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FAMI LY
WELFARE
C O M M U N IT Y
HEALTH “^W ELFARE
EXPEN D ITU RES
IN W A R T I M E
WELFARE
1 9 4 2 W
1 9 4 0 -------
30 URBAN AREAS
HE A L T
Edward E. S c h w artz
iH«>
El oi se
U. S.
R.
Sherman
DEPARTMENT
FRANCES
PERKINS
C H I L D R E N'S
T
KATHARINE
F.
LABOR
BUREAU
LE NRO O T - CHIEF
Bureau
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
OF
“ SECRETARY
Publication
302
19
4 4
CONTENTS
P ag«
Foreword______________________________ ___ ______________ _________________________
Setting of health and welfare services: 1940-42______ .______________ _______________
Rise in employment and earnings___________________ __________________________
Population changes in urban areas_ _ . _______________ ______ __________________
Changes in community organization for health and welfare services____________
Measuring changes in health and welfare services__________________________________
Areas and services included_______________________________________________ :____
Expenditures as a measuring rod___________________ __________ s________________
Use of descriptive reports from the areas______________________________________
Changes in the first war year— in brief__________________ _______ ___________________
Changes in financing______ ____________________________________________________
Changes in programs__________________________________________________________
Child welfare______________________________________________________________________
Changes in expenditures for child welfare______________________________________
Effects of the war on child-welfare expenditures______________ _________________
AuspiceS of agencies providing child-welfare services________________________ ___
Changes in financing child-welfare services_____________________________________
Family welfare and relief_____________ _____ ,__________________________________ _____
Changes in expenditures for family welfare and relief__________________ _______
Effects of the war on public financial assistance________________________________
Effects of the war on services to adults and families___________________________
Changes in financing family welfare and relief__________________________ -______
Health services.__________ _____________________________ __________i ________________
Changes in expenditures for health services_____________________________________
Effects of the war on expenditures for health services___________ ______________
Hospital care__ _____________ . . . _______________________________ 1_____________
Health services other than hospital care_______________________________________
Changes in financing health services___________________________________________
Group-work and leisure-time activities________________________________________________
Changes in expenditures for group-work and leisure-time activities__ __________
Effects of the war on group-work and leisure-time expenditures_________________
Changes in financing group-work and leisure-time activities__________ i_________
Planning, financing, and coordinating services._________ ___________________________
Changes in expenditures for planning, financing, and coordinating services____.
Effects of the war on expenditures for planning, financing, and coordinating
services___________ ________________________________________________________
Changes in financing planning, financing, and coordinating services____________
Local factors in changes in health and welfare expenditures________________ ________
Methods and procedures used in this study_________________________________________
Coverage of the study__________________________ ,______________________________
Use of estim ates._____ ^______________________ _____ ____________________________
Comparability of 1942 and 1940 data__________ ______________________________ __
Computation of aggregate change_____________________________________________
Further uses of the data____________________________________________________________
Uses of per capita data_____;________________ ____________ _____________________
Considerations of the population at risk________________________ _____________ 35
An illustration of analysis of per capita expenditures__________________________
Development of per capita analysis in communities____ _______________________
Establishment of standards of expenditures___ ________________________________
Appendix tables ___________
in
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F o rew o rd
The preparation o f this Nation for war and its entrance into the war
inevitably produced important changes in the scope and nature of the support
ing community services. The general outlines of some of these changes are
well known to persons connected with specific health and welfare programs.
However, a panoramic view o f changes in the broad health and welfare fields
that have accompanied entrance into the war has not been available up to this
time. The expressed need of officials responsible for the planning, organiza
tion, and maintenance o f local community health and welfare services for a
comprehensive and quantitative statement o f the adjustment o f health and
welfare programs to the war situation motivated the undertaking of the
present study.
Since 1930 the Children’s Bureau has conducted the social-statistics project
to assist urban communities in developing comparable statistical data on the
operation o f health and welfare agencies. As an integral part o f this project,
data were collected in 1936 (in cooperation with Community Chests and Coun
cils, Inc.), in 1938, and in 1940 on expenditures o f health and welfare agencies
m urban areas. The councils o f social agencies, community chests, and other
central planning agencies in the large communities cooperating with the Chil
dren’s Bureau in the social-statistics project urged the undertaking of the
expenditure study for 1942 as a basis for community planning in the war
emergency.
The social-statistics project has been from its inception an entirely voluntary
and cooperative enterprise between the local communities and the Children’s
Bureau. For each community participating in the project a local planning
agency; usually the council of social agencies, names a staff member as local
supervisor to be responsible for collecting reports from operating agencies
ftnd for forwarding ^the data to the Children’s Bureau. "With the wartime
necessity for maintaining only the most essential governmental activities it
has been necessary for the participating communities, through the supervisors
to assume an increasingly larger measure o f responsibility for the project. For
this report each supervisor not only collected statistical data from all local
welfare and health agencies but also prepared summary tabulations for his area.
The supervisors also submitted statements descriptive o f conditions in their
areas, and these statements form the basis for much o f the interpretation
given in this report. In addition the supervisors assisted in providing field
supervision by establishing themselves in five regional organizations, with a
supervisor in each region serving as regional secretary. The regional secre
taries assisted in planning the study, arranged instructional meetings, and
coordinated contacts between various local supervisors and the vChildren’s
Bureau.
The following agencies contributed the time o f the regional secretaries, who
not only conducted the study in their own communities but also assisted
neighboring communities to meet, the requirements of the study: Syracuse
Community Chest and Council; Dayton Bureau o f Community Service; Social
Planning Council o f St. Louis; Council of Social Agencies o f Dallas; Council
o f Social Agencies of Los Angeles.
The names o f the local supervisors, including the regional secretaries, are
listed on page iv. In a very real sense this is their report. Acknowledgment
is also made o f consultation and assistance given by the technical subcommittee
o f the Children’s Bureau Advisory Committee on Social Statistics.
hi
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The study was supervised by Edward E. Schwartz, Director o f the Division
o f Statistical Research o f the Children’s Bureau $ and the report was prepared
bv him and Eloise R. Sherman. Evelyn Davis had charge o f the statistical
editing and tabulation o f the data.
In addition to the statistical product resulting from the study, the highly
cooperative process through which it was conducted yielded positive values in
demonstrating some o f the possibilities o f constructive relationships between a
Federal governmental agency and local agencies, both public and private.
K a t h a r in e F. L enroot , Chief,
Children'8 Bureau, U. S. Department o f Labor
LOCAL SUPERVISORS IN AREAS PARTICIPATING IN STUDY
Ralph E. Pumphrey, Community Chest and Council, Syracuse, N. Y., Regional Secretary.
Rita E. Beuchert, Council o f Social Agencies, Washington, D. C.
James C. Faw, Council o f Social Agencies, Richmond, Va.
Sara Kerr (alternate, Mrs. Jane Skinner), Buffalo Foundation, Buffalo, N. Y.
Banbah Kilroy (alternate, Mrs. Clinton M. Brown), Community Chest, Springfield,
Mass.
Earl L. Koos, Council o f Social Agencies, Rochester, N. Y.
Anna D. Ward, Council o f Social Agencies, Baltimore, Md.
Barbara A. Wells (alternate, Leroy A. Ramsdell), Council o f Social Agencies, Hart
ford, Conn.
Mrs. Adelaide S. Weyler, Council of Social Agencies, Providence, R. I.
Kenneth Wood, Bureau of Community Service, Dayton, Ohio, Regional Secretary.
G. B. Cottrell, Welfare Federation, Canton, Ohio.
Norma R. Kutler (alternate, W. F. McCullough), Welfare Federation, Cleveland, Ohio.
E. J. Larrick, Community Chest, Akron, Ohio.
Ellery F. Reed, Community Chest o f Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Mrs. Louise R. Wood (alternate, Ernest Greenwood), Council o f Social Agencies,
Louisville, Ky.
Myron Gwinner, Social Planning Council, St. Louis, Mo., Regional Secretary.
Mrs. Edith J. Burks, Community Welfare Council, Wichita, Kans.
Owen R. Davison, Council of Social Agencies, Kansas City, Mo.
Mrs. Mary S. Hughes, Community Fund, Sioux City, Iowa.
Charles I. Madison (alternate, Alice Whipple), Community Chest, Des Moines, Iowa.
Helen R. Noyes (alternate, Clifford C. King), Council o f Social Agencies, Omaha, Nebr.
James K. Phillips, Council of Social Agencies, Milwaukee, Wis.
Mrs. Eloise R. Sherman, Council of Social Agencies, Dallas, Tex., Regional Secretary.
Harold Braun (alternate, Mrs. Irene F. Conrad), Council o f Social Agencies, Houston,
Tex.
Vilona P. Cutler (alternate, Steve Nelson), The Community Fund, Oklahoma City,
Okla.
Chester Fischer, Council of Social Agencies, New Orleans, La.
Mrs. Reydonia Miller, Community Chest, Birmingham, Ala.
Margaret D. Yates, Council o f Social Agencies, Fort Worth, Tex.
Helen C. Dean, Council o f Social Agencies, Los Angeles, Calif., Regional Secretary.
Frank M. Moncrief, Community Chest, San Francisco, Calif.
IV
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Community Health and Welfare Expenditures
in Wartime
Setting o f Health and W elfare Services, 1940-42
The transition from a peacetime to a war
time economy ‘that took place in the years 1940,
1941, and 1942, set in motion pervasive social
forces affecting virtually all the people o f the
country. As the fortunes o f families changed,
old needs disappeared and new ones emerged.
Many people formerly in financial need became
self-supporting; others became needy in ways
new to them. Many people for the first time
made a claim on the welfare and health serv
ices o f the community.
Social forces characteristic o f the times and
important in shaping the needs for health and
welfare services included the unprecedented in
crease in production, employment, and income;
the rise in the cost of living; the surge of
workers from country places to towns ^and
cities; the phenomenal increase in marriages
and in births; and the mobilization of youth,
men, and women into the armed forces o f the
country.
Rise in Employment
and Earnings.
The upswing in economic activity that took
place from 1940 to 1942 was as dramatic and
as sweeping as the decline of a decade before.
The boom-like conditions resulting from de
fense work melted labor reserves frozen in
unemployment. According to Census Bureau
estimates, unemployment in the Nation stood at
about 8 million persons during the last half of
1940, which was less than one-half the number
that were jobless during the worst ¡years o f the
depression. The- entry o f the Nation into the
war and the conversion o f industry to all-out
war production forced a continued and sharp
decline in unemployment through 1941 ana
1942; and by the end o f 1942 unemployment in
the Nation had reached a new low of 1,500,000
persons.
Unemployment among Negroes, as well as
among white persons, declined rapidly during
this period. The Census Bureau reports that
in October 1940, when total unemployment was
7,400,000, 13 percent o f the white and 21 per
cent o f the nonwhite workers in the labor force
were unemployed; 2 years later, unemploy
ment had dropped to about 3 percent for white
and about 5 percent for nonwhite workers.
Women and children were likewise drawn
into the labor market in increased numbers.
In December 1942, 4,300,000 more women were
working than 2 years earlier. Children, too,
were attracted to jobs, especially jobs in retail
or wholesale mercantile establishments, such as
delivery and errand work, waiting on cus
tomers, and working as “ soda jerkers.
Youth
ful workers, 16 and 17 years of age, found
employment in increasing numbers in manu
facturing industries, such as aircraft factories,
shipyards, and textile mills. The number of
employment certificates issued to children from
14 through 17 years o f age in 1942 for regular
and vacation employment was almost four
times as great as in 1940 (appendix table I I I ) .
The demand for child labor pressed against
and sometimes broke through existing childlabor laws and standards.
Total employment in the Nation advanced
steadily between 1940 and 1942, from 46,000,000
in December 1940 to 52,000,000 in December
1942. In addition the personnel o f the armed
forces increased by about 6,000,000. In most
metropolitan areas having concentrations o f
manufacturing industries the rate of increase
in employment was greater than in the Nation
as a whole.
The marked rise in employment in manu
facturing industries was exceeded by the rise
in pay rolls because o f upgrading o f positions,
increases in wage scales, and extension of the
workweek. In the manufacturing industries
o f the Nation the index o f pay rolls reached
new heights during 1942; in December 1942
indexes based on 1939 wages and employment
stood at 288 for weekly wages and 165 for
employment. W ith the increase in employ
ment and wages and the shift in production
from goods for civilian use to goods for war
use, a rise in the cost of living followed. The
imposition of Government price controls re
tarded the rise in the cost o f living. The cost
o f goods purchased by wage earners and lowsalaried workers in large cities increased about
16 percent between 1940 and 1942.
Civilian incomes advanced more rapidly on
the average from 1940 to 1942 than did the cost
o f living, as is shown in figure 1. Payments to
wage earners and salaried workers increased
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2
C ommunity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
from 63 percent o f all income payments to
individuals in 1940 to 69 percent in 1942. The
average annual compensation of employees, in
cluding wage earners and salaried workers in
private nonagricultural industry, increasêd 31
percent between 1940 and 1942 (from $1,327 to
$1,733). The increase im average earnings,
combined with the rise in employment, meant
that in spite o f increased cost o f living and in
creased taxation, many people were better able
in 1942 than in 1940 to purchase the services as
well as the commodities that they needed.
f ig u r e i
.— i n c o m e p a y m e n t s
L IV IN G , 1940-421
and co st
of
IN D E X , 1 9 4 0 = IOO
* Based on chart from Survey of Current Business (Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce), October
1943, by permission.
Not all families were better off in 1942 than
in 1940. Millions of people whose livelihood
depended upon fixed incomes, such as insurance
benefits, pensions, dependency allotments, as
sistance grants, and rigid low wages, found their
purchasing power seriously impaired and their
standard of living lowered by the increased cost
o f living. Even with the increase in average
income, two-fifths o f all families and single con
sumers had incomes o f less than $1,500 in 1942;
and the increase in the cost o f living was of
special import to this large sector of the popula
tion.
Population Changes in
Urban Areas.
During the period 1940 to 1942, most urban
areas experienced large-scale population shifts.
The civilian population in the metropolitan
areas o f the country increased more than 1y2
million. This increase,, in spite o f large with
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drawals o f men and women into the armed
forces, occurred principally because of the
migration o f workers from rural areas to the
cities, drawn by the manpower demands o f war
production plants and supporting service in
dustries. Adding to the population increase in
urban areas was the rise in the birth rate which
took place with the boom-like increase in em
ployment and income and the concomitant rise
in marriages. The birth rate rose from 17.9
per 1,000 population in 1940 to 21 in 1942. This
17-percent increase was the greatest reported for
any period of equal length since the establish
ment o f the birth registration area in 1915. In
1942 about 2,800,000 babies were born in the
United States, almost 500,000 more than in 1940.
Changes in Community Organization
for Health and Welfare Services.
As the. country united for war, community
concern about manpower and morale forced
into the public consciousness basic needs long
neglected in many communities. As the com
munity moved to meet social needs it became
apparent that many o f the war-related fac
tors, such as increased employment, that gave
rise to these needs both aided and plagued
efforts to administer needed services. The in
creasing availability of agency funds, partic
ularly o f private funds, was offset by problems
o f staff shortage, transportation, and rising
prices, which were common to new programs
as well as to programs established before the
war.
Some new organizations were established to
develop war-emergency programs. To a large
extent, however, existing organizations and fa
cilities were utilized. Many agencies whose
programs were immediately affected by the war
reoriented their programs to the new needs.
Others were unable to adapt themselves to
changed conditions. Moreover, not all changes
occurring during the war were the result o f
war conditions; many developments occurred
independently o f or in spite o f the war. Some
welfare and health activities in communities not
in the main stream o f war preparation seemed
to remain relatively unaffected during this
period.
The response to the war o f National, State
wide, and local agencies under public auspices
and under private auspices is reflected in large
part in thçir expenditures for service and oper
ations. The configuration o f health and wel
fare services provided to the people o f 30 large
urban communities in the first full year of the
country’s participation in the war is traced in
this report.
M easuring Changes in H ealth and W elfare Services
The Children’s Bureau, through the socialstatistics project, has received reports since
1930 on the volume o f health and welfare serv
ices provided in selected urban communities.
Beginning with 1936 annual reports also have
been obtained in alternate years on expendi
tures for services provided. When the war
came, the social-statistics project was imme
diately available for measuring the resulting
changes in health and welfare programs. These
changes are measured in this report by compar
ing expenditures for 1942 with similar data
for 1940. O f the 45 areas that have been able
to meet the requirements o f the project for
reporting the volume of service, 30 have also
been able to obtain, in 1940 and in 1942, the
financial information required for analysis of
expenditures.
Areas and Services
Included.
As is shown in figure 2, the 30 areas included
in this report are distributed widely over the
country. Though administrative rather than
statistical considerations determined the selec
tion of the areas, the 30 areas included repre
sent a substantial portion o f the large urban
communities in the Nation. The combined
civilian population o f the 30 areas in 1942 was
estimated at 16,570,000, or about one-fourth of
the total population of the metropolitan areas
in the country. Conclusions based on the data
reported by the 30 areas are believed to have
significance, in general, for urban health and
welfare programs in the United States.
A ll the major programs of a health or wel
fare nature in these communities are covered
in this report. Family relief, foster-home care,
nonprofit hospital service, community-center
activities, public-work programs—these and
many others are included. The types of serv
ices reported vary widely, ranging from the
provision o f food and shelter to the inten
sive study and treatment of personality and
behavior problems. Although the services in
cluded are community facilities, they should
not be thought o f as exclusively charitable
programs, for they are frequently available to
FIGURE 2. — L O C A T I O N O F T H E 30 U R B A N A R E A S P A R T I C I P A T I N G IN T H E S T U D Y
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4
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
all economic groups. However, organizations
operated for profit are excluded. Strictly ed
ucational or penal institutions and socialinsurance programs likewise are not considered
within the scope o f this report.
Expenditures reported relate to those health
and welfare services provided to the popula
tion o f the reporting areas. Many communi
ties make available hospital, child-welfare, and
other services to' nonresidents. Expenditures
for services to nonresidents are excluded from
this report, except those services to persons for
whom , the communities customarily have as
sumed responsibility; for example, services to
transients and travelers, nonresident unmarried
mothers, and, in 1942, persons in the armed
forces.
Expenditures as a
Measuring Rod.
Expenditure data offer the best single yard
stick that can be applied to the variety of
health and welfare programs in most American
communities. Other measurements, such as the
number o f hospital patient-days or the number
o f families given assistance by a relief agency,
might be applied to a specific program or
group o f programs, but the nature o f the
services provided by the various agencies in a
community differ so widely that it is not mean
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ingful to count them together. The dollar
is a common denominator o f all programs.
Variation in the purchasing power o f the
dollar, which was especially significant between
1*940 and 1942, affected the extent to which
changes in expenditures reflect changes in the
provision o f health and welfare services. Data
on the volume o f service provided, although
not yet available for publication, have been
used to determine whether increased expendi
tures indicate increased costs o f service or in
creased volume of service.
Use of Descriptive Reports
From the Areas.
Comments on National, State, and local de
velopments relating to changes in expenditures,
which were supplied by the areas along with
statistical reports on expenditures in 1940 and
1942, were used in generalizing on factors con
nected with changes. Although direct and
quantitative relationships could not be estab
lished between changes in expenditures and
the factors to which the changes were thought
to be related, the comments from a number
o f areas taken together represent informed
opinion as to the ways in which the war and
other social forces have influenced expendi
tures for health and welfare services.
Changes in the First W ar Year— In B rief
Expenditures for all health and welfare
services in 30 large urban areas were somewhat
under half a billion dollars in 1942— down onefifth from 1940. This decrease in expenditures
was largely the result o f a reduction o f nearly
two-fifths in relief and family-welfare expendi
tures, which, in 1940, were greater than ex
penditures for all «other health and welfare
services combined (fig. 3).
seven areas that spent more in 1942—Dallas,
Houston, Fort Worth, and Oklahoma City—
were the only areas that reported tin increase
in expenditures for family welfare and relief.
The recent establishment and the rapid growth
of the old-age-assistance and aid-to-dependentchildren programs in Texas and Oklahoma go
far in explaining the variation o f fhe four
southwestern communities from the general
FIGURE 3.— T O T A L H E A L T H A N D W E L F A R E E X P E N D I T U R E S IN 30 U R B A N A R E A S . 1940 A N D 1 9 4 2 M A J O R F I E L D S O F S E R V IC E
Millions o f dollars
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
----------- 1------------ 1------------1------------ 1------------1------------1
Total
Family welfare and relief
Health
Child welfare
Leisure time
Planning and finance
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
pattern of change. The range from an in
crease o f 29 percent in Dallas to a decrease of
41 percent in Akron points up the differences
Health services_______________________ 20 percent
in local changes and in the effects o f the war
Group-work and leisure-time activi
on the various areas.
ties_________________________________ 18 percent
The rise in the cost o f providing service,
Child-welfare services____________ .___ 9 percent
affecting the expenditures ox all the areas for
Planning, financing, and coordinating
all types o f health and welfare programs, was
services____________________
8percent
a most pervasive factor in the war changes;
even the sharp decline in relief expenditures
Twenty-three o f the thirty areas spent less
was somewhat retarded by increases in family
in 1942 than in 1940 for health and welfare
budgets because o f the rise in the cost o f living.
services, as is shown in figure 4. Four of the
Expenditures other than those for relief and
family welfare increased as follows:
5
577894 0 - 44 - 2
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6
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
F i g u r e 4 .C H A N G E
F R O M 1 9 40 T O 1942 IN T O T A L H E A L T H A N D W E L F A R E E X P E N D I T U R E S IN
30 U R B A N A R E A S , 1940 A N D 1942
Percentage change
-50
AREA
Total, 30 areas
-4 0
-3 0
-2 0
-10
0
+10
+20
+30
Dallas
Houston
Oklahoma City
Wichita
Ft. Worth
Hartford
Louisville
Richmond
Baltimore
Cincinnati
Kansas City, Mo.
Washington, D. C.
St. Louis
New Orleans
Birmingham
Dayton
Los Angeles
'S y rera ise
Sioux Xity
Providence
Rochester
Omaha
Des Moines
San Francisco
Canton
SpripgFiiefjd, Mass.
Buffalo
Milwaukee
Cleveland
Akron
Institutions with large fixed costs spent more
money in 1942, although the amount o f service
provided^ by some remained stable or even de
clined- from the 1940 level.
Improved economic conditions and the in
duction o f men and women into the armed
forces were powerful influences , in reshaping
health and welfare programs. Expenditures
for those; programs which are designed to meet
economic 'distress and which are provided
chiefly by public agencies declined, while ex
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penditures increased for those programs whose
purpose was to provide service for men in the
armed forces and their families.
Changes in
Financing.
Public-agency expenditures, which were more
than three times as great as private-agency ex
penditures in 1940, were little more than twice
those o f private agencies in 1942. The de
crease in the expenditures o f public agencies
7
C hanges in the F irst W ar Y ear
and the increase in those o f private agencies
are shown by the following data:
1942
1040
Auspices
Expendi
tures (in
thousands)
Expendi
tures (in
thousands)
Percent
All agencies............
$550,665
100.0
$446,313
100.0
Public...............................
Private.............................
430,257
120,408
78.1
21.9
298,729
147,584
66.9
33.1
Percent
The proportion o f public funds in the total
amounts spent for every major health and wel
fare service was less in 1942 than in 1940. Fed
eral funds dropped from 36 to 24 percent of
total expenditures, as is shown in figure 5. The
proportion o f local public and State funds in
total expenditures changed little, but the
amounts spent from these sources as well as
those from Federal funds dropped markedly.
Incom e from persons receiving service con
stituted almost twice as great a proportion o f
the total expenditures in 191$ as in 1940, and
was the chief factor in the increased im
portance o f private funds. A ll other types of
private funds combined— including contribu
tions through community chests and »other
channels and income from investments and
earnings— also increased in relation to total
health and welfare expenditures.
Changes in
Programs.
Behind the over-all changes in most of the
major fields o f service were offsetting shifts
in individual programs. For example, al
though total family-welfare expenditures de
creased, more money was spent for some types
of family welfare, notably the home-service
program o f the American Red Cross, sheltered
workshops, and service for the handicapped.
The important changes in individual programs
are listed here and described in more detail in
subsequent sections o f the report.
Child welfare.—The programs absorbing
most child-welfare funds—foster-home care,
protective services, and care o f dependent chil
dren in institutions—were less affected by the
war and showed less change in expenditures
than did:
Day-nursery care fo r children o f w ork
ing mothers, for which expenditures in
creased more than one-fifth; or
Services fo r delinquent children, for
which expenditures increased markedly in
response to growing interest in behavior
problems. Expenditures for institutional
care for delinquent children rose 14 percent
and those for probation and cither services
for delinquent children increased 10 per
cent.
Family welfare and relief.—Programs whose
expenditures changed as employment and
family incomes increased were:
General relief, for which expenditures
declined 57 percent; and
~WPA, for which expenditures in 1942
were less than one-third o f those in 1940;
and
Sheltered employment and vocationaltraining programs fo r the handicapped,
for which expenditures increased 51 per
cent, as sheltered workshops accepted con
tracts for processing military supplies, ex
panded their facilities, and so increased
their budgets.
Special types o f public assistance.—Aid
to dependent children, aid to the blind, and
especially, aid to the aged—were less af
fected by improved economic conditions
than were some other family-welfare and
relief services, and expenditures for these
social-security programs were at a higher
level in the first year o f the war than in
1940.
Among the family-welfare and relief pro
grams snowing the sharpest increases in ex-
FlGURE 5.—S O U R C E S O F F U N D S U SED T O F IN A N C E T O T A L H EALTH A N D W E L F A R E E X P E N D I
T U R E S IN 30 U R B A N A R E A S , 1940 A N D 1942
Federai
Percentage distribution
State
Locol
Fees
Contributions
All
other
100%
1940
$ 55 0,664,536
2.7
1942
$446,312,661
^4.0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100%-
8
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
penditures were those designed to meet the needs
o f servicemen and their families and those that
could be adapted to war services, such as:
The home-service 'program o f the Am eri
can Red Gross, whose 1942 expenditures
were more than three times as great as in
1940, and, in some areas, rose to five and
even to eight times the 1940 level; and
The new USO programs and the exten
sion o f Travelers A id services, which re
sulted in a 15-percent increase in expendi
tures for travel services.
Health services.—All the 30 areas showed in
creases in total expenditures for all health
services combined. Health was the only major
field o f service in which increases occurred in
every area.
The demand for hospital care increased with
the ability o f people to pay for service, with
the rising birth rate, and with the increase in
population in the urban areas. These factors,
combined with higher maintenance, material,
and staff costs, were largely responsible for a
23-percent increase in expenditures for hospital
care. This increase is particularly significant
because hospital expenditures constituted more
than four-fifths o f the total expenditures for
health services.
Health services other than hospital care,
including such programs as public-health
nursing and senool hygiene, showed in
creased expenditures because o f rising
operating costs, in spite of decreased ability
in many instances to supply services because
o f shortages o f doctors and nurses.
Group-work and leisure-time activities.— The
need for providing recreation and leisure-tim e
facilities to soldiers away from home was the
primary force behind the expansion of leisure
time activities and expenditures in the first year
o f the war. While expenditures for all types
o f leisure-time programs increased, the 28-per
cent rise for group work, including the USO,
was most important.
Planning, financing, and coordinating serv
ices.—The only type o f central service for
which less money was spent in 1942 than in 1940
was the social-service exchange, whose work is
closely related to the volume o f health and wel
fare services provided to individuals. A 15percent decrease in expenditures o f social-serv
ice exchanges was reported.
Civilian-defense councils, organized to
provide civilian protective services and to
coordinate emergency health and welfare
services, entered the community-planning
field in 1942. The amounts expended in
that year by civilian-defense councils were
relatively small only because councils o f
social agencies and other established com
munity organizations made their facilities
available for the planning o f wartime
health and welfare services.
Child W elfare
Community welfare services to children in
peacetime and in wartime make available to
children the resources o f the community that aid
in their protection, growth, and full develop
ment. The provision of financial assistance to
parents o f children through general relief and
aid to dependent children, o f child-health serv
ices in clinics, hospitals, and schools, and o f
recreational and leisure-time facilities are re
viewed elsewhere in this report. Child-welfare
services discussed in this section are protective
services to children in their own homes and in
foster homes, institutional care, day care, serv
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ices for delinquent children, and maternityhome care.
Changes in Expenditures
for Child Welfare.
For child welfare almost $26,000,000 was
spent in 1942 in 30 urban areas. Increases in
child-welfare expenditures were reported by 29
areas, and decreases by only 1 (fig. 6). The in
dividual changes in expenditures of the 30
areas clustered closely around the over-all in
crease o f 9 percent; almost half reported in
creased expenditures o f 5 to 15 percent.
9
C hild W elfare
FIGURE 6 .—C H A N G E F R O M 1940 T O 1942 IN E X P E N D I T U R E S F O R C H I L D W E L F A R E — 30 U R B A N
AREAS
Percentoge change
AREA
T o ta l, 3 0 areas
-10
0
+10
*20______+30
Wichita
Dallas
New Orleans
Canton
Kansas C ity, Mo.
Des Moines
Akron
Washington, D.C.
Birmingham
Los Angeles
Richmond
Providence
Omaha
Oklahoma City
Dayton
Rochester
Buffalo
Milwaukee
Cincinnati
Hartford
St. Louis
Houston
Baltimore
Cleveland
Sioux City
Ft. Worth
S pringfield, Mass.
Louisville
San Francisco
Syracuse
Effects of the War on
Child-Welfare Expenditures.
The effects o f the war on child-welfare serv
ices were chiefly on the side o f difficulties in
administering the services rather than on
changes in the kinds or volume o f service sup
plied. The general rise in the cost of living
was accompanied by an increase in expenditures
for all types o f child-welfare services (table i ) .
Upward adjustments in salaries of child-wel
fare workers were made in line with increased
living costs and also as a result o f the competi
tion for trained workers from the expanded and
newly created war-service programs, and to
some extent from private industry. Expendi
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tures for institutional care o f dependent and
neglected children, which in both 1940 and 1942
constituted almost one-third o f the total childwelfare expenditures, increased 8 percent, and
21 o f the 30 areas shared in this increase. This
increase in expenditures did not result from
an increase in service. A substantial portion
of the cost o f institutional programs is for
fixed overhead, which does not vary directly
with the number o f children under care. In
creases in expenditures were reported not only
for institutional care of children but also for
some of the other child-welfare programs in
spite o f decreases in the number o f children
given care.
C o m m u n it y H ealth
10
an d
W
elfare
E xpenditures
in
W
artim e
Table 1.—Expenditures for child-welfare services, by field o f service and auspices, 1940 and 1942 1
[In thousands]
Field of service
Total, 30 areas.............................................. - ........
Protective, foster care of dependent children-------------Institutions for dependent children........... ........ ...........
Day nurseries-------------- ------ ---------------------------------Maternity homes'................................... - .......................
Services to children with behavior problems................
Institutions for delinquent children............ .................
Other child-welfare services............................................
Expenditures
1940
1942
$23,842
$25,987
8,311
7,406
774
762
2,956
3,629
5
8,743
8,023
940
857
3,261
4,148
15
Private auspices
Public auspices
Total
Expenditures
Percent
change
+9.0
+5.2
+8.3
+21.5
+12.5
+10.3
+14.3
+218.2
1940
1942
$11,529
$12,844
4,466
1,724
86
3
3,230
3,332
2
4,002
1,549
123
3
2,932
2,921
Expenditures
Percent
change
Percent
change
1940
1942
+11.4
$12,312
$13,143
+6.7
+11.6
+11.3
-30.1
+10.0
+10.2
+14.1
4,310
5,867
650
759
23
708
5
4,277
6,299
854
854
31
815
13
- 0 .8
+7.5
+31.3
+12.5
+31.0
+16.1
+178.6
•Totals for expenditures represent sum of figures before rounding and may differ slightly from sum of rounded amounts; percentage changes are
computed from unrounded figures and may vary from percentage change in rounded amounts.
Maternity-home service likewise was subject
to the pressure o f rising costs felt by other
types o f institutions, and an increase o f 13
percent in expenditures was reported for this
program.
Protective and foster-home care accounted
for more than one-third o f the total childwelfare expenditures. Combined expenditures
o f the 30 areas for thi& service rose 5 percent.
The full force o f rising costs was modified
in some o f the areas by restrictions in ability
to provide service, especially by difficulties in
finding foster homes. Reports from many o f
the areas indicated that as a result o f largescale in-migration and the accompanying hous
ing shortage, child-welfare agencies had great
difficulty in obtaining foster nomes. The dis
ruption o f “ normal” families of the kind re
quired for acceptable placement o f children,
because housewives were entering gainful em
ployment and husbands were entering the
armed forces, also reduced the number o f po
tential foster-family homes.
Not all the increases in expenditures for child
welfare were the result o f the increased cost
o f providing service. Heightened community
interest in the perennial problem o f juvenile
delinquency1 and pressing need for day care
for children o f working mothers were responsi
ble for increases in expenditures for these serv
ices. Institutional care and other services for
delinquent children accounted for more than
one-fourth of the total child-welfare expendi
tures. Expenditures for institutional care of
delinquent children for the 30 areas increased
14 percent, and increases were reported in 25
1
Changes from 1940 to 1942 in the volum e o f juveniledelinquency cases disposed o f by the courts included in the
Children’ s Bureau juvenile-court series are reported in
Juvenile-C ourt S ta tistics, 1940-W, Social Statistics Supplement
to The Child, December 1943.
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areas. Expenditures for services to delinquent
children exclusive of institutional care rose 10
percent.
Day care o f children o f working mothers
showed a proportionately larger increase in ex
penditures than any other major type o f childwelfare service. The general tightening o f the
labor market in 1941 and 1942 was quickly felt
in the demand for day care. The large-scale
entrance o f women into employment created
unprecedented demands for the care o f chil
dren while their mothers were at work. Thou
sands o f women working in service and other
low-salaried occupations, who had heavy finan
cial responsibilities, were not able to provide
care for their children through domestic help,
nor to place them in commercial nursery schools,
nor to make other plans for them. Various
methods were used in the 30 communities to
attempt to meet the need for community facil
ities in this field. For example, the hours that
day nurseries and nursery schools were open
were extended to accommodate more children
or to care for children o f mothers who were
working at night. Facilities were expanded to
house more children, and new day nurseries
were established. Expenditures for day-nur
sery care more than doubled in 4 critical defense
areas, and increased significantly in 21 o f the
28 areas reporting this type o f service.
The over-all increase in expenditures for day
care o f children of working mothers is repre
sented only partly in the figures included in
this report. These data show an increase of
22 percent, but cover only nurseries established
primarily to provide day care. Not included
are expenditures for counseling service and
foster-day-care programs provided by general
family-welfare and child-welfare agencies, nor
W P A expenditures for nursery schools. Many
C h il d W e l f a r e
nursery schools changed their emphasis from
education to day care and became an important
part o f the day-care program o f many com
munities. For example, in 16 areas for which
1942 data for W P A nursery schools are avail
able, but not included in this study, expendi
tures in 1942 amounted to more than $400,000,
as compared with $273,700 spent in these areas
for day nurseries under public and private aus
pices.2 Although the increase in expendi
tures for day nurseries seems substantial,
nevertheless at the end o f 1942 many commun
ities still faced a growing unmet need for
community facilities to care for the children
o f working mothers.
Auspices of Agencies
Providing Child-Welfare Services.
Child-welfare as well as other health and
welfare expenditures are classified in this re
port according to auspices on the basis of
whether the authority under which the agen
cies operated was publicly or privately con
trolled. The main sources o f income are fre
quently the same as the auspices—for example,
tax funds are usually spent by a public
agency. However, in this report, auspices are
classified not by the source o f funds but by the
nature o f the governing body responsible for
policies and administration o f tne agency’s
program. Agencies under public auspices are
those that represent local, State, or Federal
government, and agencies under private aus
pices represent nonprofit associations and
other voluntary groups. Public and private
agencies spent about the same proportions of
total expenditures in 1942 as in 1940. While
expenditures for child welfare under both pub
lic and private auspices increased, the percent
age increase in expenditures o f all public
agencies was 11 percent as compared with 7
percent for all private agencies (table 1). I f
W P A funds for nursery schools are in
cluded, the growth in importance o f public
child care appears even more striking. Im
portant in the increase in total expenditures
for child welfare under public auspices were the
rises in the amounts spent for institutional care
o f delinquent children (14 percent); other
services for delinquent children (10 percent);
and protective and foster-home care of depend
ent children (12 percent).
The treatment o f delinquency is primarily a
function o f public agencies, such as probation
1 W ith the liquidation o f the W P A at the end o f 1942, the
W PA nursery program w as transferred to the Public W orks
A dm inistration, to be financed from Lanham A ct funds.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
and public-welfare departments; consequently
amounts expended by private agencies were
relatively small in both 1940 and 1942. How
ever, private agencies reported an increase o f
31 percent in expenditures for service to de
linquent children. Another notable increase
in expenditures o f private agencies (31 per
cent) was that for day nurseries. The only
decrease in private-agency expenditures was
for protective and foster-home care, in con
trast to the increase in expenditures o f public
agencies in this field.
Changes in Financing
Child-Welfare Services.
In the child-welfare field, private agencies
expend important sums o f public money
transferred to them for care o f children who
are public charges. In 1942 only 49 percent
o f the total child-welfare expenditures were
spent by public agencies, although 56 percent
o f the total expenditures were from public
funds. The use o f public funds by private
agencies was particularly prevalent in financing
institutional and foster-home care o f depend
ent children.
The largest single source of child-welfare
money in both 1940 and 1942 was local tax
funds. However, a shift in emphasis in pub
lic financing o f child welfare from the use o f
local to State funds is noticeable from the data
presented in table 2. This shift was particu
larly pronounced in financing institutional care
for delinquent children.
More public than private funds were used in
both 1940 and 1942. Private funds assumed
slightly greater importance in financing childwelfare expenditures in 1942 than they had in
1940, primarily because o f the increase in
amounts paid as fees by beneficiaries of the
services.
Increased reliance on fees was characteristic
o f the financing o f day care and of maternityhome care. Fees were, in fact, the only source
o f funds which increased from 1940 to 1942,
in relation to total expenditures, in all the
child-welfare fields.
The pattern o f change in sources o f funds
used for all child-welfare services followed
closely changes in financing the protective and
foster-care programs, for which one-third of
all child-welfare expenditures were made. The
increased use of fees and State funds, the de
crease in the use o f local funds; and the rel
atively fixed proportion o f community-cliest
funds are all seen in expenditures for protective
and foster-home care.
12
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
Table 2.— Percentage distribution o f child-welfare expenditures o f 30 urban areas in each field o f service, by source
o f funds, 1940 and 1942
Source of funds
Total childwelfare
service
Protective
and fosterhome care of
dependent
children
19«)
1940
Maternity
homes
Services to
children with Institutions Other childfor delinquent
welfare
behavior
children
services
problems
1940
1942
1940
1942
1942
1940
Total expenditures (in
thousands)..................... $23,842 $25,987 $8,311 $8,743 $7,406 $8,023
$774
$940
$762
$857 $2,956 $3,261 $3,629 $4,148
$5
$15
100.0 100.0
100.0
Percentage distribution:1
Total______ ____________
Public funds:
Local.................................
Federal...... ..........................
Private funds:
Community Chest..............
Other contributions_______
Income from investments..
Receipts from persons receiving service..................
All other...............................
1940
Day
nurseries
1942
1942
1942
Institutions
for dependent
children
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
46.8
10.8
.1
44.2
11.6
.2
49.7
9.8
.1
46.2
10.1
.2
28.9
6.0
(*)
28.4
5.4
(*)
14.4
.2
8.7
.3
(*)
7.4
.5
20.5
8.4
5.5
19.6
8.4
5.2
27.2
4.5
1.8
26.8
3.7
1.8
23.3
16.7
13.4
21.6
17.5
12.8
48.5
14.0
8.0
46.0
16.4
7.9
5.8
2.1
8.0
2.8
6.2
.7
9.7
1.5
8.8
2.9
10.6
3.7
12.6
2.3
19.4
1.3
1940
1942
1940
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.9
.8
96.2
2.9
.1
95.4
3.1
(*)
51.6
33.7
.6
46.2
38.1
.5
43.0
23.2
11.7
41.8
23.8
8.0
.1
.7
.1
.8
(*)
5.1
2.2
.3
4.9
2.1
.6
12.4
1.8
17.2
2.5
.6
.9
5.6
1.1
6.5
(*)
(*)
1942
17.8
1.8
89.8
77.0
10.2
3.4
1 Percentage distributions are computed from unrounded figures.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
A relatively small change from 1940 to 1942
in the percentage distribution of a given source
o f funds, as shown in table 2, may represent
an appreciable change in the amount o f money
spent. For example, the increase in fees as a
source o f funds from 6 to 8 percent o f total
expenditures represents an actual increase of
$694,109, or 50 percent more than 1940 expendi
tures from this source. Likewise, the increase
in the proportion o f State funds in the total—
from 11 to 12 percent—meant an increase from
1940 to 1942 o f $442,966, or 17 percent in ex
penditures of State money.
Family W elfare and R elief
Expenditures for family welfare and relief
discussed in this section include not only money
used for assistance to persons in need because
o f unemployment and other economic difficul
ties but also funds used for providing services
to families and individuals. Travelers fre
quently become stranded and need assistance in
returning to their homes, or need information
on community facilities to assist them in be
coming established in a community new to
them; handicapped persons— the blind, deaf,
and crippled— require vocational training to
enable them to work in the open labor market;
many aged persons, especially the very infirm,
cannot be cared for in their own or relatives’
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.
homes and must be taken care o f in institu
tions; free legal advice is required by some
persons who cannot afford the services o f an
attorney.
Changes in Expenditures for
Family Welfare and Relief.
The pattern o f change in family-welfare and
relief expenditures in the 30 urban areas was a
fairly consistent and sizeable decrease. De
creases were reported by 26 of the 30 areas,
and in all but 1, the drop was 20 percent or
more (fig. 7). Expenditures for the 30 areas
combined dropped from $360,000,000 in 1940
to $221,000,000 in 1942, a decrease o f 39 percent.
F a m ily W elfare and B elief
13
F i g u r e 7 .— C H A N G E F R O M 1940 T O 1942 IN E X P E N D I T U R E S F O R F A M I L Y W E L F A R E A N D R E L I E F 30 U R B A N A R E A S
Percentage change
AREA
Total, 3 0 areas
Dallas
Houston
Oklahoma City
Ft. Worth
Wichita
Louisville
Kansas City, Mo.
Cincinnati
Los Angeles
St. Louis
Sioux City
New Orleans
Richmond
Syracuse
Hartford
Des Moines
Baltimore
Birmingham
Dayton
Washington, D.C.
Providence
Omaha
Springfield, Mass.
Rochester
San Francisco
Canton
Milwaukee
Buffalo
Cleveland
Akron
Effects of the War on
Public Financial Assistance.
The return o f thousands o f people to work
and the general increase in income resulted in
large reductions in expenditures for family wel
fare and relief, while all other types o f health
and welfare expenditures increased in the first
year o f the war.
Aggregate expenditures in the 30 areas lor
State and local public general-relief programs
fell two-thirds from the 1940 level. Relief pro
grams were drastically curtailed as recipients
found jobs or were expected to find jobs. Relief
recipients included in industrially disadvan
577894 0 - 44 - 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
taged groups, such as unskilled workers, Ne
groes, and elderly persons, who are usually over
represented on relief rolls in relation to their
numbers in the population, found employment
and were no longer eligible for relief. The pro
portion o f persons remaining on the rolls
because o f illness and physical handicaps in
creased. As the need for workers became
urgent, industrial standards o f employment
were lowered, and relief agencies sometimes
found that persons classified as “unemployable”
had become employed.
The precipitous drop in the general-relief
program and the virtual liquidation o f all the
Federal emergency relief and work programs,
14
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
which were established during the depression
years o f 1932-35, characterized the change from
1940 to 1942 in health and welfare expenditures.
In 1942 Congress terminated the Civilian Con
servation Corps, the President issued an execu
tive order at the request o f the agency liquidat
ing the W P A , the Farm Security Administra
tion tapered off its subsistence program, and the
Department o f Agriculture announced the sus
pension o f the food-stamp plan.3 '
Federal-ilid programs other than the special
types o f public assistance showed lower expen
ditures in 1942 than in 1940. Expenditures of
W P A programs in the 30 areas, which in 1940
constituted 44 percent o f the total family-wel
fare expenditures (and 29 percent o f the expen
ditures for all health and welfare services)
dropped 64 percent. Expenditures o f the CCC
program in the entire Nation in 1942 were only
one-sixth o f the $216,000,000 spent in 1940.
Nation-wide expenditures for the N Y A out-ofschool and student-aid programs in 1942 were
more than $43,000,00(1—less than half the
amount spent in 1940. The N Y A out-of-school
program, which in 1940 was a program for the
financial assistance o f youth, was converted in
1942 to a program for training youth for war
industry. The amounts spent for the CCC
and the N Y A programs in the 30 areas are not
shown in this study because these data were not
available for 1940 and 1942 by area.
The distribution o f surplus foods, which sus
tained the relief program in many areas, also
was affected by the general improvement in
economic conditions. The money value of food
distributed directly and through food stamps in
1942 was about half that in 1940, not only be
cause needs for relief were less in 1942 but also
because o f changes in the general food situation
resulting from increased consumer demands, as
well as from the increased needs for men in the
armed forces and for lend-lease shipments. In
the 30 areas the estimated value o f foods dis
tributed in 1942 amounted to about $14 million
(appendix table I I ).
Expenditures for the special-assistance-pro
grams provided under the Social Security Act
increased from 1940 to 1942 for reasons less
directly related to the war than those affecting
other financial-assistance programs. The cover
age o f special-assistance programs was extended,
and eligibility requirements were liberalized in
some States. Increases in expenditures for aid
to the aged were reported in 28 of the 30 areas,
8 The direct distribution o f com m odities
stopped by the Departm ent o f A griculture in
1943 Congressional order to term inate the
the last o f the em ergency Federal w ork and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
was practically
1943. Thus the
NYA liquidated
relief program s.
and for aid to the blind in 20 o f the 26 areas in
which the program was in operation in 1940.
An over-all increase o f 7 percent in expendi
tures for aid to the blind was influenced largely
by the establishment o f a new program in Texas
in 1941. The increases in expenditures for aid
to the aged were in some areas the result o f in
creases in grants to individuals in recognition
o f the rise in the cost o f living. Expenditures
for aid to dependent children increased only
slightly (3 percent) because women and older
children formerly dependent were able in 1942
to find employments and relatives were better
able to help. Fifteen areas reported increased
expenditures, thirteen reported decreases, and
two had new programs in 1942.
Effects of the War on
Services to Adults and Families.
Despite improved economic and employment
conditions and diminishing needs for relief, the
participation of the Nation in the war increased
demands for service from some family-welfare
agencies, with the result that the agencies placed
even more emphasis on service activities, as
opposed to relief programs, than they had in
1940. The change in expenditures for general
family-welfare service under private auspices
between 1940 and 1942 was an increase o f 7 per
cent. Increased expenditures were reported in
19 o f the 30 areas.
The outstanding increase in expenditures in
this field of service was for the American Red
Cross. The home-service program o f the Red
Cross assisted the families o f servicemen-with
communications and with inquiries in regard to
the welfare of men in the armed forces, and
assisted military and naval authorities in mak
ing investigations on questions o f discharge,
furlough, and clemency. Expenditures o f the
home-service program of the Red Cross more
than trebled in all the areas combined, and in
creased in all but 1 o f the 29 areas reporting this
service. The 1942 Red Cross expenditure in
26 of the 28 areas was from two to eight times
as great as the 1940 expenditure.
Private family-welfare agencies were also
called, upon by selective-service boards to assist
them in settling questions o f dependency and to
help rejected selectees to secure medical treat
ment and other needed services. . Although ex
penditures of the Red Cross and some other
family-welfare agencies increased, the expendi
tures for general relief and family welfare of
all private agencies, exclusive of the Red Cross,
were 6 percent less in 1942 than in 1940. De
creases in expenditures for this service were
F a m ily W elfare and R elief
reported by 23 o f the 30 areas, and increases by
only 7.
The data presented in table 3 do not include
expenditures in the 30 areas o f two national
agencies organized for relief to servicemen—
Army Emergency Relief and the Navy Relief
Society. Together, these agencies paid out in
the Nation more than 2*4 million dollars in
1942 for loans and assistance to servicemen
and their families.
Assistance was provided under the Social
Security Board civilian war-assistance pro
gram to enemy aliens and other persons re
moved from West Coast areas that were desig
nated as prohibited by the Department o f Jus
tice or that were restricted by Army orders.
State public-assistance agencies, acting as
agents o f the Board, provided assistance and
services to enemy aliens and other persons in
need because o f restrictive action o f the Federal
Government. Total assistance payments under
these two programs during 1942 amounted to
about $100,000, but data are not available by
urban area. Temporary assistance for persons
evacuated voluntarily from Alaska, Hawaii
and other Pacific islands, Puerto Rico, and the
Virgin Islands, for Americans repatriated
from Europe, and for volunteer civiliandefense workers injured in the course o f their
15
official duty was also provided in 1942 by State
public-assistance agencies acting as agents of
the Board. In three o f the reporting areas in
cluded in the study—Los Angeles, New Or
leans, and San Francisco— assistance payments
amounted to about $6,000 during 1942. Ex
penditures were made by the W ar Relocation
Authority in 1942 for direct services to the
Japanese in Los Angeles and San Francisco,
as well as in other west coast communities,
but the amounts spent in these two areas were
negligible.
The large volume o f travel by servicemen in
1942— on leave and on the move from one mili
tary post to another—and the movement o f
their families, as well as the influx o f war
workers to urban areas, increased the need for
various kinds o f family-welfare service. Un
der the sponsorship of the United Service Or
ganizations and their constituent agencies and
other local organizations, facilities for over
night care o f servicemen were established in
many communities. Facilities that formerly
had been used for the transient jobless were
converted to provide temporary housing fo r
job seekers. Lounges for servicemen were
established in bus and railway terminals.
Travelers Aid societies and other agencies aid
ing persons in transit experienced heavy de-
Table 3.—Expenditures for family welfare and relief, by field o f service and auspices, 1940 and 1942
[In thousands]
Total
Field of service
Total, 30 areas.............................
Work Projects Administration.........
Farm Security Administration-..
General relief and family welfare..............
American Red Cross............
All other____...............
Aid to dependent children................
Aid to the aged_______________
Aid to the blin d..............................
Service and relief to transients and travelers
Special service to travelers......... ......
All other..... ........................
Overnight care and shelters for transients.. •
Special overnight care..............
All other______________
Legal aid...............................
Institutions for aged, dependent adults. .
Sheltered employment for the handicapped
Other service to the handicapped.. .
Domestic-relations and probation service
Other relief and service to adults
Public auspices
Expenditures
1940
1942
$360,156
$221,460
158,922
71
57,165
18
92,516
399
92,117
Percent
change
Private auspices
Expenditures
Percent
change
1940
1942
-3 8 .5
$341,881
$199,659
-4 1 .6
-6 4.0
-7 4 .7
158,922
71
57,165
18
—64.0
—74.7
39,604
-5 7 .2
85,833
32,455
-6 2 .2
1,271
38,334
+218.5
-5 8 .4
85,833
32,455
16,340
69,407
3,681
478
16,849
81,403
3,935
550
+3.1
+17.3
+6.9
+15.1
16,340
69,407
3,681
178
16,849
81,403
3,935
87
478
126
423
-1 1 .3
2,085
1,834
-1 2 .0
Expenditures
1940
+3.1
+17.3
+6.9
-5 0 .9
$21,801
545
-4 1 .4
213
9,155
4,768
152
1,056
1,312
-2 2 .2
224
10,025
7,185
243
1,104
+9.5
+50. 7
+59.3
+4.5
4,564
417
17
1,021
4,946
687
17
1,069
+64.9
+2.6
+4.7
+19.3
7,150
+7.0
1,271
5,879
+218. 5
299
462
+54.4
126
930
change
399
6,284
1,154
1,288
1,154
211
1,077
211
2,085
1942
4,591
4,351
35
A„
6,498
225
35
+12.2
+11.6
+5. 7
+10.6
+49.3
+66.3
- 1 .6
+3.4
1
^or e iP®nditures represent sum of figures before rounding and may differ slightly from sum of rounded amounts; percentage changes are
computed from unrounded figures and may vary from percentage change in rounded amounts.
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16
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
mands for travel service-r-from both civilians
and men in uniform.
The separation o f expenditures for travel
services and overnight care into those for the
established service programs and those for the
new war-emergency programs was only partly
achieved in reports from the areas. Neverthe
less, the data obtained indicate that the de
velopment o f special programs for men in the
armed forces was one o f the most important
factors in the 54-percent increase in expendi
tures o f private agencies for service to trav
elers. Excluding expenditures o f new war
agencies, such as the USO, expenditures o f pri
vate agencies increased only 12 percent. Like
wise, expenditures for overnight care o f service
men were largely responsible for an increase
in expenditures o f private agencies for shelters
and overnight care. Excluding the special war
programs, the expenditures o f private agencies
decreased 7 percent.
Not all the increases in expenditures for fam
ily-welfare service resulted from the needs o f
servicemen. The insistent demand for labor in
war industries increased the need for training
programs for handicapped workers. Govern
ment contracts awarded to sheltered workshops
for the processing o f military supplies enabled
numbers o f blind and deaf persons who hereto
fore could not compete in the labor market to
be trained and employed, and were an impor
tant factor in the 51-percent increase in ex
penditures o f training programs for the handi
capped. Furthermore, wartime publicity on
the importance o f salvage materials provided
increased income and employment opportuni
ties for handicapped workers in salvage indus
tries. Increased expenditures were reported
for sheltered employment in all the areas, and
for personal-adjustment service for the handi
capped in all but one o f the 13 areas in which
such programs were in operation in 1940 and
1942. The universal increase in the employment
o f handicapped persons in industry and in shel
tered workshops, due to the manpower shortage
in wartime^ provided a demonstration o f their
employability that has significance for discus
sion 6r full employment in the post-war period.
Changes in Financing
Family Welfare and Relief.
In contrast to the financing o f child-welfare
services, in which important amounts of public
funds are spent by private agencies, public
funds were spent almost entirely by public
agencies, and private funds by private agencies,
in the family-welfare field.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In 1942, as in 1940, the great preponderance
o f all family-welfare and relief expenditures
came from public treasuries, although the
amount and proportion o f public funds declined
markedly in the 2-year period. As the W P A
and other federally administered programs
were curtailed, the importance o f Federal funds
diminished; nevertheless, in 1942 they consti
tuted almost half the total outlay for all family
welfare and relief.
Because o f the large drop in Federal expendi
tures in 1942, local and State funds assumed
somewhat more importance in the financing o f
family welfare and relief (table 4). However,
the increase in the proportion o f local and,
especially, of State funds in total family-wel
fare and relief expenditures was small, and the
amounts o f money expended from these sources
actually declined, as is shown by the following
data:
Public funds
Expenditures (in thou
sands)
1940
Total.....................................
Local funds........................................
State funds.........................................
Federal funds__ ................................
Percent
change
1942
$341,476
$199,014
-4 2
68,801
72,930
199,745
46,702
47,425
104,887
-3 2
-3 5
-4 8
With the exception o f W P A , the largest o f
the family-welfare and relief programs m 1940
was the public general-relief program. A de
cided drop in expenditures o f State tax
money— from 45 to 27 percent o f the total
spent for general relief—was caused chiefly
by the closing o f the California State relief
program for employables; more than twothirds o f the $31,000,000 decrease in the 30
areas was in the two California cities included
in the study—Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Whereas in 1940, State and local funds were
used almost equally in the financing o f generalrelief programs in the 30 areas, in 1942 local
funds were twice as important as State funds.
As the use o f public funds for financing relief
and family-welfare service declined, private
funds became more important. The proportion
o f private funds from all sources in total fam
ily-welfare and relief expenditures increased in
1942.
The increased use o f contributions, other than
those made through community chests, was an
outstanding change in financing general fam
ily-welfare programs, reflecting in part the
increase in funds raised by the Red Cross. Pro
grams o f service to transients and travelers also
17
F a m ily W elfare and R elief
Table 4.__Percentage distribution o f family-welfare and relief expenditures o f 30 urban areas in each field o f service,
by source o f funds, 1940 and 1942
Total family wel
fare and relief
Oeneral relief and
family welfare
Aid to dependent
children
Aid to the aged
Aid to the blind
Source of funds
Total expenditures (in thousands)—
Percentage distribution: >
Total......................................................
Public funds:
Private funds:
CommunityChest..................................
Income from investments........... —
Receipts from persons receiving serviceAll other....... .......................- ..................
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
$360,165
$221,460
$92,516
$39,604
$16,340
$16,849
$69,407
$81,403
$3,681
$3,936
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
19.1
20.2
55.6
21.1
21.4
47.4
47.3
45.2
54.0
27.2
29.5
32.7
36.8
24.6
37.8
36.9
18.1
34.1
47.7
16.5
34.7
•48.6
28.7
26.0
1.8
1.1
.5
.6
12
2.7
2.2
.9
1.3
3n
5.0
1.7
.4
.3
.1
1942
1940
Percentage distribution:1
Total......................................................
Public funds:
State.............................................. - .........
Federal.....................................................
Private funds:
Receipts from persons receiving service.
Public funds:
Private funds:
Community Chest..................................
Other contributions___ - ........- ...............
Income from investments_- -- -- -- -- -- -Receipts from persons receiving service.
All other............................... ....................
10.5
6.9
1.0
1.2
.2
Overnight care and
shelters for tran
sients
1940
1942
(*)
(*)
(*)
<*)
(*)
.7
1.0
(>)
.2
Institutions
for aged, depend
ent adults
Legal aid
1940
.1
1942
1940
1942
0)
(*)
Sheltered employmentfo rthe hand(capped
1940
1942
$550
$2,085
$1,834
$213
$224
$9,155
$10,025
$4,768
$7,185
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.5
16.1
.3
9.7
6.7
.3
33.'0
16.4
21.8
12.3
.2
34.5
33.8
.1
47.8
1.5
47.8
.7
.2
.6
4.0
5.1
.6
4.0
4.0
53.2
3.1
2.2
4.6
.1
57.0
20.9
1.7
3.8
.9
11.1
13.3
1.9
11.9
11.6
11.7
16.6
1.3
29.7
6.4
59.7
3.3
.1
2.4
(*)
61.6
2.0
.1
2.4
(»)
5.5
15.4
15.1
12.6
2.1
5.4
15.7
14.3
14.1
1.8
7.3
2.5
3.8
1.5
78.3
.3
85.8
D o m e s t i c-relations and proba
tion service
Other relief and
service to adults
1942
$1,321
$158,922
$57,165
$71
$18
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.6
3.1
2.2
31.3
(*)
.1
28.4
.1
.3
100.0
100.0
(*) J
3.3
2.2
3.7
6.2
1.3
6.4
2.7
1940
1942
$243
$1,056
$1,104
$1,312
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.0
6.1
3.7
4.1
88.5
2.3
2.3
34.5
27.9
12.0
2.7
10.8
38.5
27.6
12.0
2.5
11.7
100.0
1940
1942
1942
$152
Work Projects Ad Farm Security Ad
ministration
ministration
1940
1940
1942
1940
Percentage distribution: >
Total......... - ..........................................
«
$478
Other services to
the handicapped
Total expenditures (In thousands)—
1942
1942
Service and relief
to transients and
travelers
Total expenditures (in thousands)—
1940
1940
1
(J)
4.5
100.0
— ----------
i Percentage distributions are computed from unrounded figures.
>Less than 0.05 percent.
relied much more heavily on income from cqjitribations in 1942 than in 1940, because o f funds
made available to the United Service Organiza
tions for new services to men in the armed
forces.
Fees, such as those charged for institutional
care, and repayments of relief or loans by
clients, although small in relation to total pri-.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
vate funds, became more important in expendi
tures for family welfare and relief in 1942. In
fact, in the financing of programs of overnight
care and shelters for transients and homeless,
fees became in 1942 the largest single source of
funds, accounting for more than one-fourth of
the total. This change clearly points up the
change in the nature o f overnight-care pro-
18.
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
grams— from provision o f shelter to the tran
sient jobless and the local homeless in 1940 to
the provision in 1942 o f accommodations for
servicemen and workers coming into communi
ties for war jobs, many of whom paid for their
use of community facilities.
The rise in funds derived from earnings,
which bulk large in the category of “ all other”
income, is reflected clearly through the expendi
tures for programs o f sheltered employment for
the handicapped. Nearly nine-tenths o f the
total expenditures for sheltered employment
programs was derived from “ all other” income,
chiefly earnings; and this was the only field in
which this source of funds was appreciable.
The financing o f some family-welfare and
relief programs, such as the special types o f
assistance—aid to dependent children, aid to
the aged, and aid to the blind—changed little
from 1940 to 1942. The method o f financing
these programs was stabilized by the underlying
Federal legislation specifying the proportions
of the Federal grant to the States. The longrange, nonemergency aspect o f these programs
also tended to stabilize the relationship o f State
to local funds.
Health Services
To promote good health as well as to treat
illness, the programs of many health agencies
are directed to all the people living in a com
munity. Private nonprofit hospitals, although
supported largely by fees from patients, are
community facilities in that they usually pro
vide some free and part-pay care for persons
with limited incomes. Tax-supported hospitals,
sometimes called “ charity” hospitals, provide a
more extensive program o f free care, but they
may also accept patients who pay for care.
In addition to the community services fur
nished by hospitals, varied programs for the
prevention and treatment o i illness are pro
vided in local communities by health agencies.
Specialized clinics furnish diagnosis and treat
ment o f some communicable diseases, such as
tuberculosis and venereal disease, and treat
ment o f other conditions not usually provided
by hospital out-patient departments. Other
clinics provide a more generalized medical
service. Nursing service and medical care in
the homes o f patients are offered by publichealth departments, nursing agencies, and other
organizations. A ll health agencies are inter
ested in the prevention o f illness; some are
organized around this function. To illustrate,
health units o f public-school systems and local
public-health departments conduct school hy
giene programs, in which school children are
encouraged to secure early treatment o f ill
ness ; mental-hygiene clinics assist children and
adults with emotional and psychological prob
lems in order to promote good health and to
prevent mental breakdown; well-baby clinics
and child-health conferences give immuniza
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tions and provide health supervision to infants
and preschool children as preventive measures.
Expenditures for community health serv
ices— preventive and curatiye—:are presented
in this section o f the report.
Changes in Expenditures
for Health Services.
In 1942 expenditures for all health services
in the 30 areas combined amounted to almost
$170 million. Only family-welfare and relief
expenditures accounted for a larger portion o f
the total outlay for all health and welfare
services.
Expenditures for health services were higher
in 1942 than in 1940 in every area (fig. 8). This
was the only type o f health and welfare service
in which every area reported an increase in
expenditures. Increases o f 20 percent or more
were reported by 14 o f the 30 areas; and in
creases o f less than 10 percent in only 2 o f the
areas. The over-all change was an increase of
20 percent, the largest percentage increase re
ported among the major fields o f health and
welfare expenditures from 1940 to 1942.
Effects of the War on
Expenditures for Health Services.
Forces set in motion by the war resulted in
important changes in expenditures for health
services. Growth in the population o f the
areas increased the number o f persons poten
tially in need o f health services, and the gen
eral improvement in economic conditions meant
an increase in the ability o f persons to pay for
services. Moreover rising costs forced an in-
H ealth S ervices
F i g u r e 8 .— C H A N G E F R O M
1940 T O
19
1942 IN E X P E N D I T U R E S F O R H E A L T H S E R V IC E S — 30 U R B A N A R E A S
Percentage change
AREA
Total, 30 areas
Hartford
Wichita
Richmond
Birmingham
New Orleans
Akron
Dayton
Canton
Louisville
Sioux City
Houston
Omaha
Ft. Worth
Cincinnati
Los Angeles
Baltimore
St. Louis
Providence
Buffalo
Kansas City, MoDes Moines
Rochester
Milwaukee
San Francisco
Washington ‘ D.C.
Syracuse
Dallas
Cleveland
Oklahoma City
Springfield, Mass.
crease
health
set the
loss of
in the cost o f providing all kinds o f
services. These factors more than off
restrictions in service occasioned by the
doctors and nurses to the armed forces.
Hospital Care.
Increased ability o f patients to pay for serv
ice affected significantly the volume o f hos
pitalization and, hence, the expenditures of
hospitals. In 1942 hospital expenditures com
prised 84 percent o f the total expenditures for
health services. Including fees from patients,
total hospital expenditures advanced 23 per
cent between 1940 and 1942. Expenditures ex
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cluding fees increased only 8 percent (table 5).
In 1942 many people were able to pay for
hospitalization either through direct payment
or through hospital-insurance plans. More
than 10 million persons in the Nation were
participating in some type of hospital pre
payment insurance plan at the end o f 1942,
compared with about 6 million at the end o f
1940. Because o f hospital insurance and in
creased earnings, many people could afford to
obtain medical treatment promptly, whereas, in
prior years, their hospitalization had to be
postponed or was not received at all.
20
C om m u n ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
Table 5.—Total expenditures, and expenditures exclu
sive o f fees from patients, for hospitals in 30 urban
areas, by type o f hospital,'1940 and 19421
[In thousands]
Total expenditures
Expenditures
exclusive of fees
from patients
Type of hospital
1940
1942
Per
cent
1940
change
1942
Per
cent
change
Total........................ $115,728 $142,030 +22.7 $59,357 $63,844 +7.6
General and special..........
Chronic and tuberculous..
Nervous and mental.........
85,379 107,428 +25.8 31,314 32,209 +2.9
9,001 11,061 +22.9 8,323 10,212 +22.7
21,349 23,541 +10.3 19,720 21,422 +8.6
1 Totals for expenditures represent sum of figures before rounding and
may differ slightly from sums of rounded amounts; percentage changes are
computed from unrounded figures and may vary from percentage change
in rounded amounts.
The increase in population in urban com
munities and increased ability to pay, rather
than increased morbidity, resulted in more ap
plications for care than hospitals had exper
ienced in many years. Some hospitals, which
previously had been only partly occupied, were
filled to capacity and beyond, so that private
rooms had to be converted to semiprivate;
wards sometimes were used to accommodate
private patients, and new wings were added to
existing facilities. The rise in the number o f
births resulted in increased admissions for
maternity care in hospitals, both in tax-sup
ported hospitals and in those supported largely
by fees.
Expenditures o f general and special hos
pitals rose 26 percent between 1940 and 1942
in all the areas combined, and increases were
reported by every area. In 24 o f the areas the
increase was 20 percent or more, and in only
2 areas was it less than 15 percent. Increased
expenditures for chronic and tuberculosis hos
pital in-patient service were reported in 29 o f
the 30 areas, and, in 15, the increase was 20
percent or more. Expenditures o f hospitals
for the mentally ill also were greater in 1942
than in 1940 in 26 o f the 30 areas, and the
aggregate change was an increase o f 10 percent.
The increase in fees was important in the
changes in expenditures for all types o f hos
pitals, but its effect was most pronounced in
expenditures o f those giving general and spe
cial care. In this group there are many pri
vate hospitals in which fees from patients are
an important source o f revenue. Although ex
penditures o f general and special hospitals rose
26 percent, the increase is only 3 percent, if
expenditures derived from fees are excluded.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Health Services
Other Than Hospital Care.
The rising costs o f medical and nursing sup
plies, salary adjustments necessary to meet tne
rise in the cost o f living, and increases in the
general maintenance costs o f health agencies
were largely responsible for all the increases
reported from 1940 to 1942 in expenditures
for health services other than hospital care
(table 6). The over-all change in the 30 areas
for these health services was an increase o f 7
percent.
Expenditures in 1942 for clinic service in
cluding health conferences for children and
adults provided by out-patient departments o f
hospitals, public-health departments, or sep
arately organized health agencies accounted for
one-third o f the total expenditures for health
service other than hospital care. Decreases in
expenditures for this service were reported in
17 areas, and increases in 13. The over-all
change was a decrease o f less than 1 percent.
Because o f increased costs, the decline in ex
penditures was less than the decrease in the
volume o f clinic service. However, many areas
reported that the amount of service in certain
types o f clinics, especially those for venereal
diseases and tuberculosis, increased. The re
jection o f large numbers o f men by selectiveservice boards because o f venereal diseases and
tuberculosis gave new emphasis to the pro
grams o f local, State, and Federal agencies
working in the field o f social hygiene and pub
lic health.
Expenditures for public-health-nursing pro
grams increased 8 percent between 1940 and
1942; increased expenditures were reported in
23 o f the areas and decreases in only 7. In
creased expenditures were reported by 22 o f
the 29 areas providing services for promoting
good health among school children through
school hygiene nursing programs. The pres
sure o f rising living costs forced upward the
cost o f providing nursing services as well as
o f medical service in the schools. Expendi
tures for medical service in schools increased
5 percent between 1940 and 1942.
Increased costs were also a factor in the
slight increase in expenditures for mentalhygiene clinics. Nine areas out o f twenty-three
in which such a program was in operation in
1940 reported increases, and decreases were re
ported in fourteen. The increase in expendi
tures for mental-hygiene programs was attrib
uted in part by some areas to the increasing
acceptance and utilization o f these services by
the community. Where expenditures declined,
21
H e a lth S ervices
Table 6.— Expenditures for health services other than hospital care, by field of service and auspices, 1940 and 19421
[In thousands]
Field of service
Total, 30 areas----------------------------------------------Clinic service....................................................................
Mental-hygiene clinics.....................................................
Medical service: Homes and doctors’ office s.....-------M edical-social service......................................... —..........
Public-health-nursing service..........................................
3chool hygiene medical service--------------------------------School hygiene nursing service................... ....................
Hospital admitting and certifying bureaus...................
Other health services.........................- ...............— ........
Expenditures
1940
1942
$25,966
$27,731
9,295
600
1,589
(*)
3,831
1,362
1,948
82
7,258
9,216
603
959
1,139
4,144
1,433
2,062
166
8,010
Private auspices
Public auspices
Total
Expenditures
Percent
change
1940
1942
+6.8
$17,702
$19,097
- 0 .8
+0.4
-3 9 .7
(*)
+ 8.2
+ 5.2
+5.8
+102.4
+10.4
4,819
98
1,544
(»)
1,814
1,325
1,940
5,027
102
921
661
2,126
1,397
2,048
45
6,770
6,162
Expenditures
Percent
change
Percent
change
1940
1942
+ 7.9
$8,263
$8,634
+ 4.5
+4.3
+3.3
-4 0 .3
(*)
+17. 2
+5.5
+ 6.6
4,476
502
46
(»)
2,017
37
8
82
1,096
4,188
501
37
478
2,018
36
14
121
1,241
-6 4
-0 .1
-1 8 .5
+9.9
8- 3 .3
+65.3
+47.9
+13.2
• Totals for expenditures represent sum of figures before rounding and may differ slightly from sum of rounded amounts; percentage changes are
_ „ .
. . .,
computed from unrounded figures and may vary from percentage change ul rounded amounts.
» Expenditures for medical-social service were not reported separately in 1940 but were included in the various hospital and clinic-service fields.
> Less than 0.05 percent.
the chief reason given was that shortage o f staff
had reduced the ability of the agencies to sup
ply mental-hygiene programs.
A ll health agencies, in fact, had increasing
difficulty in supplying services in 1942. Large
numbers o f doctors who had volunteered their
services to free clinics and other health agencies
entered the armed forces, and replacements
were difficult if not impossible to obtain. O f
ten it became necessary for health agencies to
modify their programs. Reports from some
areas indicated that the shortage of personnel
contributed to closing some clinics or to reduc
ing the hours that they were open. Expendi
ture's by agencies for medical service in the
homes o f patients and in doctors’ offices, which
is most costly in terms o f physicians’ time,
dropped between 1940 and 1942 m 24 o f the 29
areas in which such service was available, and
increased in only 5. The aggregate change
was a decrease o f 40 percent.
Changes in Financing
Health Services.
Payments from recipients o f service were a
more important source o f funds in financing the
health programs in the 30 areas than in financ
ing any o f the other major fields o f service.
Fees from patients received by health agencies
under public auspices, as well as those under
private auspices, have been classified in this
report as funds from private sources. Exclud
ing fees from patients, 83 percent o f health ex
penditures in 1942 were from public funds,
while only 79 percent were made by agencies
under public auspices. This means that, in
1942, private agencies expended significant
577894 0 - 44 - 4
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sums o f public funds for health services, and
this was also true in 1940.
Private funds were more important in financ
ing all health services in 1942 than in 1940,
chiefly because o f the rise in the importance of
fees as a source of funds, as indicated by the
increase in private funds from 52 to 57 percent
of total expenditures when fees are included, as
compared to 17 percent for both years when
fees are excluded.
The proportion o f expenditures from local
treasuries, the largest single source of public
funds for all health services combined, dropped
from 36 percent in 1940 to 31 percent in 1942.
State and Federal funds were used in about the
same proportion in the 2 years (table 7).
Expenditures o f special hospitals (for ex
ample, hospitals for children and for maternity,
and orthopedic care) and o f general hospitals
constituted more than 60 percent o f total health
expenditures, and the change in financing these
programs largely determined the pattern^ of
change in the financing o f all health services
combined. The financing o f general and spe
cial hospitals in 1942 was characterized by a
decreased use of local tax funds and an in
creased reliance upon fees from patients.
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous pa
tients and for nervous and mental patients also
relied less upon local tax funds in 1942 than in
1940; and fees were quite unimportant in financ
ing these programs, in contrast to their exten
sive use in financing general and special
hospitals. State funds, however, were the
largest source o f income in both 1940 and 1942
for hospitals for nervous and mental patients,
and the second largest source for hospitals for
22
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
Table 7.— Percentage distribution o f health expenditures o f 30 urban areas in each field o f service, by source o f
funds, 1940 and 1942
Source of funds
Total health
services
. 1940
General and
special hospitals
1942
1940
Total expenditures (in thousands)_.. $141,693 $169,761
Percentage distribution: *
Total____________ _______ ________
Public funds:
Local______ __________ ____ _________
State........... ...... ....................................
Federal........................ .........................
Private funds:
Community Chest____ ______ ______
Other contributions.............................
Income from investments___________
•>>■Receipts from persons recei ving service.
All other.................. ....................... ......
1942
$85,379 $107,428
Hospitals for
chronic and
tuberculous
patients
Hospitals for
nervous and
mental
patients
Hospital ad
mitting and
certifying
bureaus
Clinic service
1940
1940
1940
1940
1942
1942
$9,001 $11,061 $21,349 $23,541
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
35.7
12.0
.6
30.8
11.6
.9
25.0
2.7
.3
19.9
2.7
.2
70.0
13.0
(*)
66.5
16.6
.5
33.8
57.7
31.2
58.5
4.2
2.3
2.7
41.6
.9
3.5
2.4
2.3
47.7
.8
2.8
2.0
3.0
63.3
.9
2.1
2.1
2.4
70.0
.6
3.1
3.3
2.6
7.5
.5
2.5
3.3
2.1
7.7
.8
.1
(*)
.6
7.6
.2
Mentalhygiene
clinics
Medical
service:
Homes and
doctors’
offices
Medicalsocial
service 1
1942
$82
$166
$9,295
$9,216
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
21.0
43:4
5.4
3. 1
40.5
6.9
54
14.7
5.6
7.7
16.0
4.1
13.9
5.0
6.8
18.7
2.8
10.9
Publichealth
nursing
service
(»)
.1
.7
9.0
.5
98.3
22.9
(s)
38.2
7.0
1.7
School
hygiene
medical
service
1942
School
hygiene
nursing
service
Other
health
services
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
Total expenditures (in thousands)...
$600
$603 $1,589
$959
(')
Percentage distribution: J
Total...................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(»)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.
23.8
5.1
22.7
2.0
(»)
73.3
22.8
.4
82.3
11.8
.5
(0
(')
0)
49.1
5.3
6.4
46.4
1.7
2.8
46.7
1.7
4.8
93.6
3.0
.2
94.9
2.2
.3
97.1
2.0
.6
96.7
2.2
.9
74.0
2.0
2.2
71.
3.
5.
52.3
9.2
8.9
.7
(*)
55.9
11.6
4.5
1.3
2.0
.3
1.8
.7
.4
.3
.6
2.6
.2
.9
1.1
(')
(')
(■)
(')
(>)
15.8
6.5
10.7
2.3
3.9
31.0
2.2
2.1
13.0
.8
28.8
2.3
2.4
12.6
.7
1.2
.3
.9
.3
.2
(»)
1.4
(»)
.1
(8)
4.1
8.2
.6
7.6
1.3
4.
8.
1.7
.2
(»)
(»)
(»)
(*)
Public funds:
Local______________________ •..............
State................................................... .
Federal.......................... ............. ...........
Private funds:
Community Chest.................................
Other contributions...............................
‘ Income from investments.....................
Receipts from persons receiving service.
All other..................... ...........................
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
$1,139 $3,831 $4,144 $1,362 $1,433 $1,948 $2,062 $7,258
$8,01
.1
4.
2.;
} Expenditures for medical-sceial service were not reported separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and rfinte service fields.
2 Percentage distributions are computed from unrounded figures.
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
chronic and tuberculous patients. Expendi
tures from State funds for both these programs
increased from 1940 to 1942, in relation to total
expenditures for this type o f hospital care.
A drop in proportion o f local tax funds and
a rise in fees dominated the pattern o f change
shown in expenditures for clinic service, which
is the health service accounting for the largest
art o f health expenditures other than those for
ospital care. Similarly, the financing of men
tal-hygiene clinics relied less upon local tax
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funds and more upon fees in 1942 than in 1940.
Community-chest funds, the chief source o f sup
port o f mental-hygiene clinics, also increased
in relation to total expenditures.
Most o f the other types o f health services
shown in table 7 were financed largely by local
tax funds, and little change occurred from 1940
to 1942 in the proportions o f these and other
funds in the total amounts spent for the
services.
G rou p -W ork and Leisure-Tim e A ctivities
Through participation in leisure-time activi
ties, individuals, particularly young people, are
given an opportunity for creative expression
and the acquisition of skills and attitudes de
signed to promote full character and personality
development. Diversity is emphasized in the
leisure-time programs o f most cities, and activi
ties available for people in the community vary
from participation in the programs o f small,
closely organized clubs in settlement houses and
community centers to mass play activities spon
sored by public recreation departments. In ad
dition to group activities, many leisure-time
agencies provide counseling service and facili
ties for individual recreation, such as libraries,
swimming pools, g olf courses, and game rooms.
In this report expenditures for leisure-time
activities have been grouped largely according
to the following types o f agencies administering
the programs: Private group-work agencies,
such as Y M C A ’s, Y W C A ’s, community centers,
and settlement houses; services o f nationally
organized programs for youths, such as Boy
Scouts, Girl Scouts, and Camp Fire Girls;
activities o f public recreation departments;
summer camps organized primarily for recrea
tion purposes; and special programs for
servicemen and war workers, including those
established by the United Service Organiza
tions and its constituent agencies.
Changes in Expenditures for
Group-Work and Leisure-Time Activities.
An increase in expenditures for leisure-time
services between 1940 and 1942 was reported in
all but 1 o f the 30 areas (fig. 9). In threefourths o f the areas the increase was more than
10 percent, and in 16 areas it was 20 percent or
more. In general, the percentage increases for
leisure-time expenditures were larger than those
for child welfare but not so large as those for
health services. The over-all change was an in
crease o f 18 percept.
Effects of the War on Group-Work
and Leisure-Time Expenditures.
Before the actual participation o f the Nation
in the war, leisure-time agencies were made
aware of the needs of men in uniform for recrea
tional opportunities. In response to these new
needs, the United Service Organizations, com
prising six national agencies, was organized
early in 1941 to provide, among other services,
recreation programs for service men and women,
not only at Army camps and Navy bases but
also in urban areas near military establish
ments. W ith the country’s entry into the war,
the rapid expansion o f the armed forces, and the
speeding up o f war production, leisure-time
agencies were taxed to provide recreational op
portunities for thousands o f soldiers, sailors,
and war workers who flocked to urban communi
ties. The United Service Organizations inte
grated their services with those o f regular
leisure-time agencies in many communities; in
others the USO established new programs and
facilities for men and women in the service.
The creation o f additional leisure-time activ
ities by the USO and by “ old line” agencies
and an increase in the cost o f providing services
were most important factors in the increased
expenditures reported for all the types
o f leisure-time service (table 8). Outstanding
was the 28-percent increase in expenditures of
Table 8.—Expenditures for group-work and leisure-time activities, by field o f service and auspices, 1940 and 19421
[In thousands]
•
Field of service
Total, 30 areas........................................................
Summer camps................................................................
Expenditures
Private auspices
Public auspices
Total
Expenditures
Percent
change
1040
1942
$21,602
$25,453
+17.8
9,615
12,140
+27.6
0,515
8,484
1,543
2,059
1,573
10,567
9,209
1,749
2,356
+11.1
+8.5
+13.3
+14.4
1940
1942
$8,608
$9,335
Expenditures
Percent
change
+8.4
8,484
9,209
+8.5
123
126
+2.2
Percent
change
1940
1942
$12,994
$16,118
+24.0
9,515
12,140
+27.6
9,515
1,573
10,567
+11.1
1,543
1,936
Ï.749
2,230
+13.3
+15.1
* Totals for expenditures represent sum of figures before rounding and may differ slightly from sum of rounded amounts; percentage changes are
computed from unrounded figures and may vary from percentage change in rounded amounts.
23
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C om m unity H ealth and W elf are E xpenditures in W artime
24
F IG U R E
» .- C H A N G E
FROM
AREA
Total, 30 areas
1940 T O 1942 IN E X P E N D I T U R E S F O R G R O U P - W O R K A N D L E I S U R E
T I M E A C T I V I T I E S — 30 U R B A N A R E A S
-1 0
IQ
Percentage change
+ 20______ +30
*40______ +50______ +60
Wichita
Richmond
Ft. Worth
Kansas City, Mo.
Loujsville
Dallas
New Orleans
Houston
Oklahoma City
Baltimore
Hartford
Akron
Washington, D.C.
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Providence
Rochester
Omaha
Cincinnati
Canton
Cleveland
Dayton
Buffalo
Springfield, Mass.
St. Louis
Sioux City
Birmingham
Des Moines
Milwaukee
Syracuse
private group-work agencies, including TJSO,
which accounted for almost half o f the total
leisure-time expenditures. About 60-percent of
this increase was due to the establishment o f
the new USO programs. Excluding new prorrams, the expenditures o f previously estabished programs increased 11 percent, in part
because o f their expansion to accommodate
men in the armed forces.
Expenditures for public recreation, usually
provided by municipal recreation and park de
partments, constituted more than one-third o f
the total leisure-time expenditures in 1942.
Expenditures for public recreation increased 9
f
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percent; increases were reported by 23 areas,
and decreases by only 7.
Wartime emphasis on the value of recreation
and leisure-time activities in community pro
grams for preventing and controlling juvenile
delinquency was reported by some areas as a
stimulus in developing leisure-time programs
for children and as an important factor in the
increase in expenditures for leisure-time
services.
The martial spirit of 1942 greatlv stimulated
the programs o i organizations with uniformed
membership, such as Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts,
and Camp Fire Girls. The programs of these
25
G roup-W ork and L eisure-T ime A ctivities
Changes in Financing Group-Work
and Leisure-Time Activities.
agencies were immediately directed to partici
pation in salvage drives, defense-stamp sales,
civilian-defense and other war-related activi
ties. As the membership o f scouting agencies
expanded, expenditures for the service rose 13
percent from 1940 to 1942.. Twenty-four areas
reported increased expenditures, and only six
reported decreased expenditures. Through
civilian-defense activities, adult participation
in such war-connected programs as home-nurs
ing and first-aid classes was also greatly stim
ulated.
In the face o f these increased demands for
war-related leisure-time services, the agencies
were handicapped by staff shortages in 1942.
Staff members entered the armed forces or left
leisure-time agencies for more remunerative
jobs, and the agencies were unable to fill the
vacancies. The curtailment o f W P A funds for
recreation workers, though not included in the
reported expenditures o f leisure-time agencies,
caused gaps in recreation programs, except in
those areas where additional appropriations
from local funds were made to hire new
workers.
The availability of volunteer leadership, on
which many programs depended, dropped
sharply as hundreds o f men who formerly were
scoutmasters or leaders o f clubs and classes
went into military service. Many areas at
tributed the increase o f 14 percent from 1940
to 1942 in total expenditures for summer camps
partly to the fact that staff for these camps,
formerly on a volunteer basis, had to be re
placed by paid workers. The increase was
15 percent or more in 12 areas.
Public leisure-time agencies spent large sums
o f private money drawn primarily from income
from fees, which are classified in this report as
private funds. However, if funds used for
leisure-time activities that were received from
beneficiaries o f the service are not included, the
percentage o f total funds from public treasuries
corresponds closely with the percentage o f total
expenditures maae by agencies under public
auspices. In this field, as in the family-welfare
and relief fields, and in contrast to the childwelfare and health fields, public funds are spent
almost exclusively by public agencies.
Local taxes, fees, and community-chest money
were the largest sources o f funds used to finance
total group-work and leisure-time expenditures
in both 1940 and 1942 (table 9). However, if
expenditures of the W P A for recreation
workers were included, the use of public funds
would assume greater importance. .
In 1942 the proportion o f “other contribu
tions” in total leisure-time expenditures in
creased from 10 to 13 percent. This classifica
tion includes contributions received through
channels other than community chests, and
was the only source of funds which showed an
increase in importance. The rise from 15
to 23 percent in expenditures derived from
“ other contributions” is almost entirely at
tributable to the increased use o f such funds
to finance private group-work agencies. The
determining factor in this increase was con
tributions to the USO. In some communities
Table 9.—Percentage distribution o f group-work and leisure-time expenditures o f 30 urban areas in each field o f
service, by source o f funds, 1940 and 1942
Source of funds
Total group-work
and leisure-time
activities
Services of groupwork agencies
1940
1940
1942
Total expenditures (in thousands)___
$21,602
$25,453
$9,515
Percentage distribution: >
Total.....................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.4
.3
29.3
»1
*2
Public funds:
Private funds:
Community Chest...................................
Other contributions.................................
Receipts from persons receiving service.
All other..................................................
«
24.8
9.6
2.1
26.1
5.7
»
24.3
13.4
2.0
25.2
5.5
> Percentage distributions are computed from unrounded figures.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43.4
15.0
4.2
26.8
10.4
Summer camps
1942
1940
1942
1940
1942
1940
$12,140
$8,484
$9,209
$1,543
$1,749
$2,059
$2,356
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1942
.1
.2
<*)
Public recreation
groups under
other than summer Local
national programs
camps
(*)
.4
39.1
22.5
3.6
24.2
10.1
79.3
.6
(J)
.1
.1
.2
18.8.
.9
80.4
.3
. (»)
.3
.1
18.3
.6
1.4
.1
1.5
(»)
(»)
(»)
60.5
21.7
.8
11.7
5.3
63.1
22.0
.7
12.0
2.2
14.6
14.3
1.4
63.8
4.4
14.2
11.1
1.9
67.7
3.6
26
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
USO funds were raised through separate cam
paigns, and the money collected was sent to
the national USO for allocation in the Nation
wide program. In other communities local
USO organizations, unaffiliated with the financ
ing o f the national organization, raised funds
for local use through separate campaigns. The
allocations to the communities from the national
USO and the funds raised locally in independent
campaigns are classified in this report as “other
contributions.”
The proportion of total money spent by
private group-work agencies drawn from in
come from fees dropped in the 2-year period,
inasmuch as “old line” agencies and the USO
usually made no charge for service to men in
the armed forces. On the other hand, the pro
portion of fees to total expenditures o f summer
camps rose from 64 to 68 percent, as more people
could afford to pay for their children’s vaca
tions and as summer camps increased their
charges in line with the continuing rise in the
cost o f living.
Public recreation programs, financed largely
from local taxes, and scouting programs, sup
ported chiefly by commun ity^chest funds,
showed little change from 1940 to 1942 in their
methods o f financing*
Planning, Financing, and C oordinating Services
The variety o f social services required to
meet the varying needs and complex problems
of people in an urban environment demands
central planning, financing, and coordinating ac
tivities to provide the most efficient community
organization. Central planning and coordina
tion o f health and welfare services traditionally
have been provided chiefly by councils o f social
agencies, and central financing o f private
agencies by such organizations as community
chests and sectarian financial federations.
Changes in Expenditures for Planning,
Financing, and Coordinating Services.
In 1942 expenditures for all central services
in the 30 areas amounted to $3,652,000, which
represents less than 1 percent o f the total out
lay for health and welfare services in the 30
communities. Increases in expenditures for
central services in the first year o f the war
were reported by 24 areas, and decreases by 6
(fig. 10). The increase was 10 percent or more
in 16 areas, and the over-all change in the 30
areas was an increase of S percent.
Effects of the War on Expenditures for
Planning, Financing, and Coordinating Services.
As expenditures for health and welfare
services in 1942 were affected by the Nation’s
participation in the war, likewise outlay for
central services showed the effect of war-related
developments. Outstanding was the change in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
expenditures o f social-service exchanges, which
provide clearance and coordination o f health
and welfare services to individuals.
The activity o f social-service exchanges de
pends largely upon the volume o f applications
for service made to health and welfare agen
cies—especially public family-welfare and re
lief agencies. A marked decline between 1940
and 1942 in the number o f persons requesting
relief and other services related to economic
need tended to reduce demands made upon ex
changes. Expenditures for social-service ex
changes did not drop in proportion to the
volume o f service, because fixed costs form an
important element in expenditures for this
service. Decreased expenditures for exchange
service were reported by 17 o f the 30 areas,
and the change in total expenditures for ex
changes wras a decrease o f 15 percent (table
10).
One development in planning and coordina
tion, noteworthy in spite of the relatively small
expenditure involved, was the organization
o f civilian-defense councils in most com
munities in 1942. Although the initial pur
pose of civilian-defense councils was to provide
civilian protective services, they also assisted
in focusing attention on the planning and co
ordination of emergency health and welfare
services. In some areas the job o f organizing
these programs was carried by the existing
agency, such as the council of social agencies,
whereas in others, new organizations were set
P lann in g , F inancing , and C oordinating S ervices
27
FIGURE 10.—C H A N G E F R O M 1940 T O 1942 IN E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R P L A N N IN G , F IN A N C IN G , A N D
C O O R D IN A T IN G SE R V IC E S —30 U R B A N A R E A S
Percentage change
AREA
Toto I , 30 areas
Dallas
Providence
Baltimore
Cincinnati
Kansas City, Mo.
Hartford
Canton
Rochester
Springfield, Mass.
Ft. Worth
Richmond
Birmingham
New Orleans
San Francisco
Des Moines
Omaha
Akron
Buffalo
Oklahoma City
Wichita
Washington , D.C.
Louisville
Los Angeles
Syracuse
St. Louis
Houston
Milwaukee
Dayton
Cleveland
Sioux Ci,ty
up— often financed by public funds and ad
ministered under public auspices, such as city
or county governments. Prior to the war,
community planning for welfare service was
done almost exclusively by agencies under pri
vate auspices. Leadership o f public agencies
in this field in 1942 represents a new develop
ment directly attributable to the war, and may
have implications for the place of public agen
cies in community-wide planning in the post
war period.
Information on expenditures of civilian-de
fense councils for planning o f emergency health
and welfare services, as distinguished from civil
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ian protective services (not included in this re
port— for example, air-raid wardens, first aid,
block wardens) obtained from 8 of the 30 areas
indicated that $33,000 were spent in 1942 from
public funds for planning emergency health
and welfare services by agencies under public
auspices, none o f which were in existence in
1940. These expenditures were responsible in
part for the 25-percent increase in expenditures
o f planning agencies other than councils o f
social agencies from 1940 to 1942.
The extension of the programs of councils of
social agencies to include civilian-defense activ
ities was also an important factor in the 17-
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W elfa re E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
28
Table 10.—Expenditures for planning, financing, and coordinating services, by field o f service and auspices, 1940
and 1942 1
{In thousands]
Public auspices
Total
Expenditures
Field of service
Private auspices
Expenditures
Expenditures
Percent
change
1940
1942
Percent
change
Percent
change
1940
1942
1940
1942
Total, 30 areas........................................................
$3,373
$3,652
+8.3
$63
$69
+10.7.
$3,311
$3,582
+ 8.2
Social-service exchange......................... - ........... - ...........
306
2,058
159
538
312
260
2,168
204
629
390
-1 5 .2
+6.4
+28.6
+16.9
+24.9
56
30
-4 5 .2
7
39
+449.5
251
2,058
159
538
305
230
2,168
204
629
351
- 8 .5
+5.4
+28.6
+16.9
+15.1
Other social-welfare planning councils...........................
i Totals for expenditures represent sum of figures before rounding and may differ slightly from sum of rounded amounts; percentage changes are
computed from unrounded figures and may vary from percentage change in rounded amounts.
percent increase in expenditures of these com
munity-planning agencies. Moreover, councils
of social agencies were fairly new in a few of
the communities in 1940, and they continued
their growth and expansion through 1942. In
creased expenditures for councils o f social
agencies were reported in 21 o f the 27 areas in
which they were in operation in 1940.
Inasmuch as economic conditions were better
in 1942 and community chests in many com
munities raised funds for foreign relief and the
USO, the 1942 campaigns of community chests
throughout the Nation were more successful than
they had been in years. „ An increase in the
amount of money raised increased the costs of
publicity, campaign, and collection, but equally
Table 11.—Percentage distribution of expenditures for
planning, financing, and coordinating services of 30
urban areas in each field of service, by source of funds,
1940 and 1942
Source of funds
T o ta l p la n n in g ,
financing, and coordinating services
1940
Total expenditures (in thousands)...............
Percentage distribution:1
T o ta l........................................................... .
Public funds:
Private funds:
Community Chest.............................................
Other contributions............................................
Income from investments ------------------------ Receipts from persons receiving service----------
1942
$3,373
$3,652
100.0
100.0
3.2
1.3
(*)
2.7
.7
.1
87.2
6.1
1.3
.1
.8
87.3
7.9
.9
(*)
.4
> Percentage distributions are computed from unrounded figures.
’ Less than 0.05 perceut.
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important were the rise in the cost o f supplies—
printing, stationery, and office equipment— and
rises in salaries necessary to meet the increase in
the cost o f living. An increase in the expendi
tures o f community chests from 1940 to 1942 was
reported in two-thirds o f the areas, and the
change in the 30 areas was an increase o f 5
percent. The same factors were largely respon
sible for the 29-percent increase in expendi
tures of sectarian financial federations.
Changes in Financing Planning,
Financing, and Coordinating Services.
In 1940 and 1942 central services were pro
vided largely by private agencies and were
financed almost entirely by private funds. The
proportion o f community-chest money, the
largest source o f private funds used to finance
central services, changed little from 1940 to 1942
(table 11). The amount o f community-chest
funds increased from $2,943,000 in 1940 to $3,187,000 in 1942.
Social-service exchanges in both 1940 and
1942 were financed largely by coirfmunity-chest
funds, and the proportion o f such funds to
total expenditures increased, as is shown by the
following data on the distribution o f expendi
tures of exchanges in 1940 and 1942, by source
of funds:
Sources of funds
Percent of toU:l
mo
i9a
Total social-service-exchange
100.0
expenditures _ — -
100.0
21.6
14.0
.2
63.0
1.2
17.2
10.2
•5
70.6
1. 5
Local-------------------------------------------State---------- --------------------------------Federal____!_______________________
Community Chest-------------------------All other private funds-------------------
L o cal F actors i n C h a n g e s
Social-service exchanges, although financed
largely by community-chest funds, receive pay
ments in some areas from public and private
non-chest agencies for clearing service. The
29
drop from 1940 to 1942 in public funds received
by exchanges for clearing services reflected the
decrease in clearings o f relief cases by public
agencies that paid for clearing service.
Local Factors in Changes in Health and W elfare Expenditures
Nation-wide economic and social develop
ments resulting from the war played an impor
tant part in the changes in expenditures for
health and welfare services in the 30 urban areas
between 1940 and 1942. However, these forced
affected the areas with varying intensity, de
pending upon the extent to which communities
were related to the war effprt.
The rise in employment was more marked
in areas where war industries such as aircraft
factories and shipyards were built than in other
areas. Employment increased in all the 30
areas between 1940 and 1942. It more than
doubled in 3 o f the areas (Los Angeles, New
Orleans, and San Francisco), as is indicated
by a comparison o f the average monthly index
o f employment in manufacturing industries of
the Bureau o f Labor Statistics for June 1942
with the corresponding month in 1940. In all
the 27 areas included in the index except 3—
Louisville, Richmond, and Oklahoma City—the
increase was 25 percent or more, and in 16 o f
the areas, it amounted to more than 50 percent.
In Washington, D. CL, which is not included in
the index for 1942, employment also rose steeply
in 1942.
Urgent demands for workers in war centers
and attractive wages paid by war industries
drew thousands o f people to the large urban
areas where many o f the war industries and
Government operations were located. In
creases in the population were experienced in
22 o f the 30 areas, ranging from 24 percent in
Washington and Wichita to 0.1 percent in Des
Moines. In 3 o f the areas the increase in popu
lation was more than 10 percent; in 9 of the
areas it was between 5 and 10 percent ; and in
10, less than 5 percent.
The changés in the number o f births in the
30 areas were more consistent than were other
changes that affected expenditures for health
and welfare services. The number o f births
increased in all the areas from 1940 to 1942, and
the rise was between 25 and 50 percent in 21.
The estimated population increase in the same
21 areas was 4 percent.
577804 0 - 44 - 5
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A ll the areas experienced demands from
servicemen on the move, but those communities
that were near Army camps and Navy bases
had particularly large problems to provide
recreation and other services for the soldiers
and sailors who flocked to the cities on week
end leave and on furlough. Seven of the areas
had between 10 and 15 Army posts and Navy
bases located in the vicinity. A t the other ex
treme were three areas that had no near-by
military establishments.
In addition to the variations among the 30
communities in the extent to which the Nation’s
participation in the war created changes in
their economic and social picture, there was
considerable difference in local changes in
health and welfare programs, many of which
were quite removed from the war. Programs
like the special types o f public assistance that
were in an early developmental stage in certain
States and local communities in 1940 continued
their growth during the first year o f the war.
As a result o f local studies, in a few areas
agencies were reorganized and merged with
others; services were extended and their quality
improved.
The importance o f peculiarly local factors
and o f variations in the impact o f Nation-wide
economic and social forces upon changes of ex
penditures for health and welfare services is
suggested by descriptions o f local developments
provided* by the reporting communities. The
following summaries o f statements from 12
areas are illustrative o f the interrelationship in
communities o f local, State, and National
developments.
Baltim ore.—An increase in expenditures for
child welfare (4 percent) reflects in part an
improvement in the quality o f programs of serv
ice and institutional care for delinquent chil
dren. A rapid rise in employment (78 percent
between 1940 and 1942) in this community was
an especially important factor in the decline in
expenditures for family welfare and relief, in
asmuch as relief is available for employable as
well as unemployable persons. Likewise, be-
30
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l fa r e E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
cause o f diminishing need, two family-welfare
agencies operated by volunteers closed during
1942. Enlarged State appropriations for tuber
culosis hospitals, increased bed capacity in a
private hospital, and expanded clinic facilities
in a general hospital contributed to a rise in
expenditures (19 percent) for health services.
Because o f long-standing needs, the scouting
programs included in leisure-time expenditures
were expanded.
Birmingham.—While a decline from 1940 to
1942 in expenditures for all family welfare and
relief resulted in a decrease in total expendi
tures for health and welfare services, the cover
age o f special-assistance programs was extended,
and several family-welfare programs were ex
panded. A relatively high increase (15 per
cent) in expenditures for child welfare was due
partly to the development o f a foster-home pro
gram and to the establishment o f a day
nursery for Negro children. The opening of
a 250-bed general hospital in 1941 and the addi
tion o f a number o f beds in private hospitals
and in a tuberculosis sanatorium increased the
facilities o f the community for hospital care
more than 15 percent: this accounts in large
measure for a sizable increase (39 percent) in
expenditures for health services. Expenditures
for leisure-time services increased only 5 per
cent; an increase in funds raised by the com
munity chest contributed to the increased ex
penditures for this type o f service, as well as
for other health and welfare services.
Buffalo.—Increased institutional care o f chil
dren contributed in part to a rise (11 percent)
in expenditures for child welfare. Expendi
tures for day-nursery care of children of work
ing mothers were almost doubled because o f the
opening o f two new centers, making a total of
three. Exceptionally large decreases in ex
penditures or the W P A (85 percent) and in
public general relief (67 percent) are related to
the increase in employment opportunities in this
area. The relief program provided assistance
to employable persons as well as to unemploy
ables, and during 1942 the number o f persons
leaving relief rolls because they had obtained
employment outnumbered those going on relief
because o f unemployment by a ratio o f 5 to 1.
A 9-percent increase in hospital bed capacity
and an expansion in nursing programs o f the
public-health services contributed to an increase
(16 percent) in expenditures for health services.
Dallas.—An increase o f 29 percent from 1940
to 1942 in total expenditures for health and
welfare services reflects the growth o f the spec
ial-assistance programs, increased income from
community-chest funds for private agencies, and
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the extension o f some local public-agency prorams. Late in 1941 the programs o f aid to the
iind and aid to dependent children were estab
lished in Texas under plans approved by the
Social Security Board, and during the 2-year
period, eligibility requirements for aid to the
aged were liberalized, and coverage o f the pro
gram was extended. These developments were
important factors in an increase (39 percent) in
expenditures for family welfare and relief.
Moreover, in contrast to the situation in many
other communities, the public general-relief pro
gram showed practically no change between the
2 years, inasmuch as relief was provided only to
unemployable persons, who were less affected
by increased employment opportunities than
were employable persons.
Expansion o f services in the juvenile proba
tion department and an increase in communitychest funds for foster-home and institutional
care o f children contributed to a rise in expendi
tures for child welfare (21 percent). The avail
ability o f more funds from the community chest
also contributed, to the increase in expenditures
o f health and leisure-time agencies, many o f
which had been less adequately financed prior
to 1942. The large increase in expenditures for
planning and finance reflects the establishment
early in 1941 o f a new council o f social agencies
and the increased administrative costs in the
fund-raising agency, necessitated by the inclu
sion o f almost twice as many agencies in the com
munity chest as had participated in 1940.
F ort W orth.—Expenditures for each o f the
major types o f health and welfare service in
creased from 1940 to 1942 in this area, and total
health and welfare expenditures rose 10 percent.
Many changes occurred in the local health and
welfare programs as agencies placed increased
emphasis on review o f their programs and co
ordination o f their services. Important in the
increase (5 percent) reported in expenditures for
family weliare and relief was the extension o f
the special-assistance programs in Texas from
1940 to 1942. Although community-chest funds
were made available for leisure-time programs,
as well as for other health and welfare services,
a large part o f the increase in expenditures for
leisure-time activities resulted from increased
expenditures derived from fees, paid by recipi
ents o f the service.
Houston.— Expenditures in 1942 were 21 per
cent higher than in 1940 for all health and wel
fare services combined, and increases were re
ported also for all the major types o f service,
except central planning and finance. The es
tablishment in Texas in 1941 o f programs for
aid to dependent children and aid to the blind
f
L o c a l F actors i n C h a n g e s
and the expansion o f the program for aid to the
aged were largely responsible for an increase
(18 percent) in expenditures for family welfare
and relief. Many activities o f the public-health
agencies were expanded between 1940 and 1942—
public-health nursing, school hygiene services,
and clinic service—and this extension contrib
uted to an increase (26 percent)*in expenditures
for health services. The greatest increase (29
pertent) in the major fields o f service was re
ported in expenditures for leisure-time activi
ties. Important in this change was the expan
sion o f the program o f one large group-work
agency, made possible through a substantial in
crease in facilities. Many private agencies were
enabled to improve their programs because o f
additional community-chest funds.
Kansas C ity.—Two major dfevelopments af
fected practically all the aspects o f the welfare
program in this area: a community-wide survey
o f health and welfare services and increased
interest by the local government in social serv
ices. Prior to 1940 many services in the health
and welfare field were little developed or non
existent. During 1941, as a result o f the recom
mendations o f a community survey, personnel
standards were improved; a family and a child
ren’s agency were merged, and case-work service
was developed for institutions for children and
for the aged; two children’s institutions were
closed; one maternity home was closed; one new
camp was opened, and the capacity in others was
expanded. Following a change in the city ad
ministration, many services were developed
Under public auspices, particularly in the leisuretime and health fields; this is reflected in the in
crease o f 85 percent in expenditures in the
leisure-time field and o f 16 percent in the health
field.
From a relatively small public recreation
program in 1940, this community expanded the
program in 1942 to include such services as su
pervised playground activities and day camps.
The expansion o f the public-health program
emphasized the importance o f health services
and influenced the rise in expenditures for all
kinds o f public-health services—clinics, com
municable-disease control, public-health and
school nursing, industrial hygiene, and other
special health services.
Louisville.—In contrast to the decrease in
- most o f the other 29 areas, expenditures for all
health and welfare services combined in this
community increased slightly (1 percent) be
tween 1940 and 1942. This increase was due in
part to a decline o f only 20 percent in expendi
tures for all relief and family-welfare services,
compared with a decrease o f 39 percent in all
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
31
the other areas combined. Inasmuch as relief
allowances had been inadequate and additional
appropriations vçere made to meet rising living
costs, expenditures for general assistance in
ublic agencies increased, even though the mim
er of persons receiving relief dropped. More
over, expenditures o f the W P A were not cut so
drastically in this community as in others ; the
1942 expenditures declined less than 50 percent
from those of 1940, whereas the decrease in all
the other communities combined was 64 percent.
In addition, expenditures for aid to dependent
children increased 39 percent, because the local
appropriation was increased during the latter
half of 1940 and expansion o f the program was
continued into 1942. A marked increase in ex
penditures for leisure-time services (33 per
cent) reflects the rapid expansion o f the com
munity recreation program, as additional funds
were made available for both public and pri
vate agencies. Neighborhood programs were
established, and a new public agency was opened
for servicemen, supported by both public and
private funds.
Milwaukee.—As in many other areas, increase
in employment effected very marked decreases
in expenditures for W P A and public general
relief. Without these two fields, total expendi
tures showed a 10-percent increase from 1940 to
1942.
Child-welfare expenditures increased 10 per
cent primarily because larger numbers o f chil
dren were placed in boarding and work or wage
homes, ana because the cost o f institutional care
increased with the general increase in cost of
living in 1942.
The increase o f 15 percent in expenditures
for health services centered mainly in increases
in expenditures for private general and special
hospital in-patient service (29 percent), and
for public hospital services for nervous and
mental patients (10 percent). Greatly in
creased occupancy (with consequent increased
expenditures) of private general hospitals re
sulted mainly from four factors: (1) W ith in
creased employment persons formerly qualified
for free public hospital care entered private
hospitals as pay patients; (2) growth of hospi
tal insurance in Milwaukee probably caused
greater use o f more expensive hospital accom
modations; (3) war-production accidents in
creased the number o f industrial cases hos
pitalized; and (4) population increased. In
crease in cost o f fooa, fuel, and equipment also
affected the increase in expenditures of
hospitals.
Greater use o f facilities during wartime in
fluenced the 11-percent increase in expenditures
32
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l fa re E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
building o f a large hospital and the establish
for services o f private group-work agencies.
ment of a new public-health department, with
Increased costs o f food and equipment resulted
an improved and expanded program, were
in increased camp expenditures.
largely responsible for the change in expendi
New Orleans.—A decrease (34 percent) in ex
tures for health services. An increase in the
penditures for family welfare and relief was
allocation o f Federal funds for venereal-disease
caused in part by the failure o f the State legis
control also accounted for part o f the increase
lature to appropriate funds for general relief
in health expenditures. Some o f the increase
during one quarter of the year. On the other
in expenditures for leisure-time services was
hand, increased appropriations from commu
due to the expansion o f the public recreation
nity-chest and public funds enabled programs in
program and the development o f the program
other fields to expand. The program o f protec
o f one private agency.
tive and foster care for children under both
St. Louis.—Local evaluative studies and in
public and private auspices was enlarged; pro
creased local public funds led to expansion of
grams o f health education and school hygiene
services and improvement in the quality o f serv
were extended; public recreation and summer
camping programs grew from 1940 to 1942. , ices in some o f the family-welfare and relief
agencies as well as in child-welfare and leisure
These developments, coupled with an increase in
time programs.- Expenditures for the specialday-nursery, hospital, and group-work facil
assistance programs— aid to dependent chil
ities, contributed to relatively large increases
dren, aid to the aged, and aid to the blind—
that were reported in all the major types of
increased as a result o f the development and
welfare service in this community, except fam
extended coverage o f these programs since 1940,
ily welfare and relief.
when the programs were still fairly new. An
Richmond.— Expenditures for certain types
increase in the bed capacity o f two general
o f health and welfare services showed large
hospitals and of one tuberculosis hospital pro
increases between 1940 and 1942; health ex
vided additional facilities in response to grow
penditures, for example, increased 50 percent,
ing demands for health service.
and leisure-time expenditures, 37 percent. The
M ethods and Procedures Used in This Study
Expenditures in this report are the total
amounts spent by health and welfare agencies
for service, relief, and local administrative
costs (with the exception o f the Federal
work programs, for which supervisory costs
were included but central administrative costs
were excluded). Only expenses for current
operating purposes are shown, and funds used
for capital outlay are omitted. .
Health and welfare services covered by the
expenditure data are those services that are
provided on a continuous basis by organized
agencies for the promotion and protection of
the health a’nd welfare o f the people o f a
community. Sporadic welfare services are
provided in many communities, usually on
special occasions only, such as Christmas or
Thanksgiving, by churches, civic groups, and
fraternal associations. It was not feasible to
include expenditures for such activities in
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this report. Important services that have been
considered as outside the community health
and welfare fields are: Educational and re
ligious activities; services for the detection
and punishment o f adult criminals; Federal
hospitals for veterans; social insurance; and
W P A State-wide projects. Many agencies in
the study are supported largely by fees from
recipients o f service, but only agencies or
ganized on a nonprofit basis were included.
The procedure followed to obtain source o f
funds expended in 1942 was to apply the
percentage distribution o f 1942 income by
source to total 1942 expenditures. Inasmuch
as most health and welfare agencies spend
funds in the year in which they are received,
this method o f computing the source of funds
expended gives substantially accurate results.
Funds transferred from one agency to an
other were subtracted from the reports o f the
M ethods a n d P rocedures U sed
paying agency and were added to the expendi
tures o f the receiving agency. These trans
fers were distributed by source o f funds in the
report o f the receiving agency on the basis o f
the percentage distribution o f the income o f
the paying agency. T o illustrate, if a familywelfare agency financed equally by local and
State tax funds paid a community-chest agency
$300 during 1942 for care o f a 'child in a foster
home, the amount o f $300 was deducted by the
local supervisor in the reporting area from the
expenditures o f the family-welfare agency, and
$150 was shown as an expenditure from local
tax funds and $150 as expenditures from State
tax funds in the report o f the private childwelfare agency.
Coverage of the Study.
In 1942, 45 urban areas were participating
in the social-statistics project for the report
ing o f the volume o f service provided by health
and welfare agencies. Thirty of the 34 areas
that were included in the 1940 expenditure
study, and therefore were eligible fo r this
study, were able to collect the financial data
for the year 1942. The area included in each
o f the 30 urban areas and the estimated civilian
population in 1942 are given in table 12.
In population, the 30 areas ranged from about
100.000 (Sioux City) to about 3,000,000 (Los A n
geles), according to 1942 estimates o f civilian
population. Twelve of the areas had popula
tions of 500,000 or more; 12 had from 250,000
to 500,000; and 6 had less than 250,000. The
population o f the 30 areas combined was ap
proximately 16,570,000, or about one-fourth o f
the population o f all metropolitan areas o f
100.000 population and more in the Nation.
The estimated civilian population o f the re
porting areas in 1942 in comparison with the
total estimated population o f metropolitan
areas in each geographic division is shown
in table 13.
Table 13.—Estimated civilian population in 1942 of met
ropolitan areas of 100,000 or more, and of regis
tration areas, by geographic division
Table 12.— Estimated civilian population in 1942 and
area included in each of the 30 urban areas
Principal city
Total, 30 areas____
Estimated
civilian
population
in 19421
1942 estimated civilian population
Geographie division
Metro
politan
areas of
100,000 or
more 1
16,570,000
Akron, Ohio..........
Baltimore, M d ___
Birmingham, Ala.
Buffalo, N. Y ........
Canton, Ohio........
Cincinnati, Ohio..
Cleveland, Ohio__
Dallas, Tex______
Dayton, Ohio____
Des Moines, Iowa.
Fort Worth, Tex..
Hartford, C o n n ...
357.000
857.000
500.000
800.000
251.000
666.000
1,226,000
430.000
324.000
196.000
235.000
272.000
ÜUUOMIU. Xva . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas City, M o______
Los Angeles, C a lif........
Louisville, K y_________
Milwaukee, Wis.............
New Orleans, La............
Oklahoma City, O kla...
Omaha, Nebr.............. .
Providence, R. I .............
Richmond, Va................
553.000
480.000
2,906,000
419.000
853.000
516.000
216.000
253.000
252.000
272.000
Rochester, N. Y ___
St. Louis, M o ...___
San Francisco, Calif.
Sioux City, Iowa___
Springfield, M a ss...
422.000
1,150,000
610.000
96,000
173,000
Syracuse, N. Y .......
Washington, D. C.
Wichita, Kans........
Area included
33
286,000
821,000
178,000
Summit County.
Baltimore City.
Jefferson County.
Erie County.
Stark County.
Hamilton County.
Cuyahoga County.
Dallas County.
Montgomery County.
Polk County.
Tarrant County.
City of Hartford, towns of Bloom
field, East Hartford, Newing
ton, West Hartford, Wethers
field, and Windsor.
Harris County.
Jackson County.
Los Angeles County.
Jefferson County.
Milwaukee County.
Orleans Parish.
Oklahoma County.
Douglas County.
Providence City.
Independent city of Richmond
and Chesterfield and Henrico
Counties.
Monroe County.
City and St. Louis County.
San Francisco County.
Woodbury County.
City of Springfield, towns of
East Longmeadow, Longmeadow, and West SpringfiUd.
Onondaga County.
District of Columbia.
Sedgwick County.
1 Estimated by Children’s Bureau on basis of data provided by Bureau
of the Census.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Registration areas in
cluded in study
Popula
tion 1
Percent of
metro
politan
areas
Total, all divisions.............. 67,511,394
16,570,000
24.5
New England................ ................ 6,549,699
Middle Atlantic............ ...... .......... 21,414,454
East North Central___ _________ 15,651,311
West North Central.................... _ 3,819,643
South Atlantic _____________ __ 6,183,177
East South Central................
2,637,694
West South Central....................... 3,535,397
Mountain_____________ _____ _
800,416
Pacific............................................. 6,919,603
697.000
1.508.000
3.677.000
2.353.000
1.950.000
919.000
1.950.000
10.6
' 7.0
23.5
61.6
31.5
34.8
55.2
3,516,000
50.8
1 U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureairof the Census: Estimates of
the Civilian Population by Countie», M ay 1,
Series P-3, No.33,
February 25,1943.
1 Estimated by Division of Statistical Research, Children’s Bureau.
(See table 12.)
The boundaries o f each o f the reporting areas
have been determined locally in relation to ad
ministrative and planning needs of the com
munities, and the area usually comprises the
county in which the city is located (table 12).
The expenditures cover services provided to
the population o f these areas and do not in
clude the cost of service for nonresidents, ex
cept those for whom communities frequently
have assumed responsibility, such as relief and
service to transients and travelers, maternity
care for nonresident girls and women, and, in
34
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l fa r e E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
1942, programs for persons in the armed forces.
Included are expenditures o f State-wide agen
cies located outside the areas for direct service
to persons from the reporting areas.
Use of Estimates.
Estimates prepared for tjiis report by the
Division o f Research and Statistics o f the
Work Projects Administration on expenditures
for that Federal work program in the 30 urban
areas covered the last 6 months o f 1942, as
actual expenditure data were available by
urban area for the period January-June 1942.
The method o f estimate for the July-December
1942 expenditures was to apply the amount of
adjusted average monthly earnings for the first
6 months to available employment data for the
last 6 months. The rapid decline o f W P A
during the last half o f 1942 greatly reduced the
amount o f money involved in the W P A
estimates.
Uniform instructions and procedures were
provided to the local supervisors in the report
ing areas for separating expenditures o f local
agencies that provided more than one type of
service. The instructions provided that joint
costs be distributed on the basis o f the distri
bution o f factors bearing a direct relationship
to expenditures. For example, the salary of
an employee giving two or more kinds o f serv
ice was distributed on the basis o f the em
ployee’s total working time spent in each type
o f service, or on the number o f contacts, or on
case load; the amount of rent was allocated by
the number o f square feet o f space used for each
type o f service. Each source o f income was
distributed among the types o f services that
the agency provided on the same basis as the
total allocated expenditures, except funds that
were earmarked for specified services.
The proportion of service provided to per
sons from outside the reporting area to the
total service provided by the agencies was used
as a basis for excluding expenditures for service
to nonresidents. T o illustrate, i f one-fourth
o f the total days’ care provided by an institu
tion during 1942 was given to nonresidents,
the reporting agency deducted one-fourth o f
the total expenditures from its report.
Inasmuch as the study depended on the par
ticipation o f thousands of “agencies, it was
necessary to use the financial records as they
were set up— on a cash or accrual basis. I f
the fiscal year o f an agency differed from the
calendar year, the report covering the fiscal
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year ending in 1942 was used as an estimate
o f expenditures during the calendar year.
Comparability of 1942
and 1940 Data.
The methods and procedures used in the 1942
study were similar to those used in the 1940
study. Changes in instructions for reporting
expenditures for certain types o f services chiefly
represented refinements ox the 1940 procedures
and definitions. In accordance with the accept
ance by local supervisors o f increasing respon
sibility for the social-statistics project, new
procedures were developed for their uniform
processing and summarizing o f the data.
The one difference between the 1940 and the
1942 definitions o f agency expenditures related
to those for sheltered workshops and salvage
industries. In 1942 reports from these agencies
were based on gross expenditures, including
those for processing salvage materials, and re
ceipts from sale o f merchandise were also given,
whereas in 1940 their receipts were limited to
net expenditures, after the cost o f processing
materials had been deducted.
Several new fields o f service were established
in 1942 to point up services that in 1940 were
included in other fields, and to accommodate
new services that were developed since the war.
To illustrate, expenditures for sheltered em
ployment and training fo r the handicapped are
shown in a separate field in this study, whereas,
in 1940, they were reported in the field o f “ other
relief and family welfare” ; recreation programs
especially for servicemen are shown in a sepa
rate field in 1942, and no similar programs were
in operation during 1940. Expenditures for
medical-social service were reported separately
in 1942, whereas in 1940 they were included in
the hospital and clinic fields.
In making comparisons o f 1940 and 1942 ex
penditures, the local supervisors revised the 1940
data wherever corrections were made after the
publication of the 1940 report. The revisions
have improved the accuracy of the 1940 data
and, therefore, their comparability with 1942
expenditures.
Computation
of Aggregate Change.
Changes in expenditures from 1940 to 1942
and the distribution of expenditures by source
o f funds were computed from the .aggregate
expenditures o f all areas for the 2 years. This
computation does not adjust for differences in
volume of expenditures in the areas. An aver
age (such as the geometric mean) of the changes
35
F u r t h e r U ses of t h e D a t a
in expenditures in the different areas, would do
this, but it cannot be computed for all the small
fields o f service, because in many communities
some programs, such as USO, day care, and
mental hygiene, were not in operation in 1940.
The geometric mean can be computed for the
major fields o f service, and a comparison with
the change in aggregate expenditures follows:
Field of service
Change in
Average
aggregate
change in
expenditures expenditures
of SO areas
of SO areas
2940-42
All fields________________ Child welfare-----------------Family welfare and reliefHealth____________________
Leisure-time activities-----Planning and finance-------
-1 9
+9
39
+29
+18
+8
2940-42
~14
+19
34
+§*
+ ¿0
+H
Further Uses o f the Data
Analysis o f the expenditure data has been
limited in this report to a comparison o f the
1942 expenditures with those in 1940. However,
the data may be used for many other purposes
in community and Nation-wide planning. The
expenditure data may be analyzed to determine
the health and welfare programs that are fi
nanced from specific types o f funds. Interest
is often attached to the use to which communitychest funds or tax funds are put, and data on the
source o f funds used in the 30 areas afford an
opportunity for such analysis with respect to
health and welfare programs. For example, ex
penditures from local tax funds may be analyzed
to determine the proportion o f such funds that
are spent for various family welfare programs
or for health programs in relation to total local
tax funds. By dividing expenditures for a
program by the number o f cases served or by
some other approximate measure o f service
average unit costs may be obtained.
Uses of
Per Capita Data.
Frequently expenditure data are converted to
a per capita basis, thus holding constant the fac
tor o f population. By holding constant the
factor o f population, comparisons may be made
o f expenditures in the same community in d if
ferent time periods or of expenditures o f differ
ent communities of varying size. Per capita
data have the further advantage o f reducing
iqass expenditure data to small and easily com
prehended figures.
T w o important uses o f per capita data on
health and welfare expenditures are, first, to
show the average cost to each person in a com
munity o f providing a given service and, second,
to indicate the average expenditure for each
potential beneficiary of a given service. Ter
compute properly per capita cost to a commu
nity the expenditures must be limited to those
funds derived from the population o f the com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
munity. Per capita costs may be computed for
various communities on the total expenditures
for the public recreation field, for example, as
this service is usually financed entirely from
municipal tax funds -and other local sources.
Expenditures for programs financed largely by
State and Federal funds cannot so meaning
fully be converted to per capita costs based on
the population o f local areas.
Considerations of the
Population at Risk.
When used to indicate the average amount
spent for each potential beneficiary o f a given
service, per capita data may serve as a starting
point in the establishment and expression o f
standards o f expenditures for health and wel
fare services. The fact that per capita expendi
tures are computed on the basis o f the popula
tion as o f one date, whereas expenditures as now
reported relate to an entire year’s operations,
tends to affect the accuracy o f the resulting per
capita figure. The population o f any com
munity may change considerably within a year,
both in size and in composition. This was es
pecially significant in 1942, when urban popula
tion shifts were known to have been unusually
large.
Many health and welfare programs are
directed to specific groups in the population.
Child-welfare services are given to children
and families with children. Clearly delimited,
also, is the group receiving aid to the aged.
However, the age distribution of the popula
tion in different communities varies widely
throughout the country. T o illustrate, in the
Birmingham, Ala., metropolitan area in 1940,
the population under 16 years o f age represented
28 percent o f the total population and the
population over 65 years of age was 4 percent o f
the total. In the San Francisco metropolitan
area, the proportion o f the total population
under 16 years o f age was 16 percent, and the
36
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
proportion over 65 years o f age was 8 percent.
T o be most useful in planning, per capita ex
penditures for health and welfare services
should be computed on the basis o f the popu
lation at risk—that is, the population possibly
eligible for the services. Estimates o f the age
distribution o f the population by counties or
metropolitan areas are not available for 1942.
A distribution of the estimated 1942 total popu
lation on the basis o f the 1940 age distribution
would be subject to serious error, because one
o f the characteristics of population change
from 1940 to 1942 is believed to be differential
mobility in age groups.
An Illustration of Analysis of Per Capita
Expenditures for Potential Recipients of Service.
Inasmuch as the only population data avail
able for 1942 are estimates o f the total civilian
population, per capita expenditures that will
indicate the average amount spent for each po
tential beneficiary of a given service can be
properly computed only for a service which is
intended for the entire civilian community.
General public-health services are directed
largely to the entire civilian population, and
data from this field may be used to illustrate per
capita analysis. Per capita expenditures in tnis
field roughly indicate the relative amounts spent
by different areas for public health at a given
time, and more exactly, changes from time to
time in provision o f service in the same area.
Expenditures for general health service, re
ported in this study as “ other health services” ,
include the amounts spent by public-health de
partments and other public-health agencies for
the improvement o f health conditions in the
community, as distinguished from the provision
o f services to individuals, as in the hospital
and clinic fields. The content o f the general
public-health program varies from community
to community, but the services which commu
nities usually provide for the protection o f their
citizens are: Laboratory services, including the
purchase and free distribution o f biologicals;
communicable-disease control; collection of
vital statistics; sanitary inspection and in
vestigations, including those o f milk and water
supply and sewage-disposal facilities; inspec
tion o f food-handling establishments.
In 1942 per capita expenditures for general
public-nealth services to all potential recipients
o f the service ranged from $0.46 in Syracuse,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
which also ranked highest in 1940, to $0.13 in
Canton, as is indicated in table 14, which shows
the per capita expenditures for general publichealth services in 1940 and 1942 in 16 urban
areas for which reasonably satisfactory popula
tion estimates are available. The median per
capita expenditure for the areas was $0.29 in
1942, compared with $0.30 in 1940. Changes
in per capita expenditures between 1940 and
1942 were reported in 15 of the 16 areas, and the
median change was $0.02.
Table 14.—Per capita expenditures for general publichealth services to all potential recipients of the serv
ice, 1940 and 1942, for 16 urban areas, ranked accord
ing to population change from 1940 to 1942
Urban area
Percent Per capita expendi
tures
change in
population
1940-42
1942 »
19401
30.30
Median per capita.
Wichita.............
Milwaukee____
Dayton..............
Birmingham___
Dallas____ ____
Canton..............
Akron................
Houston.......... .
Fort Worth.......
Richmond........
Cleveland.........
Des Moines____
Syracuse............
Rochester_____
Sioux City_____
Oklahoma City.
+24.2
+ 11.2
+9.7
+8.7
+7.9
+6.9
+6.2
+4.6
+4.2
+ 2.2
+0.7
+0.1
-3 .1
-3 .7
- 7 .4
- 11.6
30.29
.32
.28
.29
.36
.29
.13
.26
.19
.24
.34
.36
.21
.46
.21
.44
.26
1 Based on 1940 census of population.
* Based on estimates of civilian population in 1942.
Changes in per capita expenditures indicate
that in the areas in which population increased
from 1940 to 1942, the per capita expenditures
for general public-health services decreased or
were constant. The notable exceptions to this
generalization were Birmingham and Wichita,
where slight increases in per capita expendi
tures occurred along with sizable increases in
population. Richmond and Cleveland, with
small increases in population, also showed in
creases in per capita expenditures.
On the other hand, in the four areas which
experienced decreases in population from 1940
to 1942, per capita expenditures were greater
in 1942. The greatest difference in per capita
expenditures between the 2 years was in Sioux
City, where the population decreased 7.4 percent
F u r t h e r U ses of t h e D a t a
and the per capita expeenditure increased from
$0.30 in 1940 to $0.44 in 1942.
Development of Per Capita Analysis
in Communities.
Although general observations for a. number
o f areas concerning the relationship o f popula
tion changes to changes in expenditures are
obviously facilitated by per capita computa
tions, more effective use o f this type o f analysis
can be made by local research and planning
groups that are at a vantage point to evaluate
programs in their own communities. The re
lating o f expenditure data in the various fields
o f health and welfare service to specific age and
racial groups and to the population in the geo
graphic subdivisions o f the community can pro
vide considerable insight on the coverage of
programs. Before the full value o f per capita
expenditures can be realized in community
planning, per capita expenditures of a repre
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
sentative group o f areas must be brought to
gether, evaluated, and developed into standards
o f expenditures.
Establishment of Standards
of Expenditures.
Per capita data, which reflect the experience
o f a number o f areas in financing their health
and welfare programs, can be used as a point
o f departure for developing standards o f ex
penditures for specific types o f health and wel
fare services. To establish, standards, the
spending experience o f communities must be
evaluated field by field, in terms o f the coverage
and the effectiveness o f services provided and
the differing needs in varying communities.
Standards established on the basis of evaluated
experience would be o f inestimable value to
local communities for purposes of measuring
the adequacy o f their services and for planning
the establishment and extension o f programs.
REFERENCE M ATERIAL USED IN TH E R EPO RT
Employment and Income:
Federal Security Agency, Social Security Board : Social Security Bulletin,
September 1943.
1
Office o f Price Administration : Civilian Spending and Saving 1911 and
191$, March 1943.
Office o f W ar Information : Press release 2305, August 13,1943.
U. S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f the Census : The Labor Force
Bulletin, March 1,1943, and June 17,1943.
U. S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f Foreign and Domestic Com
merce : Survey o f Current Business, March 1943.
U. S. Department o f Labor, Bureau o f Labor Statistics : Indexes o f Em
ploym ent in Manufacturing Industries by M etropolitan A rea, press
releases, April and July 1942.
U. S. Department o f Labor, Bureau o f Labor Statistics : M onthly Labor
Review , May and June 1943.
U. S. Department o f Labor, Children’s Bureau : Em ployment certificates
issued to minors 11 to 18 years o f age in 19Jfi-191$. (See appendix
table II I, this report.)
Births, M arriages, and Population:
Ogbum, William Fielding: Marriages, Births, and Divorces^ Annals o f
Am erican Academ y o f Political and Social Science, September 1943.
U. S. Department o f Commerce: Press release, September 24, 1943.
U. S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f the Census : Estimates o f the
Civilian Population by Counties, M ay 1, 191$. Series P -3, No. 33,
February 25, 1943.
•
U. S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f the Census : Provisional Natality and M ortality Statistics, United S tates: 1942, Vital Statistics—
Special Reports, August 9, 1943.
38
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I
A p pe n d ix T able I* —-Expenditures fo r He<h and Welfare Services» by F ield o f 8 ervi.ce and Source o f Funds» 1942» and by Auspices» 1940 and 1942
(In
T h o u sa n d » )m
TOTAL» 30 AREAS
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, »11 f i e l d s .............................................j
Child w elfare, t o t a l ................................................ ....
Protective» fo s te r care o f dependent c h ild r e n ..
In stitu tio n s fo r dependent ch ild re n .......................
Day n urseries.................................................*................
Maternity hones.
............................................!
Services t o children with behavior problems. . . .
In stitu tio n s fo r delinquent c h ild r e n ....................
Other ch ild -w e lfa re serv ice s.............................
E asily w elfare and r e lie f» t o t a l . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
Work P ro je cts Administration.....................................
Farm S ecurity Administration.....................................
General r e l i e f and family w elfare...........................
Aid t o dependent ch ild ren ...........................................
Aid to the aged...........................................................
Aid t o the b lin d ....................... ....................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special service t o tra ve le rs.....................................
Shelters fo r transient and h o m e le s s ...................
Special overnight care.......... ...............................
Legal a id ............ ..............................................................
In stitu tio n s for aged, dependent a d u lts..............
Sheltered employment fo r the handicapped.. . . . . .
Other s ervices to the handicapped.......... .............
D om estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e .. . . . . .
Other r e l i e f and s ervice to a d u lts........................
Health services» t o t a l .................. ...................................
General and sp e cia l h o s p ita ls............ ......................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous p atients.
H ospitals for nervous and mental p a tien ts..........
H ospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e r v i c e . . . . . .......................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s . .........................................
Medical aerv ice: Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
M edica l-social se rv ice .................................................
Public-health-nursing se rv ice ...................................
School hygiene medical se rv ice .................................
School hygiene nursing se rv ice .................................
Other health se r v ic e s ...................................................
Group-work and leisu re-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ........
Services o f group-work a g e n c ie s .............................
Special serv ice s o f group-work agencies..............
Public recrea tion other than summer camps..........
Local groups under national programs.....................
Summer camps................ ........................................
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s .. . .
S o c ia l-s e r v ice exchange..............................................
Community C h est..............................................................
Sectarian fin a n cia l fe d e r a t io n s .............................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies.........................................
Other so cia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c ils ................
T ota l
expen d itu res
1942
C o n tr ib u tio n s
L oca l
S ta te
P ederal
Comminit y
Chest
Other
sou rces
P riv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
Net
p r o fits
Income
from
person s
from
from in
o th e r
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
s e r v i c e a ct i v i t i e 8
E xpenditures under —
P u b lic a u sp ice s
A ll
oth er
P riva te a u sp ices
1942
1940
1940
1942
$120,408 (147,584
$446,313
$118.065
$70,227
$106,461
$26,531
b$14,905
$7.709
$92,265
$2,109
$8,041
$430,257
$298,729
25,987
11,482
4,040
2,280
82
50
3,010
43
19
1
5,081
2,344
1,729
432
358
2,194
323
1,401
154
204
259
5
95
6
8
473
124
206
6
14
Ù918
1,582
22
203
86
145
124
11,529
4,002
1,549
123
3
2,932
2,921
12,844
4,466
1,724
86
3
3,230
3Ì332
2
12,312
4,310
5,857
650
759
23
708
5
13,143
4*, 148
1,354
158
1,030
74
68
(c)
' 23
1
2,090
8,743
8,023
940
857
221,460
46,702
47,425
104,887
6.097
4,968
1,945
2.819
180
6.437
341.881
158,922
71
85,833
199.659
18.274
21.801
57,165
18
32,455
16,849
81^403
6,683
7,150
883
434
3
7
(c)
39,604
21,380
10,772
2
4,153
423
‘ 53
31
1
289
1,622
399
226
4
214
848
848
182
147
20
45
403
458
17
9
1
18
246
57
5
22
1
(c)
1,438
24
29
(c)
Î7
395
150
5
1,415
21
6
36
71
2,354
28
55
69Ì407
(c )
10,025
7,185
243
4,790
44
9
69
287
10
16
289
138
542
273
93
1Ì321
376
1
3
348
(c )
169,761
107,428
11,061
23,541
52,337
21,379
7,354
7,345
19,731
2,876
1,842
13,763
1,478
214
55
9,216
603
959
1,139
4,144
3,734
137
289
559
1,937
2,062
8,010
1,993
5,715
633
12
113
61
71
31
45
284
497
(c)
4
72
198
4
17
398
25,453
10,567
7,446
9
35
1
9,209
7,401
33
2] 356
32
1
99
27
26
3,652
45
51
36
1
(c)
3
5,981
2,305
281
10
38
1,280
337
6
180
1,192
13
4
335
6,185
4,668
1,5 7 3
81
67
1
468
4,048
2,276
368
20
(c)
460
70
24
74
95
5
<c;
655
3,405
1,418
3,869
2,542
230
155
624
27
2
122
100
(c)
66
* 10
44
, v
289
4
33
1
203
51
216
(c)
5
30
15
(c)
114
1
462
55
115
12
44
12
6
14
13
(c)
74
310
188
45
28
17
32
(C )
13
(C )
3
(C )
6
267
576
154
28
14
24
22
53
13
45
17
31681
3 ,9 3 5
178
87
299
930
545
1,154
57
4,564
417
17
1,021
443
59
4,946
687
17
1,069
423
156
4,591
4,351
136
35
869
336
126
1,077
211
165
5,079
6,498
225
35
899
68,176
22,368
7,553
20,554
(d )
4,819
98
1,544
<e)
1,814
1,325
1,940
d 6,162
76,822
25,664
9,381
22,680
45
5,027
102
921
661
2,126
1,397
2,048
6,770
73,517
63,011
1,448
795
82
4,476
502
46
(O
2,017
37
8
1,096
92,939
81,764
1,681
861
121
4,188
501
37
478
2,018
36
14
1,241
8,608
9,335
12,994
9,515
16,118
10,567
1,573
1,543
1,936
1,749
2,230
3,311
3,582
230
2,168
204
629
351
8,484
9,200
123
126
63
56
69
30
7
39
(c)
(c)
(c)
2
13
1,681
209
1,595
25
263
137
6,148
14
808
1,093
915
3
4
1
65
23
6,421
2,900
(c )
390
51
2
(c)
44
18
14
507
433
335
3,187
80,934
75,219
850
2,118
64
1,729
8
8
26
522
20
1
371
(c)
(C )
1
2
8
4,277
6,299
854
854
31
815
13
,
251
2,058
159
538
305
a Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
^Includes $1,787,489 from sectarian fin a n cia l federation s.
c Iess than $500.
^Expenditures o f one hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureau in Washington, D. C ., are included in •other health services* f ie l d in 1940.
e Expenditures for m ed ica l-social serv ice were
not reported separately in 1940»but were included in the various h o sp ita l and c li n i c s ervice f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
>>
*
H
3
Ü
CO'
] ;©!
A p p e n d i x T able I . —Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare Services* by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds* 1942* and by Auspices* 1940 and 19 12—
—Continued
o
( I n T houuanda )m
AKRON AREA
P u b lic funds
P ie Id o f s e r v ic e
L oca l
S ta te
C on trib u tion s
F ed eral Community
Other
Chest
s ources
P riv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
Net
Income
from
p r o f it s
from in
persons
from
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
o th er
s e r v ic e
a c t iv it ie s
E xpend itures under —
P u b lic
A ll
o th er
1940
us p ice s
1942
p r iv a te a u sp ices
1940
1942
$7,509
$1,385
$1,269
$447
$110
$24
$2,116
$65
$10,461
$4,493
$2,313
288
140
52
(b )
76
1
18
ib i
163
190
86
99
P rote ctive , fo s te r care o f dependent c h ild r e n ...
In stitu tion s for dependent ch ild re n ........................
Day n u rseries.........................................................
Maternity homes...............................................
Services t o children with behavior problems........
In stitu tion s for delinquent c h ild re n ......................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e r v ic e s ......................................
87
130
22
92
(b )
14
(b )
52
18
1
1
(b )
12
4
(b )
104
53
26
26
8
27
37
27
Family welfare and r e l i e f , t o t a l . . . ..............................
3,674
1,300
(b )
687
195
1*214
29
Child welfare* t o t a l .........................................................
Work P rojects Adm inistration......................................
Farm Security Adm inistration......................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re............................
Aid to dependent c h ild r e n .............................................
Aid to the aged.................................................................
Aid t o the b lin d ...............................................................
$2,015
$79
562
95S
334
66
284
57
607
4
11
1,993
1,300
(b )
8
(b )
#
37
82
43
55
8
2
14
24
24
37
9,591
3.474
209
200
78
69
60
50
118
(c)
24
30
35
18
18
687
789
1,665
1,581
2,307
2,197
245
196
323
222
14
39
8
59
5
11
68
15
51
24
33
11
27
111
37
21
31
91
12
17
20
40
327
241
382
266
6
20
40
39
47
65
46
27
29
3
24
2
26
(b )
72
607
14
$3,016
24
29
Special service to tra v e le rs .............................. ..
Health s e rv ice s, t o t a l .........................................................
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ..........
50
37
146
35
113
8
1
18
1
1
3,095
2,197
323
222
11
107
15
24
642
91
303
36
262
91
39
(b )
12
53
21
31
91
32
21
423
40
81
9
22
27
(b )
8
7
135
75
32
24
(b )
n
n
(b )
159
5
(b )
2
40
1,955
1,904
19
28
i
4
25
1
n
11
24
12
5
1
3
14
8
126
85
34
n
10
129
77
54
53
10
43
1
29
29
40
65
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ........
i . v i r . rxch n
fnmmimifv fh * .*
*
r
.,
a Totals
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
26
39
2
1
1
29
2
26
n f i n„n r i p 1 f» ,f» r
f
i ,
represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
Less than $500.
106
(C )
c Data not a vailable.
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ...............................................
T o ta l
expenditures
1942
I
,
T able
I .-E .p .n ii.u r .B
fo r
H ..I »
„ a
..U f.r .
S .r .ia ...
M
F l.H
(In
of
S .r .lB .
.» a
1942, . . a
S a u r o , o f T u n a .,
O f A u .p lo .^
1940 . . a
,9 4 2 _ C o ....« .a
T h o u sa n d * )‘
BALTIMORE AREA
Expenditures under —
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f se r v ie
T otal
ex p en d ítu res
1942
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ..................
C on tr ib u tio n s
Community Other
sou rces
Chest
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l...................
fork P rojects Administration.....................................
Farm Security Administration.....................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare.................... . . .
Aid to dependent children...........................................
Aid to the aged...............................................................
Aid to the blin d. ...........................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special s ervice to tra v e le rs....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight care.................................................
Legal aid...........................................................................
In stitu tio n s for aged, dependent adults...............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped............
Other services to the handicapped...........................
D om estic-relations and probation se r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and s ervice to a d u l t s .. . .» ..............
H ealth s e r v i c e s , t o t a l ............................................. '..............
G eneral and s p e c ia l h o s p it a ls .......................................
H o s p ita ls fo r ch r o n ic and tu b ercu lou s p a t ie n ts .
H o s p ita ls fo r nervous and m ental p a t ie n t s ...........
H o s p ita l adm ittin g and c e r t i f y i n g burea u s...........
C l i n i c s e r v i c e ........................................................................
M ental-hygiene c l i n i c s ......................................................
M edical s e r v i c e : Homes and d o c t o r s ’ o f f i c e s . . .
M e d ic a l-s o c ia l s e r v i c e ......................................................
P u b lic -h e a lt h -n u r s in g s e r v i c e ..............................
S ch o o l hy g ien e m edica l s e r v i c e ....................................
S ch ool hy g ien e n u rsin g s e r v i c e ..............- ...................
Other h e a lth s e r v i c e v ......................................................
$915
$3,417
$19,814
$4,359
432
432
43
19
104
418
115
55
6,922
925
1,375
1,796
1,665
1,045
1,843
106
31
658
120
310
37
718
402
620
16
CO
C h ild w e lfa r e , t o t a l .................................................................
P r o t e c t i v e , f o s t e r ca re o f dependent c h i l d r e n ..
I n s t i t u t i o n s fo r dependent c h i ld r e n .........................
Day n u r s e r ie s ..........................................................................
M aternity homes............................... ..
.........................
S e r v ic e s t o c h ild r e n w ith b eh a v ior p r o b l e m s ....
I n s t i t u t i o n s fo r d e lin q u e n t c h i ld r e n .......................
O ther c h i ld -w e lf a r e s e r v i c e s .........................................
(c)
P lannin g,
1940
$13,820
$ 10,220
40
7
1
87
242
89
258
9,914
523
913
53
3,364
925
2,227
1,788
2,043
121
1,376
1,045
1,843
106
4
1
19
385
654
8
83
108
9,941
5,759
865
1,642
617
26
19
85
291
29
75
533
2
88
7
103
1
CO
CO
2
501
855
21
550
177
432
597
1
74
38
(O
(O
(O
585
1
(O
23
3
610
247
97
115
5,092
4,201
101
367
101
282
3
7
2
40
1
(O
9
5
176
29
75
326
11
56
2
107
3
1942
$8,061
$9,594
489
384
30
27
11
129
958
288
432
43
19
15
160
1,052
1,319
24
13
CO
143
185
3
20
19
530
38
7
’ CO
156
28
265
174
29
75
456
(O
73
CO
CO
195
219
30
29
CO
(O
CO
w i a u i h o s p it a l and c l i n i c s e r v i c e f i e l d s ,
were in c iu
CO
126
v
432
26
CO
85
117
69
485
124
CO
® T o ta ls rep resen t sum o f fig u r e s b e fo r e rounding and may f * e r s l i g h t l y from
d E xpenditures fo r m e d ic a l- s o c ia l s e r v i c e were n ot rep orted se p a r a te ly in 1940, but
6,294
4,654
486
417
5,243
3,654
421
398
68
16
111
99
20
21
19
280
627
8
15
5
3,647
1,105
379
1,225
10
473
91
479
46
147
18
262
302
5
19
4
1.125
168
1.126
b Includes $535,391 from sectarian fin a n cia l federations.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1940
48
fin a n cin g , and c o o r d in a t in g s e r v ic e s .
S o c i a l - s e r v ic e exchange.............................................
Community C hest...............................................................
S e cta ria n f i n a n c ia l fe d e r a t io n s ...........................
C ou n cil o f s o c i a l a g e n c ie s ......................................
Other s o c ia l- w e l f a r e p la n n in g c o u n c il s ............
ill
oth e r
(O
5
P riv a te a u sp ices
P u b lic a u sp ices
$5,702
b$l,244
131
79
35
17
Group-work and le i s u r e -t im e a c t i v i t i e s , t o t a l .........
S e r v ic e s o f group-work a g e n c ie s .......................; . . . ,
S p e c ia l s e r v ic e s o f group-w ork a g e n c ie s ...............
P u b lic r e c r e a t io n o th e r than summer camps...........
L o ca l groups uqder n a tio n a l program s.....................•
Summer camps...................................................................... * *
Net
R e ce ip ts
p r o fits
from
Income
from
persons
from in
o th e r
vestm ents re c e iv in g
rv ice a c t iv it ie s
757
473
91
46
147
211
17
89
69
21
16
16
111
99
20
20
than $500.
>
S
H
%
Ö
Ap p k hd i x T able I . - E x p e n d i t u r e s
f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s ,
b y F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f Funds,
194 2,
and by A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1 9 4 2 - C o n t t n u e d
(In Thousand»)B
BIRMINGHAM AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f se r v ie
TOTAL, a l l fie ld s .
T ota l
ixp enditures
1942
C on trib u tion s
Community Other
Chest
sou rces
P riv a te funds
R eceip ts
Income
from
from in
person s
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
s e r v ie
Expenditures under —
Net
p r o fits
from
o th er
A ll
o th e r
P u b lic a u sp ices
P riv a te a u sp ice s
$6,360
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
Child w elfare, t o t a l........................ ..................................
P rotective, foster care o f dependent ch ild ren ..
In stitu tion s for dependent children......................
Daj^nurseries................ ..................................................
Maternity homes............................ ................................
Services to children with behavior pro b le m s....
In stitu tio n s for delinquent ch ild re n ....................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e rv ice s .....................................
<b)
(b )
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l...................................
Work P ro je cts Administration.....................................
Farm Security Administration.....................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare...........................
Aid to dependent children...........................................
Aid to the aged...............................................................
Aid to the blin d ............................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special serv ice to tra ve le rs.....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight care.................................................
Legal a id ...........................................................................
In stitu tion s for aged, dependent adu lts........
Sheltered employment for the handicapped............
Other services to the handicapped........ ..................
D om estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and service to adu lts........................
Health services, t o t a l............ ..........................................
General and special h o sp ita ls...................................
H ospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
Hospitals for nervous and mental p a tie n ts..........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic se r v ic e .............................................................
Mental-hygiene c li n i c s .................................................
Medical service: Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
M edical-social s e r v i c e . .. ................ ..................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ..................................
School hygiene medical se r v ic e .................................
School hygiene nursing s e rv ice.......... ..
Other health se r v ic e s................ .................................
JbL
2,250
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
1,075
1,051
2,289
10
(b )
(b )
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l .........
Services o f group-work agencies.......................
Special services o f group-work agencies...............
Public recreation other than summer camps.......... .
Local groups under national programs.................. ..
Summer camps..................................................... .
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s .....
S o c ia l-s e r v ice exchange.............................................
Community Chest................................................................
Sectarian fin a n cial federations................................
Council o f s o cia l agencies..........................................
Other s ocia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n cils ..................
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b)
(b )
(b )
(b)
(b )
Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts,
but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
separately in 1940,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(b )
k Less than $500.
(b )
'Expenditures for m ed ica l-social service were not reported
„
„
„
„
Tìb ie
I , — E x p e n d iC u re s
fo r
W
- -
S
. „ i c ,
by « . 1 4
of
S e r x lc e
end S .u r e . . f
1942, « 4
b,
4 u .p l..^
1940 » 4
l9 4 2 -C o „ !l» ..4
( I n T h o u sa n d * )
BUFFALO AREA
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, a l l f ie l d s ...........................................
C on trib u tio n s
T o ta l
ex p en d itu res
$19,911
Community
Other
Chest
sources
$7,191
$3,895
$695
p r o fits
from
persons
from in
oth er
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
a
c
t
iv it ie s
s e r v ice
$4,914
b $949
$105
Child w elfare, t o t a l .........................................................
P rotective , fo s te r care o f dependent children.
In stitu tio n s for dependent ch ild r e n ....................
Day n urseries................................ * ..............................
Maternity homes.............................................................
Services to children with behavior problem s...
In stitu tion s for delinquent ch ild re n ..................
Other ch ild -w elfare s e r v ic e s ........ f ........................
(O
a s s =
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$12,490
17,407
4,791
7,059
$6,122
$7,421
A ppendix
2,455
5,304
442
1,619
1,599
927
421
1,504.
1,424
1,036
442
1,597
3,702
3,303
4,268
(c)
(c)
(O
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ...
and c l i n i c s e r v ic e f i e l d s
$22,521
(C>
Gr-oup-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l . . .
Services o f group-work agencies................ ..........
Special services o f group-work agencies..........
I\iblic recreation other than summer camps----Local groups under national programs................
Summer camps.................................................................
S o c ia l-s e r v ice exchange...........................................
Community Chest...........................................................
Sectarian fin a n cial federation s..........................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies................ ...................
Other socia l-w eIfare planning c o u n c ils ............
P riv a te a u sp ices
P u b lic a u sp ices
(C )
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l .................................
Work P ro je cts Administration...................................
Farm Security Administration..................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare........................
Aid t o dependent ch ild ren .........................................
Aid to the aged.............................................................
Aid t o the b lin d .........................................................
Service and r e li e f t o transients and tr a v e le rs ..
Special service to tr a v e le rs ..................................
Shelters for transient and homeless........ ..
Special overnight ca re .............................................
Legal a id .......................................................................
In stitu tio n s fo r aged, dependent a d u lts..........
Sheltered employment for the handicapped........
Other services t o the handicapped.......... ............
D om estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ........
Other r e li e f and service to a d u lts....................
Health se rvice s, t o t a l ...................................................
General and sp ecial h o s p i t a l s . . . ............ ...........
H ospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
H ospitals for nervous and mental p a t ie n t s .. . .
H ospital admitting and c e r tify in g b u re a u s....
C lin ic s e r v ic e ........................... ...............................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s .............................................
Medical s e rv ice : Homes and d o c t o r s ’ o f f i c e s ..
M edica l-social s e r v ic e .............................................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ........ ....................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e .............................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e .............................
Other health s e r v ic e s ...............................................
A ll
oth er
<C>
(c)
¿ Ä r i s -
A p p e n d ix
Table
I . — E x p e n d itu r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d
o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e
o f F u n d s, 1 9 4 2 , and b y Au spices> 1 9 4 0 and 1 9 4 2 __ C o n t i n u e d
(In Thouaa nda)a
CANTON AREA
>ublic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
T ota l
ex p en d itu res
1942
C on trib u tion s
L ocal
S ta te
F ederal
Community
Other
Chest
s ources
P riva te funds
Net
R e c e ip ts
Income
from
p r o fit s
from in
persons ,
from
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
oth er
s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
E xpenditures under —
A ll
P u b lic auspices
p r iv a te a u sp ices
oth er
1940
1942
1940
1942
*4,695
*677
*935
*1,090
*377
*110
*14
*1.355
*35
$101
*4,967
*2,924
*1,417
*1,772
267
27
48
48
10
10
2
2
(b )
45
45
8
107
175
122
159
49
1
1
3
P rotective, fo ste r care o f dependent c h ild r e n ...
In stitu tion s for dependent ch ild re n ........................
Day n u rseries.....................................................................
Maternity homes...........................................................
Services to children with behavior problems........
In stitu tion s for delinquent c h ild re n ......................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e r v ic e s ......................................
125
54
39
92
92
8
40
49
28
31
28
4
27
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ....................................
2,262
375
(b )
218
173
1,272
27
5
251
775
106
60
80
81
62
13
20
13
1,776
1,251
176
182
19
8
267
2
141
30
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ........................................................
Medical s e rv ice : Homes and d o c to r s ' o f f i c e s . . . .
9
9
Other health s e r v ic e s .....................................................
61
3
24
43
20
3
21
38
344
255
34
35
32
22
34
Work P rojects Administration ...........................................
Farm Security Administration ...........................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re ................................
Aid t o dependent c h ild re n ..................................................
Aid to the aged ........................................................................
Aid to the b lin d ......................................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and tr a v e le rs ..
Special se rv ice t o tra v e le rs ...........................................
Shelters fo r transient and homeless ...........................
Special overnight c a r e ........................................................
Legal a id .....................................................................................
In stitu tion s for aged, dependent a d u lts ..................
Sheltered employment for the handicapped ........... ..
Other services to the handicapped ................................
D om estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ................
Other r e li e f and service to a d u lts .......................
Health se rv ice s , t o t a l ...............................................................
General and sp ecial h o s p ita ls ......................................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous p a tie n ts ..
Hospitals fo r nervous and mental p a tie n ts ..............
Hospital admitting and c e r tifv in g bureaus ..............
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a l ..........
Public recreation other than summer camps............
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ........
1,087
45
25
31
7
5
7
75
20
31
4,325
2,122.
10
85
50
636
4
19
(b )
62
636
13
26
4
141
17
26
56
81
895
838
1,184
27
(b j
g
75
(c)
(c)
13
13
501
591
171
182
20
133
2
106
60
4.4
40
1
1,206
(b )
15
35
22
129
2
1,118
(b )
29
(b )
3
(b )
153
132
(b )
(b )
25
15
(b )
5
98
(b )
26
26
3
74
19
(b )
(b )
35
35
45
40
4
d 22
35
U2
260
214
255
39
47
37
45
309
35
2
................
43
Sectarian fin a n cial fe d e ra tio n s................................
a T o t a ls rep resen t sum o f fig u r e s b e fo r e rounding and may d i f f e r s l i g h t l y from sum o f rounded amounts.
b L ess than *500.
c Data not a v a il a b l e .
s c h o o l hygiene m edical s e r v ic e in clu d ed in s c h o o l hygiene nursing f i e l d because, o f i n a b i l i t y o f agency t o sep a ra te e x p en d itu res fo r the two program s.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102
375
(b )
47
2
2
4
dE xpenditures o f
one agency p r o v id in g
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ..............................................
Child w elfare, t o t a l.............................................................
Ap p e n d ix T a b l e
1 * — E x p e n d itu r e s
f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v ic e s .» b y F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f Funds» 1 9 4 2 » and b y A u s p ic e s » 1 9 4 0 and 1 9 4 2 Con11nued
( I n T houaanda)
CINCINNATI AREA
Pub l i e funds
C on trib u tion s
T o ta l
ex p en d itu res
1942
L ocal
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s .......................... ..................
$20,099
$5,058
$3,285
Child welfare, t o t a l ...........................................................
1,242
491
111
P rotective, foster care o f dependent c h ild re n ..
376
398
46
42
186
193
157
84
38
159
91
27
46
10,160
1,883
2,526
F ie ld o f s e r v i c e
Day i
Nntarnity hrarn
Services to children with behavior problems. . . .
Institutions for delinquent ch ild re n ....................
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ..................................
W k T * t JL1«.I l! t t i
_ 1
J .
. .
a* a .
a
* *
,,
»^. i
iilll
^
I41/
aibj
M
L d tilU tiM i f l aged, d Re
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous p atients.
Medical s e rv ice :
Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
Pllbl'C hralfh n^tfaing V®*TVicfc**hlh
*' i
d‘ *i
i
Sc1hh>1 hygiene nursing se
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ........
„
.
.
L
i
„
. ,
?
^
® _ t
.
119
11
822
200
42
28
47
Other so cia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c ils ................
769
145
26
37
4,373
2,600
(b )
1942
194C
1942
$396
$16,558
$12,738
$5,973
$7,362
76
310
479
12
55
(b )
2
9
36
116
38
832
362
338
42
38
763
260
361
46
42
7
149
115
186
138
53
54
232
12,979
8,778
1,208
1,382
6,015
1
3,375
511
2,559
66
2,600
(b )
2,156
479
3,116
74
430
454
9
11
(b )
186
73
30
46
229
11
241
10
2
52
173
5
11
528
118
34
11
581
189
42
26
28
41
4
(b )
22
57
3,006
1,138
670
653
3,195
176
184
32
Ì3
51
69
49
194
$725
$392
$3,954
$81
335
85
25
26
17
14
56
29
25
1
83
29
37
5
5
5
123
133
22
22
35
2
7
5
501
290
$1,796
364
10
33
10
26
118
8
320
40
33
20
119
76
52
261
128
10
32
13
51
68
49
181
1,099
162
237
1
5
(b )
207
6
4
104
(b )
5
39
1
185
48
47
3,102
2,592
193
4,211
3,619
262
147
42
1
(c)
SO
8
2
66
136
40
1
7
69
8
3
66
676
529
813
638
5
3
51
95
66
109
i
(b )
156
9
90
193
8
102
i
(b )
(b )
36
21
55
29
649
37
439
284
137
6
183
31
170
68
158
117
27
3,236
2.952
139
9P
21
42
13
24
84
20
1
3
47
8
29
10
(b )
2
3
12
(b )
(b )
2
(b )
36
(b )
(b )
1
(b )
(b )
(b )
1
(b )
61
(b )
3
(b )
1
1
1
34
(c)
51
69
49
166
329
67
59
54
52
31
263
286
51
398
209
125
3
60
263
286
8
2
494
5
(b )
(b )
(b )
5
7
638
162
66
109
49
193
102
192
8
102
55
29
55
28
13
8 Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts,
ra te ly in 1940» but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
6
37
p r iv a te a u sp ices
1940
28
2,522
1,165
731
94
A ll
oth er
173
1,558
37
242
7,405
4,791
1,015
679
.......... * *
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v i c e s . .. .
'’c c ia l service exchan
.. p.
.
- . v J -.
. , ¿*1
'1 •’
rw in rii o f oor%. o ,
1,390
161
$4,411
Community
Other
Chest
so u rce s
E xpenditures under —
P u b lic aus p ice s
17
23
(b )
^Less than $$00.
1,172
752
679
.................
c Expenditures for m ed ica l-social service were not reported sepa-
A ppendix
Service and r e li e f t o transients and travelers.
2,600
(b )
2,610
479
3,116
74
11
F ed era l
S ta te
P riva te funds
R e c e ip ts
Met
from
p r o fit s
from
persons
from in
o th e r *
vestm ents re c e iv in g
s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
Ap p e n d i x T a b l e I . - E x p e n d i t u r e s
f o r H e a ith and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s ,
by F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f Funds,
(In
1942, and b y A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1942 - C o n t i n u e d
T housands) *
CLEVELAND AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, a ll f ie l d s .................. ........................
$33,173
C on trib u tion s
Community Other
Chest
sou rces
P riv a te funds
R eceip ts
Income
from
from in
persons
vestm ents r e c e iv in i
s e r v ic e
Net
p r o fits
from
o th e r
a c tiv itie
P u b lic a u sp ice s
$7,479
2,599
P rote ctive , foster care o f dependent children.
In stitu tion s for dependent ch ild ren ....................
Day nurseries................ ............................................
Maternity homes.......... .................................................
Services to children with behavior problem s...
In stitu tion s for delinquent ch ild ren ..................
Other child-w elfare s e rv ice s ...................................
P riv a te a u sp ices
1,169
239
187
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ................................
Ifork P ro je cts Administration...................................
Farm Security Administration..................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare........................
Aid to dependent children........................................
Aid to the aged...........................................................
Aid to the blin d...........................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers
Special service to tra v e le rs..................................
Shelters for transient and homeless....................
Special overnight care...............................................
Legal a id .....................................................................
In stitu tion s for aged, dependent adults............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped..........
Other services to the handicapped........................
D om estic-reiations and probation s e r v i c e . . . . . .
Other r e li e f and service to adu lts......................
Health s e rv ice s, t o t a l.....................................................
General and special h o s p ita ls .................................
H ospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients
Hospitals for nervous and mental patien ts.........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bu re a u s....
C lin ic s e r v ic e ...............................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ...............................................
Medical service: Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s ..
M edica l-social s e rv ice ...............................................
Pubtic-health-nursing serv ice ..................................
School hygiene medical s ervice................................
School hygiene nursing se r v ic e .......... . . . ...............
Other health s e rv ice s................ ..........................
34,683
4,250
4,185
1,195
3,386
114
80
4,250
1,129
442
250
(b)
(b )
20,780
(b )
8,671
1,362
3,087
113
ISO
239
13,736
2,020
481
210
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a l . . . . .
Services o f group-work agencies..............................
Special services o f group-work agencies............ .
Public recreation other than summer camps..........
Local groups under national programs....................
Summer camps....................................................................
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
S o c ia l-s e r v ice exchange.................................
Community Chest...............................................................
Sectarian fina ncial federations...............................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies.........................................
Other s o cia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c i l s . .. ...........
Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i ff e r “s lig h t ly f
at ion.
Expenditures for m edica l-social service we
00* reported separately
agency providing school hygiene nursing service included in public-health-nursing
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,176
322
1,174
(b )
(b )
(b )
2,431
491
1,265
7,157
16
518
43
2
(d>
209
16
463
41
1
68
195
1,014
1,036
19
24
374
20
178
96
45
91
47
m o f rounded amounts
k Less than $500.
then in operin 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c l i n i c s ervice f ie ld s ,
e Expenditure o f one
fie ld because o f in a b ilit y o f agency to separate expenditures for the two programs.
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
Child w elfare, t o t a l .................... .............................
T otal
xpendltur
1942
A p p e n d ix T a b le I ,
-E x p e n d it u r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , by F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f F u n d s,
194 2, and by A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1942__ C o n t i n u e d
(In Thouumndn
DALLAS AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
T ota l
exp en d itu res
1942
C on trib u tion s
L oca l
S ta te
F ederal
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ...............................................
$9,281
$1,033
$1,923
Child w elfare, t o t a l .............................................................
339
79
159
20
9
25
48
108
45
(b )
51
16
14
(b )
23
18
2
29
5,675
1,750
1
359
216
2,936
88
247
1,624
3,375
1,750
1
107
1,468
44
107
1,468
44
P rotective, fo ste r care o f dependent c h ild r e n ...
Institu tion s fo r dependent c h ild re n ........................
Day nu rseries.....................................................................
Maternity homes.................................................................
Services t o children with behavior problems........
In stitu tion s fo r delinquent ch ild re n ......................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e r v ic e s .......................................
Family w elfare and r e l i e f , t o t a l .....................................
235
2
2
21
13
4
8
231
8
4
37
6
Health serv ice s, t o t a l .........................................................
2,609
580
253
General and special h o s p ita ls .....................................
H ospitals for chronic and tuberculous p a tie n ts..
Hospitals fo r nervous and mental patien ts............
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus............
C lin ic se r v ic e ...................................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ...................................................
Medical service’ : Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . . .
M edical-social s e r v ic e ...................................................
R jblic-health-nursin g s e r v ic e ....................................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ...................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ..................................
Other health se r v ic e .......................................................
1,856
76
163
295
45
51
27
155
209
17
10
13
75
6
30
154
50
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l..........
559
238
20
173
55
73
Special services o f group-work agencies................
R ib lic recreation other than summer camps............
Local groups under national programs......................
Summer camps.......................................................................
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e rv ice s ........
S o cia l-s e rv ice exchange.................................................
Community Chest.................................................................
Sectarian financial fe d e ra tio n s................................
CounciJ o f s o cia l agencies..........................................
Other s ocia l-w elfa re planning c o u n c ils ..................
100
7
69
16
8
$343
87
26
74
(b )
1
2
11
5
5
1942
$137
$220
$5,099
$6,517
$2,087
$2,764
18
5
3
109
184
28
2
155
51
31
172
27
i
46
48
127
73
1
211
3,878
5,249
1.75U
216
426
71
51
(b )
23^
216
85
123
14
2
15
(b )
10
88
1
18
1
4
18
2
7
3
(b )
8
(b>
(b )
*
16
21
13
11
43
29
1,353
1,120
1,465
174
129
8
121
48
107
41
71
35
1,341
1,303
70
6
(b )
26
22
17
16
(b )
(b )
6
33
56
(b )
9
8
9
5
7
15
133
85
9
10
- (b )
92
6
69
12
5
937
391
254
163
63
80
1,672
(b )
3
181
60
63
57
1
138
173
138
173
26
34
286
173
386
1
(b )
(b )
(b )
974
370
5
28
(b )
(b )
11
(b )
20
96
3
1940
$1,5S4
90
47
97
3
1942
(b )
a Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts,
separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$46
P riv a te auspices
1940
12
5
6
12
30
4
19
118
$560
Expenditures under —
P u b lic auspicefe
A ll
o th e r
37
5
3
97
61
(b )
49
69
........
5
«
k Less than $500.
c Expenditures for medical «s o c ia l s ervice were not reported
A ppendix
Work P rojects Administration........ ..............................
Farm Security Administration......................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re ............................
Aid to dependent ch ild re n .............................................
Aid to the aged.................................................................
Aid to the b lin d ...............................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and tr a v e le rs ..
Special service to tr a v e le rs .......................................
Shelters for transient and homeless........................
Special overnight c a r e ..................................................
Legal a id .............................................................................
In stitu tion s fo t aged, dependent a d u lt s .............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped..............
Other services to the handicapped............................
Bom estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ..............
Other r e li e f and service to a d u lts..........................
$3,465
Community Other
Chest
sou rces
P riv a te funds
R eceip ts
Net
Income
from
p r o fits
from in
persons
from
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
oth er
s e r v ic e
a c t iv it ie s
Ap p e n d i x
T a b l e I . — E x p e n d itu r e s
f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , by F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f Funds,
fi n
194 2,
and b y A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1942 — C o n t i n u e d
00
Thousands )a
DAYTON AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
T otal
ex p en d itu res
1942
P riv a te funds
C o n tr ib u tio n s
L oca l
Sta te
F ederal
$8,124
$1,160
$1,530
Child w elfare, t o t a l ................................ ..........................
384
143
152
9
3
29
47
202
42
87
1
3
29
41
40
(b )
33
(b )
(b )
3,932
1,000
306
1,295
474
102
73
291
38
14
5
9
1
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l..................................
$2,091
$506
$212
$57
$2,218
84
61
10
6
1
37
33
$9.
(b )
P u b lic a u sp ices
o th e r
1942
1940
$341
$7,093
$4,504
$2,810
$3,620
10
220
238
124
145
111
• 119
33
32
3
29
47
176
6,334
2,893
3,631
1,000
220
301
4
1,480
397
71
78
31
38
5
1
9
(b )
7
71
22
11
12
54
17
3
3
1
19
(b )
8
(b )
1
3
169
3
175
3
7
6
(b )
(b )
1
(b )
Health services, t o t a l ......................................................
3. I l l
614
196
16
124
104
11
1,938
1
108
General and special h o s p ita ls..................................
2,440
120
224
12
31
11
25
259
104
47
24
2
85
73
10
(b )
97
4
147
1,889
13
31
11
s
3
(b )
79
40
3
(b )
16
142,
16
106
636
458
38
(b )
12
10
11
10
9
8
116
72
69
4
18
9
26
101
100
468
416
536
101
100
35
17
47
20
43
61
5
43
66
7
45
61
■5
43
1
12
1
12
1
12
1
11
(b )
24
s
13
4
4
10
35
167
133
76
120
224
2
3
17
21
(b )
53
25
2
9
6
8
102
(b )
34
231
34
8
(b )
32
211
47
43
(b )
38
61
a Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h tly from sum o f rounded amounts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
21
3
<*»«• . y f .
. , f A
^.
Cp*f .ft
.o^
n+hor trti.iat
u„»1far* «ilamlrtir
1«
O
1
8 frv.in/'i
V
11
175
8
19
16
3
13
(b )
(b )
11
2
^Less than $500.
534
'
2,578
2,440
4
438
19
4
15
110
4
15
1, 931
1,805
nminer
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
3
78
18
8
31
4
pieltie —/•—. » ¡ „
................
3
75
1
38
4
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a l........
1942
(b )
(b )
2,039
1,000
P riv a te a u sp ices
1940
4
422
11
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
TOTAL, a l l f ie l d s .............................................
Community Other
Chest
sou rces
E xpenditures under —
R eceip ts
Net
from
p r o fits
Income
from
from in
persons
o th e r
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
I . —Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942— Continued
Ap p e n d ix T a b l e
(In
T h ou aa n d a )B
DES MOINES AREA
P u b lic funds
T ota l
ex pen d itu res
1942
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
C o n trib u tion s
L ocal
S ta te
TOTAL, a l l f ie l d s .............................................
$6,395
$1,418
$731
Child w elfare, t o t a l.* .......................................................
302
70
110
154
61
36
55
24
In stitu tion s fo r delinouent children....................
Other child*w elfare se r v ic e s ............ ........................
24
38
59
1
2
38
23
36
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l...................................
3 .9 7 3
631
610
F ederal
$2,639
ttO
Communi ty
Chest
Other
sou rces
$313
$71
$12
$1,064
46
17
8
26
10
3
10
15
" 5
Day nurseries...................................................................
2,0 0 0
(b )
530
41
10
1
P riv a te funds
R eceip ts
Net
Income
from
p r o fits
from in
p erson s
from
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
o th e r
s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
$2
5
E xpenditures uhder —
411
o th e r
P u b lic au spices
. P r iv a t e 1*a u sp ice s
1940
1942
1940
1942
$44
$7,097
$4,839
$1,208
$1,456
ib i
154
185
106
117
(b )
71
73
33
37
24
24
81
110
23
27
(b )
38
59
6 ,1 9 3
3 ,8 6 3
(b )
2.6 2 3
29
18
11
12
6
(b )
3
16
i
42
2,000
(b>
501
41
2
587
1
5
4
3
75
50
9
3
63
36
3
(b )
3
3
Hn«pifrAl «Hmiftina ar.H rA fi i f y ,*
.r *
C lin ic s e r v ic e .................................................................
Med*cal service
1
| ’
Homes and le c t o r s ' o f f ice t
1,676
596
60
75
224
219
5
74
46
9
14
5
1
16
64
21
3
12
9
14
3
(b )
. i
? ^
opecra services o
(b )
889
14
(b )
3
(b )
(b )
28
(b )
(b )
(b )
cfr>
141
15
11
AOt'
^
(b )
t o t a l........
312
38
(b )
1
116
p 08
32
(b )
1
(b )
2
27
(b )
1
44
10
34
(b )
(b )
i
i
1
r L J ^ il « f cnr^Ql a(IMir; p,
(b )
24
8
7
'T ota l* represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h tly from sum o f rounded amounts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
4
2
66
3
63
7
1
10
30
2
(c)
< b)
12
50
6
2
3
9
9
665
709
778
966
187
65
196
220
75
224
693
880
62
54
21
10
20
11
19
14
19
16
43
59
15
15
48
44
46
46
8
9
86
82
214
230
131
132
15
86
82
40
42
40
43
29
33
1
22
1
24
6
8
(b )
917
11
®
,
group wor agenc
33
..
3
9
Group-work and leisu re.tim e a c t iv it ie s ,
„
.
.
„
41
1
15
- ■ , j y e .^ ' n u i , ‘ n >
nfhAr
« * r « ir « c 8
1
1,14
1
(b>
1
1
73
-
rV> *
6
1
, i
$
2
2
2
72
(b )
(b )
9
Health service s, t o t a l ............................... ....................
(b )
A p p e n d ix
73
7
(b )
k Less than $500.
c Data not available.
CO
Ap p e n d ix T a b le
I . — E x p e n d itu r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d
o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f Funds:, 1942:, and b y A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1942 — C o n t i n u e d
Qjx
O
(In Thouaanda)m
FORT WORTH AREA
P u b lic funds
L ocal
S ta te
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ............................................
$6,100
$635
$1,247
Child w elfare, t o t a l ................ , ........................................
1S7
4
93
9
4
27
19
57
3
20
7
26
4,155
1,700
149
174
137
1,957
119
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ..................................
C on trib u tion s
7
F ed eral
$2,828
(b )
(b )
Community
Other
Chest
sou rces
E xpenditures under —
P u blic aus p ice s
A ll
o th er
68
978
18
18
$86
$4,582
$4,774
$961
$1,327
1
64
(b )
79
14
78
1
73
1
(b )
88
3
73
5
8
77
165
27
55
(b )
40
30
27
24
(b )
6
(b )
14
5
1
7
6
1
9
5
76
3
(b ) '
7
1,480
General and sp ecial h o s p ita ls ..................................
1,054
61
124
59
n
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a l ........
1
2
4
393
188
38
(b )
149
54
u
3
20
116
3
6
2
31
76
23
13
4
4
4
12
14
25
14
26
13
4
18
4
81
1
13
5
607
647
15
834
9
1
832
(b )
(b )
(b )
561
193
50
98
195
61
124
636
873
859
i
3
(b )
7
(b )
(b )
(b )
59
55
3
3
7
11
36
14
24
79
45
17
28
70
8
11
86
94
103
61
162
108
u
86
94
20
21
22
21
45
48
3
37
(b )
(b )
(b )
30
17
28
50
256
32
14
10
10
5
5
91
68
15
3
#
(b )
5
88
(b )
23
16
13
(b )
8
1
8
(b )
32
a Totals represent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
246
4
15
7
1
(b )
11
1
48
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
37
37
7
6
7
4
4
3
36
(b )
(b )
2
sum o f figures before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h t ly f r g m sum o f rounded amounts.
4
15
9
21
Other socia l-w eIfare planning c o u n c ils ................
3,990
1,700
2
119
137
1,957
37
9
45
17
28
81
53
3,870
2,818
1
(b )
11
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
9
27
19
(b )
5
Health service s, t o t a l ......................................................
10
15
18
(b )
755
26
1942
6
(b )
$21
(b )
68
auspices
1940
$36
17
19
2,773
1,700
p r iv a te
1942
6
(b)
5
$75
45
1
41
27
1,073
1940
$937
$235
4
30
94
1
Pr iv a t e funds
R e ce ip ts
Net
Income
from
p r o fits
from in
persons
from
vestm ents r e c e i v i n g .
oth er
s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
^ Less than $500.
6
(b )
(b )
4
7
2
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
T ota l
ex pen d itu res
1942
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
A p p e n d i x T a b l e I . — E x p e n d itu r e s
f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f F u n d s,
1942,
and b y A u s p ic e s , 1 9 4 0 and 1 9 4 2 — C o n t i n u e d
(In Thousands)
HARTFORD AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ie
T ota l
xpend itures
1942
TOTAL, a l l f ie l d s ............................................
P riv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
Income
from
person s
from in
Community
Other
Chest
sou rces vestm ents r e c e iv in g
s e r v ice
C on trib ut ion s
$1,6 36
E xpenditures under —
---- Ret
p r o fits
jn
P riv a te a u sp ices
or her
$102
$82
$5,801
$4,355
3 ,8 8 6
2,2 9 3
$ 3 ,0 78
$4,951
1,5 2 9
3 ,2 0 0
Child w elfare, t o t a l..,.'.................................... ...............
P rotective, foster care o f dependent ch ild ren ..
In stitu tion s for dependent ch ild ren .................... .
Day nurseries...................................................................
Maternity homes...............................................- .............
Services to children with behavior problem s....
In stitu tion s for delinquent ch ild re n ....................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e r v ic e s ....................................
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ..................................
Work P rojects Administration.....................................
Farm Security Administration....................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re..........................
Aid t o dependent ch ild ren ...........................................
Aid t o the aged...............................................................
Aid to the b lin d .............................................................
Service and r e li e f t o transients and travelers.
Special service to tr a v e le rs....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight ca re .................................................
Legal a id ...........................................................................
In stitu tion s fo r aged, dependent a du lts..............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped............
Other services t o the handicapped..........................
Dom estic-relations and probation se r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and service to a du lts........................
General and sp ecial h o s p ita ls ..................................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
H ospitals for nervous and mental patien ts..........
H ospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic se r v ic e ........................ ........................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s .................................................
Medical service1: Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
M edica l-social s e r v ic e .« ............................................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ..................................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e .. : ...........................
Other health s e r v ic e s ..................................................
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l........
Services o f group-work agencies................ ..............
Special services o f group-work agencies..............
R ib lic recreation other than summer camps..........
Local groups under national programs....................
Summer camps.....................................................................
A ppendix
Health serv ice s, t o t a l ................................ .....................
1,6 5 3
(b )
1 ,469
4 ,9 3 7
3 ,5 8 3
282
489
(d)
126
(b )
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
S o cia l-s e rv ice exchange...............................................
Community Chest...............................................................
Sectarian fin a n cial fe d e ra tio n s..............................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies.........................................
Other so cia l-w elfare planning c o u n c ils ................
a T o t a ls rep resen t sum o f fig u r e s b e fo r e rounding and may d i f f e r s l i g h t l y from sum o f rounded amounts.
" L e s s than $500.
c Data not a v a ila b le fo r 1940 f o r i
“ E xpend itures fo r m e d ic a l- s o c ia l s e r v i c e were not re p o rte d s e p a r a t e ly in 1940, but were in clu d ed in the v a rio u s h o s p it a l and c l i n i c s e r v ic e f i e l d s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
>agency then in o p e r a tio n .
Cn
A p p e n d ix
Table
I •-r—Expenditures for Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942—Continued
Ot
to
( I n T h ou aa n d s)m
HOUSTON AREA
P u b lic fluids
T ota l
ex pen d itu res
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
1942
Contr ib ut ions
L oca l
S ta te
$9.015
$1.319
$1.5 78
510
234
38
P r o t e c t iv e , fo s t e r ca re o f dependent c h i l d r e n . . . .
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ................................
D ay n u r s e r i e s .....................................................................................
M a t e r n it y homes..........................................................................
S e r v i c e s t o c h i l d r e n w i t h b e h a v i o r p r o b le m s ............
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e l i n q u e n t c h i l d r e n .............................
O th e r c h i l d - w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s .................................................
201
155
15
14
48
77
63
88
45
38
3
32
t o t a l ..............................................
4 .7 3 1
238
1,261
Work P r o j e c t s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .................................................
Farm S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .................................................
1,675
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
1942
$824
$138
$235
$ 1 , 774
$78
$59
$5,125
$5,911
$2.3 57
$ 3.104
214
3
10
9
2
1
225
223
256
287
131
2
5
76
i
6
2 .9 4 6
215
14
(b )
7
(b )
12
(b )
52
47
58
71
3 .7 8 7
4 .4 4 7
218
283
102
149
1,675
202
18
1
62
73
35
3 .1 2 0
27
2
2
90
18
41
126
M e n t a l- h y g ie n e c l i n i c s ...............................................................
. M e d ic a l s e r v i c e :
Homes and d o c t o r s * o f f i c e s ...........
M e d i c a l - s o c i a l s e r v i c e ...............................................................
P u b l i c - h e a l t h - n u r s i n g p e r v i c e . . . . ’. ..................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e m e d ic a l s e r v i c e ............................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e n u r s in g s e r v i c e .................................. ..
577
t o t a l ...............
274
74
133
63
34
fin a n c in g ,
1940
10
134
82
1 1133
36
(b )
387
(b )
82
851
36
‘ 71
23
<b>
16
1
11
48
20
8
789
74
19
58
1
25
17
280
62
109
69
214
10
34
165
49
188
1.5 7 0
23
23
52
994
1 ,1 0 8
2
4
50
223
218
151
174
(b )
50
209
60
11
1 .4 7 6
2 .0 1 2
1.2 8 4
1 .7 9 2
28
122
27
46
53
328
444
(b )
5
15
4
22
(b )
29
3
5
9
4
21
8
26
2
2
19
13
28
98
23
27
(b )
11
140
P la n n i n g ,
1942
0>)
il
354
164
2 ,2 6 6
71
25
2 ,1 7 7
123
218
H o s p i t a l s f o r c h r o n i c and t u b e r c u lo u s p a t i e n t s . . .
H o s p i t a l s f o r n e r v o u s a n d * m e n ta l p a t i e n t s .................
H o s p i t a l a d m it t in g and c e r t i f y i n g b u r e a u s .......... ..
a c tiv itie s ,
1940
$3.008
(b )
8
13
t o t a l .............................................. ........................
G r o u p -w o r k and l e i s u r e - t i m e
p r iv a t e a u sp ices
AU
oth er
i
A id t o d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ........................................................
A id t o th e a g e d ................................................................................
A id t o t h e b l i n d ..............................................................................
S e r v i c e and r e l i e f t o t r a n s i e n t s and t r a v e l e r s . . .
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e t o t r a v e l e r s .................................................
S h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s i e n t and h o m e le s s ................................
S p e c i a l o v e r n i g h t c a r e ...............................................................
L e g a l a i d ................................................... ...........................................
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a g e d , d e p e n d e n t a d u l t s ......................
S h e l t e r e d em p loym ent f o r th e h a n d ic a p p e d .................
O th e r s e r v i c e s t o th e h a n d ic a p p e d .....................................
D o m e s t i c - r e l a t i o n s and p r o b a t i o n s e r v i c e ....................
O th e r r e l i e f and s e r v i c e t o 'a d u l t s ..................................
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
Connunity
Other
Chest
sou rces
E xpenditures under —
P u b lic auspices
183
53
3
120
133
11
244
74
57
120
24
133
(b )
and c o o r d i n a t i n g s e r v i c e s ............
77
77
79
77
S o c i a l - s e r v i c e e x c h a n g e . ........................................................
Com m unity C h e s t ...............................................................................
8
56
8
56
59
56
14
14
13
14
for m edica l-social s ervice were not
reported
O th e r s o c i a l - w e l f a r e
p lanning c o u n c i l s ...............
1
8 Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
but were included in the various h ospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
separately in 1940,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
^ Less than $500.
Expenditures
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
f i e l d s ..........................................................
t o t a l ................................................... .......................
TO TAl. a l l
C h il d w e l f a r e ,
F ed era l
P riv a te funds
Rece ip t s
Net
Income
from
p r o fits
fro m in
persons
from
v e st JBents r e c e iv in g
oth er
s e r v ic e
a c t iv it ie s
Ap p e n d i x T a b l e
I . — Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare Services, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942——Continued
( In T h o u s a n d s
)*
K ANSAS CITY. HO., AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v i c e
C on trib u tion s
p r o fits
Income
from
persons
from in
Community
Other
o th er
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
Chest
sou rces
s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
■ T o ta l
«pen d itu res
1942
Child w elfare, t o t a l ............................................................
P rotective, fo s te r care o f dependent c h ild r e n ...
In stitu tion s for dependent ch ild re n ........................
Day n urseries.....................................................................
Maternity homes.................................................................
Services to children with behavior problems........
In stitu tion s for delinquent c h ild re n ......................
Other child-w elfare s e r v ic e s ......................................
Health se rvice s, t o t a l .......................................................
General and special h o s p ita ls ..................................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
H ospitals for nervous and mental pa tien ts..........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e r v ic e .................................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ............ ................................
Medical service?: .Homes and d o c to r s ' o f f i c e s . . .
M edical-social s e r v ic e ................................................
R iblic-health-nursin g s e r v ic e ..................................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ................................
Other health s e r v ic e s ...................................................
$913
b$494
Jsl.
153
244
28
22
64
123
$151
(*)
65
(c)
(c)
(c)
(C)
1
$12
12
3
2
(c)
(c)
663
171
1,349
125
172
1,285
<d>
1
(O
(c)
5
191
18
6
194
20
48
10
45
<c)
<c>
<c>
6
193
(c)
<c>
5
1,581
3,353
248
478
909
165
142'
150
13
11
39
137
6
74
253
40
31
8
83
314
2,302
(c)
19
(c)
843
208
496
(c)
1
2
8
26
26
3
73
187
(*)
22
17
-
1
126
171
1
136
331
4
11
58
49
2,261
2,020
2,623
11
(c)
10
7
58
146
32
41
6
74
203
16
102
(e )
(c)
90
193
28
2,138
988
248
478
12
<c)
13
1
(c)
13
51
207
27
28
2,365
50
(c)
(c)
$4,413
2
<c)
46
5
(c)
(e )
97
50
444
548
279
118
14
(c)
(c)
Planning, financing, and coordinating services.
S o cia l-s e rv ice exchange........................................
Conmunity Chest.........................................................
Sectarian fin a n cial fe d e ra tio n s........................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies..................................
Other socia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c ils ..........
305
1
2
2
4,761
291
61
190
100
97
5,717
5
1,179
278
2,160
116
6,857
2,800
4
668
343
2,639
125
125
_
$3,767
64
106
9,728
90
$9,469
<c)
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o ta l.
Services o f group-work agencies......................
Special services o f group-work a g e n c ie s ....
Pliblic recreation other than summer camps..
Local groups under national programs............
Summer camps.............................................................
$11,874
4,271
2,800
4
7,652
2,800
4
835
343
2,639
125
18
6
330
351
4
4fr
61
$2,658
(c)
<£>
(c)
(O
(c)
3
(c)
(c)
100
97
(C)
^In cludes $63,011 from sectarian fin a n cia l federations.
c Less than $500.
a Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded.amounts
^Expenditures
m e d icaI-««*,m
l-sociall a
service were not reported separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital
------- *“ ---- - ffo~r —'««—
dData not available fo r 1940 for one agency then in operation
and c li n i c service f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppe n d ix
Family welfare and r e l i e f , t o t a l ..................................
Work P rojects Adm inistration..............................
Farm Security Administration....................................
General r e li e f and fam ily w e lfa re..........................
Aid t o dependent c h ild re n ..........................................
Aid t o the aged...............................................................
Aid to the b lin d .............................................................
Service and r e li e f t o transients and travelers.
Special service to tr a v e le rs ....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight ca re .................................................
Legal a id ...................... *...................................................
In stitu tion s for aged, dependent a d u lts..............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped............
Other services t o the handicapped..........................
Dom estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and serv ice to a du lts........................
$4,297
$2,240
TOTAL, a l l f ie l d s ..
P riv a te a u spices
A ll
o th e r
Ot
00
*” * ■ “
I" "
«*
-* > “
• - « • I f—
- » «•><■ 0,
e e l S o u « , o f F uud„ 1 M 2, , M
(In Thouaanda)m
s
LOS ANGELES AREA
P u b lic funds
T o ta l
Kpenditure:
1942
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l .................................
53,634
15,314
Work P rojects Administration..................................
Farm Security Administration..................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re ........................
Aid to dependent c h ild re n .................... ....................
Aid to the aged.................................................
Aid t o the b lin d .........................................t ii
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers
Special service to tra v e le rs ..................................
Shelters for transient and homeless....................
Special overnight c a r e ......................................
Legal a i d . .............................................................
In stitu tion s for aged, dependent a d u lts............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped..........
Other services to the handicapped........................
D om estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ..........
Other r e li e f and service to a d u lts................
8,400
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , total
Services of group-work agen cies....................
Special services of group-work a g e n c ie s ...
Public recreation other than summer camps.
lo c a l groups under national programs..........
Summer camps..............................
Planning, financing, and coordinating se rvice s.
S oc ia l-s e r v ice exch an ge....................................
Community Chest..................................
Sectarian fin a n cia l fed eration s........................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies........................
Other s ocia l-w elfa re planning c o u n c ils ..........
P riva te auspl
1,994
126
48
2
130
1
22
87
201
23
17
( c)
(O
15
1
(c)
4,454
784
8,195
631
273
288
273
36
1
19
34
886
1
17,476
2,253
3,193
10,393
4,110
1,559
615
1,787
44
196
378
410
394
518
1,444
1,112
16
181
344
338
369
518
1,230
3,851
1.838
256
45
55
262
49
70
1,005
722
1,143
852
246
823
78
53
1.461
317
880
SO, 058
8,400
5,869
3,589
30,029
2,006
28
21
202
90
49
1,510
1,280
20,273
13
22,270
3,097
27.5S0
2,060
(C )
1,560
7,112
565
(c )
1,123
14,696
809
231
122
26
1
1
6
21
(c)
100
8
2
184
(c)
81
54
191
2,297
425
43
(c)
187
14
12,204
171
271
4,606
1,600
2,698
4,875
1,720
3,172
8,790
486
18
259
1,362
16
588
(d )
353
358
478
1,242
1,199
16
181
344
338
369
518
1,323
642
22
1,901
2,037
1.841
1,972
59
65
19
(c)
12
275
12
496
970
90
15
557
,147
1
271
15
(d>
46
27
14,038
12,602
533
21
588
27
15
34
72
25
(c)
«0
1,294
1,814
113
121
90S
(c)
-Î5LL
( c)
36
974
273
17
(c)
151
365
2
S3
33
28
21
111
22
1,244
202
260
17
8
1,137
1
(c)
1,125
(c)
3
33
(O
34
953
133
179
1
2
6
(c)
535
141
8,400
4,624
3,589
30,029
2,006
(c)
29
82
167
26
905
365
1,972
262
347
442
17
275
23
56
71
56
197
13
4
(c)
28,093
(c)
173
234
56
21
d E * ~ ^ it u i e s r fo r nL d ^ f
rOUnding and
d i f f e r s u b t l y t r i m sum o f rounded amounts.
Expenditures for m edica l-social service were not reported separately in 1940, but were included in the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P u b lic a u sp ices
138
18
281
9
2
(c)
(c)
1
4
365
252
234
262
282
24
268
17
48
74
17
275
23
56
71
(<0
(c)
(O
(«>
(O
Includes $303,332 from sectarian fin a n cia l federations,
various hospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
Less
than $500.
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
130
96
71
5
1,143
550
General and sp e cia l h o s p ita ls ................................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients
Hospitals for nervous and mental p a tie n ts ........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e r v ic e ................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ........................................
Medical se rvice : Homes and d o c to r s ' o f f i c e s . . .
M edica l-social s e r v ic e ..........................................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ............
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ............................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ................................
Other health s e r v ic e s ..............................
E xpenditures under —
N il
p r o fits
from
oth er
$12,425
3,836
579
929
164
67
1,143
953
Health serv ice s, t o t a l ........................................
Income
from in
vestm ents
Community
Chest
TOTAL, a l l f ie ld s .
Child w elfare, to ta l
P rotective, fo ste r ca
o f dependent children
In stitu tion s fo r dependent ch ild re n ..................
Day n u rseries............................................
Maternity homes........................ ..............
Services to children with behavior problems..
In stitu tion s for delinquent c h ild re n ................
Other child-w elfare s e r v ic e s ................
P riva te funds
R eceip ts
from
persons
e ce iv in f
s e r v ic e
C o n tr ib u tio
Ap p e r d i x T able I . — E x p e n d itu r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f Funds,
(I n
1942,
and b y A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1942 — C o n t i n u e d
T h ou san d s) “
LOUISVILLE AREA
Pu b i l e
T ota l
e x p e n d it u r e s
1942
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
fu n d s
P r i v a t e fu n d s
C o n t r ib u t i o n s
L ocal
S ta te
F ederal
Communi t y
C h est
O th er
sou rces
Incom e
from i n v e s tm e n ts
E x p e n d it u r e s u n d e r -
R e c e ip ts
from
person s
r e c e iv in g
s e r v ic e
N et
p r o fits
from
oth er
a c tiv itie s
P u b li c
A ll
oth e r
a u s p ice s
1940
P r iv a t e
1942
1940
a u s p ic e s
1942
f i e l d s ......................................................
$7,967
$2,549
$626
$1,645
$599
b$425
$120
$1,815
$73
$114
$5,498
$5,014
$2,368
$2,954
t o t a l .......................................................................
781
203
318
7
24
115
113
483
140
167
21
3
21
71
72
1
69
43
4
36
38
31
(c)
559
552
210
229
13
26
(c )
153
182
128
137
115
61
18
21
5
t o t a l .........................................
3,160
762
331
163
1,250
1,529
1,250
140
Work P r o j e c t s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ............................................
Farm S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ............................................
G e n e r a l r e l i e f and f a m il y w e l f a r e ................................
A id t o d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ...................................................
A id t o th e a g e d ...........................................................................
A id t o th e b l i n d .........................................................................
S e r v i c e and r e l i e f t o t r a n s i e n t s and t r a v e l e r s .
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e t o t r a v e l e r s . . . . ..................................
S h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s i e n t and h o m e le s s ...........................
S p e c i a l o v e r n i g h t c a r e ..........................................................
L e g a l a i d ..........................................................................................
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a g e d , d e p e n d e n t a d u l t s .................
447
216
4
87
61
TOTAL,
C h ild w e lfa r e ,
a ll
P r o t e c t iv e , fo s t e r c a r e o f dependent c h il d r e n ..
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ...........................
Day n u r s e r i e s ................................................................................
M a t e r n it y h om es............................................................................
S e r v i c e s t o c h i l d r e n w ith b e h a v i o r p r o b l e m s . . . .
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e lin q u e n t c h i l d r e n ........................
O th e r c h i l d - w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
611
216
594
1
322
(C )
64
50
16
101
272
14
5
i
G e n e r a l and s p e c i a l h o s p i t a l s ..........................................
H o s p it a ls
f o r n e r v o u s and m e n ta l p a t i e n t s ............
C l i n i c s e r v i c e ..............................................................................
M e n t a l-h y g ie n e c l i n i c s ...........................................................
M e d ic a l s e r v i c e :
Homes and d o c t o r s * o f f i c e s . . .
M e d i c a l - s o c i a l s e r v i c e ...........................................................
G ro u p -w ork and l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
P la n n i n g ,
fin a n c in g ,
and c o o r d i n a t i n g
t o t a l ..........
s e r v ic e s ....
84
5
239
31
9
18
155
138
2
9
18
86
140
45
529
237
64
138
41
49
64
18
3,465
2,358
2,620
1,250
468
540
140
160
477
594
20
6
s
86
18
i
101
11
(d )
274
5
95
5
129
51
25
92
44
10
7
1,560
1,471
17
15
12
n
259
1
56
18
1
19
13
29
1*
13
(c )
1,703
582
121
'
2^
1,347
1,212
21
1,726
1, 579
27
193
259
188
222
15
23
17
26
1
61
105
49
50
1
122
138
277
189
391
122
138
(c)
15
(C )
195
144
89
3
167
59
9
(C )
1
-
(C )
2
1,352
416
(c )
36
64
2
(c)
89
27
22
30
(C )
63
3
3
65
4
45
68
4
41
15
4
3
12
18
Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h tly from
>f rounded amounts
^ Includes $1,425 from sectarian fin a n cial federations.
a Data not available for 1940 for
agency then in operation.
'Expenditures for m edica l-social service were not reported separately in 1940, but were included
an<^ c li n i c s ervice f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
12
-
1,239
554
387
68
8
............ ....
3,429
2,162
418
259
4
41
107
(c)
is
36
t o t a l .................................................................
108
1
3
2
24
..........
O th e r s e r v i c e s t o th e h a n d ic a p p e d ...............................
D o m e s t i c - r e l a t i o n s and p r o b a t i o n s e r v i c e ...............
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
20
c Less than $500.
the various hospital
p p e n d ix
11
267
132
0
1
A
15
3
25
38
7
4
(c)
Ap p e n d ix
Tab le
I . — E x p e n d itu r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , by F i e l d
(In
o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f F u n d s, 1942., and by A u s p ic e s , 1 9 4 0 and 1 9 4 2 — C o n t i n u e d
T h o u s a n d s )*
MILWAUKEE AREA
sld o f s e r v ic e
C o n tr ib u ti oils
L ocal
S ta te
F ed eral
$5,031
Community
Other
Chest
sou rces
p r iv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
Net
Income
from
p r o fits
from in
persons
from
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
oth er
s e r v ic e
a c t iv it ie s
$22.814
$8,586
$2,215
$ 1,020
b $573
$173
$4,547
$163
1 ,3 4 6
677
124
206
144
52
76
64
P rotective, fo ste r care of dependent ch ild r e n ..
In stitu tion s for dependent c h ild re n ......................
Day nurseries ..................................................................
Maternity homes..............................................................
Services to children with behavior problem s....
In stitu tion s for delinauent c h ild re n ....................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e r v ic e s ..................................
275
636
9
44
93
287
75
432
3
3
116
64
31
79
7
35
43
19
(c )
3
93
74
116
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ..................................
Work P rojects Administration....................................
Farm Security Adm inistration....................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re ..........................
Aid to dependent c h ild re n ..........................................
Aid to the aged ...............................................................
Aid t o the b lin d ..................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special service to t r a v e le rs ....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight c a r e ............................ ....................
leg a l a id ...........................................................................
In stitu tion s for aged, dependent a d u lts..............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped............
Other services to the handicapped..........................
D om estic-relations and probation s e r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and service t o a d u lts........................
11,4 20
3 ,8 6 6
1.332
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ........
Services o f group-work agen cies..............................
Special services o f group-work agen cies..............
Public recreation other than summer camps..........
lo c a l groups under national programs....................
Summer camps.....................................................................
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
S o cia l-s e rv ice exchange...............................................
Community Chest...............................................................
Sectarian fin a n cial fe d e ra tio n s..............................
Council o f s o c ia l agen cies........................................
Other socia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c ils ................
2
14
2
3 ,1 0 0
2,7 9 3
1,122
3 ,0 6 2
123
19
25
69
8
463
541
3
61
31
2 ,442
478
622
26
14
357
895
35
221
8
1
11
61
3
57
142
2
1940
1942
1940
1942
$28,072
$16,513
$5,180
$6,301
722
782
500
563
389
78
421
174
209
7
38
(c )
7
54
7
493
746
196
492
383
32
27
9
242
96
159
395
173
32
27
9
93
159
233
44
1 ,6 6 7
988
13
1
12
1
307
988
153
17
14
(c )
11
4
15
27
39
25
(c )
13
(c )
49
45
117
(c )
(c )
1
3
93
188
72
99
2 2,1 29
10,3 48
925
1 ,073
335
337
18
19
25
69
2
6,5 8 6
2 ,4 5 6
116
123
4.
60
24
1
6
193
73
228
192
57
61
5
3 ,9 9 3
4
1 ,0 5 6
569
1 ,4 4 7
453
44
92
147
(d )
< c)
13
215
8
215
266
235
349
4 ,1 7 9
3 ,2 3 6
4 ,0 9 7
1,031
623
1 ,591
2 ,7 9 3
56
14
3 ,6 1 4
60
14
159
183
128
129
(c)
17
922
375
921
110
141
26
(c )
2
1
22
262
139
59
3,9 5 5
29
145
69
38
5
3 ,4 6 5
103
192
(c)
43
■ 59
1
2
1
15
62
199
22
139
19
14
3
111
65
(c )
28
(c ).
255
25
78
(c )
19
4
373
62
87
58
13
5
109
77
200
32
27
9
112
95
2
2
229
299
85
95
1 ,2 2 9
1,2 0 4
406
464
277
307
1 ,2 2 9
1 ,2 0 4
62
19
88
(O
69
17
112
17
67
15
9
61
18
Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
Data not available fo r 1940 for one agency then in operation.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
250
2
2
p r iv a te a u sp ices
3 ,1 0 0
8
29
3 ,0 5 5
9
61
17
18
266
9
10
2
$506
287
1,545
62
6
8 ,2 7 6
105
5 ,0 0 6
1
A11
oth er
3 ,1 0 0
4 ,6 4 5
683
1 ,605
1,204
62
94
10
10
22
Expenditures under —
P u b lic a u sp ices
k Includes $174,200 from sectarian fin a n cia l federations.
20
c Less than $500.
105
9
61
17
18
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l fa r e E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s .............................................
Child w elfare, t o t a l ..........................................................
Health s e rv ice s, t o t a l ................................................ .
General and special h o s p ita ls ..................................
Hospitals fo r chronic and tuberculous p a tie n ts.
Hospitals fo r nervous and mental p a tie n ts..........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e r v ic e ................................................................
Mental-hygiene c lin ic s ........ ....................................
Medical serv ice : Homes and d o c to r s ' o f f i c e s . . .
M edical-social s e r v ic e ................................................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ..................................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ................................
•Other health s e r v ic e s .......... ....................................
j
T o ta l
ex pend i t Lires
1942
P u blic funds
A p pk n di x T ablk I . __E x p e n d itu r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f F u n d s, 1 9 4 2 , and b y A u s p ic e s , 194 0 and 1942 — C o n t i n u e d
(In
T h o u s a n d s )*
NEW ORLEANS AREA
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, a ll f i e l d s ............................................
P rotective, fo s te r care o f dependent ch ild r e n ..
I»t'
s
pe
.. .
.. ,
^
Services to children with behavior problems . . . .
L ta titu tittji for de *nquent
Family welfare and r e l i e f , t o t a l ................................
, „ . , a. • • .
. •« . ' ^
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
$15,141
C on trib u tion s
L ocal
S ta te
F ed eral
$972
$4 , 789
$5,182
Community
Other
sou rces
Chest
$641
ff
..
.
Medical se rv ice :
r ^ b l’
he 1th ni
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
$3,302
$4 , 130
141
328
380
62
194
18
20
76
226
23
25
34
30
587
822
115
182
21
6
29
6
1
246
250
2
2
11
1
21
53
20
68
49
45
(b )
250
11,778
8,577
91
(b )
4
(b )
705
1,373
997
73
7,313
3,700
(b )
424
1,727
1,293
103
(b )
6
7
(b )
1
(b )
14
1
6
6
(b )
29
48
23
3
(b )
35
7
(b )
2
150
5
3
(b )
1
(b )
45
19
(b )
9
(b )
13
17
(b )
3
110
132
15
12
130
8,135
3,700
(b )
606
1,727
1,293
103
21
61
2,159
163
310
87
19
61
3
57
1
(b )
733
608
51
15
(b )
128
1
35
59
(b )
11
239
2
57
9
1
232
116
2
78
78
2,193
2,019
1
97
26
17
2
(b )
16
3,276
2,091
2,520
12
1
2,143
1,181
3
440
1,545
163
570
1,696
23
77
2,131
67
5
2
135
389
2
(b )
(b )
(b )
1
54
103
30
27
394
181
22
3
32
3
(b )
2
(c)
85
19
27
252
188
24
2
(c)
64
(b )
241
278
241
278
2
77
2,564
1,520
159
552
84
570
22
105
260
38
86
106
8
55
53
27
428
27
329
598
192
1
5,796
3,676
163
683
599
15
30 -
13
.
6
3
20
13
(b )
3
46
***** ’
(b )
(b )
42
3
12
46
19
190
92
8
50
129
74
(b )
2
28
3
75
7
(b )
(b )
(b )
3
4
(b )
17
(b )
(b )
5
28
5
10
49
(b )
(b )
8
8 Totals represent sun o f figures before rounding and may d i f f e r 's l i g h t l y from sum o f rounded amounts.
separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c s ervice f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$11,011
48
4
2
163
86
278
38
32
$14,265
26
4
8
Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
,. ®,
$269
$61
3
78
health se rvice s, t o t a l ......................................................
QgintTi| prv,
h«4,pifalc
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
H ospila s f r e t
■a
. Pf
$2,389
iu sp ices
1942
(b )
2
(b )
14
1
303
259
2
1940
p r iv a te
13
80
4
so
5
19
29
i
1942
(b )
1
165
60
82
14
1
^.(krviiil overnight c a r e ........
Inatitut* ns ^
1940
22
2
10
3
5
61
47
685
52
A ll
other
P u b lic a u sp ices
104
117
7
27
i
1
20
61
424
Net
p r o fits
from
persons
from in
other
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
a c t iv it ie s
s e r v ic e
$273
$564
521
124
230
23
25
20
98
5,098
3,700
(b )
E xpenditures under —
p r iv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
P u b lic funds
T o ta l
ex pen d itu res
1942
(b )
1
H e s s than $500.
78
5
19
22
20
2
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
c Expenditures for m edica l-social
3
3
service
113
17
35
214
157
320
30
26
38
32
82
10
47
8
50
15
10
20
10
163
86
89
were not reported
Ap pe n d i x T a &le I . —Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds* 1942* and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942— Continued
CJY
(In Thousands)
00
OKLAHOMA CI TY AREA
Public funds
Field o f service
Total
expenditures
1942
Private funds
Net
Receipts
p r o fits
Income
fr om
from
persons
from in
Community Other
other
Chest
sources vestments receiving
service a c t iv it ie s
Contributions
Local
State
$4,909
$457
$1,261
190
57
4
29
64
5
23
$2,499
$281
$136
$217
50
14
4
2
20
1Ò
6
12
2
$14
A ll
other
$44
2
(b )
25
37
Family w elfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ....................................
3,930
1
322
327
1,612
1
37
220
1,007
2 ,4 %
18
1
3
(b )
23
53
61
/
3
32
46
28
3
17
3
498
207
36
38
156
(b )
44
194 0
$4,205
$524
92
104
79
87
11
31
31
13
12
132
208
70
118
2
17
1
(b )
23
4
16
5
44
44
(b )
42
17
31
25
37
3,366
3,722
204
327
1,612 46
1
22
4
1
1
44
3
26
12
85
36
111
108
28
2
3
3
22
17
350
355
101
36
38
110
142
105
15
90
40
34
1
60
20
42
44
37
37
38
37
26
8
6
69
20
8
6
54
88
7
62
26
8
6
59
258
130
28
24
45
30
24
28
24
28
24
24
2
87
8
3
9
2
112
31
76
44
14
11
30
2
2
8
24
16
ii
8
10
172
114
234
130
28
39
19
45
30
22
24
$704
25
(C)
4
190
1942
$3,837
5
199
(b )
under —
Private auspices
1942
1,226
33
33
3
25
33
3
25
31
3
26
33
3
25
5
5
2
5
a Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
2
(b )
PJanning, financing, and coordinating s e rv ice s ........
78
23
23
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ..........
60
194 0
uspices
^ Less than $500.
c Data not available fo r 1940 for one agency then in operation.
C om m unity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ..............................................
Child w elfare, t o t a l ............................................................
Federal
Expenditure
Public
%
T able I ____E x p e n d i t u r e s
a p p e n d ix
fo r
H e a lth
and
W e lfa r e
by F i e l d
S e r v ic e s ,
o f
S e r v ic e
and
S ou rce
o f
194 2, a n d by A u s p I c e s , 1940 a n d 1942 — C o n t i n u e d
F u n ds,
(In Thousand»)*
OMAHA AREA
P u b lic funds
T otal
ex p en d itu res
f i e l d o f s e r v ic e
1942
L ocal
Federal
S ta te
$6,635
$803
$1,239
309
71
127
9
27
18
57
45
10
12
54
5
3
18
4
46
3,633
1,450
340
766
315
432
1,142
35
5
5
8
169
61
31
1
4
185
554
17
yi
119
78
67
3
8
ul
10
33
2,335
1,664
22
282
398
C l i n i c s e r v i c e ..............................................................................
M e d ic a l s e r v i c e ':
f i e l d s .....................................................
TOTAL, «1 1
P r o t e c t iv e ,
i s t 't u t i o n
S t e r n it
S e r v ic e s
fo s t e r cu re o f dependent c h i l d r e n ..
pe
homi
t o c h i l d r e n w it h b e h a v i o r p r o b l e m s . . . .
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
t o t a l ...................... ...................
W> k T
’
t Ail * * t
t*
T F S e JC^ t
Ail *'
p
j
l a n d
fam i 1 w e l f a r e
A*d t d
1 t I * ld e i
Aid t o theTag
S e r v i c e and r e l i e f
t o t r a n s i e n t s and t r a v e l e r s .
I s t i t u t i o n s fo r a cd
d epen d en t a d u lt s
g . . . e r e « enip «
t f t r Li
1 1 1* a ppeti
ppel
æ
O lh e
e ll
f
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
* ,u i «
to a d u lts
t o t a l .................................................................
G en e ra 1 and s p e c 5“ 1
H o s p i t a l s f o r c h r o n i c and t u b e r c u l o u s p a t i e n t s .
H o s p ^ t^ l*
l 'f l ‘
r b l*
he 111
S cl
i h
S ch
i
]^ '
.. ,® i
*^
o ffic e s ...
1
O th e r h e a f t h s e r v i c e s * 1
G r o u p -w o rk and l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
P u b lic
T^v-ol
P la n n i n g ,
t o t a l ..........
e c r e a tio n ^ o th e ^ tlw T
rnilnc 1Irv^ r natJftnfll r r rwrrom.
^ “ «p®
^
P
f i n a n c i n g , and c o o r d i n a t i n g s e r v i c e s . . . .
fVaiinuuit fh p s1
S e c ta r ia n f i n a n c i a l fe d e r a t io n
C o u n c il o f ctw'iol a f>r,r \m<t
»/y» jp 1 wpI fnrp planning
a T o t a ls
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r e p r e s e n t sum o f
ib i
(b )
Expenditures under *—
Net
p r o fit s
from
o t her
a c t iv it ie s
$21
$1,322
$19
$83
$6,710
$4,288
$2,040
$2,346
4
1
2
22
9
4
3
5
1
1
11
98
6
91
18
21
15
15
185
50
102
7
21
211
57
112
9
27
5
18
35
18
50
5
7
5,992
3,993
3
347
489
1,044
36
3,324
1,450
308
309
198
142
(b )
(b )
153
47
13
125
9
2
(b )
(b )
30
1
68
3
2
(b )
4
(b )
17
1
65
8
10
3
63
17
37
69
6
36
129
5
6
36
91
3
5
►
15
8
3
49
24
52
§
M
*
1
5'
11
17
1
(b )
64
13
196
136
10
31
3
(b )
1,208
1,203
59
(c )
8
13
2
31
236
174
432
1,142
35
(b )
(b )
62
(b )
4
1
3
38
1942
95
12
75
2
5
6
420
75
22
275
1940
$409
4
4
3
6
P riv a te a u sp ices
78
34
24
4
16
185
554
17
(b )
1942
1940
$487
2
2,214
1,450
A ll
other
P u b lic a u sp ices
7
3
7
612
276
12
224
67
14
10
846
314
22
■282
1
19
33
1,257
1,102
1,490
1,350
48
^Tuu
Homes and d o c t o r s *
r
n
$2,252
Community
Other
Chest
so u rce s
P riva te funds
R eceip ts
Income
from
persons
from in
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
(b )
(b )
Jl i*eJ t e r s f o r ' i r a n s ie
' •n
a i l ome l e s .
pec la
o v e r n i g i c r e ........................
*
C on tr ib u tio n s
308
211
8
20
49
20
12
1
20
1
2
(b )
1
9
2
40
143
107
3
70
60
4
33
4
3
7
1
1
62
38
10
5
20
(b )
10
14
2
2
16
68
54
7
9
65
69
2
1
13
23
2
15
16
1
4
24
41
6
36
116
15
13
15
20
246
179
288
211
8
15
20
44
23
49
20
(b )
1
(b )
3
38
49
3
38
45
5
33
49
3
38
9
9
7
9
49
rmiiv' i b
fig u r e s b e fo r e
ro u n d in g and may d i f f e r
s l i g h t J y from sur
o f round ?d am ounts
b L e s s th a n $ 500.
c D ata n o t a v a i l a b l e f<>r 1940 for one a g e n c y th e n i n o p e r a t i o n .
Oi
Ap pe n d ix T able I •— E x p e n d itu r e s f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d o f ‘S e r v i c e and S o u rce o f Funds,
1 94 2, and b y A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 1942— C o n t i n u e d
05
(In Thousanda)*
o
PROVIDENCE AREA
P u b l i c fu n d s
T ota l
e x p e n d it u r e s
1942
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
L ocal
S ta te
$8,369
$1,505
$2,349
t o t a l ......................................................................
566
72
P r o t e c t iv e , f o s t e r c a r e o f dependent c h i l d r e n ..
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ...........................
Day n u r s e r i e s ................................................................................
M a t e r n it y h om es...........................................................................
S e r v i c e s t o c h i l d r e n w ith b e h a v i o r p r o b l e m s . . . .
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e lin q u e n t c h i l d r e n ........................
O t h e r c h i l d - w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................
205
155
68
9
71
59
10
4
244
107
64
C h il d w e l f a r e ,
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
t o t a l ..........................................
Work P r o j e c t s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ............................................
Farm S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ............................................
G e n e r a l r e l i e f and f a m il y w e l f a r e ................................
A id t o d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ...................................................
A id t o th e a g e d ...........................................................................
A id t o th e b l i n d .........................................................................
S e r v i c e and r e l i e f t o t r a n s i e n t s and t r a v e l e r s .
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e t o t r a v e l e r s ............................................
S h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s i e n t and h o m e le s s ...........................
S p e c i a l o v e r n i g h t c a r e ....................................... ................
'L e g a l a i d ...............................................................................
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a g e d , d e p e n d e n t a d u l t s ..............
S h e l t e r e d em ploym ent f o r t h e h a n d ic a p p e d ............
O t h e r s e r v i c e s t o t h e h a n d ic a p p e d ................................
D o m e s t i c - r e l a t i o n s and p r o b a t i o n s e r v i c e ...............
O t h e r r e l i e f and s e r v i c e t o a d u l t s .............................
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
t o t a l ..................................................................
H o s p i t a l s f o r c h r o n i c and t u b e r c u lo u s p a t i e n t s .
H o s p i t a l s f o r n e r v o u s and m e n ta l p a t i e n t s ............
H o s p i t a l a d m it t in g and c e r t i f y i n g b u r e a u s ............
C l i n i c s e r v i c e ..............................................................................
M e n t a l-h y g ie n e c l i n i c s ............................. .......................... ..
M e d ic a l s e r v i c e :
Homes and d o c t o r s * o f f i c e s . . .
M e d i c a l - s o c i a l s e r v i c e ..........................................................
P u b l i c - h e a l t h - n u r s i n g s e r v i c e .........................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e m e d ic a l s e r v i c e .......................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e n u r s in g s e r v i c e .......................................
O t h e r h e a l t h s e r v i c e s .............................................................
G ro u p -w o rk and l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
t o t a l ..........
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e s o f g r o u p -w o r k a g e n c i e s .................
P la n n i n g ,
fin a n c in g ,
and c o o r d i n a t i n g s e r v i c e s . . . .
C o u n c il o f s o c i a l a g e n c i e s .................................................
O th e r s o c i a l - w e l f a r e p la n n in g c o u n c i l s ....................
(c )
57
3,872
660
713
1,360
358
989
13
10
554
39
49
13
O th er
sou rces
E x p e n d it u r e s u n d e r —
Net
p r o fits
from
oth er
a c tiv itie s
P u b lic
A ll
o th e r
1940
$557
b$457
$432
$1,657
$21
$85
$7.542
74
45
14
112
24
47
14
5
8
48
1
1
263
13
18
(c )
(c )
(c)
a u sp ice s
1,289
660
183
505
7
136
484
7
158
77
118
17
‘1942
$5.072
$2.795
$3.297
60
118
95
45
133
33
13
75
69
59
6,024
2,703
3.396
660
473
475
1 216
150
144
34
32
(c)
10
27
31
17
............ ..
...
(c)
3,411
669
717
59
21
3
9
2
216
437
35
i
17
7
6
48
30
32
43
435
257
23
80
25
51
85
6
46
8
16
9
i
17
4
( C)
9
12
13
9
20
a u s p ic e s
1940
125
(c)
(c)
(cj
10
< c)
15
11
1
254
183
1
38
20
16
15
52
45
1
12
26
133
77
28
21
130
181
12
1,446
1 192
8
130
1
1~
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c )
1,197
409 ^
175
393
1,281
370
1 303
471
152
137
33
107
11
107
106
105
304
228
354
257
23
9
60
76
3
3
i
6
21
1,721
2,130
(c)
(c>
(c )
5
i
7
8
50
58
81
57
80
j* *
6
66
9
16
7
1
2
1
1
6
i
1
<C)
8 Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
b Includes $17.5,180 from sectarian fin a n cial federations.
^ Expenditures for m e d ica l.social service were not reported separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c l i n i c s e rv ice fie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P r iv a t e
1942
1
1,382
5
42
139
7
24
32
132
30
32
88
$1,307
Communi t y
C h est
L
14
59
6
288
54
10
25
50
256
608
F ed eral
fu n d s
R e c e ip t s
Incom e
from
from in
p erson s
v e s tm e n ts r e c e i v i n g
s e r v ic e
c Less than $500.
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
f i e l d s ........................ ............................
TOTAL, a l l
P r iv a t e
C o n tr ib u tio n s
Ap p e n d i x T*»tB I . __Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942
Continued
(In Thouaanda)
RICHMOND AREA
E x p e n d it u r e
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, «11 f i e l d s ............................................
T ota l
e x p e n d it u r e s
1942
$5,383
R e c e ip ts
C o n tr ib u tio n s
L ocal
$1,210
402
116
135
130
10
24
56
47
45
17
1
Family welfare and r e lie f» t o t a l ..................................
Work P rojects Administration.....................................
Farm Security Administration.....................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare...........................
Aid t o dependent ch ild re n ..........................................
Aid to the aged...............................................................
Aid to the b lin d .............................................................
Service and r e l i e f t o transients and tra v e le rs.
Special s ervice t o tra v e le rs .....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight ca re ................................................
Legal a id ...........................................................................
In stitu tion s for aged» dependent adu lts..............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped............
Other s ervices t o the handicapped..........................
D om estic-relations ard probation s e r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and service t o adu lts.........................
2,206
F ed eral
$825
$1,270
56
7
Community
C h est
$563
O th e r
sou rces
$320
person s
fro m i n
v e s tm e n ts r e c e i v i n g
s e r v ic e
$65
79
97
15
58
7
13
80
(b )
7
2
$997
00
36
16
29
416
243
(»0
1,222
362
162
72
309
22
12
82
6
1
97
6
1
21
1
1
179
38
74
23
50
23
15
Health services» t o t a l .................................. .................
General and sp e cia l h o s p ita ls ..................................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
Hospitals for nervous and mental p atien ts..........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e r v ic e s ..............................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s .................................................
Medical serviced Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
M edica l-social s e r v ic e .................................................
FYiblic-health-nursing s e r v ic e ............................
School hygiene medical se rv ice ................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ................................
Other health s e r v ic e s ...................................................
2,244
601
526
48
1,234
182
336
206
132
107
31
323
18
163
23
30
10
102
11
28
127
47
so
10
Group-work and leisu re-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a l ........
428
76
1
30
3
58
11
28
80
162
Services o f group-work agencies..............................
Special se rv ice s o f group-work agencies..............
Public recreation other than summer camps..........
Local groups under nation«J programs....................
Summer camps.....................................................................
281
14
75
29
29/
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
S oc ia l-s e r v ice exchange..............................................
Community Chest.................................................. ........
Sectarian fin a n cia l federations..............................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies........................................
Other so cia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c ils ................
103
5
63
(b )
19
17
(b )
73
107
15
7
(b )
(b )
9
1
130
10
57
1
39
2
13
(b )
59
37
3
1
(b )
$4,047
$1,165
$1,336
18
3
15
(b )
120
170
234
232
28
8
55
12
78
129
19
79
118
10
24
313
331
1
37
47
56
47
42
3,069
1,875
2,307
(b )
327
109
230
18
975
(b )
236
215
309
22
i
10
(c)
2
i
25
(c)
3
3
47
22
857
81
1
4
795
19
48
10
27
00
00
16
i
18
161
49
134
32
14
25
2
5
(b )
102
17
a T o t a ls rep resen t sum o f fig u r e s b e fo r e rounding and may d i f f e r s l i g h t l y from sum o f rounded amounts.
9
3
6
4
23
15
1942
$4,469
13
17
14
1940
$132
2
101
75
00
9
1942
1940
1
29
0 0
21
8
3
2
7
(b )
975
(b )
975
$i
oth e r
under —
P r iv a t e a u s p i c e s
P u b lic a u s p ic e s
^ l e s s than $500.
110
90
1
20
i
(b )
i
25
20
1
72
12
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )
9
12
16
20
(d ’>
1
107
26
99
25
23
12
29
38
1,218
277
452
164
289
1,927
1,003
182
336
194
318
230
115
1
13
(e )
50
12
27
95
162
1
30
10
55
11
28
109
1
21
1
21
44
47
62
75
62
75
17
18
251
197
353
281
14
25
29
29
29
90
4
52
103
5
63
18
16
19
17
c Data not a v a ila b le fo r 1940 fo r one agency then in o p e r a tio n ,
dExpenditures o f one agency p r o v id in g le g a l a id in clu d ed in g e n e r a l - r e l i e f and fe m ily -w e lfa r e f i e l d b eca u se o f i n a b i l i t y o f agency t o sep a ra te ex p en d itu res fo r the two program s.
tu res fo r m e d i c a l- s o c i a l s e r v i c e were not re p o rte d sep a ra tely , in 1940, but were in clu d ed in th e v a r io u s h o s p it a l and c l i n i c s e r v ic e f i e l d s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
127
.........
19
11
3
3 *
(b )
(b )
135
e Expendi-
A ppendix
Child welfare» t o t a l ...........................................................
P rotective, fo s te r care o f dependent c h ild re n ..
In stitu tion s fo r dependent ch ild re n ......................
Day n urseries...................................................................
Maternity homes...............................................................
Services t o ch ildren with behavior problem s.. . .
In stitu tion s for delinquent ch ild ren ....................
Other ch ild -w e lfa re s e rv ice s .....................................
S ta te
Net
p r o fits
fro m
oth e r
a c t iv itie s
Ap p e n d i x T able I . — E x p e n d itu r e s
f o r H e a lth and W e lfa r e S e r v i c e s , b y F i e l d o f S e r v i c e and S o u r c e o f F u n d s, 1 9 4 2 , and b y A u s p ic e s , 1940 and 19 4 2 — C o n t i n u e d
05
to
( I n Thouaanda ) m
ROCHESTER AREA
P u b lic funds
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
Tota-1expend itu r e s
1942
C on trib u tion s
Lcca 1
Sta te
F ederal
$1,963
$16,017
$5,866
$2,334
1.162
811
174
33
811
633
52
14
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l ....................................
14
17
(b )
109
17
6.658
2.685
1.398
(b )
2^436
1,418
826
1.963
$1,122
$110
$399
$4,036
153
60
63
15
15
2
1
1
41
15
14
10
2
119
87
24
7
(b )
(b )
223
39
93
217
132
10
5
45
(b )
9
A ll
oth er
1940
1942
$53
$15,332
22
2
19
1
577
461
116
109
30
16
(b )
837
9
$133
Expenditures under —
P u b lic au sp ices
h
11,705
2,949
(b )
5,912
693
1,911
39
P riva te
1942
$10,065
$4,989
$5,952
650
541
469
219
191
25
19
512
270
174
33
18
16
17
520
5.51
160
147
6,107
1,000
(b )
2,289
478
2,111
27
3
3
54
59
14
252
37
15
289
39
(b )
59
1
15
2
29
1
82
4
(b )
126
(b )
11
144
39
Health service s, t o t a l ........................................................
56
(b )
56
6,890
1.874
980
537
551
986
923
341
154
50
21
7
23
72
20
12
255
83
3,448
3,242
14
93
i
171
62
(b )
1
893
86
15
17
3
173
76
13
78
71
5
55
5
32
19
38
12
5
1,182
497
9
144
(C)
146
(C)
57
56
(b )
(b )
2,575
884
427
942
2,783
918
551
986
3,379
4,107
2,796
3,566
57
53
386
64
342
47
19
17
39
13
106
86
76
13
78
90
(d )
97
(d )
97
(b )
395
47
17
78
145
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a l ..........
11
492
284
19
10
9
252
139
124
(b )
123
(b )
78
(b )
1
474
525
474
525
37
55
515
399
657
497
20
48
68
52
89
14
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ........
n f c n c i p i ag
525
52
89
492
126
4
4
6
121
3
91
106
126
91
6
72
8
91
27
27
27
27
a Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h t ly from sum of rounded amounts.
vice were not reported separately.but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(b )
2
us p ice s
1940
^Less than $500.
c Data not available.
Expenditures for m edica l-social s e r
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
T0TA1, a l l f i e l d s ..............................................
Child w elfare, t o t a l ............................................................
Community
Other
Chest
sou rces
p r iv a te funds
Net
R e ce ip ts
from
p r o fits
income
from in
from
persons
vestm ents re c e iv in g
oth er----s e r v ic e a c t i v i t i e s
A p pe n d i x T able I . —Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices. 1940 and 1942—Continued
(In Thouaanda)
ST. LOUIS AREA
T ota l
exp en d itu res
1942
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ............................................
Child w elfare, t o t a l ..........................................................
P rote ctive , fo ste r care o f dependent ch ild r e n ..
In stitu tion s for dependent c h ild re n ......................
Day n u rseries...................................................................
Maternity homes...............................................................
Services to chiJdren with behavior problems. . . .
In stitu tion s for delinquent ch ild ren ....................
Other ch ild-w elfare s e r v ic e s ....................................
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ........
Services o f group-work agen cies..............................
Special services o f group-work agen cies. . . . . . . .
Public recreation other than summer camps........
Local groups under national programs..................
Summer camps...................................................................
1940
1942
1940
1942
$4,198
$6,387
$1,878
b $1,445
$550
$5,977
$235
$471
$22,309
$16,440
$8,759
$10,366
651
19
3
392
158
173
24
234
29
135
12
50
132
13
108
2
9
137
54
1
4
3
20
3
11
1
5
625
324
659
331
«99
982
250
479
61
100
24
9
(C)
7
45
(c)
134
167
153
175
481
159
281
29
406
384
193
32
3
2
7
16,921
10,957
2
1,846
763
2,862
189
10
4
5
(c)
47
21
5
137
27
47
7
391
2
43
54
3
(c )
(« 0
(c)
153
157
. 19.
251
3Ï879
3
1,302
575
1,766
204
6,270
4,200
1
504
■
37
45
19
30
513
1,551
8
26
8
135
6
6
35
58
4,470
1,820
475
1,172
284
12
10
(c)
115
91
138
353
293
298
12
35
198
113
12
554
171
161
91
7
124
3
13
• 50
106
31
(c)
6
17
.......... * *
16
28
2
2
19
82
78
19
169
(c)
1
(C)
(c )
1
(c)
110
(c)
8
6
7
9
2
5
15
37
101
37
260
3
(c)
10,395
4,200
1
1,305
1,090
3,328
204
10
1,548
1,866
520
620
57
10
46
17
62
119
14
135
11
482
323
56
540
450
72
36
57
35
58
121
105
5,075
4,289
129
113
6.134
10
4
238
213
2
(c)
4,635
55
116
132
49
1
3
39
8
7
11
4,345
1,504
379
1,360
22
149
16
S
331
12
12
341
12
10.
78
92
133
443
162
93
142
506
109
64
84
418
402
975
709
1,118
703
134
128
138
124
156
1
271
1
14
157
3
52
46
266
14
143
4
54
52
5,102
1
1
(c )
‘
85
7
4,982
1,837
510
1,370
(c)
3
27
556
283
134
19
19
(O
1
12
143
54
51
234
4
1
11
116
292
38
242
425
56
64
104
1
117
456
274
106
(O
76
63
21
5
1
6
5
(d )
5,196
159
138
338
10
2
100
107
418
4
8
(O
(O
(c)
(C)
(c)
1
(O
b Includes $99,000. .from
8 Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
. . sectarian> rfin
. a
«n
. cia l federations.
dExpenditures fo r m edica l-social s ervice were not reported separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service f ie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tusp ices
$5,666
il
7,034
669
1,508
p r iv a te
P u b lic a u sp ices
S ta te
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ...
S o c ia l-s e r v ice exchange............................................
Community Chest............................................................
Sectarian fin a n cial fe d e ra tio n s............................
Council of s o c ia l agencies......................................
Other s o cia l-w e lfa re planning c o u n c ils ..............
A ll
other
L ess
than
$ 500 .
A ppendix
Work P rojects Adm inistration....................................
Farm Security Adm inistration....................................
General r e li e f and family w e lfa re ..........................
Aid to dependent c h ild re n ..........................................
Aid to the aged...............................................................
Aid to the b lin d .............................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special service to tr a v e le rs .....................................
Shelters fo r transient and homeless......................
S pecial overnight c a r e ................................................
le g a l a id ...........................................................................
Institu tion s fo r aged, dependent a d u lts..............
Sheltered employment fo r the handicapped............
Other services to the handicapped ..........................
Domes tic -r e la tio n s and probation s e r v ic e ............
Other r e li e f and service to a d u lts........................
Community
Other
sou rces
Chest
Net
p r o fits
from
pers ons
from in
oth er
vestments r e c e iv in g
a c t iv it ie s
s e r v ic e
L oca l
336
5
Family w elfare and r e l i e f , t o t a l ..................................
Health s e rv ice s, t o t a l ......................................................
General and sp e cia l h o s p ita ls ..................................
Hospitals fo r chronic and tuberculous patients.
Hospitals fo r nervous and mental p a tie n ts..........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e r v ic e .................................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ................................................
Medical s e rv ice : Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
M edica l-social s e r v ic e ................................................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ..................................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ................................
Other health s e r v i c e s . . ..............................................
C on trib u tion s
F ederal
’E xpenditures under —
p r iv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
p u b lic funds
P ie Id o f s e r v ic e
Ap f b k d i x T able I . — Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds,
1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942— Continued
G>
(In Thousand»)*
SAN FRANCISCO AREA
Pu b i l e
T ota l
e x p e n d it u r e s
1942
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d k ........................................................
L ocal
3 ta te
*3,244
t o t a l .........................................................................
1,455
456
P r o t e c t iv e , fo s t e r c a re o f dependent c h il d r e n ...
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n .............................
Day n u r s e r i e s . ................................................................................
M a t e r n it y hom es..............................................................................
S e r v i c e s t o c h i l d r e n w ith b e h a v i o r p r o b le m s ..........
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e lin q u e n t c h i l d r e n ...........................
O t h e r c h i l d - w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s ..............................................
556
423
69
57
157
192
198
19
t o t a l ................. ............. ..
Work P r o j e c t s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ..............................................
Farm S e c u r i t y A d m in is t r a t io n ...............................................
A id t o d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ......................................................
A id t o th e a g e d ..............................................................................
A id t o t h e b l i n d .......................................................... ................
S e r v i c e and r e l i e f t o t r a n s i e n t s and t r a v e l e r s . .
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e t o t r a v e l e r s ..............................................
S h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s i e n t and h o m e le s s .............................
S p e c i a l o v e r n i g h t c a r e .............................................................
L e g a l a i d ............................................................................................
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a g e d , d e p e n d e n t a d u l t s ....................
S h e l t e r e d em ploym ent f o r t h e h a n d ic a p p e d .................
O th e r s e r v i c e s t o t h e h a n d ic a p p e d ..................................
D o m e s t i c - r e l a t i o n s and p r o b a t i o n s e r v i c e .................
O t h e r r e l i e f and s e r v i c e t o a d u l t s ................................
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
t o t a l ....................................................................
F ed eral
$5,744
*6,317
$156
$568
$28,301
$17,669
*7.864
$9,358
7
100
281
66
9
189
125
4
23
8
213
31
60
28
8
302
10
1,159
590
1,153
546
423
4
42
1,633
5.694
2, 700
529
5,443
309
26
11
21
149
1,459
102
209
1,302
94
171
2,682
114
-
335
253
81
83
5
222
130
31
20
2
395
48
57
101
135
29
58
22,353
9,141
11,197
2,700
892
1,151
*
337
6
325
21
10
785
26
26
...........
309
19
31
12
21
.-
50
28
28
00
(b )
.
387
(b )
35
55
34
26
4,743
1 915
5,121
1,443
1,683
421
449
86
74
261
394
4,881
1 393
86
5,876
325
335
23
58
53
745
612
968
6
10,997
3,081
1,490
110
1
48
2
t o t a l ..........
50
431
212
9
214
166
101
98
5,584
5 07"
6
40
21
(b )
167
50
181
i
36
213
00
00
5
12
109
8
103
66
66
127
424
127
424
2,012
597
211
994
64
832
1
216
13
123
34
46
18
415
32
(b )
133
25
437
137
916
1,044
867
994
2
50
r0
i
7
6
32
24
98
27
825
j
8
2
6
193
11
123
26
8 Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
'
-
33
3,870
73
O th e r s o c i a l * w e l f a r e p la n n in g c o u n c i l s ......................
.......... '*
(b )
15
12,348
2,700
187
S o c i a l - s e r v i c e e x c h a n g e ...........................................................
(b )
43
12
1,055
449
1942
95
784
23
74
and c o o r d i n a t i n g s e r v i c e s ..........
194 0
38
1,341
fin a n c in g ,
P r iv a t e a u s p ic e s
423
204
173
P la n n i n g ,
1942
121
312
1,683
P u b l i c r e c r e a t i o n o t h e r th an summer cam ps...............
1940
a u s p ice s
*312
(b )
139
A ll
oth er
P u b lic
$640
H o s p i t a l s f o r c h r o n i c and t u b e r c u lo u s p a t i e n t s . .
H o s p i t a l s f o r n e r v o u s and m e n ta l p a t i e n t s ...............
H o s p i t a l a d m it t in g and c e r t i f y i n g b u r e a u s ...............
C l i n i c s e r v i c e ................................................................................
M e n t a l-h y g ie n e c l i n i c s .............................................................
M e d ic a l s e r v i c e s :
Homes and d o c t o r s * o f f i c e s . . .
M e d i c a l - s o c i a l s e r v i c e ............... .............................................
P u b l i c - h e a l t h - n u r s i n g s e r v i c e ............................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e m e d ic a l s e r v i c e ..........................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e n u r s in g s e r v i c e ...................................
O th e r h e a l t h s e r v i c e s ...............................................................
S e r v i c e s o f g r o u p -w o r k a g e n c i e s .......................................
O th e r
sou rces
E x p e n d it u r e s u n d e r —
N et
p r o fits
from
o th e r
$1,798
■ 37
G ro u p -w o rk and l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
Conm unity
C hest
fu n d s
R e c e ip ts
Incom e
from
from i n
person s
v e s tm e n ts r e c e i v i n g
s e r v ic e
2
11
124
211
186
210
116
123
33
40
(b )
2
ii
^ Less than $500.
i
7
c Expenditures for m ed ica l-social
6
service were not reported
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
18,248
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
P r iv a t e
C o n t r ib u t i o n s
*27,027
C h il d w e l f a r e ,
.
fun d s
A p pe n d i x T able I . _Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices^ 1940 and 1942— Continued
(In
T h ou sa n d s)
SIOUX CI TY AREA
P u b li c fu n d s
T ota l
e x p e n d it u r e s
1942
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, « 1 1 f i e l d s ......................................................
C h il d w e l f a r e ,
$2,857
C o n tr i b u t io n s
Com m unity
C h es t
O th er
sou rces
P r iv a t e fu n d s
R e c e ip t s
Incom e
fr o m
fro m i n
p erson s
v es tm en ts r e c e i v i n g
s e r v ic e
E x p e n d it u r e s u n d e r —
Net
p r o fit s
from
oth e r
a c tiv itie s
A ll
oth e r
P u b lic a u s p ic e s
$2,000
$582
$497
P r iv a t e a u s p i c e s
$674
t o t a l ......................................................................
P r o t e c t iv e , fo s t e r ca re o f dependent c h ild r e n ..
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ...........................
D ay n u r s e r i e s ................................................................................
M a t e r n it y h o m e s ...........................................................................
S e r v i c e s t o c h i l d r e n w it h b e h a v i o r p r o b l e m s .. . .
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r d e l i n q u e n t c h i l d r e n ........................
O th e r c h i l d - w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
t o t a l ..........................................
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
t o t a l ..................................................................
G e n e r a l and s p e c i a l h o s p i t a l s .........................................
H o s p i t a l s f o r c h r o n i c and t u b e r c u l o u s p a t i e n t s .
H o s p i t a l s f o r n e r v o u s and m e n ta l p a t i e n t s ............
H o s p i t a l a d m it t in g and c e r t i f y i n g b u r e a u s ............
C l i n i c s e r v i c e ..............................................................................
M e n t a l-h y g ie n e c l i n i c s ............ ................................ ...........
M e d ic a l s e r v i c e ! :
Homes and d o c t o r s * o f f i c e s . . .
M e d i c a l - s o c i a l s e r v i c e ..........................................................
P u b l i c - h e a l t h - n u r s i n g s e r v i c e ..........................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e m e d ic a l s e r v i c e .......................................
S c h o o l h y g ie n e n u r s in g s e r v i c e ..................................
O th e r h e a l t h s e r v i c e s .............................................................
G r o u p -w o rk and l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
t o t a l ..........
S e r v i c e s o f g r o u p -w o r k a g e n c i e s .............- .....................
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e s o f g r o u p -w o r k a g e n c i e s .................
P u b l i c r e c r e a t i o n o t h e r th a n summer ca m p s............
L o c a l g r o u p s u n d er n a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s ........................
Summer c a jn p s ..................................................................................
P la n n i n g ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,455
1,590
(b)
(b)
<b>
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
f i n a n c i n g , and c o o r d i n a t i n g s e r v i c e s . . . .
S o c i a l - s e r v i c e e x c h a n g e ........................................................
C om m unity C h e s t .......................................................... ............
S e c t a r i a n f i n a n c i a l f e d e r a t i o n s .....................................
C o u n c i l o f s o c i a l a g e n c i e s .................................................
O th e r s o c i a l - w e l f a r e p la n n in g c o u n c i l s ....................
T otals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
(b)
(b)
A ppendix
Work P r o j e c t s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ............................................
Farm S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ............................................
G e n e r a l r e l i e f and f a m i l y w e l f a r e . . - ...........................
A id t o d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ...................................................
A id t o th e a g e d ...........................................................................
A id t o t h e b l i n d .........................................................................
S e r v i c e and r e l i e f t o t r a n s i e n t s and t r a v e l e r s .
S p e c i a l s e r v i c e t o t r a v e l e r s ............................................
S h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s i e n t and h o m e le s s ...........................
S p e c i a l o v e r n i g h t c a r e ..........................................................
L e g a l a i d ..........................................................................................
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a g e d , d e p e n d e n t a d u l t s .................
S h e l t e r e d em ploym ent f o r t h e h a n d ic a p p e d ..............
O t h e r s e r v i c e s t o th e h a n d ic a p p e d ................................
D o m e s t i c - r e l a t i o n s and p r o b a t i o n s e r v i c e ..........
O th e r r e l i e f and s e r v i c e t o a d u l t s .............................
k Less than $500.
(b)
(b)
(b)
Ap p e k d i x T a b l e I .
—Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices,
by
F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds,
(In
springfield,
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, a ll f ie l d s ............................................
no« o
'
,
Mt
't hom
Services to children with behavior p roblem s....
Oil
1 '1J
If
41
.
.
. .- .
* 1-2!% h
c 1
Federal
$1,134
$1,226
$851
336
46
1
111
97
143
46
21
33
93
33
12
14
2,720
460
807
500
501
206
1,193
10
6
2
18
398
69
199
Auspices,
1940
and
1 9 4 2 — Continued
y
re
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special service to t r a v e ^
Communi ty
Chest
Other
sou rces
P riv a te funds
R e c e ip ts
from
Income
from in
persons
vestm ents re c e iv in g
$278
$198
$215
$1,103
45
23
7
7
19
(b )
4
(b )
31
4
20
7
40
17
15
7
8
15
61
34
51
29
43
21
12
2
6
(b )
2
1
Expenditure s under
Net
p r o fits
from
o th er
a c t iv it ie s
$16
(b )
o th e r
I s t *t t ’ ns for a ed de endent adults
«.
d
1
t f
tl ha d*ca ed
probation^» rvic*.
H ospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
.
"
. .
Medical service:
.
‘
Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
F LI
1 1U
a*
erviee
School hygiene medical serv ice ................ ................
o
i r j,
g
„
up ^
—
P riv a te a u sp ices
P u b lic a u sp ices
1940
1942
1940 >
1942
$151
$5.310
$3.192
$1.799
$1.979
43
180
103
164
(b )
20
8
150
45
39
12
171
(b )
43
26
31
33
27
54
66
102
4,550
1,906
2,447
460
262
273
1
1,030
301
1,167
13
429
206
1,193
10
75
72
(b )
5
(b )
17
6
2
18
7
65
93
8
63
104
97
1,134
3
460
25
69
398
5
69
596
5
5
9
3
«
* 1 overnigh
° * l t c a r e .a*
Special
....
. . .
g
1
8
8
189
112
16
1
7
126
4
4
(b )
6
3
18
39
(b )
101
16
46
46
13
114
8
126
8
12
16
1
1
470
95
25
154
467
120
28
152
1.057
942
1,162
1,038
34
14
31
12
44
10
51
1
1.630
1,159
28
1.82
288
126
240
32
28
152
47
13
40
19
56
12
34
10
60
37
27
54
21
11
10
2
4
2
1
(b )
28
1
(b)
448
243
7
111
28
59
(b )
32
10
37
27
34
85
6
113
96
900
872
7
13
-
(b )
1
15
................
19
(b )
(b )
* (b )
87
105
20
135
13
4
63
94
7
20
51
12
3
23
1
3
26
25
69
34
9
32
26
33
9
37
27
34
(c)
9
1
82
3
2
1
(b )
29
5
50
(b )
1
(b )
1
110
114
105
111
5
3
23
19
298
224
335
23
51
28
56
38
1
27
Community Chest...............................................................
38
1
27
1
27
32
2
25
Council o f s o c ia l agencies........................................
9
9
6
a Totals represent sum o f figures before rounding and may d iffe r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c s ervice fie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
05
05
•
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l..................................
Work Tr ect Adm* 's t r a t '
r
J ' t Ad *
C »rol
A fomM owl far«.
.. .
S ta te
$5,171
by
Less than $500.
243
7
c Expenditures for m edical-social service were not reported
C om m un ity H ealth and W elfare E xpenditures in W artime
P rotective, foster care o f dependent c h ild r e n . .
C on trib u tion s
L ocal
and
Ma ss ., area
P u b lic funds
T otal
exD enditures
1942
1942,
T h o u sa n d s)*
I . — Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, b y .F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942'— Continued
T able
Appendix
(In
T h ou sa n d s
)9
SYRACUSE AREA
P u b lic funds
T ota l
ex p en d itu res
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
L ocal
S ta te
$9,686
$3,459
$2,017
614
346
55
1942
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ......................................................
C h il d w e l f a r e ,
t o t a l ......................................................................
Federal
$1,261
fn ~ + ~ r „o r * , „ f H -p *.rv^ p f „ h i M r^r.
pr n tr r ^ l |
115
1
18
48
12
37
4,507
1,874
1,012
1,105
678
C on trib u tion s
Other
Community
sou rces
Chest
F a m ily w e l f a r e and r e l i e f ,
t o t a l ..........................................
$2,039
$23
$162
$8,995
72
35
31
3
3
1
20
69
39
26
22
28
(b )
(b )
(b )
1,248
P u blic
$121
1
S e r v i c e s ^ © c h i l d r e n w it h b e h a v i o r p r o b le m s
Tn t t i+Mt
fo r
r h itftr * n
O t ^ ,- c h i l d w e lfa r e
A ll
oth er
$519
20
1
1
Expenditure
P riva te funds
Net
Rece ip ts
p r o fits
from
Income
from
persons
from in
o t her
vestm ents r e c e iv in g
a c tiv itie s
s e r v ic e
$87
%
28
(b )
(b )
1
19
kiA .
H in d
.
.
n
(b )
*
it
a hi t
I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r a e d d e p e n d e n t a d u lt s
S b e l t e ^ emPi ovm ent f o r th e h a n d ic a p p e d
ho«rlio«pp-w/1
t o t a l . . . ..........................................................
f o r c h r o n i c and t u b e r c u lo u s p a t i e r
fo
1 a id n n ta l b a tie n ts
.
. .
.
.
t 'f
*
hi
j .
(
Ser i c e s
of
— - |,
t
.............min II
?
3,976
_.
1
X ha i
' y f
'1 o f S
* 1 fed
t o t a l ..........
4,231
620
3
1,808
221
1,175
18
227
276
95
105
3
31
8
20
4
3
16
3
320
358
45
64
35
1
42
(b )
(b )
3,577
263
984
16
(b )
325
6
11
9
10
2
(b )
(b )
5
(b )
(b )
(b )
26
84
27
(b )
1,066
299
949
13
13
74
42
38
13
35
26
*“
3
7
(b )
1,614
1,740
(b )
28
1
57
263
851
54
360
877
6
4
47
7
88
45
7
77
39
61
59
141
54
60
57
148
42
28
25
183
179
344
236
328
210
183
179
36
72
47
70
82
10
49
84
9
48
18
5
21
7
(b )
8
4
20
(b )
Î
1
4
98
28
1
24
(b )
506
210
196
168
18
145
21
9
167
9
5
(b )
71
(b )
21
7
12
9
29
4
47
11
8
50
94
14
875
22
(c)
1,756
1,702
11
p
a e n o ie ^ 1 *
O th er s o c i a l - w e l f a r e p la n n in g c o u n c i l s ....................
11
95
45
10
30
(b )
7
3
2
1
(b )
3
1,907
1,739
97
1
(d )
10
15
(b )
(b )
22
1
8
(b )
19
7..
a Totals represent sum of figures before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h t ly from sum of rounded amounts.
^ Less than $500.
service were not reported separately in 1940, but were included in the various hospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
48
(b )
48
„
£
33
28
71
243
6
5
6
20
3
877
84
„
332
78
246
6
2
6
75
3
P.
^ n a tio n a l1
p
338
6,877
1,666
8
o ffic e
oiip wo k a e n c i e s
.
282
182
15
110
.
G ro u p -w ork and l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
321
246
14
(b )
3
94
95
„ .
$3,255
115
5
94
M e n ta l h v fiie n e c l i n i c s I s
* t ‘ Homes and d o c t o r s *
M e ilK x l
se
$2,897
1
Grner*»1 **pH jnprj j hospi tf*4#
.
$6,431
3
Don s t i c
e l a t i o n s and p r o b a t i o n s e r v i c e
'- » 1 W or^ f * ro i 4
*Ai*\*m
H o s p it a ls
IIo n* t a l
1942
(b )
nthAr fA n t TV?t
..
1940
35
el
o * * ^ i v i ^ t
* a
S h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s i e n t and h o m e le s s
S p e c ia l o v e rn ia h t c
T
1
•g\
g
H e a lt h s e r v i c e s ,
194 2
109
9
.
194 0
under —
P riv a te a u sp ices
(b )
(b )
Work F r o 'e c t s Admin
Farm S e c u r i t y Admi
„
u sp ic e s
c Data not available.
2,236.
2,069
72
(b )
28
41
^Expenditures for m edical-social
Ap pe n d i x T a b l e I . __Expenditures fo r Health and Welfare S ervices, by F ield o f Service and Source o f Funds, 1942, and by Auspices, 1940 and 1942— Continued
(In Thousand»)*
WASHINGTON, D. C., AREA
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
Child w elfare, t o t a l ...................... ................................
P rotective, foster care o f dependent c h ild r e n ..
In stitu tio n s for dependent ch ildren ......................
Day ntirseries...................................................................
Maternity homes............................................. * ...............
Services to children with behavior problem s.. . .
In stitu tio n s fo r delinquent ch ildren ............ ..
Other ch ild -w e lfa re se r v ic e s ....................................
Family welfare and r e li e f , t o t a l .............. ...................
Work P ro je cts A dm inistration..... ............... .............
Farm Security Administration...................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare..........................
Aid to dependent children..........................................
Aid to the aged..............................................................
Aid to the blin d ............................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special service to t r a v e le r s ................. .................
Shelters for transient and homeless.....................
Special overnight ca re ................................................
Legal a id .............. ...........................................................
In stitu tion s fo r aged, dependent adults............
Sheltered employment for the handicapped..........
Other s ervices to the handicapped..........................
D om estic-relations and probation s e rv ice..........
Other r e li e f and service to a du lts......................
Health services, t o t a l.............. a....................................
General and sp e cia l h o s p ita ls .................................
H ospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients
H ospitals for nervous and mental patien ts.........
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus........
C lin ic s e rv ice ...............................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s ...............................................
Medical service: Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s ..
M edical-social s e r v ic e .................. ............................
P u blic-health-nursing se r v ic e ................................
School hygiene medical s e rv ice............................ ..
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ..............................
Other health s e rv ice s ...............................................
Group-work and leisure-tim e a c t iv it ie s , t o t a L ....
R eceip ts
C on trib u tion s
S ta te
L oca l
F ederal
Community
Chest
$9,516
$3,401
428
148
12
$452
$3,348
256
80
69
127
(b )
55
120
1
94
2
22
79
24
40
10
4
$135
( b ) ____
1940
1942
$305
$16,744
17
(b )
(b )
17
3.110
2,150
849
269
615
49
13
353
395
208
183
2
259
127
4
2
1
285
50
210
28
76
59
23
264
6,227
............ a
500
1
32
47
198
102
(b )
131
8
i
<b>
10
(b )
121
54
5
1
2,886
2,468
21
206
64
85
1
(b )
*7
3
39
17
5
201
124
64
119
103
18
8
31
64
133
1
3
13
319
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ...
8
2
S ocia l- service exchange.............................................
Community Chest...................... .....................................
Sectarian fina ncial federations.............................
Council o f so cia l a g e n c i e s ....* .............................
Other socia l-w elfa re planning co u n c ils..............
4
2
325
276
0
316
(b )
11
$6,861
696
314
74
831
449
144
498
75
301
44
55
95
213
93
145
9*858
7,001
5.175
2,150
i
76
99 '
38
1
284
150
50
196
50
5
412
303
5
47
16
59
23
(b )
2
(b )
5,879
1,158
627
2,924
(c)
339
6,585
1,656
664
3,182
45
244
17
(d )
155
75
33
C5S0
16
106
168
63
36
407
311
319
311
319
i
24
14
3,122
2, 592
3,603
3,007
33
198
32
64
232
31
(d )
182
22
184
85
64
515
883
537
179
32
131
31
136
17
322
28
237
322
27
232
17
22
25
62
(b )
1
43
25
90
98
6
482
351
5
678
1
37
1.500
140
52
i
1.296
5
530
1,184
(b )
1
17
13
2
553
85
320
60
61
9
17
25
13
26
$5,916
25
so
Services o f group-work agencies............................
Special services o f group-work agencies............
Public recreation other than summer camps........
Local groups under national programs..................
Summer camps...................................................................
$12,928
(b )
69
u s p ic e s
1942
(b )
(b )
P riv a te
1940
883
481
1,115
72
17
261
569
50
25
319
P u b lic a u sp ices
A ll
o th e r
9
2.140
16
44
133
63
29
338
Net
persons
from
from in
o th e r
vestm ents re c e iv in g
a c t iv it ie s
s e r v ic e
$883
$1,749
7
93
1,747
643
2,975
27
213
Other
sou rces
le s s than $500.
c Expenditures o f one hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureau
a Totals represent sum o f figu res before rounding and may d i ff e r s lig h tly from sum o f rounded amounts,
d Expenditures for m edica l-social s ervice were not reported sepse rvice s" fie ld because o f in a b ility o f agency to-separate expenditures for the two programs,
included in the various hospital and c li n i c service fie ld s .
included in "other health
arately in 1940, but were
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l fa r e E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
TOTAL, a ll f ie l d s .............................................
T ota l
expenditures
1942
T ..L . I . —Expenditures r . r
.» d » . I f . r . S . r . l c , b , F i.ld or S o r .lo . « 4 Sourc, or «dnd., 1 9 « , « d b , d u . ,1 ..., 1940 . . d 1 9 4 9 -C o » .l.d .d
(In Thouaanda)
WICHITA AREA
Expenditures under — ___________
F ie ld o f s e r v ic e
TOTAL, a l l f i e l d s ............................................
T o ta l
ex p en d itu res
1942
$1,077
$4,319
Child w elfare, " t o ta l.......................................................••. -----------11?-----29
P rotective, fo s te r care o f dependent ch ild ren ..
43
Institu tion s fo r dependent ch ild re n ......................
8
Day nu rseries.................... ..............................................
17
Maternity homes...............................................................
19
Services t o children with behavior problems.. . .
32
Institutions for delinquent ch ild ren ....................
Other child-w elfare s e r v ic e s .............................. ..
Health services, t o t a l .......................................................
j
General and sp e cia l h o s p ita ls ............ - ...................
Hospitals for chronic and tuberculous patients.
Hospitals for nervous and mental p a t i e n t s .. .. . .
Hospital admitting and c e r tify in g bureaus..........
C lin ic s e rv ice .................................................................
Mental-hygiene c l i n i c s .................................................
Medical se rv ice : Homes and doctors* o f f i c e s . . .
M edical-social s e r v ic e .................................................
Public-health-nursing s e r v ic e ..................................
School hygiene medical s e r v ic e ................................
School hygiene nursing s e r v ic e ................................
Other health s e r v ic e s ...................................................
Group-work and leisu re-tim e a c t iv it i e s , t o t a l ........
Services o f group-work agencies..............................
Special services o f group-work agencies..............
R ib lic recreation other than summer c a m p s ......
Local groups under national programs....................
Summer camps.....................................................................
Planning, financing, and coordinating s e r v ic e s ....
S o cia l-s e rv ice exchange..............................................
Community Chest..............................................................
Sectarian fina ncial fe d e ra tio n s............................
Council o f s o c ia l agencies......................................
Other s ocia l-w elfa re planning c o u n c ils ..............
2.662
825
<b)
559
361
757
34
14
S ta te
F ederal
$562
$1,338
Community
Chest
(b )
Other
sources
$188
$64
$6
$980
41
18
10
1
5
17
(b )
6
7
3
18
21
11
746
445
344
167
222
184
64
184
1,324
825
$94
$9
( b ) ____
(b )
P riv a te au sp ices
P u b lic a u sp ices
1
28
13
1
9
22
6
1
2
3
94
352
1942
1940
1942
1940
$3,105
$2,984
$784
$1,335
50
4
53
2
71
22
27
5
16
95
27
43
8
17
16
30
19
32
2,725
1,063
3
864
240
530
, 25
2.514
44
147
23
30'
6
13
(b )
(b )
548
921
11
(b )
12
i
2
3
(b )
(b )
529
361
757
34
:::::::::
4
3
(b )
2
5
(b )
1
10
. 895
877
<bj'
2
1
7
959
49
94
73
38
i
107
6
10
82
20
9
17
102
6
17
61
112
(b )
5
(b )
...........
197
85
25
52
21
13
25
27
2
22
1
1
3
13
19
2
4
1
6
6
15
76
54
25
21
1
30
1
(b )
>.
(b )
297
364
10
32
85
49
94
5
8
17
43
7
17
80
33
52
33
52
59
23
2
26
2
10
26
1
22
3
b Less than $500.
7
94
(b )
1
a Totals represent sun. o f figu res before rounding and may d i f f e r s lig h t ly from sum o f rounded amounts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Net
p r o fits
■ ^ n
from
o th e r
o th er
a c t iv it ie s
(b )
7
7
6
16
22
96
62
144
. 85
25
17
21
13
25
27
19
22
3
3
(b )
A p p e n d ix
Family welfare and r e l i e f , t o t a l .......... ....................
Work P rojects Administration....................................
Farm Security Administration....................................
General r e li e f and family w elfare..........................
Aid t o dependent ch ild re n ..........................................
Aid t o the aged..............................................................
Aid to the b lin d .............................................................
Service and r e li e f to transients and travelers.
Special service to tra v e le rs.....................................
Shelters for transient and homeless......................
Special overnight c a r e .................. ..........................
Legal a id .................... *....................................................
In s titu tio n s fo r aged, dependent adu lts..............
Sheltered employment fo r the handicapped............
Other services t o the handicapped..................
D omestic-relations and probation se rv ice ............
Other r e li e f and s ervice to a du lts........................
L oca l
R eceip ts
from
persons
from in
vestments r e c e iv in g
s e r v ic e
I I . —Estimated Value o f Blue
Stamps Distributed to Ihiblic-Assistance
Cases in 30 Urban Areas, 1942a
A p p e n d i x T able
Urban area
Blue stamps
$13,4 1 2 ,3 5 7
Akron....................................................
B a ltim o re ...........................................
Bi rmingham.........................................
B u f f a l o ...............................................
C anton..................................................
C in c in n a t i.........................................
C le v e la n d . .................................. ..
316,6 5 3
265,217
415,1 0 2
8 6 5 ,7 1 4
54 ,09 1
895,996
1 ,0 7 3 ,4 1 6
285, 721
Hous t o n ...............................................
Kansas C it y , Mo..............................
Los A n g e le s .......................................
L o u i s v i l l e ........................................
M ilw aukee...........................................
New O r le a n s ......................................
Oklahoma C i t y ..................................
Qnaha....................................................
P r o v id e n c e ........................................
Richmond.............................................
R o c h e s te r ...........................................
S t. L o u is ...........................................
San F r a n c is c o ..................................
Sioux C i t y .........................................
S p r in g fie ld , Mass.........................
W ic h ita ...............................................
226,425
286,675
405,738
100,213
4 45,723
4 26,093
2, 139, 148
283, 188
197,549
774,546
307,389
3 10,333
3 8 5 ,3 3 3
157, 310
792, 252
8 9 7 ,4 8 5
343,922
198,415
211,208
351,502
a In a d d it io n , su rp lu s food s were d i s t r i
buted d i r e c t l y in D a lla s , Des M oines, F ort
Worth, H a r tfo r d , H ouston, Milwaukee, O k la
homa C it y , Richmond, Syracuse, and Washing
ton . E stim ates prepared by Department o f
A g r ic u lt u r e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C ity
Regular
1940
B a ltim o r e .......................
Birm ingham ....................
B u f f a l o ...........................
C in c in n a t i^ ..................
C le v e la n d .......................
D ayton .............................
I n d ia n a p o lis ................
Kansas C it y , Mo.........
Mi lw aukee.......................
Oklahoma C i t y ..............
Qnaha................................
P r o v id e n c e ....................
R o c h e s te r .......................
S t. L o u is .......................
S y ra cu se.........................
W ashington, D. C. . . .
W ic h ita ...........................
Percent
change
1942
3 ,8 66 18,735 + 384.6
235
735 + 212.8
1,970 5 ,5 9 4 + 1 8 4 .0
1,632 3,707 + 127.1
4, 223 8,358
+ 9 7 .9
480 1, 185 + 146.9
1,064 4 ,3 5 8 + 3 0 9 .6
74 1,027 + 1287.8
?44 4
538 1 a S3
1,057 6 ,0 81 + 4 7 5 .3
63
169 + 1 68.3
25 1,1 22
(c )
740 2,585 + 2 4 9 .3
176
876 + 397 7
865 5,180 + 498.8
336 4, 794 + 1 3 2 6 .8
757 2, 439 + 222. 2
2,399 12,015 + 400 .8
17
310
(c)
V a ca tio n and
out.s ld e s c h o o l-h o u r s
1940
1,361
114
1,885
1,080
1,348
268
222
16
Percent
change
1942
3 ,553 + 161.1
362 + 2 17.5
5 ,6 17 + 1 98.0
3 ,0 37 + 181.2
10,123 + 6 5 1 .0
1,609 + 5 0 0 .4
1,299 + 4 8 5 .1
203
(c )
1,518 12,602
749 1,662
+ 7 3 0 .2
+ 1 2 1 .9
58
60
560 + 8 6 5 .5
999 +■ 1565.0
2 ,174
8 ,4 5 7 + 289.0
326
(c )
1,065 + 273. 7
2, 796 *■ 1176.7
7
(c)
45
285
219
0
a A “ r e g u la r " c e r t i f i c a t e i s a c e r t i f i c a t e p e rm ittin g a minor t o
le a v e s c h o o l and go t o work. A "v a c a tio n and o u t s id e - s c h o o l- h o u r s "
c e r t i f i c a t e i s one p erm ittin g a minor t o work o n ly d u rin g v a ca tio n
o r o u t s id e s ch o o l hours d u rin g the s ch o o l term.
In some o f the
above c i t i e s a regu la r c e r t i f i c a t e i s is s u e d whether the c h i l d ’ s
employment i s f o r f u ll- t i m e o r p a r t-tim e work. T h e re fo re , t t h e
f ig u r e s fo r re g u la r c e r t i f i c a t e s may in c lu d e some c e r t i f i c a t e s
is s u e d f o r work o u ts id e s c h o o l h o u rs.
These data a re a v a ila b le
fo r 19 o f the 30 c i t i e s in clu d e d in the 30 r e g is t r a t io n a re a s .
The fig u r e s fo r C in cin n a ti f o r 1942 are e stim a ted ,
c P ercen t n ot shown where number o f employment c e r t i f i c a t e s i s
l e s s than 50*
1940 f ig u r e s in c lu d e a l l o u t s id e -s c h o o l-h o u r s c e r t i f i ca te s with
re g u la r c e r t i f i c a t e s .
In o rd e r t o make th e 1942 f ig u r e s compara
b l e , the two types o f c e r t i f i c a t e s were combined.
C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h a n d W e l fa re E x p e n d it u r e s i n W a r t im e
TOTAL, 30 a r e a s ..................
Des M oin es.........................................
F ort W orth.........................................
H a r tfo r d .............................................
I I I .— Number o f Regular and Vacation and OutsideSchool-Hours C ertificates Issued for Minors 14 Through 17
Years o f Age in 19 C ities, 1940 and 1942a
A pp e n d i x T able
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