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Collective Bargaining B u lle t in N o . U N IT E D STATES D EPARTM EN T OF M a u r ic e J. T o b in - S e c r e t a r y BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague - Commissioner LA B O R 1 0 8 9 C O L L E C T IV E B A R G A IN IN G RAD IO , TELEV ISIO N , A N D ELEC TR O N IC S INDUSTRY B u lle t in N o . 1 0 8 9 U N IT E D STA TES D EP A R TM EN T O F LA B O R M aurice J. T obin , S ecreta ry BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w an Clague , C om m ission er For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Washington 2o, D. C. - Price 20 cents Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ii L etter of Transm ittal U N IT E D The S e cre ta ry ST A T E S D EPARTM EN T O F LA B O R , B u re a u o f La b o r S t a t is t ic s , W a s h in g t o n , D . C . , Ju n e 1952. o f La b o r: I h ave th e h o n m anagem ent a g re e m e n t p r o v is io n , an d e le c t r o n ic s a n a ly s is o f f o r t y a g re e m t h e in d u s t r y . o r t o t r a n s m it h e r e w it h v is io n s an d p r a c t ic e s in in d u s t r y w h ic h i s b a s e d e n t s n e g o t ia t e d b y u n io n a r e p o r t o n la b o r th e r a d io , t e le p r im a r ily u p o n an s a n d e m p lo y e r s in T h is r e p o r t w a s p r e p a r e d in th e B u r e a u 's D iv is io n o f W a ge s a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s , u n d e r th e d ir e c t io n o f A n n a B e r c o w it z a n d T h e o d o re W . R e e d y , b y W illia m S . G a r y a n d D o ro th y R . K i t t n e r . Ew an C ia g u e , H o n . M a u r ic e J . T o b in , S e cre ta ry o f La b o r. C o m m is s io n e r . - i i i - Contents Page The i n d u s t r y ............................................................................................... D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i n d u s t r y .......................................................................................... S i z e a n d l o c a t i o n o f t h e i n d u s t r y .............................................. .. .......................... E m p l o y m e n t a n d t h e l a b o r f o r c e .................................................................................. A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ......................................................................... . ........................ U n i o n i z a t i o n .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 2 2 3 ^ N a t u r e o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s ........................... .. .......................................................................... ' H i e s a m p l e ................................................................................................................... D u r a t i o n , c a n c e l l a t i o n , r e n e w a l , a n d e x t e n s i o n o f a g r e e m e n t s ............. R e o p e n i n g o f a g r e e m e n t f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r t h a n w a g e r a t e s .................... U 5 6 U n i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t s e c u r i t y ............................................................................................ U n i o n m e m b e r s h i p r e q u i r e m e n t s ..................................................................................... C h e c k - o f f .............................................................................................. . .................................... U n i o n a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p l a n t ..................................................................................... M a n a g e m e n t r i g h t s .................................................................................................................. 6 6 6 7 8 Jo b s e c u r i t y : s e n i o r i t y .......................................................................................................... L a y - o f f .......................................................................................................................................... P r o m o t i o n ..................................................................................................................................... M i l i t a r y s e r v i c e l e a v e ...................................................................................................... 9 9 9 10 W a g e s ...................................................................................................................................................... R a t e s t r u c t u r e ......................................................................................................................... D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i n c e n t i v e r a t e s .............................................................. J o b e v a l u a t i o n p l a n s .............................................................. L a b o r g r a d e s y s t e m s ...................................................................................................... B e g i n n i n g o r h i r i n g r a t e .......................................................................................... P r e m i u m p a y ................................................................................................................................ D a i l y a n d w e e k l y o v e r t i m e ....................................................................................... S a t u r d a y , S u n d a y , s i x t h , a n d s e v e n t h d a y w o r k ....................................... S h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l s ...................................................................................................... P r e m i u m p a y m e n t s f o r l e a d m e n ............................................... C a l l - b a c k o r e m e r g e n c y w o r k p r e m i u m p a y ...................................................... O t h e r t y p e s o f p a y m e n t s ................................................................................................... C a l l - i n o r r e p o r t p a y ................................................. : ............................................. D i s m i s s a l p a y .............................................................................................................. O t h e r r e l a t e d p a y m e n t s ............................................................................................... W a g e a d j u s t m e n t d u r i n g l i f e o f a g r e e m e n t .......................................................... 11 11 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 lU 19 lb 18 18 l8 19 20 F r i n g e b e n e f i t s .......................... P a i d v a c a t i o n s ................. * ................................. .. ................................................................ E l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r v a c a t i o n .......................................................... V a c a t i o n p a y t o s e p a r a t e d e m p l o y e e s ............................................................... C o m p u t a t i o n o f v a c a t i o n p a y .................................................................................. 21 21 22 23 23 iv - C o n te n ts - C o n t in u e d Page H o l i d a y s ..................................................................................................................................... P a i d h o l i d a y s o b s e r v e d ............................................................................................ E l i g i b i l i t y f o r h o l i d a y p a y ................................................................................ P a y f o r w o r k o n h o l i d a y s ....................................................................................... H o l i d a y s f a l l i n g o n o f f - w o r k d a y s .................................................................. P a i d s i c k l e a v e .................................................................................................................... H e a l t h , i n s u r a n c e , a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s .................................................................. 2k 2k 2k 2k A d j u s t m e n t o f d i s p u t e s ........................................................................................................... G r i e v a n c e p r o c e d u r e ........................................................................................................... A r b i t r a t i o n ............................... C o n c i l i a t i o n a n d m e d i a t i o n .......................................................................................... W o r k s t o p p a g e s ....................................................................................................................... 27 27 30 31 31 25 26 26 T a b le s : 1. 2. 3. k. 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . 0. 1. 2. 3. ^. 5. 6. 17* 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. N u m b e r o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ............................................................................ A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f p r o d u c t io n a n d r e la t e d w o rk e rs . . . D u r a t i o n o f a g r e e m e n t s .......................................................................................... U n i o n s e c u r i t y a n d c h e c k - o f f p r o v i s i o n s ................................................ C h e c k - o f f p r o v i s i o n s .............................................................................................. M a n a ge m en t p r e r o g a t iv e s in c lu d e d in c o lle c t iv e a g re e m e n ts . . . F a c t o r s d e t e r m i n i n g l a y - o f f s ............................................. F a c t o r s d e t e r m i n i n g p r o m o t i o n ..................... P r e m iu m r a t e s f o r w o r k o n S a t u r d a y , S u n d a y , s i x t h , a n d s e v e n t h d a y o f w o r k w e e k ........................................ S h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l s .................................................. S p e c i a l p r e m i u m r a t e s f o r l m d m e n . .................................. C a l l - b a c k o r e m e r g e n c y w o r k p r e m i u m p a y ................................................. G u a r a n t e e d c a l l - i n ( r e p o r t ) p a y p r o v i s i o n s .......................................... S p e c i a l t y p e s o f p a y m e n t s .................................................................................. W a g e a d j u s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s ............... . . .............................................................. P a i d v a c a t i o n p l a n s : m a x im u m v a c a t i o n p e r i o d a n d s e r v i c e r e q u i r e m e n t s ................................. P r e m iu m p a y m e n t f o r w o r k o n p a i d h o l i d a y s ......................................... H e a l t h , i n s u r a n c e , a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s ............................ N u m b e r o f s t e p s i n g r i e v a n c e p r o c e d u r e ................................................... P a r t ic ip a n t s in . i n i t i a l s t e p in g r ie v a n c e p r o c e d u r e .................... P a r t ic ip a n t s in f i n a l s t e p o f g r ie v a n c e p r o c e d u r e ...................... A r b i t r a t i o n m a c h i n e r y ............................................. S t r i k e a n d l o c k - o u t p r o v i s i o n s ...................................................................... 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 lk 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 25 27 28 28 29 30 31 C a tte c tiu e ffia tc y a in in y S ta d ia , As ra d io , p r in c ip a l b ra c e s use, te n tio n a Its U n i bed A u to m o b ile , and s ig n e d c o n tra c ts . u n io n th e fo r o f v ita l is th is now has to one m o d e rn warfare, o f N a tio n ’ s v e r s a tile p e a c e tim e te le v is io n , u n io n s have th e in d u s tr y c o m m u n ic a tio n in c r e a s in g ly as and th e n e g o tia te d B ro th e rh o o d o f R a d io ^ a n d M a c h in e A ir c r a ft #and T w o -th ir d s p r o v is io n s . M a c h in e o f o f th e ir About as th e d ra w n em and hom e p u b lic o f w o rk e rs W o rk e rs W o rk e rs A m e r ic a A s s o c ia tio n A g r ic u ltu r a l W o rk e rs fo r E le c tr ic a l W o rk e rs In te rn a tio n a l C o m m u n ic a tio n s shop o u tp u t p ro d u c ts E le c tr ic a l, R a d io , u n io n s (C IO ), The e q u ip m e n t in d u s tr y a t in d u s tr y . o f U n ite d had o f p r in c ip a l E le c tr ic a l, such e le c tr o n ic In te rn a tio n a l U n io n J n d u d b ty e le c tr o n ic s p ro d u c t, th is th e te r n a tio n a l ra n g e new est T h re e o f and in d u s tr ie s . w id e to w a rd in d u s tr y : d itio n , p ro d u c e r d e fe n s e a ls o 1 / th e te le v is io n , th e J e te a id io tt, a n d £ ie c £ % a n ic 6 th e iti o f Im p le m e n t (C IO ), ( i n d .) . W o rk e rs In o f (c iO )a r e know n c o n tra c ts a n a ly ze d in c a r r ie d h e a lth In th e a d (A F L ), A m e r ic a to th is and th is and M a c h in is ts A m e r ic a m any in (A F L ), have b u lle tin in s u r a n c e p ro g ra m s . T H E D e v e lo p m e n t o f th e B e fo re In d u s try W o r ld and r e c e iv e r s w e re in g th e A m e r ic a n f i r s t P itts b u rg h , w e re in l/ s tu d y , d a r and sponds The r e la te d w ith e le c tr ic a l d e te c tin g d e te c tio n m a g n e tic and and o f th a n in w ith r a d io hom e and ra d io e q u ip m e n t, (e x c e p t a p p a ra tu s •" U ) in d u s try R a d io s , r e la te d lig h t in c lu d in g re c o rd s ) and and and th is ra c o rre ra d io and d e te c tio n a p p r im a r ily (ra d a r) fo r r e c e iv e r s , tr a n s m ittin g a p p a ra tu s , a p p a ra tu s d e fin e d The 3 6 6 l: and " E s ta b lis h m e n ts d e te c tio n a c c e s s o r ie s N o . and as te le v is io n ra d a r, in h o m e -re c e iv e rs g r e a tly . in d u s try , and F b llo w - r e c e p tio n fa c to r y -m a d e p h o n o g ra p h s . r e c e iv in g tra n s m itte rs u s e . g e n e ra l in c r e a s e d ra d io tu b e s ), d e te c tio n te le p h o n e c o m m e r c ia l fo r 5 *0 0 0 e le c tr o n ic s in c lu d e s te le v is io n fie ld fo r C la s s ific a tio n ra d io I t ra d io b r o a d c a s tin g a p p a ra tu s , o b je c t a s s o c ia te d m u s ic -d is tr ib u tio n in te r e s t (e x c e p t and p r in c ip a lly le s s In d u s tr ia l and a p p a ra tu s , p h o n o g ra p h s w hen m a n u fa c tu re ra d io and te le g ra p h te le v is io n , th e p h o n o g ra p h s . p ro d u c ts p a rts ; p u b lic S ta n d a rd and I , c o m m e r c ia l 19 2 0 , e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c tu r in g and in ra d io , e m b o d ie s W ar m a n u fa c tu re d o p e r a tio n , te le v is io n p a ra tu s P a ., I N D U S T R Y engaged in e q u ip m e n t, h e a t o th e r e m is s io n a p p a ra tu s m is c e lla n e o u s p u b lic a d d re s s ra d io and 2 B y 1 9 2 4 , a lm o s t 2 m i ll io n h o m e s h a d r a d io r e c e iv in g s e t s . Tech n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e s , w h ic h in c r e a s e d t h e u s e f u ln e s s a n d e a s e o f o p e r a t io n o f th e r e c e iv e r s , a id e d in th e in d u s t r y 's g r o w t h . I n 1 9 2 5 , t h e lo u d - s p e a k e r w a s in t r o d u c e d , r e p la c in g e a r p h o n e s . In 1 9 2 6 , th e a ll- e le c t r ic s e t r e p la c e d t h e cu m b e rso m e b a t t e r y - o p e r a t e d e q u ip m e n t . In th e 1 9 3 0 's , c o m p a c t t a b l e m o d e ls a n d t h e b u i l t - i n a n t e n n a b e c a m e p o p u l a r . A t th e sam e t im e , m a s s p r o d u c t io n r e s u l t e d i n lo w e r e d p r i c e s a n d b r o u g h t r a d i o s e t s w i t h i n th e f in a n c ia l re a c h o f m o st f a m ilie s . W o r ld W a r I I b r o u g h t a b o u t a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d d e m a n d f o r m i l i t a r y e l e c t r o n i c e q u ip m e n t , c a u s in g e v e n g r e a t e r e x p a n s io n in p r o d u c t io n a n d em p lo y m e n t i n t h e i n d u s t r y . T h e in t r o d u c t io n o f t e le v is io n a n d re n e w e d in t e r e s t in p h o n o g ra p h r e c o r d in g s r e s u lt e d in a le s s s e v e r e r e d u c t io n in th e in d u s t r y d u r in g t h e p o s t w a r p e r io d t h a n m ig h t h a v e o c c u r r e d . S iz e a n d L o c a t io n o f th e In d u s t r y T h e 1 9 4 7 C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu re s r e p o r t e d a t o t a l o f 8 5 7 p la n t s w i t h 1 7 8 ,6 0 0 e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r a d i o a n d r e l a t e d p ro d u cts. A fe w la r g e m a n u fa c tu r e r s p ro d u c e th e m a jo r it y o f r a d io a n d t e l e v i s i o n s e t s a n d c o m m e r c ia l a n d m i l i t a r y e l e c t r o n i c e q u ip m e n t . In 1 9 4 7 , th e C e n s u s o f M a n u fa c tu re s r e p o r t e d t h a t 5 p e r c e n t o f th e e s t a b lis h m e n t s , e a c h e m p l o y i n g 1 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e w o r k e r s , a c c o u n t e d f o r m o r e t h a n 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l e m p lo y e e s i n t h e in d u s t r y . E s t a b lis h m e n t s w it h m o re t h a n 2 5 0 e m p lo y e e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 83 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t a l t h o u g h t h e y r e p r e s e n t e d o n ly 1 7 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l n u m b e r o f p la n t s . M o re t h a n t w o - t h ir d s o f th e p la n t s h a d le s s th a n 1 0 0 w o rk e rs e a c h a n d a c c o u n te d f o r a l i t t l e o v e r 5 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t . and th e Sou N ew G e o g r a p h ic a ll y , t h e s e p l a n t s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d n o r t h o f t h e O h io P o to m a c r i v e r s , a n d e a s t o f th e M is s is s ip p i r i v e r . O n ly 13 p e r c e n t o f p l a n t s a n d l e s s t h a n 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e e m p lo y e e s w e r e lo c a t e d i n t h e th a n d W e st. M u c h o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d e m p lo y m e n t w a s c e n t e r e d i n t h e Y o r k , P h ila d e lp h ia , a n d C h ic a g o m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s . E m p lo y m e n t a n d t h e La b o r F o rce P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o n s t i t u t e d 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e e m p lo y e e s r e p o r t e d b y th e C e n s u s o f M a n u fa c t u r e s , a c c o u n t in g f o r 1 4 2 ,5 0 0 o f t h e t o t a l o f 178,600 w o r k e r s . T h e g r e a t m a jp r it y o f t h e s e w o rk e rs w e re e it h e r s e m i- s k ille d o r u n s k ille d . T h e e q u ip m e n t w a s p r o d u c e d o n a s s e m b ly l i n e s , a n d t h e o p e r a t i o n s w e re b r o k e n d o w n t o t h e p o in t w h e re fe w c o m p le x t a s k s w e re r e q u ir e d . S k i l l e d w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d i n s u c h o p e r a t i o n s a s t o o l - a n d - d i e m a k e r s , s e t - u p m e n , m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s , m a c h in e a d j u s t e r s , a n d i n s p e c t o r s . Som e p l a n t s p r o d u c in g c o m p le x m i l i t a r y a n d c o m m e r c ia l e q u ip m e n t a n d p r o d u c t s m a d e o n a c u s t o m b a s i s e m p lo y e d a l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f s k i l l e d w o r k e r s th a n o th e r ty p e s o f p la n t s . 3 E m p lo y m e n t c lin e d in c r e a s e a 19^8 in w as g re a te r p a n s io n due th e p r o d u c tio n and la r g e ly o u tp u t in o f 19*+9, and o f to ra d io th e n w o rk e rs ro s e expanded and a ve ra g e d 1 6 3 ,1 0 0 to m ilita r y te le v is io n s e ts l k 2 , **0 0 1951 in in 19 ^ 7 > d e ( t a b le 1 ). The e q u ip m e n t p ro d u c tio n , p lu s to an e x s u p p ly e x p e c te d m a rk e t. Table 1.— Number of production workers in the radio, television, and electronics industry, 1947-1951 Production workers Year 1947 1946 1949 1950 1951 142,400 123,000 112,700 159,000 163,100 1 / ..................... T ...... ................ ........................ ....... ................ ........................ l/ Data for previous years not comparable; televisTon and some other related products s u c h as radar were not previously produced in volume. W om en In S e p te m b e r A ve ra g e c o m p r is e 19 5 0 > H o u r ly to ra d io , $ 1 .* * * * a ve ra g e d h o u rly te le v is io n , in 19 5 1^ $ 1 .1 * 6 A in o r in d u s tr y in g e n e ra l te rm s in c r e a s e s s lo w ly th a n d id o f o f th e e a rn in g s and m o re c o m p a r is o n and and m a jo rity th e i n d u s t r y 's p la n t o f th a n w o rk e rs p r o d u c tio n w e re w o rk e rs . w om en. show s th e p r o d u c tio n 2 7 in d u s tr y p e rc e n t and r e la te d ro s e (ta b le fr o m 2 )* $ w o rk e rs 1 .1 3 H o u r ly in in 19 * * 7 e a rn in g s 19 5 1 • a ve ra g e e le c tr o n ic s in fo r e le c tr o n ic s Decem ber te le v is io n , o f a p e rc e n t E a r n in g s A ve ra g e th e 58 fie ld h o u rly w ith e a rn in g s th o s e th e fo rm e r to a ve ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s , a ve ra g e o f have o f o f th e been in c o n s is te n tly b o th a ll-m a n u fa c tu r in g w o rk e rs e le c tr ic a l g ro u p s th e lo w e r . in c r e a s e d in d u s tr ie s ra d io , m a c h in e r y b e tw e e n In m o re 19**7 1951. Table 2.— Average hourly earnings of production and related workers in the radio, television, and electronics; electrical machinery; and all-manufacturing industries, 1947-1951 Year* a h — Radio, tele S I e c I H = ~ — cal ma manufac vision, and chinery turing electronics $1,133 1.238 1.283 1.323 1.442 1947 1 / ....... 1948 7 ......... 1949 ...... 1950 .......... 1 9 5 1 .......... l/ 2 / and Because ra d a r, fo r o f th e $1,272 1.388 1.442 1.480 1.615 $1,237 1.350 1.401 1.465 1.594 Data fer previous years not comparable. change e x a m p le , d a ta in fo r c o ve ra g e ye a rs b y p r io r th e to d e v e lo p m e n t 19**7 a re n o t o f te le v is io n c o m p a ra b le . 2+ U n io n iz a t io n D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f u n io n m e m b e r s h ip i s v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e b e c a u se o f th e c lo s e in t e r r e la t io n b e tw e e n th e r a d io , t e le v is io n , a n d e le c t r o n i c s i n d u s t r y a n d t h e e l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r y a s a w h o le . O r g a n iz a t io n o f w o rk e rs in t h is in d u s t r y h a s t a k e n p la c e a lm o s t e n t i r e l y s in c e 1 9 3 3 * A t t h a t t im e , e m p lo y e e s i n s e v e r a l i n d i v id u a l p la n t s , e n c o u ra g e d b y S e c t io n 7 ( a ) o f th e N a t io n a l I n d u s t r ia l R e c o v e r y A c t , b a n d e d t o g e t h e r i n l o c a l u n io n s t o n e g o t ia t e w it h t h e i r e m p lo y e r s . S e v e r a l o f t h e s e l o c a l s a f f i l i a t e d d i r e c t l y w it h t h e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t io n o f la b o r a s f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s . T h e s e f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s jo in e d w it h so m e in d e p e n d e n t l o c a l s t o f o r m a n o r g a n i z a t i o n t o p r e s e n t a u n it e d f r o n t f o r c o lle c t iv e b a r g a in in g p u r p o s e s . U pon d ir e c t io n o f th e A F L , t h is o r g a n iz a t io n w as d is s o lv e d in 1 9 3 ^> a n d a r e q u e s t o f th e A F L lo c a ls f o r o r g a n iz a t i o n o f a n a t io n a l u n io n w a s d e n ie d . J u r is d ic t io n o v e r th e in d u s t r y w as g iv e n b y th e A F L t o th e In t e r n a t io n a l B ro th e rh o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l W o rk e rs (IB E W ), th e In t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia t io n o f M a c h in is t s , a n d o t h e r a f f i l i a t e d u n i o n s . 3/ ca l m a n d fo u n io n y e a r, In M a rch 1 9 3 6 , a g ro u p a n u f a c t u r in g ( in c lu d in g th e r m e d t h e U n it e d E l e c t r i c a l jo in e d th e C o n g r e s s o f I n d o f A F L a n d in d e p e n d e r a d io in d u s t r y ) m e t a n d R a d io W o rk e rs o f u s t r ia l O r g a n iz a t io n s nt in A d lo c a ls in e l e c t r i B u f f a lo , N ew Y o r k m e r ic a ( U E ) . T h is u r in g th e sam e hj T h e U E w a s e x p e lle d b y t h e C IO la t e in 1 9 ^ 9 > a n d t h e In t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f E l e c t r i c a l , R a d i o , a n d M a c h in e W o r k e r s ( l U E ) w a s c h a r t e r e d . I n 1 9 5 1 , t h e IB E W ( A F L ) , t h e IU E ( C I O ) , a n d t h e U E ( i h d . ) h e l d th e b u lk o f th e c o n t r a c t s in th e r a d io , t e le v is io n , a n d e le c t r o n ic s in d u s try . T h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h o t h e r u n io n s s u c h a s t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia t i o n o f M a c h i n i s t s ( A F L ) a n d t h e U n i t e d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s a n d t h e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ( b o t h C IO ) r e p r e s e n t w o r k e r s i n t h i s i n d u s t r y i s n o t know n. N A T U R E The OF T H E A G R E E M E N T S S a m p le a g re e m in m id o f th e try as T h is s tu d y is b a se d o n a n a n a ly s is o f ^ 0 c o lle c t iv e - b a r g a in in g e n ts in th e r a d io , t e le v is io n , a n d e le c t r o n ic s in d u s t r y in e f f e c t - 1951T h e a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r e d 79*500 w o r k e r s , o r a b o u t U 5 p e r c e n t a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 7 1 ,0 0 0 p r o d u c t io n a n d r e la t e d w o r k e r s in th e in d u s o f A p r il 1951• 3/ J a m e s B . C a r e y , " U n i t e d E l e c t r i c a l , R a d i o , a n d M a c h i n e W o r k e r s U n io n ," U . S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r , L a b o r In f o r m a t io n B u l l e t i n , M ay 1 9 ^ 0 (p . 1 ). hj I n 1 9 3 7 * i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n w a s e x t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d i n m a c h in e s h o p s a n d t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f m a c h in e t o o l s a n d d i e s , a n d t h e n a m e w a s c h a n g e d t o " U n it e d E l e c t r i c a l , R a d i o , a n d M a c h in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ." 5 T h e s e a g re e m e n ts w e re g e n e r a lly n e g o t ia t e d o n a p la n t - b y - p la n t b a s is . A fe w , h o w e v e r, r e p r e s e n t in g a b o u t 1 0 p e r c e n t o f th e w o rk e rs c o v e r e d b y t h e s t u d y , r e l a t e d t o tw o o r m o re p la n t s a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s . O ne a g re e m e n t w a s n e g o t ia t e d b y a n a s s o c ia t io n o n b e h a lf o f 2 0 -o d d m em b er f ir m s . A l l p r i n c i p a l g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s in w h ic h t h e in d u s t r y w a s lo c a t e d w e re r e p r e s e n te d b y th e a g re e m e n ts . Each m e n ts o f t h a t e e s , a lt h o u g h m e n ts , w e re in o f t h e a g re e m e n ts c o v e r e d 2 5 0 o r m o re w o r k e r s . E s t a b lis h s i z e a c c o u n t e d f o r 83 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f e m p l o y o n l y 1 ^ 5 > o r 17 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f e s t a b l i s h th a t g ro u p . 5/ E v e r y a g re e m e n t c o v e re d p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ; a c o n s id e r a b le num b e r a l s o in c lu d e d m a in t e n a n c e e m p lo y e e s ; a n d in a fe w a g r e e m e n t s , p la n t p r o t e c t io n o r c l e r i c a l w o rk e rs w e re c o v e re d . D u r a t io n , C a n c e l l a t i o n , R e n e w a l, a n d E x t e n s io n d u r a t io n , o f A g re e m e n ts A lt h o u g h t h e a g r e e m e n ts r a n g e d fro m le s s t h a n 1 y e a r t o 5 y e a r s ' t h e y u s u a lly w e re n e g o t ia t e d f o r m o re t h a n 1 y e a r ( t a b le 3 ) . Table 3.— Dvratien ef agreements in the radio, television, a n d eleotronios industry, 1951 Duration Total agreements ...... .. Less than 1 year ».*•«••••«* 1 ye a r «•«••*•#•••♦••••••••• More than 1 year, but less than 2 »•••#••••••««••#••• 2 years, but less than 3 3 to 5 years ••••••••••«••*• 5 years •••«•••*•••••••«••*• Number of agreements Num b e r of workers 40 79<500 1 7 600 20,400 11 16 4 1 16,300 33,300 6,200 2,700 A b o u t o n e o f e v e r y f o u r a g r e e m e n t s c o u ld b e c a n c e le d b e f o r e t h e e x p ir a t io n d a te f o r s p e c if ie d re a so n s s u c h a s th e v io la t io n o f c e r t a in c o n t r a c t p r o v is io n s , n o n a g re e a e n t o n w a ge a d ju s t m e n t n e g o t ia t io n s , o r t h e o c c u rre n c e o f a s t r ik e o r lo c k -o u t . th e M o st o f th e a g re e m e n ts w e re a u t o m a t ic a lly re n e w e d e a c h y e a r in a b s e n c e o f n o t ic e b y e i t h e r p a r t y t o t e r m in a t e o r am en d t h e c o n t r a c t . I n a fe w c a s e s , t h e a g r e e m e n t s r e m a in e d i n e f f e c t u n t i l n e g o t i a t io n s w e re c o m p le t e d o r t e r m in a t io n n o t ic e w a s g iv e n b y e i t h e r p a r t y , i f r e n e w a l n e g o t ia t io n s w e re u n d e r w a y a n d n o s e t t le m e n t w a s r e a c h e d b e f o r e th e c o n t r a c t 's e x p ir a t io n d a te . Som e a g r e e m e n ts c o n t in u e d in e f f e c t f o r a d e s ig n a t e d p e r io d b e y o n d t h e e x p ir a t io n d a t e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a fe w a g r e e m e n ts w e re t e r m in a t e d o n t h e e x p ir a t io n d a t e i f n o a g r e e m e n t h a d b e e n r e a c h e d b y t h a t t im e . 5/ P r o d u c t io n a n d r e la t e d t o t a l n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s . 210775 0 — 52--- 2 w o rk e rs a cco u n te d fo r a b o u t 8 0 p e rc e n t o f th e 6 R e o p e n in g o f A g re e m e n t f o r R e a s o n s O th e r T h a n W age R a t e s E i t h e r p a r t y c o u ld r e q u e s t t h e r e o p e n in g o f t h e a g r e e m e n t f o r n e g o t ia t io n o f s u c h is s u e s a s p a id v a c a t io n s , p a id h o lid a y s , l i f e in s u r a n c e , o r h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n u n d e r t h e t e r m s o f 6 o f t h e kO a g r e e m e n t s , a n d f o r t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f s e n i o r i t y o r u n io n s e c u r i t y i n 2 a d d i t i o n a l a g r e e m e n t s . Such r e o p e n in g s w e re g e n e r a lly p e r m is s ib le a f t e r s p e c if ie d p e r io d s . A ll o f th e se 6 a g r e e m e n ts w e re e f f e c t i v e f o r p e r io d s o f m o re t h a n a y e a r . U N I O N A N D M A N A G E M E N T S E C U R I T Y U n io n M e m b e r s h ip R e q u ir e m e n t s T w o -t h ir d s o f th e a g r e e m e n t s , r e p r e s e n t in g a s im i la r p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s , c o n t a in e d u n io n - s h o p p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r i n g a l l e m p lo y e e s t o b e co m e u n io n m e m b e rs . N ew e m p lo y e e s n e e d n o t b e m e m b e rs a t t im e o f h i r i n g , b u t w e r e r e q u i r e d t o j o i n w i t h i n a s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d , ' u s u a l l y 30 d a y s , a n d r e m a in i n g o o d s t a n d in g f o r t h e d u r a t io n o f t h e a g r e e m e n t ( t a b l e 4 ) . In a fe w o f t h e s e a g r e e m e n t s , w o r k e r s w ho w e re n o t m e m b e rs o n t h e e f f e c t i v e d a t e o f t h e a g re e m e n t w e re n o t r e q u ir e d t o j o in t h e u n io n . liable 4.— -Union security and check-off provisions in the radio, television, and electronics industry, 1951 U n i o n security Check-off Number of agreements N umber of workers N u mber of agreements Number of workers Total agreements 40 79.500 34 70.300 Union shop •••••••••* Maintenance of union membership •••••••• Sole bargaining ••••• 27 53,200 23 46,900 3 10 3,600 22,700 2 9 2,100 21,300 Type of provision A m a jo r it y o f t h e r e m a in in g a g r e e m e n t s s im p ly p r o v id e d f o r r e c o g n it io n o f t h e u n io n a s t h e s o le b a r g a in in g a g e n t f o r a l l w o r k e r s , b o t h m e m b e rs a n d n o n m e m b e r s . C h e c k -O ff T h e u n io n s e c u r i t y c la u s e s w e r e , i n m o s t c a s e s , s t r e n g t h e n e d b y c h e c k -o ff p r o v is io n s (t a b le 5 ) . U pon w r it t e n a u t h o r iz a t io n b y th e w o rk e rs , d u e s a n d o t h e r p a y m e n ts t o t h e u n io n w e re a u t o m a t ic a lly d e d u c t e d b y t h e em p lo y e r a n d t r a n s m it t e d t o t h e u n io n . 7 Table 5.— Check-off provisions in t h e radio, television, and electronics industry, 1951 40 79.500 34 70,300 10 13 30,100 21,200 7 13,500 «•••»•••• 1 3 400 5,100 With no check-off provision • ••• 6 9,200 Total agreements «*••*#••*••••»• With check-off provisions »••••• Dues and initiation fees ••••• Dues, initiation fees, and assessments «»#••••••«•••»•• Dues, initiation fees, and Dues and assessments The authorization the contract tation) ers. In a More the in a N umber of workers Num b e r of agreements Item or for for third check-off deductions 1 year, of the agreements few agreements, than kO percent of whichever was irrevocable covering a authorization the was shorter agreements similar could be made for the term of (Taft-Hartley Act proportion revoked at limi of work a n y time. no provision for revocation of check-off. Union Activities in the Plant plant during working hours Their visits International union representatives discussion of were usually under confined the operation authorization for each these visits plants, "The sentative who shall make All not the such The Usually, use such as however, of bulletin boards meetings management or its of the secure to In a few of factory shall be Company an authori entering subject to the the admittance." to post notices social activities had obtained. and Specific a Union Repre Office before governing of grievances duly accredited that an employee visitors the security regulations. to visit and to visit provisions. to be to permit for permitted adjustment agreement Government Union Union security regulations activities to were the m a j o r i t y o f agreements. the provided application through factory. the hours, is of generally had agrees of to various subject Company working zation of visit were representatives during terms to approve the was pertaining generally contents of the to union permitted. notices. 8 Management Rights Certain every in agreement prerogatives in the of management study. The most were specified frequently in vi r t u a l l y listed rights are shown t a b l e 6. Table 6.— Management prerogatives included in collective agreements in the radio, television, and electronics industry l/, 1951 Management rights Number of agreements Number of workers 24 18 9 12 6 10 12 34 10 48,800 28,500 17,100 19,700 7,300 19,600 20,200 57,700 18,000 Manage and direct working force •••#••••••••••#*•••••••♦« • H i r e ................................. ............. ....................... .. T r a n s f e r .................................................... . Promote ••• Demote •«•••••••••••••••••••••••• lay-off *••#••••••••••••••••••••• Suspend •••••••««•••••••••••••••• Discharge for cause ••••••••••••• Determine method of production •• 1/ Based on a n analysis of 40 agreements representin g— 79, 500 workers. It was usu a l l y rights must not be stated for discriminatory purposes. prerogatives as read "The of its or the and purposes Union, The causes hazards absence, regular of for of these agreement or used safeguarding management and the the for force, that scheduling this to the hire, cause, as to necessary, of manufactured, of production, provided direction to establish r e a or discharge working the right hours the the and location methods, is vested solely will not be used against terms any member and of conditions of in were frequently specified unauthorized work stoppages, theft, fire discharge or safety had and tardiness, of agreements, grievance Company of manufacturing subject habitual employee bypassed. exercise the A g r e e m e n t ." tion the of clauses of discrimination and included In a m a j o r i t y the discipline, to be schedule means Company, the They the the products for ments. study, conduct, decrease the this cessive demote, work assignments, in the of of the shifts, of plants, the that terms including to make processes other of of forces, promote, rules increase One Management transfer, with follows: working sonable specifically inconsistent the health, or violation representing specified procedure but about right the sabotage, to early of half of steps company the workers his were agree crea intoxication, certain appeal the deliberate discharge frequently ex rules. in t h e through 9 Discrimination because of political beliefs was prohibited b y third of the tion not agreements, and to d i s c r i m i n a t e Because make job dustry, security ing job tional a matter clauses length tenure, criteria, fications of of primary service s u c h as sometimes or repeated the legal obliga SENIORITY fluctuations were promotion, also or a of union membership. SECURITY: employment seniority agreements, two-thirds because JOB race, creed, color, sex, r e l i g i o n s p e c i f i c clauses in a p p r o x i m a t e l y were of sufficient magnitude interest to the prevalent was the in the only conditions ability, factor of skill, workers contracts. considered employment. efficiency, had varying importance. service given in this Under in several in d e t e r m i n In o t h e r s , and to physical addi quali Lay-Off Length force tention study with to do of in v i r t u a l l y every in a g r e e m e n t s (table the 7). representing More provision the was agreement frequently, that the consideration analyzed. more than however, employee must in a It w a s a the fourth length qualify of for of reduction sole the in basis for re in the workers service was coupled or the ability have job. Table 7.-— Factors determining lay-offs in the radio, television, and electronics industry, 1951 jMumoer of agreements Determining factor Total agreements Number of workers ••«•••••••••••••••••••• 40 7 9 .5 0 0 Length of service only ••••••••••••••*•• Length of service governed if employee qualified or had abil i t y •••««•••••••• Length of service secondary, applicable only if other factors were considered equal Relative weight o f length o f service 12 22,100 18 2 8 ,6 0 0 and oth er* fa c to r s u n c e r t a in 1 / 1/ 4 2 ,9 0 0 ................... ... . . 3 8 ,1 0 0 No provision •••«•«••••••••#•••••••••••• 3 1 7 ,8 0 0 l/ Included 1 agreement w i t h 600 workers that allowed a worker wit"E 10 years' seniority to be considered for retention on the ba sis of length of service, if he qualified for the job. Promotion In d e t e r m i n i n g p r o m o t i o n s , consideration workers were ciency, or be equal, only covered by other the if a w o r k e r one agreements qualifications with greater length qualified. of of specifying two or seniority service was Approximately more that where workers should be a ordinarily third of ability, were promoted effi considered (table given the 8). to 10 Table 8.— Factors determining promotion in the radio, television, and eleotronios industry, 1951 Determining factor Numb e r of agreements Num b e r of workers 40 79.500 12 18,300 11 26,800 6 11 17,700 16,700 ........ .............. Total agreements Length of service governed if employee qualified or had a b i l i t y ............ Length of service secondary, applica ble if other factors were considered equal ............................. .... Relative weight of length of service and other factors uncertain •••••••• N o provision .....••••••••••••••••••»• Military Service Leave In g e n e r a l , Act The in agreements will be complied with Act, amended, the as Armed in allows shall be any branch of the States tional emergency is accumulation of of the Company such military for vided, however, or days after rate pay 6/ and no TJ. S. older Pub. a period The the of seniority while on duty 239, 80th Agreement forces service when at the will be reinstated time given in s u c h m i l i t a r y Company's for sen service; pro application service such military rights na in the of entering credit makes in the any duly declared will be reemployment were one of given of to employees every four the m i l i t a r y Labor, October within for 90 service." to employees entering entering the military agreements--usually pay and the 1 week's employee's rights statutes Veterans’ Reemployment 1950, reemployment Cong. this base 1 month. reemployment reemployment Law Service 6/ between Department for granted of armed time, termination of bonuses terms Handbook, provision Marine. the under such employee in the Service. difference for Answer also Marine and spent that reinstatement under the Selective for military duty. for military or d uring such employee time the States in peace such Monetary pay the volunteer United service iority agreements or at war position held by service the leave the called United Merchant that to for "Any e m p l o y e e Several stated application Forces. who the merely its were p. 2. Section 9 rights of persons conferred terminated of who on merchant on July 25, Rights, the Question 19^-8 A c t entered the seamen under 19^-7, b y makes Jferchant the 11 WAGES Rate S tru ctu re Clauses govern in g h ou rly r a te s o f pay were found in every a g re e ment. In a d d it io n , about t h r e e - f i f t h s o f the agreem ents, r e p re se n tin g a s l i g h t l y la r g e r p r o p o r tio n o f w ork ers, p rovid ed f o r payment o f p ie c e ( i n c e n tiv e ) ra te s t o some w ork ers. Two o f the l a t t e r type o f agreements in cluded p r o v is io n s f o r a group o r p la n t in c e n tiv e bonus p la n . D eterm ination o f In ce n tiv e Rates When new jo b s were crea ted o r o ld ones changed, the new in c e n tiv e r a te s were s e t by the company alone a f t e r con d u ctin g time s tu d ie s under terms o f more than h a lf the agreem ents. The union g e n e r a lly had the r ig h t t o ch a llen g e th ese r a te s and t o req u est a re s tu d y . I f the r a te was s t i l l u n a cce p ta b le , the union cou ld r e s o r t t o the g riev a n ce machinery in an a t tempt t o r e s o lv e the issu e under about h a lf o f the agreem ents. In some c a s e s , the p relim in a ry sta g es o f the griev a n ce procedure were b y p a s s e d * A few s p e c i f i c a l l y s ta te d th a t the issu e cou ld be r e fe r r e d f i n a l l y t o a r b it r a t io n . In two agreem ents, the companies conducted t r a in in g c la s s e s f o r union r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s r e la t in g t o the p r in c ip a l issu e s and d e t a ils o f t h e ir in c e n tiv e wage p la n s . Job E v alu ation Plans E ighteen agreements con tain ed r e fe r e n c e s t o jo b e v a lu a tio n p la n s . These agreements rep resen ted h a lf the w ork ers. In fo u r agreem ents, the company and the union j o i n t l y n e g o tia te d the p rop er c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r new jo b s . In lA , management g e n e ra lly p la ce d the jo b in i t s proper c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and in 7 o f th e s e , the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n had t o be made a cco rd in g t o e s ta b lis h e d p r i n c i p l e s . In one c a s e , the Na t io n a l M etal Trades A s s o c ia tio n jo b -r a t in g system was fo llo w e d . S k i l l , p h y s ical f i t n e s s , m ental e f f o r t , working c o n d it io n s , in g e n u ity , e x p e r ie n c e , ed u ca tion and i n i t i a t i v e were some o f the f a c t o r s c o n s id e r e d . "The jo b r a t in g system o f the N ation al Metal Trades A s s o c ia tio n s h a ll remain in e f f e c t during the term o f t h is c o n t r a c t . This system is based on a p o in t sch edu le c o n s is t in g o f such f a c t o r s as E d u cation , E x p erien ce, I n i t i a t i v e , and In gen u ity , P h y s ica l Demand, Mental o r V isu a l Demand, Respon s i b i l i t y f o r Equipment o r P r o c e s s , R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r M a teria l o r P rod u ct, R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r S a fety o f O thers, R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r Work o f O thers, Work ing C on ditions and Unavoidable Hazards................ 12 "The Company agrees preliminary vrite-up Company advise plans the approves shall tled to the create. same. institute a c e d u r e ........... new proval jobs at has assigned the few there cases, before job of agreements, specified regular Labor the Grade under a there was ber of jobs was a is to ap more finally employee job who the after content, write-up, which be job the is sub evaluation were classification wage rate was stated the that of right days If n o to put into change union. appeal was to be submitted assignment; but in a effect. Two could be made Under a receipt agreement to or no the after referred workers of had the in kO in a majority classification w ith of notice, reached through through the these arbitration. system. that In a few ified labor after, increases Wide or were up on each of granted on merit. grade also job same or by Under "value" labor a rate agreements labor of among rate rate the labor such as grade a system, determined grade for range. of providing were which The of num one agree up the grade; labor in the grade time required rate- range automatic each considerably. labor on a the in a l l b ut within for based maximum were agreements within length varied grade service, increases specified The the minimum to a grades. same of pay the length existed covered analyzed. 21. agreements, to in specified the maximum wage the to f r o m the based variations ferential between of is, a the rate a majority within of these grade minimum and of rates study were placed single from 8 Progression automatic, maximum rate ranged terms wage the agreements approximately specified grades ment. the the 18 which Under range in either the final extends the pro right third Monday consent job e v a l u a t i o n p l a n w e r e labor grades, awaiting in the the 30 usually procedure. half included plant the union had could the Systems About systems of after specifically matter reserves the set grievance job. appropriate the ^hall be job it p r o c e d u r e ......... " days period, grievance channels, all the which shall whether job w i l l r e c e i v e to a Committee standard changed results 30 Shop then Union Committee job w r i t e - u p change a classification without the in a submit the however, the the is a grievance union within the rate, to to ject to the the retroactive can agreements, a higher Company Usually, to a assignment "If (l) w e e k temporary and the Shop Company If a approved rate with to job w h i c h the one temporarily while thereof. higher new The If n o t , The (2) w e e k s his submit grievance, than two been to each Company within in accordance fill of to a spec there spread between and the to wage attain dif the 13 B e g in n in g or H ir in g R a te A b o u t one o u t o f e v e ry f iv e a g re e m e n ts s p e c ifie d e it h e r a f la t r a t e f o r b e g in n e r s o r a d i f f e r e n t i a l b e tw e e n th e h ir i n g r a t e a n d th e m in i m um jo b r a t e . Th e f l a t r a t e s v a r ie d b y a s m u ch a s 2 0 c e n ts a n h o u r; th e d i f f e r e n t i a l s c o u l d b e a s m u c h a s 1 0 c e n t s a n h o u r l o w e r t h a n t h e m in im u m jo b r a t e . U s u a lly , a b e g in n e r 's w a g e s in c r e a s e d a t th e r a t e o f 5 c e n t s a n h o u r a t 3 0 - d a y i n t e r v a l s u n t i l t h e m in im u m j o b r a t e w a s a t t a i n e d . B e g in n e r s c o v e r e d b y a f e w a d d i t i o n a l a g r e e m e n t s r e c e i v e d t h e m in im u m j o b c l a s s if ic a t io n r a te . O n ly tw o a g r e e m e n t s s p e c i f i e d d i f f e r e n t i a l s b e tw e e n t h e b e g in n e r ' s r a t e f o r f e m a le a n d m a le w o r k e r s . In one c a s e , th e r a t e w as 5 c e n ts a n h o u r l o w e r ; i n t h e o t h e r , 15 c e n t s . P r e m iu m D a ily Fay a n d W e e k ly O v e r t im e T h e r e g u l a r l y s c h e d u le d h o u r s o f w o rk a s s t a t e d in e v e r y a g r e e m e n t a n a ly z e d w a s 8 h o u r s d a i l y a n d U 0 h o u r s w e e k ly . W o rk in e x c e s s o f 8 h o u r s w a s c o m p e n s a t e d a t l e a s t b y t im e a n d a h a l f t h e r e g u l a r r a t e o f p a y . In so m e a g r e e m e n t s , t h e o v e r t im e p e n a lt y r a t e w a s in c r e a s e d f o r w o r k b e y o n d a s t ip u la t e d n um ber o f h o u r s . O n e -t h ir d o f t h e s e a g r e e m e n t s , r e p r e s e n t in g a n e q u a l p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s , p r o v id e d f o r d o u b le t h e r e g u la r r a t e o f p a y a f t e r 2 t o 5 h o u rs b u t m o re o f t e n a f t e r k h o u rs o f w o rk b e y o n d th e r e g u la r 8 -h o u r s c h e d u le . A m a jo r it y o f t h e a g re e m e n ts s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v id e d f o r p a y m e n t o f o n e a n d a h a l f t i m e s t h e r e g u l a r r a t e f o r w o r k i n e x c e s s o f lt-0 h o u r s w e e k ly . 7 / P a y m e n t f o r d a i l y a n d w e e k ly o v e r t im e w a s n o t p y r a m id e d . O v e r t im e w a s g e n e r a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d e q u a l ly a m o n g t h e w o r k e r s . a fe w in s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r, w o rk e rs w it h t h e g r e a t e s t s e n io r i t y w e re g iv e n p re fe re n ce . S a tu rd a y , Sunday, S ix t h , and S e v e n th D a y W o rk P e n a lt y r a t e s f o r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s o r o n o t h e r t h a n r e g u la r l y s c h e d u le d d a y s w e re a l s o co m m o n . T h e r a t e f o r w o r k o n S a t u r d a y w a s t im e a n d a h a l f t h e r e g u l a r r a t e o f p a y i n t h e 30 a g r e e m e n t s w i t h s u c h p r o v i s io n s ( t a b le 9 ) . I n a f e w c a s e s , a w o r k e r w a s e l i g i b l e f o r t h e p r e m iu m p a y m e n t o n ly f o r w o rk in e x c e s s o f ^ 0 h o u r s d u r in g t h e w e e k im m e d ia t e ly p r e c e d in g S a t u r d a y . U s u a l l y , h e r e c e i v e d p r e m iu m p a y f o r w o r k o n S a t u r d a y r e g a r d le s s o f th e n u m b er o f d a y s w o rk e d d u r in g th e w e e k . 7/ Th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A c t r e q u ir e s th e p a y m e n t o f a t le a s t one a n d a h a l f t im e s t h e r e g u la r r a t e f o r a l l h o u r s w o rk e d in e x c e s s o f H O o n g o o d s e n t e r in g in t e r s t a t e co m m e rce . In 14 Table 9 .— Premium rates fo r work on Saturday, Sunday, sixth, and seventh day o f workweek in the radio, te le v isio n , and electron ics industry l / , 1951 Lay o f workweek Number of agree ments Number of workers Saturday . . . . . . Sunday ••••»»•• Sixth d a y ........ Seventh day ••• 2 / 30 3 /3 6 “ 13 18 2 / 58,000 3 / 70,200 “ 35,700 49,800 Premium Time and a half Number Number of of agree workers ments rate Double time Number Number of of agree workers ments 2 / 30 * 1 13 3 / 35 3 / 69,600 18 49,800 2 / 58,000 600 35,700 1 / Based on 40 agreements covering 79,500 workers. 2 / 3 agreements with 4,200 workers required 40 hours' work during the week to q u alify fo r premium payment. 3 / 1 agreement with 400 workers required 40 hours' work during the week to q u alify fo r premium payment. Another with 3,500 workers required employees to work ■Ole 5 days of the regular sohedule in addition to work on Saturday to q u a lify . N e a r ly a l l t h e a g r e e m e n t s a n a ly z e d c a l le d f o r d o u b le t h e r e g u la r r a t e o f p a y f o r w o rk o n S u n d a y . O n ly o n e a g re e m e n t c o v e r in g 6 0 0 w o r k e r s c a l l e d f o r t h e p a y m e n t o f t im e a n d a h a l f f o r S u n d a y w o r k . E x c e p t f o r tw o a g r e e m e n t s , u n d e r w h ic h e m p lo y e e s m u s t h a v e w o r k e d e i t h e r 4 0 o r 4 8 h o u r s d u r i n g t h e w e e k t o q u a l i f y f o r t h e S u n d a y p r e m iu m p a y m e n t , w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d t h e p r e m iu m r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e n u m b e r o f h o u r s o r d a y s w o r k e d d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d in g w e e k . th ro th e v id e la r ugh F s ix t h d fo r ra te S h ift W o rk e rs w h o se s c h e d u le s d id n o t c o n fo rm t o th e r e g u la r M o n d ay r id a y w o rk w e e k u s u a l l y r e c e iv e d t h e e x t r a c o m p e n s a t io n f o r w o rk o n o r se v e n th d a y . F o r w o rk on th e s ix t h d a y , th e a g re e m e n ts p r o a p r e m iu m o f t im e a n d a h a l f ; o n t h e s e v e n t h d a y , d o u b le t h e r e g u of pay. D iff e r e n t ia ls S p e c i a l p r e m iu m s w e r e p th a n th e r e g u la r o r d a y s h if t (t a a g r e e m e n t s w h ic h p r o v id e d f o r o n e a t 1 0 p e r c e n t a b o v e th e r e g u la r h o r t h ir d s h if t . th e t h ir d a i d t o m o s t e m p lo y e e s f o r w o r k o n o t h e r b le 1 0 ). T h e m a jo r it y w e re c o v e re d b y g e n e r a l n ig h t s h i f t d if f e r e n t i a l, u s u a lly o u r ly r a t e , f o r w o rk o n e it h e r th e s e c o n d T h e r e m a in in g w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d a h ig h e r d i f f e r e n t i a l f o r w o rk o n s h if t th a n fo r th e s e c o n d . T h e s e p r e m iu m s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y . 15 Table 10.—S h ift d iffe r e n tia ls in the radio, te le v isio n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Amount o f d iffe r e n tia l dumber of agreements Number of workers 40 79,500 With s h ift d iffe r e n tia l •••••••••••#•••••••#••••••• General night s h ift hourly d iffe r e n tia l .............. .. 5 cents ••••••#•••••••••••••••••••••••#••.••••• 10 cents •••#••••••##••••#••#•••••••••••.#.#•#• 5 percent ••••••#•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 percent ••••••••••••••••••••••••#••••••••••• 38 27 2 3 2 1 / 20 77,100 58,400 1,800 4,800 3,700 1 / 48,100 Third s h ift hourly premium higher than second ••• 5 cents, 2nd s h ift ; 7 cents, 3rd s h ift •••#.••• 5 cents, 2nd s h ift ; 10 cents, 3rd s h ift ••#•••• 7 cents, 2nd s h ift ; 10 cents, 3rd s h ift .•••##• 10 cents, 2nd s h ift ; 13 cents, 3rd s h ift ..•••• 5 percent, 2nd s h ift; 8 percent, 3rd s h ift •••• 7 percent, 2nd s h ift ; 10 percent, 3rd s h ift •» 11 2 3 1 1 1 3 18,700 2,400 4,200 1,200 2,300 1,800 6,800 With s h ift operations hut no reference to amount of premium ••••#••••••••••••••••••••••••••#••.••• With no reference to s h ift operation #••••••••••#•• 1 1 2,000 400 Total agreements ................................................. .............. l / One agreement with 2,200 workers provided that HEmployees working night turn w ill receive an extra compensation of 10 percent of that portion of th eir earnings on night turn resulting from payment of th eir guaranteed rate minus 18 cents per hour when the regular quitting time is a fte r 9 o ’ clock in the evening (9:30 p.m.) and up to and including 9 o ’ clock (9:00 a.m .) of the follow ing day.” P r e m iu m P a y m e n ts f o r Lead m en C e r t a i n w o r k e r s w h o p e r f o r m t h e i r r e g u l a r 1?/ a s s i g n e d j o b s w i t h a m in im u m o f s u p e r v i s i o n a n d w h o g u i d e o t h e r e m p lo y e e s i n a p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p a r e k n o w n a s g r o u p l e a d e r s o r •’ l e a d m e n # 11 O n ly 1 2 a g r e e m e n t s , c o v e r in g a b o u t o n e - t h ir d o f th e w o r k e r s in th e s t u d y , in c lu d e d p r o v is io n s p e r t a in in g t o t h e i r r a t e o f p a y w h ic h w a s a lw a y s h ig h e r t h a n t h a t o f o t h e r w o r k e r s in th e g ro u p . I n t h e m a j o r i t y , o f i n s t a n c e s , t h e y r e c e i v e d a f i x e d p r e m iu m b a s e d o n th e r a t e o f th e h ig h e s t p a id w o r k e r s in th e g r o u p ( t a b le l l ) # In a l e s s e r n u m b e r o f c a s e s , t h e p r e m iu m w a s r e l a t e d t c t h e r a t e o f t h e l e a d m a n ’ s ow n jo b . 210775 0 —52------3 l6 Table 11.— Special premium rates f o r leadmen in the radio9 te le v isio n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Number o f agreements Premium rate Number oi: workers 40 79.500 With sp ecia l rates fo r lead men •••••••••••••••••••• 12 26,300 With premium based on highest rate in group ...• • # With fixed premium 9 7 3 2 1 1 18,500 14,600 1,600 1 / 3,300 ~ 1,600 8,100 With graduated premium........ ..................... ....••••• 5 percent hourly minimum, 15 percent maximum . Other 2 1 1 3,900 2,700 1,200 With premium related to lead man's j o b ........ •••••• With fixed premium •••••••••••••.•••......... .. 10 cents an hour over top rate of regular job c la s s ific a tio n 10 percent an hour above rate of job c la s s ific a tio n 3 2 3,900 1,700 1 400 1 1,300 1 2,200 1 2,200 28 53,200 10 cents an hour 15 cents an h o u r .........•••••••••••••••••••••••• Two steps above highest job rate in group •••• 1/ ~ With graduated premium •..•••••••••••••••••••••• 5 to 10 percent of base hourly rate, depend ing on work performed and size o f group . . . . . With no provision fo r special rates 1 / In 1 agreement covering 400 workers, this rate was applicable to group leaders; senior leaders received 15 cents. The other agreement, oovering 2,900 workers, provided that a leader was to receive 10 cents above his base time rate or 10 cents above the rate o f the highest paid individual in his group, whichever was higher. C a ll-B a c k or E m e r g e n c y W o rk P rem iu m r a t e s ard n u m b er of w ork p e r fo r m e d tiv e la r of th e h ou rs P rem iu m P ay w ere p a id not in th e r e g u la r o u ts id e th e e s ta b lis h e d h ou rs w orked b y n u m b er o f o n ly s h ift fo r s ta r tin g th e w ork (o v e r tim e in excess of p r e m iu m ) b u t and e n d in g in d iv id u a l tim e , e m p lo y e e th e o fte n sta n d fo r irr e sp e c th a t p a r tic u day. I n t h i s s t u d y , 1 1 a g r e e m e n t s g u a r a n t e e d p a y m e n t f o r a m in im u m n u m b e r o f h o u rs ( u s u a lly U ) to w o rk e rs c a lle d b a c k a f t e r le a v in g th e p la n t o r f o r e m e rg e n c y w o rk o u t s id e o f th e r e g u la r s h i f t ( t a b le 1 2 ) . G e n e r a lly , p a y m e n t w a s a t t h e r e g u l a r r a t e ; i n a fe w c a s e s , a t t im e a n d a h a l f o r d o u b le th e r e g u la r r a t e . In a so m ew h at la r g e r n u m b er o f a g re e m e n ts , w o rk e rs w e re n o t g u a r a n t e e d a m in im u m p a y m e n t , b u t r e c e i v e d p r e m iu m s i n a l m o s t e v e r y c a s e a t t im e a n d a h a l f t h e r e g u l a r r a t e f o r w o r k b e f o r e o r a f t e r t h e i r r e g u l a r s h ift . In n o c a s e d id a w o rk e r h a v e t o w o rk a f u l l s h i f t t o q u a lif y f o r th e p r e m iu m . Table 12•-—Call-back or emergency work premium pay in the radio telev ision , and electron ics industry, 1951 Number of agree ments Number of workers 40 79.500 24 11 8 2 6 64,600 27,200 24,200 4,400 19,800 3 hours' guaranteed.•••••*••••« 4 hours * guaranteed 3 1 2 3,000 1,200 1,800 With no guaranteed payment ••••••• Before or a ft e r regular hours 2/• 13 13 37,400 37,400 16 14,900 Type o f provision Total agreements With guaranteed payment •••••••••• With ca ll-b a ck provision ••••.••• 2 hours* guaranteed........ ••••••• 4 hours * guaranteed.••••••••«•• Emergency work outside o f feouble the regular rate Number Number of of agree workers ments 1 1 1,200 400 Rate o f pay applicable 1$- times Regular rate regular rate dumber Number Number Number of of of of agree agree workers workers ments ments i 900 i /i 4 1 2 1 8,100 3 / 12 1/ 3,200 18,500 1,200 1,800 3 / 29,300 1 / Employees were a lso paid travel time. *2/ A ll o f these agreements also provided fo r overtime payment fo r work in excess o f the regular s h ift . 1 / One agreement with 400 workers guaranteed a minimum o f 4 hours/ pay a t the regular rate to service and mainte nance workers. 18 O th e r T y p e s C a ll-In o f P a y m e n ts o r R e p o rt P ay I f a w o rk e r r e p o r t e d f o r w o rk o r w as d ir e c t e d t o r e p o r t an d fo u n d n o w o r k a v a i l a b l e , w i t h f e w e x c e p t i o n s , h e w a s g u a r a n t e e d a m in im u m o f b h o u r s 1 p a y (t a b le 1 3 ). Table 13.— Guaranteed c a ll-in (rep ort) pay provisions in the radio, te le v isio n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Guaranteed work or pay Number of agreements Number of workers Total agreements •••••••••................ 40 79.500 38 1 1 / 31 “ 5 1 75,900 1,800 1 / 60,000 12,000 2,100 2 3,600 With work or pay guarantee . . . . . . . r 8 hoursf pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^ 4 hours * pay ••••••••••••••••••«• 3 hours' pay •••••••••••••«•••••* 2 hours * pay No work or pay guarantee . . . . . . . . . . 1 / In 5 agreements, covering 15,000 workers, employees were paid fo r f u l l s h ift fo r more than 4 hours' work. An other agreement, with 700 workers, guaranteed the 4 hours' pay i f some work was performed; 2 hours i f no work was a v a ila b le. In o n e a g re e m e n t, th e w o rk e r w as g u a r a n t e e d a f u l l d a y 's p a y o f 8 h o u rs. In a c o n s id e r a b le n u m b e r o f t h e s e a g r e e m e n ts , h e w as a ls o g u a r a n te e d a f u l l d a y ' s p a y i f h e w o rk e d m o re t h a n 4 h o u r s . " A n e m p lo y e e ( a ) r e p o r t i n g f o r w o r k i n t h e a b s e n c e o f n o t i c e n o t t o r e p o r t , o r ( b ) a n e m p lo y e e r e p o r t i n g f o r w o rk w ho h a s b e e n c a lle d in f o r a n e m e rg e n cy , s h a ll b e g u a r a n t e e d a m in im u m o f f o u r ( b ) h o u r s ' b a s e r a t e p a y o r h o u r ly w age r a t e . A n e m p lo y e e ( c ) w h o w o r k s m o re t h a n f o u r (b) h o u r s o f h i s e s t a b li s h e d s h i f t i n t h e a b s e n c e o f n o t ic e n o t t o w o rk , s h a ll b e g u a ra n te e d th e b a s e r a t e p a y f o r t h e r e g u la r l y s c h e d u le d n u m b e r o f h o u r s in h is e s t a b lis h e d s h i f t o r e ig h t ( 8 ) h o u r s w h ic h e v e r i s t h e le s s e r ." D is m is s a l P a y O n ly t h r e e a g r e e m e n t s p r o v id e d f o r d i s m i s s a l p a y . In one c a s e , w o rk e rs w it h le s s th a n 5 y e a r s ' s e r v ic e r e c e iv e d 3 d a y s ' p a y ; th o s e w it h 19 5 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e , 5 d a y s ' p a y ; a n d t h o s e w it h m o re t h a n 5 y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e , a n a d d it io n a l d a y 's p a y f o r e a c h a d d e d y e a r . In a n o t h e r , w o rk e rs w it h 2 t o 5 y e a r s ' s e r v ic e r e c e iv e d 5 d a y s ' p a y ( e x c lu s iv e o f o v e r t im e ); 5 o r m o re , 10 d a y s ' p a y . I n t h e t h i r d i n s t a n c e , w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d 1 w e e k 's p a y f o r e a c h y e a .r o f s e r v i c e u p t o 1 0 y e a r s , w i t h a d d i t i o n a l p a y m e n t u p t o a n d in c lu d in g y e a r s , t o t a lin g 2 1 w e e k s. A fte r 15 y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e , th e y r e c e iv e d 3 w e e k s ’ a d d it io n a l p a y f o r e a c h y e a r o f s e r v ic e . O th e r R e la t e d P a y m e n ts A c o n s id e r a b le n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs w e re a ls o c o m p e n sa te d f o r n o n p r o d u c t i v e t im e s u c h a s r e s t p e r i o d s , c l e a n - u p t im e , t im e l o s t b e c a u s e o f ju ry d u ty , o r o th e r c a u s e s . A s s h o w n i n t a b l e 1 A , t h e m o s t c o m m o n ly g ra n te d p aym en t w as f o r r e s t p e r io d s . A m a jo r it y o f th e s e w o rk e rs w e re g r a n t e d 1 0 -m in u t e r e s t p e r io d s m o r n in g a n d a f t e r n o o n . r a n g in g A b o u t o n e o u t o f f o u r o f th e w o r k e r s w a s p a id fr o m 2 t o 1 2 m in u t e s d a i l y . fo r c le a n -u p t im e Table 1 4 .— S p ecia l types o f payments in the ra d io, t e le v is io n , and e le c tr o n ic s industry l / , 1951 Ido st common p rov ision Number Number of of P rovision agree workers ments Type o f payment Number of agree ments Number of workers Rest periods ••••••••••••• 22 47,700 18 42,000 Clean-up time (personal o r work s ta t io n ) •*••••• 10 20,500 5 7,700 Jury duty ........................... .. 7 19,000 7 19,000 D ifferen ce between ju ry duty pay and normal earnings In jury on the jo b •••••••• 6 14,200 6 14,200 Payment fo r re mainder o f day a t regu lar rate i f sent home. Death in immediate fam ily ••••*•••••••••••• 2 5,200 2 5,200 Dism issal pay ••••••••••«• 3 13,000 3 13,000 10 minutes each morning and afternoon 10 minutes d a ily 3 days (2 /) 1 / Not a d d itiv e* Based on a study o f 40 agreements covering 79,500 workers. 2 / Termination allowance varied in each agreement. Payments ranged from 3 days f o r le s s than 5 yea rs' se rv ice to 21 weeks a ft e r 14 years, plus 3 weeks' a d d itio n a l pay f o r each year o f s e r v ic e . 20 W age A d ju s t m e n t D a r in g L if e o f A g re e m e n t T h r e e -fo u r t h s o f th e w o rk e rs in th e s tu d y w e re c o v e re d b y a g r e e m e n ts p r o v id in g f o r a u t o m a t ic w a g e in c r e a s e s o r t h e r e o p e n in g o f t h e a g r e e m e n t f o r w a ge a d ju s t m e n ts ( t a b le 1 5 )• Table 15.— Wage adjustment prov ision s in the ra d io , t e le v is io n , and e le c tr o n ic s industry, 1951 Number of agreements Number of workers T otal agreements ••••••••••••»•«•••*••••••............. 40 79.500 With p ro v isio n f o r wage a d ju stm e n ts.........•»•••••» 28 61,600 With perm issive wage reopening ••*•«•••«•••••»• A t or a f t e r s p e c ifie d time ••••••••*••••••••• In event o f change in c o s t - o f - l i v i n g •••••••• 16 14 2 28,600 26,700 1,900 With autom atic wage adjustment •••»••••»••••••» C o s t - o f - liv in g e s c a la to r clause plus deferred wage in crease ••••••••••*••••••••• Deferred wage in crea se ••••»«••*••••••••••«•• 8 16,200 4 4 5,600 10,600 With combination autom atic and perm issive ••••• C o s t - o f - liv in g e s c a la to r clau se and de fe rre d wage in crea se plus perm issive wage reopening a f t e r s p e c ifie d period ••••• C o s t -o f-liv in g e s c a la to r clause plus perm issive wage reopening a t s p e c ifie d time •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Deferred autom atic wage increase plus perm issive wage reopening a t or a ft e r s p e c ifie d time •••••••••••••••••••••#•••••• 4 16,800 1 1,500 1 8,100 2 7,200 With no p ro v isio n f o r wage adjustments ••»••••••• 12 17,900 Wage adjustment p rovision s U n d e r t h e te rm s o f 6 a g r e e m e n t s , w a g e s w e re a d ju s t e d a u t o m a t ic a l ly o n th e b a s is o f ch a n g e s in th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s ' C o n su m e rs' P r ic e In d e x . T h r e e o f th e a g re e m e n ts f o llo w e d th e 1 9 5 0 G e n e r a l M o to rs p a t t e r n u n d e r w h ic h w a g e r a t e s a r e a d ju s t e d 1 c e n t a n h o u r f o r e a c h l . l k p o in t ch a n g e in th e C P I. O ne a g re e m e n t a d ju s t e d w a g e s o n th e sam e b a s is b u t o n ly o n ce d u r in g th e l i f e o f th e a g re e m e n t. Tw o a g re e m e n ts r e v is e d w a g e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e C P I b u t limited the amount of the increase. " ............. A l s o a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e s e c o n d y e a r o f t h is a g re e m e n t, th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , U . S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r , N a t io n a l C o s t o f L i v i n g In d e x f o r th e c o n t r a c t y e a r (S e p te m b e r 1 , 19 5 0 ~ A u g u s t 31> 1 9 5 1 ) 21 s h a l l h e e x a m in e d a n d f o r e a c h t h r e e (3 ) p o i n t n e t in c r e a s e in s a id in d e x d u r in g t h a t y e a r , t h e r e g u la r b ase ra te s o f p ay a s p r e v io u s ly in c r e a s e d s h a l l h e in c r e a s e d o n e ( l ) c e n t p e r h o u r f o r th e s e c o n d y e a r o f t h is a g re e m e n t; p r o v id e d , h o w e v e r, s u c h c o s t o f l i v i n g in c r e a s e s h a ll n o t in a n y e v e n t e x c e e d a t o t a l o f tw o ( 2 ) c e n t s p e r h o u r f o r s a id se co n d y e a r o f t h is a g re e m e n t. I t is u n d e rsto o d t h a t t h e f l o o r o n w a g e s f o r p u r p o s e s o f c o m p u t in g th e c o s t o f li v i n g in c r e a s e a re th e b a s e r a t e s a t th e s t a r t o f t h e s e c o n d y e a r o f t h i s a g r e e m e n t w h ic h in c lu d e a l l o f t h e a f o r e m e n t io n e d h o u r ly w a g e in c r e a s e s ." E le v e n a g r e e m e n t s , c o v e r in g a lm o s t a t h ir d o f t h e w o r k e r s in t h e s t u d y , p r o v i d e d f o r a u t o m a t ic d e f e r r e d w a g e o r " a n n u a l im p r o v e m e n t " i n c r e a s e s , w h ic h g e n e r a l ly a m o u n te d t o k c e n t s a n n u a lly , h u t w h ic h r a n g e d fro m 3 ^ t o 6 c e n ts a n h o u r . In o n e a g re e m e n t, w o rk e rs w e re g iv e n a 2 -c e n t in c r e a s e 6 m o n th s a f t e r th e e f f e c t iv e d a te o f th e a g re e m e n t a n d a U -c e n t in c r e a s e a t th e e n d o f th e f o llo w in g 6 m o n th s . F iv e a g re e m e n ts a ls o h a d a u t o m a t ic c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d ju s t m e n t c la u s e s . I n a d d it io n t o t h e a u t o m a t ic w a ge a d ju s t m e n t c l a u s e s , a fe w a g r e e m e n ts c o v e r in g o n e o u t o f e v e r y f i v e w o r k e r s a ls o a llo w e d p e r m is s iv e w a g e r e o p e n in g s . A u t o m a t ic w a g e a d ju s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s w e re g e n e r a l ly e f f e c t i v e in a g re e m e n ts o f 2 o r m o re y e a r s 1 d u r a t io n , w h e re a s p e r m is s iv e w a ge r e o p e n in g c la u s e s u s u a lly w e re fo u n d in a g re e m e n ts o f le s s th a n 2 y e a r s 1 d u r a t io n . FRINGE BENEFITS P a id V a c a t io n s V a c a t io n s w it h p a y , o r , in a fe w in s t a n c e s , p a y m e n t in li e u o f v a c a t io n s , w e re g r a n te d to e v e r y w o rk e r in th e s t u d y . T h e d u r a t io n o f th e v a c a t io n p e r io d w a s , w it h o n e e x c e p t io n , c o n t in g e n t u p o n le n g t h o f s e r v ic e ( t a b le 1 6 )• T h is o n e a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e d f o r a u n if o r m v a c a t io n p la n u n d e r w h ic h e v e r y w o r k e r r e c e iv e d a w e e k ’ s v a c a t io n w it h p a y a f t e r c o m p le t io n o f 1 y e a r ’s s e r v ic e . A m a j o r i t y o f t h e w o r k e r s w e r e e n t i t l e d t o a m a x im u m o f 3 w e e k s * v a c a t io n w it h p a y , a f t e r h a v in g w o rk e d f o r p e r io d s r a n g in g fro m 7 ^ t o 2 0 y e a rs (u s u a lly 10 y e a r s ) . 22 Table 1 6 .— Paid vacation plans: Idaximum vacation period and se r v ice requirements in the ra d io , t e le v is io n , and e le c t r o n ic s in du stry, 1951 Number of workers Maximum vacation period and s e rv ice requirements Number of agreements Total a g re e m e n ts......... ................................ 40 79.500 37 1 1 6 6 1 75,700 400 300 12,800 11,100 400 y e a r s ........... ••••• years years ••»••.••••• y e a r s ........... ••••• years ..•••••••#• 1 7 1 6 5 400 21,700 700 11,600 13,600 4 weeks a f t e r 25 years ••••••••••» 2 2,700 Agreements with uniform plans •••••• 1 week a f t e r 1 year 1 1/ 1 1/ Other ........................................................ .. 2/ 2 2 / 3,100 Agreements with 2 weeks a f t e r 2 weeks a ft e r 2 weeks a f t e r 2 weeks a f t e r 2 weeks a f t e r 3 3 3 3 3 weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks a fte r a fte r a fte r a fte r a fte r graduated plans •••• 1 year •••••........... 2 years ................. . 3 years ...••••••••• 5 years ....................... 10 years 7^ 10 12 15 20 700 700 1 / In a d d itio n to the v a ca tion , each employee on the a c tiv e p a y ro ll a t va ca tion time was e n t it le d annually to an a d d itio n a l h a lf-d a y o f f , with pay, f o r each month o f p e r fe c t attendance during the 12 months immediately preceding the v a ca tion period# 2 / One agreement with more than 2,700 workers granted vaca t io n pay in l ie u o f v a ca tio n . Maximum payment f o r 3 weeks was a tta in ed a f t e r 15 o r more years* s e n io r it y . In another agree ment with 400 workers, no mention was made o f the length o f va c a t io n . Payment, however, was made on a graduated s c a le . A ll employees with 1 to 5 years* s e rv ice receiv ed a designated cash payment (presumably the equ ivalent o f an average week's earn in g s ); 5 to 10 years* s e r v ic e , one and a h a lf times the i n i t i a l sum; and f o r more than 10 y e a rs' s e r v ic e , double the sum# Fe male employees re ce iv e d $10 le s s in a l l three categ ories# E lig ib ilit y R e q u ir e m e n t s f o r V a c a t io n T o b e e l i g i b l e f o r f u l l v a c a t io n b e n e f it s , a w o rk e r h a d t o b e em p lo y e d f o r a s p e c i f i e d le n g t h o f t im e . T h e se p e r io d s ra n g e d fro m ^ 0 w o rk in g d a y s d u r in g t h e 3 m o n th s im m e d ia t e ly p r e c e d in g t h e v a c a t io n t o 1 y e a r . C e r t a i n a b s e n c e s s u c h a s c o m p e n s a b le i n j u r i e s , s e r io u s i l l n e s s , o r l a y - o f f b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f w o r k c o u n t e d a s t im e w o r k e d i n m e e t in g t h e n e c e s s a r y w o r k r e q u ir e m e n t s in a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a b o u t o n e o u t o f e v e r y f i v e w o r k e r s . " N o e m p lo y e e s h a l l b e d u r in g t h e t w e lv e m o n th s p ( o r d u r in g th e f i r s t y e a r o f e m p lo y e e s w h o h a v e n o t e l ig ib l e f o r v a c a t io n w ho r e c e d in g th e v a c a t io n p e r io d o f h is s e r v ic e in th e ca se c o m p le t e d a y e a r o f s e r v i c e 23 w hen th e v th a n a re e re a so n o th la y - o f f fo On th s im ila r num ber m in im u m w o r k r e m a x im u m n u m b e r a q e r c a t io n p e r io d b e g in s ) h a s lo s t m o re d a y s u i v a l e n t t o 13 w e e k s f r o m w o r k f o r a n y r t h a n c o m p e n s a b le i n d u s t r i a l i n j u r y o r la c k o f w o r k ." e o t h e r h a n d , in o n e o f e v e r y f o u r a g re e m e n ts c o v e r in g a o f w o r k e r s , t h e v a c a t io n a llo w a n c e w a s r e d u c e d i f c e r t a in q u ir e m e n t s h a d n o t b e e n m e t o r t h e a b s e n c e s e x c e e d e d t h e a llo w a b le . " I f , h o w e v e r , s u c h e m p lo y e e s h a v e f a i l e d t o w o r k t h ir t y - n in e ( 3 9 ) w e e k s in th e a g g r e g a t e , b u t h a v e a c t u a l l y b e e n a t w o rk f o r t h e co m p a n y a t le a s t n in e t e e n ( 19 ) w e e k s , i n t h e a g g r e g a t e , d u r i n g s u c h p r e c e d i n g p e r i o d , t h e y s h a l l r e c e i v e o n e w e e k 's p a y a t t h e i r ' s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly r a t e a s o f J u l y 2 9 , 1 9 5 1 * f o r t h e r e g u la r w o rk w e e k h o u rs a s d e f in e d in S e c t io n 3 o f t h is a r t i c l e ." V a c a tio n Pay to S e p a ra te d E m p lo y e e s A c c r u e d v a c a t i o n p a y w a s c o m m o n ly g r a n t e d t o w o r k e r s l a i d th ro u g h n o f a u lt o f t h e ir o w n , a n d in a fe w c a s e s t o th o s e e n t e r in g m ilit a r y s e r v ic e . " A n y e m p lo y e e w h o h a s o n c e q u a l i f i e d f o t io n ' an d w ho is t h e r e a ft e r la id o f f d u e to w o r k ............... s h a l l b e e n t i t l e d t o a ' v a c a t i o n f o r t h a t p o r t io n o f t h e y e a r d u r in g w h ic h h e p lo y e d , a t th e p e r c e n t a g e r a t e a p p lic a b le a s d a t e o f s u c h l a y - o f f o r le a v e o f a b s e n c e , a s p r o v i d e d .................... " C o m p u t a t io n o f V a c a t io n o ff th e r a 'v a c a la c k o f p a y m e n t' w as em o f th e h e r e in Pay C o m p e n s a t i o n w a s g e n e r a l l y b a s e d o n kO h o u r s ' p a y a t t h e r e g u l a r r a t e o f p a y f o r e a c h v a c a t io n w e e k t o w h ic h a w o r k e r w a s e n t i t l e d , o r o n th e a v e r a g e p a y f o r a w o rk w e e k d u r in g a d e s ig n a t e d p e r io d . A c o n s id e r a b le n u m b e r r e c e iv e d a p e r c e n ta g e o f t h e ir a n n u a l e a r n in g s w h ic h , w it h o n e e x c e p t io n , in c lu d e d o v e r t im e p a y m e n t s . T h e p e rc e n ta g e s ra n g e d fro m 2 p e r c e n t ( u s u a l l y t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 w e e k 's p a y ) f o r 1 w e e k 's v a c a t i o n , t o U p e r ce n t fo r 2 w e eks' v a c a t io n a n d 6 p e r c e n t f o r 3 w e e k s ' v a c a t io n . " A l l e m p lo y e e s o n t h e p a y r o l l a s o f M a y 3 1 o f e a c h y e a r w it h le s s th a n f i v e ( 5) y e a r s ' s e n io r i t y s h a l l r e c e iv e o n e ( l ) w e e k 's v a c a t io n w it h p a y co m p u t e d a t 2 p e r c e n t o f e m p lo y e e 's t o t a l e a r n in g s f o r t h e f i s c a l y e a r e n d in g M ay 3 1 * A l l e m p lo y e e s o n th e p a y r o ll a s o f M ay 3 1 o f e a c h y e a r w it h o v e r f iv e (5 ) y e a r s ' an d le s s th a n te n (1 0 ) y e a r s ' s e n io r it y s h a l l r e c e iv e tw o ( 2 ) w e e k s ' v a c a t io n w it h p a y 2b c o m p u te d a t k p e r c e n t o f e m p lo y e e 's t o t a l e a r n in g s f o r th e f i s c a l y e a r e n d in g M ay 3 1 * A l l e m p lo y e e s o n th e p a y r o ll a s o f M ay 3 1 o f e a c h y e a r w it h t e n ( 1 0 ) y e a r s ' s e n io r i t y o r m o re s h a l l r e c e iv e t h r e e ( 3 ) w e e k s ' v a c a t io n w it h p a y co m p u te d a t 6 p e r c e n t o f e m p lo y e e 's t o t a l e a r n in g s f o r t h e f i s c a l y e a r e n d in g M ay 3 1 * " H o lid a y s P a id H o lid a y s O b se rv e d E v e ry w o rk e r in th e m o re t h a n h a lf r e c e iv e d s e v e n , h o lid a y s w e re Hew Y e a r ’ s D a y , T h a n k s g iv in g D a y , a n d C h r is t m a W a s h in g t o n 's B ir t h d a y . E lig ib ilit y fo r H o lid a y s tu d y r e c e iv e d a t le a s t s i x p a id h o lid a y s , a n d a fe w r e c e iv e d e ig h t . T h e m o s t co m m o n D e c o r a t io n D a y , In d e p e n d e n c e D a y , L a b o r D a y , s D ay. Th e s e v e n th h o lid a y w a s u s u a lly Pay T o b e e l ig ib l e f o r h o lid a y p a y , a b o u t h a lf th e w o rk e rs h a d t o m e e t s e r v i c e r e q u i r e m e n t s r a n g i n g f r o m 30 d a y s ( f o r t h e m a j o r i t y ) t o 6 m o n th s. U s u a lly a fte r a A fe w a w it h in b le f o r M o s t w o r k e r s a l s o h a d t o m e e t m in im u m w o r k r e q u i r e t h e e m p lo y e e h a d t o r e p o r t f o r w o r k t h e d a y b e f o r e h o l i d a y , o r i n so m e i n s t a n c e s , so m e t im e d u r in g t h e g r e e m e n t s a llo w e d w id e r l a t i t u d e ; e m p lo y e e s w h o p e r f o t h e 15 d a y s p r e c e d i n g o r 15 d a y s f o l l o w i n g a h o l i d a y th e h o lid a y p a y . , m e n ts. and th e d ay h o lid a y w e e k . rm e d w o rk w e re e l i g i A b s e n c e s s u c h a s t h o s e o c c a s io n e d b y d e a t h i n t h e im m e d ia t e f a m ily , s e r v ic e a s a ju r o r , o r v i s i t s t o th e d r a f t b o a r d , w e re u s u a lly c u s e d a n d d id n o t d e p r iv e t h e w o rk e r o f h o lid a y p a y . ex P a y f o r W o rk o n H o lid a y s A l l w o rk e rs in th e h o lid a y w o rk ( t a b le 1 7 ) . s tu d y r e c e iv e d s p e c i a l p r e m iu m p a y m e n t s f o r 25 Table 17.—Premium payment fo r work on paid holidays in the radio, te le v is io n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Premium payment Total agreements Time and a half l / Double time (regular rate plus holidav ±A*J uav)l •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Double time 1 / .......... ...... . Double time and a half (time and a h a lf regular rate plus holiday pay) •••••••••• Double time and a h a lf 1 / ••••••••••••••••« Triple time (double they’regular rate plus holiday pay ) +. +. Number of agreements dumber of workers .... 4Q 79.500 1 700 18 13 39,500 23,900 4 2 13,000 1,700 2 700 1 / There was no indication o f this rate being in addition to or in Tieu o f, holiday pay. W it h o n e e x ra te o f p ay, th a t is , w o rk e d . In m any c a s e t im e w a s i n a d d i t i o n ce 8 s, to p t io n , h o u rs' it w as o r in th e p re m p a y p lu n o t c le lie u o f iu m w a s a t l e a s t d o u b le t h e r e g u l a r s s t r a ig h t - t im e p a y f o r th e h o u rs a r w h e th e r t h e p a y m e n t o f d o u b le h o lid a y p a y . " A ll w o rk d o n e o n a n y o f th e f o llo w in g h o li d a y s s h a l l b e p a id f o r a t d o u b le ( 2 ) t h e r e g u la r r a t e s f o r th e s h i f t w o r k e d .” H o lid a y s F a llin g o n O ff-W o rk D a y s H o lid a y s f a l l i n g o n S u n d a y w e re o b s e r v e d o n M o n d ay in a g re e m e n ts r e p r e s e n t in g a fo u r t h o f th e w o rk e rs in th e s tu d y . A fe w o t h e r s c a lle d f o r th e c e le b r a t io n o f a S u n d a y h o lid a y o n th e d a y o b s e rv e d b y th e F e d e r a l o r S ta te g o v e rn m e n ts. Tw o o f e v e r y f iv e w o rk e rs r e c e iv e d th e b e n e f it o f a n a d d e d d a y w it h p a y o r a n e x t r a d a y 's p a y f o r h o lid a y s o c c u r r in g w it h in t h e ir v a c a t io n p e r io d . la id S e v e r a l a g re e m e n ts a ls o p r o v id e d f o r h o lid a y p a y t o o f f o r r e c a lle d d u r in g th e h o lid a y w e e k . " E l i g i b l e e m p lo y e e s w h o a r e l a i d o f f d u e t o a r e d u c t io n o f f o r c e ( t e r m in a t e d ) p r io r t o a h o lid a y s h a ll b e p a id f o r s u c h h o lid a y , p r o v id e d t h e y w o rk t h e l a s t s c h e d u le d w o rk d a y , a n d f u r t h e r , . p r o v id e d s u c h w o rk d a y o c c u r s d u r in g th e sam e c a le n d a r w e e k in w h ic h t h e h o lid a y o c c u r s . E m p lo y e e s o n l a y - o f f ( t e r m i n a t e d ) w h o m a y b e r e c a l l e d .................... a n d w h o w o rk s u b s e q u e n t t o th e h o lid a y , s h a ll r e c e iv e h o l i d a y p a y f o r s u c h h o li d a y p r o v id e d t h e y c o m p le t e e m p lo y e e s 26 s u c h f i r s t r e g u la r s c h e d u le d d a y o f w o rk i n t h e sa m e c a le n d a r w e e k in w h ic h t h e h o lid a y o c c u r s . " E l i g i b l e e m p lo y e e s w h o a r e t e m p o r a la id o f f p r io r t o a h o lid a y s h a l l b e p a id th e h o lid a y , p r o v id e d t h e y w o rk th e l a s t u le d w o rk d a y p r io r t o th e h o lid a y , e it h e w h ic h m u s t f a l l d u r in g t h e sam e c a le n d a r in w h ic h t h e h o lid a y o c c u r s ." P a id S ic k r ily fo r sch ed r o f w eek Leave P aym e n t f o r a b s e n c e s ca u se d b y illn e s s w as r a r e in th e in d u s t r y . O n ly 5 a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g 1 o f e v e r y 1 0 e m p lo y e e s i n t h e s t u d y g r a n t e d p a y m e n t f o r t im e s o l o s t . W o r k e r s h a d t o b e e m p lo y e d f o r p e r i o d s r a n g i n g fr o m 3 0 d a y s t o 2 y e a r s b e f o r e p a id s i c k le a v e w a s g r a n t e d . U n d er te rm s o f t w o a g r e e m e n t s , a m a x im u m o f 1 w e e k ’ s p a y w a s g r a n t e d a n n u a l l y t o e m p lo y e e s o n s i c k le a v e , a f t e r a w a it in g p e r io d o f 2 d a y s . Tw o o th e r a g r e e m e n t s p r o v i d e d f o r a m a x im u m o f 2 w e e k s ' p a y w i t h n o s t i p u l a t i o n a s t o le n g t h o f w a it in g p e r io d . T h e f i f t h p r o v id e d f o r p a y m e n t o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a m o u n t r e c e i v e d u n d e r t h e W o r k m e n 's C o m p e n s a t io n L a w a n d t h e a m o u n t t o w h ic h t h e e m p lo y e e w o u ld h a v e b e e n e n t i t l e d d u r i n g t h e p e r io d o f h is d i s a b i l i t y , co m p u te d o n th e b a s is o f a 4 0 -h o u r w e e k a t h is r e g u la r r a t e o f p a y . I f , h o w e v e r, th e d is a b il it y w a s f o r a p e r io d o f le s s t h a n 8 d a y s , t h e e m p lo y e e w a s p a i d f o r t h e f u l l p e r i o d o f d i s a b i l i t y . B s a lt h , In s u r a n c e , a n d P e n s io n P la n s N o t a b le p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m a d e i n r e c e n t y e a r s i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a n d e x p a n d in g h e a l t h , in s u r a n c e , a n d p e n s io n p la n s u n d e r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g in th e in d u s t r y . T w e n t y - f i v e o f t h e hO a g r e e m e n t s a n a l y z e d , c o v e r i n g n e a r l y 5 6 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s ( a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k e r s i n t h e s t u d y ) p r o v id e d f o r h e a lt h a n d in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m s , w it h 9 in c lu d in g r e t ir e m e n t p la n s a ls o ( t a b le 1 8 ) . U n d e r t h e h e a lt h a n d in s u r a n c e p la n s , a lm o s t a l l w o r k e r s w e re c o v e re d b y l i f e in s u r a n c e , a c c id e n t a n d s ic k n e s s , h o s p it a liz a t io n , a n d s u r g ic a l b e n e fit s . A c c i d e n t a l d e a t h a n d d is m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e a n d m e d i c a l b e n e f it s w e re le s s f r e q u e n t ly p r o v id e d . T h e p la n s w e re f in a n c e d s o le l y b y t h e e m p l o y e r s u n d e r 15 a g r e e m e n t s , c o v e r i n g 3 o f e v e r y 5 w o r k e r s w i t h h e a lt h a n d in s u r a n c e b e n e f it s . B o t h e m p lo y e r a n d e m p lo y e e c o n t r i b u t e d t o th e p ro g ra m u n d e r s e v e n a g re e m e n ts a c c o u n t in g f o r a b o u t a t h ir d o f t h e w o rk e rs. In f o r m a t io n o n th e m e th o d o f f in a n c in g t h e p la n s w a s n o t a v a i l a b le in th e r e m a in in g t h r e e c o n t r a c t s . 27 T h e 9 a g r e e m e n ts w h ic h in c lu d e d p e n s io n p la n s c o v e r e d a b o u t 2 8 p e r c e n t o f th e w o rk e rs in th e s t u d y . F iv e o f th e s e a g re e m e n ts s p e c i f i e d t h a t p e n s io n s w e re t o b e p a id f o r e n t i r e l y b y t h e e m p lo y e r ; tw o t h a t t h e e m p lo y e r a n d t h e e m p lo y e e s w e r e t o s h a r e t h e c o s t ; a n d tw o c o v e r i n g a s m a ll n u m b er o f w o rk e rs d id n o t s p e c if y f in a n c ia l a rra n g e m e n ts . Table 18.— Health, insurance, and pension plans in the radio, te le v isio n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Number of agreements Benefits Number of workers Total agreements ...................... .. 40 79.500 Agreements with benefit plans ••••••» 25 55,900 Health and insurance *»•••••••••••• L ife insurance •••••••••••••......... Accidental death and dismemberment ............ .. Accident and sickness .................... H ospitalization ••••••••••••••••• Surgical .................................. .......... Medical .................................... ........... 1 / 25 ~ 20 1 / 55,900 * 50,700 7 20 22 22 10 19,400 53,300 53,900 53,900 16,100 9 22,600 15 23,600 Pension ••••••».......... Agreements with no b en efit plans •••• l / Figures are not additive because a l l workers were covered by more than one b e n e fit. Information was not available on individual health and insurance benefits under three agree ments . ADJUSTMENT OF DISPUTES T h e d e s ir e o f th e p a r t ie s t o m a in t a in p e a c e f u l i n d u s t r i a l r e l a t io n s w a s e m p h a s iz e d b y t h e i n c l u s i o n , in e v e r y a g r e e m e n t a n a ly z e d , o f s p e c i f i c m a c h in e r y f o r t h e h a n d lin g o f d is p u t e s a r i s i n g fr o m in t e r p r e t a t io n o r a p p lic a t io n o f a g re e m e n t p r o v is io n s . In so m e c a s e s , t h e m a c h in e r y w a s a l s o a p p l i c a b l e t o s u c h i s s u e s a s w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s , im p r o p e r c l a s s i f i c a t io n o f jo b s , o r in t r a p la n t in e q u it ie s . G r ie v a n c e P ro ce d u re T h e a g g r ie v e d w o r k e r c o u ld c a r r y h is c o m p la in t t h r o u g h a s e r ie s o f a p p e a ls . M o st a g re e m e n ts p r o v id e d f o r m o re th a n a 2 - s t e p a p p e a l p r o c e d u re ( t a b le 1 9 )• 28 Table 19.—Number of steps in grievance procedure in the radio, te le v is io n , and electron ics industry, 1951 and. th e Number of workers Number of steps Number of agreements Total agreements ....................................... 40 79.500 1 2 3 4 5 1 5 17 11 6 700 3,800 39,700 16,800 18,500 step ........ .. steps .................................. ........... .... steps .................. . steps .................................... ... ........... . steps I n i t i a l l y , t h e e m p lo y e e o r h i s u n io n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , fo r e m a n p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e p r o b le m o r b o th , (table 20). Table 20#— Participants in in it ia l step in grievance procedure in the radio, te le v is io n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Number o f agreements Number o f workers Total agreements ...................... ................. .. 40 79.500 Employee and foreman 1 / Employee, union representative, and foreman Employee or union representative and foreman .................................... . Union representative and foreman 2 / ......... 13 24,200 5 7,500 4 18 12,600 35,200 Participants i / The presence o f a union representative was usually op tion a l. 2 / 10 agreements with 20,700 workers provided that the presence o f the employee was option al. U n d e r te rm s o f so m e o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s , h o w e v e r, d is p u t e s o v e r s u c h is s u e s a s d i s m i s s a l s , n ew w a g e r a t e s , o r u n io n s e c u r i t y u s u a l ly b y p a s s e d t h e f i r s t s t e p o r tw o o f t h e p r o c e d u r e . A t t h e f i n a l s t e p p r io r t o a r b i t r a t i o n , a lm o s t h a l f o f t h e a g r e e m e n ts c o v e r in g a b o u t a t h ir d o f th e w o r k e r s in th e s tu d y c a lle d f o r th e s e t t le m e n t o f g r ie v a n c e s b y l o c a l u n io n r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s a n d co m p a n y o f f i c i a l s , i n so m e c a s e s w it h t h e o p t io n o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y in t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s (table 21). A p p r o x i m a t e l y a f o u r t h o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g a so m ew h at s m a lle r p r o p o r t io n o f w o rk e rs c a lle d f o r a c t io n b y in t e r n a t io n a l u n io n r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s a n d t o p p la n t o r co m p a n y o f f i c i a l s . In so m e in s t a n c e s , d is p u t e s a t t h e f i n a l s t a g e o f t h e p r o c e d u r e w e re h a n d le d b y j o i n t la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t b o a r d s c o n s i s t i n g o f a n e q u a l n u m b e r o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f m an agem en t an d la b o r . T h re e a g re e m e n ts p r o v id e d f o r p e rm a n e n t j o in t b o a r d s a n d tw o , f o r te m p o ra ry jo in t b o a r d s . 29 Table 21.—Participants in fin a l step of grievance procedure in the radio, te le v is io n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Participants Humber of Number of agreements workers Total agreements .................................... .. 40 Agreements naming participants in procedure •••••• 39 78,700 Local union le v e l and company o f f ic i a l s •••••••• International union representative (with or without lo ca l union representative) and top plant or company o f f ic i a l s ••••••••••• Joint labor-management board (permanent) »«»•••« Joint labor^-management board (temporary) ••••••• Other 2 / 1 / 18 1 / 25,000 9 3 2 7 22,500 10,000 2,100 19,100 Agreement with only one step in procedure •••••••• 1 800 _ 79.500 l / 3 agreements with about 8,600 workers provided fo r optional parti cipation by representatives o f the international union. 2 / Union representative and company o f f i c i a l s , but no indication whether union representative was a t lo c a l or international le v e l. so m e s t a g e ond ste p . A w r it t e n n o t ic e o f t h e c o m p la in t g e n e r a lly h a d t o b e f i l e d o f th e g r ie v a n c e p r o c e d u r e , b u t m o st f r e q u e n t ly b e fo r e th e at se c T h e g r ie v a n c e a p p e a l u s u a lly h a d to b e f i l e d w it h in a s p e c if ie d p e r io d r a n g in g fro m le s s th a n 1 w e e k t o 6 0 d a y s a f t e r i t s o c c u r r e n c e in o n e o f e v e r y fo u r a g re e m e n ts r e p r e s e n t in g a t h ir d o f th e w o rk e rs . In a fe w i n s t a n c e s , t h e t im e l i m i t a t i o n v a r i e d w it h t h e t y p e o f c o m p la in t . F o r exam p le , w o rk e rs a t o n e p la n t h a d t o p r e s e n t d is m is s a l g r ie v a n c e s w it h in 7 d a y s , w a g e g r i e v a n c e s w i t h i n 60 d a y s , a n d o t h e r t y p e s o f g r i e v a n c e s w i t h i n 30 d a y s . A t a n o th e r p la n t , w a ge g r ie v a n c e s h a d t o b e f i l e d w it h in 3 0 d a y s , a n d o t h e r g r ie v a n c e s w it h in 5 d a y s . A n u m b e r o f a g re e m e n ts m e r e ly s t a t e d t h a t th e g r ie v a n c e w a s t o b e d is p o s e d o f w it h o u t u n n e c e s s a r y d e la y . P l a n t u n io n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w e r e p e r m it t e d t im e o f f , u s u a l l y w it h p a y , t o in v e s t ig a t e a n d p r e s e n t g r ie v a n c e s u n d e r te rm s o f a m a jo r it y o f th e a g re e m e n ts. A t h ir d o f th e a g r e e m e n t s , c o v e r in g 3 3 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s , p r o v id e d f o r c o m p e n s a t io n f o r a l l t im e s o s p e n t d u r in g w o r k in g h o u r s ; a n o t h e r t h ir d , w it h 4 5 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s , s p e c if ie d p a r t -t im e p a y m e n t; t h e r e m a in in g a g r e e m e n t s d id n o t s t a t e c l e a r l y w h e th e r p a y w a s a llo w e d f o r t im e s p e n t i n h a n d lin g g r i e v a n c e s . In so m e c a s e s , a l i m i t a t i o n w a s p la c e d o n t h e n u m b e r o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w h o c o u ld b e a llo w e d t o t a k e s u c h t im e o f f . 30 A r b it r a t io n F a ilu r e b y th e ow n e f f o r t s u n d e r th e e s e v e r y in s t a n c e b y r e s o r t m e n t s , w h ic h p e r m it t e d a vo k e d b y e it h e r p a r t y . u n io n a n d m a n a g e m e n t t o r e s o lv e d is p u t e s b y t h e i r t a b li s h e d g r ie v a n c e m a c h in e r y w a s f o llo w e d in a lm o s t t o a r b i t r a t i o n (table 22). I n a l l b u t t w o a g r e e r b i t r a t i o n o n ly b y m u t u a l c o n s e n t , i t c o u ld b e i n Table 22.—A rbitration machinery in the radio, te le v isio n , and electron ics industry, 1S51 Number of agreements Kumber of workers Total agreements . . . . . . . .........•••• 40 79.500 With a r b i t r a t i o n .................... ..••• Temporary single a rb itra tor ••• Temporary board, temporary impartial chairman Temporary single a rb itra tor or a rb itration board (a t parties option) ••••••••••••• Permanent single a rb itra tor ••• Permanent impartial chairman, temporary board ••«••••• *• ••• Not indicated ••••••••••.•«•••• 37 15 76,500 42,000 15 22,000 2 3 2,600 6,100 1 1 2,900 900 3 3,000 No provision fo r a rb itra tion •••• F r e q u e n t ly , th e a r b it r a t o r 's j u r i s d i c t io n w as b ro a d e n e d t o c lu d e d is a g r e e m e n t s o v e r in d i v id u a l w a g e r a t e s . In so m e a g r e e m e n t s , t r a t i o n in c lu d e d w o r k lo a d s o r p r o d u c t io n s t a n d a r d s a n d , i n a f e w , g e w age a d ju s t m e n t s . B y c o n t r a s t , som e a g re e m e n ts s t ip u la t e d t h a t s u c h s u e s w e re n o n a r b it r a b le . in a r b i n e ra l is A s i n g l e a r b i t r a t o r w a s d e s ig n a t e d t o h a n d le d is p u t e s in a b o u t h a lf th e a g re e m e n ts c o v e r in g t h r e e o f e v e r y f i v e w o r k e r s ; a t r i p a r t i t e b o a r d , i n a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s r e p r e s e n t i n g a b o u t one of every three workers. U s u a lly , b o th th e a r b it r a t o r a n d th e a r b it r a t io n b o a rd s w e re a p p o in t e d o n a t e m p o r a r y (a d h o c ) b a s is t o s e t t le d is p u t e s a s th e n e e d f o r a r b it r a t io n o c c u rre d . F o u r a g re e m e n ts c a lle d f o r p e rm a n e n t im p a r t ia l a r b i t r a t o r s t o a c t o n d is p u t e s o c c u r r in g d u r in g th e te rm o f th e c o n t r a c t . The m a jo r it y o f a g re e m e n ts ’ p r o v id e d f o r p a r t ic ip a t io n o f a n o u t s id e a g e n c y in th e s e le c t io n o f th e im p a r t ia l c h a ir m a n . U n d e r a g re e m e n ts r e p r e s e n t in g a b o u t a t h ir d o f th e w o r k e r s , th e o u t s id e a g e n c y w a s c a lle d u p o n im m e d ia t e ly , a n d u n d e r t h o s e r e p r e s e n t in g a b o u t h a l f t h e w o r k e r s , o n ly a f t e r t h e p a r t ie s h ave f a ile d to a g re e upon an a r b it r a t o r . T h e a g e n c ie s m o st f r e q u e n t ly d e s ig n a t e d w e re t h e A m e r ic a n A r b i t r a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n ( l H a g r e e m e n t s ) , t h e F e d e r a l M e d ia t io n a n d C o n c i l i a t i o n S e r v i c e , a n d a S t a t e o r l o c a l a g e n c y (8 a g re e m e n ts e a c h ). 31 Expenses incidental to arbitration were generally shared by both parties. Conciliation and Mediation Resort to conciliation or mediation as a means of settling dis putes was infrequent. Only three agreements covering a small percentage of the workers permitted conciliation or mediation, which may be resorted to if the regular grievance procedure proved to be ineffective. One agreement provided for this action to be taken only if the union and the company mutually could not agree to refer the dispute to arbitration by an impartial umpire or board. The other two agreements did not provide for arbitration. In each case, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service could be requested to mediate. Work Stoppages The final authority to call a strike was rarely vested in a local union. The constitutions of most of the international unions whose locals had negotiated agreements in the industry prohibited the calling of a strike until the international president or his representative had made an effort to adjust the dispute. In the event of failure, the international executive board or council could authorize the calling of a strike. Some of the constitutions, however, empowered the president, in cases of extreme emergency, to so act pending the approval of the executive board. Practically all the agreements in the study banned strikes and lock-outs for the duration of the contract. In about a third, the ban was unqualified but in the others it could be waived (table 23)• Table 23.-—Strike and lock -ou t provisions in the radio, te le v is io n , and electron ics industry, 1951 Type of provision Agreements with provisions .............. . Number o f agreements Number of workers 1 / 38 1 / 76,100 12 17,200 9 22,800 Ban on strik es and lock -ou ts, without q u a l i f i c a t i o n ........ *................. .. No stoppage u n til grievance procedure ha been exhausted •••••*•,•«•••••••••••«••• No steppage unless either party refused to submit dispute to arb itration *•••••••*•• No stoppage unless eith er party refused to abide hy the a rb itration a w a rd ........ .. No stoppage unless wage reopening deadlock occured ••••«••••»•••••••••••••••••*•••• No stoppage except over nonarbitrable issues ••••*•«•••••••••••••••••••••••*•••••• No steppage unless eith er party violated contract •*•••••••••••••••••»•••••••*••••••• 1 8,100 11 33,500 9 25,600 2 4,000 2 2,800 Agreements with no provisions •»••••••••••••••*• 2 3,400 3/ Not additive* 32 Most frequently a work stoppage could be resorted to if either party failed to abide by the arbitrator's award or, in many cases, after the grievance procedure had been exhausted. However, three of the latter agreements did not provide for arbitration, and one provided for arbitra tion only by mutual consent. Some agreements permitted work stoppages only in case of a wage-reopening deadlock. In some instances, strikes could be resorted to for a number of reasons. For example, strikes could be called under terms of agreements with three companies after the grievance machinery had been exhausted, if either party refused to abide by the arbitration award, or in the event of a wage reopening-deadlock. Under terms of agreements representing slightly more than a fourth of the workers in the study, the union was absolved from liability in case of an unauthorized strike provided, generally, that it took the necessary action to end the work stoppage. A few agreements specifically stated that neither the company nor the union would sue over any labor matter. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE O - 1952
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