102. 1 101.0 101.6 1CC.0 99. 1 9 8. 9 96.8 94.3 92.0 92.6 96. 2 ................................................................................................... ... E L E C T R I C AT E Q U I P M E N T TRANSPORTATION IN S T R U M E N T S AND METAL PRODUCTS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ ... METALS FABRI CATED product^ MI SCELLANEOUS AND SnPFLTES E Q U IP M E N T ARD RE T.ATED ........................................... ... ..................................................................................... PRODUCTS ........................... ................................ 118.4 114. 8 111.2 109. 6 109.3 1C5. 5 1C0.1 1GC.0 98.8 99.6 98.2 93.8 91.8 94. 5 92. 4 95.8 101. 0 100.1 101. 8 98. 4 99.3 98.9 100.0 97.5 95.1 96. 7 98. 0 93.4 94.6 92. 4 1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms. 56 Table B-31. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ....................................................................................... ..................... FOOD AND TOBACCO TEXTILE MI LL ...................................................................................................... PRODUCTS ....................................................................................... APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ CHEMI CALS AND AL L I E D 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1S 6 8 1969 1 970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1CC. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10C . 0 1C 0 . 0 100.0 100. 0 1CO. O 100.0 100.0 100.0 128. 3 131.7 131.2 130.6 125.5 125.4 125.9 125.9 124.0 123.2 121.8 117.7 120.9 71.5 70.6 74.8 73.3 74.5 74.0 75.9 83. 1 82.2 84.8 120. 2 88.6 121.2 7C.7 72.0 73.4 70.3 68.8 68.1 70.4 70.8 6S . 6 68.7 66.0 67.5 68.4 67.1 88.2 68.0 70.9 88.3 86.7 89.3 113.2 116.8 114. 6 146.5 146.5 150.8 157.5 167. C 164. 2 178.0 178. 8 185. 1 180. 5 99.2 99.3 91.8 87.2 83.2 85.1 117.5 114.3 113.6 112.5 85.3 91.4 89.2 88.7 94.0 90.2 89.0 127.5 125. 1 122.9 123.9 120. 7 120.2 ................................................................ 108.5 111.3 114. 8 118.6 121.9 126. 4 128.3 133.3 14C.9 139.4 ..................................................................... 116.8 126. 2 138. 6 143. 8 152.1 158.4 166.6 1 6 6 .C 1 58.5 164 .8 92. 6 95.6 95.9 99.4 1 00.7 103.6 106 . 2 106.0 104.9 100. 5 99. 1 PRODUCTS 84.7 110.8 86.7 ................................................................................................. PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 1961 129.9 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ........................................... ...................................... . . . PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 1960 81.6 ....................................................... 84.9 87.5 88.4 91.2 89 . 6 89.4 93.0 90.6 90. 1 94. 5 96. 4 98.8 96.5 ........................................................................................................... 12C.8 88.0 112.6 102. 8 88. 1 113.8 112.4 113.1 113.8 108.3 104. 1 102. 6 103.4 1CC. 9 97.3 96.9 97.3 93.8 FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 114.8 106.6 103.8 102.3 106.1 104.7 95.7 93.C 93.8 95.6 90.2 85.7 84.6 82.8 83.5 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, PRIMARY GL AS S , METALS MACHI NERY, EXCEPT AND CONCRETE 95.6 99.6 98.4 96.6 95.5 96.4 98. 4 97.8 96.9 95.3 97.2 100.9 97.0 97.1 99. 0 85.9 87.2 87.9 85. 6 82. 3 86. SC . 9 89.2 92.5 95.1 95.3 99.5 104.6 98. 8 .............................................................................. 102.7 102. C 101.1 102.3 98.0 98.6 99.2 94.6 93.2 9 2.7 85. 4 83.C 88.6 95.7 102.4 106.4 100.8 9 2. 5 93. 1 AND S U P P L I E S EQUI PMENT I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Includes jewelry and precious metals 92. 6 ................................................... E L E C T R I C AL 2 .................................................................. ELE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT TRANS PORTATI ON MF RS .................................................................. ....................................................... 7 2.4 2 103.0 88. 5 102. 2 72. 8 76. 8 77. 6 100. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms. 57 89.6 1 90.0 85. 1 100. 2 Table B-32. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) 1960 I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T F I E S ............................................................................................................ FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... T E X T I L E MI L L EBODUCTS ........................................................................................ CHEMI CALS S T O NE , PRIMARY 1963 I 960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 10C.COC 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1971 1972 1973 1970 1CC.00C 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . OCO 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 11.€14 11.970 12. 182 12.171 11.393 11. 307 11. 507 11. 670 11.300 11.226 11.315 11. 021 11.608 11.160 11.509 6.601 6.606 6.080 6.592 6.002 6.397 6.280 6.120 6. 658 6. 618 6. 560 6. 631 6.612 6.029 6.001 ............................................................................ 0.677 0.698 0.070 0. 331 0.181 0.209 0. 137 3.955 3.895 3. 700 3. 651 3. 850 3.830 3.717 3.727 3.C3C 3. 101 3.073 3.095 3.300 3. 202 3. 125 3. 207 3^.255 2.935 2.926 3.020 3.205 3.099 3.050 ................................................................................................ 9. C55 8. 906 8.887 8.869 8. 860 8. 790 8.879 8.815 8.633 8 . 5 83 8.591 8.386 8.611 8.685 8.67 2 ............................................................... 5. 766 5. 808 6.069 6.316 6. 367 6.619 6. 880 7*252 7.362 7.093 7.839 8. 030 8.279 8.568 9.288 ..................................................................... 0.795 0.829 0. 812 0.812 0. 815 0.803 0.882 0. 802 0. 872 0. 9 2 1 0.990 1 . 031 0.996 0. 986 0. 977 MI SCELLANEOUS MF R S ................................................................... 3. 150 3.131 3. 287 3.390 3.588 3.702 3.796 3.933 0.160 0. 166 0. 161 0.162 0. 236 0.37 2 0.013 AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 3. 508 3.650 3.717 3.710 3.920 3.860 3 . 770 3.899 3.801 3.750 3. 597 3. 887 0. 010 0.150 3.922 ............................................................................................................. 9.017 8.863 8.363 8.078 8.812 8.907 8.311 7.795 7.811 7. 708 7. 638 6. 996 6. 82C 6.888 6.098 AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM ANE COAL RUBBER ANE 1962 ........................................................................................... APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS LUMBER AND F UBNI TURE PAPER ANE P R I N T I N G 1961 CL AY, GLASS, METALS PRODUCTS FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ............................ ............................................... 7. 362 7. 032 6.789 6.779 7.178 7.233 6.725 6.020 6.588 6. 720 6. 016 6.025 5.999 5.966 6.108 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 2 .............................................. ,.................... 11. 793 12. 780 12.701 12. 283 12.297 12. 615 13.179 13.20 1 12.952 13.153 13. 077 13.530 12.509 12. 567 12.929 E L E CT R I C AL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S ...................... .............................. 7.269 7.562 7.885 8.035 7.992 7. 6 51 8. 217 8. 76C 8.530 8. 707 8 . 95 3 9.21b y .600 10.109 9.99 3 13.390 12.909 12.600 12. 017 12 . 307 12,-016 11 . 879 11.786 11.780 11.065 10.88 3 1 . 09 2 1. 637 1 . 671 1 . 706 1 . 79 7 1 . 859 2.000 2. 022 1. 817 1. 830 1. 906 TRANS PORTATI ON EQUI PMENT I NSTRUMENTS ............................................................................... AND RELATED PRCEUCTS 1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. ....................................................... 10 . 068 13.650 13.870 13.671 1.253 1. 326 1. 010 1. 060 2 Includes ordnance and small arms. 58 Table B-33. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY 1960 ALL I N D U S T R I E S ........................................................................... ................................ FOOD AND TOBACCO TEXTILE MI LL ...................................................................................................... ERCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 1 0 0 . CCC 1961 100.000 1962 1963 1964 1 0 0 . OCO 100.000 1 0 0 . OCC 1965 1966 1967 1568 1969 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1570 1971 1 0 0 . COO 1 C C . 0 0 0 1972 100.000 1973 1 0 0 . OCO 197 4 100.000 9.C51 9.086 9. 283 9.318 9 . C81 9.050 9.141 9.275 9.117 9.110 9 . 293 9. 497 9. 577 9.488 9.553 9 . 681 9.241 9. 180 8.818 8.731 8.583 8.491 8.072 8.010 8.052 7.739 7. 482 7. 488 7. 290 7.131 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 6.495 6.399 6.355 6.298 6.138 5.976 5.843 5.685 5. 672 5. 6 0 8 5. 405 5.632 5.709 5.464 5.255 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E .................................................... ................. .................... 3.493 3.438 3.445 3.490 3.514 3.593 3.512 3 . 45 4 3.734 3.526 3.439 3.545 3.742 3.919 3.742 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ..................................... . . . . ............................................... 6.970 6.984 7.102 7.214 7 . 152 7.283 7.389 7 . 5C2 7.556 7.558 7.63 5 7.570 7.607 7.437 7.567 CHEMI CALS AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS ........................................................... . 5.313 5.253 5.285 5.328 5. 2 2 5 5. 237 5.360 5.441 5.226 5.376 5.352 5.483 5.490 5.439 5. 561 .......................................... .......................... 0.681 0.657 0 . 5 86 0.565 0.536 0.532 0.529 0.5C7 0.550 0.559 0.605 0.579 0. 557 0 . 532 0.541 MFRS................................................................... PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, 3.369 3. 381 3. 4 40 3.535 3.611 3.675 3.664 3.705 3 .926 3.972 4.048 4 . 140 4 . 27 3 4. 4 0 7 4. 442 ....................................................... 4 . 131 4. 152 4.248 4.200 4.303 4.306 4.217 4.195 4.237 4 . 16 6 4.081 4. 115 4. 162 4 . 158 4.065 ............................................................................................................. 7. 796 7.869 7.351 7.544 7.791 7.865 7.677 7.489 7.614 7.453 7.57 2 7.193 7.038 7.081 6.927 GL AS S , PRIMARY METALS AND CCNCRI TE FABRICATEt METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 6.415 6.596 6.544 6.630 6.767 6.908 7.024 6.9C2 7.026 7. 031 7 . 114 7.034 7.091 7.205 7.313 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 2 .................................................................. 12.331 12.830 12.907 12.716 12.882 13.092 13.397 13.456 13.363 13.796 13.861 13.413 12.902 12.949 13.059 ELECTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 8.460 8.669 8.970 .............................................................................. 14.083 13.625 13.464 AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 1.731 1.822 1. 840 TRANSPORTATI ON EQUI PMENT I NSTRUMENTS 9.083 9 . 335 9.30 2 9 . 540 9. 639 9. 565 9.455 9.416 9.668 9.686 9.665 10.117 13.37 4 13. 136 12.773 12.359 12.671 12.526 12.522 12.562 12.642 12.712 12.954 12.782 1.887 1.798 1.826 1.856 1.525 1.878 1. 8 1 6 1.879 2.007 1.964 1.971 1. 9 4 2 1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms. 59 Table B-34. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1867 1S 6 8 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ............................................................................................................ 68.9 72.1 76.2 80.1 86.9 91.2 94.4 100.0 108. 5 116.2 119. 5 125.8 134.7 143.9 149.3 FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 69. 3 73. 5 77. 4 81.0 87.2 92.4 95 . 6 110.7 112. 8 120. 1 125. 1 131.2 139. 2 66. 3 71.2 77.3 82.2 87.4 93.5 96 . 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10C . 0 100.0 1CC. C 1C C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10C . 0 106.1 T E X T I L E MI LL 113.1 120.8 124. 7 141. 1 148. 8 157.9 169.C 109.7 116. 5 116.4 123.2 129.2 128.1 134.1 106. 2 117.5 123. 5 133.3 142.3 149.9 152.3 I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T R I E S APPAREL PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ ............................................................................ 76. 11 81.7 85.4 87.7 92.7 99.2 101.2 ........................................................................................... 611. 3 67.3 72.6 75.5 84.1 90.3 94.8 ................................................................................................ 72.0 74.4 77.9 80.9 87.1 92. 4 95. 9 ............................................................... 55.3 57.3 63.5 69. 8 77.2 82.6 89.8 ..................................................................... 40.5 48.9 55. 1 65.9 72.0 79.7 92.9 AND LEATHER GOODS LUMBER AND F URNI TURE PAPER AND P R I N T I N G CHEMI CALS AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 66.9 70.0 75.8 78. 3 86.9 92.0 94.2 AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 65. 1 69.7 75.4 80. 3 87.9 91.0 95.2 METALS2 ............................................................................................................. 76. 7 75. 4 77.2 77.2 88.5 88.7 90.4 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS S T O N E , CL A Y , PRIMARY GLASS, MF R S ................................................................... F ABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S ......................... ................................................... 76.5 79.4 84.0 86.0 92.1 96.2 96.5 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL' 3 ................................................................... 85.8 89.3 91.5 91 . 7 96.7 99.5 99.6 ..................................................... 69.5 73.0 75.8 78.4 84.9 92.0 92.8 EQUI PMENT4 ............................................................................... 77.4 81.4 83.4 9 3. 3 98. 1 99, 2 74.3 76.0 79.0 82. 5 94. 4 99.7 1C 2 . 8 101. 3 E L E C T R I C A L EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Includes quarrying. 2 Includes railroad and street cars. ....................................................... 3 Includes locomotives. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 60 1 C9 . 5 117.1 12C.5 125.3 135.0 144.8 152.3 115.1 125.8 130.6 141.4 155.4 172.5 176. 8 1C7.5 107.3 119.0 122.2 120.7 135.0 127. 6 113.7 120.4 125.4 133. 1 143. 5 154. 6 162. 3 108.2 11 3 . 3 118.5 125. 2 133.4 138.0 141. 4 111.6 120.1 1 18. 3 118. 3 129. 9 143.6 152.5 100. 3 115.8 1 18. 9 122.0 127.7 136.2 139.6 100.9 108.3 113.7 117.3 121.0 123.5 126.9 111.7 120.1 124.8 130.8 144.5 156.1 162.2 112.3 122.3 123.7 127.1 136.1 144. 1 138. 5 112.0 121 . 6 123.6 119.3 128.0 136.0 137.0 Table B-35. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUST BY ALL I N D U S T R I E S .............................................................................................................. FOOD AND TOBACCO TEXTILE MI LL ...................................................................................................... 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 197 4 76. 3 81.0 84.3 86.6 95.1 101 . 2 102.8 100.0 112.3 127.3 135. 4 138. 0 143. 4 153.4 1 5C.5 73. 3 77. 5 82. 2 85. 8 91.3 95.5 98.3 1CC.0 105.3 110.1 114.0 120.6 122. 3 127. 3 128. 8 115.9 126.9 128. 0 124. 9 138.6 138.4 13C.3 112. 1 121.1 117.5 119. 1 122. 0 111.6 102.4 156.3 95.2 97.9 99.3 103. C 107.5 107.5 89. 0 94. 5 98.4 99.4 104.3 111.8 112 . 0 ........................................................................................... 78.2 81.4 85.7 84.0 93.4 99.8 102.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 108. 3 123.6 132. 4 143.5 156.3 166.5 ................................................................................................. 75.0 78.4 82.5 85.4 9 1.4 97. 1 100.3 10C.0 111.4 123.1 128.9 129.4 135.4 142.4 141.8 ................................................................ 52.9 56.0 61.8 67.7 76.5 84. 1 92. 2 100.0 1CC. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1CC. C 117.1 134.3 142.5 150.4 160.6 180.7 185.6 ....................................................................................... AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS .......................................... .......................... 42.7 52.1 58.2 67. 1 77. € 86.0 95.6 MF RS .................................................................. €2.7 66. 9 73. 4 77.1 89.2 98.9 102. 4 AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 77.7 83. 1 88. 3 90. 6 101.4 1 C4.3 1C5.8 METALS2 ............................................................................................................. 54.7 94. 8 91.7 88.0 103.5 104.8 88. 5 93. 5 93.9 95.9 105.C 111.8 108.5 102.4 109.2 108.0 103.8 102. 3 112.6 115. 8 104. 8 104.7 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, PRIMARY 1962 92. 4 LUMBER AND FURNI TURE CHEMI CALS 1961 ............................................................................ ERCDUCTS APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS PAPER AND F R I N T I N G 19 60 GL AS S , FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NERY, EXCEPT ........................................................................... 88.4 96.8 98.C 95.5 ................................................... 73.0 81.0 83.0 84.6 EQUI PMENT4 .............................................................................. 81.8 85.7 91.6 100.5 107.7 83.8 85.7 84.9 85. 8 98. 7 E L E C T R I C A L 3 .................................................................. ELECTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ...................................................... 93. 1 1 Includes quarrying. 2 Includes railroad and street cars. 99.7 111.1 116.2 127.8 129.2 133.4 141.2 130. 1 123.3 143.5 155.3 162.9 175.3 192. 8 189. 0 107.8 115.0 123.0 129.4 136. 8 137. 4 126. 8 115.8 131.0 131. 6 121. 5 126. 8 143-8 148.8 104.8 130.0 139.4 139. 9 141.8 152.5 145.7 105. 8 123. 1 133. 2 132.2 129.5 133.6 133.8 117.3 138.4 157.4 158.8 173.2 193 . 2 195. 1 122.8 147.4 162.5 165.5 1 66 . 8 179.7 157.9 113.8 131 . 3 136.8 121.1 122.9 134.0 131. 5 3 Includes locomotives. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 61 Table B-36. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUSTBY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 1960 1961 1962 1963 1960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 110.8 112. 0 110.5 108.2 109.5 111 . 0 1C8.8 1C C . 0 103.6 109.6 113. 3 109. 7 106. 4 106.6 100.8 ................................................................ 95.6 97.7 97.0 97.1 99. V 101. 8 102. ..................................................................... 105.0 106.0 105.8 101.8 107. 7 107.8 1C3.0 1CC. C 10C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS M F F S ................................................................... 93.8 95.5 96.9 98. 0 102 . 6 107. 0 108.7 10C. O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 FOOD AND TOEACCO ....................................................................................................... 105.8 105. 0 106. 1 106.0 1C 0 . 7 103.0 102.7 TEXTILE HILL 139.3 133.8 126.7 120. 117.S 115.0 111 . 7 116. 5 115.7 115.2 113.3 112.5 110.7 100.5 PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS LUMBER AND F UFNI TURE PAPER AND P R I N T I N G CHEMI CALS PRIMARY ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................ AND AL LI E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL STONE, ........................................................................... PRODUCTS 8 121.5 121.0 118.0 111.3 111.1 112 . 6 110.6 100.2 105.3 106.0 105.5 105.0 105.1 108.5 6 AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 119.2 119. 3 117. 1 110.6 111 . 1 123.6 125.8 118.8 112. 8 110.0 115.0 METALS2 ............................................................................................................. 117.C 118.1 110.3 115.7 117.7 111.8 111.5 113.9 116.2 112.0 CL AY, GIASS, FABRI CATED META I PRODUCTS . . ..................................................................... MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 3 ................................................. .................. 103.1 108.3 107.2 100.1 105.9 109.7 108.5 E L E C T R I C AL EQUI PMENT AND S U P E L I E S ...................... . . ........................ 1C5.1 111.0 109.0 108.0 109.7 112.9 110.3 TRANS PORTATI ON EQUI PMENT4 ............................................................................... 105.7 105.3 109.8 107.6 109.8 113. 5 112.7 I NSTRUMENTS 112.8 112.8 107.0 100.0 100.6 105.2 1C3.3 AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Includes quarrying. 2 Includes railroad and street cars. ....................................................... 3 Includes locomotives. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 62 1974 95.2 99.5 97.7 97.0 92. 5 105.1 101.1 102.6 100.4 102.4 95.6 93.2 87. 6 77. 1 102.1 102.0 101.8 103.9 100. 9 96. 7 94. 4 87.1 76.3 105.1 1 C7. 1 1C7.6 109.8 111.1 102.6 105.2 107. 0 103.2 100.3 98.4 93.1 101.7 1C6.7 105.1 106.3 103.3 104.8 105.0 103.4 1C8.4 1C7.4 105.7 110.5 104.6 101.9 1C8.4 119.2 123.8 122.4 124.7 116. 5 99.7 101.5 103.7 103.4 122.2 102 . 6 103.7 109.1 111.2 102.7 97.6 104.5 112.2 117. 2 114. 7 104.9 113.7 117. 2 112.7 105. 1 115-3 126. 1 121. 4 1C5.4 12<2. 5 131.4 130.2 101.6 1C8.0 110.7 1 01 . 5 99. 6 89. 7 100. 1 112.0 97. 6 104.4 107.0 108.2 105.4 119.9 123.8 120.2 122 . 6 124.7 114.0 96.0 98.5 96.0 111. 1 Table B-37. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ................................................................................................... ,. . . FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 19 69 1970 1971 1972 1973 1 974 100.0 10C. C 100.0 1CO. O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 177.8 176. 2 178. 1 178.0 175.7 171 . 9 167.4 165.8 167.7 163.2 160. 3 163.9 1960 1961 1962 1963 100.0 100. 0 100.0 176.6 179.2 178.4 ....................................................................................... 71.2 73.0 75.0 75. 9 74.4 75.9 75.4 74 . 0 77.1 76.9 77.2 82.9 81.7 81. 2 83. 7 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 67.5 69.0 68.2 66.7 65.C 66.2 65.2 60.9 61.6 61 . 1 59. 3 59. 6 58.4 54.2 54.7 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ............................................. ............................. .............. 76. 1 76. 1 77.6 76.8 78.9 80.7 81 . 8 81.5 79.8 82.5 84. 2 86. 86. 84.9 83.1 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS 1 95.6 94.5 93.4 92 . 5 91 . 7 92.7 93.0 91.5 92. 4 92.2 62. 2 91.1 91.7 92.1 ................................................................ 1 ( 13. 1 1 41 . 7 148.4 155.4 158.4 161. 5 169. 5 178.3 189.2 193.1 194. 8 200.3 205.7 213.7 211. ................................. ................................ ... 552.(4 637.9 678.7 773.3 778.8 821.9 924. 2 939.6 921.2 867.9 935.6 912.6 842.0 881 . 7 803. 2 MERS................................................................... 83.3 83.4 85.3 84.0 85.9 86.7 65.6 85.8 9C.0 89.0 90.1 90.8 91.5 92.2 9 3. 3 AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 95.2 97.3 99.5 101.0 101.9 100. 5 101.5 100.7 10 C . 4 98.2 99.8 100.2 99.6 96.6 95. 3 METALS2 ............................................................................................................ 112.3 105. 5 2 97. 3 102.8 98.2 96.6 10C.9 103.8 1C4.3 99.8 94.8 97. 3 100.7 103. 0 ........................................................................... 82. 5 81.9 81.9 79.8 76.8 78.5 75.9 74.3 68.7 74.1 73. 9 72. 0 70. 5 70.4 69.5 ELE CT R I C AL 3 .................................................................. 92. 4 92.0 89.0 85.0 82.5 81.0 78.2 74.2 69.0 69.2 70.5 69. 1 66.6 63.7 63.1 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ................................................................................................. CHEMI CALS AND^AI LI ED PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, PRIMARY 3 GL AS S , FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NERY, EXCEET E LE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 84.0 TRANSPORTATI ON EQUI PMENT4 .............................................................................. 11C.5 I NSTRUMENTS AND BELATED PRODUCTS 1 Includes quarrying. 2 Includes railroad and street cars. ...................................................... 65.5 84.3 111.0 68.0 102 . 82.8 81 . 5 81.4 84.0 81.9 83. 3 85.8 107.6 114.6 111.0 107.0 107.0 96.3 1C1.7 66.4 70.0 70.5 69. 2 64.4 66.8 3 Includes locomotives. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 63 66.6 86. 1 87. 0 1C3.5 101.7 67.4 66.6 93.4 1 86.6 89.3 9C.4 90.5 99.3 99.3 98.4 91.2 61.1 61 . 2 60.9 59. 1 Table B-38. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY I 9 60 ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ FOOD AND TOEACCO ....................................................................................................... T E X T I L E MI LL APPAREL EBODUCTS ........................................................................................ AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 1963 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1964 1965 1966 10C. CCC 100. o o c 100.000 1967 1968 1969 197 0 1971 1972 1973 1 974 100. OCO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 12.560 12.804 13.008 12.607 12.397 12.557 13.132 12.309 11.351 11.053 11.480 11.205 10.898 11.234 5.64 1 5. 4 78 5. 4 19 5.343 5 . C51 4.953 4 .879 4.662 4.808 4.647 4.407 4.558 4. 5 0 8 4. 2 0 5 4. 0 36 4.503 4.506 4. 510 4. 4 3 0 4.236 4.265 4.210 3.862 3.852 3.672 3.351 3. 333 3.288 2.810 2. 3.338 12.609 626 ........................................................................................... 3. 2 9 4 3.231 3.270 3.119 3.159 3.173 3.220 3.216 3.101 3 . 1 21 3 . 1 43 3. 344 3. 5 0 7 3 . 491 5.C35 4.958 5. 019 5.050 4.927 4.916 5.002 5 . 12 6 5.084 4. 9 5 6 4.879 4.806 4.840 4.760 4.82 7 ............................................................... 8.999 8.974 9.524 10.150 10.445 10.782 11.643 12.983 13.528 13.692 13.663 14.147 14.546 1#295 16.004 ..................................................................... 2.096 2.409 2.590 2.902 3.057 3. 183 3. 488 3.747 3.7C7 3.421 3.536 3.508 3.487 3.449 3.238 MI SCELLANEOUS M F R S .................................................................. 2.952 2.965 3 . 131 3. 19 5 3 . 3 70 3.509 3.579 3.592 3.942 4.047 4.118 4.240 4.392 4.513 4.510 AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 6.037 6.089 6.216 6. 4.999 10.452 9. 858 9. 168 6. 20 3 8. 5 5 5 8. 1 0 4 6. METALS2 ............................................................................................................ PAPER ANE CHEMI CALS PRINTING AND AL LI E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER ANE PRIMARY 1962 ................................................................................................ LUMBER ANE F URNI TURE S T ONE , 1961 C L AY, GLASS, 114 6.113 5.934 5.694 5.359 5.388 5.566 5.661 5. 316 9 . 16 7 329 8.721 8.173 8.420 8.676 8.665 8.180 7.411 7.448 7. 891 8. 8.084 8.091 7 .734 7.324 6. 8 3 4 7.474 7.542 7.423 7.247 7.282 7.089 325 FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................ 8.494 8.456 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 3 ................................................................... 12.160 12.536 8. 1 6 2 12.212 11.566 11.295 11 . 3 2 5 11 . 0 3 5 10.495 9.882 1 0 . 1 48 10.325 10.052 9. 481 9. 143 9.326 E L E C T R I C AL EQUI PMENT AND S U P F L I E S ...................... .. ........................... 8.948 9.350 9 . 211 9.136 9.156 9.593 9.313 9.351 9.768 1C.165 10.871 1C.765 11.296 11.776 12.118 7.359 7.262 7.459 7.958 7.773 7.635 7 . 7 37 6.863 7 . 503 7. 946 8. 2 3 6 8.230 7.986 8.039 7.197 1.422 1 .371 1.305 1.283 1.344 1.342 1. 3 1 9 1. 295 1.312 1.336 1.309 1.137 1. 1 1 0 1 .131 1 . 131 TRANSPORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS EQUI PMENT4 ............................................................................... AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Includes quarrying. 2 Includes railroad and street cars. ....................................................... 3 Includes locomotives 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 64 Table B-39. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) 1960 IN D O S T F Y ALL IN D U S T R IE S ..................................................................................................... ... 4.0C4 3.930 3 .936 5.373 5.301 5.380 6.532 6.595 6. 6 7 8 6. 8 6 7 7.035 6. 617 6. 6 4 3 FU F N I T U R E .................................................................................................. if. 3 3 0 4.248 4. 214 4.060 5. 2 67 5. 2 4 4 5. 3 7 1 5.458 6.267 6.332 6.417 C H E M IC A L S AND P ET RO L E U M AND C O A L .................................................................................. ...................... ALLIED P R O D U C T S ..................................................................... 1971 1972 1973 1974 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 6.780 6.843 6.865 6.800 6.856 5.710 5.496 5.519 5 . 180 4.820 5.651 5.59 4 5 . 6 30 5. 186 4. 8 0 4 3.732 2.874 4. 072 4.111 4.017 5 . 290 5. 2 7 3 5. 2 7 7 5. 168 5.171 7.062 7.072 7.158 7.581 6.667 7.474 7.162 6.470 6.3C3 6.233 6.040 6.454 6. 3 4 5 6.256 6.014 3.947 3.886 3.785 5.601 5.503 5.373 7.283 7 . 1 49 7.069 7 . C13 0.379 0.378 0.382 0.375 0.392 0.387 0.377 0.399 0.398 0.394 0.378 C.384 0.414 0.391 0.403 3.542 3.556 3.670 3.805 3.923 4.048 4 . 180 4 . 184 4 . 379 4.548 4.571 4.671 4.802 4.893 4.832 AND C O N C R E T E 1 ........................................................... 6.342 6.258 6.248 6. 1 4 1 6. €.084 6. C 2 1 5.695 5.672 5.457 5.397 5.557 5.681 5.505 5. 245 9.310 9.345 8.973 8.794 8.916 ................................................................................. 10.294 10.321 9. 971 10.149 10.256 E L E C T R I C AT 3 ....................................................................... STONE, CLAY, GLASS, M E T A L S 2 ..................................................................................................................... FABRICATED METAL MACHINERY, EYCFPT FT.FCTRT CAT, EQUIPMENT AND 1970 ........................................................................... AND M I S C E L L A N E O U S TRAN SPO RTA TIO N 521 1969 M F R S ....................... ......................... ...................... PR O DUCTS R UBBER INSTRUMENTS 6.436 7.229 6. 5 2 9 PRIN TIN G 1 0 0 . CCC 6. 7.501 6.670 GOODS 100.000 100.000 1OO. CCO 6.790 7.926 ....... .......................................................................... E R CD U C TS LEATHER 1968 1966 7.056 .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 1967 1965 6. 9 6 2 6. 5 2 9 7 . 150 M IL L PRIMARY 10C. OCC 7.317 AND AND 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1964 7 . 177 A P PA RE L AND 1963 7 .010 TEXTILE P AP ER 1962 7.138 FOOD AND TU BA CC O LUMBER 1961 PRODUCTS 212 8. 882 8.458 8.347 8.355 8.304 8.196 7.817 7.656 7 . 8 37 8.080 10.313 10.182 9.855 9.946 1 0 . 0 84 10.199 10.30 6 10.283 10.351 10.204 1 2 . 163 13.633 13.724 13.613 13.686 13.985 14.103 14.148 14.324 14.668 14.637 14.541 14.227 14.363 14.791 ........................................................ 10.647 11.087 11.119 11.203 11.250 11.419 11 . 3 7 7 11.228 11.389 11.807 12.499 12.435 12.646 13.034 13.391 E Q U I P M E N T 4 .................................................................................... 6.660 6.541 6.935 6.944 7.006 7.139 7 .229 6.982 7 . 275 7. 675 8.C96 8.287 8.044 8.166 7.892 2.C45 2.016 1.953 1.931 1.920 1.904 1.908 2. C 1 0 1.972 1 . 9 80 1.964 1.860 1.813 1.857 1.913 AND RET.ATFD 1 Includes quarrying 2 Includes railroad and street cars. SU PPL IE S P R O D U C T S ........................................................... 3 Includes locomotives. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars. 65 Table B-40. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUST FY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1960 1965 1966 1967 ............................................................................................................ 50.9 59. 8 63.3 67.9 75.0 79.1 87.2 1CC.0 POOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 65.1 66.0 70.5 83. 1 87. 1 91.7 98.0 100.0 10 T E X T I L E MI LL 77.8 80. 1 78.7 81.7 80. 5 90.0 92.9 1CC.0 107.0 ALL I N D U S T R I E S PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ ............................................................................ 69.5 72.9 92.9 80.3 82.6 89.2 101 . 0 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E 1 ........................................................................................... 79.9 80.9 82. 1 83. 9 87.7 90.1 90 . 2 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................ 57. 5 66.2 7C.2 73.3 79.C 82.1 90.3 05.6 50.2 57.8 65.7 72.0 82.9 05.9 50.1 63.0 72.2 80.8 59.5 01.8 68.1 73.2 75.7 80.6 82.0 89. 1 ....................................................... 61.0 67.2 72.6 70. 0 82.2 80.0 88.8 10C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ............................................................................................................. 05.6 50.8 50.3 56.7 68. 71. 0 82.3 10C.C 66. 10C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS CHEMI CALS AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL ............................................................... 02.0 ..................................................................... 37.9 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS MF B S ................................................................... S T O NE , PRIMARY CL AY, GLASS, METALS PRODUCTS AND CONCRETE 2 FABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S .................................................... .. ..................... 60. 1 60.9 60. 0 1 73.5 75.0 85.0 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L 09.9 56.0 59. 2 60. 1 71.8 72.0 78.2 ELECTRICAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S ...................... . .......................... 09. 1 55.6 59.6 61.1 69.5 69.8 83.2 TRANS PORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS ............................................................................... AND RELATED PRCLUCTS 1 Excludes furniture. EQUI PMENT ................................................................... ....................................................... 39.0 06.0 51.6 50.8 71.1 78.5 85.6 55.2 60.7 72.7 81.2 87.3 86.9 95.5 2 Excludes printing. 66 1968 112.0 .3 1969 1970 1971 1972 126.3 14C.4 145.8 161. 4 112.8 122.0 126.5 137 . 4 1C9.8 114.9 119.1 126.3 10C.3 106.3 108.3 110.9 112.1 118, 0 102. 120. 1 1 0^ . 5 1 126.3 112.0 112. 1 127.7 143. 3 147. 9 158.5 131.2 156.0 170.7 185.4 118.0 136.7 157. 6 165. 1 171 . 3 103.8 113.5 126.4 136.5 160.3 109.6 118.7 13C.7 133.8 146 . 4 111.2 129.6 142.4 143.9 164.2 118.2 130.7 142.4 147.4 164. 7 127.0 141.5 160. 2 156.7 169.9 118.6 142.8 154. 4 161. 4 187. 4 106. 1 119.2 135. 1 150.1 161.8 106. 3 123.2 141. 6 140.2 151.8 Table B-41. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUSTRY 1560 ALL I N D U S T R I E S ...............................,............................................................................. 43.7 1961 51.3 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 55.6 62. 2 71.8 74.6 84.2 10 C. C 114.4 132.4 150.8 154.9 166.3 127.5 52. C 56.2 60.8 75. 3 81.7 86.9 95. 2 100.0 102.5 1C8.9 117.1 120.7 ....................................................................................... 76.7 80.6 78.1 81.8 86. 1 91.3 94.4 1CC.C 104.4 1C4.9 108.3 109.0 107.8 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS . . ...................................................................... 42.7 48.4 65.6 70.4 75. 5 81. 4 96.4 102.9 113.3 119.9 123.3 125.3 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E 1 . , ....................................................................................... 71.4 75. 6 77. 3 81.7 86.7 87.7 93.1 104.3 111.0 115.7 114. 1 117.0 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................. H€ . 2 58.3 62.3 69.0 78.1 80.0 89.7 110.4 124.4 141. 0 144. 4 153.3 FOOD AND TOBACCO TEXTI LE B ill CHEMICALS ...................................................................................................... ERCDUCTS ....................................................... 49.1 57.0 62.3 66.0 76. 1 78. 4 85. 4 10C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.8 124.0 138.7 140.9 150.5 ............................................................................................................. 39.1 48.6 48.2 54. 6 67. 5 68. 7 78.9 1CC.C 114.5 136.7 153.8 151.1 165.6 4 1.7 49. 1 51.7 57. 9 67.6 69.1 81.8 121.0 143.3 165.3 170.7 189. 3 39.3 50. 8 55.3 61.9 70.8 68.0 75.3 131 . 8 156.1 186.9 180.4 186.7 22. 3 43. 8 50.2 53.6 63.3 61 . 6 75.9 1C C . 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 128.9 170.9 199. 2 203.0 229. 9 115. 1 131.0 15C.6 166.9 184. 9 109. 8 131.1 158. 0 158.3 169.2 AND AL L I E D ................................................................ 38.0 43.6 49.7 58.3 68.1 74.5 84.7 ....................................... .............................. 32. 9 39.5 44.5 53.2 63.0 72.4 83. 1 MF RS ................................................................... 43.9 53.2 58.8 65.8 73.9 75.4 86.0 PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, PRIMARY GL AS S , METALS AND CONCRETE FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NERY, EXCEPT ELE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS E LE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT .................................................................. .................................................... .............................................................................. AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Excludes furniture. ........................................................................... ................................................ 26.4 33. 9 38.1 42.5 59.3 66.9 77.1 42.5 52.9 63.0 74.2 83.1 82.3 93.7 2 Excludes printing. 67 112.2 131.4 156. 3 167. 0 173. 1 118.3 141. 4 166. 1 182.1 190.4 106.3 120.2 136.8 145.8 164.8 Table B-42. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72 (Indexes, 1967 = 100) I NDUSTFY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 19 6 C 1961 1962 1963 1960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 79.6 85.8 87.8 91.7 9 5. 2 90. 3 96.6 1CC. C 1 C2. 1 104.8 107.4 106.3 103.0 56.2 96.6 56.0 95.4 92.8 57.6 55.5 94.3 91.5 85.3 1C 2 . 6 106.6 110.8 120.8 95.8 99.0 98. 1 95.0 92. 6 98.4 97.6 96.8 ............................................................................................................ 85.7 96.3 95.9 FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS . . ..................................................................... 69.3 75.6 80.3 87. 5 92.0 92. 1 96.3 100. C 100.0 1C 0 . 0 10C. O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1CC. C MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L ..................................... ............................. 78.6 90. 2 93. 0 96. 5 56.7 90.0 96.0 ELECTRICAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S ........ ........................................... 67.7 78.9 80.3 87. 8 51.2 88.2 91 . 2 67.0 73.0 73.9 77.0 83.5 85.1 90.0 76.9 81.8 86.7 91.5 95.2 90.7 98.1 FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 79.8 80.7 86.3 T E X T I L E MI L L 98.6 100.7 99.2 ............................................................................ 61.4 66.3 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E 1 ........................................................................................... 89.0 93. 0 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................ 83.9 88.0 88.8 CHEMI CALS ............................................................... 9C. 3 95.6 99.C ..................................................................... 86.9 90.6 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS M F R S .................................................................. 73.8 STONE, CLAY, ....................................................... 79.9 APPAREL ERODUCTS AND LEATBER GOODS AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND CCAL PRI MARY ............................................... ...................................... GLASS, METALS TRANS PORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS AND CONCRETE EQUI PMENT ............................................................................... AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Excludes furniture. PRODUCTS ....................................................... 93.8 90.7 96.7 1 101. 9 101. 5 1C 1 . 6 70.7 83. 5 91. 0 91. 3 95.0 90. 2 97. 0 9 6.5 97.0 98.8 90.6 100. 90. 1 96.5 97.0 100.9 1C3.6 103.6 96.9 98.2 99.3 78.1 80.3 86.9 80.8 85.8 88.8 95.5 9 5.7 96. 2 2 Excludes printing. 68 99.0 100.0 102.2 102.8 91.6 91.9 96.6 92.7 92.9 96. 2 99.C 113.0 98.6 97.4 100.1 100. 2 102. 4 102.0 100.2 100. 2 97. 8 93. 4 1C 3 . 4 1 C 5. 4 110.2 106.0 108. 2 1C6.9 104.4 106.1 1C5.4 111.1 102.8 102.8 102.9 105.5 108.0 105.0 100.9 1C2.3 1C9.7 116.0 115.8 114.9 1CC.0 1C3.7 110.3 116.7 115. 1 109.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.7 119.7 129. 0 125.8 122.7 108 .4 109.9 111. 5 111. 1 114. 3 103. 3 106. 5 111. 112.9 111.4 6 Table B-43. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUST FY ALL I N D U S T R I E S ................................................................................................... . . . FOOD AND TOBACCO TEXTI LE MILL ...................................................................................................... ERCDUCTS 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1CC.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 1C5.1 98.2 98.5 108.4 68.0 122.6 73. 4 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 0 1C0.0 1 CC . C 1 CC.0 1C0.0 1C C . 0 1C0.0 102.2 102.6 99.9 88.5 82.4 79.0 76.9 76.8 65.8 61.2 62.2 58. 2 54.6 52.2 47.5 44.7 44.7 42 . 8 10 3. 8 91.5 94. 2 96.8 83.5 74.8 70.3 64.4 58.5 57.4 69.0 67.6 64.2 59.4 55.4 52.7 49.9 48.9 46. 5 1 97 1 1972 100.0 75.4 ....................................................................................... 77.5 73.2 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................. 105.9 101.9 LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E 1 ............................................................. ............................. 86.5 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................. 110.5 116.6 116.9 113. 8 11C.3 109.4 1C9.1 105 .4 105.3 106.5 107.6 106.9 10 3 . 5 CHEMI CALS ................................................................ 18!. 9 185. 2 192.6 2C6.7 211.7 220.9 231 . 0 242.9 243.1 252.2 269. 9 284. 5 279. 1 ................................................... ................. .266.0 269. 3 279.7 307.2 324.0 351.6 357.1 385.4 4 06.0 417.0 432.5 436.7 409. 1 78.9 82.9 84.2 81 . 1 77.8 75.4 74.3 72.7 67. 4 65.3 65. 5 68.1 72.3 ....................................................... 116.5 117.0 119.3 114.0 113.3 110.9 105.9 104.0 1C1.7 97.8 96.8 95.5 94.4 ............................................................................................................ 118.2 120.9 113.0 118.8 128.5 128.3 134. 2 142. 2 141.2 145.8 144.2 140.4 144.7 95.2 94.2 88.4 84. 5 84.6 82. 3 84.6 86.8 91.6 89.8 88.1 87.8 88 . 6 92. 1 96. 4 95. 8 96.6 97.2 93.6 91.7 102.3 116.0 114 .6 116.7 110.0 107.7 AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , PRIMARY METALS MF RS ................................................................... AND CONCRETE FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... MACHI NERY, EXCEPT EL E CT R I C AL ELECTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON EQUI PMENT .................................................................. .................................................... 90.2 ............................................................................... 92. 5 I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Excludes furniture. ....................................................... 81.7 80. 4 93. 6 77.0 88.8 94. 8 90. 6 92.8 96 .1 1CC.7 106.6 113.9 110.7 111.5 116.9 1 105.1 104.2 121.5 128.0 126.7 128.9 122.1 121.7 124.0 132. 8 129. 3 87. 8 93.3 97.0 93.9 89.2 88.9 81.2 81.8 78.0 76. 4 100. 2 Excludes printing. 69 77.0 79. 1 Table B-44. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUST FY 1960 1961 1962 1964 1963 1965 1966 1967 1 968 1970 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1C C . 0 0 0 100. OCO 100.000 10C . 0 0 0 100.000 ............................................................................................................ 1 0 0 . COO FOOD AND T 0 E A C C 0 ....................................................................................................... 12.235 11.251 11.234 12.431 11.695 11.967 11.616 10.276 9.201 TEXTILE HI LL ALL I N D U S T R I E S 1969 8. 453 7.979 197 1 1CC.000 197 2 100.000 8.009 7.881 12.951 11.577 10.360 9.689 8.842 9.025 8. 2 6 1 7. 372 6 . 7 29 5.841 5.296 5.188 4.780 ............................................................................ 3.503 3.377 4 . 230 4.053 3.766 3.908 4.101 3.583 3.223 3.067 2.849 2.852 2.699 LUMBER ANE F U R N I T U R E 1 ........................................................................................... 5.041 4.899 4 . 6 27 4.368 4 . 0 16 3.912 3.676 3.327 3.032 2.790 2.553 2.451 2.342 PAPER ANE P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................ 3.881 3.987 3. 9 40 3. 893 3. 823 3.766 3.742 3.513 3 .391 3.301 CHEMI CALS ............................................................... 9. 631 9.601 10.106 10.587 10.725 11 . 2 9 4 11 . 3 6 9 11.306 11.084 11.222 ..................................................................... 1.039 1.062 1. 104 1.178 1 .209 1 .339 1 .360 1 .379 1.425 APPAREL EFODUCTS ........................................................................................ AND LEATHER GOODS ANE AL L I E D PRODUCTS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 1.472 3.286 3.276 3. 240 11.713 12.192 1 1.772 1. 5 1 9 1. 6 2 1 1. 5 7 9 RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS MF R S ................................................................... 5.102 5.259 5.369 5.364 5.219 5.126 5.184 5.073 4 . 7 13 4. 6 0 8 4 . 602 4.777 5.03C S T O N E , CL A Y , 6.301 6.223 6.278 5.944 5.942 5.886 5.685 5.6C4 5.475 5. 249 5 . 154 5.099 5.072 10.109 PRIMARY GLASS, METALS AND CCNCFETE ....................................................... ............................................................................................................. 9.C83 9.599 8.789 8.898 9.542 9.348 9.505 1 0 . 147 10.151 10.480 10.347 9.898 FABRI CATED METAI P R O D U C T S ............................................................................ 6.118 6.133 5.969 5.961 6.037 5.939 6.231 6.413 6.781 6.942 7.C29 7.070 7.300 MACHI NERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L .................................. ................................ 9.274 10.218 10.268 10.255 10.177 9. 408 9.228 1 C.316 11.880 12.163 12.786 12.014 1 1.586 ELECTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S ..................................................... 7.437 8. 3 3 4 8. 816 8.405 8.611 8.054 8.798 9.762 10.995 12.604 12.895 12.794 13.497 ............................................................................... 6.214 6.796 7.057 7.025 6. 5C6 9.227 9.426 10.295 10.352 10.189 10.281 11.091 11.451 1. 5 9 0 1.684 1.852 1.949 1.890 1. 8 0 2 1 .817 1.633 1.567 1.618 1.711 1.669 1. 6 6 2 TRANS PORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS EQUI PMENT AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Excludes furniture. ....................................................... 2 Excludes printing. 70 Table B-45. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72 (Indexes, all manufacturing = 100) I NDUSTRY I960 ALL I N D U S T R I E S .................................................................................................. ,. . . 1 0 0 . COO 1961 1963 1962 1964 1965 1966 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1967 1 0 0 . OCC 1 968 1969 100.000 10C . 0 0 0 1970 19 7 1 1 0 0 . COO 1 C C . 0 0 0 1972 100.000 11.649 11.453 11.401 11.472 11.444 11.662 11.626 11.609 1 1 . 163 10.697 10.379 1C.424 10.454 ....................................................................................... 16.006 15.822 15.237 14.734 14.441 14.513 14.190 1 3 . M51 12.888 12.299 11.840 11.615 11.173 APPAREL AND LEATHER GOCDS ............................................................................ 3.3C8 3.313 3.450 3.906 4.116 4.149 4.236 4. 288 4. 309 4.364 4.423 4.875 4.703 LUMBER AND F U R NI T U R E 1 ........................................................................................... 6.292 6.094 6.006 5.950 o IN OO in 5.786 5.727 5.6C3 5.476 5.295 5.118 5.011 5.037 PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................. 3.512 3. 4 1 8 3. 371 3.422 3.465 3.444 3.430 3.334 3.219 3.100 3.055 3.063 3. 1 30 FOOD AND TOBACCO TEXTI LE MILL ...................................................................................................... PBCDUCTS CHEMI CALS AND AL L I E D PRODUCTS ................................................................ 5.289 5. 184 5. 2 4 6 5. 122 5. 066 5.112 4.922 4.654 4 .560 4.449 4.341 4.285 4. 218 ..................................................................... 0 . 290 0.394 0.395 0.383 C.373 0 .381 0.381 0.358 0.351 0.353 0.351 0.371 0. 386 MFRS................................................................... 6.465 6.346 6.376 6.612 6.712 6. 7 9 7 6.975 6.975 6.992 7. 053 7.030 7.015 6.961 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS RUBBER AND MI SCELLANEOUS STONE, CLAY, PRIMARY ....................................................... 5.411 5.320 5.262 5.216 5.245 5.306 5.367 5.387 5. 281 5. 3 6 8 5. 323 5.341 5.374 ............................................................................................................. 7.684 7.941 7.777 7.491 7.424 7.285 7.082 7 . 138 7.191 7.187 7.176 7.052 6.987 6.427 6.509 6.753 7.051 7 . 138 7.214 7. 362 7.287 7 . U01 7.732 7.983 8.053 8.238 9.962 10.595 10.722 10.612 10.459 10.055 10.062 1 0 . C€ 5 10.244 1C.616 10.957 1C.926 10.760 8.249 8.906 9. 301 9.277 9.283 9.068 9.155 9.694 10.314 11.070 11.644 11.476 11.542 6.716 6.788 6. 716 6.744 7.CC3 7.207 7.442 7.985 8.476 8.373 8.289 8.352 8.8 59 1.946 1.918 1.986 2.008 2.C13 2.021 2.043 2.013 2.035 2.045 2.091 2. 1 3 9 2. 1 7 7 GL AS S , METALS AND CONCRETE FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS MACHI NERY, EXCEPT ELE CTRI CAL EQUI PMENT AND S U P P L I E S TRANSPORTATI ON I NSTRUMENTS E LE CTR I C AL EQUI PMENT .................................................................. .................................................... .............................................................................. AND RELATED PRODUCTS 1 Excludes furniture. ........................................................................... ...................................................... 2 Excludes printing. 71 Appendix C. Selected References Kux, Jaroslav. Methodological Problems o f International Comparison o f Levels o f Labour Productivity in Industry. New York, United Nations, 1971, 99 pages. (United Nations Statistical Commission and Economic Commission for Europe, Conference of European Statisticians, Statistical Standards and Studies, No. 21). Chandler, John H., and Patrick C. Jackman. Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing; Trends in Nine Countries, 1950-65. Bulletin 1518. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966, 34 pp. Daly, D. J. Estimates o f Manufacturing Productivity Levels, United States, Canada and Japan. Downsview, Ontario, York University, July 1976, 9 pages. (Part of a study supported by the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources). Paige, Deborah, and Gottfried Bombach. A Comparison o f National Output and Productivity o f the United Kingdom and the United States. Paris, Organization for European Economic Co-operation, 1959,245 pp. Gilbert, Milton, and associates. Comparative National Products and Price Levels; a Study o f Western Europe and the United States. Paris, Organization for European Economic Co-operation, 1958,168 pp. Shelton, William C., and John H Chandler. “Technical Note—International Compari sons of Unit Labor Cost: Concepts and Methods” , Monthly Labor Review, May 1963, pp. 538-47. Gilbert, Milton, and Irving B. Kravis. An International Comparison o f National Prod ucts and the Purchasing Power o f Currencies. Paris, Organization for European Economic Co-operation, 1954,203 pp. Siegel, Irving H. “On the Design of Consistent Output and Input Indexes for Produc tivity Measurement” In Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 25,1961, pp. 23-46.) Grossman, Michael, and Victor R. Fuchs. “Intersectoral Shifts and Aggregate Produc tivity Change” In American Statistical Association, Business and Economic Statis tics Section, Proceedings, 1972, pp. 66-75. United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. International Comparisons o f Labour Productivity in the Iron and Steel Industry. Report No. ST/ECE/Steel 20, 1967. Hill, T. P. The Measurement o f Real Product. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, February 1971,119 pp. West, E. C. Canada-United States Price and Productivity Differences in Manufactur ing Industries, 1963, Staff Study No. 32. Ottawa, Economic Council of Canada, 1971,81 pp. Kravis, Irving B. “A Survey of International Comparisons of Productivity” , In The Economic Journal, the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Economic Society, Cam bridge University Press, March 1976, pp. 1-44 Wise, David A. An International Comparison o f Unit Labor Cost in the Iron and Steel Industry, 1964: United Slates, France, Germany, United Kingdom. Bulletin 1580. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1968, 64 pp. Kravis, Irving B., and associates. A System o f International Comparisons o f Gross Product and Purchasing Power. Produced by the Statistical Office of the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Comparison Unit of the University of Pennsylvania, 1975,294 pp. Yukizawa, Kenzo lapanese and American Manufacturing Productivity: A n Interna tional Comparison o f Physical Output per Head. Discussion Paper No. 087, Kyoto, Kyoto Institute of Economic Research, March 1975, 39 pp. ☆ 72 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 0-241-016 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES Region V Region I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617)223-6761 Region II Region VI Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 399-5405 Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214)749-3516 Region III Regions VII and VIII* 3535 Market Street P.O. 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