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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JA M E S J. D A V IS , Secretary
CHILDREN’S BUREAU
GRACE ABBOTT. Chief
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL
AGE IN GARY, IND.
Pa r t
I. GENERAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING
CHILD WELFARE
BY
E L IZ A B E T H H U G H E S
Part II. DIET OF THE CHILDREN
BY
L Y D IA R O B E R T S
Bureau Publication N o. 122
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922
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) K i U
C O N T E N T S.
Page.
Letter of transmittal................................................................. . ................. ...................
IX
Introduction................... . ............................. ........................................ .. ..................
12
Definition................................................................................................. ........ .
l
Reasons for s tu d y .....................................................................................................
Î
Method.............................................. . . . ............ .......................................................
2
Part I. General conditions affecting child welfare................................. ................. 3-52
Community conditions surrounding child life .......................................... .........
3
City planning......................
3
Sewer system and water supply...........................................................
4
Civic action and provision............................................... . .............................
4
Home and fam ily conditions surrounding children 2 to 7 years of ag e......... 7-14
Nationality......................................................................................................... 7_10
Non-English-speaking nationalities......................'¿ i .............................
8
A bility to speak English....... ..................................................................
9
Years in the United States....................... .............................................
9
10
Literacy............................
Composition of fa m ily ..................................... ■ .....-............ ..................... ..
n
Duration and stability of family life............................................. ...............
n
Size of fam ily.....................................................................................................
12
Distribution in city ..................................................................
13
Housing............................................................................ ...................... ........
15-19
Legislation........................................... .......... .......... ......................... ....... . . .
15
17
Company housing............ ................. .............................................................
Housing b y private enterprise...................................
18
The homes of the families included in this in q u iry ................................. 19-29
Type of house........................................................ . . ¡,.............................
19
21
Tenure and rental...................................................
Sanitary conveniences..................
23
Overcrowding within the home......................
27
Economic conditions............................................. . ..................... ........ ........... .
30-39
Identity of chief breadwinner............................. ................ ........... .............
31
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner..... .......... ........................................
31
33
Nativity and earnings............................................................................ *JjjL. .
Effect of literacy and ability to speak English upon earnings................
33
Employment of chief breadwinner...................................
33
Nonemployment of chief breadwinner............ ......................... ...................
35
Gainful employment of mother......................................................................
36
Mother’s earnings.................
38
Separation of mother and child on account of mother’s em ploym ent...
38
Household h e lp ................................
39
Child care and hygiene.............................................................................................. 40-52
Baths..................................................................... ....................................... . . .
40
Time outdoors......................................................................
41
Sleep..................
43
Regularity of retiring and of rising................................................................
44
Conditions of night rest........................................... .......................................46-50
Night clothing...................
46
Ventilation of bedroom..........................
46
Number of occupants of child’s bedroom............................................
47
Number of child’s bedfellows.......................
49
Dental care.................................................................
50
m
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IV
CONTENTS.
Page.
Part II. Diet of the ch ild ren ................ ........................- ...........
Method of study.......................................................................
Securing diet records.......................................................
Limitations of material....................................... ...........
Grading of diets................................................................
Precautions taken in applying the grading system ..
Distribution of children in the diet grades........................
A ge........................................... ..........................................
Incom e................... ...........................................................
Nationality........................................................................
District of residence........................... - .........................Use of specified foods..............................................................
Milk................. ............................................. ...................
Use of m ilk and age of child.................................
Use of m ilk and in com e.............± - - •- .................
Use of milk and n ationality................................
Use of milk and district of residence..................
Coffee or tea..............- ............................................ .........
Relation between use of coffee and use of milk
Use of coffee and age of child..............................
Use of coffee and incom e......................................
Use of coffee and nationality...............................
Vegetables and fruits.................................................
Use of vegetables and fruits, and nationality..
Use of vegetables and fruits, and incom e..........
Potatoes.................................................................. .
Use of potatoes and nationality...........................
Use of potatoes and incom e............ 1............. —
Cereals.......................................................- ...........
Use of cereals and nationality..........................
Use of cereals and incom e......... ..........................
Eggs................................ ....................................... . . . .
Use of eggs and nationality..................................
Use of eggs and incom e...... ................ - ...............
Meat.................................................................................
Meat and m ilk consumption........................ .......
Meat and grade of d iet.................................... * - Use of meat and nationality................................
Use of meat and in com e.................................
Items of diet lacking.....................................................
Income and absence of specified items . . . . . .
Nationality and absence of specified items —
Customs regarding certain dietary practices^...............
Suitability of foods to age of children.......................
Type of evening meal..........................................
Number and regularity of m e a ls................
Eating between meals........................... ........
Nationality and eating between m eals.. . . . . .
Income and eating between meals . ........... - - Inadequate breakfasts............................... - - - - .........
Nationality and inadequate breakfasts. . ------Incom e and inadequate breakfasts.................
Inadequate lunches.....................................................
Summary of customs regarding dietary practices..
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53-121
. 53-56
53
53
54
56
. 57-62
58
59
60
61
'. 63-88
. 63-68
65
66
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
67
67
68-73
69
70
70
72
73-76
75
76
76-77
77
77
77-79
78
78
79-80
79
80
81-85
81
82
83
84
85-88
86
87
. 89-100
. . 89-96
90
91
92
94
94
. . . 96-97
96
97
98
99
CONTENTS.
V
Part II. D iet of the children— Continued.
Page.
Dietary findings considered in relation to physical condition....................101-112
State of nutrition as indicated b y weight according to height................
101
Carious teeth..........
104
Bony defects of rachitic origin.......... . ..........................................................
106
106
Postural defects........................... ............................ — .............. ..................
Defective tonsils................................. .
1 . . . . .......................................
107
109
Anemia....................................
Number of defects......... ........ ........ ...............................................................
I ll
Summary of relationship between diet and physical condition..............
112
Summary and conclusions of dietary study.................................................... 113-121
Adequacy of diets....... .....................................................................................
113
M ilk......................................................
113
Coffee......................................
114
Other foods.. . .......... ....... ......................... ............... ......................................
114
Items lacking........... ..................... ......................................... ............. ..........
114
Technique of feeding....... , ................. ........ ............. : ................................
115
Diet and physical condition..........................................................................
115
Nationality..............................
116
Incom e............ ..................
120
General summary and conclusions............ .............................................................. 123-128
Community conditions...............
123
Home conditions and the care of the children............................................... 124-128
Housing............................................
124
Economic status.......................
125
Habits of cleanliness...............
125
125
Sleep...................
D iet..........................................................
126
Variations of care according to nativity and race.....................................
126
127
Variations of care according to incom e........................................................
Conclusions......................
128
Appendix A.
Sample diets for the various diet grades.............................................................
131
Appendix B.
Schedule used in stu d y.........................................................................................
132
In d ex ....................
171
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VI
CONTENTS.
GENERAL TABLES.
Page.
Table I . Number of years residence of foreign-bom mothers in the United
States, b y nationality of mother............................................................
139
II. Number of persons in family, b y color and nationality of mother_
140
III. Length of residence in dwelling and color and nationality of mother,
141
b y fam ily tenure of home........................................... ............................
IV. Amount of monthly rental, b y num ber of rooms in dwelling..............
143
V. Location of water supply, b y district of residence...............................
144
V I. Sanitary accommodations of dwelling, b y district of residence........
145
V II. Sanitary accommodations of dwelling, b y color and nationality of
mother...........................................................................................................
146
V III. Type and location of toilet, b y number of families using toilet and
district of residence...........................................................................
147
IX . Type and location of toilet, b y num ber of families using and color
and nativity of mother...................
149
X . Number of rooms in dwelling, b y district of residence......................
150
X I . Aggregate annual earnings of family in 1917 and color and nativity
of mother, b y annual earnings of chief breadwinner..........................
151
X I I . Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917, b y color and nativity
of mother...................................
151
X I I I . Major cause of nonemployment of wage earners in 1917, b y duration
of chief breadwinner’s nonem ployment.........................................
152
X IV . Age of mother at beginning work away from home, b y nativity of
mother.................... ......................................................... ^............. ..
153
X V . Em ployment of mother in 1917, b y color and nationality of mother.
153
X V I. Annual earnings of mother in 1917 and color and n ativity of mother,
b y annual earnings of chief breadwinner...........................................
154
X V II. Separation of child from mother on account of mother’s employment,
b y caretaker of child during major separation......... ..........................
156
X V III. Separation of child from mother on account of mother’s employment,
b y annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917..........................
157
X I X . Type of household help in 1917, b y annual earnings of chief bread
winner and color and nativity of mother............................................
158
X X . Number of baths per week in winter and in summer, b y color and
nationality of mother.................................................................................
159
X X I . Number of hours rest at night and prevalence of daytime nap, b y
age of child and color and nativity of mother......................................
160
X X I I . Hour and regularity of retiring, b y color and nationality of m other.. 162
X X I I I . Horn and regularity of retiring, b y annual earnings of chief bread
winner in 1917.............................................................................................
163
X X I V . Hour and regularity of rising, b y age of child.........................................
164
X X V . Horn and regularity of rising, b y color and nationality of mother--165
X X V I. The wearing of night clothing, b y color and nationality of m other.. 166
X X V I I . Number of hours rest at night, b y number of additional occupants
of child’s bedroom.................................................
167
X X V I I I . Additional occupants of child’s bed, b y color and nationality of
mother............................................................................
168
X X I X . Number and purpose of visits to dentist, b y age of child and color
and nativity of mother.............................................................................
169
X X X . Number of visits to dentist, b y age of child and annual earnings of
chief breadwinner in 1917.......................................................................
170
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CONTENTS.
VII
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facing page.
Map of Gary.....................
Plate I. The m unicipal playground.............. .............................................................
II. Company houses of the older ty p e ........................................ .......................
I I I . Exceptionally good company houses in Ambridge^.................................
IV . M odem cement houses.....................................................................................
V. Badly constructed and overcrowded tenements.......................................
V I. A one-story frame shack..................................................................................
V II. Passageway, 3 feet wide, between two frame shacks— six apartments
in ea ch ...................................................................
V III. A nine-family tenement w ith yard closet at end of row.......................
IX . A home in one of the shack colonies.........................................................
X . A shack of makeshift construction............................................................
X I . Side view of shack.........................................................................................
X I I . A driven well in one of the shack districts................. ............................
X I I I . Playing in the sand..........................................................................................
X IV . Playing in a passageway..................................................................................
CHARTS.
14
6
6
16
16
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
42
42
Page.
Chart I. Distribution of children 2 to 7 years of age, b y grade of d iet..................
58
II. Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age with adequate and with inade
quate diet, b y earnings of chief breadwinner.......................................
59
I I I . Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age w ith adequate and with inade
quate diet, b y nationality of mother.......................................................
61
IV . Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age using tea or coffee, b y use of
milk as a beverage........................................................................................
69
V . Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age using tea or coffee, b y earnings
of chief breadwinner....................................................................................
71
V I. Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age using tea or coffee, by nation
ality of mother.......................................................
73
V II. Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age lacking specified number of
items in diet, b y earnings of chief breadwinner....................................
87
V III. Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age w ith carious teeth, b y grade of
diet.................................................- .....................- ........................................
104
109
IX . Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age anemic, b y grade of diet.......
X . Use of certain items of diet in relation to earnings of chief breadwinner;
children 2 to 7 years of age........................................................................
120
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LETTER O F T R A N SM IT T A L .
U. S. D epartment
of L abor ,
Children ’ s B u reau ,
Washington, July IS , 1922.
Si r : There is transmitted herewith a report on Children of Pre
school Age in Gary, Ind., the last section of the investigation of the
welfare of infants and children of preschool age made while Julia C.
Lathrop was Chief of the Children’s Bureau.
The investigation was directly in charge of Estelle B. Hunter;
Elizabeth Hughes, who has written Part I of the report, was super
visor of the local field work; Dr. Lydia Roberts supervised the
grading of the diet schedules and has written Part II on diet of the
children.
The statistical committee of the bureau, Profs. Walter
F. Willcox, Irving Fisher, Thomas S. Adams, Robert E. Chaddock,
J. W. Glover, and Edith Abbott, assisted in the planning of the in
quiry. Dr. Robert M. Woodbury, director of the statistical division,
has been responsible for the statistical work in connection with the'
report.
Respectfully submitted.
G race A bbott , Chief.
Hon. James J. D a v is ,
Secretary o f Labor.
IX
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p
I
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE IN GARY, IND.
IN T R O D U C TIO N .
DEFINITION.
In its entirety, the investigation made by the Children’s Bureau
in Gary, Ind., in 1918 was designed to furnish a picture of the condi
tions surrounding children prior to their admission to school.1 The
present report will consider the conditions surrounding the children
bom during the five years 1911 to 1915 who were living in Gary in
March, 1918— a group composed primarily of children of preschool
age. All children born in 1911 would have reached 6 years of age
b y the close of 1917 and some would have entered their eighth year
early in the year 1918. But by far the greater proportion of the
children were under the age of 7 years. The minimum compulsory
school age for children not physically or mentally disqualified was
in Indiana 7 years; but in Gary, as in many other cities, children
might and did enter the first grade when 6 years of age. In view
of the short time that the children attending school had been under
the schopl’s influence and supervision, it is reasonably accurate to
describe the entire group as of preschool age.
REASONS FO R STUDY.
Only within comparatively recent years has any widespread
interest been taken in the child 2 to 7 years of age. Even yet there
persists a lack of information and accessible knowledge about the
preschool child, his needs, his nurture, and his general well-being.
The connection between a child’s physical condition and his ability to
grasp and assimilate the knowledge which the schools have to impart
has been demonstrated repeatedly by medical inspection of school
children. Such medical inspection revealed the presence of defects
of sight or hearing, of faulty teeth, poor nutrition, adenoids, and
enlarged or diseased tonsils, among a considerable proportion of
these children. Presently it was observed that a by no means negli
gible proportion of entrants into the first grade were hampered b y
physical defects which had fastened upon them during the preschool
age. In the fight of this discovery rather than in any other way, the
preschool child began to secure the attention of his community.
1 This is the third report dealing with the Gary investigation. The others are: Infant Mortality:
Results of a Field Study in Gary, Ind., Based on Births in One Year,by Elizabeth Hughes, U. S. Children’s
Bureau Publication No. 112; and Physical Status of Preschool Children, Gary, Ind., by Ann^ E. Rude,
M. D., U. S. Children’s Bureau Publication No. 111.
1
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2
CHILDREN OP PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.— PART I.
This study is concerned not with the physical condition of chil
dren 2 to 7 years of age, which is treated of in a separate report, but
with the habits of life these children were forming, the economic and
social conditions surrounding them, and the environmental condi
tions under which they were living in this representative industrial
city.
Part I deals with the general conditions affecting the children and
Part II with their diet.
M ETH O D.
Few cities know either the exact number or the precise where
abouts of their children 2 to 7 years of age. No public records com
parable to birth certificates and no such compulsory records as the
public schools keep for children of school age are available in most
cities for the preschool child. In order to ascertain how many chil
dren bom in the years 1911 to 1915 were resident in Gary in March,
1918, a house-to-house canvass of the city was necessary. This
canvass was made in February, 1918.
The next step was to visit the mother of each child and with her
cooperation secure the information called for by a schedule designed
to bring out the conditions surrounding children of the age here
considered. Certain definite limitations were imposed by the use of
the method of investigation based on a single interview. To have
included questions on the schedule which a mother could not reason
ably be expected to answer with understanding and comparative
ease and accuracy would have been unwise and unprofitable. Conse
quently no attempt was made to secure certain types of information
though its importance was recognized. For example, a rough indica
tion of the diet of children 2 to 7, its adequacy and suitability, could
be secured, but to ascertain in calories the actual value of a meal
eaten, its sufficiency and fitness for the needs of an individual child,
was not possible.
Schedules were obtained for 6,015 children— in 3,991 families— who
had been bom during the years 1911 to 1915, and were living in
Gary in March, 1918. The information which these schedules bore
is the basis for the discussion which follows. A general idea of the
specific questions asked and the character of knowledge sought may
be secured by examining the schedule form used. (See p. 132.)
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PART I. GENERAL C O N D IT IO N S AFFECTING CH ILD W ELFA R E .
COM MUNITY CONDITIONS SURROUNDING CHILD LIFE.
To the north of Gary stretches Lake Michigan, an open pathway
to the vast ore deposits of the northwest; to the south and east lie
great coal fields. Railroads furnish means of communication and
of distribution of finished products. Large markets are readily
accessible.
Before 1906, the year in which Gary was founded, the southern
shore of the lake was bordered by softly rounded hills and knolls
of sand, bare save for such sparse vegetation as could win precarious
foothold and hard-fought life against the odds of such soil. Gnarled
and stunted scrub oak was the most common tree growth, inter
spersed with a few undersized, weather-beaten pines. The Grand
Calumet River following the curve of the lake shore joined itself to
Lake Michigan both east and west of what is now Gary. Pools
filled some of the many hollows in the land and marshes were not
wanting. In fact, a belt of land 10 or 12 miles wide around the
southern shore of Lake Michigan had been discovered as early as
1834 to be “ of very poor quality and worthless except in places
where well-timbered.” For a city whose basic industry was to be
steel, however, it was a most strategic location and placed no insur
mountable obstacles in the way of factory building and city plan
ning. Moreover, it was practically unpeopled. Because of the
possibilities the location offered, a steel corporation decided to erect
steel mills on it and foster the growth of an industrial city for the
workmen of the mills to live in.
City planning.
The steel company acquired a tract of 20 square miles, in order to
make possible the most desirable arrangement for mills, to have
space on which allied factories could be constructed, and to assure
ground for the city which should house employees. The lake front
age of 7 miles was reserved for the mills. The city, it was purposed,
should lie for the most part south of the Grand Calumet— that is
to say, about a mile inland from the lake shore.
The high degree of forethought, the scientific planning, the efficient
arrangement, the economy, which were evident in the industrial
plants north of the Grand Calumet, had not characterized in equal
degree the development of the city south of that river. Gary
was not an example of excellent city planning; in some of its charac
teristics it was very much akin to the older industrial cities; it had
3
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4
C H IL D R E N
OF P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
embryonic possibilities of difficult transportation and traffic problems;
it had potential overcrowded areas, although there was sufficient
land for expansion; the lake front, its greatest natural beauty, was
almost completely given over to the steel mills and manufactories
using steel products, and no park along the shore had been reserved
for the recreation of Gary citizens.1 Streets were laid out on the
rectangular or gridiron plan; no provision was made for the diagonal
thoroughfares modern city planning advocates as a means of reducing
crosstown travel and affording variety. Broadway, the main north
and south street, began at the mill gates. Intersecting it at right
angles a few blocks from its beginning was Fifth Avenue, the main
east and west business street. It was reasonable to expect that the
city in its growth would expand chiefly east and west, following the
expansion of steel and allied industries along the lake shore. A c
tually, growth had been quite as extensive along the main north
and south street, which is now 6 miles in length.
Sewer system and water supply.
In providing a sewer system and a water system for the city to
be created, greater appreciation and forecasting of future needs
was shown. A land company— the subsidiary to which the steel
corporation had intrusted the development of the portion of its
holdings not dedicated to the industry itself— before opening a
district for residence, paved streets and laid water and sewer mains
in the alleys, so that when extension work was to be done or repairs
made streets need not be disturbed. Both sewer and water systems
have been so constructed that they can readily be extended to other
subdivisions of the city not developed by the land company. Sewers
become a part of the city system, and are maintained and repaired
by the city. The capacity of the water system is sufficient for a
city four times as large as Gary has yet become. The continued
excellence of the water is carefully safeguarded and its purity watched
by city and State health officials, as well as b y the heat, light, and
water company to which the town and the steel corporation gave
over the function of furnishing the city and mills with water.
Civic action and provision.
Gary was incorporated as a town in 1906; as a city in 1909. There
was in 1918 no plan in operation for governing the way in which the city
should grow; no attempt had been made to break the monotony of the
scheme on which streets had been laid out. As was perhaps natural
in so rapidly growing a community, problems came into existence
1The annexation of the town of Miller in 1919 has made possible the acquisition of a lake-front park and
the preservation for pleasure purposes of one of the most interesting and typical parts of the Indiana
dune country. To the present citizens, however, not to the original planners of the city, will belong the
credit if this outdoor playground is provided for Gary’s people.
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C O M M U N ITY CONDITIONS.
5
almost before their possibility had been foreseen. The unskilled
immigrant laborer found practically no provision for his housing
by the land company, and was dependent upon private speculative
enterprise for the house in which he might dwell. Workingmen’s
houses built for profit proved no better from the standpoint of good
housing than is usual. Adequate building regulations were slow
to appear; even in 1918 the chief dependence of the city was upon
the State housing law passed in 1913, and no satisfactory ordinances
covered the construction of one-family houses and enforcement of
the obligation of connecting with the city sewer system. In 1910,
Tolleston— a town laid out in 1863—became a part of the corporate
life of Gary b y annexation. In 1918 rural conditions for the most
part still prevailed in that section. In another part of the city lin
gered two shack districts reminiscent of the early pioneer days
when building could scarcely hope to keep abreast of the spectacular
increase in population. Housing shortage severe enough to hamper
the passage and enforcement of regulations governing building and
sanitation has existed in Gary practically from the beginning.
The community functions of garbage collection and disposal
were receiving regular attention b y the end of 1918; street cleaning
and inspection of alleys were also looked after. The city was .pro
tecting its milk and food supply by an excellent ordinance enforced
by one milk and food inspector. A sanitary inspector and his deputy
were instructed to be constantly alert to discover conditions within
house, yard, business premises, or public halls which might consti
tute a menace to city health and well-being. Regulations governed
the control of contagious disease; the health officer, however, was
but a part-time official and had but one nurse to assist him. (An
other trained nurse was employed by the city during the summer
months of 1918 as a member of the police staff, to do infant welfare
work in the South Side.) The municipal laboratory, in charge of
the city chemist and bacteriologist, was equipped to render the
services required of it.
Provision made by Gary’s educational system for educating
both the city’s youth and its foreign-born adults is pertinent to this
report only in respect to kindergarten features, and playgrounds
which the small child, as well as the school boy and girl, has oppor
tunity to use.
In 1918 the city had provided but one municipal playground aside
from the playgrounds about the schoolhouses. This playground,
a fully equipped plot of 5 acres, contained a pool, a diamond, and
tennis courts. (Plate I.) The city hoped to provide enough play
space throughout its limits so that playgrounds would be easily
and safely accessible to children living in every part of the city.
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6
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART I.
The land company had beautified and given to the city two parks
with an aggregate of 25 acres, located in the subdivision first de
veloped. Later a further gift of 12 acres was made b y the company,
for the special benefit of residents of the South Side and Tolleston.
Setting aside and improving land for an additional park was being
considered b y the municipality at the time the investigation was
made.
B y annexation and addition, the area within the corporate limits
of Gary had increased by 1918 to 31 square miles. In 1917 the popula
tion was estimated at 56,000.2 Inasmuch as no inconsiderable por
tion of the city’s area had remained rural in character, the density
of population in the closely built sections was much greater than
would have been the case had distribution been more even. Compara
tively few large districts, however, were so crowded that children 2
to 7 years of age had altogether inadequate play space.
Following the precedent set by other communities in the United
States, Gary had introduced medical inspection into its public
schools and had become more or less conscious of the needlessly high
rate at which its babies under 1 year of age were dying, especially in
the more crowded sections of the city, inhabited largely by the
foreign bom . Prior to 1918 the child 2 to 7 had received little notice.
When in 1918 a city-paid nurse was placed in charge of a welfare
station which had been established under the auspices of a settle
ment in the center of the foreign-bom community on the South Side,
children of preschool age as well as infants were included among
those to whom the station and the nurse ministered. One nurse
and one station were altogether inadequate to meet the need, but a
beginning had been made.
In short, the community protected child life through safeguarding
water and milk supply, regulating in some measure the housing
conditions, providing sanitation and health protection, and devel
oping to some extent community resources for healthful outdoor
recreation for small children. What the shortcomings of commu
nity control and protection were will appear as different phases of
life in the homes of children are examined.
* U. S. Bureau of the Census, Birth Statistics, 1917, p. 24.
apopulation of 65,378.
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Washington, 1919.
The 1920 census showed
PLATE
■ P LA TE
I.— T H E
II.— C O M P A N Y
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M U N IC IP A L
HOUSES
OF
PLAYGR OUND .
TH E
OLDER
TYP E.
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H O M E AND FAMILY CONDITIONS SURROUNDING CHILDREN 2 T O 7
YEARS OF AGE.
Nationality.
Gary has had from its beginning a large proportion of citizens of
foreign birth. The United States Census of 1910 showed that half
the city’s population, aside from the 2 per cent which was Negro, was
foreign bom , and that the largest proportions of this group were
Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Italian, and German by birth.3 In
1920, according to census figures,4 the foreign bom constituted
somewhat less than one-third of the population, and the foreign
nationalities most largely represented were the Polish, Austrian,
Yugo-Slavic, Russian, and Greek.
Almost two-thirds (65 per cent) of the children here considered had
mothers boni outside the United States; a little more than threetenths had native white mothers; 1 child in 25 was of colored parent
age.
Foreign-bom mothers were of many different nationalities. The
mother of about 1 child in 7 was Polish; of 1 in 10, Serbo-Croatian;
of 1 in 11, Slovak; and of 1 in 20, Magyar. Children of Italian’
German, ancl Lithuanian mothers each comprised 4 per cent of the
total. One hundred and six children were of Great Russian extrac
tion. The mothers of 8 per cent of the total had come from the nations
of northwestern or western Europe and the British Isles; the mothers
of 36 per cent came from the countries of southeastern and southern
Europe; the mothers of 44 per cent were of Slavic peoples.
The mothers in 34 per cent of the 3,991 families containing children
of preschool age were native white; in 4 per cent, colored; and in
62 per cent, foreign bom. Families were somewhat larger among
the foreign-born women than among either native white or colored
mothers. Seventy per cent of the families with native white
mothers had but one living child of this age, as compared with 51
per cent of those with foreign-born mothers. On the other hand, 10
per cent of the families with foreign-bom mothers had three children
of preschool age, while of those with native white or with colored
mothers the percentage was but 4. (Table 1.)
* Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Voi. II, Population, p. 568.
* Fourteenth Census of the U . S., Voi. i n , Population, 1920, p. 307.
14683°— 23------2
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Washington, 1913.
7
8
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.---- PART I.
T able 1.— Num ber o f children in fa m ily, by color and nationality o f m other.
Number of families with children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality of
mother.
5
4
3
2
1
To
tal
fami
lies. Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber cent.
2,322
58.2
1,336
33.5
312
7.8
20
0.5
944
Native white............................. 1,356
Foreign-bom white................... 2,457 1,248
279
567
P o lish ................................
163
350
Serbo-Croatian....................
174
344
S lo v a k ...............................
89
180
Magyar................................
67
154
Italian.................................
83
150
German...............................
62
137
Lithuanian.........................
331
575
All other.............................
172
124
Negro.........................................
6
6
69.7
50.8
49.1
46.6
50.6
49.4
43.5
55.3
45.3
57.6
72.1
345
952
223
142
138
71
63
56
62
197
39
25.4
38.8
39.4
40.6
40.1
39.4
40.9
37.3
45.3
34.3
22.7
60
245
62
40
32
20
24
11
13
43
7
4.4
10.0
11.0
11.4
9.3
11.1
15.6
7.3
9.5
7.5
4.1
7
12
3
5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.4
4
1
0.7
0.6
Total................................ 3,991
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
1
1
(*)
0.6
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Non-English-speaking nationalities.— With the exception of mothers
bom in the British Isles (the mothers of 137 children, or 2 per cent,
were in this group) and Canada, not including French Canadians (the
mothers of 26 children), foreign-bom mothers belonged to nonEnglish-speaking nationalities. The preponderance of Slavs gave the
foreign-bom group a more homogeneous character than it might have
had if the leading nationalities had not possessed so many common
customs and ideals and shared such similar racial experiences.
Comparatively close and long association of Lithuanians, Magyars,
and Rumanians with some of the Slavic races, moreover, has brought
about some points of resemblance in culture and habits between them
and the Slavs. In a new land national antagonisms based chiefly
upon political disagreements of the Old World tend to break down
and different nationalities become more conscious of their likeness
to one another than of their dissimilarity. A t any rate there was
very little segregation of nationality groups into compact colonies
wherein the order of life could be little affected by existence in a
New World environment. Then, too, the very youthfulness of
Gary, its visible growth, its alteration almost from day to day,
must, have tended to make all its inhabitants think very largely in
terms of present or future, dwell less upon the past and the old, be
less static than dynamic, and consider change and the adoption
of new ways and customs normal. In addition the public schools
exerted a very real influence over the life of the community and its
various nationality groups, not only through the children but also
through adults who enrolled in night classes in English, cooking,
home management, sewing, foundry work, electricity, and other
interesting yet practical subjects.
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9
HOM E AND FAM ILY CONDITIONS.
Ability to speak English.— Thirty-seven per cent of the 6,015
children of preschool age had mothers unable to speak English;
11 per cent had fathers who could not speak English. (Table 2.)
Mothers, because of their close connection with home and children
and lesser contact with outside business and industry, would be slow
to acquire a language other than their native tongue. Fathers, on
the contrary, would hear English spoken much more in streets,
stores, and places of employment, and be forced in connection with
their labor to adopt at least a small English vocabulary. Acquisi
tion of English by the foreign bom is of importance in that it makes
possible better and fuller utilization of community resources, medical,
social, and educational. To a mother it opens means otherwise un
available of obtaining information on the care of home and children.
To be incapable of speaking English in an English-speaking country
constitutes a social and economic handicap for mother and father
alike.
Inability to speak English was greatest among Polish mothers,
least among German mothers. Serbo-Croatians, Lithuanians, and
Italians had made less progress in acquiring English than had Slovak
and Magyar mothers.
T a b l e 2.
A b ility o f m other to speak E nglish, by color and n ation ality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality of
mother.
Mother able to
speak English.
Mother not able to
speak English.
Total.
Mother’s ability to
speak English not
reported.
Number. Percents Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.1
Total..................................
6,015
3,806
63.3
2,202
36.6
7
0.1
Native white..............................
Foreign-bom white...................
Polish................................
Serbo-Croatian.....................
Slovak.................................
Magyar..................................
Italian...................................
German................................
Lithuanian.........................
All other*.............................
Negro................... ....................
Not reported...............................
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
1,838
1,735
184
172
280
190
100
203
77
529
232
1
99.7
44.1
19.9
29.3
51.3
65.3
37.7
89.0
34.2
60.9
100.0
4
2,198
738
415
266
101
165
25
148
340
0.2
55.9
80.0
70.7
48.7
34.7
62.3
11.0
65.8
39.1
1
1
1
0.1
(s)
0.1
5
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
s Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent5 Includes 106 Great Russian, 97 Rumanian, 85 Little Russian, 76 Irish, 73 Danish, Swedish, and Nor
wegian, 73 Jewish (Russian), 71 Bohemian and Moravian, 61 English, Scotch, and Welsh, 58 Greek °38
? 1£rleiiian’ o6
(other than French), 22 Jewish (other than Russian), 25 Spanish (21 European
1 Mexican, 3 other), 14 Assyrian, 14 Bulgarian, 9 Persian, 6 Dutch and Flemish Belgian, 3 French and
Walloon, 3 French Canadian, 2 Albanian, 7 other foreign-bom white, nationality not specified.
Years in the United States.—Mothers of but 3 per cent of the chil
dren had been in the United States less than five years. Among the
larger non-English-speaking groups no marked difference in length
of residence in this country was observable. Mothers of at least
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10
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART I,
nine-tenths of the children in each foreign nationality group repre
sented had been in the United States five years or longer. (General
Table I, p. 139.)
Literacy.
Only 9 children had native white mothers who reported them
selves unable to read and write, whereas 1,378 children had foreign-^
bom mothers who could not claim ability to read and write in any
language, and 14 colored children had illiterate mothers. (Table 3.)
In short, nearly one-fourth of all the children (23 per cent) had
mothers whose opportunity to secure knowledge and profit by instruc
tion was limited to the medium of the spoken word. Like inability
to speak English, illiteracy was significant mainly because it increased
a mother’s isolation and restricted her chance to leam.
T a b l e 3 .— Literacy o f m other, by color and nationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality of
mother.
Mother literate.
Mother illiterate.
Mother’s literacy
not reported.
Total.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.1
Total..................................
Slovak...................................
Magyar..................................
6,015
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
4,596
1,832
2,548
546
258
415
260
144
215
74
636
216
76.4
99.4
64.8
59.2
44.0
76.0
89.3
54.3
94.3
32.9
73.2
93.1
1,401
9
1,378
375
325
130
31
121
13
151
232
14
23.3
18
0.3
0.5
35.0
40.6
55.4
23.8
10.7
45.7
5.7
67.1
26.7
6.0
2
8
2
4
i
.1
.2
.2
.7
.2
1
2
6
.1
.9
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Literacy was greater among fathers than among mothers. But
1 child in 8 had a father who was said to be unable to read or write.
Though high intelligence may sometimes be associated with illiteracy,
inability to read or write is likely to be associated with ignorance and
a low economic level through its untoward influence over earning
capacity and the restriction it places upon choice of occupation.
The proportion (67 per cent) of children with illiterate mothers
was far higher among Lithuanians than in any other nationality
group. Next to Lithuanians, Serbo-Croatians (55 per cent) and
Italians (46 per cent) showed the greatest amount of illiteracy.
Among the children of Magyar mothers, on the contrary, the pro
portion (11 per cent) was much lower and among the children of
German mothers (6 per cent) it was more closely analogous to the
proportion among the native white.
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11
HOME AND FAM ILY CONDITIONS.
Composition o f family.
A father, a mother, and one or more children are the necessary
elements of the family as a unit in society. In this study, a family
has been considered normal only if both mother and father were
present in the home. Continued absence of one or both parents,
from any cause whatsoever, renders the family incomplete and some
what alters conditions of life for the child. B y far the largest number
of children of preschool age in Gary were growing up in normal
families as here defined. (Table 4.) Six per cent, however, were
living in homes broken by the death, desertion, or prolonged absence
of one or both parents, or in families containing none but foster or
boarding children. Of the boys and girls 2 to 7 years of age, prac
tically 95 out of every 100 were being cared for by father and mother
in homes maintained by both.
T a b l e 4.— C om position o f fa m ily.
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Composition of family
Per cent
Number. distribu
tion.
6,015
100.0
5,628
"250
60
73
4
93.6
4.2
to
1.2
0
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Duration and stability o f fam ily life.
Sixty-nine per cent of the 3,991 families in which children 2 to 7
years of age were found had existed at least seven years; 18 per cent
had had a life of five years but less than seven years; and only 11
per cent had a history of less than five years. Sixty-nine families
(less than 2 per cent) contained only foster or boarding children.
Families with children of preschool age formed a very stable
part of the community; they were not of the type which changes
place of residence often. In the period covered by the life of chil
dren born in 1911 to 1915, that is, in a span of approximately seven
years, practically four-fifths of the families had moved from one
city to another but once or not at all; an additional eighth had
changed their city of residence twice; only 7 per cent had moved
three times or more. (Table 5.)
-
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12
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.— PART L
T ab le 5.— Num ber o f rem ovals from city to city between January 1 ,1 9 1 1 , and March 1 ,
1918, by duration o f fa m ily history.
Families with children 2 to 7 years of age.
No
removals.
Duration of family history.
Number of removals from city to city
between January 1,1911, and March
1,1918.
Total.
1
2
Not report
ed whether
removed
3 and over.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.1
Total........................... 3,991
1,499
8
2 years, less than 3...............
431
3 years; less than 5........ ......
712
5 years', less than 7...............
7 years and over................... 2,758
Not reported........................
13
Foster"or boarding children
only...................................
69
4
244
331
916
4
37.6
1,651
41.4
472
11.8
291
7.3
56.6
46.5
33.2
2
121 28.1
246 34.6
1,276 46.2
6
2
43
85
340
2
10.0
11.9
12.3
23
49
219
5.3
6.9
7.9
1
78
2.0
1
7
1
o.i
0,3
69
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Size o f fam ily.
For this study, immediate blood relationship to the child 2 to 7
years of age was made the determining factor in fixing family limits.
On this basis an adopted or boarding child would ordinarily constitute
the only member of his family in a household. Families made up
of one or two individuals, therefore, include chiefly boarding or
foster children, and children in broken homes. More children were
living in families numbering five persons than in those of any other
size. Families with from four to six members contained two-thirds
of the 6,015 children born in the period 1911 to 1915. A tenth of
the children lived in families of three; a ninth, in families of seven;
a ninth in those numbering eight or more. (General Table II,
p. 140.) The inclusion was limited to members of the family actually
resident in the home at the time of the visit of the Children’s Bureau
agent; it covered married sons and daughters living at home and
working boys and girls as well as children dependent upon their
parents.
Nearly three-fifths (58 per cent) of the families containing chil
dren of preschool age had but one such child; about one-third had
two children born in the selected period, while slightly less than
one-twelfth had as many as three children born in the years specified.
In 20 families there were four preschool children; one family had
five such children. These 21 families, however, formed less than 1 per
cent of the -entire number of families. Of the babies bom in 1916,
1,040 were living in families having also children of preschool age; the
average number of young children in each home was about two.
(Table 6.)
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HOME AND FAM ILY CONDITIONS.
T able
6 . — N um ber
13
o f children bom in 1916 livin g in fa m ily, by num ber o f children
bom 1911-1915.
Distribution in city.
The First Subdivision, of which Kirk forms the northern part and
which is bordered on the west by Ambridge, was the part of Gary
that had been most completely developed by the land company. It
was built first and was the most completely supplied with sewer and
water systems. The First Subdivision lies almost entirely south of
the Grand Calumet, with Fifth Avenue— the main east and west
street— as its long axis and Broadway as its short one. South of
the First Subdivision lie the South Side and Tolleston, the former
the part of the city to which the unskilled foreign workman resorted
and which he developed through private enterprise, insufficiently
aided and directed by community supervision; the latter is an older
town, largely rural, having many foreign-born residents. Still
farther south, flanking Broadway toward its farthest extremity, lie
Ridge Road and Glen Park, a district more pleasing in natural sur
roundings and developing into a good residential section. To the
northwest lie Clark and Pine, tiny settlements, which in 1918 had
been but little affected by inclusion within the city limits of Gary.
West Gary was still only sparsely settled, but the houses erected in
it were for the most part of good quality. Lincoln Park, adjoining
Tolleston on the south, was also sparsely settled.
The South Side, the residence of 46 per cent of the 3,991 families
included in the study, was the home of almost half (48 per cent)
the children of preschool age in the city. (Table 7.) The First Sub
division, with 28 per cent of the families, had one-fourth of the chil
dren of this age, and Tolleston, with 14 per cent of the families, had a
little more than one-seventh of the children. In other words,
almost two-thirds of the children were living in districts more largely
of foreign-born population, and less well developed as to sanitation,
than other parts of the city.
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14
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART I.
T a b l e 7.— N um ber o f children in fa m ily, by district o f residence.
Families with children 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of children.
District of residence.
Total.
1
2
3
4
5
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.
Total................................ 3,991
Ambridge..................................
119
Clark..........................................
24
First Subdivision...................... 1,099
61
Lincoln Park............................
Ridge Road and Glen Park___
266
South Side................................. 1,835
Tolleston...................................
557
30
West Gary................................
2,322
58.2
82 68.9
13
762 69.4
26
160 60.2
974 53.1
286 51.3
19
1Not shown where base is less than 100.
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1,336
33.5
312
7.8
31 26.1
7
285 25.8
32
85 32.0
677 36.9
210 37.7
9
6
3
44
3
21
175
58
2
5.0
20
0.5
4.0
1
8
.7
7.9
9.5
10.4
8
3
.4
.5
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent
1
1
(2)
o.i
Cfcviseo
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eitr IÔ.ISIÎ
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HOUSING.
From the standpoint of human welfare, housing has long been of
interest; from the industrial side it has in recent years acquired
more and more importance as a factor contributory to the content
or the unrest of labor. Housing evils epitomized in brick and stone
have great permanence; no inconsiderable proportion of the indus
trial population of our great cities to-day is housed in accordance
with the mistakes of yesterday because those errors have outlasted
the generation which made them.
To bring forward actual statistical proof of the interrelation
between housing and well-being is not easy, because housing is but
one of many factors affecting life and welfare. Bad housing can,
however, be judged by the company it keeps; its common associates
are poverty, ignorance, vice, and crime. A community can par
tially protect its citizens from these by preventing the erection of
unsuitable or unfit dwellings, through the adoption of proper legis
lative measures.
Legislation.
Building ordinances and regulations, and provisions made for
supervision and sanitation, show the minimum housing standards
which a c o m m u n i t y upholds. As already stated, regulations were
slow to appear in Gary. A ready-made city must in no little measure
have antedated its citizenship and could have developed civic con
sciousness only after it had been in existence for some time. Reali
zation of problems requiring regulation would be likely to be some
what tardy.
While still a town, Gary created a department of buildings. In
1910, the city confirmed the establishment of such a department
and designated a commissioner of buildings as its chief official. To
the commissioner were to be submitted plans for all buildings pro
posed for erection in the city. Building might proceed only when
the commissioner had granted a permit after approval of the plan
submitted. The next year saw the passage of an ordinance to regu
late and govern plumbing in the city, and provision for the appoint
ment of an inspector of plumbing and house drainage, and a board of
examiners to pass upon the qualifications of those desiring to practice
plumbing. B y 1918, in addition to the building commissioner, the
plumbing inspector, and clerical assistance for both these officials,
the city had made provision for a sanitary inspector and his deputy.
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16
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.— PART I.
Among the early ordinances were those fixing fire limits in the city
and regulating building within them. An ordinance passed early in
1910 and amended later in the same year and in 1914 contained the
chief regulations and provisions made by the city to control the
construction of buildings. In addition to requirements relative to
material to be used, structure of walls, excavations, floor loads,
stairs, and fireproof partitions, and rules concerning the installation
of electric wiring, dwellings are defined and classified by the ordi
nance as follows: Residence, “ a building used by not more than two
families as a dwelling” ; flat building, “ any building designed and
intended for use as a residence for three or more families, and shall
include lodging house and apartment building.” A basement story
is defined as “ a story the floor of which is 3 feet or more below the
sidewalk, and does not extend any higher than 11 feet in clear and
is suitable for habitation. ” Further, “ no room in lodging or apart
ment buildings shall be considered habitable unless it has at least
one window of an area equal to one-tenth the superficial area of such
a room, opening into the external air.” The size of light and air
shafts for habitable rooms in “ flat buildings” is specified, and pro
vision is made that every court or light shaft in any such building
shall be opened and unobstructed from floor to outer air. Condem
nation of a building as dangerous or insecure from the structural
standpoint is made possible by this ordinance.
Not until 1913, when the housing law of the State of Indiana
became applicable to Gary, did anything more far-reaching and
detailed than the above exist to govern such important matters as
the percentage of a lot which might be covered, the use of one lot for
more than one building, the more exact definition of what should
constitute a habitable room or basement, installation of sewer
connections and the use of city water supply, the regulation of size
of rooms, the provision of sanitary conveniences, the formulation of a
standard by which overcrowding within a room might be measured,
and the condemnation of a building as unfit because insanitary and
a menace to the health of its occupants.
The act of 1913 applied only to a tenement house, that is, “ the
home or residence of two or more families living independently of
each other and having a common right in the halls, stairways, yard,
cellar, water-closets or privies, or any of them. ” Much of Gary was
built before 1913, in absence of regulations sufficient to guard against
possible housing evils in the tenements constructed. Most of the
act of 1913 was not applicable to tenements existing prior to its
passage. But even more important, from the standpoint of housing
in Gary, was the fact that no provision had been made either in State
law or city ordinance to enforce standards for one-family houses, or
to prevent continued use of one lot for more than one such house, or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PLATE
IV.— M O D E R N
CEM ENT
HOUSES.
[Note broad streets, the pavements, lawns, and sidewalks.]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H O U S IN G .
17
to make impossible refusal to connect a one-family house with sewer
and water mains. Consciousness of the menace inherent in the lack
of more careful regulation was growing. In 1919, the annual message
of the mayor charged the city council that the city’s building ordi
nance, in particular, needed amendment “ so that every encourage
ment be made for the construction of houses, health and sanitation
in all cases regarded. ”
Not only was the definition of overcrowding in the State law con
fined to rooms in tenement houses, but the law was further limited
because enforcement of the standard as to what constituted over
crowding and what rendered a tenement uninhabitable was permis
sive and not mandatory, discretion resting with the board of health.
Company housing.
Land company housing projects had been confined chiefly to the
First Subdivision, Kirk, and Ambridge; the other subdivisions of the
city had been developed by private enterprise. Company housing
varied. The families of the employees of the freight railroad which
serves the mills lived in small frame houses, very similar in style of
construction. On the whole the houses which had been erected for the
men working in the steel mills were good, substantially constructed
buildings, varied in plan and appearance. The “ double dry goods
boxes, ” as the buildings first erected to accommodate the unskilled
immigrant laborer were called, were quite uniform and stereotyped
but not numerous enough to be prominent. (Plate II.) Housesin Am
bridge were like those in the First Subdivision, chiefly frame or brick
and frame, and of varied architecture. (Plate III.) The dwellings for
the employees of one company were easily distinguishable from other
company housing because of the use of plaster and cement. Among
these buildings were some cement houses in terrace formation, but
of several patterns. (Plate IV.) The faults of monotonous regularity
and uniformity, which have so often characterized housing pro
vided by employers in mill villages and towns, had been in large
measure avoided by the land company.
The land company desired to construct modern houses, and with
this in mind opened no district for residence without first having
paved the streets and laid the water and sewer mains. One-family
detached or semidetached houses predominated among the buildings
erected by the company, though apartment buildings also were
constructed, as well as the terrace houses mentioned above. In
the residence portion of the First Subdivision, a uniform building
line 30 feet from the front of the lot was adopted and insisted upon
by the land company for buildings erected on its lots by private
enterprise.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18
C H IL D R E N
OF PR ESCH O O L
AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
The undulations of the land were leveled before building was begun.
The barren sand was especially drear when unrelievedly flat. The
land company and the town and city government had beautified
the residence section of the First Subdivision. The land company
had fostered the growth of lawn and of shade trees; the heat, light,
and water company had supplied free water for use on lawns, and
the town had passed an ordinance in 1909 requiring that the residence
lots of the First Subdivision should be “ improved and maintained
with suitable lawns” and that shade trees should be planted in
uniform position on each lot. It should not be forgotten that the
formation of a lawn in Gary almost invariably entailed first over
laying the sand with black dirt. Only by bearing in mind the un
responsive character of the sand can one justly appreciate the city’s
accomplishments in securing lawns and shade trees.
Housing by private enterprise.
No subdivision of Gary was without examples of housing by private
speculative enterprise. Houses erected in the First Subdivision by
private enterprise compared very favorably with the building done
by the land company. West Gary dwellings also were of good
type; a few were provided with modern sanitary conveniences even
though the city sewer and water systems had not yet reached them.
Ridge Road and Glen Park had some beautiful and spacious resi
dences set in pleasant grounds to counterbalance occasional poorly
made huts hidden in the woods, and a number of mediocre houses
lacking sewer and water connections.
In 1918 West Gary, Ridge Road, and Glen Park were still compara
tively sparsely settled. Clark and Pine, older settlements, small
and decidedly rural at the time of their inclusion in Gary, lacked
sewers, water mains, and paved streets. Tolleston, too, was but
partially served by the city sewer and water systems and had a few
unpaved streets. The more recent housing in Tolleston tended to
resemble that of the South Side, the subdivision of the city in which
housing was poorest.
Provision for the immigrant common laborers in the steel min«
was never adequate, but even the few houses erected for them by
the land company were soon given over to Americanized m m with
families because of the way in which the first tenants of foreign birth
crowded the houses with lodgers and failed to use properly unac
customed conveniences such as bath, toilet, and sink. The South
Side exemplified what the unskilled immigrant was able to secure
for himself unaided by the land company and protected and helped
but little by building ordinances. Examples of lot overcrowding,
of rear houses, of badly constructed tenements (Plate V), of inade
quate sanitary conveniences, were numerous. Perhaps the worst
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PLATE
V.— B A D L Y
CONSTRUCTED
AND
OVERCROWDED
TEN EM EN TS.
[T he building at left, with garage in basement, houses four families; the one at right, eight families.]
PLATE
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
VI.— A
O N E -S TO R Y
FRAME
SHACK.
PLATE
VII .— P A S S A G E W A Y , 3 F E E T W I D E , B E T W E E N
F R A M E S H A C K S — S IX A P A R T M E N T S IN E A C H .
TW O
[Single water faucet and four privies for use of the 12 families.]
P L A T E V II I. — A N I N E - F A M I L Y T E N E M E N T
O F ROW.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ITH
YARD
CLOSET AT
END
H O U S IN G .
19
structures were one-story frame shacks about 100 feet long and 18
or 20 feet wide. (Plate VI.) Such shacks contained as many as eight
or nine two-room apartments, each room being 9 or 10 feet square.
The typical lot in Gary is 25 or 30 feet wide and 125 or 150 feet
deep. If one of these shacks had been placed on an outside lot so
that entrance to the apartments was directly from the sidewalk, the
congestion did not seem so great. If two such buildings occupied
adjoining inside lots, however, in order to enter, one had to traverse
the long narrow passage between them. Plate V II depicts such a
passage 3 feet wide between twin buildings which together w;ere
designed to house 12 families in three-room apartments. * Plate V III
shows a nine-family dwelling of two-room apartments, and makes
clear how such a structure on an inside lot must depend for light and
air upon uncovered space on the neighboring lot. In the early days
one pump furnished the usual water supply for such shacks. At
the time of the study the 12 apartments in the shacks first pictured
had been provided with a single water faucet at the end of one build
ing; the other shack had a water faucet in a room at the rear of the
ninth apartment. One yard water-closet attached to the end of
the building was the sole toilet provision for the nine-family shack.
Occupying the alley end of the lots on which the two six-family
shacks (Plate VII) stood were four yard privies used promiscuously
by all the families.
Compared to these buildings, one-family shacks of two or three
rooms, thrown together from odd scraps of material after no formal
plan, had at least the advantages of greater privacy; but this appar
ently was their chief recommendation. Accompanying illustra
tions (Plates IX , X , X I, X II) show the extremely makeshift, ram
shackle construction common to these dwellings, and indicate how
the keeping of domestic fowls and animals sometimes complicates
the living problem. Two sections of the South Side contained
colonies of families living in such one-family shacks, for which they
paid a nominal sum yearly as ground rent. Insanitary, inconvenient,
insecure in the protection they afforded against wind, rain, cold,
and heat, they nevertheless continued to be used for dwellings; nor
did it seem likely that they would be condemned or abandoned until
the supply of suitable houses became more adequate.
The hom es o f the fam ilies included in this inquiry.
Type o f house.— Half the children in Gary 2 to 7 years of age were
living in buildings housing but one family, 22 per cent were in twofamily buildings, and but slightly over a fourth (27 per cent) occupied
structures accommodating three or more families. (Table 8.)* Only
60 children (1 per cent) were in apartments on the third or a higher
floor; 217 (4 per cent) were in basement quarters. The one- or two-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20
C H IL D R E N
O F P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
family dwelling was far more common in Gary than were large
tenements or apartment buildings.
Compared with the rest of the city, the South Side and the First
Subdivision were thickly settled in part of their areas at least. Almost
two-fifths of the preschool children of the South Side, and one-fourth
of those of the First Subdivision, were living in buildings holding
three or more families; these two districts together comprised almost
all the dwellings in which children of this age were living on the
third floor or higher. The more rural sections of the city had, as
was to be expected, the highest proportion of children housed in
one-family dwellings. West Gary, Ridge Road, Glen Park, Clark,
Lincoln Park, even Tolleston, had felt but little, if any, pressure
necessitating the erection of multiple dwellings.
T a b l e 8.— T yp e o f d w ellin g, by d istrict o f resid ence.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Type of dwelling.
District of residence.
Onefamily
house.
Total.
First Subdivision...............
Ridge Road and Glen Park.
South Side...........................
Tolleston..............................
House for 3 or more families.
Not
Third re
port
floor
Base First Sec
ed.
or
ond
Num Per Num Per Num Per ment floor. floor. high
er.
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1
Total.......................... 6,015 3,008
Ambridge.............................
Twofamily
house.
27.3
217
746
622
39 24.1
70 43.2
1
' 4
380 25.4
307 20.5
10
9
9.9
6
1.5
39
740 25.6 1,091 37.8
118 13.2
163 18.3
2
3
20
85
141
2
1
518
64
16
1
134
8
3
417
43
50.0 1,334
53 32.7
162
35
40
799 53.4
1,496
80
99
347 88.3
393
2,890 1,042 36.1
892 611 68.5
41
43
Total.
22.2 1,645
2
119
8
60
28
20
10
37
3
1
17
1 Not shown where baséis less than 100.
Possibilities of through and of cross ventilation should be considered
in judging the suitability and structural excellence of homes in
which children are being reared. Almost two-thirds of the 6,015
children of preschool age in Gary were living in dwellings which on
four sides had doors or windows opening to the outer air; nine-tenths
were in homes ‘with open air on at least three sides; less than 1 per
cent (46 children) were in dwellings which had openings to the air
on but one side. (Table 9.) The superiority of the one-family
residence in this respect is evident. Four-fifths of the children in
buildings sheltering but one family lived in dwellings which had
access to outside air on four sides; only one-fourth of those in build
ings housing at least three families occupied apartments equally
favored in possibilities of light and ventilation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PLATE
IX.— A
HOME
IN
ONE
OF
THE
SHACK
CO LO N IES.
[Note hogs near well at left.]
PLATE
X.— A S H A C K
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
OF
M A K E S H IF T
CO N S TR U C TIO N .
PLATE
SID E V IE W O F S H A C K — T H E K E E P IN G O F D O M E S T IC FOWLS
C O M P L IC A T E S L IV IN G P R O B LEM S .
PLATE
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ELL
ON
OF
TH
SH AC
STR CTS
21
H O U S IN G .
T able 9.— A ccess to o u tsid e a ir, b y ty p e o f d w ellin g.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Type of dwelling.
Total.
One-family
house.
Access to outside air.
Num
ber.
Two-family
house.
House for 3 or
more families.
Not
Per
Per
Per
Per report
ed.
1
cent Num
cent
Num
cent
Num
cent
distri
ber.
distri
ber.
distri
ber.
distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
bution.
Total.............................
6,015
100.0
3,008
100.0
1,334
100.0
1,645
100.0
28
Open air on 1 side.................
Open air on 2 sides................
Open air on 3 sides................
Open air on 4 sides................
Not reported..........................
46
482
1,560
3,907
20
0.8
8.0
25.9
65.0
0.3
11
80
330
2,586
1
0.4
2.7
11.0
86.0
(*)
3
72
343
916
0.2
5.4
25.7
68.7
29
328
884
404
1.8
19.9
53.7
246
3
2
3
1
19
1 Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than ioo.
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Tenure and rental.—According to the United States Census of
1910, made when Gary was about 4 years old and possessed a popu
lation of 16,802, 68 per cent of the dwellings in the city were rented,
and 28 per cent were owned by the people living in them.® This
was not a high percentage of ownership, but it did not differ greatly
from that obtaining in other industrial communities in Indiana. In
1918, 3,210— slightly more than one-half— of the children bom from
1911 to 1915 were living in rented homes; 30 per cent were in homes
owned by their parents, and 15 per cent more in homes which their
paren s had begun to purchase. (Table 10.) Eighty-one children
2 to 7 years of age (1 per cent of the total) were in families termed
“ squatters,” who were occupying, for a dollar or two yearly, onefamily shacks from which they might be evicted summarily.
The proportion of ownership was highest among the foreign bom .
A little more than one-half of the children with mothers born outside
the United States were living in owned homes, as contrasted with a
little over one-third of those with native white mothers, and but
slightly more than one-tenth of those with colored mothers. Possi
bly the history of the building of Gary affords some explanation of
the higher percentage of ownership among the foreign born. As
mentioned above, company provision for them was slight, and they
may therefore have found that to erect and own their homes was the
best and most feasible method of securing houses.
a
Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, vol. 1, Population, p. 1357, Washington, 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCH OOL
A G E , G A R Y , I N D .----- P A R T I .
T a b l e 10.— F a m ily ten u re o f hom e, by co lo r a n d n a tiv ity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Family tenure of home.
Color and nativity of mother.
Owners.
Total.
Buyers.
“ Squat
ters.”
Renters.
Not
reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber.' Cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.
Total................................ 6,015
1,799
29.9
900
15.0
81
1.3
3,210
53.4
25
0.4
Native white............................. 1,843
Foreign bom ............................. 3,934
Negro.........................................
232
N ot reported.............................
6
405
1,387
5
2
22.0
35.3
2.2
241
638
21
13.1
16.2
9.1
10
67
4
0.5
1.7
1.7
1,178
1,827
201
4
63.9
46.4
86.6
9
15
1
0.5
0.4
0.4
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Home ownership tends to stabilize the residence of a family. Onefifth of the children whose parents owned or were purchasing homes,
as compared with over one-half (53 per cent) of those whose parents
were tenants, had occupied the dwellings in which they were living
at the time of the study less than a year. Thirty per cent of those
whose parents were owners or buyers, and 5 per cent of those whose
parents rented, belonged to families which had not moved for at
least five years.
Considering together the children of owners and renters, 42 per cent
of children with native white mothers, 35 per cent of those with moth
ers of foreign birth, and 72 per cent of those whose mothers were
colored, belonged to families that had changed living quarters within
the year. The proportion of those in families that had been at
least five years in their present place of abode was highest among
children with foreign mothers (18 per cent), next highest (15 per
cent) among children with native white mothers, and lowest among
children with colored mothers (2 per cent). (General Table III, p. 141.)
In the city as a whole, the four-room house was the type most com
monly occupied by the families of children included in the study.
The size of apartment most characteristic varied somewhat from
district to district. For example, in Clark and in the First Sub
division homes of six rooms werè the most common; in Ambridge
and West Gary those with five; in Lincoln Park those with three,
and in the remaining sections, homes with four rooms.
Rentals for four-room dwellings varied widely. The location of the
dwelling in the basement or on another floor of a building, its situation
in the city, the amount of light and air it afforded, the number of im
provements it possessed—water, toilet, bath, sink, heat, light— all
figured, doubtless, in relation to the amount of rent charged. In Am
bridge, where all dwellings in which children 2 to 7 years of age were
living were modern in their sanitary conveniences, the range of monthly
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H O U S IN G .
23
rental for four rooms was between $15 and $25; in Clark, which did
not possess sewer and water systems, four-room dwellings rented for $5
to $15 a month. In the First Subdivision and the South Side, where
extremes in type of accommodation available were greater, the rent
of four-room dwellings was in some instances as low as $5; other dwell
ings of this size rented for more than $40 a month. The median
monthly rental for four rooms in Gary as a whole, in 1918, was $15 to
$20; in Tolleston and Clark it was $10 to $15, and in the First Sub
division, $20 to $25. Except in the last section cited, rentals did not
appear to be high. (General Table IV, p. 143.)
The amount of home ownership varied considerably in different
sections of the city. The proportion of children 2 to 7 years of age
living in rented houses was 98 per cent in Ambridge; 28 per cent in
Lincoln Park, and 70 per cent in the First Subdivision; 50 per cent
in Clark and the South Side; 44 per cent in Tolleston; and 22 per cent
in Ridge Road and Glen Park.
Sanitary conveniences.—To a very great degree equipment of houses
with sanitary conveniences depends upon the extension of sewer and
water systems in a city. Especially does this hold for workingmen’s
dwellings, because of the greater expense attendant upon furnishing
ordinary sanitary conveniences in the absence of public water and
sewer systems. In 1918, it was estimated by an official of the heat,
light, and water company that 80 per cent of the people in the city
could be served by the city water supply with its 80 miles of mains.
This meant that the more closely built and well-peopled districts had
ready access to the water supply, but did not imply that the outlying
sections had been reached. Estimate of the possibility of sewer con
nections was even higher. The city engineer believed 95 per cent of
the city’s population could secure sewer connections for property.
With these estimated possibilities it is of interest to compare the con
ditions existing in 1918 in the homes of children of preschool age.
Of the children of preschool age, 1,496, or one-fourth of the entire
number in the city, were living in homes which lacked city water sup
ply and depended wholly upon a well or cistern. (Table 11.) Forty of
these children (3 per cent) lived in Clark, 43 in West Gary— to which
sewer and water systems had not penetrated— 110 (7 per cent) in Ridge
Road and Glen Park, 617 (41 per cent) in Tolleston, and 49 (3 per cent)
in Lincoln Park, districts which were but partially served; 632 (42
per cent) in the South Side and 5 (less than 1 per cent) in the First Sub
division, where both water and sewer systems were more easily acces
sible. In Ambridge all the children 2 to 7 years of age were living in
houses provided with city water, and the First Subdivision had almost
as good a record. These districts ranked as follows, in descending
order, in respect to water and sewer provision: The South Side, Ridge
14683°—23-----3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
C H IL D R E N
OF PR ESC H O O L
A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
Road and Glen Park, Lincoln Park, and Tolleston. West Gary and
Clark were totally without city water supply.
Where the city supply was lacking the source of water was ordi
narily the driven well, simple and easy to construct because of the char
acter of the soil. A pipe with a sieve over its lower end, driven into
the sand to a depth of 10,15, or 20 feet, was reasonably likely to tap
a supply of ground water. An iron pump attached to the upper end
of such a pipe completed the driven well. It is probable that the
sandy soil was a protection against contamination of the water yielded
by these wells.
T a b l e 11.— S ou rce o f w ater s u p p ly , by d istrict o f residence.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Water supply.
District of residence.
Total. City water only.
Num
ber.
Total.
Ambridge...............................
C lark......................... .
First Subdivision.................
Lincoln Park.........................
Ridge Road and Glen Park..
South Side.............................
Tolleston.,.............................
West Gary.............................
City and well
or cistern
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
12
6,015
4,486
74.6
162
40
1,496
99
393
2,890
892
43
162
100.0
1,484
50
280
2,236
274
**99.2'
71.2
77.4
30.7
Per
cent.
0.2
0.5
.3
.1
Well or cistern
only.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.1
1,496
24.9
40
5
49
110
632
617
43
Not reported.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
0.3
.3
28.0
21.9
69.2
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
From the housewife’s standpoint, the desirability of water supply
within the dwelling can scarcely be overemphasized. Almost fourfifths of all preschool children lived in homes which were not dependent
upon water supply located outside the dwelling. (Table 12.) In
Clark and West Gary, districts not reached by the city water system,
the homes of practically three-fifths of the children had water supply
in the dwelling. (General Table V, p. 144.) In the city as a whole,
about one-eighth of the children with native white mothers, onefourth of those with mothers of foreign birth, and one-third of those
with colored mothers, lived in homes with only an outdoor water
supply.
The following examples suggest what absence of water supply
within the dwelling may involve:
The difficulty which a mother of four young children, living in the
nine-family shack described on p. 19 would have in sharing the single
water faucet with the eight other housewives, calls for no elaboration.
Certainly cleanliness of home and person were very difficult to attain
in such circumstances. The mother of six children, two of preschool
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25
H O U S IN G .
age, who'was renting a small frame shack on the alley line back of a
well-built tenement taking up the front of the lot, had neither water
supply nor toilet in her own home or yard. The entire family of
seven was dependent upon hydrant and water-closet in an apartment
on the second floor of the building in front.
T a b l e 12.— L o ca tio n o f w ater su p p ly , by co lo r a n d n a tiv ity o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Location of water supply.
Color and nativity of mother
Total.
In dwelling.
Outside dwelling.
Not reported.
Number. Per cent.1 Number Percent. Number. Per cent.
Total.................................
6,015
4,757
79.1
1,239
20.6
19
0.3
Native white...............................
Foreign-bom white....................
Negro...........................................
Not reported.......................... .
1,843
3,934
232
6
1,621
2,981
149
6
88.0
75.8
64.2
215
942
82
11.7
23.9
35.3
7
11
1
0.4
0.3
0.4
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
The homes of 77 per cent of all the children had been equipped
with sinks, and those of 37 per cent, with bath tubs. Two-thirds of
the children lived in dwellings having flushing toilets, and one-third
lived in dwellings having dry yard privies. (General Table VI, p. 145.)
Almost two-fifths of the children lived in houses equipped with all
three sanitary conveniences— sink, water-closet, and bath; 28 per
cent more had homes in which were sinks and water-closets. The
homes of one-fifth lacked all these sanitary conveniences. Table 13
shows how close was the correspondence between the provision of
sanitary conveniences and connection with the city water supply.
T a b l e 13.— S a n ita ry con v en ien ces o f d w ellin g, by sou rce o f w ater s u p p ly .
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Water supply.
Sanitary conveniences
of dwelling.
Total.
City.
Number.
Well or cistern.
Per cent
Percent
Per cent
distri Number. distri Number. distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
Total..................................
6,015
100.0
4,498
100.0
1,496
100.0
Sink, water-closet, and bath___
Sink and water-closet.................
Sink and bath.............................
Water-closet and bath...............
Sink only.....................................
Water-closet only.......................
No conveniences.........................
Not reported...............................
2,205
1,655
9
22
768
82
1,252
22
36.7
27.5
.1
.4
12.8
1.4
20.8
.4
2,195
1,644
4
22
421
72
138
2
48.8
36.5
.1
.5
9.4
1.6
3.1
(2)
10
11
5
.7
.7
.3
347
8
1,114
1
23.2
.5
74.5
.1
1 Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Not re
ported.1
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 pe cent.
21
2
19
26
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCHOOL AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
The proportion of children of native white mothers living in homes
with sanitary conveniences was consistently higher than that of
children of mothers born outside the United States or of colored
mothers. Of children of native white mothers, 84 per cent lived in
homes supplied with city water; 71 per cent of those of foreign-born
mothers, and 69 per cent of those of colored mothers lived in such
homes. The homes of 78 per cent of the children of native white,
61 per cent of those of foreign bom , and 55 per cent of those of colored
mothers had flush toilets. Even more marked was the superiority
of the homes of children of native white mothers as regards equip
ment with bathtubs; 69 per cent of them were so equipped, in com
parison with 23 per cent of the homes of children of foreign-bom
parents and 18 per cent of the homes of children of colored parentage.
{General Table VII, p. 146.)
In considering toilet provision the rural, sparsely settled nature
of a considerable portion of Gary needs to be borne in mind. The
extreme undesirability of the dry yard privy is most evident in the
more closely built districts. In the South Side 927 children of pre
school age— 32 per cent of the entire number in the district— were
dependent upon yard privies; all the 40 children of preschool age
in Clark, 77 per cent of those in Tolleston, 67 per cent of those in
Ridge Road and Glen Park, and 65 per cent of those in Lincoln
Park had no better toilet accommodations than yard privies. Only
in the South Side and Tolleston were yard privies found to be the
sole toilet provision for a group of three or more families containing
children 2 to 7 years of age.
Somewhat over half the children (52 per cent) were in homes
which had flush closets within the dwelling; 14 per cent had waterclosets outside the dwelling— in hall, on porch, or in cellar or yard.
(General Table VIII, p. 147.)
A toilet within the apartment, for use by a single family, is in
creasingly recognized as a reasonable standard for city dwellers.
Building codes are beginning to measure up to this. Realization
of the physical discomforts and the moral danger attaching to inade
quate toilet provision which tends to promiscuous use of waterclosets and privies by large numbers of people, is growing. The
State law in Indiana already referred to requires within each apart
ment in every tenement house erected after 1913 a separate indoor
toilet, and for every tenement house existing prior to the act of 1913
at least one water-closet for every two families.5 11Under no circum
stances shall the general water-closet accommodations of any tene
ment house be permitted in the cellar or basement thereof.” 6
5Housing Law of the State of Indiana, Acts of 1913, secs. 34 and 62.
•Ibid., sec. 61.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
HOUSING.
T able
14.— L o ca tio n a n d ty p e o f to ile t, by n u m b er o f fa m ilie s u sin g .
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of families using toilet.
Total.
1
Location and type of toilet.
3
2
4 and over.
Not
re
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
port
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
Num dis Num dis Num dis Num dis Num dis
ed.1
ber. tribu ber. tribu ber. tribu ber- tribu ber. tribu
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
6,015
100.0
4,782
100.0
910
100.0
176
100.0
100.0
36
Water-closet....................... 3,964
In dwelling.................. 3,141
821
Outside dwelling.........
2
Location not reported..
Yard privy......................... 2,032
19
65.9
52.2
13.6
3,264
3,015
249
68.3
63.0
5.2
51.7
2.3
49.5
59.5
66
2 . 1.8
57.6
64
9
1,518
31.7
58.7
13.2
45.3
.2
41.3
91
4
87
33.8
.3
534
120
412
2
376
85
48.3
45
40.5
8
19
Total.........................
I ll
9
1 Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
Half the children of preschool age were living in homes which had
a private water-closet within the dwelling (Table 14); the homes of
4 per cent more had a water-closet used by but one family, though
located outside the dwelling; one-fourth lived in homes which had
an individual yard privy. That is, four-fifths of all the children
were in families which did not share a toilet with another family.
The families of 9 per cent of the children shared the use of a watercloset with one other family, and 6 per cent had a yard privy in
common with another family. The families of 287 children, 5 per
cent of the total, shared either water-closet or yard privy with two
or more families. All these children, except the 23 who lived in
the First Subdivision, resided in the South Side and Tolleston.
(General Table V III, pp. 147, 148.)
Approximately nine-tenths of the children with native white
mothers, three-fourths of those with mothers of foreign birth, and
three-fifths of those with colored mothers, lived in families with one
toilet per family. Children in families using a toilet with at least
two other families comprised 2 per cent of all preschool children with
native white mothers, 6 per cent of those with foreign-born mothers,
and 14 per cent of those with colored mothers. (General Table
IX , p. 149.)
Overcrowding within the home.— The four-room dwelling has already
been referred to as the type most commonly occupied in Gary b y the
families of children of preschool age. Very few children (less than
1 per cent) were living in one-room apartments; but 8 per cent
lived in two rooms; slightly less than one-fourth lived in dwellings
of three rooms or less. The South Side, with almost twice as many
children 2 to 7 years of age as any other district, had the smallest
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART I.
proportion (18 per cent) housed in dwellings of five rooms or more;
in the First Subdivision 68 per cent of the children of preschool age
lived in dwellings of at least five rooms; in Ambridge, 58 per cent.
(General Table X , p. 150.)
T a b l e 15.— N um ber o f p erson s in household.
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Number of persons in household.
Number.
Per cent
distri
bution.
Total.........................................................................................................................
6,015
100.0
2..........................................................................................................................................
3..........................................................................................................................................
4..........................................................................................................................................
5..........................................................................................................................................
6..........................................................................................................................................
7..........................................................................................................................................
8 and over....................................................................................... ..................................
6
339
926
1,319
1,193
906
1,303
23
0.1
5.6
15.4
21.9
19.8
15.1
21.7
0.4
Two-thirds of all the families containing children included in the
study numbered four to six members.7 It was not unusual for a
household to contain other persons in addition to the immediate
family. Table 15 includes under persons in the household not
only the parents and brothers and sisters of preschool children but
other people who were living in the home. But a trifle more than
one-twentieth of all the children were in households of less than four;
somewhat over seven-tenths were in those totaling four to seven mem
bers; and slightly more than one-fifth in households of eight or
more persons. The South Side and Tolleston led other districts®
in the percentage of children living in households of eight or more
members. A crude measure of overcrowding within a dwelling is
( afforded b y the average number of persons per room. This measure
ignores the variability in size of rooms, but is not without value.
Almost three-fourths of the 6,015 children were living in households
where the number of persons was less than double the number of
rooms in the dwelling. One-fourth were in households overcrowded
on the standard of two or more persons per room; one-twentieth
were in homes which had an average of three or more persons per
room. (Table 16.)
See p. 12.
aClark and Lincoln Park not included on account of small numbers.
1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
HOUSING.
T able
16.— A vera g e nu m ber o f p erson s in h ou seh old p er room , by co lo r a n d n a tiv ity
o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nativity of mother.
Average number of persons
In household per room.
Total.
Native white.
Num
ber.
Per
Num
cent
ber.
distri
bution.
Foreign-born
white.
Per
Num
cent
ber.
distri
bution.
Negro.
Not
Per
Per report
ed.1
cent
Num
cent
distri
ber.
distri
bution.
bution.
Total............................
6,015
100.0
1,843
100.0
3,934
100.0
232
100.0
6
Less than 1............................
1, less than 1£.........................
894
2,103
1,465
1,250
278
25
14.9
35.0
24.4
20.8
4.6
0.4
636
834
229
103
30
11
34.5
45.3
12.4
5.6
1.6
0.6
233
1,178
1,174
1,100
236
13
5.9
29.9
29.8
28.0
6.0
0.3
20
90
62
47
12
1
8.6
38.8
26.7
20.3
5.2
0.4
5
1
Not reported..........................
1 Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
The homes of children of mothers of foreign birth were more
crowded than those of children of colored or of native white mothers,
the difference being most marked between children of foreign-bom
mothers and those of native white mothers. Of all the children with
mothers bom outside the United States, 34 per cent lived in house
holds which had two or more persons for every room, as compared
with 26 per cent of the children of colored mothers and 7 per cent
of the children whose mothers were native white. Conversely, the
proportion of children of native white mothers in homes with fewer
persons than rooms in the household was more than five times as
large as the corresponding proportion among children with mothers
of foreign birth. Besides the somewhat larger size of families among
the foreign bom (Table 1, p. 8.) there was an increased tendency
on their part to keep lodgers. The proportion of colored families
keeping lodgers was also high.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E C O N O M IC C O N D IT IO N S .
The standard of living attainable by a family depends first of all
upon the amount and adequacy of family income. Some incomes
must be considered inadequate to supply family needs, no matter
what intelligence, skill, and appreciation of values be presupposed
in their expenditure.
In the normal family the chief financial responsibility ordinarily
falls upon the father; in families in which the father is dead, has
deserted, or is absent for other cause, another member usually assumes
the main burden of supporting the children. In this study, the person
with the heaviest financial responsibility for the family group,
whether the father or some other member of the household,8 has been
designated chief breadwinner, and the chief breadwinner’s annual
earnings have been considered the best obtainable gauge of the
family’s economic status. Other income would be likely to be a
less significant indication because often made up of contributions
less regular and more temporary in nature than the chief bread
winner’s earnings. Supplementary income from investments would
commonly be found to accompany the chief breadwinner’s earnings
which were in themselves equal to family needs and therefore a
satisfactory index to the family’s standard of living. Mothers in
Gary who were employed, for the most part kept lodgers, and their
earnings could not be itemized with accuracy but merely represented
gross receipts. The employment of the mother outside the home
involved lessening the time and service which she could give to
home and children, and might on this account be expected to yield
less real benefit to the family than the sum total of her monetary
addition to the family income would suggest.
In the homes of 57 per cent of the 6,015 children of preschool age
in Gary, the chief breadwinner’s earnings were the only income.
The larger the chief breadwinners’ earnings, the smaller the pro
portion of cases in which they were supplemented by income from
other sources. Although the lowest earnings group based on
aggregate earnings was smaller and the highest earnings group some
what larger than the corresponding group based on the chief bread
winner’s earnings alone, the differences were not excessive and were
due chiefly to inclusion of the mother’s earnings from lodgers; hence,
they were not especially significant of improved economic status.
(General Table X I, p. 151.)
8 In the tabulations the mother was never classified as chief breadwinner, and if no person other than
the mother assumed financial responsibility for the family it was considered as having no chief breadwinner.
General Table X V I, p. 154. shows the proportion o f mothers in each group who were gainfully employed
and the amount they contributed to the support of the family.
30
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E C O N O M IC
31
C O N D IT IO N S .
The chief breadwinner’s earnings were ascertained for the last
calendar year (1917) completed prior to the time this study was made.
This period was chosen instead of the exact 12 months immediately
antedating the visit of the Children’s Bureau agent to the family
because it was believed mothers and lathers would be better able to
recall the amount of earnings from January to December than for
any other 12-month interval. The figures which they had worked
out, or which had been furnished them by their employers, for their
income-tax statements for the calendar year 1917, were fresh in the
minds of many of the parents. The statements which the employers
had prepared for this purpose, in fact, were in many cases shown
to the Children’s Bureau agents by the parents.
Identity o f chief breadwinner.
Of all the children of preschool age, 94 per cent were living in normal
families— that is, families lacking neither father nor mother. In
the f amilies of 95 per cent of the children the father was the chief
breadwinner. The fathers of 279 children (5 per cent) had died or
had deserted their families, in 230 cases prior to 1917 and in 49 cases
during that year. (Table 17.)
T a b le 17.— Id en tity o f ch ief breadw inner, by h is a n n u a l earn in gs in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Identity o f chief breadwinner.
Other.
Annual earnings of chief
breadwinner m 1917.
Total.
Father.
Father
died 1917.
Father
deserted
1917.
Father died
or deserted
before 1917.
Not
reported.
Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
6,015
5,734
95.3
27
0.4
22
0.4
230
3.8
2
Under $1,050............................... 1,774
$1,050 to $1,849........................... 2,949
819
$1,850 and over...........................
No chief breadwinner and no
129
earnings...................................
344
Not reported...............................
1,708
2,872
794
96.3
97.4
96.9
11
4
2
.6
.1
.2
6
3
1
.3
.1
.1
49
68
22
2.8
2.3
2.7
2
56
304
43.4
88.4
10
2.9
12
3.5
73
18
56.6
5.2
Total.
0)
0.1
i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Annual earnings o f chief breadwinner.
Chief breadwinners in 14 per cent of the families earned less than
$850 a year; the chief breadwinners of 28 per cent of the families, less
than $1,050 per annum. Almost three-fifths of the chief bread
winners (59 per cent) made less than $1,450 in a twelvemonth.
Eighteen per cent had earnings reaching $1,450 but falling below
$1,850 a year, while 15 per cent reached or exceeded $1,850.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32
C H IL D R E N
OF PRESCH O O L
AGE, GARY,
I N D .— P A R T I .
T a b l e 18— A n n u a l earnings o f ch ief breadwinner in 1917.
F a m ilie s
w ith
children 2 to 7
years of age.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917.
Per cent
Number. distribu
tion.
Total........................................................
Under $850...............................................
$850 to $1,049....................................................
$1,050 to $1,249..........................................
$1,250 to $1,449.................................................
$1,450 to $1,849...............................
$1,850 to $2,249...............................................
$2,250 and over..................................................
No chief breadwinner and no earnings....................
Not reported...................................................
3,991
100.0
544
577
696
540
723
269
317*
93
232
13.6
14.5
17.4
13.5
18.1
6.7
7.9
2.3
5.8
Table 19 shows the size' of the families of chief breadwinners
earning specified amounts in 1917. The family with four members
was the most frequent. Eleven per cent of these families of four
had breadwinners earning less than $850 a year; 17 per cent had
chief breadwinners receiving at least $1,850. Annual earnings less
than $850 were in 1917 unquestionably insufficient for the physical
needs of families with as many as four members.
In 1,148 families, 29 per cent of the total, the earnings of the chief
breadwinner averaged less than $200 per person per year; and in
145 families (4 per cent) the average per person was less than $100
a year. It must be borne in mind that most of the families were of
normal composition, and therefore included at least two adults, the
father and the mother. Thus in one-third of the families the chief
breadwinners’ earnings were seriously beneath the amount necessary
for the maintenance of even the simplest, plainest family life con
sistent with health and decency.
T a b l e 19.— N um ber o f p erson s in fa m ily , by a n n u a l earn in gs o f c h ief breadw inner
in 1917.
Families with children 2 to 7 years of age.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917.
Number of persons
in family.
Total..............
1................................
2................................
3................................
4................................
6................................
9................................
10..............................
11..............................
12 and over..............
Not reported............
Total.
3,991
36]
55
575
1,049
954
627
351
193
89
26
15
6
15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$850
Under
to
$850. $1,049.
$1,050
to
$1,249.
$1.250 $1,450
to
to
$1,449. $1,849.
$1,850
to
$2,249.
No chief
$2,250 ' bread
and winner Not re
over. and no ported.
earn
ings.
544
577
696
540
723
269
317
93
232
7
8
48
114
148
110
53
27
21
2
6
4
4
54
135
146
114
66
35
11
4
1
2
1
4
6
81
182
165
100
80
41
21
g
3
3
2
1
2
82
159
125
86
47
27
4
4
2
1
1
8
140
215
167
100
41
24
13
4
3
2
3
59
78
64
30
16
8
7
3
2
58
96
85
32
17
17
4
2
15
19
18
18
9
8
2
2
12
7
34
7
1
52
36
46
23
12
6
E C O N O M IC
C O N D IT IO N S .
33
Nativity and earnings.
While but 7 per cent of the children whose mothers were native
white had chief breadwinners whose annual earnings failed to reach
$850, 17 per cent of the children whose mothers were of foreign birth,
and 24 per cent of those with colored mothers, were in families in
which the chief breadwinner’s earnings fell below $850. In the
homes of one-half of the colored children the chief breadwinners did
not make $1,050 a year. Somewhat more than one-fourth of the
children of native white mothers, less than one-twelfth of those
whose mothers were bom outside the United States, and barely 2
per cent of the children with colored parents, belonged in homes in
which the chief breadwinner’s earnings equaled or exceeded $1,850
per annum. (General Table X II, p. 151.) Because of the greater
earnings of the chief breadwinners in the native white families, their
earnings were least often supplemented by earnings of other mem
bers of the family; conversely, earnings of chief breadwinners for
colored children were most frequently added to by the efforts of
other members of the f amily. (General Table X I, p . 151.) Judged on
the bases of chief breadwinners’ annual earnings and their adequacy,
economic conditions were better in the homes of children whose
mothers were native white than in the homes of those whose mothers
were foreign bom or colored.
Effect o f literacy and ability to speak English upon earnings.
Illiteracy and, in an English-speaking country, inability to speak
English, may affect earning capacity as well as limit the kind of
occupation which may be undertaken. Both these factors would
have less potency in a year like 1917 when the demand for labor
was great. Nevertheless, illiteracy and inability to speak English
were apparently more largely associated with lower annual earnings
than with higher in the homes containing children 2 to 7 years of
age. In the earnings group below $1,050 per annum, close to onefourth of the children had fathers incapable of reading or writing in
any language; one-fifth had fathers unable to speak English. Among
the families with chief breadwinners earning $1,850 or more per
year, the fathers of only 2 per cent of the children were illiterate,
and of only 1 per cent, unable to speak English.9
Employment o f chief breadwinner.
In a city which had its inception as a place to house employees of
the steel industry, wage earners employed in this industry would be
expected to bulk large in the working population. No other in
dustry at all comparable to steel in size and importance had risen
in Gary. Yet because the municipality had been healthy in deFathers and chief breadwinners, it must be remembered, were identical in 95 per cent of all cases.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34
C H IL D R E N
OF PRESCH O O L
A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
velopment, there existed within it no inconsiderable number of wage
earners not directly concerned with the manufacture of steel or steel
products, and a class made up of professional men and women,
employers, and people working for their own profit at their own risk.
No distinction has been made here between wages and salaries, but
classification has been purely with reference to whether the bread
winner was employer, employee, or working independently on his
own account; i. e., briefly, into wage earners and nonwage earners.
Of the 6,015 children of preschool age, 86 per cent were in families
whose chief breadwinners worked for wages; in the families of 61 per
cent the chief breadwinners were employees in the steel industry,
and in 25 per cent, in other industries. One-eighth of the children
had breadwinners who were nonwage earning workers. (Table 20.)
T a b l e 20.— T yp e o f em p loym en t o f c h ie f breadw inner, by a n n u a l earn in gs in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917.
Total.
Under
$1,050.
Type o f employment of
chief breadwinner.
Per
Num cent
Num
dis
ber. tribu bertion.
Total.....................
6,015 100.0
Wage earners.................. 5,141
Steel industry.......... 3,654
Other industry......... 1,478
Not reported............
9
Nonwage earners............
756
Employers...............
512
Not employers.........
244
Not reported...................
118
85.5
60.7
24.6
.1
12.6
8.5
4.1
2.0
$1,050
to
$1,849
$1,850
and
over.
No chief
breadwin
ner and no
earnings.
Not
reported.
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
dis Num dis Num dis Num dis Num dis
ber.
ber.
tribu
tribu
tribu ber. tribu ber. tribu
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
1,774 100.0
2,949 100.0
819 100.0
1,651
1,107
539
5
121
58
63
2
2,727
1,982
743
2
222
142
80
580
462
118
70.8
56.4
14.4
239
194
45
29.2
23.7
5.5
93.1
62.4
30.4
.3
6.8
3.3
3.6
.1
92.5
67.2
25.2
.1
7.5
4.8
2.7
129 100.0
1
.8
1
.8
29 22.5
•23 17.8
6 4.7
99 76.7
344
100.0
182
103
' 77
2
145
95
50
17
52.9
29.9
22.4
.6
42.2
27.6
14.5
4.9
In each earnings group wage earners formed the largest proportion
of chief breadwinners. As incomes from the chief breadwinners ’
efforts increased, however, the proportion of nonwage earners
became greater. Sixteen per cent of the children with nonwage
earning breadwinners and 32 per cent of those whose breadwinners
worked for wages were in homes in which the chief breadwinners’
earnings failed to reach $1,050; 32 per cent of those in nonwage
earners’ families, and 11 per cent in wage earners’ families, were in
homes in which the chief breadwinner earned at least $1,850 in a
twelvemonth.
Among wage earners, earnings tended to average slightly higher
for employees in steel than for employees in other industries. Little
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E C O N O M IC
C O N D IT IO N S .
35
significance can be attached to this tendency, however, because
information as to such conditioning factors as hours and wages is
wanting.
Nonemployment o f chief breadwinner.10
The bearing which nonemployment of the chief breadwinner of a
If this important source
of income were cut off for a long period, most families would be
forced speedily to extreme expedients to maintain that standard of
home life to which they were accustomed. In work for social better
ment and economic improvement, reduction of nonemployment is
admittedly important. In 1917, because of war and the consequent
diversion of a portion of the labor supply to the Army and Navy,
nonemployment from certain causes usually operative might be
expected to be small, and total nonemployment, therefore, less than
in normal times of peace.
Chief breadwinners for 38 per cent of all the children 2 to 7 years
of age were reported to have experienced no nonemployment in the
year in question; breadwinners for an additional 24 per cent were
nonemployed less than 1 month. Forty-two per cent of all the chil
dren had breadwinners nonemployed less than 3 months; 7 per cent,
3 but under 6 months; about 3 per cent, 6 to 12 months. The extent
of nonemployment was greater among wage earners than among
those not working for wages. Two-thirds of the children of wage
earners, but somewhat less than one-fourth of those of nonwage
earners, had chief breadwinners who were nonemployed for some
period during the year.
W hy wage earners were nonemployed at any time during 1917 was
variously explained b y mothers and fathers. Where several causes
contributed to the total time lost from work, that cause has been
considered major and representative which accounted for the greatest
fraction of the time lost.
Illness of self or of some member of the family was the major
cause of nonemployment most often reported. Well over one-fourth
(28 per cent) of the children of wage earners had breadwinners whose
chief cause of loss of time from work was illness. Almost one-tenth
(9 per cent) had chief breadwinners whose major cause of absence
from work lay not in themselves but in the industry which employed
them. Six per cent had chief breadwinners whose leading cause of
unemployment was lack of a job. Two per cent had breadwmners
whose main reason for absence from work was an injury or accident.
Only two-tenths of 1 per cent had breadwinners who lost more time
family has upon family welfare is obvious.
10 Since the purpose o f this classification is to show the length of time during which the family received
no income from the chief breadwinner, nonemployment includes cases in which the income failed because
of the death or desertion of the chief breadwinner during the year, as well as those in which the chief bread
winner was unemployed or sick. See General Table X III, p. 152.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCH OOL
A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
I.
because of strike or lockout than from any other cause. Shutdown,
no job, and strike or lockout each probably played in 1917 a less
important role among the reasons for nonemployment than they
would have played customarily in times of peace. Major causes of
absence from work had practically the same order of precedence
among wage earners in steel and wage earners in other industries.
Shutdown, however, was a relatively much more important cause in
the steel industry than in other industries. Sickness, too, seemed to
bulk somewhat larger among steel employees. (General Table X III,
p. 152.)
The chief breadwinners of the families of 2,283 children of pre
school age lost no pay through nonemployment. The effect of non
employment upon earnings may be gauged in a measure by the
distribution in earnings groups when nonemployment was nil and
when it was present. In homes with less than $1,050 as the chief
breadwinner’s annual earnings were 16 per cent of the children whose
breadwinners suffered no period of nonemployment, and 40 per cent
of the children whose chief breadwinners were nonemployed at some
time during the year. In the group earning $1,050 to $1,849 a year,
the respective percentages were 53 and 49; in the highest earnings
class ($1,850 or over per annum), they were 23 and 8. Even in an
exceptional industrial year like 1917, nonemployment was an impor
tant factor in the economic well-being of wage earning men and
their families. (Table 21.)
T a b l e 21 .— A n n u a l earnings o f chief breadwinner, by nonem ploym ent o f chiefbreadwinner
in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Nonemployment of chief breadwinner.
Annual earnings of chief
breadwinner in 1917.
Num
ber.
Total.............................
TTnHnrfl (ISO ...
fl flRnt.n'$1,849...............
N o chief breadwinner and no
earnings...............................
Not reported..........................
Not reported. No chief
Some.
None.
Per
Per
Per
Per
Num cent
Num
cent
Num
cent
cent
distri
ber.
distri
distri
ber.
ber.
distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
bution.
6,015
100.0
2,283
100.0
3,105
100.0
555
100.0
1,774
2,949
'819
29.5
49.0
13.6
364
1,213
531
15.9
53.1
23.3
1,235
1,511
243
39.8
48.7
7.8
175
225
45
31.5
40.5
8.1
129
344
2.1
5.7
20
155
0.9
6.8
33
83
1.1
2.7
4
106
0.7
19.1
winner.
72
72
Gainful employment o f mother.
Slightly over three-tenths of all the mothers had never been em
ployed away from home either before or after marriage. Among
Italian mothers the proportion (seven-tenths) who had never done
outside work was much higher; among German mothers (one-eighth)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E C O N O M IC
37
C O N D IT IO N S .
much lower. Less than one-fifth of all the mothers had ever been
engaged in factory work.
Native white mothers had begun work away from home at a later
age than foreign-bom or colored mothers. Of the native white
mothers, only about 1 in 13 had started work away from home before
attaining the age of 14 years; among foreign-bom women, on the
contrary, 1 in 7, and among colored mothers 1 in 6, began work
before reaching the age of 14. (General Table X IV , p. 153.)
In 1917, mothers in somewhat over three-fifths of the families
containing children 2 to 7 years of age were not gainfully employed
either within their homes or outside. The proportion was more
nearly seven-tenths among native white mothers, while it was a little
under one-half among colored mothers, and three-fifths among the
foreign bom . (General Table X V , p. 153.)
Table 22 shows whether the occupations of gainfully employed
mothers took them outside the home or not. Mothers of 29 per cent
of all the children kept lodgers; mothers of 4 per cent did some other
type of gainful work at home; mothers of 5 per cent did work which
took them outside the home. Thus neither outside work nor gainful
work at home other than keeping lodgers was of great importance in its
effect on the home life of the 6,015 children of preschool age. The
chief industry of Gary was not one which offered many married
women opportunities for work. Keeping lodgers, however, was an
occupation of fairly common occurrence. This sometimes meant
merely taking a roomer for part or all of the year. More often it
entailed, especially among the foreign bom , furnishing both room
and board, or at least room and the mother’s services as cook or
laundress.
When visited in 1918, 30 per cent of the children with foreign-born
mothers, 25 per cent of those with colored mothers, and 18 per cent
of those whose mothers were native white were living in homes where
lodgers were kept. Keeping lodgers was most prevalent among
Lithuanian and Italian mothers.
T a b l e 2 2 . — M oth er's g a in fu l o ccu p a tio n in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years
of age.
Mother’s gainful occupation in 1917.
Number.
Per cent
distri
bution.
Total..........................................................................................................................
6,015
100.0
No employment.................................................................................................................
No lodgers..........................................................................................................................
Other gainful home work............................................................................................
Outside work...............................................................................................................
Lodgers...............................................................................................................................
No other gainful work.................................................................................................
3,757
513
218
295
1,730
1,705
25
15
62.5
8.5
3.6
4.9
28.8
28.4
.4
.2
N ot reported...................... ................................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCHOOL
AGE, GARY,
I N D .— P A R T
I.
M other’s earnings.
Mothers’ earnings were not very large; more often than not they
totaled less than $200 for the entire year. And inasmuch as these
earnings were more often from keeping lodgers than from other occu
pations, it was impossible to state them except in the form of gross
receipts. Earnings above expenditures incidental to furnishing room
and board could not be ascertained.
With increase in the amount which chief breadwinners earned
went a slight decrease in the number of mothers working for gain.
The proportion of mothers gainfully employed was highest when
there was no chief breadwinner in the family and consequently no
income from his earnings. (General Table X V I, p. 154.)
Separation o f mother and child on account o f mother’s employment.
One child in 13 had at some time during his life been separated
from his mother because of her employment.® Of the 471 children
whose mothers at some time had had to leave them to go to work, 55
per cent were cared for at home, sometimes by an older child but
more often by an adult in the household. A few children (13 per
cent) were cared for in institutions, mainly day nurseries; approxi
mately three-tenths were left in charge of an adult caretaker outside
their own home. (General Table X V II, p. 156.)
If the annual earnings of the chief breadwinner for 1917 be con
sidered as representative of the relative economic status of the
families, not only in 1917 but for the longer period covered by the
lives of the children born during the period from 1911 to 1915, fur
ther evidence may be shown that lower earnings of the chief bread
winner were accompanied by increased likelihood of the gainful
employment of the mother. Of the children whose breadwinners
earned less than $1,050, 89 per cent had never been apart from
their mothers because employment took the mother away from
home; when chief breadwinner’s earnings were as much as $1,850
per annum, 98 per cent of the children had never been separated
from their mothers. Separation of mother and child was most
prevalent in those families in which there were no earnings and no
chief breadwinner. (General Table X V III, p. 157.)
Colored mothers more often than native white or foreign born
had to leave their children to go to work. It will be recalled that
earnings of chief breadwinners were lower among the colored families
than among others, and that colored mothers were more likely to
be gainfully employed than native white or foreign-born mothers.
a This classification includes those separated only dining the mothers’ working hours and those away
from their mothers both day and night.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E C O N O M IC
C O N D IT IO N S .
39
Household help.
Other conditions being similar, it ordinarily holds that the more
ample the family income the greater the chance that some part of it
may be apportioned to providing the mother with assistance in some
of her household tasks. When the household contains many members,
the older children or some adult who is not employed outside the home
may help the mother. Three-fifths of the children of preschool
age were living in homes where the mother had no help in the per
formance of daily household tasks. The proportion of mothers who
received no help was largest among the foreign born and smallest
among the native white. Only 2 per cent of the children whose
mothers were foreign born lived in homes where the mothers had
full-time hired help with housework, as compared with 7 per cent
among the children of native white mothers. Of all the children
included in the study, one-fifth were in homes in which the mother
had some paid assistance. The more frequent utilization of paid
help among native white mothers than among foreign-born or colored
mothers is partly explained by difference in racial custom, but it
is also partly due to the difference in the earnings of the chief bread
winner. When these earnings were less than $1,050, the mothers of
only 8 per cent of the children had any hired help; when they were
at least $1,850, the mothers of 51 per cent of the children had hired
assistance. The proportion of children whose mothers had no help,
either hired or free, was practically twice as large when the chief
breadwinners earned less than $1,050 per annum as it was when the
chief breadwinners’ earnings were $1,850 or more. (General Table
X IX , p. 158.)
14683°—23-----4
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CHILD CARE AND HYGIENE.
Within the past few years guiding principles in child care and
hygiene have been given much clearer formulation and received
much wider dissemination than even a decade ago. Knowledge
and recognition of the essential requirements of a young child with
reference to nutrition, protection from heat or cold, sleep and rest,
exercise and fresh air, have increased. Moreover, expression has
recently been given to minimum standards below which a community
should not fall if it is to give proper care to its children.11
Certain items present themselves as essential in considering what
favors the healthy growth of the child of preschool age and what a
program of care for such a child should embody. If his needs as
a growing organism are to be met satisfactorily it is perhaps of fore
most importance that he be provided with suitable meals at regular
hours daily. It is well, too, that milk have a place in his diet and
that his evening meal be not so heavy as to tax his digestive powers
unduly and interfere with his sleep. He needs plenty of rest at
night. Regular hours for retiring and rising, and the use of a separate
bed in a room with an open window, and of night clothes other than
the garments he wears by day, tend to insure sleep of the proper
amount and quality. At least a weekly bath the year round seems
necessary to maintain healthful cleanliness.
These items of care— suitable meals, milk as part of the diet, a
light evening meal, regular hours for eating, for retiring, for rising,
12 hours rest at night, a separate bed, a bedroom with window open
winter and summer, night clothes not worn by day, and a weekly
bath— are not all of equal importance to the well-being of a child
2 to 7 years of age. Together, it is likely that they present a program
too exacting to be practical. It may be conceded that children
undoubtedly do thrive in the absence of some of them. Considered
from the standpoint of the ideal, however, it is questionable whether
any one of the items enumerated should be completely ignored or
even modified seriously; and yet only 17 of the 6,015 children of
preschool age studied received all of these items of care.
Baths.
Only 21 children, all of them with foreign-born mothers, failed to
receive at least one bath a week in the summer time. In winter 361
children (6 per cent of the total) were not bathed as often as once a
week. A third of the children with Italian mothers had no weekly
11 Standards of Child Welfare, U. S. Children’s Bureau Publication No. 60. Washington, 1919.
40
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD CARE AND HYGIENE.
41
bath in winter, a proportion markedly above that in any other
nationality group.
Need for more frequent bathing in summer was very generally
recognized in practice. In winter, 61 per cent of all the children
were bathed not more frequently than once a week; only 18 per
cent were bathed but once a week in summer. The proportion with
seven or more baths per week in winter was only 3 per cent; in summer
it was 37 per cent. Children of foreign-bom mothers were bathed less
often than children of native white or of colored mothers whatever
the season of the year. In this connection should be mentioned again
the better facilities for cleanliness which the homes of the children
of native white mothers possessed. These homes were superior to
the homes of children with mothers born outside the United States
in provision of all modern conveniences but especially in provision
of bathtubs. Sixty-nine per cent of the children of native white
mothers, as compared with 23 per cent of those of foreign-bom
mothers, lived in homes equipped with bathtubs. (General Tables
X X , p. 159, and VII, p. 146.)
All mothers tended to bathe children 2, 3, and 4 years old more
frequently than children who were 5, 6, and 7.
Tim e outdoors.
The infant is dependent upon his elders to a very much greater
degree than is the child 2 to 7 years of age. Freedom which comes
with ability to walk, to run, to act independently, makes it of prime
importance that children of preschool age should be so housed that
they can enjoy light, air, sunshine, and outdoor play.
Comment has already been made on Gary’s regulation of building,
its provision of parks, its municipal playground, its playgrounds in
connection with the schools. The character of the housing in the
city has also been discussed. (See pp. 16.) Much of the city was
still rural in character in 1918, but congested sections were not
altogether lacking. The acquisition of space for playgrounds had
not yet become a problem of clearing areas preempted by buildings;
the city’s ambition to continue its program for small parks and play
grounds “ until a playground or small park could be reached by
practically every child in Gary* without crossing the right of way of
a railroad” 12 was not yet so difficult of accomplishment as it would
have been in an older, more rigid community; it was neither so
difficult nor so costly to attain as it would be later on when the city
was more thickly settled.
With reference to the need for playgrounds and to the shortcomings
of many industrial cities as environments for the rearing of children,
in the United States as in Scotland “ one argument is beyond con18 Annual message of the m ayor to the city council, 1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.---- PART I.
troversy; the streets are too dangerous for young children. It
follows that special play places, indoor and outdoor, are primary
factors in the promotion of child nurture. The play center * * *
is an essential counteractive to the debased housing that has come
to us through the too rapid concentration of people in ill-planned
cities.” 13
Efforts were made to ascertain how many hours the children of
preschool age were getting out of doors and where they played at
the time this study was being carried on— the summer of 1918.14
Yards, courts, passageways between houses, porches, streets, alleys,
vacant lots, and open dunes as well as school and city playgrounds
and parks were utilized for play purposes, as the accompanying illus
trations show. An abundance of sand was available for sand piles.
T a b l e 23 .— T im e sp en t o u t o f doors day preced in g a gen t's v isit, by co lo r and n a tiv ity o f
m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Time out of doors on preceding day.
Color and nativity of mother.
Total.
Total...........................................
None.
Less
than
1
hour.
1
hour,
less
than.
2.
2
hours,
less
than.
3.
3
hours,
less
than.
5.
5
hours Not re
and ported.
over.
6,015
35
15
60
136
679
4,944
146
1,843
3,934
232
6
21
14
8
6
1
32
25
3
60
71
4
1
301
358
19
1
1,366
3,376
198
4
55
84
7
Thirty-five children had not had any time outdoors the day before
the Children’s Bureau agent visited them. Slightly over four-fifths
of all the children, however, had spent at least five hours outside the
house, and only about 1 child in 25 had had less than three hours
outdoors the previous day. When the mother had no one to whose
care the child could be intrusted while outdoors and was herself
unable to leave her household tasks to watch over the child’s play
and unwilling to permit him to play unguarded, the time outdoors
was necessarily limited. (Table 23.)
The advantage which the one-family house with yard holds over
the multiple tenement or apartment building of many floors is per
haps most important in housing children 2 to 7 years of age. The
preschool children in Gary were fortunate in that almost three times
as many of them lived in one- or two-family houses, as in buildings
sheltering three or more families.
u Carnegie United Kingdom Trust Report on the Physical Welfare of Mothers and Children, Scotland,
Vol. IIJ, p. 343. Edinburgh, 1917.
1* The time spent outdoors b y the child the day preceding the visit of the Children’s Bureau agent was
ascertained. lit h e child’s Illness or some other special cause had affected his manner o f spending the
preceding day the child was not included among those for whom time outdoors was reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PLATE
PLATE
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
XIII.— P L A Y I N G
X IV .— P L A Y I N G
IN
IN T H E
A
SAND.
PASSAGEW AY.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD CABE AND HYGIENE.
43
Sleep.
Estimates of the amount of sleep requisite for children 2 to 7 years
of age vary. The child 2 or 3 years old probably should have more
sleep than the boy or girl at the other extreme of this preschool age
group. The child 2 to 7 years of age requires less sleep than does
an infant, but a greater amount than that which suffices for an older
child or an adult. Twelve hours’ sleep out of the 24 is probably
not too great an amount for children 2 to 7 years of age; 10 hours’
night rest would assuredly not be excessive.15
In this study the time at which the child of preschool age went to
bed the night before and the hour at which he arose upon the day
when the Children’s Bureau agent visited him were ascertained. If
any unusual circumstance had affected the amount of time a child
slept during the 24 hours preceding the agent’s visit, so that it was
not typical of his customary rest, the child was not included among
those whose hours of night rest were reported. For all other children
the hours between retiring and rising have been estimated ancj it has
been assumed that they indicate the extent of night rest or sleep.
The hours of actual sleep were probably somewhat less than the
total so calculated, since no allowance is made in it for delay in f alling
asleep at night, for lying awake before rising in the morning, or for
disturbed rest during the night.
Practically four-fifths of the children were not taking a daytime
nap in March, 1918— 62 per cent of those 2 or 3 years of age, 88 per
cent of those 4 or 5 years of age, and 98 per cent of those 6 or 7 no
longer .slept during the daytime. For the greater proportion of the
6,015 children, then, night sleep was the only kind obtained.
Discussion of the amount of night rest has perhaps greatest signi
ficance with reference to the 4,767 children who were not accustomed
to having a daytime nap. Of the 2- or 3-year-old children in this
group 42 per cent slept less than 12 hours each night; two-thirds of
those 4 or 5, and four-fifths of those 6 or 7 years old had less than 12
hours rest out of 24. About 1 child in 17 among those 2 and 3 years
of age, 1 in 12 among those 4 or 5 years of age, and 1 in 7 among those
6 or 7 years of age, slept less than 10 hours a night and had no other
sleep in a 24-hour period. In view of these figures it is a conserva
tive estimate that at l east 1 out of every 12 children of preschool age
in Gary was not habitually securing the amount of sleep required for
his best development. (General Table X X I, p. 160.)
Differences in habit between children with mothers of different
races or nativity were not marked. Children of native white mothers
is Holt, L. Emmett, M. D.: Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, p. 6. New York, 1914. Doctor Holt
advocates for a child 2 years of age 13 or 14 hours sleep to he taken 11 or 12 hours at night, and 1 or 2 hours
in daytime nap. He believes a child 4 years of age requires 11 or 12 hours’ sleep and holds it desirable that
the daily nap be maintained until the child is 5 years of age. For a child 6 to 10 years of age he designates
10 or 11 hours of sleep as a fitting amount.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCH OOL
AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I .
and of colored mothers were more likely to take a nap daily than
were children of mothers bom outside the United States. The pro
portion of children whose mothers were native white taking less
than 10 hours’ rest at night (10 per cent) was slightly less than the
proportion among children with foreign-bom mothers (12 per cent),
and was considerably smaller than that among colored children (14
per cent). The proportion of children sleeping less than 12 hours
at night varied very slightly according to race and nativity of the
mothers. (General Table X X I, p. 160.)
Regularity o f retiring and o f rising.
Of all children of preschool age 62 per cent observed a regular
hour for going to bed; 59 per cent had a regular time for rising.16
From the standpoint of the child’s welfare a regular hour for retiring
was probably of greater importance than a set hour for getting up,
since time and regularity of retiring in a measure condition the
hour at which a child will awake naturally in the morning. More
over, the commencing of household tasks is likely to affect the length
of time which a child may be allowed to sleep in the morning, hence
the need for him to go to bed early enough at night to admit of 10
or 12 hours’ rest before the convenient time for him to arise.
Having a regular hour for retiring and for rising was slightly more
common among the older children than among those 2, 3, or 4 years
old.
T a b l e 2 4 — H ou r and reg u la rity o f retirin g , by age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Age o f child.
Number.
Total...................... 6,015 100.0 1,079 100.0 1,437 100.0 1,233 100.0 1,100 100.0 1,008 100.0 156 100.0
No regular hour........... ..
Regular hour...................
Before 7.....................
Between 7 and 8.......
Between 8 and 9.......
Between 9 and 10___
10 and later...............
Not reported.............
Not reported whether
regular hour.................
2.162
8,704
61
517
1,521
1,319
283
3
35.9
61.6
l.C
8.6
25.3
21. S
4.7
(2)
414
635
17
123
249
193
53
38.4
58.9
1.6
11.4
23.1
17.9
4.9
534
869
24
143
343
293
66
37.2
60.5
1.7
10.0
23.9
20.4
4.6
436
764
10
98
323
268
62
3
35.4
62. Ü
0.8
7.9
26.2
21.7
5.0
0.2
374
696
5
96
278
271
46
34.0
63.3
0.5
8.7
25.3
24.6
4.2
354
635
4
47
279
256
49
149
2.5
30
2.8
34
2.4
33
2.7
30
2.7
19
1Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
1
35.1 50 32.1
63.0 103 66.0
0.4
1 0.6
4.7 10 6.4
27.7 47 30.1
25.4 38 24.4
4.9
7 4.5
1.9
3
Not reported.1
7 years,
unde r 8.
Per cent dis
tribution.
Per cent dis
tribution.
6 years,
under 7.
Number.
Number.
5 years,
under 6.
Per cent dis
tribution.
Number.
4 years,
under 5.
Per cent dis
tribution.
3 years,
under 4.
Per cent dis
tribution.
Per cent dis
tribution.
Number.
Per cent dis
tribution.
Number.
2 years,
under 3.
Hour and regularity of
retiring.
✓ Number.
Total.
2
2
2
1.9
Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Thirty-five per cent of the 6,015 children included in this study
retired regularly before 9 o’clock each evening. About 1 child in 10
16 In interpreting reports as to a child’s habits, a variation in mealtime or in time of rising or retiring
greater than one-half hour was considered as destroying regularity.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H IL D
CARE
AUD
H Y G IE N E .
45
went to bed each night before 8 o’clock. Somewhat over one-fifth
of the children stayed up until 9, and one-twentieth Were in the habit
of not going to bed until 10 or later. The age of the child affected
scarcely at all the hour at which he was put to bed. Twenty-four
per cent of the children 2 and 3 years of age, 28 per cent of those 4 and
5, and 30 per cent of those 6 or 7 years of âgé did not retire before the
clock struck 9. (Table 24.)
Observing a regular hour for going to bed was most common among
children of native white mothers. Of these children 80 per cent
retired at a regular hour while but 63 per cent of the negro children
and 53 per cent of those with foreign-bom mothers went to bed at a
stipulated time night after night. Among those with regularity of
habit in this respect, 12 per cent of those with foreign-born mothers
and 20 per cent of those with colored or with native white mothers
were going to bed before 8 o’clock; 49 per cent of the children with
mothers of foreign birth, 38 per cent of the colored children, and 36
per cent of the children whose mothers were native white were retiring
at 9 or later. (General Table X X II, p. 162.)
Homes in which the chief breadwinner’s annual earnings were most
ample were most likely to observe regular hours for putting children
of preschool age to bed. In families in which the annual earnings of
the chief breadwinner fell below $1,050, 46 per cent of the children
had no regular hour for going to bed; in homes in which the bread
winner earned at least $1,850 in a year, only 18 per cent of the children
failed to observe set hours for retiring. Of the children whose chief
breadwinners earned less than $1,050 a year, 69 per cent either had
no regular hour for going to bed or else habitually retired at 9 or later;
in families in which the breadwinner’s earnings reached or exceeded
$1,850 a year, only 47 per cent of the preschool children either had
irregular hours or customarily retired after 9 o’clock. (General
Table X X III, p. 163.)
The regular time for going to bed that was most often reported
was between 8 and 9 o’clock; the most usual regular time for rising
was between 7 and 8 o’clock. (General Table X X IV , p. 164.) Only
1 child in 9 was in the habit of getting up before 7; 1 in 5 slept until 8
or later. Regularity of life in respect to hour of rising was greatest
in homes with native white mothers. Three-fourths of the children
with native white mothers and one-half of those with colored or for
eign-born mothers had a regular hour for getting up. (General Table
X X V , p. 165.) ( Life was more systematized, too, in regularity of rising
for those children who belonged in homes wherein the chief bread
winner’s earnings were greatest. Only 22 per cent of the children
whose breadwinners earned at least $1,850 did not observe a regular
hour for rising; 47 per cent of those whose breadwinners earned less
than $1,050 had no regular hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
46
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.— PART I.
Conditions o f night rest.
The quality* of sleep which a child gets will be affected not only by
his physical condition and individual idiosyncrasies bui also by his
surroundings while asleep. The same number of hours in bed will
yield greater rest and be of more value if the bed is clean, comfortable,
and uncrowded; the bed and night clothing suitable and sufficient;
the bedroom quiet, adequately ventilated, and not made the common
sleeping place of too many persons diverse in their habits and sleep
requirements.
Night clothing.— The use of suitable night clothing other than gar
ments worn during the day is considered desirable hygienically. A
little more than one-third of the children 2 to 7 years of age were, at
the time of the study, sleeping in some of the clothes they wore by
day; approximately two-thirds were using night clothes which formed
no part of their daytime attire. Among children of Italian mothers
these proportions were reversed. Children of Lithuanian mothers
were also more likely to sleep in some part of their day clothing.
Of the children of native white mothers 20 per cent, and of the colored
children 13 per cent, used as night clothing part of their daytime
apparel; 42 per cent of the children whose mothers were of foreign
birth did so. (General Table X X V I, p. 166.)
Ventilation o f bedroom.— The only means of judging whether a
child was receiving fresh air at night was to ascertain the mother’s
custom as to keeping the windows of the child’s bedroom open or
shut. Children sleeping in rooms the windows of which were kept
closed both winter and summer numbered 156 (3 per cent); 46 per
cent occupied bedrooms the windows of which were opened only in
summer; somewhat more than one-half (52 per cent) of the children
had sleeping rooms with windows open the year round. Seventyseven per cent of the children of native white mothers, 53 per cent of
those of colored mothers, and 40 per cent of those with mothers born
outside the United States occupied sleeping rooms in which the
windows were opened ,every night whatever the season. Twentytwo per cent of the children with native white mothers, 41 per cent
of the colored children, and 57 per cent of those whose mothers were
foreign bom slept in rooms with windows open in summer only.
(Table 25.)
Bedroom windows were much more likely to be opened only in
summer in homes where the breadwinner’s annual earnings did not
reach $1,050. Desire to conserve heat and warmth may partially
explain this. When the breadwinner’s earnings amounted to $1,850
or more, 77 per cent of the children slept in rooms with windows
open both summer and winter, as contrasted with 38 per cent of the
children whose breadwinners earned under $1,050 a year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47
CHILD CABE AND HYGIENE,
T a b l e 25.— V entilation o f bedroom, by color and nationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Sleeping with bedroom windows open.
Color and nationality
of mother.
Total.
Summer and
winter.
Num
ber.
One season only. Neither season.
Num
Per
cent.1 ber.
Not reported.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Total....... .....................
6,015
3,099
51.5
2,752
45.8
156
2.6
8
0.1
Native white..........................
Foreign-bom white...............
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
1,416
1,555
278
225
173
117
103
131
68
460
122
6
76.8
39.5
30.1
38.3
31.7
40.2
38.9
57.5
30.2
52.9
52.6
408
2,248
618
337
346
161
156
92
147
391
96
22.2
57.2
66.9
57.5
63.4
55.3
58.9
40.4
65.3
45.0
41.4
18
124
27
22
27
13
6
4
10
15
14
1.0
3.2
2.9
3.7
4.9
4.5
2.3
1.8
4.4
1.7
6.0
1
7
.1
.2
3
.5
Serbo-Croatian................
German...........................
All other..........................
1
.4
3
.3
i Not shown where base is less than 100.
Number o f occupants o f child’s bedroom.— Four per cent of the 6,015
children of preschool age in Gary occupied bedrooms alone; 24 per
cent slept two in a room; 30 per cent had bedrooms accommodating
three persons; 20 per cent slept four in a room; 13 per cent, five in a
room, and 8 per cent, six or more in a room. (Table 26.)
Seven per cent of the children sharing a bedroom with four or more
other persons were accustomed to having the bedroom windows open
summer and winter; 13 per cent sleeping five or more in a room
were used to having windows open in summer but closed in winter.
T a b l e 26.— Num ber o f additional occupants o f ch ild ’s bedroom, by color and n ativity
o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nativity of mother.
Total.
Number of additional occu
pants of child’s bedroom.
Native white.
Foreign-bom
white.
Negro.
Not
re
Per ported.1
Per
Per
Per
Num
cent
Num
cent
Num cent
Num
cent
ber.
distri
distri
distri
ber.
ber.
ber.
distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
bution.
Total............................
6,015
100.0
1,843
100.0
3,934
100.0
232
100.0
6
None.......................................
1..............................................
2 ..............................................
3 ..............................................
4 ............................................
261
1,415
1,800
1,232
808
469
30
4.3
23.5
29.9
20.5
13.4
7.8
0.5
151
617
617
295
97
53
13
8.2
33.5
33.5
16.0
5.3
2.9
0.7
91
728
1,096
903
695
409
12
2.3
18.5
27.9
23.0
17.7
10.4
0.3
15
69
86
34
16
7
5
6.5
29.7
37.1
14.7
6.9
3.0
2.2
4
1
1
Not reported..........................
i Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
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48
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
PART I.
The households in which mothers were foreign bom, it will be
recalled, were larger and more crowded than households with native
white mothers. (See p. 29.) The bedrooms in which 28 per cent of
the children with mothers of foreign birth slept were each occupied by
five or more persons nightly; only 8 per cent of the children of native
white mothers, and 10 per cent of the colored children, used bedrooms
in common with so many occupants.
Bedrooms for children were more crowded in families where chief
breadwinner’s earnings were low. Practically half the children whose
breadwinners earned less than $1,050 a year were sharing bedrooms
with three or more other persons; 3 out of 10 were sleeping in the
same room with four or more other people. In the homes where the
chief breadwinner’s earnings were $1,850 or more, 1 child in 5 had a
room with three or more other persons, and 1 in 12 slept in a bed
room with four or more additional occupants. (Table 27.)
T able
27.— Num ber o f additional occupants o f child’s bedroom , by annual earnings o f
ch ief breadwinner in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917.
Total.
Number of additional
occupants of child’ s
bedroom.
Under
$1,050.
$1,050 to
$1,849.
No chief
bread
$1,850 and winner
and
over.
no earn
ings.
Not re
ported.
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent Num cent
cent
cent Num cent
cent
Num distri
Num distri
Num distri
Num distri
distri
distri
ber.
ber.
ber.
bu
bu
bu ber. bu ber. bu ber. bu
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
tion.
Total.....................
6,015 100.0
None................................
261
1....................................... 1,415
2....................................... 1,800
3...................................... 1,232
4.......................................
808
5 and over.......................
469
Not reported...................
30
4.3
23.5
29.9
20.5
13.4
7.8
0.5
1,774 100.0
30
313
464
412
318
228
9
1.7
17.6
26.2
23.2
17.9
12.9
0.5
2,949 100.0
118
688
904
632
399
197
11
4. 0
23.3
30.7
21.4
13.5
6.7
0.4
819 100.0
83
298
262
103
45
22
6
10.1
36.4
32.0
12.6
5.5
2.7
0.7
129 100.0
344
100.0
7 5.4
35 27.1
43 33.3
28 21.7
11
8.5
4 3.1
1 0.8
23
81
127
57
35
18
3
6.7
23.5
36.9
16.6
10.2
5.2
0.9
It was unusual for the children of preschool age to sleep in rooms
with persons not members of the family. Thirty-five children, how
ever (less than 1 per cent) were sharing bedrooms with such persons.
One child in 20 was getting less than 10 hours’ rest at night in a
bedroom with four or more occupants; three-tenths of all the children
were sleeping less than 12 hours, in bedrooms accommodating four or
more persons. That the child sleeping in a room with several other
individuals tends not only to secure sleep less undisturbed in nature
but also less sleep is indicated by the fact that but 8 per cent of the
children occupying rooms alone slept less than 10 hours nightly,
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C H IL D
CARE
AND
H Y G IE N E .
49
whereas 15 per cent of those sharing sleeping quarters with five or
more additional occupants had less than 10 hours’ rest at night.
(General Table X X V II, p. 167.)
The following examples are extreme, but they suggest how crowd
ing the bedroom may affect the opportunity for a preschool child to
obtain restful and sufficient sleep. A family of 10 lived in a threeroom house. The father was dead. The oldest child was a girl 14,
the youngest a 6-months-old baby. All 10 in the family slept in one
bedroom. In one bed slept 4 brothers (2 of preschool age); in
another 3 sisters (one 5 years old); a 20-months-old child had a bed
to himself. The preschool children went to bed at irregular hours
and usually had not more than 9 hours’ sleep.
Another family of 10 lived in one room which had to serve all pur
poses. It was very large and was apparently intended as the base
ment and foundation for a house which when completed would afford
plenty of space. Three sisters 14 years of age and over occupied a
bed with one preschool girl; 2 brothers slept in another bed with a
4-year-old boy.
The sleeping needs and requirements of the individuals in these
two family groups necessarily varied because of the range in age.
In the second home the necessity of using the single room for every
purpose of daily family life must have further imperiled the chance
of the preschool child to sleep in surroundings restful and quiet.
Number o f child’s bedfellows.— As a rule, merely sharing a room
with others offers less likelihood of disturbed sleep for the 2- to 7-year
old child than sharing a bed. Twenty-three per cent of the children
had separate beds; 45 per cent had one bedfellow; 27 per cent shared
beds with two other persons; one child in 22 was sleeping with at
least three additional individuals. Among children with native white
mothers, the proportion sleeping alone (38 per cent) was double or
more than double the corresponding proportions among colored chil
dren (19 per cent) and those with mothers of foreign birth (16 per
cent). Among Slovaks and Poles only 1 child in 10 was sleeping
alone. The bedfellows of the preschool children were most likely to
be other children in the family, their brothers or sisters under 14
years of age. One child in 8, however, was sleeping with adults and
children.17 One in 5 was sleeping with adults only. Among children
with native white mothers the proportion having both adult and child
bedfellows was 5 per cent; among colored children it was 10 per cent;
among children of foreign-born mothers, 16 per cent. (General Table
X X V III, p. 168.)
17 The term “ adult” has here been used to indicate a person 14 years of age or older.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
50
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCHOOL
AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .----- P A R T I .
T a b l e 28.— Num ber o f hours’ rest at night, by num ber o f additional occupants o f child’s
bed.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of additional occupants of child’s bed.
Number of hours’ rest at night.
Total.
Total.
Less than 8___
8, less than 9 ...
9, less than 10..
10 ,lessth an ll.
11,less than 12.
12,1 ess than 13.
13, less than 14.
14 and ov er.. . .
Not reported...
6,015
1,360
16
93
589
1,669
2,119
1,103
264
60
102
3
23
98
353
480
286
84
18
15
Not
reported.
3 and
over.
None.
2,706
1,640
278
38
254
807
958
484
103
26
28
5
30
192
449
574
277
70
15
28
2
45
59
106
55
4
1
6
31
25
Crowding the bed may reasonably be supposed to affect adversely
both the quality and the amount of sleep which the occupants are
likely to obtain. Nine per cent of the children of preschool age
sleeping alone got less than 10 hours’ night rest; 14 per cent of those
with two, and 17 per cent of those with three or more bedfellows
spent less than 10 hours in bed at night. Of the total number of
children, 227 (4 per cent) slept less than 10 hours three in a bed, and
1,250 (21 per cent) slept less than 12 hours. Forty-seven children
had beds with four or more occupants and slept less than 10 hours;
212 children had less than 12 hours’ rest nightly in beds each con
taining four or more persons. (Table 28.)
Dental care.
“ Two decades ago,” wrote Terman in 1914, “ the mouth of the
school child was to the average educated person an unknown quan
tity. Even the dentist and physician were not aware of the actual
conditions except by inference for the simple reason that only 5 or
10 per cent of the children ever came to them for examinations. It
remained for the school doctor and school dentist to ascertain the real
facts.” 18 When once instituted, examinations of school children
demonstrated that dental caries were very common among them*
Investigation also revealed a great lack of care of children’s teeth and
showed that it was unusual for children to visit dentists. Dental
defects and lack of care in children of preschool age received even
tardier recognition. Need for paying any attention to temporary
teeth and their condition is still far from being widely realized,
though activities of the past few years, such as the modern health
crusade, have helped greatly. Inaugurating toothbrush drills has not
18 Terman, Lewis M.: The Hygiene of the School Child, p. 169. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, 1914.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD CABE AND HYGIENE.
51
only benefited school children but also reacted favorably upon the
dental care of preschool children.
Eighty-eight per cent of the children of preschool age in Gary had
never visited a dentist. Children of native white mothers were more
likely to have been taken to dentists than children of foreign-born
mothers or colored children. Of the children of native white mothers,
about 1 in 5 had been to the dentist at least once; of those whose
mothers were born outside the United States, about 1 in 11; of the
children of colored mothers, about 1 in 21. The 1,164 children 6 or
7 years of age had had more opportunity than the others for being
taken to a dentist; only 76 per cent of the children of these ages, as
against 96 per cent of those 2 and 3 years of age and 85 per cent of
those 4 and 5 years of age, had never been to a dentist. Of the 6and 7-year-old children of native white mothers, only 62 per cent
had had no dental attention.
Children who had visited a dentist only to have teeth extracted
numbered 246 (4 per cent); 475 children (8 per cent) had gone to
the dentist for other reasons. Seven per cent of all the children had
made but one visit to a dentist; 120 children (approximately 2 per
cent) had visited a dentist three times or more. (General Table
X X I X , p. 169.)
In the families containing children of preschool age, more adequate
chief breadwinner’s earnings and an increased likelihood that the
children would have received dental attention were coincident. When
the chief breadwinner earned less than $1,050, 92 per cent, and when
his earnings were $1,850 or more per annum, 78 per cent, of the chil
dren had never been taken to a dentist. Of the boys and girls 6 and
7 years of age whose breadwinner’s earnings were most ample ($1,850
or over per year) only 58 per cent had not made at least jone visit
to a dentist. (General Table X X X , p. 170.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PART H . D IE T O F T H E CH ILD R EN .
M E TH O D OF STU D Y.
Securing diet records.
\
Owing to the extent and nature of the whole investigation, an
exact quantitative study of the diet of each child for even a short
period of time was entirely impracticable. However, because of
the prime importance of diet in the normal growth and development of
children, an effort was made to learn all that was possible by the
schedule method concerning the feeding of these children of pre
school age. The 6,015 diet records upon which -this section of the
report is based were secured, along with other information relating
to the children, by experienced field agents in their visits to all the
homes in Gary where a child born within the period 1911 to 1915,
inclusive, was living. The mother was asked by the agent to state
in detail the diet which the child had had on the day preceding the
agent’s visit. If the preceding day was Sunday, or if the diet for
any reason was not the usual one, the record for another day was
taken instead and a note to this effect entered on the schedule. In
formation was obtained concerning all food eaten by the children
both at meals and between meals; the number, hours, and regularity
of meals; and the total amount of milk used as a beverage. Agents
were directed also to secure, when possible, estimates of the amounts
of foods other than milk taken.
Limitations o f material.
The material thus obtained has certain definite limitations incident
to the method of securing the data. Chief among these are: (1) The
diet is for a single day; (2) it is not quantitative to any great extent;
and (3) its accuracy depends on the mother’s memory. In respect
to these obvious weaknesses the following points should be con
sidered:
1.
Although the diet was for but a single day and may have been
either better or worse than the usual one, it was doubtless fairly
typical for the majority of the children, since most families have
moderately regular dietary habits. Further, every effort was made
to exclude nontypical days. Feast days and fast days, and days
when the children were sick or on special diets, were omitted. And
even if certain of the diets are in some degree exceptional, when large
numbers of one-day diets are considered—such as the 6,015 diets
available for this report— the picture of the conditions found is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
54
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCH OOL
A G E , G A R Y , IN D — P A R T
II.
doubtless true in its main outlines. It is believed, therefore, that
these diets are sufficiently representative of the customary ones of
the children studied to yield valuable conclusions.
2. Without knowing the exact amounts of food eaten it is impossible
to say whether the energy value of a diet is sufficient to cover a
child’s needs, and the value of the data here given is limited by this
fact. But it is possible to determine much concerning the qualita
tive adequacy of a diet when, as in the present instance, information
is available not only as to the kinds of foods eaten, but also covering
the approximate amounts of milk and a rough indication of the
amounts of other foods. In this study, diets qualitatively adequate
were adjudged satisfactory on the assumption that normal amounts
of food were eaten. The diets were thus rated too favorably rather
than too unfavorably— a failing in the right direction in a study
revealing uniformly poor conditions.
3. Although the mother’s memory was trusted for the data, it
was necessary for her to recall the diet of the preceding day only—
not a difficult matter. Moreover, every effort was made by the agent
to assist her to make the record complete and accurate^ Special
inquiries were made regarding certain foods, as, for instance, whether
the bread had butter on it; what, if anything, was eaten on the
potatoes; whether the child really had no milk or fruit; and what
was eaten between meals. It is believed that by questioning the
mother in regard to certain important foods, fairly complete state
ments as to the foods eaten by the children were obtained; and any
slight omissions or inaccuracies in a few cases would not materially
affect the findings of so large a number of cases.
These limitations should be borne in mind in considering the pic
ture, drawn from the material contained in the 6,015 diet records,
of how these preschool children of Gary were being fed.
Grading o f diets.
Certain items of diet stood out prominently as deserving individual
tabulation— as, the amount of milk used; the presence or absence of
vegetables,1 fruits, cereals, potatoes, and coffee or tea; the regularity
and number of meals; the suitability of foods; the custom regarding
Pitting between meals; the adequacy of breakfasts and lunches,
and the prevalence of “ heavy” night meals.
In order to facilitate the comparison of the diets with one another
as well as with a fixed standard of adequacy and in order to relate
diet to other factors in this study, it was necessary to formulate a
system for classifying the diets into well-defined groups according
i According to the classification used in this stu dy, “ vegetables ’ ’ indicates vegetables other than
potatoes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ETHOD
O F D IE T
STUDY.
55
to degree of adequacy or inadequacy. A general survey of the diet
material was made, and after consultations with pediatrists and
specialists in nutrition a system of five grades was established. The
specifications for the different grades and the relations of these grades
to each other were as follows:
I. Adequate (A and B). This group includes all diets which
would appear to cover amply all the child’s bodily re
quirements— protein, mineral, vitamine, energy—regard
less of the character of the diet.
The. subdivision into A and B diets was made largely on the
basis of the suitability of the diet in respect to regularity
of meals, type of foods, distribution of meals, and similar
items.
A. The standard for grade A represents the consensus of
opinion among nutrition experts and physicians as to the
diet to be recommended for children of preschool age. In
such an ideal diet not only must all the elements required
to nourish the body be present, but the food must be of such
nature and given under such conditions as to be suited to
the child’s delicate and incompletely developed digestive
tract. It will therefore consist largely of mild, bland foods
simply cooked, and will contain no tea, coffee, rich pastries,
or other unsuitable articles. The meals, furthermore, will
be at moderately regular hours; there will be no promiscuous
eating between meals, and the dinner or “ heaviest” meal
will be at noon.
The milk standard for Grade A was set at 1^ pints.
B. The diets classed as B appeared to contain all the
elements required to nourish the child’s body, but failed to
measure up to the A standard in one or more particulars,
usually in respect to items of suitability listed above. It
was the general opinion of specialists that a diet with these
flaws should be ruled out of the ideal group, but should not
be barred from the adequate group. It is to be borne in
mind, however, that if these faults are sufficiently serious
the child may fail to be well nourished even though his diet
includes the essential elements.
The milk standard for grade B was 1 pint.
II. Questionable (C). Any diet was classed as C which fell short
of the requirements of an A or B diet in enough respects
to make its safety extremely doubtful, but which had
sufficient good points— usually 1 cup of milk— to make it
superior to the definitely inadequate D diets.
14683°—23----- 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
56
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART H .
III. Inadequate (D and E). All diets included in the inadequate
group were unquestionably low in one or more of the
food requirements.
D . A D diet was plainly lacking in essential elements,
but had some redeeming features. It usually included
less than one-half pint of milk or no milk.
E. The E diet represented an extreme degree of inade
quacy, being so low in all food essentials as to be practically
a deficiency diet. E diets were usually entirely lacking in
milk, in all class A proteins, and in fruits, vegetables,
butter, potatoes, and whole cereals.
Precautions taken in applying the grading system .
The chief difficulty in applying any system of classification lies in
holding to the same standard throughout, and in having two or more
persons use it with the same results. Every precaution was there
fore taken to secure uniformity of classification. In the first place
the specifications for each grade were defined as clearly as possible.
The work of grading the diets was done by clerks with special training in dietetics. These clerks were given preliminary practice in
applying the standards before beginning the actual grading of the
schedules.
In order that nothing might be overlooked in judging a diet, a
grading sheet was prepared and every diet was analyzed by this sheet.
This was found to be of great assistance in clarifying judgment.
In the preliminary practice period each clerk plotted a practice
series of 100 diets on this sheet and assigned grades. They then
compared the grades they had given. This practice was continued
until their grading was so uniform as scarcely to differ one grade in
several hundred records. After all diets had been tentatively graded,
the two clerks went through the schedules together, made a second
estimate of each diet grade, noted the one given previously, and
agreed upon a final decision and recorded it. The uniformity of the
two graders ’ work and the agreement in most instances of their
final judgment with the first grades are considered evidence that the
classification was done as consistently as could well be expected.
Since the diets were always given the benefit of any doubt, the grades
assigned tend to be higher rather than lower than they should be.
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D IS T R IB U T IO N O F C H IL D R E N IN T H E D IE T G R A D E S .
In analyzing the findings reported in Table 1 it should be kept
in mind that the A diet is not one difficult of attainment. It is merely
any diet capable of meeting the body’s needs and administered with
some consideration for the child’s age and development. Moreover,
such a diet need not be an expensive one— milk, whole cereal, and
fruit or vegetable daily being sufficient to allow a diet to qualify in
this group— and it is the easiest possible kind of diet to prepare.
This being the case it might be expected that the large majority of
the children would fall into the A diet group.
These facts notwithstanding, only 25 of the 6,015 children— less
than half of 1 per cent of the total number— were thus fortunate.
(Table 1.) Furthermore, the number classed as having B diets
(probably adequate in food requirements though unsuitable in char
acter and including but a pint of milk) was likewise small, amounting
to 8.5 per cent of the whole group. Less than 10 per cent of the chil
dren studied, in other words, were receiving diets which appeared
adequate to their needs. Almost three times this number (29.2 per
cent) had diets (0) whose adequacy was highly questionable; and
nearly two-thirds of the entire group (60.5 per cent) were found to
have diets plainly incapable of covering all their bodily requirements,
58.4 per cent being in the D group and 2.1 per cent (5 times the per
centage of A ’s) in the extremely inadequate E group. Chart I strikingly portrays this surprising distribution.
T a b l e 1.— G rade o f d iet.
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Grade of diet.
B ......................................................................................................... .......................
E ..................................................................................................................................
Per cent
Num ber. distribu
tion.
6,015
100.0
534
25
509
1,757
3,639
3,514
125
85
8.9
.4
8.5
29.2
60.5
58.4
2.1
1.4
Since some authorities consider that a diet satisfactory in other
respects may qualify for class A if it includes one pint instead of one
and one-half pints of milk, a count was made of all diets which were
kept from this grade solely on account of lacking the extra half-pint
of milk. It was found that they numbered only 23; in other words,
57
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCHOOL AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
II.
only 48 children, 0.8 per cent of the total number, would have been
classed as having diets both adequate and suitable had the milk
standard for this grade been 1 pint.
Ch art I.—Distribution of children 2 to 7 years of age, b y grade of diet.
Percent.
Grade A
of diet.
B
C
D
E
Age.
A slight tendency toward better diets in the earlier years is indicated
by Table 2, which shows a drop from 11 per cent of the 2-year-old
children in A or B groups to 7.7 per cent of those 7 years of age in the
same groups, and a corresponding increase in the percentage having
D or E diets. These differences are not sufficient, however, to war
rant the assumption that the younger children were given any special
consideration in the matter of feeding.
T a b l e 2.— G rade o f d iet, by age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Grade of diet.
Age of child.
Total.
v
A and B.
Num
ber.
c.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
D and E.
Per
cent.
Not reported.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Total.............................
6,015
334
8.9
1,757
29.2
3,639
60.5
85
1.4
2 years, under 3......................
3 years, under 4......................
4 years, under 5......................
5 years, under 6...... : .............
6 years, under 7...............—
7 years, under 8.....................
1,079
1,437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
119
126
104
98
75
12
11.0
8.7
8.4
8.9
7.4
■' ; 7.7
350
450
348
290
282
37
32.4
31.3
28.2
26.4
28.0
23.7
601
844
760
695
637
100
2
55.7
58.7
61.6
63.2
63.2
64.1
9
17
21
17
14
7
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.4
4.5
i Not shown where base is less than Ì00.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
DISTRIBUTION OP CHILDREN IN TH E DIET GRADES.
59
Income.
That income is a contributing factor in the inadequate feeding of
children is evident from Chart II. The proportion of adequate
diets (A and B) increases gradually from the lowest income level to
the highest, and the proportion of inadequate diets (D and E) like
wise decreases progressively with the rise in earnings, a sudden drop
occurring at the $1,850 income level. But the actual proportions of
Chart II.—Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age with adequate and with inadequate diet, by earnings
of chief breadwinner.
Per cent.
A and B (adequate) —
D and E (inadequate)
adequate and inadequate diets in the highest income group show
clearly that poverty is not the sole cause of faulty feeding. In the
most prosperous group only 24.5 per cent of the children appeared to
have adequate diets, and 38.8 per cent of them had definitely unsatis
factory ones.» (Table 3.) The conclusion to which these data lead—
that the need for education regarding the food needs of growing chil
dren is not restricted to low income groups— is borne out by other
sections of the report which follow.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
60
C H IL D R E N
OF
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
II.
T a b l e 3.— Grade o f diet, by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children. 2 to 7 years of age.
Earnings of chief breadwin
ner.
Grade of diet.
C.
A and B.
Total.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
D and E.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Total.............................
6,015
534
8.9
1,757
29.2
3,639
60.5
85
1.4
Under $850.............................
$850 to $1,049..........................
$1,050 to $1,249........................
$1,250 to $1,449........................
$1,450 to $1,849........................
$1,850 to $2,249.......................
$2,250 and over......................
No chief breadwinner and no
earnings..............................
Not reported..........................
851
923
1,065
843
1,041
378
441
12
40
59
71
133
67
108
1.4
4.3
5.5
8.4
12.8
17.7
24.5
215
235
270
239
361
158
153
25.3
25.5
25.4
28.4
34.7
41.8
34.7
610
640
721
522
532
151
171
71.7
69.3
67.7
61.9
51.1
39.9
38.8
14
8
15
11
15
. 2
9
1.6
.9
1.4
1.3
1.4
.5
2.0
129
344
7
37
5.4
10.8
31
95
24.0
27.6
89
203
69.0
59.0
2
9
.
1.6
2.6
Nationality.
The children of colored and of foreign-bom mothers had on the
whole less satisfactory diets than the children of native white mothers.
Of the 25 diets classed as A, 24 were in the last-mentioned group, the
one exception being a child of German parentage. Even when
factors of suitability which distinguish the À from the B diet are dis
regarded, the native white group makes the best showing, for 19.2
per cent of the children in this group had adequate diets (A and B ),
while but 4.3 per cent of the children of foreign-born and, of colored
mothers were classed as being adequately fed. The children of
German mothers were the best fed among the children of foreign-bom
mothers, 11.4 per cent of them having A or B diets. The proportion
of children having adequate diets in other foreign nationality
groups ranged from 2.4 per cent to less than 1 per cent. (Table 4.)
T a b l e 4.— Grade o f diet, by color and nationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Grade of diet.
Color and nationality of
mother.
A andB .
Total.
Num
ber.
C.
Per
Num
cent.1 ber.
D and E.
Per
Num
cent.1 ber.
Not reported.
Per
Num
cent.1 ber.
' Per
cent.
Total.............................
6,015
534
8.9
1,757
29.2
3,639
60.5
85
1.4
W hite.....................................
Native........... .................
Foreign-bom...................
Polish........................
Serbo-Croatian.........
Slovak.......................
Magyar......................
Italian.......................
German.....................
Lithuanian...............
All other...................
Negro......................................
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
522
354
168
10
14
12
6
4
26
2
94
10
2
9.0
19.2
4.3
1.1
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.5
11.4
.9
10.8
4.3
1,706
667
1,039
205
143
114
62
51
69
76
319
49
2
29.5
36.2
26.4
22.2
24.4
20.9
21.3
19.2
30.3
33.8
36.7
21.1
3,469
783
2,686
698
425
419
221
204
130
141
448
168
2
60.0
42.5
68.3
75.6
72.4
76.7
75.9
77.0
57.0
62.7
51.6
72.4
80
39
41
10
5
1
2
6
3
6
8
5
1.4
2.1
1.0
1.1
<9
.2
.7
2.3
1.3
2.7
.9
2.2
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
DISTRIBUTION OF CHILDREN IN TH E DIET GRADES.
61
The poor diets of the children of the foreign bom are even more
apparent when the proportion of inadequate diets is considered.
Barring the German and the Lithuanian groups, whose records were
slightly better (57 and 62.7 per cent, respectively, inadequate), seventenths of the children of foreign-born and colored mothers had diets
classified as inadequate (D or E ), and most of the remainder, as Chart
III illustrates, had diets graded as questionable (C). The record of
the native whites, though noticeably better than the others, is far
from being a matter of pride, since not far from half of these children
(42.5 per cent) were in the groups D and E.
Ch ar t III.—Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age with adequate and with inadequate diet, by nationality
of mother.
I00°/oTotal..................... .
m
Native white.___ -
m m W M 7A
German...................
m
Lithuanian_______
All other foreign*
bom white........Negro....... ......... ....
m
m
m
m
m
42 W //////1
v ///////////m
3
m
m JT M
i
______ □
w m am
m
m
B—
|
rn m
W L'//////////////////l
^ V /////////////M
□
_____
Diet A and B (adequate)
Diet DandE (inadequate)
District o f residence.
In Ambridge and in the First Subdivision, the two most favored dis
tricts of the city, the diets were somewhat better than in other sec
tions, those of 30.2 per cent of the children in the former and 19.5 per
cent in the latter section being adequate and those of 30.9 per cent
and 40.9 per cent, respectively, being inadequate. This record is
far from good, and deserves commendation only in comparison with
the poorer records of Tolleston and the South Side. In each of these
districts only 4.6 and 2.7 per cent of the children were adequately fed ;
about 70 per cent were receiving distinctly inadequate diets, and the
remainder questionable ones. (Table 5.) This indicates that nearly
the entire preschool population of these sections—which contained
about two-thirds of all the children in the city—were being inad
equately fed. (See p. 14.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
62
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II,
T able 5.— Grade o f diet, by district o f residence.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Grade of diet.
Not reported.
District of residence.
C.
A and B.
Total.
Numher.
NumPer
cent.1 her.
D and E.
Per
Number.
3,639
60.5
85
i.4
50
31
38.1
612
72
36. 1
179
24.7
2,064
24.9
616
15
30.9
2
1.2
40.9
23
2
11
34
13
2.8
1.2
1.5
Total.............................
6,015
534
8.9
1,757
29.2
Ambridge..............................
162
40
1,496
99
393
2,890
892
43
49
1
291
4
61
77
41
10
30.2
61
8
570
21
142
715
222
18
37.7
First Subdivision..................
Lincoln Park.........................
Ridge Road and Glen Park..
South Side.............................
Tolleston................................
West G a ry ...........................
1 Notshown where baseisless than 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19.5
15.5
2.7
4.6
NumPer
cent.1 ber.
cent.1
45.5
71.4
69.1
Per
cent.1
1.5
U S E O F S P E C IF IE D F O O D S .
The particular dietary limitations and other factors responsible for
the large proportions of deficient diets which have been described,
will be disclosed in the following detailed study of the diets in respect
to the use of specific foods and the customs regarding certain dietary
practices.
Food combinations which are capable of furnishing a diet satis
factory in every way for the normal nutrition of a growing child
exist in wide variety. It is possible indeed to choose two or three
foods which, if eaten in sufficient amounts, may meet all the body’s
requirements for growth and maintenance. Obviously, however,
these foods must be so chosen that their dietary properties supplement
one another in such a way as to form a complete diet. Fresh whole
milk and a whole cereal are one such combination. It is highly
doubtful, however, whether the average human being would day in
and day out eat enough of so monotonous a diet as cereal and milk to
cover his energy and other requirements. In order to avoid this
monotony and to insure a sufficient amount of the various food ele
ments, it is obvious that in the absence of knowledge of food values
safety lies in using a variety of foods.
In outlining diets for young children it is customary to include
daily the following foods: Milk, potato and other vegetables, fruit,
cereal, and either egg, fish, or meat. SuGh a general plan allows much
freedom of choice in the way of vegetables, fruits, cereals, breads, and
simple sweets, but supplies all the needed food constituents. Even
though a satisfactory diet can be provided without some of these foods,
the safer course is to include them all in the regular daily menus. The
extent to which these foods, individually and in combination, are
present or lacking in the diets studied may therefore be considered
with profit.
M ilk.
It is no mere bit of sentimentality that causes milk to be termed
the “ indispensable food ” of childhood. The term is literally de
served, for though an expert might devise a diet for early childhood
which did not include milk, the task would not be easy; and it may
be taken for granted that the diet which does not include milk is
inadequate. With this one food lacking a diet is almost certain to be
deficient in the calcium so necessary for the growth of bones and
teeth; and it is almost equally sure to be low in the best growth pro
teins, in phosphorus and other essential minerals, and in one or
63
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.---- PART H .
more of the vitamines. On the other hand, milk alone, in plenty,
goes a long way toward making a satisfactory diet for a growing
child and toward covering the deficiencies of an otherwise hopeless
diet. Hence it is spoken of with equal correctness as a “ protective
food.”
The amount of milk actually required by a young child daily is not
easily determined. “ A quart of milk a day for every child” is the
slogan adopted by many nutrition specialists. Some who believe the
quart a wise allowance accept 1^ pints as possibly sufficient and as a
more practical amount. According to almost universal agreement,
a pint of milk at the very least should be provided for every child
daily.
In the light of such standards the children of this survey made a
poor showing indeed. Only 8.4 per cent of the total group were
drinking l\ pints or more of milk a day, and but 10.5 per cent were
drinking a pint. (Table 6.) In other words, only 18.9 per cent of all
these preschool children were receiving daily at least a pint of milk,
the amount universally agreed upon as the minimum they should be
given. Some of the remainder were receiving smaller amounts—
18.1 per cent had about half a pint, and 3.4 per cent less than half a
pint. More than hah of all the children (57.2 per cent) had no milk
at all to drink on the day for which diet was reported.
T a b l e 6.— A m o u n t o f m ilk u sed as beverage.
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Amount of milk used as beverage.
Number.
Per cent
distri
bution.
6,015
100.0
3,443
1,294
206
1,088
1,139
633
506
139
57.2
21.5
3.4
18.1
18.9
10.5
8.4
2.3
When it is borne in mind that these children were all in the early
years of childhood— the time, outside of infancy, when milk is most
needed— the significance of such deprivation becomes forcefully
apparent.
The amounts of milk just considered refer only to milk used as a
beverage. Milk taken in food is likely to be a variable and uncertain
supply. Nevertheless, in order to give due credit for all milk used
whether as a beverage or in food, the schedules were gone over and
checked as having “ milk in fo o d ” if custards, milk gravies, milk
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U SE
OF
S P E C IF IE D
65
FOODS.
soups, or other foods containing milk were present. Even after credit
was given for milk in food, 970 children, or 16.1 per cent of the total
number, remained whose diet contained no milk whatever. (Table 7.)
A total of 21.8 per cent had no milk in food and less than a pint to
drink. Furthermore, 38.5 per cent had no milk except the amounts
they might get in foods— and it is extremely unlikely that this
amount ever reached a pint. (Table 8.) Three-fifths of the group
studied (60.3 per cent), therefore, were probably receiving less than
a pint of milk daily either in food, as a beverage, or in combination.
T a b l e 7. — A m ou nt o f m ilk used as beverage in absence o f m ilk in food .
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Amount of milk used as beverage in absence of milk in food.
Number.
Total having no milk in food............................................................ - ..................... ........
Per cent
distri
bution.
6,015
100.0
i,' 714
28.5
970
343
372
29
16.1
5.7
6.2
0.5
T a b l e 8.— A m ou nt o f m ilk used as beverage in addition to m ilk used in food .
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Amount of milk used as beverage in addition to milk Used in food.
Number.
6,015
Per cent
distri
bution.
100.0
3,916
65.1
2,314
860
687
38.5
14.3
11.4
.9
55
Use o f milk and age o f child.— It might be thought that the younger
children— those 2 and 3 years old at least— would still be regarded
by their mothers as infants and provided with a more generous
amount of milk than older children,, But although a slightly greater
proportion of those 2 years than of those 7 years of age were receiving
a pint or more to drink— 22.8 per cent as compared with 14.1 per
cent— the difference is not very great. (Table 9.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66
C H IL D R E N
OP
PRESCH OOL AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
H.
T a b l e 9.— A m ou n t o f m ilk used as beverage, by age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using specified amount of mifir as
beverage.
Age o f child
Not reported.
None and less
than 1 pint.
Total.
1 pint and over.
Number. Percent.1 Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total..................................
6,015
4,737
78.8
1,139
18.9
139
2.3
2 years, under 3...........................
3 years, under 4...........................
4 years, under 5...........................
5 years, under 6...........................
6 years, under 7...........................
7 years, under 8...........................
Not reported...............................
1,079
1,437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
812
1,120
977
889
810
127
2
75.3
77.9
79.2
80.8
80.4
81.4
246
288
224
191
168
22
22.8
20.0
18.2
17.4
16.7
14.1
21
29
32
20
30
7
1.9
2.0
2.6
1.8
3.0
4.5
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Use o f milk and income.—A partial explanation of the fact that
these children were not better provided with milk is found by studying
the milk consumption in relation to the father’s earnings. Table 10
shows a decided improvement in the milk record after the income
reaches $1,250. When the father’s earnings were less than this
amount more than 60 per cent of the children had no milk at all to
drink and less than 15 per cent had at least a pint. After the income
reached $1,250, howeYer, the proportion having no milk to drink
declined progressively from 58.6 per cent in the $1,250 to $1,449 group
to 38.5 per cent in the $2,250 and over group, while the proportion
having a pint or more increased from 18.5 per cent to 31.5 per cent.
The higher the income, in other words, the greater was the use of milk
as a beverage.
T a b l e 10.— A m ou n t o f m ilk used as beverage, by earnings o f ch ief breadw inner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using no m i l l r
as beverage.
Earnings of chief bread
winner.
Using specified amount of
as beverage.
inut reported.
Less than
1 pint.
Total.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
m illr
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
1 pint and
over. >
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Total.............................
6,015
3,443
57.2
1,294
21.5
1,139
18.9
139
2.3
Under $850.............................
$850 to $1,049..........................
$1,050 to $1,249.......................
$1,250 to $1,449.......................
$1,450 to $1,849........ •.............
$1,850 to $2,249................
$2,250 and over.....................
No chief breadwinner and no
earnings.........................
Not reported..........................
851
923
1,065
843
1,041
378
441
529
584
676
494
538
168
170
62.2
63.3
63.5
58.6
51.7
44.4
38.5
199
200
216
176
234
87
112
23.4
21.7
20.3
20.9
22.5
23.0
25.4
100
127
148
156
248
117
139
11.8
13.8
13.9
18.5
23.8
31.0
31.5
23
12
25
17
21
6
20
2.7
1.3
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.6
129
344
76
208
58.9
60.5
23
47
17.8
13.7
25
79
19.4
23.0
5
3.9
2.9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
4 .5
U SE
OF
S P E C IF IE D
67
FOODS.
That low income is not solely responsible for the absence of milk
from the diets is equally evident from Table 10; for in spite of the
more extensive use of milk in the highest earnings group, there still
remain 38.5 per cent of this group who were drinking no milk, and
only 31.5 per cent of them were receiving a pint or more daily.
Use o f milk and nationality.—A comparison b y nationalities (Table
11) shows that the children of Italian mothers received by far the
least amount of milk, only 6.8 per cent having so much as a pint daily,
and 75.1 per cent having none. The children of Magyar and Slovak
mothers fared little better, however, for only about 8 per cent of these
were in the group receiving at least a pint a day and more than 70 per
cent were in the group receiving no milk at all. Children of Polish,
Lithuanian, Negro, and Serbo-Croatian mothers had a slightly better
record, ranging from 12.4 to 16.7 per cent with a pint or more, and
from 57.3 to 65.5 per cent with none. Children of native white and
those of German parentage were above the average, 27.9 per cent of
the former having a pint or more and 46.9 per cent having none, while
of the latter 26.3 per cent had a pint or more and 51.8 per cent had
none.
T ab le 11.— A m ou nt o f m ilk used os beverage, by color and n ation ality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using specified amount of milk
as beverage.
Color and nationality of
mother.
Using no milk
as beverage.
Total.
Num
ber.
T o t a l..............—
Less than 1
pint.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
1 pint and over.
Num
Per
cent.1 ber.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
6,015
3,443
57.2
1,294
21.5
1,139
18.9
139
2.3
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
3,289
865
2,424
595
351
402
206
199
118
129
424
152
2
56.9
46:9
61.6
64.5
59.8
73.6
70.8
75.1
51.8
57.3
48.8
65.5
1,257
410
847
202
120
93
54
37
47
56
238
36
1
21.8
22.2
21.5
21.9
20.4
17.0
18.6
14.0
20.6
24.9
27.4
15.5
1,099
515
584
114
98
49
24
18
60
30
191
37
3
19.0
27.9
14.8
12.4
16.7
9.0
8.2
6.8
26.3
13.3
22.0
15.9
132
53
79
12
18
2
7
11
3
10
16
7
2.3
2.9
2.0
1.3
3.1
0.4
2.4
4.2
1.3
4.4
1.8
3.0
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Use o f milk ajid district o f residence.— An examination of the milk
record of the two sections of the city where the large majority of the
children lived— the First Subdivision, and the South Side including
Tolleston— does not show so great a difference in favor of the former
as its larger percentage of native whites, its greater prosperity, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 8
C H IL D R E N
OF
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
II.
its generally higher standard of living would lead one to expect. Of
the children in this more favored residence district 44.7 per cent
had no milk to drink and only 30.1 per cent had so much as the pint
minimum. In the South Side and Tolleston, with their larger percent
age of foreign born and lesser advantages, approximately two-thirds
(64.6 per cent) of the children were in the “ no milk” class and only
13.2 per cent received a pint or more a day. (Table 12.)
T able
1 2 . — A m ou nt
o f m ilk used as beverage, by district o f residence.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using specified amount of milk
asbe\rerage.
Using no milk
as beverage.
District of residence.
Not reported.
Less than 1
pint.
Total.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
1 pint and over.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
Pot
cent.1
Total.............................
6,015
3,443
57.2
1,294
21.5
1,139
18.9
139
Ambridge..............................
Clark.......................................
First Subdivision..................
Lincoln Park.........................
Ridge Road and Glen Park..
South Side.............................
Tolleston................................
West Gary.............................
162
40
1,496
99
393
2,890
892
43
51
28
669
57
179
1,882
560
17
31.5
54
9
342
23
95
582
174
15
33.3
55
3
450
16
107
362
136
10
34.0
2
1.2
30.1
35
3
12
64
22
1
2.3
44.7
45.5
65.1
62.8
22.9
24.2
20.1
19.5
27.2
12.5
15.2
2.3
3.1
2.2
2.5
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Coffee, or tea.
In marked contrast with the scanty use of milk stands the liberal
use of coffee and tea as beverages among the children studied, of whom
more than two-thirds (66.8 per cent) had coffee or tea on the day of
the study, 26.8 per cent having it once, 23.5 per cent twice, and 16.4
per cent three times or more. (Table 13.)
T able
13.— Num ber o f tim es tea or coffee used d a ily.1
Children 2 to
7 years of age.
Number of times tea or coffee used daily.1
Per cent
Number. distribu
tion.
Total........................................................................
Using neither tea nor coffee...................................................................
Using tea or coffee...................................................................
Once..................................................... ....................................................
Twice....... i ..............................................................................................
Three times and over.......................................................................
Not reported.......................................................................................................
1 Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,015
100.0
1,928
4,017
1,615
1,413
989
70
32.1
66.8
26.8
23.5
16.4
1.2
U SE
OF
S P E C IF IE D
FOODS.
69
Relation between use o f coffee2 and use o f milk.—An inverse rela
tion between the coffee and milk consumption such as is commonly ob
served by social dietitians appears in the cases under study, as is
strikingly shown in Table 14 and Chart IV. Whether the use of
coffee tends to decrease the amount of milk consumed, or whether
the use of coffee is occasioned by decreased milk supply, is hard to
say. It is probable, in fact, that the rule works in both directions.
Certain it is that in many cases when a child is allowed to have coffee
he consequently refuses milk, which is bland and tasteless in com-
|
| No tea or coffee (includes"Not reported”)
parison, and coffee eventually displaces milk in his diet. On the
other hand it is reported to be a common procedure in poorer homes—
particularly among the foreign born— deliberately to introduce
coffee as a substitute for milk. Both are regarded as mere beverages
and coffee is chosen because it seems to be much the cheaper. Pro
hibiting the use of coffee in the former instance would probably
increase the milk used, while increasing the milk purchased in the
latter type of case— if this were possible— would doubtless do much
to lessen the Amount of coffee consumed.
J Throughout the remainder o f this discussion, "co ffe e ” will be used to indicate both coffee and tea.
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70
^ C H IL D R E N
OF
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N T ).— P A R T
II.
T a b le 14.— Use o f tea and coffee, by am ount o f m ilk used as a beverage.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using tea or coffee.
Amount of milk used as a beverage.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
6,015
3,443
206
1,088
633
506
139
4,010
66.7
2,758
138
706
263
88
57
80.1
67.0
64.9
41.5
17.4
41.0
Use o f coffee and age o f child.—A slightly higher percentage of the
children 2 years of age were without coffee than of those of any other
age, and the proportion having none diminished from 35.8 per cent
in the 2-year age group to 27.6 per cent in the 7-year age group.
A higher percentage of 3-year-old children, on the other hand, had
coffee three or more times a day than of those of any other age.
(Table 15.) Age, therefore, does not appear to be an important
factor in determining the use of coffee.
T a b l e 15.— Num ber o f tim es tea or coffee used d aily,1 by age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using
neither tea
nor coffee.
Age of child.
Using tea or coffee specified number
of times daily.1
Not
reported.
Once.
Total.
Twice.
Three times
and over.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.2 ber. cent.
Total..............................
2 years, under 3.......................
3 years, under 4.......................
4 years, under 5.......................
5 years, under 6.......................
6 years, under 7.......................
7 years, under 8.......................
6,015
1,079
1,437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
1,928
32.1
386 35.8
443 30.8
380 30.8
351 31.9
325 32.2
43 27.6
1,615
26.8
261 24.2
391 27.2
326 26.4
307 27.9
282 28.0
48 30.8
i Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
23.5
989
16.4
70
1.2
262 24.3
319 22.2
315 25.5
245 22.3
236 23.4
36 23.1
164
268
199
182
151
23
2
15.2
18.6
16.1
16.5
15.0
14.7
6
16
13
15
14
6
0.6
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
3.8
1,413
»N ot shown where base is less than 100.
Use o f coffee and income.— It has been suggested that the use of
coffee by young children is one of the accompaniments of poverty.
The truth of this assumption appears in Chart V, which shows a
gradually decreasing use of coffee after the $1,250 income level is
reached, the greatest drop being in the group whose fathers’ earn
ings are $2,250 or over. Furthermore, the percentage of children
drinking coffee twice a day or oftener declines from 49 per cent and
50.9 per cent, respectively, in the two lowest income groups to 24.4
per cent and 12.2 per cent in the two highest. (Table 16.) This
increased consumption of coffee with lessened earnings is easily
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U SE
OF
S P E C IF IE D
71
FOODS,
understood. Not only is the coffee cheaper than milk, but as a hot,
palatable drink it lends flavor to the monotonous bread diet so
common in low income groups.
Ch ar t V.—Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age using tea or coflee, by earnings of chief breadwinner.
Annual earnings o f
chief breadwinner.
^
IQ Q o / --------------------------------- ----------—— i
'
Under $850,
$850 to $1,049.. ....... m
m
M
$1,050 to $1,249...-
$1,250 to $1,449.......
Ill I I I M TO:
■
$1,450t o $1,849.......
5 7 .3
$1,850 to $2,249... -
$2,250and over...
____________________________________
|
| Tea or coffee
|
| No tea or coffee (in d u d es “Not reported)
T a b l e 16.— Number o f tim es tea or coffee used d aily,1 by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using tea or coflee specified number of times daily.1
Using nei
ther tea
nor coflee.
Earnings of chief
breadwinner.
Total.
More than once.
Not re
ported.
Once.
Total.
Twice.
Three times
and over.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
Total............... 6,015 1,928
Under $850................ 851
$850 to $1,049............ 923
$1,050 to $1,249......... 1,065
$l,250to$l,449......... 843
$l,450to$l, 849......... 1,041
$1,850 to $2,249......... 378
$2,250 and over......... 441
No chief breadwinner and no earnings. 129
Not reported............. 344
32.1 1,615
26.8 2,402
39.9 1,413
162
179
264
245
432
185
288
19.0
19. 4
24. 8
29.1
41.5
48.9
65.3
257
267
298
221
259
99
94
30.2
28.9
28.0
26. 2
24.9
26.2
21.3
417
470
491
370
338
92
54
49.0
50. 9
46.1
43.9
32.5
24.3
12.2
42
131
32.6
38.1
34
86
26.4
25.0
52
118
40.3
34.3
1Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
14683°— 23------ 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23.5
989
16.4
70
1.2
245 2a 8
269 29.1
265 25.3
226 26.8
195 18.7
60 15.9
8.6
38
172
201
222
144
143
32
. 16
20.2
21.8
20. 8
17.1
13.7
8.5
3.6
15
7
12
7
12
2
5
1.8
.8
1.1
.8
1.2
.5
1.1
20
39
15.5
11.3
1
9
.8
2.6
32
79
24.8
23.0
72
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCHOOL AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
II.
The families with low incomes, then, do have the excuse of poverty
for allowing children 2 to 7 years of age to drink coffee. But this
explanation will not hold for the highest income group; fully onethird of the children in this group (33.6 per cent) drank coffee, and
12.2 per cent were having it two or three times a day. Ignorance would
appear to be the only excuse parents with incomes sufficient to pur
chase the necessities of life could offer for allowing young children
to form such habits.
Use o f coffee and nationality.— The coffee habit was found to be more
prevalent among the children of the foreign bom than among those
of native white and of colored mothers. The colored mothers had
the best record in this respect, with 66.8 per cent of their children
in the noncoffee-drinking group. Of the children of native whites,
63.2 per cent had no coffee; while the children of foreign-born mothers
showed an average of only 15.4 per cent without coffee. In certain
of the groups of children of foreign-born parentage the coffee custom
was nearly universal; among the Slovaks, the Magyars, and the
Polish, only 5.5 per cent, 7.2 per cent, and 7.8 per cent, respectively,
of the children were in the noncoffee-drinking group. Best among
the groups of foreign-bom parentage in this respect were the children
of Germans, of whom practically one-third (30.7 per cent) did not
drink coffee. (Table 17.)
T a b l e 17.— Num ber o f tim es tea or coffee used d aily,1 by color and n ationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Using tea or coffee specified number of times daily.1
.
Using nei
ther tea
nor coffee.
Color and nationality of mother.
Total.
More than once.
Not repçrted.
Once.
Total.
Twice.
Three times
and over.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
26.8 2,402
39.9 1,413
23.5
989
16.4
70
1.2
5,777 1,768 30.6 1,558 27.0 2,386
1,843 1,164 63.2
280
368 20.0
3,934
604 15.4 1,190 30.2 2,106
923
72 7.8
139 15.1
703
41.3 1,406
15.2
194
53.5 1,212
7& 2 349
24.3
10.5
30.8
37.8
980
86
894
354
17.0
4.7
22.7
38.4
65
31
34
9
1.1
1.7
.9
1.0
29.1
39.6
37.8
13.2
16.7
37.3
24.1
3.0
144
168
50
13
17
46
102
9
24.5
30.8
17.2
4.9
7.5
20.4
11.7
3.9
4
1
1
6
2
4
7
5
.7
.2
.3
2.3
.9
1.8
.8
2.2
Total............... 6,015 1,928
White........................
Native................
Foreign-bom___
Polish..........
Serbo-Croa
tian............
Slovak..........
Magyar.........
Italian..........
German.......
Lithuanian..
All other___
Negro........................
Not reported.............
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
32.1 1,615
70 11.9
30
5.5
21 7.2
33 12.5
70 30.7
30 13.3
278 32.0
155 66.8
5
198
131
109
178
101
61
273
56
1
33.7
24.0
37.5
67.2
44.3
27.1
31.4
24.1
1Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
* Not shown where base is less than 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
315 53.7
384 70.3
160 55.0
48 18.1
55 24.1
130 57. 8
311 35.8
16 6.9
171
216
110
35
38
84
209
7
U SE
OF
S P E C IF IE D
73
FOODS.
Chart VI.—Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age using tea or coffee, by nationality of mother.
*------------ ---------------- 1 0 0 * ----------------- -------Total.
.1
Polish.
Slovak.
Lithuanian.
Magyar.
Serbo-Croatian.
Total foreign-born
white................... ■
German.
3Ö7
Italian.
Native white.
12.5 =
Æ
' à
m m
03.2
66.8
Negro.
Tea or coffee two or more times dai ly
Tea or coffee once a day
No tea or coffee
Not reported
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
Not only is coffee drinking more common among tlie children of
the foreign born than among those of the native bom , but it appears
to be carried to greater excess. Whereas only 15.2 per cent of the
children of native white and 6.9 per cent of the children of colored
mothers bad coffee twice or more often daily, 53.5 per cent of the
children of foreign-bom mothers had it thus frequently. (Chart VI.)
The children of Polish and Slovak mothers appear to have fared
worst in regard to the use of coffee. Not only did more than 90 per
cent of the children of each of these groups drink coffee, but prac
tically three-fourths of them drank it two or more times a day.
Coffee as a substitute for milk seems likewise especially common
among the foreign nationality groups, as is shown by the records
of the 970 children who had no milk, even in food. (Table 18.)
Even among the cases in which no milk was received, but 54.8
per cent of the children of native white mothers and 28.6 per cent
of the children of colored mothers had coffee to drink, while 100
per cent of the children of Polish, Magyar, and Slovak mothers,
and 94.8 per cent of all other children in this no-milk group, drank
coffee.
T a b l e 18.— Use o f tea and coffee by children who had n o m ilk, by color and n ationality o f
mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age who had no milk either
in food or as a beverage.
Using neither tea
nor coffee.
Color and nationality of mother.
Using tea or
coffee.
Total.
Number. Per cent.1 Number. Per cent.1
970
192
19.8
778
80.2
879
241
638
128
131
113
53
35
36
57
85
91
127
109
18
14.4
45.2
2.8
2
1.5
752
132
620
128
129
113
53
34
34
56
73
26
85.6
54.8
97.2
100.0
98.5
100.0
1
2
1
12
65
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Vegetables and fruits.
Vegetables and fruits are depended on to a considerable extent
to supply the body with its needed mineral salts as well as to furnish
indigestible residue and organic acids which are important in pre
venting constipation. They are, moreover, valuable sources of the
vitamines. In view of these important functions it is significant
that more than half (50.4 per cent) of the children studied had no
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
USE OF SPECIFIED FOODS.
vegetables other than potatoes and that nearly two-thirds (60.1
per cent) had no fruit of any kind. (Table 19.) These figures,
moreover, are conservative, for every vegetable mentioned in the
schedules— even those of such doubtful value and used, probably,
in such negligible amount as cucumbers, radishes, and green peppers—
was given full credit as one vegetable, and jelly and preserves were
counted as fruits. Vegetables and fruits evidently occupied but a
minor place in the dietaries of this group of children.
Use o f vegetables and fru its, and nationality.— The children of
foreign-born mothers fared less well on the average in this respect
than the children of native white mothers, 53.7 per cent of the former
group being without vegetables and 67.6 per cent without fruits, in
contrast with 44.2 per cent of the latter group having no vegetables
and 43.5 per cent having no fruits.
Certain of the foreign nationality groups stand conspicuously
below the average in the use of these foods, as is shown in Table 19.
The children of Lithuanian and Serbo-Croatian mothers were the
least well provided for, not far from two-thirds being without
vegetables and about three-fourths having no fruits in each of these
nationality groups.
The Italians are usually credited with generous use of green
vegetables and fruits, and in this study they have indeed a more
favorable showing in this respect than any other nationality group
except the Magyars, not even excepting the native whites. In this
instance they can scarcely be regarded as using these foods liberally,
however, since 41.5 per cent of the children of Italian parentage
had no vegetables and 60 per cent were without fruits.
T a b l e 19.— A bsence o ffr u its and vegetables frd m d iet, by color and n ation a lity o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having no vegeta
bles in diet.
Color and nationality of mother.
Having no fruits
in diet
Total.
Number. Per cent.1 Number. Per cent.1
Total.....................................................................
6,015
3,032
50.4
3,615
60.1
W hite.............................................................................
Native......................................................................
Foreign-bom...........................................................
Polish................................................................
Serbo-Croatian................................. ................
Slovak...............................................................
Magyar..............................................................
Italian...............................................................
German............................................................
Lithuanian.......................................................
All other...........................................................
Negro.............................................................................
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
2,928
815
2,113
546
363
282
113
110
96
144
459
101
3
50.7
44.2
53.7
59.2
61.8
51.6
38.8
41.5
42.1
64.0
52.8
43.5
3,459
301
2,658
647
468
414
196
159
119
167
488
154
2
59.9
43.5
67.6
70.1
79.7
75.8
67.4
60.0
52.2
74.2
56.2
66.4
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
76
C H IL D R E N
OF
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I I .
Use o f vegetables and fruits, and income.—According to Table 20,
the income of the family appears to be an important factor in deter
mining whether or not children shall have fruits, but it would seem
to affect scarcely at all the likelihood of their having vegetables.
This is in accord with experience of social dietitians who find that
fruit is well liked by children and is eaten whenever it can be had,
but that it is regarded by their parents as a luxury and purchased
for the most part only after what they consider essential has been
provided. Vegetables, on the other hand, are not only little appre
ciated by parents save as flavoring for soup, but— with the exception
of lettuce, radishes, cucumbers, and perhaps tomatoes— are usually
disliked by children and therefore little eaten even when at hand.
This explanation may account for the slight variation in the use of
vegetables in the different income groups, a less variation than with
any other items of food.
T a b l e 2 0 .—
A bsence o f fru its and vegetables from d iet, by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having no vegeta
bles in diet.
Earnings of chief breadwinner.
Having no fruits
in diet.
Total.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total............................................- .............. ----Under spttfi
............................................................
6,015
3,032
50.4
3,615
60.1
S51
923
1,065
813
1,041
378
441
129
344
462
508
567
417
485
149
196
76
172
54.3
55.0
55.2
49.5
46.6
39.4
44.4
58.9
50.0
614
624
674
503
581
169
134
98
218
72.2
67.6
63.3
59.7
55.8
44.7
30.4
76.0
63.4
Potatoes.
Potatoes were found in many cases to be the one redeeming feature
of an otherwise totally deficient diet. Taking the place, as they
usually do, of other starchy foods— bread, macaroni, rice— they im
prove the diet in several respects. The starchy foods named are
valuable for little more than the energy which they yield, while
potatoes furnish the same energy and valuable minerals in addition,
especially if cooked in their skins. Potatoes, moreover, leave an
alkaline residue on oxidation in the body, in contrast with the acid
residue left by bread or rice. In view of these dietary properties
of the potato as well as of the extremely limited use of other vegeta
bles and of fruits, it is gratifying to find that nearly two-thirds
(62.7 per cent) of the children whose diets were studied had potatoes
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FOODS.
once a day or oftener— 48.7 per cent having them once, and 14 per
cent two or even three times. (Table 21.)
T a b l e 21 .— Num ber o f tim es potatoes used daily,1 by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having pot itoes spécifié«i number of imes daily.1
Earnings of chief
breadwinner.
Total.
Having no
potatoes in
diet.
Total.
Once.
Twice.
Three times
and over.
Not
reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
Total............... 6,015 2,169
Under $850................ 851
$850 to $1,049............
923
$1,050 to $1,249.......... 1,065
$1,250 to $1,449.......... 843
$1,450 to $1,849.......... 1,041
$1,850 to $2,249.......... 378
$2,250 and over......... 441
No chief breadwinner and no earnings 129
Not reported............
344
36.1 3,774
62.7 2,932
382
428
434
276
280
100
101
44.9
46.4
40.8
32.7
26.9
26.5
22.9
454
488
619
560
748
276
335
53.3
52.9
58.1
66.4
71.9
73.0
76.0
48
120
37.2
34.9
79 61.2
215 62.5
48.7
352 41.4
396 42.9
503 47.2
446 52.9
556 53.4
214 56.6
227 51.5
65
173
50.4
50.3
781
13.0
61
1.0
72
1.2
84 9.9
91
9.9
105 9.9
102 12.1
182 17.5
59 15.6
103 23.4
18
1
11
12
10
3
5
2.1
.1
1.0
1.4
1.0
.8
1.1
15
7
12
7
13
2
5
1.8
.8
1.1
.8
1.2
.5
1.1
1
.3
2
9
1.6
2.6
14
41
10.9
11.9
1 Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
Use o f 'potatoes and Tiationality.—As might be expected, the native
whites and the Germans were responsible for the high average use
of potatoes, 82.4 per cent of the children of the former and 69.7 per
cent of those of the latter having had potatoes. Of the children of
Slovak mothers 60.4 per cent, and of those of Polish, Lithuanian,
and Magyar mothers 56, 52, and 46.4 per cent, respectively, had
potatoes. Only 43.1 per cent of the children of Serbo-Croatian
mothers had potatoes, while at the bottom of the list were the
Italians with only 37.4 per cent having this article of diet, or, to put
the matter conversely, with 60.4 per cent— three-fifths:— having none
at all. Considering the general use of spaghetti and macaroni in
this group this small use of potatoes is not surprising.
Use o f potatoes and income.— Though potatoes were used more
generally than any other of the special items discussed except meat,
the consumption of this food increased somewhat in the higher
income groups. This is shown by the fact that 44.9 per cent of the
children in the group with earnings under $850 were without potatoes,
while but 22.9 per cent of the children in the highest earnings group
lacked them. (Table 21.)
Cereals.
Although cereals— in the sense of breakfast foods— can not be con
sidered absolutely essential in a child’s dietary, it is the judgment of
specialists that a well-cooked cereal can wisely be made a regular
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C H IL D R E N
7 8
OR P R E S C H O O L
AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
II.
part of a young child’s breakfast. It provides a warm, bland, easily
digested food for the morning meal and makes an excellent carrier
for milk. Moreover, if whole cereals are used for at least a part of
the time, the iron, phosphorus, and vitamine contributions are quite
considerable. The custom of the children studied in respect to the
use of this article of diet, therefore, was noted with interest.
A glance at Table 22 shows that cereals played but a small part in
the dietaries of these children, only 20.8 per cent of the total number
of children being reported as having a cereal on the day of the study.
Use o f cereals and nationality.— The children of native white
mothers, even though less than one-third (32.1 per cent) of them had
a cereal, appear to have been the greatest users of cereals. Next
in order are the children of German and Polish mothers, with 21.1
and 16.3 per cent, respectively, having a cereal. The children of
the Serbo-Croatian, the Italian, and the Lithuanian mothers may be
considered as not using cereals, since but 8.5, 8.3, and 6.2 per cent,
respectively, of the children in these groups had cereal the day the
record was taken.
T a b l e 22.— Use o f cereal in diet, by color and nationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having no cereal
in diet.
Color and nationality of mother.
Having cereal
in diet.
Not reported.
Total.
Number. Per cent.1 Number. Per cent.1 Number. Per cent.1
WhitfT
.................................
Negro................. ..........
Not reported...............................
6,015
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
4,606
4,408
1,142
3,266
764
533
431
251
237
175
207
668
196
2
76.6
76.3
62.0
83.0
82. 8
90.8
78.9
86.3
89.4
76.8
92.0
76.9
84.5
1,249
1,215
591
624
150
50
114
38
22
48
14
188
31
3
20.8
21.0
32.1
15.9
16.3
8. 5
20.9
13.1
8.3
21.1
6.2
21.6
13.4
160
154
110
44
9
4
1
2
6
5
4
13
5
1
2.7
2.7
6.0
1.1
1.0
.7
.2
.7
2.3
2.2
1.8
1.5
2.2
i Not shown where base is less than 100.
Use o f cereals and income.— Since cereals are among the cheapest
foods available, they should show little variation in use with income.
Nevertheless the difference between the lowest and. highest earnings
groups in the use of cereals is not inconsiderable, 12.6 per cent of
the children in the former and 29.9 per cent of those in the latter
group having them. (Table 23.) Neither group, however, as these
percentages show, used them to any great extent.
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FOODS.
T a b l e 23.— Use o f cereal in diet, by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Earnings of chief breadwinner.
Having no cereal
in diet.
Having cereal
in met.
Not reported.
Total.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total..................................
6,015
4,606
76.6
1,249
20.8
160
2.7
t o *1 049...............................
¿1,050 to ¿1,249............................
$1 ,250 to ¿1,449............................
$1 4fi0 t o $1,849...
$1 *850 t.o #2'249............................
851
923
1,065
843
1,041
378
441
728
752
831
644
760
262
274
85.5
81.5
78.0
76.4
73.0
69.3
62.1
107
164
218
177
249
101
132
12.6
17.8
20.5
21.0
23.9
26.7
29.9
16
7
16
22
32
15
35
1.9
0.8
1.5
2.6
3.1
4.0
7.9
129
344
100
255
77.5
74.1
28
73
21.7
21.2
i
16
.8
4.7
No earnipgs and no chief breads
Eggs.
An egg— or at least the yolk of it— is usually included in the
daily diet of young children who are being fed with due considera
tion for their bodily needs. The white is not regarded as essential
if milk, which also provides good growth proteins, is liberally used,
hut the yolk is desirable in any case because of its valuable iron and
phosphorus. If for any reason the milk supply is low, the need of
eggs in the diet becomes more urgent.
The records on which this study is based were obtained during the
spring and summer months, when eggs are cheapest and can be ex
pected to be more commonly used. This record, therefore, doubt
less does full justice to the use of eggs on the part of these children.
Use o f eggs and nationality.— An examination of Table 24 shows
that the diets of more than half (59.5 per cent) the children were
without eggs and that a still larger percentage in most of the race
and nationality groups lacked them. Classified according to the
absence of eggs from the diets of the children, the Negroes and the
Polish come first, the Slovaks, Italians, Lithuanians, Serbo-Croatians,
and Magyars second, and the Germans and the native whites third.
About three-fourths of the children in Group 1, two-thirds of those
in Group 2, and one-half of those in Group 3 had diets including
no eggs.
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80
C H IL D R E N "
OF
PRESCH OOL AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
H.
T a b l e 24,— N um ber o f tim es eggs used d aily,1 by color and n ationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having eggs specified number of times
d aily.1
Not
reported.
Having no
eggs in diet.
Color and nationality of
mother.
Once.
Total.
Twice.
Three times
and over.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2 ber. cent. ber. cent.
3,577
59.5
1,927
32.0
394
6.6
45
0.7
72
1.2
W hite....................................... 5,777 3,394
Native............................... 1,843
886
Foreign-born..................... 3,934 2,508
Polish.........................
923
696
Serbo-Croatian...........
375
587
373
Slovak........................
546
184
291
Magyar........................
180
Italian........................
265
111
German......................
228
150
225
Lithuanian.................
439
869
All other.....................
232
179
4
6
58.8
48.1
63.8
75.4
63.9
68.3
63.2
67.9
48.7
66.7
50.5
77.2
1,889
787
1,102
175
168
144
80
63
92
58
322
37
1
32.7
42.7
28.0
19.0
28.6
26.4
27.5
23.8
40.4
25.8
37.1
15.9
383
121
262
40
37
27
24
13
22
12
87
10
1
6.6
6.6
6.6
4.3
6.3
4.9
8.2
4.9
9.6
5.3
10.0
4.3
45
18
27
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
14
0.8
1.0
.7
.3
.5
.2
.3
LI
.4
.4
1.6
66
31
35
9
4
1
2
6
2
4
7
6
1.1
1.7
.9
.9
.7
.2
.7
2.3
.9
1.8
.8
2.6
Total.............................. 6,015
1Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
2 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Use o f eggs and income.— The presence or absence of eggs in the
dietary appears to bear some relation likewise to income, since the
proportion of diets containing eggs increases from 30.6 per cent in
the group with incomes under $850 to 56.7 per cent in that with
earnings of $2,250 or over. (Table 25.)
T a b l e 25.— Use o f eggs in diet, by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having no eggs in
diet.
Earnings of chief breadwinner.
Having eggs in diet.
Not reported.
Total.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Under $850..................................
$850 to $1,049................................
$1,050 to $1,249............................
$1 250 to $1,449............................
$L450 to $l)849............................
$li850to$2'249............................
No chief breadwinner and no
6,015
3,577
59.5
2,366
39.3
72
1.2
851
923
1,065
843
1,041
378
441
576
591
701
493
555
178
186
67.7
64.0
65. S
58.5
53.5
47.1
42.2
260
325
351
343
473
198
250
30.6
35.2
33.0
40.7
45.4
52.4
66.7
15
7
13
7
13
2
5
1.8
.8
1.2
.8
1.2
.5
1.1
129
344
85
212
65.9
61.6
43
123
33.3
35.8
1
9
.8
2.6
This conspicuous lack of eggs is significant in connection with
the shortage of milk— the other principal source of phosphorus and
adequate proteins— and the limited use of vegetables, fruits, and
whole cereals which would be expected to furnish iron in the absence
of eggs.
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81
USE OP SPECIFIED FOODS.
M eat.
A striking feature of the diet schedules was the frequency with
which meat appeared even in the poorest kind of diets. (Table 26.)
Two-thirds (65.7 per cent) of the entire group of children had meat
during the day studied, and 18.7 per cent had it two or three times.
This use of meat, in view of the fact that amounts are not known,
can not be regarded as excessive save in connection with the omission
of other more essential items of the diet—milk in particular. When
it is recalled that only 18.9 per cent of the children had the minimum
a m o u n t of milk daily, that 57.2 per cent had none to drink, and that
16.1 per cent had none at all, even in food, it will be readily agreed
that the meat might well have been reduced or omitted entirely and
the money spent for it put into milk.
T a b l e 26.— Num ber o f tim es meat used daily.1
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Number of times meat used daily.1
Per cent
Number. distribu
tion.
6,015
1,993
3,951
2,829
1,037
85
71
100.0
33.1
65.7
47.0
17.2
1.4
1.2
i Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
Meat, and milTc consumption.—-That meat was deemed a more essen
tial or at least a more desirable item of diet than milk is evident from
the fact that two-thirds (66.6 per cent) of the children who received
less than a pint of milk had meat, and 17.7 per cent of them had it
twice or oftener. (Table 27.) Indeed, slightly over two-thirds (67.4
per cent) of the children with no milk at all to drink had meat, and
21.4 per cent of them ate it twice or more times daily. The contrast
between meat and milk consumption is even more striking in the
group of 970 children which had no milk either as beverage or in
food. Even though milk was totally absent from these 970 diets
678, or 69.9 per cent, of them included meat and one-fourth (24.8
per cent) included meat more than once a day. These facts would
seem to emphasize the observation made in previous discussions that
the failure to use milk is not solely a question of expense— though
this is a determining factor—but also one of ignorance of its value
in the diet. The amount of money required to purchase meat for
one or two servings, even though they were small, would suffice to
buy at least a small amount of milk.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.— P ART II.
T able
27.— Num ber o f times meat used daily,1 by am ount o f m ilk used as a beverage.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having meat in diet specified number
of times daily.1
Having no
meat in diet.
Amount of milk used as a
beverage.
Total.
Total.
Once.
More than
once.
Not re
ported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
Total.............................. 6,015
No milk used as beverage.......
No milk in food................
Milk in food......................
Less than 1 pint......................
One pint and over...................
Not reported............................
3,443
970
22,473
1,294
1,139
139
1,993
33.1
3,951
65.7
2,829
47.0 1,122
1,106
292
S14
431
427
29
32.1
30.1
32.9
33.3
37.5
20.9
2,322
678
1,644
862
711
56
67.4
69.9
66.5
66.6
62.4
40.3
1,584
437
1,147
633
568
44
46.0
45.1
46.4
48.9
49.9
31.7
18.7
71
1.2
738 21.4
241 24. 8
497 20.1
229 17.7
143 12.6
12 8.6
15
.4
15
1
1
54
.6
.1
.1
38.8
1 Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
* Includes 159 children for whom item was not reported.
Meat is doubtless chosen instead of milk because it is regarded as
a food and milk merely as a beverage, and likewise because of its
palatability. Children, moreover, who are allowed what meat they
want are likely to refuse milk as less attractive food.
Meat and grade o f diet.— It is significant that meat appears to have
made little difference in the diet grade. Except for the class E diets,
which were almost entirely carbohydrate, and only 4.8 per cent of
which contained meat, the use of meat was approximately the same,
not far from two-thirds of the children in each of the other four groups
having had meat on the day studied. (Table 28.) However, it is
interesting to note, while no children with A diets had meat twice a
day, 20.5 per cent of all diets classed as D contained meat two or more
times a day, and it is further worthy of comment that two-thirds of
all the children who had meat more than once daily were in the D or
inadequate diet group not because of the presence of the meat, to be
sure, but in spite of it. This bears evidence to the fact that meat
alone can not save a diet from inadequacy no matter how much nor
how frequently it is used.
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U SE
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83
FOODS.
T a b l e 28.— Num ber o f tim es meat used daily,1 by grade o f diet.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having meat specified number of times
daily.1
Having no
meat in diet.
Grade of diet.
Total.
Total.
Once.
More than
once.
Notreported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2 ber. cent.2
Total............................. 6,015
A ..............
25
B ............................. ..............
509
C............................................. 1,757
D ............................................ 3,514
E .......
' 125
85
1,993
33.1
8
111 21.8
563 32.0
1,185 33. 7
119 95.2
7
2,829
47.0
1,122
18.7
71
1.2
17
17
313
398 78.2.
1,192 67.8
881
66.2 1,605
2 ,3 2 7
6
4.8
6
11
7
61.5
50.1
45.7
4.8
85
311
722
16.7
17.7
20.5
2
2
.1
.1
3,951
65.7
4
67
1 Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
2 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Use o f meat and nationality.— It has been shown that an average
of two-thirds of the diets studied contained meat. The prevalence of
meat eating among the different nationality groups may be observed
in Table 29. A glance at the two columns “ per cent having no meat,”
and “ per cent having meat,” gives no impression of any striking
national differences in the use of meat such as are commonly assumed
to exist. Nevertheless if these nationality groups are arranged in
order of decreasing use of meat, as shown in Table 30, fairly wide
differences between the highest and the lowest in the list are apparent.
T a b l e 29.— Num ber o f tim es meat used d aily,1 by color and nationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality of
mother.
Having meat specified number
of times daily.1
Having no
meat in
diet.
Total.
Total.
Once.
More than
once.
Not
reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.2 ber. cent.! ber. cent.2 ber. cent.5 ber. cent.
T o ta l................
6,015
1,993
33.1
65.7
2,829
47.0
1,122
White...........................
Native....................
Foreign-bom.........
Polish..............
Serbo-Croatian
Slovak.............
Magyar............
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
1,910
527
1,383
368
256
183
71
108
67
48
282
82
33.1 3,801 65.8
28.6 1,285 69.7
35.2 2,516 64.0
546 59.2
39.9
43.6
327 55.7
362 66.3
33.5
24.4
218 74.9
40.8
151 57.0
29.4
159 69.7
21.3
173 76.9
32.5
580 66.7
35.3
145 62.5
5
2,736
981
1,755
420
235
250
140
1Ó7
110
108
385
89
4
47.4
53.2
44.6
45.5
40.0
45.8
48.1
40.4
48.2
48‘.0
44.3
38.4
1,065 18.4
304 16.5
761 19.3
126 13.7
92 15.7
112 20.5
78 26.8
44 16.6
49 21.5
65 28.9
195 22.4
56 24.1
Italian..............
German..........
Lithuanian__
All other.........
Negro-.........................
Not reported................
1
3,951
1Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit,
* Not shown where base is less than 100,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
18.7
71
1.2
1.1
1.7
.9
1.0
.7
.2
.7
2.3
.9
1.8
.8
2.2
84
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
T a b l e 30.— Use o f meat by nationality o f mother.
Nationality of mother.
Above average:
Average:
Below average:
Per cent
of chil Per cent
Per cent dren
hav of chil
of chil
ing
meat dren hav
dren hav two
or
ing no
ing meat. more
meat.
times.
76.9
74.9
28.9
26.8
21.3
24.4
69.7
69.7
66.3
62.5
21.5
16.5
20.5
24.1
29.4
28.6
33.5
35-3
59.2
57.0
55.7
13.7
16.6
15.7
39.9
40.8
43.6
About three-fourths of the children of Lithuanian and Magyar
parentage, two-thirds of those of German, native white, Slovak,
and Negro parentage, and more than half of those of Polish, Italian
and Serbo-Croatian parentage had meat during the day. The
variation in the proportion having meat twice or oftener daily cor
responds roughly with that in the proportion having meat at least
once— the group containing the most meat users having also the
highest percentage with meat more than once; and the group having
the least containing similarly the smallest number using it two or
more times.
It is interesting to note that the Italians and the Poles, the former
frequently credited with being light and the latter with being heavy
users of meat, are in the same group. This report, it must be borne
in mind, deals only with meat eating among the young children
and does not give any record of amounts eaten. Conclusions con
trary to the general belief concerning quantities of; meat eaten or its
consumption by adults of these nationalities can not, therefore, be
assumed from these findings.
Use o f meat and income.—That the use of meat is determined to
only an inconsiderable extent b y economic status is apparent from
Table 31. It may be remarked that not only did two-thirds of all
the children have meat on the day of the study but the average for
the several earnings groups varied but slightly. With an income
under $850 a family would unquestionably be better nourished if
meat were foregone entirely and the money put into more essential
foods. Yet 61.1 per cent of the children in this earnings group had
meat, and 17.2 per cent had it two or more times— a record but little
under that of the children in the highest income group, of whom
68.5 per cent had meat and 16.3 per cent had it twice or oftener.
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U SE
T able
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S P E C IF IE D
85
FOODS.
31.— Number o f times m eat used daily,1 by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having meat specified number of times
daily.1
Having no
meat in diet.
Earnings of chief bread
winner.
Total.
Total.
Once.
More than
once.
Not reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
Total............................. 6,015
Under *850.............................
851
#850 to $1.049..........................
923
*1,050 to *1,249....................... 1,065
*1,250 to $1,449.......................
843
*1,450 to $1,849....................... 1,041
378
$1,850 to $2,249.......................
441
*2,250 and over......................
No chief breadwinner and no
129
earnings.................... .........
344
Not reported..........................
65.7
2,829
47.0
1,122
18.6
71
1.2
316 37.1
334 36.2
357 33.5
264 31.3
304 29.2
105 27.8
134 30.4
520 61.1
582 63.1
696 65.4
572 67.9
724 69.5
271 71.7
302 68.5
374
401
496
389
531
196
230
43.9
43.4
46.6
46.1
51.0
51.9
52.2
146
181
200
183
193
75
72
17.2
19.6
18.8
21.7
18.5
19.8
16.3
15
7
12
7
13
2
5
1.8
.8
1.1
.8
1.2
.5
1.1
60 46.5
119 34.6
68
216
52.7
62.8
52
160
40.3
46.5
16
56
12.4
16.3
1
9
.8
2.6
1,993
33.1
3,951
1 Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
The most outstanding feature of the meat situation as revealed by
the foregoing discussion is the uniformly large proportion of the
children studied who were receiving meat. Regardless of financial
status, of the nationality of the mother, of the presence or absence
of milk, or of the adequacy or inadequacy of the diet as a whole,
about two-thirds of all the children were receiving meat once or
oftener daily. Meat was evidently the one food which was deemed
most essential or most desirable by a considerable majority of the
families in the group studied, and was purchased and eaten whatever
else had to be foregone.
Item s of diet lacking.
The use of each of the seven foods which are the foundation of
a child’s diet— milk, eggs, cereal, vegetables, fruits, potatoes, and
meat— has been considered separately. In most instances large
percentages of children have been without the particular item of
diet in question. The query naturally arises: To what extent are
these seven foods, considered together, absent from the individual
dietaries ? Table 32 gives the number of children lacking one, two,
three, or more of these items of diet, up to and including the entire
seven. The table does not, however, show what particular combina
tions of foods are missing.
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86
CHILDREN- OE PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
T a b l e 32.— N um ber o f item s lackin g in d iet.
Children 2 to 7
years of age.
Number of items lacking in diet.
1
2
..... ................................................................. ................................................
........................................... < .................................................................
6 .............................. ...................................................................................................
7
......................1.........................................................................................
Per cent
Number. distribu
tion.
6,015
100.0
97
3,113
475
1,071
1,567
2,735
1,460
889
338
48
70
1.6
51.8
7.9
17.8
26.1
45.5
24.3
14.8
5.6
.8
1.2
According to this table 97 children, or 1.6 per cent of the total
number, lacked none of these seven articles of diet; 7.9 per cent
lacked but one; 17.8 per cent, two; and 26.1 per cent, three. Up
to this number the omissions may conceivably have been such as
not seriously to affect the diet— as, for example, meat, eggs, and
cereal, the absence of which would still leave an adequate diet if
sufficient milk were used. But if milk, vegetables, and fruits were
the three left out, or if milk alone were missing, it would be a serious
matter.
It is highly improbable that any diet lacking four or more of these
foods would be satisfactory. Nevertheless, nearly half (45.5 per cent)
of the children lacked four of the specified items, 5.6 per cent lacked
as many as six items, and 48 children did not have a single one of
the seven.
With all seven items missing little remains but bread, coffee, spa
ghetti, and sweets; and any diet composed of these foods alone
would, of course, be hopelessly inadequate.
Income and absence o f specified items.— One naturally turns to the
income for an explanation of these omissions, and Chart Y II shows
that this expectation is at least partially warranted. The propor
tion of children who lacked less than four items was low in the lowest
income group and increased to a maximum in the highest earnings
group; while the proportion of children who lacked four or more
items was high in the lower income groups and decreased materially
in the higher ones.
Since nearly one-fourth (27 per cent and 22.2 per cent, respec
tively) of the children in the two highest earnings groups lacked as
many as four of these articles of diet, poverty can not justly be made
to bear the whole burden of responsibility for such omissions
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USE
OF
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87
FOODS.
Ch art V II.—Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age lacking specified num ber of item s in d iet, b y earnings
of ch ief breadw inner.
Under
$850.
$850
■
$1,049.
$1,050
to
$1,249.
$1,250
to
$1,449.
$1,450
to
$1,849.
$1,850
to
$2,249.
$2,250
and
over.
Lacking no items or one on ly — --------------------------------- — -______
Lacking tw o item s o n l y --------------------------------------------------------------Lacking three item s o n l y ......... ............................................................
Lacking four item s and over — |---- 1------ 1----- 1----- 1----- 1----- 1----- 1----- f.
Nationality and absence, o f specified item s— On the basis of the
percentage of children reported as lacking four or more of the specified
items of diet the Serbo-Croatians, with 71.4 per cent of their children
lacking four or more items, had the poorest record. (Table 33.) The
Negroes, with 69 per cent, were not far behind. The Lithuanian,
Italian, and Polish groups followed, with 65.8, 63.4, and 60.5 per
cent, respectively; and the diets of 53.8 per cent of the children of
Slovak mothers and of 47.8 per cent of the children of Magyar
mothers were likewise lacking. The children of German mothers
(with 31.6 per cent) and those of native white mothers (with 22.7
per cent), as might be expected from their having the best ratings
relative to the individual-foods, had the best records in this respect.
14683°—23----- 7
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00
00
T a b l e 33.— Num ber o f item s lacking in diet, by color and nationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
None.
Total.
3
2
1
Total.
7
6
5
4
OF
Total.
Not
reported.
4 and over.
Less than 4.
Color and nationality
of mother.
3,113
51.8
3,043
1,322
1,721
356
163
.2
251
148
1.0
91
147
3.1
73
492
1.4
65
.8
5
52.7
71.7
43.7
38.6
27.8
46.0
50.9
34.3
64.5
32.4
56.6
28.0
97
1.6
W hite............................. 5,777
Native..................... 1,843
Foreign-bom........... 3,934
923
Polish...............
587
Serbo-Croatian..
546
Slovak...............
291
Magyar..............
265
Italian...............
228
German............
225
Lithuanian.......
869
All other...........
232
6
Not reported..................
95
72
23
1.6
3.9
.6
1
3
7
12
2
i Not shown where base is less than 100.
475
7.9
1,071
8.2 1,050
471
509
305 16.5
541
166 4.2
91
1.8
17
42
1.0
6
73
21 3.8
47
7 2.4
35
3 1.1
54
24 10.5
18
7 3.1
181
81 9.3
17
1.3
3
4
1
17.8
18.2
27.6
13.8
9.9
7.2
13.4
16.2
13.2
23.7
8.0
20.8
7.3
1,567
1,522
508
1,014
248
115
157
94
53
69
48
230
45
26.1
2,735
26.3 2,574
27.6 •418
25.8 2,156
558
26.9
419
19.6
294
28.8
139
32.3
168
20.0
72
30.3
148
21.3
358
26.5
160
19.4
1
45.5
1,460
44.6 1,386
267
22.7
54. 8 1,119
284.
60.5
176
71.4
158
53.8
77
47.8
97
63.4
41
31.6
70
65.8
216
41.2
73
69.0
1
24.3
24 0
14 5
28.4
30.8
30.0
28.9
26.5
36.6
18.0
31.1
249
31.5
889
833
114
719
190
153
90
42
59
18
57
110
56
14 8
14 4
6.2
18.3
20.6
26.1
16.5
14 4
22.3
7.9
25.3
12.7
24.1
338
5.6
5.4
310
1.8
34
7.0
276
7.8
72
78 13.3
33 6.0
19 6.5
10 3.8
11 4 8
21 9.3
32 3.7
28 12.1
48
0.8
70
1.2
45
3
42
12
12
13
1
2
2
.8
.2
1.1
1.3
2.0
2.4
.3
.8
.9
3
1.3
65
31
34
9
4
1
1
6
2
4
7
5
1.1
1.7
.9
1.0
.7
.2
.3
2.3
.9
1.8
.8
2.2
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
Per Num Per
Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num
ber. cent.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cenx.
Total.................... 6,015
C H IL D R E N
Lacking specified number of items in diet.
II.
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C U S T O M S R E G A R D IN G C E R T A IN D IE T A R Y P R A C T IC E S .
Although the chief concern in feeding children should be the
provision of such foods as will supply all the needed nutritive
materials, the technique of feeding is important if full success— or
often any success at all—in feeding children is to be attained. Not
only the foods given, therefore, but the suitability of those foods to
the digestive tract of the child, the number of meals a day in which
they are eaten, the regularity of hours, whether or not foods are
allowed between meals, and the character of each meal must also be
considered. A diet may contain everything necessary for good
nutrition and yet fail to produce a well-nourished child, because of
unfavorable practices in respect to one or more of the conditions
mentioned. The significance of each of these conditions to the
well-being of the child, and the custom of the children studied in
respect to each, therefore form an important part of this dietarystudy.
Suitability o f foods to age o f children.
It is usually assumed that a healthy adult can eat and digest
practically any food, raw or cooked, and his dietary, therefore, is
allowed to include a great variety of food prepared in many different
ways. Whether or not this is a wise practice may well be questioned;
such a procedure can not be followed in feeding young children
without unfavorable results. The digestive tract of the child is not
fully developed and is not equal to the task of digesting many foods
which would be entirely wholesome for an adult. In feeding children,
therefore, only simple, easily digested foods should be given in the
earlier years; other foods may be very gradually introduced as the
digestive tract becomes more able to care for them. For this reason
pies, rich pastries, fried foods, and other foods difficult of digestion
are excluded from dietaries planned for children of preschool age.
That little or no consideration was given to the suitability of
food to the digestive tract of the child was one of the facts most
apparent in the present study of Gary children. (Table 34.) Only
3.4 per cent of all the children’s diets, in fact, bore evidence that
they were planned with the age of the child in mind. These consisted
of milk, cereals, and simply cooked foods— potatoes, meat, vegetables,
and fruits and instead of pie they included fruits or simple puddings.
It was plainly evident from most of the schedules that the meals
were prepared for the father and that all the family from the 2-year89
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90
C H IL D R E N - O F
PRESCHOOL
AGE,
G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T
II.
old up ate the same meal. It was not uncommon to find the day’s
diet for a 2- or 3-year-old child similar to the following:
Breakfast: Ham and eggs, fried potatoes, coffee.
Dinner: Baked beans, catsup, bread, coffee.
Supper: Roast pork, potatoes browned in pork fat, gravy, fried
onions, apple pie, cheese and coffee.
The diets of more than 18 per cent of the children were of this
general type, though not always so extreme as this one. Such a
diet might perhaps be suited to the digestive capacity of a miner or
lumberman but is utterly unsuited to the delicate digestive organs
of a 6-year-old child, much less those of a 2-year-old.
There was distinctly more favorable feeding in respect to suitability
of foods among the native groups than among the colored and the
foreign bom . Of the children of native mothers 8.8 per cent had
diets which appeared to be planned for children (the average for all
nationality groups was 3.4 per cent) while only 1.1 per cent of the
children of the foreign bom and but 0.4 per cent of the colored
children had such diets. Among the Lithuanians, Magyars, and
Italians not a single child had a diet suited to his age, and but 1 child
of a Polish mother, 2 of German mothers, and 5 of Serbo-Croatian
mothers were thus favored.
T a b l e 34.— Type o f m eals, by color and n ation ality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Type of meals.
Color and nationality
mother.
Unsuitable.
Suitable.
Indeterminate.
Not reported.
Total.
Numher.
Per
cent.1
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.1
Number.
Per
cent.
Total...................
6,015
207
3.4
1,101
18.3
4,641
77.2
66
1.1
W h it e .....:....;......
Native....................
Foreign-bom.........
Polish.............
Serbo-Croatian.
Slovak.............
Magyar___. . . .
Italian.............
German...........
Lithuanian___
All other.........
Negro...........................
Not reported................
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
205
163
42
1
5
1
3.5
8.8
1.1
.1
.9
.2
1,038
371
667
136
79
92
72
64
50
31*
143
63
18.0
20.1
17.0
14.7
13.5
16.8
24.7
24.2
21.9
13.8
16.5
27.2
4,473
1,280
3,193
778
500
452
217
195
173
190
688
163
5
77.4
69.5
81.2
84.3
85.2
82.8
74.6
73.6
75.9
84.4
79.2
70.3
61
29
32
8
3
1
2
6
3
4
5
5
1.1
1.6
.8
.9
.5
.2
.7
. 2.3
1.3
1.8
.6
2.2
2
.9
33
1
1
3.8
.4
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Type o f evening meal.— It is usually considered wise to have the
young child’s evening meal, especially, an easily digested one, for
his bedtime should come shortly thereafter and such a meal is more
conducive to a comfortable night’s rest. Hence the custom of hav
ing the dinner at noon and having a supper of cereal, milk, bread,
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C E R T A IN
91
D IE T A R Y P R A C T IC E S .
and fruit; baked potato, soft egg, bread, and milk; or some other
equally simple-combination.
As a fact, more than 60 per cent of the children studied had eve
ning meals which— to use the popular terminology—were distinctly
“ heavy,” i. e., were of a type similiar to the one already referred to
and not conducive to either ease or quickness of digestion. (Table
35.) Only 9.1 per cent of the children, on the other hand, had
evening meals which were suitably simple, though 13.7 percent more,
who had their dinners at night, might be classed in this group since
their evening meals could not be called “ heavy. ” Even if these are
included, a total of less than one-fourth of the children (22.8 per
cent) had simple evening meals of the desired type.
T a b l e 35.— T ype o f evening m eal.
Children 2 to 7 years
of age.
Type of evening meal.
Per cent
Number. distribu
tion.
6,015
100.0
3,655
826
545
989
60.8
13.7
9.1
16.4
Number and regularity o f meals.—Most of the children studied
(95.9 per cent) had three meals a day. (Table 36.) Some children
however, 126, had but two meals a day, 67 had four meals or more,
and 7 children had but one. The number of meals bears little relation
to the age of the child, though a slightly higher proportion of 2 - and
3-year-old children than of the older groups had four meals.
T a b l e 36.— Num ber o f m eals daily,1 by age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of meals daily.1
Age of child.
Num
ber.
Per Num
cent. ber.
4 and over.
3
2"
1
Total.
Per Num Per Num
cent. ber. cent.2 ber.
Not reported.
Per Num
cent. ber.
Per
cent.
Total................... 6,015
7
0.1
126
2.1
5,770
95.9
67
1.1
45
0.7
1, 079
1, 437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
2
2
.2
.1
1
2
.1
.2
26
36
23
19
19
3
2.4
2.5
1.9
1.7
1.9
1.9
1,031
1, 367
1,192
1,055
973
150
2
95.6
95.1
96.7
95.9
96. 5
96.2
17
24
8
11
7
1.6
1.7
.6
1.0
.7
3
8
10
7
7
3
.3
.6
.8
.7
7
1.9
2 years, under 3.......... i
3 years, under 4............
4 years, under 5............
5 years, under 6............
6 years, under 7............
7 years, under 8............
1Information relates to day preceding agent’s visit.
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2Not shown where base is less than 100.
92
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART n .
Whether a child has three or four meals is a matter of less concern
than is the regularity of his meals. All pediatrists emphasize the
importance of having the meals of young children at unfailingly
regular hours. Less than half (47 per cent) of the group studied,
however, had regular hours for all three meals, though 43 per cent
more had two of their meals at practically the same hours daily.
There remain 9.1 per cent of the entire group, who had no regular
hours for any of their meals. (Table 37.)
T a b l e 37.— R egularity o f m eals, by color and nationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality of
mother.
Regular hours Regular hours
for all meals. for 1 or 2 meals.
Not reported.
Total.
Num
ber.
6,015
White.....................................
No regular
hours.
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
Num
Per
cent.1 ber.
Num
Per
cent.1 ber.
Per
cent.1
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
2,830
47.0
2,587
43.0
545
9.1
53
0.9
2,737
1,214
1,523
304
171
186
125
104
127
76
430
92
1
47.4
65.9
38.7
32.9
29.1
34.1
43.0
39.2
55.7
33.8
49.5
39.7
2,476
566
1,910
485
334
273
140
114
96
104
364
107
4
42.9
30.7
48.6
52.5
56.9
50.0
48.1
43.0
42.1
46.2
41.9
46.1
516
35
481
130
78
87
26
42
3
42
73
28
1
8.9
1.9
12.2
14.1
13.3
15.9
8.9
15.8
1.3
18.7
8.4
12.1
48
28
20
4
4
.8
1.5
.5
.4
.7
5
2
3
2
5
1.9
.9
1.3
.2
2.2
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
Irregularity was more common among the foreign-born and the
colored than among the native white group, approximately 39 per
cent of the children having three meals at regular hours and 12.2
per cent having no regular hours for meals in the two former groups»
in contrast to 65.9 per cent of the children who had three meals at
regular hours and 1.9 per cent who had no regular hours for meals
in the native white group. No striking differences were found among
the children of the foreign-born groups. The record of the Lithu
anians, with but one-third of their children having three meals at
regular hours and nearly one-fifth (18.7 per cent) having no regular
hours for meals, was one of the poorest. The children of German
mothers, in this as in many other items, most closely approached the
record of the children of native white mothers.
Eating between meals.— Eating between meals, or “ piecing, ” in
this study includes all eating at times other than mealtimes, whether
the number of meals is three or four. (A lunch such as bread and milk,
taken daily at approximately the same hour, has been considered
a meal rather than as eating between meals.) Even with this allow-
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T a b l e 38 .— A m ou nt and type o f fo o d eaten between m eals, by color and nationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality
of mother.
Total.
Total.
Amount limited.
No eating between
meals.
Unsuitable food.
Suitable food.
Amount excessive.
Amount limited.
Not reported.
Amount excessive.
Percent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent.1 Number. Percent.
Number. Percent.1 Number. Percent.1 Number. Percent.1 Number.
White.............................
Native......................
Foreign-born...........
Polish................
Serbo-Croatian.
Slovak...............
Magyar..............
Italian..............
German...........
Lithuanian----A llother.........
N egro..........................
Not reported.................
2,967
49.3
353
5.9
1,294
21.5
227
3.8
1,084
1.5
80.5
90
4,841
18.0
6,015
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
4,661
1,228
3,433
847
500
487
251
233
184
207
724
175
5
80.7
66.6
87.3
91.7
85.2
89.2
86.2
87.9
80.7
92.0
83.3
75.4
2,869
876
1,993
405
321
279
152
124
138
117
457
94
4
49.7
47.5
50.7
43.9
54.7
51.1
52.2
46.8
60.5
52.0
52.6
40.5
337
69
268
78
29
27
15
30
11
15
63
15
1
5.8
3.7
6.8
8.4
4.9
4.9
5.2
11.3
4.8
6.7
7.3
6.5
1,237
257
980
292
127
145
79
65
30
70
172
57
21.4
13.9
24.9
31.6
21.6
26.6
27.1
24.5
13.2
31.1
19.8
24.6
218
26
192
72
23
36
5
14
5
5
32
9
3.8
1.4
4.9
7.8
3.9
6.6
1.7
5.3
2.2
2.2
3.7
3.9
1,031
573
458
65
80
58
36
29
41
15
134
52
1
17.8
31.1
11.6
7.0
13.6
10.6
12.4
10.9
18.0
6.7
15.4
22.4
85
42
43
11
7
1
4
3
3
3
11
5
1.5
2.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
.2
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.2
1Not shown where base is less than 100.
CUSTOMS REGARDING CERTAIN DIETARY PRACTICES.
Eating between meals.
j
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oo
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94
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
ance, “ piecing” was a common habit among the children, since only
18 per cent of them were reported as not eating between meals. A
distinction should doubtless be made between the various types and
degrees of piecing. One piece of bread and butter in the morning,
for example, is of less importance than many “ snacks” of bread
eaten at odd times during the day; and a few cents’ worth of candy
eaten during the afternoon, serious as its effects may be, is of less
consequence than candy, fruit, popcorn, nuts, and ice-cream cones
indulged in at intervals all day long. Four types of eating between
meals, therefore, conforming to these four illustrations, were recog
nized in classifying the diets. (Table 38.)
About one-half (49.3 per cent) of the children were classed as hav
ing moderate amounts of simple foods, such as bread and butter, milk,
or fruit; while 5.9 per cent were having only such suitable foods but
were having them so frequently or so indiscriminately as to make it
appear a decidedly harmful practice. More than a fifth (21.5 per cent)
were “ piecing” on sweets or other undesirable articles and 3.8 per
cent were plainly doing this to excess.
To what extent a small amount of simple food eaten between meals
is harmful it is difficult to say. The consensus of opinion among
specialists is that no food between meals is the safest rule. Indis
criminate eating of even wholesome foods, and the eating of sweets
in particular, is without doubt an injurious practice. Nearly onethird (31.2 per cent) of the children, therefore, who were thus indulg
ing in the “ piecing” habit, were doing it probably to their detriment^
and 9.6 per cent almost certainly so.
Nationality and eating between meals.— In the matter of “ piecing,”
as in other factors already considered, the children of foreign-born
mothers were less fortunate than the children of native white mothers,
31.1 per cent of the latter being free from the habit of eating between
meals and only 5.2 per cent indulging in it to excess while only 11.6
per cent of the former did not eat between meals, and 11.7 per cent
did it to excess. The children of Lithuanian and Polish mothers,
with only 7 per cent free from “ piecing,” ranked at the bottom of the
list; the children of Slovak and Italian mothers, with about 11 per
cent free, came next; the children of German mothers, with 18 per
cent, and Negro children, with 22.4 per cent not eating between
meals, ranked nearest the native white group in freedom from this
habit.
Income and eating between meeds.— The children in the higher income
groups— from the $1,450 level upward— show a slight superiority over
those in lower groups in respect to the custom of “ piecing,” the num
ber free from this habit in the former groups avefaging about 23
per cent and in the latter ranging from 17.6 per cent to only 11.9 per
cent in families with incomes of less than $850. (Table 39.)
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T a b le 39.— A m ou nt and type o f fo o d eaten between m eals, by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Earnings of chief bread
winner.
Total.
N o eating between
meals.
Unsuitable food.
Suitable food.
Not reported.
Total.
Amount limited.
Amount excessive.
Amount limited. Amount excessive.
Number. Percent. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Number. Per cent.
Total....................
Under $850....................
$850 to $1,049.................
$1,050 to 1,249................
$1,250 to $1,449..............
$1,450 to $1,849..............
$1,850 to $2,249..............
$2,250 and over..............
No chief breadwinner
and no earnings........
Not reported.................
6,015
4,841
80.5
2,967
49.3
353
5.9
1,294
851
923
1,065
843
1,041
378
441
737
762
881
683
778
287
337
86.6
82.6
82.7
81.0
74.7
75.9
76.4
420
434
511
424
479
198
252
49.4
47.0
48.0
50.3
46.0
52.4
57.1
51
65
73
42
57
23
15
6.0
7.0
6.9
5.0
5.5
6.1
3.4
233
218
248
187
207
50
62
129
344
103
273
79.8
79.4
67
182
51.9
52.9
9
18
7.0
5.2
26
63
227
3.8
1,084
18.0
90
1.5
27.4
23.6
23.3
22.2
19.9
13.2 j
14.1
33
45
49
30
35
16
8
3.9
4.9
4.6
3.6
3.4
4.2
• 1.8
101
152
168
148
244
88
97
11.9
16.5
15.8
17.6
23.4
23.3
22.0
13
9
16
12
19
3
7
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.8
.8
1.6
20.2
18.3
1
10
.8
2.9
23
63
17.8
18.3
3
8
2.3
2.3
21.5
CUSTOMS REGARDING CERTAIN DIETARY PRACTICES,
Eating between meals.
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96
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
There is nothing about low income itself which would tend toward
increased “ piecing/’ unless the more monotonous meals dull the
children’s appetites at mealtimes and thus favor eating between
meals. On the other hand, in families of low income the less ample
food supply would seem to limit rather than increase this practice.
Perhaps some other factor associated or coincident with low income,
such as greater ignorance of a child’s needs and lack of supervision
in respect to this habit, produced the poor record for the low income
groups. If so, these groups are not proved to be much more igno
rant and neglectful in these respects than the highest earnings groups,
as the latter had a record only slightly better.
Inadequate breakfasts.
Not only should a young child be assured of sufficient food of the
right kind, but this food should be distributed fairly evenly among
the three meals, the breakfast and dinner being perhaps heartier than
the evening meal. It is important, moreover, that none of these
meals be omitted and that the breakfast in particular, following as it
does the night abstinence and preceding a day of activity, should be
ample. The habit of scanty breakfasts or none at all has in fact
been found to be one of the chief factors contributing to malnutrition
of children.
Large numbers of the preschool children studied had no breakfast
at all or such meager and unsuitable breakfasts as: “ One cup of cof
fee” ; “ 1 cup coffee and 1 piece of apple pie” ; “ 1 cup of coffee and
several cookies” ; “ 3 cakes” ; or “ one egg.” It was found that onethird of all the children (32.6 per cent) had no breakfasts or break
fasts of this extremely inadequate type. (Table 40.) The break
fasts of many others were poor or were of questionable adequacy.
Nationality and inadequate breakfasts.— Poorest of the nationalities
in respect to breakfasts were the Italians, since three-fifths (60.8 per
cent) of their children were having no breakfasts, or only such inad
equate ones as those just described. Next in order of inadequacy of
breakfasts came the children of Polish, Serbo-Croatian, and Magyar
mothers, of whom about half (55.1, 51.8, and 51.2 per cent, respec
tively) had breakfasts of this extremely poor type or none at all.
The smallest proportions without adequate breakfasts were found
among the children of German mothers (23.7 per cent), Negro
mothers (16.8 per cent), and native white mothers (10.5 per cent).
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97
CUSTOMS REGARDING CERTAIN DIETARY PRACTICES.
T a b l e 40.— Inadequate breakfast, by color and nationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Who hac very inadequate breakfasts.
Color and nationality of mother.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
W hite................................................................................................................
Serbo-Croatian....................................................................................
6,015
1 1,960
32.6
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
1,921
193
1,728
509
304
236
149
161
54
99
216
39
33.3
10.5
43.9
55.1
51.8
43.2
51.2
60.8
23.7
44.0
24.9
16.8
1 Includes 12 children who had no breakfast.
Income and inadequate breakfasts.— In common with nearly all
the undesirable conditions already discussed, inadequate breakfasts
were distinctly more prevalent in the lowest income groups. Table
41 shows that the percentage of children who did not have breakfasts
that were at all satisfactory decreased from 44.5 per cent in the fami
lies with incomes of less than $850 to but 13.8 per cent in the $2,250
earnings group. But again the fact that so considerable a propor
tion as 18.8 per cent and 13.8 per cent, respectively, of the children
in the two highest income groups did not have adequate breakfasts
indicates that some cause other than poverty contributed to the
result.
T a b l e 41.— Inadequate breakfast, by earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Who had very in
adequate breakfasts
Earnings of chief breadwinner.
Total.
Number. Percent.
to $1,649- . .
..............................................................................
¿1,05 0 to ¿i,24Q_.
.............................................................................
¿1,250 to $1,449 ......................................- .........................................
$1 450 to $1,849..................................................................................................
¿IRfiOto $ 2 2 4 9
.........................................................................................................
1Indudes 12 children who had no breakfast
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6,015
11,960
32.6
851
923
1,065
843
1,041
378
441
129
344
379
395
388
255
266
71
61
47
98
44.5
42.8
36.4
30.2
25.6
18.8
13.8
36.4
28.5
98
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
Inadequate lunches.
Totally insufficient lunches were likewise common among the chil
dren studied. As in the case of breakfasts, only the extremely
poor lunches were considered “ inadequate,” in making the tabula
tions, and the term therefore refers only to such lunches as the fol
lowing: “ One slice bread and coffee” ; “ cakes, coffee” ; “ bread and
lard, 1 cup coffee” ; “ 2 slices bread and butter, coffee” ; “ 1 plate
beef soup” ; “ 2 cobs corn, 1 slice bread and butter” ; or “ 2 slices
bread and margarine, 1 dill pickle.” Of the children studied, 16.9
per cent had either no lunch at all or one of this inadequate type.
Furthermore, 493 children, or 8.2 per cent of the entire group, had
neither lunches nor breakfasts of any better type. (Tables 42 and 43.)
The children of native white mothers fared somewhat better than
the average, only 6.9 per cent having no lunches, or lunches of this
extremely inadequate type, and but 2.3 per cent having neither
lunches nor breakfasts of a better type; while the children of foreignbom parentage, of whom 20.2 per. cent had inadequate lunches or
none and 11 per cent had neither breakfasts nor lunches above the
inadequate grade, fared distinctly worse than the average. The
children of Polish mothers made the poorest showing; 28.1 per cent
of them did not have adequate lunches and 17.2 per cent had neither
lunches nor breakfasts that were satisfactory.
T a b l e 42.— Inadequate lunch, by color and nationality o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Who had very in
adequate lunches.
Color and nationality of mother.
Total.
Number. Percent.
Polish..................................................................................................
Slovak.................................................................................................
Magyar.................................................................................................
German................................................................................................
All other..............................................................................................
6,015
U,016
16.9
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
921
127
794
259
120
148
53
31
23
44
116
95
15.9
6.9
20.2
28.1
20.4
27.1
18.2
11.7
10.1
19.6
13.3
40.9
1Includes 88 children who had no lunch.
A combination of inadequate breakfasts and lunches is especially
detrimental, for it means that a child must go from supper one night
till supper the night following without any real meal. That 8.2
per cent of all the children, 11 per cent of the foreign-bom, and 17.2
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CUSTOMS REGARDING CERTAIN DIETARY PRACTICES.
99
per cent of the Polish children, were thus receiving but one real meal
a day is indeed significant.
T a b l e 43.— Inadequacy o f both breakfast and lunch, by color and n ationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Both breakfast and
lunch inadequate.
Color and nationality of mother.
Total.
Number. Përcent.
Total...................
White...........................
5,777
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
Native., j .............
Foreign-born.........
P olish............
Serbo-Croatian
Slovak.............
Magyar............
Italian.............
German...........
Lithuanian___
All other.........
Negro............................
Not reported................
493
8.2
476
42
434
159
77
83
26
24
6
13
46
17
8.2
2.3
11.0
17.2
13.1
15.2
8.9
9.1
2.6
5.8
5.3
7.3
Summary o f customs regarding dietary practices.
The findings regarding certain dietary practices which have just
been individually considered may be summarized briefly. In the
following statement, the condition to be desired is compared with the
findings relative to it among the children studied:
It is a matter of common agreement
among specialists that it is best for young
children—
(1)
To be given simple, easily digested
Only 3.4 per cent of the children, and
foods suited to their digestive tract.
practically none in the foreign groups, had
such meals.
(2)
To have as the evening meal, in
Only 22.8 per cent of the children at the
particular, a light and easily digested one.
most could be said to have had such eve
ning meals, and 60.8 per cent had even
ing meals of the exactly opposite type.
(3) To have all meals at moderately
regular hours.
Less than half (47 per cent) had such
regular meals.
(4) To have as many meals as needed
but no food between meals.
Only 18 per cent had no food between
meals, and 31.2 per cent were quite evi
dently indulging in “ piecing” to a harm
ful extent.
(5) To have a good breakfast to start
the day.
A t least one-third had totally inade
quate breakfasts, or none.
(6) To have a good lunch at noon.
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Sixteen and nine-tenths per cent had
distinctly poor lunches or none, and 8.2
per cent had neither adequate lunches
nor adequate breakfasts.
100
CHILDREN" OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
These averages, moreover, are for the total group, and the distinctly
poorer records of many groups are obscured thereby.
It is obvious that these factors are not all of equal importance.
Indeed it is often difficult to convince mothers that they are impor
tant at all, since a child may live and apparently thrive in total
disregard of all such considerations. Irritability, peevishness, dis
turbed sleep, digestive difficulties, and the lack of appetite at meal
times are results which commonly accompany violations of one or
more of these rules; but these are rarely attributed to their real
cause. The effects, moreover, are not always immediately visible,
but may show cumulatively later on in a poorly nourished body, or
a weakened digestive tract. Certain it is, at any rate, that the ideal
conditions described above can not be continually disregarded with
out risk to the present and future well-being of the child.
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DIETARY FINDINGS CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL
CONDITION.
Slightly over half (52 per cent) pf the 6,015 preschool children for
whom schedules were obtained were given physical examinations.
The physical findings are presented fully in a special report.3 Cer
tain data revealed in these examinations, however, are significant
in connection with the dietary findings, and will therefore be dis
cussed briefly in this section. Special relationships which have been
deemed worthy of comment are: Diet and dental caries; diet and
anemia; diet and postural defect; diet and defective tonsils; and
diet and the total number of defects.
In studying these relationships it has been borne in mind that a
child’s state of nutrition is the result not of his diet at the time,
but rather of that which he has had through all his previous years.
It is doubtless true, however, that the present diet is more or less
indicative of the type which he has formerly received. An excep
tion is found in the case of children who have been breast fed in
infancy and have later dropped to an unsatisfactory diet.
State o f nutrition as indicated by weight according to height.
The grades of diet are compared in Table 44 with two main groups
which are defined in terms of weight according to height. The first
group comprises all children of average weight or above, and is
subdivided into those whose condition of nutrition was adjudged
excellent by the physician who made the physical examination, and
the others; the second, which comprises children below average
weight for height, is subdivided into those less than 7 per cent below,
those between 7 and 10 per cent below, and those 10 per cent or more
below average weight for height. For this comparison the diet
grades are combined into three groups.
If, as is frequently assumed, weight is an accurate index of nutri
tion, a close relation might be expected to appear between the weight
for height groups and the grade of diet. However, the distribution
of the children in these weight groups, as shown by Table 44, seems
to bear little relation to their classification according to diet. A
slightly larger proportion of children having A and B diets (20.2 per
cent) were placed in the group with excellent nutrition than of the
children having D and E diets (18.3 per cent).
»Rude, Anna E., M. D .: Physical Status of Preschool Children, Gary, Ind., pp. 27-62. U. S. Chil
dren’s Bureau Publication No. 111. Washington, 1922.
101
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102
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
T a b l e 44.— R elation o f weight to height, by grade o f diet.
Children 2 to 7 years of age given physical examination.
Grade of diet.
Relation of weight to
height.1
C
A and B
Number.
Per
cent
Numdistriber.
bution.
Per
Numcent
distriber.
bution.
D and E
Per
Per
Num- cent
cent
distridistriber.
bution.
bution.
Not
Total.............................
3,125
100.0
332
100.0
885
100.0
1,555
100.0
353
Average and above...............
Excellent nutrition2.......
Other...............................
Below average........................
Less than 7 per cent.......
7, but less than 10per cent
1Ôper cent and over.......
1,319
580
739
1,806
1,180
323
303
42.2
18.6
23.6
57.8
37.8
10.3
9.7
135
67
68
197
128
38
31
40.7
20.2
20.5
59.3
38.6
11.4
9.3
380
174
206
505
337
83
85
42.9
19.7
23.3
57.1
38.1
9.4
9.6
676
284
392
879
598
151
130
43.5
18.3
25.2
56.5
38.5
9.7
8.4
128
55
73
225
117
51
57
1 The height and weight table used as standard was that prepared by the Children’s Bureau for the weigh
ing and measuring test during the Children’s Year campaign, the averages for children aged 6 to 48 months
having been taken from the anthropometric table compiled by F. S. Crum and those for children aged 5 to 7
years, inclusive, from Bowditch.
2 Excellent as judged by the examining physician.
The fact that many of the children on good diets failed to qualify
as of excellent nutrition may be explained by the following points:
(1) The diets were only qualitatively graded and the amount of
food may easily have been under the child’s requirement; (2) the
factor of suitability and digestibility of foods was largely disregarded
in diets graded B, and these diets may easily have failed to nourish the
children even though apparently containing all the requisite food ele
ments; and (3) a diet satisfactory in every way may fail to produce a
well-nourished individual if toxins from tonsils or other sources, or
other physical defects, are present to interfere.
The fact that the groups with diets lacking in one or more of the
food essentials— the D and E diets— had nearly the same proportion
of children of excellent nutrition as the group with the best diets
and no greater a proportion of underweights than that group is
more difficult to explain. Three queries in respect to this situation
immediately arise: Are the diets typical? Does the diet really
matter? Or is the weight to height ratio alone not a sufficient
criterion of the condition of nutrition ?
The precautions taken to eliminate nontypical diets have already
been mentioned. Attention has further been called to the fact that
the diets of the day preceding the visit of the agent had a significant
relation to nutrition only as they were typical of the diets which the
child had been receiving; and to the fact that the influence of good
feeding during infancy continues to be seen in the child’s condition,
especially in the years immediately following that period. Further
more, variation in the grade of a child’s diet from day to day, while
tending to lessen any correlation of poor diets with poor nutrition
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DIETARY FINDINGS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION.
103
and other physical conditions, would not entirely eliminate it unless
so marked as to make the classification of the diet merely a matter
of chance as to the particular day chosen. And as will be seen later,
marked correlations with other items of physical condition than
weight point to a definite relationship existing between the diet of
the day taken in this study and the child’s habitual diet.
In considering the second query, with reference to the importance
of the diets in relation to nutrition, it should be remembered at the
outset that the diet grades A and B were based on the apparent
ability of diets to provide all the elements essential to good nutrition
— calcium for bones and teeth, iron for tissues and the red blood
cells, vitamines for the maintenance of health and the prevention
of deficiency diseases, as well as proteins capable of supporting
normal growth and a sufficient quantity of food to supply the needed
energy. It is well known that a shortage of these essentials other
than the energy-producing elements does not always show itself
immediately in the weight. The body can take calcium from bones;
and teeth to supply its more vital needs and can lose iron from the
red corpuscles, for a considerable time before loss in weight results.
Vitamines, moreover, may apparently be stored to some extent in
the tissues, and drawn from this source in times of under-supply,
making it appear for the time being that the body can thrive without
them. Change in the state of nutrition, in other words, lags con
siderably behind change in the diet. That a certain diet has not
yet caused underweight, therefore, does not prove that the diet is
satisfactory. This is especially true of the* preschool period, particu
larly the first year or two, since the effects of good infant feeding
seem to persist for some time in spite of an extremely undesirable
subsequent diet.
A surprising lack of underweight in children livings on an almost
exclusive bread-and-coffee diet has been noted again and again in
preschool clinics. Such children are pale, fat, flabby, and lifeless,
with scarcely one characteristic of a normal child excepting weight.
One worker has characterized them as “ lifeless lumps of lead who
stay wherever they are put.” And yet if weight alone is a standard
of nutrition they must be regarded as in “ good” condition.
In view of these facts it can scarcely be considered proved that
the diet standards were too high or that diet does not matter, even
though children whose dietaries included no apparent source of
calcium or vitamines, and insufficient proteins, were found to be of
normal weight. Such a diet, if continued many months, can not
fail to work havoc in some way, whether or not it causes under
weight. It would seem, however, that data as to the discrepancy
between diets and weights such as those given in Table 44, secured
for more than 3,000 children, would indicate the wisdom of con146830—23-----8
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104
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
sidering other factors than weight for height in estimating the state
of nutrition. It is generally admitted that underweight children
are as a rule undernourished; but, unquestionably, many children
of average weight and above are also malnourished. Would not
an examination of the child’s diet be the best method of detecting
faulty nutrition in its incipiency ?
Ch abt
vm.—P er cent of children 2 to 7 years of age w ith carious teeth , b y grade of d iet.
Carious teeth.
A conspicuous example of the relation between diet and physical
condition is shown by Chart V I I I , which pictures the relation between
the type of diet and the presence of dental caries. Even though
neglect to clean the teeth, and other factors which might contribute
to decay, were doubtless coexistent with faulty diets, the absence of
bone-forming elements in the diets was doubtless an important cause
of this condition. Only 52.1 per cent of the children in the highest
diet group as compared with 75.6 per cent, or nearly one and one-half
times as many, of those in the lowest diet group had decayed teeth.
(Table 45.)
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T a b l e 45.— Prevalence o f carious teeth, by grade o f diet and age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age given physical examination.
Grade of diet.
A and B.
Age of child.
C.
Not graded.
D and E.
Total.
Having carious
teeth.
Number, Per cent
Total.
Number. Percent.1
Total.......
3,125
2,021
64.7
2 years, under 3
3 years, under 4.
4 years, under 5
5 years, under 6,
6 years, under 7
7 years, under 8,
511
496
549
667
682
108
218
364
533
598
220
200
21.1
44.0
66.3
79.9
87.7
90.9
1 Not shown where base is less than 50.
332
173
52.1
30.3
51.5
6a 0
79.7
Having carious
teeth.
Having carious
teeth.
Total.
Total.
Having carious
teeth.
Total.
Number. Percent.1
Number. Per cent.
Number. Percent.
885
596
67.3
1,555
1,175
75.6
69
182
192
184
197
61
14
81
129
149
168
55
20.3
44.5
67.2
81.0
85.3
90.2
76
234
288
412
408
137
30
113
199
340
368
125
39.5
48.3
69.1
82.5
90.2
91.2
77
327
4
3
6
8
5
21.8
17.4
DIETARY FUNDINGS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION.-
Having carious
teeth.
O
cn
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C H IL D R E N " OE P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .— P A R T I I .
One of the chief faults of these diets appears to have been lack of
calcium due to the small amounts of milk used. The diet grades
usually, though not invariably, represented the following amounts of
milk: A, 1J pints; B, 1 pint; C, £ pint; D, less than \ pint; E, none
or practically none. In view of the importance of calcium in tooth
formation the diet grades regarded as milk grades become especially
significant. (Table 46.)
T a b l e 46.— P h y sica l d efects, by grade o f d iet.
Children 2 to7years of age given physical examination.
H aving
carious
teeth.
Grade of diet.
H aving
bony defects
of rachitic
origin.
H aving
postural
defects.
H aving
defective
tonsils.
H aving
anemia.
Total.
N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1
B
T>
....................................
N ot graded....................................
3,125
2,021
64.7
467
14.9
793
25.4
1,626
52.0
243
00
To ta l....................................
332
19
313
885
1,555
1,512
43
353
173
2
171
596
1,175
1,141
34
77
52.1
39
1
38
106
279
272
7
43
11.7
78
3
75
220
452
435
17
43
23.5
153
7
146
489
850
824
26
134
46.1
17
5.1
46.6
55.3
54.7
54.5
17
66
151
147
4
9
5.4
7.5
9.7
9.7
54.6
67.3
75.6
75.5
21.8
12.1
12.0
17.9
18.0
12.2
24.0
24.9
29.1
28.8
12.2
38.0
2.5
iN o t shown where base is less than 100.
Bony defects of rachitic origin.
Defects of rachitic origin are intimately connected with deficiency
in diet and under a proper dietary régime tend to disappear. The
relationship between the grade of diet and bony defects of rachitic
origin is definitely indicated by Table 46. Of the children with A
and B diets, 11.7 per cent had bony defects of rachitic origin as com
pared with 18 per cent of those with D and E diets. Particularly
with reference to the defects here considered, a fact already pointed
o u t4 must be borne in mind; namely, that a child’s nutrition is the
product not of his present diet but of that which he has had through
all his previous years.
Postural defects.
“ Winged shoulders” and other postural defects are common accom
paniments of the low muscular tone resulting from poor nutrition. In
children of the preschool age, especially during the earlier years, such
conditions usually have not become manifest to the same extent as in
older children. In the group studied, nevertheless, more than a fourth
(25.4 per cent) were found already to have such postural defects.
The tendency toward these defects increased with the defectiveness
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DIETAKY FINDINGS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION.
107
of the diet; 29.1 per cent of the children with D and E diets were
found to have defects of posture, as compared with 23.5 per cent of
those with A and B diets.
Defective tonsils.
It is a matter of general knowledge that enlarged or diseased tom
sils, or adenoids—with which they are frequently associated—may
markedly affect the physical condition of the child— the enlarged ton
sils by obstructing the breathing and the diseased ones by the de
pressing effect of their toxins. That there may be another relation
between abnormal tonsils and poor nutrition, with malnutrition as
the cauSe and abnormal tonsils as the result, has more than once been
suggested by pediatrists. In connection with this point it is interest
ing to note that of the children with A and B diets 46.1 per cent had
defective tonsils, as compared with 54.7 per cent of the children with
D and E diets. (Table 47.)
That the percentage of defective tonsils is noticeably smaller
among the children with A and B diets does not, it is true, necessarily
signify a cause and effect relationship, for unfavorable conditions
other than deficient diets might also be present. Moreover, the preva
lence of abnormal conditions of the tonsils is shown in Table 47 to
increase with age, such conditions appearing in 2 per cent of the group
under 3 years of age, and 53.5 per cent of the 6- to 7-year age group.
Since such a relationship has already been suggested by specialists,
however, the data here presented at least offer an argument for
further investigation of this Doint.
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108
T able 47.— Prevalence o f defective tonsils, by grade o f diet and age o f child.
Qrade of diet.
Total.
.
Total.................
2 years, under 3..........
3 years, under 4..........
4 years, under 5..........
5 years, under 6 ..........
6 years, under 7..........
7 years, under 8 ..........
1
3,125
511
496
549
667
682
220
1,626
203
254
319
377
365
108
Not shown where base is less than 50.
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52.0
39.7
51.2
58.1
56.5
53.5
49.1
332
39
76
66
65
69
17
153
15
35
33
31
31
8
Number. Per cent. 1
Number. Per cent.
Number. Per cent.
Number. Per cent.1
Total.
Total.
Total.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
Having defective
tonsils.
Having defective
tonsils.
Having defective
tonsils.
Having defective
tonsils.
Not graded.
D and E.
C.
A and B.
Having defective
tonsils.
Age of child.
46.1
885
489
55.3
1,555
850
54.7
353
134
38.0
27
96
39.1
52.7
57.3
56.0
60.9
54.1
76
234
288
412
408
137
38
50.0
51.3
60.1
58.7
51.5
48.9
327
4
3
123
3
3
37.6
46.1
50.0
47.7
44.9
69
182
192
184
197
61
6
8
1
110
103
120
33
120
173
242
210
67
5
4
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
Children 2 to 7 years of age given physical examination.
DIETARY FINDINGS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION.
109
Anemia.
The method of determining anemia—by the inspection of the mu
cous membranes for pallor—is only a rough one, and the cases singled
out in this way are those in which the hemoglobin is considerably re
duced. Even so, it was found that 7.8 per cent of the children who
received physical examination were anemic. (Table 48, Chart IX .)
Ch abt IX .—Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age anemic, by grade of diet.
Grade of diet:
A and B (adequate).
G.
D and E (inadequate).
Although other factors than diet, such as toxins from tonsils,
adenoids, and diseased teeth, are more commonly responsible for
anemia than is diet, a diet which does not provide sufficient quantities
of iron and other constituents of the red corpuscles is quite capable
of producing a secondary anemia. It is therefore of interest to note
the incidence of anemia in the different diet groups. In this connec
tion it must be remembered that according to the findings of the
physical examinations the percentage of anemic children increased
with age, rising to 16.7 per cent in the seventh year.
As is shown in Chart IX , only 5.1 per cent in the highest diet
group were anemic, whereas in the lower grades the proportion
increased steadily until in the poorest group 9.7 per cent of the
children were so classed.
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110
T a b l e 48.— Prevalence o f anem ia, by grade o f diet and age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age given physical examination.
•
Total.
Total....... .........
3,125
243
7.8
332
2 years, under 3..........
3 years, under 4..........
4 years, under 6 ..........
5 years, under 6 ..........
6 years, under 7..........
7 years, under 8 ..........
511
496
549
667
682
5
3
1 .0
.6
39
76
3.8
66
220
21
67
114
33
I Not shown where base is less than 50.
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1 0 .0
16.7
15.0
65
69
17
17
1
2
11
3
51
1.5
3.1
15.9
885
69
182
192
184
197
61
66
5
25
30
6
7.5
1,555
2 .6
76
234
288
412
408
137
136
15.2
9.8
Number. Per cent.1
Number. Per cent.
Number. Per cent.
Number. Per cent.1
Total
Total.
Total.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
Aneimie.
Anemic.
Anemic.
Anemic.
Not reported.
P and E
C
A andB
Anemic.
Age of child.
•
151
9.7
353
9
2.5
K l
1.3
1.3
5.2
9.7
17.4
15.3
327
4
3
4
1 .2
m H Ê3
15
40
.71
21
6
8
5
2
3
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
Grade of diet.
DIETARY FINDINGS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION.
I ll
Number o f defects.
One method of comparing the physical condition of a group of
children is by the total number of defects which they are individually
found to have. Underweight counts as one defect, carious teeth
another; and anemia, bad tonsils, a defective heart, and other abnor
mal conditions are each in turn regarded as one defect. Findings in
respect to these defects and their significance are presented in detail
in another of the reports on the investigation in Gary.5 In Table 49
the proportion of children on good diets who were free from defects
is compared with that among children who were less satisfactorily fed.
T a b l e 49.— N um ber o f d efects, by grade o f d iet.
Children 2 to 7 years of age given physical examination.
Total.
With specified grade of diet.
Number of defects.
B
C
D
Per
Num cent
Per
Per
Per
ber. distri A i
Num cent Num cent Num cent
bution.
ber. distri ber. distri ber. distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
E
1
Not
grad
ed.
Total........................... 3,125
1 0 0 .0
19
313
1 0 0 .0
885
1 0 0 .0
1,512
1 0 0 .0
43
353
With defects......................... 2,976
Less than 5.................... 1,789
1 ...............................
332
2 ...............................
440
3...............................
537
4 ...............................
480
5 to 9 .............................. 1,123
5 ...............................
426
6 ...............................
316
7 .............................
196
8 ...............................
123
9 ...............................
62
10 to 15..........................
64
1 0 .............................
30
1 1 .............................
21
1 2 .............................
8
13.............................
3
14.............................
1
15.............................
1
Without defects...................
149
95.2
57.2
14
287
182
49
38
91.7
58.1
15.7
846
503
83
128
150
142
324
127
95.6
56.8
9.4
14.5
16.9
16.0
36.6
14.4
9.7
7-3
1,481
818
108
188
259
263
622
229
174
97.9
54.1
7.1
12.4
17.1
17.4
41.1
15.1
11.5
41
17
307
257
89
79
52
37
50
26
13
El
41
19
2!7
1 0 .6
14.1
17.2
15.4
35.9
13.6
1 0 .1
12
1
4
5
2
2
1
1
6.3
3.9
66
29
102
37
36
14
9
6
2 .0
2 .0
1 .0
3
1 2 .1
2 1 .1
9.3
32.6
1 1 .8
11.5
4.5
2.9
1.9
1 .0
65
25
2
.6
.1
1
.3
2.4
19
2 .1
1 .1
.8
.2
7
2
5
26
8.3
2 .8
21
10
.7
.3
(S)
(*)
4.8
86
12
6
2
39
4.4
3
5
7
23
6
6
5 E
O. 1
j.3
1
.4
.1
.1
.1
31
2 .1
i
2
1
1
2
46
Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
1
Only 4.8 per cent of the whole group of children examined had no
defects at all, while 57.2 per cent had less than 5, 35.9 per cent had
from 5 to 9, and 2 per cent had 10 or more defects. In comparison
with these average figures the proportions among children on A and
B diets were fairly creditable, the percentage free from defects being
9.3— almost twice the average— while 67.8 per cent were found to
»Rude, Anna E., M. D.: Physical Status of Preschool Children, Gary, Ind.
Publication No. 111.
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112
CHILDREN OP PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
have less than 5. Compared with other diet groups also the children
having A and B diets made a distinctly better showing:
Per cent free
from defects.
A and B diets.
C diets........
D and E diets
Per cent with
less than 5
defects.
9.3
4.4
2.1
67.8
61.2
55.8
Over 4 times as high a percentage of the children in the A and B
diet group were free from defects as of those in the D and E groups.
The average number of defects, as derived from Table 49, increased
from 2.3 for children with A diets, to 3.5 for children with B diets,4—
the same as the average for the entire group—for those with C, 4.4
for those with D, and 4.9 for those with E diets.
Summary o f relationship between diet and physical condition.
In interpreting these relationships, it must be borne in mind that
the information regarding diet refers to the diets the children were
receiving at the time of the study— doubtless more or less typical o f
their customary diets; and that parallelism does not necessarily prove
a cause and effect relationship. So many interdependent factors—
numbers of which are not investigated at all— are involved in studies
like the present one that caution must be used in explaining such
relationships. In this exposition, therefore, it has not been intended
to give the impression that diet is the only factor— or in some cases
that it is necessarily a factor at all— in the causation of the physical
defects discussed. In accordance with the recognized fact that an
adequate diet is essential for the nutrition of the body— bones, teeth,
blood, muscles, and its every component part— and that good nutri
tion is an important factor in the prevention of various kinds of
bodily defects and disease, this study, involving thousands of cases,
has shown that the carefully and adequately fed children were really
in the best condition— though other factors than diet may have had
a share in making them so.
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S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S IO N S O F D IE T A R Y S T U D Y .
The diets of 6,015 children of Gary, Ind., between the ages of 2 and
7, inclusive, were studied by the schedule method. These diets were
classified into five groups— A, B, C, D, and E— according to their
adequacy and suitability for children of these years. A and B diets are
those apparently capable of covering the child's actual requirements;
A being both adequate and suitable and B adequate, but with one
or more flaws in respect to suitability; C is a diet the adequacy of
which is questionable; D diets lack one or more of the essentials of
nutrition; and E is an almost totally deficient diet. The diet records
were likewise examined for the presence or absence of certain foods
commonly depended on for a child's diet— milk, eggs, cereals, vege
tables, fruits, potatoes— and for the use of coffee. The practices
concerning certain customs of eating—regularity of meals, suitability
of foods, type of evening meal, “ piecing/' and adequacy of break
fasts and lunches were also considered. In all instances the relation
of the different items to age, nationality, income, and other significant
factors was examined. Finally, the relation of certain physical
conditions to the grades of diet was studied. The outstanding
findings in respect to these different items may be summarized as fol
lows:
Adequacy o f diets.
Judged by accepted standards as to what constitutes a diet capable
of promoting normal growth and development in children, the large
majority of the children studied were not being adequately fed.
Less than 10 per cent of the entire group had diets on the day before
the agent’s visit which appeared adequate (A and B), and only 25
of this group had diets both adequate and suitable. In fact, nearly
two-thirds of the total number of children and three-fourths of the
children of all nationality groups, save native whites, Germans, and
Lithuanians, had diets which were almost certainly lacking in one
or more of the essentials.
M ilk.
One of the chief factors responsible for so large a percentage of
inadequate diets was the scanty use of milk, without which the re
quirements of the body—for calcium in particular— can not be met.
Only 18.9 per cent of all the children were getting the pint which is
almost universally recognized as the minimum necessary, and 57.2
113
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114
CHILDREN- OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.---- PART II.
per cent had no milk at all to drink. In several nationality groups,
indeed, three-fourths of the children had no milk to drink; and 970
children of all groups had no milk at all either in food or as a beverage.
Coffee .8
A second factor contributing to the inadequate character of the
diets was the prevalence of the coffee habit a m o n g these children.
Two-thirds of the entire group were found to drink coffee habitually,
and 40 per cent to have it more than once a day. Not only so, but
in certain of the groups of foreign-horn parentage, coffee was drunk
by more than 90 per cent of the children, and three-fourths of the
Polish group had it two or more times daily.
' Coffee drinking, moreover, appears to have been inversely propor
tional to the use of milk. Not only do the schedules show about the
same percentage of children drinking coffee as of those lacking milk,
but a comparison of coffee drinking by milk groups shows the use of
coffee to increase markedly as the amount of milk decreases. To
leave out milk and substitute coffee plays havoc with any diet, what
ever may be its redeeming features.
Other foods.
Milk is not the only desirable food which was little used, since
vegetables, fruits, cereals, and eggs were likewise conspicuously lack
ing. More than half of all the diets lacked each of these impor
tant foods, 60.1 per cent being without fruits, 59.5 per cent without
eggs, 76.6 per cent without cereals, and 50.4 per cent without vege
tables other than potatoes. Potatoes and meat were present in
higher percentages of the diets than any other foods, about twothirds of the total number containing each of these articles of diet.
The extensive use of potatoes is one of the most commendable features
observed. The extensive use of meat is rather to be regretted, in
view of the low incomes of many of the families reached by the study
and the absence of more important foods from most of the diets,
since when meat is not used the tendency is toward a greater use of
more essential foods.
Item s lacking.
The extreme poverty of the diets is further shown by the fact that
nearly half (45.5 per cent) of them lacked as many as four of the
foods usually included in a child’s diet to insure that his require
ments are met and to provide sufficient variety—milk, eggs, vege
tables, potatoes, fruit, cereal, and meat. In five of the nine nation
ality groups, moreover, about two-thirds of the children were without
four or more of these foods— 69 per cent of the children of colored
mothers lacking this number.
8“ Coffee,” throughout this discussion, indicates both coffee and tea.
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SU M M ARY AND CONCLUSION'S OF DIETARY STUDY.
115
Technique o f feeding.
Not only were a high percentage of the diets studied of doubtful
adequacy, but they were likewise faulty in respect to practices which
may be included under the term technique of feeding. Only 3.4 per
cent of all the children, and practically none of the children of foreignbom mothers, had meals which were suitable to children of their
age, and 18.3 per cent of all had meals which were extremely unsuit
able in character. The evening meal of 61 per cent of the children
was a “ heavy” one; less than half of the entire group (47 per cent)
had meals at regular hours; and eating between meals was almost a
universal practice, only 18 per cent of all the children— and in most
of the foreign groups less than this percentage—being free from the
habit.
One-third of all the children and almost two-thirds of the children
of Italian mothers had breakfasts of an extremely inadequate type
such as “ one cup of coffee,” or “ bread and coffee,” or “ cakes,” or
no breakfasts. Lunches of a similar type, or no lunches, were re
ported for 16.9 per cent of all the children, 28.1 per cent of the chil
dren of Polish mothers, and 40.9 per cent of the children of Negro
mothers. Furthermore, 8.2 per cent of all the children, 11 per cent
of those of foreign-born mothers, and 17.2 per cent of those of Polish
mothers, had neither breakfasts nor lunches that could be considered
at all adequate.
D iet and physical condition.
The percentage of children with no defects was over four times as
high in the A and B as in the D and E diet groups. The average
number of defects per child increased from 2.3 among children with
A diets to 4.9 among those with E diets. The proportion having
certain defects closely related to nutrition increased from 5.1 per cent
in the A and B grades to 9.7 per cent in the D and E grades in the case
of anemia; from 46.1 per cent in the A and B grades to 56.2 per cent in
the D and E grades in the case of defective tonsils; from 23.5 per cent
to 29.1 per cent for postural defects; from 11.7 per cent to 17.9 per
cent for bony defects of rachitic origin; and from 52.1 per cent to
75.6 per cent in the case of carious teeth. On the other hand, little
correlation was found between weight for height and grade of diet.
Although children living on diets lacking in elements known to be
essential to their normal development appeared to thrive when
judged solely by the standard of weight for height, it does not seem
safe to conclude that these diets are therefore satisfactory; for the
effects of a faulty diet may not be immediately apparent, and may
not be reflected in the weight. A t any rate the best-fed children
in this study were the best ones physically, measured b y standards
other than weight, and this relationship was most strikingly true in
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116
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
respect to teeth. It seems to be an argument for considering other
factors than weight alone in judging the nutrition of a child.
It is difficult to determine to what extent these better physical
conditions in the better diet grades are due to diet, for it is recognized
that other factors doubtless play a part in producing them. But
since the most notable deficiency appeared to be the lack of calcium,
traceable to the small amounts or total absence of milk, it seems
reasonable to conclude that the differences in the proportion of chil
dren with defects in the good and the poor diet groups is due in part
at least to dietary deficiencies.
Nationality.
The relation of nationality to the items of diet which have been
severally discussed, is one of the most significant observations of this
report and may profitably be summarized here. In order to make
comparisons among the different nationalities easily possible, Table
50, showing the ranking of the nationalities in respect to these items,
has been compiled. In the case of meat, eggs, milk, cereal, fruit,
vegetables, and potatoes, and in the grade of diet, the rank is in order
of decreasing use of the foods and decreasing adequacy of diets; in
the case of coffee, in order of increasing use. For the other features—
eating between meals, inadequacy of breakfasts and of lunches,
regularity of meals, and lack of four or more specified articles of food—
rank is in the order of the more favorable. Statements showing the
percentages of children in each nationality group (1) whose chief
breadwinners were earning less than $1,250, (2) whose mothers were
unable to speak English, and (3) whose mothers were unable to read
or write in any language, have also been included for purposes of
comparison.
The children of native white mothers, it will be noted, rank first
in respect to family income, and in the proportion of literate mothers.
The diets of these children, likewise, are all above the average, being
first in every column except those for coffee, meat, and fruits, and
having a favorable position in these. Although better than the
others in most respects, the record of this group is not one of which
to boast. The proportion of the children included in it who lacked
fruits, vegetables, milk, or eggs, and who had inadequate diets, was in
each case more than half; close to two-thirds were without cereal;
about the same proportion ate between meals; more than one-third
were in the coffee-drinking group; and almost one-fourth lacked
four or more of the specified items of diet.
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SU M M ARY AUD CONCLUSIONS OF DIETARY STUDY.
T a b l e 50.— R ela tive ran k o f the d ifferen t n a tio n a lity g rou p s in the p ro p o rtio n s o f children
h a vin g o r la ckin g sp ecified item s o f d iet o r fa llin g in certa in sp ecified cla sses.
Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age having on selected day—
Total............................
Native white..............
Foreign-bom white...
Polish..................
Serbo-Croatian__
Slovak.................
Magyar................ .
Italian.................
German............... .
Lithuanian...........
All other...............
Negro...........................
57.2
18.9
i
46.9
61.6
6
64.5
5 59.8
9 73.6
8
70.8
10
75.1
3 51.8
4 57.3
2
48.8
7 65.5
1
7
4
8
9
10
2
6
3
5
59.5
27.9
14.8
12.4
16.7
9.0
48.1
63.8
9 75.4
5 63.9
8
68.3
4 63.2
7 67.9
2
48.7
6
66.7
3 50.5
10
77.2
8 .2
6 .8
2 2 .0
15.9
1
5
9
4
7
10
2
6
3
8
16.0
44.3
43.0
56.0
39.4
52.9
60.4
29.4
46.2
36.6
56.0
50.4
60.1
44.2
53.7
8
59.2
9 61.8
6
51.6
1
38.8
2
41.5
3 42.1
10
64.0
7 52.8
4 43.5
43.5
67.6
7 70.1
10
79.7
9 75.8
6
67.4
4 60.0
2
52.2
8
74.2
3 56.2
5 66.4
5
Per cent.
Rank.
Per cent.
No fruit. No cereal.
Rank.
Per cent.
i
Ph
36.1
i
26.3
13.3
Percent.
i
| Rank.
1P5
other
No pota No
vege
toes.
tables.
Per cent.
d
03
Per cent.
No milk 1 pint of
as bever milk and No eggs.
age.
over.
Per cent.
Color and nationality of
mother.
76.6
1
1
5
9
4
7
8
2
10
3
6
62.0
83.0
82.8
90.8
78.9
86.3
89.4
76.8
92.0
76.9
84.5
Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age having on selected dayColor and nationality of mother.
No meat.
Rank.
Per cent.
Total.
Native white..........
Foreign-bom white.
Polish...............
Serbo-Croatian..
Slovak.. ...........
Magyar........
Italian..............
German............
Lithuanian.......
All other.. ____
Negro......................
Tea or coffee.
Meat
twice
and three
times.
Meat.
Rank.
Tea or
coffee
twice
Per cent. and over.
33.1
65.7
18.7
66.8
39.9
28.6
35.2
39.9
43.6
33.5
24.4
40.8
29.4
21.3
32.5
35.3
69.7
64.0
59.2
55.7
66.3
74.9
57.0
69.7
76.9
66.7
62.5
16.5
19.3
13.7
15.7
20.5
26.8
16.6
21.5
28.9
22.4
24.1
35.2
83.8
91.2
87.4
94.3
92.4
85.3
68.4
84.9
67.2
31.0
15.2
53.5
76.2
53.7
70.3
55.0
18.1
24.1
57.8
35.8
6.9
Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age.
Total.
Native white...........
Foreign-bom white.
Polish................
Serbo-Croatian..
Slovak.............. .
Magyar..............
Itahan...............
German.............
Lithuanian........
All other............
Negro.......................
1
45.5
60.5
22.7
54. 8
60. 5
10
71.4
5 53. 8
4 47. 8
7 63.4
2
31.6
8
65.8
3 41.2
9 69.0
42.5
68.3
7 75.6
5 72.4
9 76.7
8
75.9
10
77.0
3 57.0
4 62.7
2
51.6
6
72.4
l
è
1
Includes children with no breakfast.
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8.9
1
__
9
5
47.0
19.2
4.3
i
1 .1
9
2.4
10
7
2 .2
2 .1
7
4
8
2
10
1.5
11.4
.9
6
-2 .
8 ’
1 0 .8
a,
5
6
3
4
4.3
65.9
38.7
32.9
29.1
34.1
43.0
39.2
55.7
33.8
49.5
39.7
80.5
32.6
l
6 6 .6
9
5
87.3
91.7
85.2
89.2
10.5
43.9
9 55.1
8
51.8
5 43.2
7 51.2
10
60.8
3 23.7
6
44.0
4 24.9
2
16.8
8
6
7
3
10
4
2
8 6 .2
87.9
80.7
92.0
83.3
75.4
1
J Includes children with no lunch.
Per cent.
Rank.
Per cent.
403
Rank.
4o3
«
Eating With in With in
between adequate adequate
meals. breakfast.1 lunch.*
Per cent.
With
regular
meals.
Percent.
Per cent.
With A
and B
diet
grades.
Rank.
Per cent.
I08
| Rank.
Lacking 4 With D
or more
and E
items in
diet
diet.
grades.
Per cent.
Color and nationality of
mother.
16.9
1
6.9
9
7
28.1
20.4
27.1
18.2
11.7
2 0 .2
8
5
3
2
6
4
10
1 0 .1
19.6
13.3
40.9
118
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D.— PART II.
T a b l e 50 — R ela tiv e ran k o f the d ifferen t n a tio n a lity g rou p s in the p ro p o r tio n s o f child ren
h a vin g o r la ck in g sp ecified item s o f d iet o r fa llin g in certa in sp ecified cla sses— (j on.
Per cent of children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nationality of mother.
In families with
earnings of chief
breadwinner
under $1,250.
With mother
unable to speak
English.
With mother
unable to read
and write.
Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent.
Native white.........................................................
Foreign-bom white................................................
1
8
5
9
4
6
2
7
3
10
26.9
55.3
62.6
54.7
643
52.6
58.9
37.7
60.0
45.7
71.6
23.3
36.6
47.1
2
10
9
6
4
7
3
8
5
1
.2
55.9
80.0
70.7
48.7
34.7
62.3
1 1 .0
65.8
39.1
8
2
10
6
.5
35.0
40.6
55.4
23.8
10.7
45.7
5.7
67.1
26.7
3
6 .0
1
7
9
5
4
The children of German mothers rank second to those of native
white mothers in respect to maternal literacy and earnings of chief
breadwinner, and are, correspondingly, next to them in rank in most
of the other columns. Neither the children of native white nor those
of German parentage, however, rank so much better than the others
as the economic status, greater percentage of literacy, and other ad
vantages of these groups would lead one to expect.
At the other extreme of the earnings scale were the colored fami
lies. Since in the homes of 71.6 per cent the income was under $ 1,250,
it is not surprising to find about three-fourths of the colored chil
dren without eggs, milk, or cereals, and having inadequate diets;
about two-thirds without milk or fruits; and more than two-fifths
without vegetables other than potatoes. In contrast, two-thirds of
this group had meat and a fourth of them had it more than once a
day. In view of the low income and the absence of milk and other
essential foods, this use of meat must be regarded as of doubtful ad
vantage. The most commendable feature of the diets of these chil
dren was the fact that less than one-third of them drank coffee. This
was the best coffee record among all the race and nationality groups.
The highest percentage of inadequate diets as well as of extremely
inadequate breakfasts was found among the children of Italian moth
ers; the milk record of this nationality was also the poorest, 75.1 per
cent of the children receiving none to drink and only 6.8 per cent hav
ing so much as a pint. The record of the children of this group was
likewise among the poorest in reference to most other items, sjnce
approximately 85.3 per cent drank coffee, had no cereal, and ate
between meals, about two-thirds were without eggs, and the same
proportion lacked four or more of the specified items.
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SUM M ARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF DIETARY STUDY.
119
Worthy of remark in respect to the Italians is their high rank in
the use of vegetables and fruits, and low rank in the use of meat.
Their use of vegetables exceeded that of all nationalities save the
Magyars, not even excepting the native whites, and their use of fruits
that of all save the native whites and the Germans. Even so, their
record is not remarkably high; for 41.5 per cent of the children had
no vegetables other than potatoes, and 60 per cent, no fruits.
When it is observed that the mothers of nearly half the children of
this group were illiterate, that the mothers of almost two-thirds
were unable even to speak English, and that the chief breadwinners’
earnings in the families in which 58.9 per cent of them lived were
under $1,250, the low rating of the children of Italian parentage is
more readily understood.
In every item save cereal and potatoes the children of Polish
mothers were below the average of the foreign born. Particularly to
be remarked were their excessive use of coffee, 91.2 per cent drinking
it and 76.2 per cent having it two or more times a day; their high
percentages of inadequate breakfasts (55.1 per cent) and lunches
(28.1 per cent); their almost universal custom of “ piecing” (91.7
per cent); their meager use of milk (64.5 per cent having none),
fruits (70.1 per cent having none), eggs (75.4 per cent having none),
and vegetables (59.2 per cent having none other than potatoes);
and their general use of meat (only 39.9 per cent having none). The
diet of bread, coffee, and meat commonly credited to this nationality
seems to have been generally characteristic of this group. That
62.6 per cent of these children were in income groups under $1,250,
and that the mothers of 40.6 per cent were illiterate and those of 80
per cent unable to speak English, are facts worthy of consideration
in connection with these deficiencies of diet.
Not strikingly different from the Polish group were the SerboCroatians, Slovaks, and Lithuanians; in the large majority of the
items these four groups occupy places among the four or five poorest.
The Lithuanians rank poorest for eating between meals, use of vege
tables and cereal, and literacy, and rank first in the meat list; while
the Serbo-Croatians rank lowest in the meat column, as well as in
the columns for fruits and regular meals, and are high in no respect.
The Magyar group, on the other hand, was noticeably better than
the Polish, their record being more comparable with that of the Ger
mans. This is not surprising in view of the fact that in income,
literacy, and ability to speak English, their record was not far behind
that of this nationality. Worthy of mention is the fact that the
greatest percentage of children eating vegetables was found among
the Magyar group.
14683°— 23----- 9
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120
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IN D .— PART II.
Incom e.
It is a popular assumption that the explanation for inadequacy of
children’s diets must be looked for largely if not solely in the economic
status of their parents. That the earnings of the family breadwinner
had some share in determining the type of diet of a child in the present
Ch abt X —Use of certain item s of diet in relation to earnings of chief breadwinner; children 2 to 7 years
of age.
Earnings of chief
breadwinner.
100°/.
Under $850____
$850 to $1,049...
$1,050 to $1,249.
$1,250 to $1,449.
$1,450 to $1,849.
$1,850 to $2,249.
$2,250 and over.
Under $850..............
$850 to $1,049..........
$1,050 to $1,249.......
$1,250 to $1.449____
$1,450 to $1,849____
$1,850 to $2,249........
$2,250 and over.......
U S I N G T E A OR C O F F E E
Under $850.......
$850 to $1,049...
$1,050 to $1,249.
$1,250 to $1,449.
$1,450 to $1,849.
$1,850 to $2,249.
$2,250 and over.
HAVING D AND E GRADES OF DIO
Under $850.......
$850 to $1,049...
$1,050 to $1,249..
$1,250 to $1,449..
$1,450 to $1,849..
$1,850 to $2,249.
$2,250 and over.
Under $850.......
$850 to $1,049...
$1,050 to $1,249.
$1,250 to $1,449.
$1,450 to $1,849.
$1,850 to $2,249.
$2,250 and over.
study has already been suggested. Chart X , which summarizes in
graphic form the relationship of income to each of the most important
dietary factors with which this report is concerned, indicates the
closeness of the relationship.
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SU M M ARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF DIETARY STUDY.
121
In the groups with earnings less than $1,250 there appears to have
been little variation as to the use of the different foods or as to the
grade of diet, though the use of fruit shows some increase with better
earnings even here. After the income reaches $1,250, however, there
is a steady though gradual increase in the consumption of all foods
and in the diet grade, and a corresponding decrease in coffee drink
ing and in the percentage of diets lacking four or more items. Of the
desirable foods, fruit shows the most rapid increase in use, the per
centage of children having it being doubled in the range of income
from $1,250 to $2,250. Meat, on the other hand, shows the least
change, there being less than 7 per cent difference between the two
extremes of income; and vegetables and cereals also vary but slightly
within this range. The study shows that meat and vegetables
vary comparatively little with any factors, about two-thirds of all
children having meat, and less than 50 per cent eating vegetables.
Although better diet conditions are to a considerable degree coin
cident with higher earnings, it is apparent from Chart X that factors
other than poverty must also play a part in keeping the diets on
the low plane which they largely occupy. Were income alone
responsible, surely there would not be among the children in the
highest income group 62.1 per cent without cereals, 44.4 per cent
without vegetables, 42.2 per cent without eggs, 38.5 per cent without
milk, 30.4 per cent without fruit, 22.9 per cent without potatoes,
and 33.6 per cent drinking coffee. Racial dietary prejudices may
in part account for the failure to use cereals and potatoes, but they
do not explain the prevalence of coffee drinking or the lack of eggs,
milk, fruit, and vegetables. The conclusion seems to be warranted
that ignorance of the needs of growing children, the lack of reali
zation of the importance of these foods in a young child’s diet, and
the consequent failure to provide them or to make certain they are
eaten, are also important factors.
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G ENERAL S U M M A R Y AN D CO N CLU SIO N S.
This inquiry into the conditions surrounding children of preschool
age in Gary, Ind., based upon the information secured from the moth
ers of 6,015 children, and representing 3,991 families, has revealed
certain favorable conditions in the community and in the families of
the children and others that tend to affect adversely their health
and welfare.
COM M UN ITY CONDITIONS.
Sewer and water systems had been so constructed that they could
readily be extended, and the purity of the water supply was safe
guarded; but in some of the less developed sections sewer connections
and city water supply were lacking in many homes. Garbage col
lection and disposal, street cleaning, and inspection of alleys were
receiving regular attention (by the end of the period of the study).
The milk and food supply was protected by an adequate ordinance—
enforced by one milk and food inspector— and the municipal laboratory
was equipped to render the services required of it.
Housing regulations were distinctly inadequate, with the result
that not only housing shortage but such evils as lot overcrowding,
rear houses, and badly constructed tenements and “ shacks”
appeared in some sections.
The health office had an insufficient staff consisting of a part-time
health officer and one nurse. A sanitary inspector and a deputy
were employed, however, to inspect housing and sanitation. In the
summer of 1918 a beginning was made in municipal child-health
work through a station in the center of the foreign district, with a
city nurse who was employed as a member of the police staff in charge,
for the care of children between the ages of 2 and 6 years as well as
of infants.
Aside from the playgrounds in connection with schools, the city
had in 1918 only one municipal playground. However, compara
tively few large districts were so overcrowded that children of the
ages here considered had altogether inadequate play space, and the
city was ambitious to provide more ample park and playground facil
ities. Many of the children had yards of their own, or shared by two
or three families. Since the time of the study, the annexation of a
town has made possible a lake-front park.
123
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H O M E CONDITIONS AND THE CARE OF TH E CHILDREN.
The mothers of almost- two-thirds of the children considered had
been born outside the United States, and were of many different
nationalities, the Slavic predominating; the mothers of only 4 per
cent were colored. Inability to speak English handicapped the
mothers of 37 per cent of the children and the fathers of 11 per cent.
The mothers of almost one-fourth of the children and the fathers of
about one-eighth were unable to read or write in any language. All
but 6 per cent of the children were living in homes in which both the
mother and the father were present. Family life in the group studied
was relatively stable; almost four-fifths of the families had moved
from one city to another but once or not at all. The families were
found to be of average size; two-thirds of the children were in families
with from four to six members living in the home. Almost two-thirds
of the children were living in districts of comparatively slight develop
ment with reference to sanitation and with largely foreign populations.
The information secured in the course of the inquiry indicates to
some extent the degree to which the mothers and fathers were able to
give their children the essentials of care with reference to shelter, food,
recreation, and hygienic habits. No information was obtained re
garding clothing, nor were data secured with reference to the moral
training of the children. Their physical condition has been described
in a separate report.7
Housing.
Favorable aspects of the housing as found in this study were the
predominance of the one- or two-family dwelling (three-fourths of the
children lived in dwellings of this type,) and the possibilities of cross
ventilation (nine-tenths lived in homes which on at least three sides
had doors or windows opening to the outer air.) Not quite two-fifths
of the children lived in houses equipped with sink, water-closet, and
bathtub, and the homes of one-fifth lacked all these sanitary con
veniences. Almost four-fifths of the children lived in homes which
were not dependent upon a water supply located outside the dwelling.
The families of four-fifths of the children did not share a toilet with
any other family.
Of the 6,015 children included in the study, one-fourth were in
households which were overcrowded, according to the standard of
two or more persons per room.
i
Rude, Anna E., M. D.: Physical Status of Preschool Children, Gary, Ind. U. S. Children’s Bureau
Publication No. 111.
124
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GENERAL
SUM M ARY
AND
C O N C L U S IO N S .
125
Economic status.
The chief breadwinner (almost always the father) in 28 per cent of
the families earned less than $1,050 a year, and in almost three-fifths
he earned less than $1,450. In only 15 per cent of the families did
the chief breadwinner’s earnings reach or exceed $1,850. The chief
breadwinners of three-fifths of the families were employed in the steel
industry. Although the information regarding earnings was secured
for the year 1917, a year relatively free from unemployment, 52 per
cent of the chief breadwinners had experienced periods of nonemploy
ment of from 1 to 12 months’ duration. Illness, of self or some other
member of the family, was the major cause of nonemployment most
often reported, but in 9 per cent of the cases in which the chief bread
winner was a wage earner he had lost working tune from industrial
causes beyond his control.
During the same year the mothers in about three-fifths of the
families were not gainfully employed, either within their homes or
outside. The mothers of 33 per cent kept lodgers or did other gainful
work at home, and the mothers of only 5 per cent did work which
took them outside the home. One child in 13 had been deprived of
the care of his mother for longer or shorter periods— during the day,
at least—because of the mother’s employment. The majority of
the children whose mothers had been employed outside the home were
cared for at home, by an adult in the household or b y an older child.
The mothers of three-fifths of the children had no help with their
household tasks.
H abits o f cleanliness.
Only 21 children failed to receive at least one bath a week in the
summer time. In winter, 6 per cent were not bathed thus often, and
61 per cent more were not bathed more than once a week. The
younger children were bathed more frequently than the older.
Sleep.
The amount of sleep the children were receiving appeared to be
inadequate in at least one-twelfth of the cases. Daytime naps were
not common, and 42 per cent of the 2- and 3-year-old children not
receiving daytime naps were sleeping less than 12 hours nightly.
Nearly two-fifths of the children failed to observe a regular hour for
retiring and about the same proportion did not have a regular time
for rising. About one-third of the children were sleeping in some
of the clothes they wore by day. Only about one-half slept with
open windows at all seasons. Four per cent of the children occupied
bedrooms alone, and 42 per cent slept four, five, six, or more in a
room. Not quite one-fourth of the children had separate beds; 27
per cent shared beds with two other persons.
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126
C H IL D R E N
OF P R E SC H O O L A G E , G A R Y, IN D .
D iet.
Less than 10 per cent of the children were receiving diets which
according to the scale used appeared in every way adequate to their
needs; 29.2 per cent were receiving diets of questionable adequacy,
and 60.5 per cent had diets plainly incapable of covering all their
bodily requirements. The younger children had slightly better
diets than the older ones.
With reference to specific items of the diet, only 18.9 per cent of
the children were receiving the amount of milk which it is agreed is
the minimum they should be given, and more than half the children
(57.2 per cent) had no milk at all to drink on the day to which the
information relates.8 On the other hand, more than two-thirds of
the children had coffee or tea on the day of the study, many of them
more than once. Three-fifths of the diets did not include eggs, threefourths lacked cereals, and half included no vegetables except
potatoes. Potatoes and meat were used more generally, each being
present in about two-thirds of the diets. Meals were irregular and
unsuited to the needs of children in the majority of cases, and eating
between meals was almost universal. In the cases of one-twelfth
of all the children both breakfast and lunch failed to meet an
extremely low standard of adequacy.
The clinical findings failed to indicate any definite relation between
the grade of diet and the weight of the children; however, the phys
ical examinations showed that on the whole the children receiving
the better diets were more free from defects and in better physical
condition.
Variations of care according to nativity and race.
In practically all respects the foreign-born mothers and the colored
mothers were less able than the native white to give their children
adequate care. The proportion of home ownership was highest
among the foreign bom, due possibly to the fact that company pro
vision for housing had been more complete for the native white
population. But in respect to sanitary conveniences such as city
water, flush toilets, and bathtubs, the native white ranked first, the
foreign born second, and the colored third. The homes of foreignbom mothers were the most overcrowded, and the homes of the
native white the least.
Economic conditions were better in the homes of children whose
mothers were native white than in the homes of those whose mothers
were foreign bom or colored. The chief breadwinner’s annual earn
ings fell below $850 in the cases of 7 per cent of the children in the
first group, but of 17 per cent of those in the second and 24 per cent
of those in the third.
* For description of method of securing data, see p. 53.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
general summary and conclusions.
127
In about three-tenths of the families with native white mothers,
in two-fifths of those with foreign bom , and in over half of those with
colored mothers, the mother had been gainfully employed during
the period covered by the inquiry. The proportion of mothers who
received no help in their household tasks was largest among the
foreign bom and smallest among the native white.
No significant differences between the different race and nativity
groups appeared with reference to time spent outdoors and hours
of sleep, but in other items native white mothers usually ranked
first; sometimes the foreign bom and sometimes the colored had
second place. Children of foreign-bom mothers were bathed less
often than children of native white or of colored mothers. The su
periority of the homes of the native white with reference to sanitary
conveniences must be borne in mind in this connection. Observing
a regular hour for going to bed was the practice for 80 per cent of
the children in the native white group, 63 per cent of the colored chil
dren, and 53 percent of the children in the group of foreign-bom parent
age. The children of native white and of colored mothers also retired
at earlier hours than the children in the other group. A smaller pro
portion of colored children than of the children of native white or
of foreign-bom mothers used as night clothing part of their day
time apparel. With respect to ventilation of the bedroom, the care
of the children of native white mothers was markedly superior, and
the children of the foreign bom had the poorest records. Over
crowding in the bedroom was much more prevalent in the homes of
the foreign bom than in those of the other two groups.
An analysis of the rank of the various nationality groups accord
ing to the various items in the diets of the children has been given
elsewhere in this report. (See pp. 60, 62.) In most respects the diets
of the children of native white mothers were superior to the diets of
children in other groups. However, almost half of the children in
this favored group had inadequate diets according to the standard
employed in this study. The diets of about seven-tenths of the
colored children and the children of foreign-born parentage were
inadequate.
Variations o f care according to income.
The definite correlation between income and infant mortality
revealed by infant mortality studies made by the Children’s Bureau
appeared in the Gary study of infant mortality, the infant death
rate being lower in the higher income groups. Similarly, in this
study the children of preschool age living in families with the higher
incomes were receiving the most nearly adequate care. More than
one-tenth of the children in the earnings group under $1,050 had
been deprived of the care of their mothers for longer or shorter
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128
C H IL D R E N
OF
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , IN D .
periods because of the mothers’ gainful employment outside the
home. The mothers of half the children in the highest earnings
group ($1,850 or over) had hired assistance in their household tasks,
in contrast to much lower percentages in the other groups.
Crowding of bedrooms was more usual in families in which the
breadwinner’s earnings were low.
The use of different foods and the grade of diet showed little
variation when comparison was made of the three lowest income
groups only. Above $1,250, however, there seemed to be a relation
between income, consumption of food, and diet grade. Yet income
alone did not appear to be the determining factor in the diets of the
children. The discussion of diets has pointed out that ignorance of
the needs of growing children and of the importance of certain
essential foods is at least equally responsible with the economic
factor for the deficiencies found.
CONCLUSIONS.
The findings of this study relate only to the children of one city;
doubtless similar conditions, with more or less minor variations,
exist in many other communities. Certain of the conditions revealed
may be remedied by community action for better housing and by
still further extension of sewer and water connections. Increased
earnings in many of the homes would undoubtedly result in more
adequate care of the children. Of fundamental and immediate
importance, also, is the education of the mothers in the essentials
of child care— the food requirements of children and the methods
of preparing suitable meals for them, and their needs with reference
to sleep, fresh air, and cleanliness.
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AP PE N D IX A .
SAM PLE D IETS FO R TH E VARIOUS D IET GRADES.
G r a d e A .— A d equ a te a n d su ita b le in character.
[Age, 2 years.]
Hour.
Meal.
Dinner...............................
Supper...............................
Milk.
Other foods.
8 .0 0
Oatmeal, toast, prunes.
12.30 ....... d ò .................... Mashed potato, spinach, soft egg, bread and
butter.
5.30 ....... d o .................... Toast, baked apple.
Comments: Contains 1 J pints milk, a vegetable besides potato, two fruits, and an egg. Requirements
seem well covered. Foods are suitable in character, meals regular and at good hours. There is no hap
hazard eating between meals.
G r a d e B .— C on ta in s essen tia l elem ents bu t fa ils to m easure u p to A standard.
[Age, 4 years.]
Meal.
Hour.
Milk.
Other foods.
Breakfast....... 8.15.............. Half pint....... Shredded wheat biscuit, 1 dish cornflakes, and milk.
Dinner........... 1 2 . 0 0 ............ None............... Steak, potatoes, navy beans, bread, and butter.
Supper........... 5.30.............. ....... d o ............. Steak, roast pork, sweet corn, potato, buttermilk, apple pie,
cheese.
Other............. Irregularly ....... d o ............. Crackers, apple, ice-cream cone, muskmelon.
during day.
Comments: Child probably has 1 pint of milk but not the 1J pints for the A standard. The requirements
may be covered but the meals are not ideal, and eating between meals is too promiscuous for an A diet.
G r a d e C.— Q u estion a ble.
[Age, 6 years.]
Meal.
Hour.
Milk.
Other foods.
Breakfast...... 9.30.............. None............... Cocoa and oatmeal.
Dinner........... 1 . 0 0 .............. ....... d o............. Beef, potatoes, apple, bread, and butter.
Supper.......... 7.00.............. Half pint....... 2 fried eggs, canteloupe, bread, and butter.
Other............. 9 p. m. (ir None............... 2 or 3 plums, crackers.
regular).
Comments: Diet is better than D diets because of some milk, fruits, eggs, and whole cereal. It can
not be graded as B because milk is under standard, and it is doubtful if requirements are all met. Meals
are irregular and “ piecing” common.
G r a d e D .— Inadequ ate.
[Age, 4 years.]
Meal.
Hour.
Milk.
Other foods.
Breakfast....... 7.30..............
1 cup coffee, bread.
Dinner........... 1 .0 0 (irregu . . . . . d o ............. 1 cup tea, 2 cakes.
lar).
Supper.......... 6.30.............. ....... d o ............. Beef soup with carrots, potato, beans, 2 slices bread.
Other tim es.. Irregular— ....... d o ............. Bread.
Comments: Without milk the calcium can not fail to be low. The diet appears unquestionably low in
calories, in adequate protein, in minerals, and in vitamines. It perhaps should be called an E diet, but
the meat and vegetables make it somewhat superior to ones rated as E.
G r a d e E .— E xtrem ely in ad equate.
[Age, 5 years.]
Meal.
Hour.
Milk.
Other foods.
Breakfast...... 9.00..............
Coffee, 1 slice bread.
Spaghetti, bread, root beer.
1.00_____
Supper.......... 6 . 0 0 .............. ....... d o ............. Lettuce with vinegar, bread, root beer.
Other............. Irregular___ ....... d o ............ Bread.
Comments: Diet seems totally lacking in all requirements of an adequate diet.
131
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132
C H IL D R E N
OF PR ESC H O O L AGE,
G A R Y , IN D .
APPEN
SCHEDULE USED
Father,
Sym. Surname.
BA B Y —N. 1. Name.
S. N.
2. B. G. 3. L. B., S. B., M. 4. L. I .................................................................
5. Date of birth.................................................................................... * ..1 9 1 6 .
6 . Attendant: (a) Phy’n, Hosp., Mwf., Oth., N. (b) Late, N . . . ..............hrs.
(c) Name....... ...................1............ ........... ¿ ............. ..............................
7. Died: (a) Date.......................................... 191 (b) Age............... m ............
(c) Phy’n............................................ ............................................- .........
(d) D. C. Causes:...................................................................................... .
8.
m.
Feeding: (a) Breast only, through................ ........m. (b) Weaned end of.
(c) Food: Cow’s milk, N .
Cond. milk, N.
Solid food, N........ ^..
Prop, foods, N. (specify)............................................ . . . . . . . .
(d) Supervised by: N., Phy’n, Nurse, Lit., Oth....................................
(ej Cause of weaning:................................, ........................................................... Phy’n, N.
9. Bedroom: (a) Sep. room, N.- A d ...................Ch................... Total.............................................
(b) Specify oth. occ............................................................................................... . ................
(c) Sep. bed, N. A d ...................Ch................... Total...................... ..................................
(d) Specify oth. occ...................................................................... ..................... .................... .
(e) Window open: Winter, N.; Summer, N ................................................................. .......
10. No. baths per wk.: W ......................... S.......................................................... ...................... .
11. Outdoor air: (a) Amount___________ hrs. (b) Place.......................................................... ........
MOTHER—12. Prenatal care: (a) Lit., N.; Nurse, N.; Phy’n, N.
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
Phys. exam.
(d) H. L. A., N.
(e) Meas., N.
(c) Urine exam., N ......................
Confinement: 13. No. visits after by (a) Att’d....................... .........(b) Oth. med................ .
14. In bed...................d.
15. Complications: (a) Instr. del., N.; (b) C. S., N.; (c) Conv., N ..................................................
(b) Duration.
16. Nursing care: (a) Kind.
*
17. Help with h’wk. (a) Acc’t preg., N.;
(b) A cc’t coni., N.;
(c) Usual, N.;
(d) Special, N.;
*
is.
Mother’s Employment History.
(c) Extent.
(b) Industries.
(a) Occupations.
19. Work year before confinement: (a) Lodgers.......................
(b) Oth. gain, home (specify)........................................
(c) Outside (specify).......................................................
20. W ork year after confinement: (a) Lodgers..........................
(b) Oth. gain, home (specify)........................ . ..............
(c) Outside (specify).....................................................
21. From baby acc’t wk. from............... ..mo. to.......................
(b) Extent.......................... ............................ .........
(c) Caretaker............................. — ...................... Age.
(d) Oth. (specify)............................................... ............
2 2 . (a) Age............(Mo.............,1917); (b) Marriage ages..........
(c) Duration................................. ......... .. ...............................
23.
No.
(d) Ages.
...ceased............ bef.
...ceased............ bef.
...ceased.............bef.
.resumed.............aft.
.resumed.............aft.
.resumed.............aft.
.mo. (a) Reg., Irreg.
____ .A t home, Away
M ATERN ITY HISTORY.
(a)
Sex.
(fi)
C’ s age
1917.
1
2
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(c)
Mo. of
birth.
(d)
M’s
age.
(e)
Period
gest.
(0
Cause of death.
(g)
Age at
death.
133
A P P E N D IX E S .
D IX B .
IN STUDY.
Mother’s maiden name.................................... ............. ...................................................................................... Sym.
F A T H E R —24. (a) O c c................................................................................... (b ) In d.
(c) A ge.................... yrs. (d ) E m p., O w n a cc’t, W age earner............... ........
IN COM E—25. Father’s wages $................................. per hr., day, wk., m o., y r..
26. N onem p.: N . (Specify causes and periods)...........................................................
....... ...........................................................................' . . ................ 27. Ann. earn. $...............................
28. Mother’s earnings: (a) Outside#...................................................(b)L odg. $...............................
(c) Oth. gain, home wk., $....................................................... (d) Total $...... ........................
29. Other sources....................................................................................... ..T ota l# ...............................
(S) Agg. $.................... / . ----HOME—30. Lived in home described from............................................... ,19 to................... , 1918.
31. Bldg, faces Al., St., Rear. 32. Dwel. in bldg......................................33. Floor: B, 1, 2, 3, 4.
34. Air on 4, 3, 2,1 sides. 35. Persons: (a) Fam............... (b) Oth................... (c) T ot...................
36. Specify others: (a) A d ................(b) Ch...........¿ ..(c) Relationship to children............................
37. R oom s............. 38. S leep.rm s..............39. D arkrm s. (a) N o..............(b ) U se.....
40.
W ater: (a) City, Dug well, Dr. well, Cist, (b ) In dwel., Out dwel. (specify .).
41. Toilet: (a) W . C., P . (b ) In dwel., Hall, Por., Cel., Y d . (c) Fam . using.
42. Bath, N . 43. Sink, N . 44. R en ta l# .................... p e rm .; Own, Buying___
45. Description of premises (yd ., bldg., and d w el.).................................................
46;
(a)
(d)
(b )
(c)
(e)
(f)
(g)
N. W .
N . W ..
Yrs. in Yrs. m
N . P . F . M. P. N . B. F .W . F. 0 . U , S.
city.
(h)
(i)
Country Nation
of birth. ality.
M .........
F .. ..
(j)
Spk.
Eng.
(k)
R . and
W.
Y . N .. Y . N ..
Y . N .. Y . N
47. Removals since January 1,1911.
(a) Came to (specify city and State).
(b ) Mo. and yr.
48. W ill m other bring or send children to conferences: Y . N ...................
49. Prefers appointment: (a) A . M., P . M. (b ) M., T ., W ., Th., F ., S.
R ough Notes:
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(c) Cause.
134
Sym.
C ity and State.......................................................................Street address........................................................................ W d .........................s - N oL IV IN G C H IL D R E N 2 T O 7 Y E A R S O F A G E
(a) Hour.
4. Present diet.
(b) A rose..............A. M.; Usual, N. (c) Nap, N................ hrs.; Usual, N. (d) Total sleep.......... hrs., Usual, N.
6. Bedroom:
Child A w a y from Mother.
10.
(a)
A ges.
I
(b ) E xtent and duration.
1L Illnesses: (a) Sc. fe v e r ......... yrs., N. (b ) W h. cgh................. yrs., N. (c) M easles............. yrs., N. (d ) Inf. paral.
12. Out-of-doors: (a) No. hrs. d a il y .................... (b ) R em arks........................................................................ - ..........................
4. Present diet.
Morning..........
N oon ...............
N ight...............
Other...............
(a ) Hour.
(b ) Usual.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Y . N.
(f) Remarks.
(e) Age of ctker.
(c) Causes.
yrs., N.
(d ) Menu dav preceding visit (food and beverages).
(c) A m t. m ilk.
I
6. Bedroom: (a ) Separate room, N . (specify other occ.)....................................- - - .............. - - - .............. - - - - - - ..................................................... . . . C h ............. A d . . . . . . . T o t a l .
(b ) Separate bed, N . (specify other occ.)...............
...
---C h . . . . . . . A d - . . : . a o ta i.............................................................- - - \v
(c) W indows open nights: w inter, N , Summer, N . 7. Nightclothes: (a ) Specify.............
— . . . . . . . - ...... ........................(b ) W orn during day, jn .
per
8. No. baths p
erw
1 k .: W in t e r ..............S u m m e r............... 9. bentist: (a ) Y . N . (b ) E xtract, Y . N . (c) Other, Y . N . (specify causes and num ber of visits)..........
.....
10.
(a ) Ages.
(b ) E xtent and duration.
(c) Causes.
(d ) Caretaker.
(e) Age of ctker.
(d ) Inf. paral................yrs., N.
(c) M easles............. yrs., N.
11. Illnesses fa) Sc. fe v e r ___ . . yrs., N. (b ) W h. cgh. ............. yrs., N.
um>oi-aoors: w i n o . m s, u a u v ....................
.........................................................................................................
v ¿,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ff) Remarks.
OF P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , I N D .
8
(a) Separate room, N. (specify other occ.)................................ ................. v - ............................................................................Ch..........* A d.......... ' T ota l..
(b) Separate bed, N. (specify other occ.)............. .Ch — .A d . . . . . . . J-otai.......................................................................... Tnv
Vfav" N*
— .. — .......... (b )
(c) Windows open nights: Winter, N, Summer, N. 7. Nightclothes: (a) Specify..........
No baths per wk.: W inter............ Summer.............. 9. bentist: (a) Y . N. (b) Extract, Y. N. (c) Other, if. N. (specify causes and number of visits)..........
C H IL D R E N
Other...............
5. Sleep: (a) R etired............ P. M.; Usual, N.
S .N .
(d ) Menu day preceding visit (food and beverages).
(b ) Usual. | (c) A m t, milk.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Y . N.
1„
1. Preg. no. 2. Age ............. yrs. 3. Inf. feeding: (a) Breast only, th ro u g h ___ ____ m . (b ) Weaned end o f ............. m .
(d ) Menu day preceding visit (food and beverages).
(a ) Hour. (b ) Usual. (c) A m t. milk.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Y . N.
Other...............
5. Sleep: (a) R e tire d ............. P . M.; Usual, N. (b ) A r o s e ...............A . M.; Uspal, N. (c) Nap, N._...............hrs.; Usual, N. (d ) Total s le e p ........... hrs.: Usual, N.
3«
4. Present diet.
14683
6. Bedroom : (a)
(b )
(c)
8. No. baths per
O
Separate room , N . (specify other o cc .).......................................................................................................................................... ...C h .
— A d ............ T o t a l.
Separate bed, N. (specify other occ.)...................................... Ch.............A d .............. Total — ................................................................................ .....................
W indows open nights: W inter, N , Summer, N. 7. N ightclothes: (a) Specify........................................................................... (b ) W orn during day, N.
wk.: W in te r............. Summer . . . . ____ 9. Dentist: (a) Y . N. (b ) Extract, Y . N. (c) Other, Y . N. (specify causes and number of visits)..........
10 ._________________________________ ___________________________________ Child A w ay from Mother.
(a ) Â ges. "
(b ) E xten t and duration.
(c) Causes.
(d ) Caretaker.
(e) Age of ctker.
(f) Remarks.
.......... Mother dead: (a) D a t e ................................... (b ) C ity and State
Schedule inf. given b y M., F ., Oth. (sp e c ify )................. ...
(c) C auses.................................................................... .......... .............................. ...................
A g e n t :.....................................................................
D a t e :...................................... . 1918.
A P P E N D IX E S .
11. Illnesses: (a) Sc. fe v e r .......... yrs., N. (b ) W h. cgh................yrs., N . (c) M easles...............yrs., N . (d ) Inf. paral................. yrs., N.
12. Out-of-doors: (a) No. hrs. d a il y ..................... (b ) Remarks— ....... ............................................ ............. ............................................ .
135
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
GENERAL
TABLES,
G e n e r a l T a b l e I .— N um ber o f years residence o f fo r e ig n -b o m m others in the U nited
S ta tes, by n a tio n a lity o f m other.
-- --------------------
-— -
--
...
Children 2 to 7 years of age of foreign-born mothers.
Number of years residence of mother in United States.
Nationality of mother.
Total.
Less than 5 years.
5 years and over.
Not reported.
Number'. Per cent. -Number. Per cent.- Number. Per cent.
Total......................
P olish ...................
Serbo-Croatian..................
Slovak..................
Magyar......................
Italia n .......................
German ....................
Lithuanian...............
A ll other foreign b orn ................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
199
5.1
32
9
10
17
5.5
11
78
4.9
9.0
3,696
94.0
39
1.0
875
94.8
94.0
96.5
95.9
91.7
96.9
95.1
11
3
10
2
5
2
1.2
.5
1.8
.7
1.9
.9
OO^j
279
214
785
.7
140
G e n e r a l T a b l e I I .— N um ber o f p erson s in fa m ily , by co lo r and n a tio n a lity o f m oth er.
Children. 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of persons in family.
©
36
0.6
5
2
.4
1
.4
4
10
2
.5
4.3
£
58
28
16
3
3
1
2
1
6
14
l N ot shown where base is less than 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .0
593
327
218
34
33
17
17
10
.4
19
14
74
.7
45
6 .0
3
1 .5
.4
.3
.5
.2
.7
9 .9
17.7
5.5
3.7
5.6
3.1
5.8
3.8
8.3
6.2
8.5
19.4
hi
©
&
a
3
A
1,299
d
©
©
©
Ph
2 1 .6
hi
©
©
&
£
1,505
429
536 29.1
706 17.9 1,037
255
155 16.8
163
92 15.7
100
78 '14.3
68
56 19.2
68
27 10.2
78
48 21.1
60
45 20.0
245
205 23.6
39
56 24.1
1
1
©
Ph
&
£
25.0 1,157
23.3
26.4
27.6
27.8
18.3
23.4
25.7
34.2
26.7
28.2
16.8
264
866
’ 229
118
147
68
85
44
43
132
27
■4*3
§
O
©
hi
1
(2
A
19.2 684
14.3
22.0
24.8
20.1
26.9
23.4
32.1
19.3
19.1
15.2
11.6
hi
hi.
125
541
115
91
99
31
37
20
38
110
18
1
O
hi
©
Ph
1 1 .4
rQ
a
3
A
386
d
©
©
hi
©
Ph
hi
©
rÛ
i
3
A
6.4 173
4.0 19
6.8 74
7.7 148
13.8 303
8.8 36
12.5 81
8.2 17
15.5 48
18.1 57 10.4 28
9.3 15
10.7 27
4.9 18
14.0 13
2
8 \3. 5
8.8
3
8.9
16.9 20
5.6 29
12.7 49
3.9 '6
9
7.8
1
©
hi
©
PH
2.9
1.0
3.8
3.9
2.9
5.1
5.2
6.8
.9
1.3
3.3
2.6
<3
&
1
A
53
7
46
9
3
14
2
6
5
2
5
-4-3
1
©
PH
0.9
.4
1.2
1.0
.5
2.6
.7
2.3
2.2
.9
.6
s
¿a
A
1
©
Ph
©
rg
£
*1©
hi
©
Ph
<3
1
3
A
1
©
&
©
Ph
19
0 .3
.4
.3
0 .6
17
0 .3
13
20
6
4
3
2
.7
.5
2
10
.1
.3
7
11
6
1 .0
4
.7
2
.7
1
.3
3
1.3
2
2
.2
.9
2
5
.2
2 .2
6
.7
.4
35
.6
.7
.5
.7
1
G A R Y , IN D
.7
.3
©
Ph
-f-5
1
O
hi
©
• Ph
AGE,
12
12
©
rg
No tre poirted.
PRESCH OOL
©
Ph
d
©
12 and
over.
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
OF
Native w h ite................. 1,843
Foreign-born w hite___ 3,934
923
Polish.......................
587
Serbo-Croatian. . . .
546
Slovak......................
291
M agyar.....................
265
Italia n......................
228
Germ an...................
225
Lithuanian..............
869
A ll other..................
232
Negro...............................
6
N o t reported..................
hi
©
,g
hi
A
6,015
d
Ü
o
1
To ta l.....................
2
1
To ta l
chil
dren.
C H IL D R E N
Color and nationality
of mother.
GENERAL
141
TABLES,
G e n e r a l T a b l e I I I .— L en g th o f resid en ce in d w ellin g a n d co lo r a n d n a tio n a lity o f
m oth er, by fa m ily ten u re o f hom e.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Fam ily tenure o f home.
A m ai.
Length o f residence in
dwelling and color and
nationality of mother.
Renters.
Buyers.
Owners.
Per
Per “ Squat
Per
Per
ters.” N um cent
N um cent N um cent
N um cent
dis
dis
dis
dis
ber.
ber.
ber.
ber.
tribu
tribu
tribu
tribu
tion. 1
tion.
tion.
tion.1
Total___. . . . . . . . . . .
Less than 1 year................
1 year, less than 2 .............
2 years, less than 3 ............
3 years, less than 4.............
4 years, less than 5.............
5 years and over................ .
N ot reported......................
N ative white mothers____
Less than 1 year.........
1 year, less than 2 ___
2 years, less than 3 ___
3 years, less than 4 ___
4 years, less than 5 ___
5 years and over.........
N ot reported...............
Foreign-born m others____
Less than 1 year.........
1 year, less than 2____
2 years, less than 3 ___
3 years, less than 4 ___
4 years, less than 5 ___
5 years and over......... .
N ot reported...............
Polish..........................
Less than 1 year-1 year, less than 2,
2 years, less than 3.
3 years, less than 4.
4 years, less than 5.
5 years and over__
Not reported......... .
Serbo-Croatian............. .
Less than 1 year....
1 year, less than 2 ..
2 years, less than 3.
3 years,less than 4.
4 years, less than 5.
5 years and over...,
N ot reported...........
S lovak.............................
Less than 1 year...,
1 year, less than 2 ..
2 years, less than 3.
3 years, less than 4.
4 years, less than 5.
5 years and over__
N ot reported...........
Magyar.......................... .
Less than 1 year....
1 year, less than 2 ..
2 years, less than 3.
3 years, less than 4.
4 years, less than 5.
5 years and over__
Not reported.........
Italian...........................
Less than 1 year...
1 year, less than 2.
2 years, less than 3.
3 years, less than 4.
4 years, less than 5.
5 years and over...
N ot rep orted .. . . . .
6,015
100.0
1,799
100.0
900
100.0
81
3,210
100.0
25
2,284
1,131
738
394
408
1,004
56
1,843
770
353
199
121
114
272
14
3,934
1,347
736
523
272
292
725
39
923
303
200
12Ì
60
38.0
18.8
12.3
6.6
6.8
16.7
0.9
100.0
41.8
19.2
10.8
6.6
6.2
14.8
0.8
100.0
34.2
18.7
13.3
6.9
7.4
18.4
1.0
100.0
32.8
21.7
13.1
6.5
6.0
19.1
0.9
100.0
33.7
18.4
11.9
5.5
8.5
20.4
1.5
100.0
29.5
14.8
16.3
9.3
8.1
21.6
0.4
100.0
41.9
12.0
12.4
7.6
8.6
17.2
0.3
100.0
47.5
15.5
9.8
6.4
3.0
17.0
0.8
291
280
211
142
191
674
10
405
84
66
43
27
44
138
3
1,387
206
213
167
115
147
532
7
315
54
49
29
28
26
127
2
239
27
37
26
17
30
101
16.2
15.6
11.7
7.9
10.6
37.5
0.6
100.0
20.7
16.3
10.6
6.7
10.9
34.1
0.7
100.0
14.9
15.4
12.0
8.3
10.6
38.4
0.5
100.0
17.1
272
208
132
59
89
136
'
4
241
76
63
27
20
20
34
30.2
23.1
14.7
6.6
9.9
15.1
0.4
100.0
31.5
26.1
11.2
8.3
8.3
14.1
0.4
100 0
28.8
21.9
16.1
6.1
10.5
16.0
0.5
100.0
18.2
27.6
18.2
8.3
8.3
19.3
13
19
16
9
6
17
1,707
53.2
623
19.4
11.8
379
184
5.7
3.8
122
5.4
173
0.7
22
1,178 100.0
51.6
608
18.9
223
128
10.9
74 • 6.3
4.2
50
7.9
93
0.2
2
1,827 100.0
51.7
945
364
19.9
13.2
242
6.0
109
72
3.9
77
4.2
1.0
18
408 100.0
51.7
211
98
24.0
13.5
55
3.9
16
13
3.2
2.2
9
6
1.5
286 100.0
143
50.0
22.0
63
37
12.9
4.5
13
15
5.2
11
3.8
4
1.4
212 100.0
114
53.8
32
15.1
34
16.0
8.0
17
10
4.7
4
1.9
1
0.5
133 100.0
78
58.6
16
12.0
15.8
21
9
6.8
6
4.5
3
2.3
1
1
176
8
587
198
108
70
32
50
120
9
546
161
81
89
51
44
118
2
291
122
35
36
22
25
50
1
265
126
41
26
17
8
45
2
9.2
8.9
8.3
40.3
0.6
100.0
11.3
229
24
26
31
. 24
25
99
10.9
7.1
12.6
42.3
0.4
100.0
10.5
11.4
13.5
10.5
10.9
43.2
107
29
10
10
9
11
38
100.0
27.1
9.3
9.3
8.4
10.3
35.5
1
1
638
184
140
103
39
67
102
3
192
35
53
35
16
16
37
1
10
1
1
7
1
67
12
19
11
9
6
10
8
3
2
3
58
28
8
7
2
8
92
23
19
23
5
7
14
1
40
13
8
4
8
7
12
4
1
2
10
2
1
1
4
2
4
19
9
1
1
7
15
4
11
4
4
1
1
1
1
86
18
6
13
9
5
i Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ot
re
port
ed.!
48
25
12
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
129
83
21
11
6
100.0
64.3
16.3
8.5
4.7
7
1
5.4
0.8
142
C H IL D R E N
OF
PRESCH OOL AGE,
G A R Y, IN D .
G e n e r a l T a b l e I I I . — L en gth o f resid ence in d w ellin g a n d co lo r a n d n a tio n a lity o f
m oth er, b y fa m ily ten u re o f /¿ome—‘Continued.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Fam ily tenure of home.
Total.
Length of residence in
dwelling and colbr and
nationality o f mother.
Owners.
N um
ber.
Foreign-bom mothers—Con.
German.................................
Less than 1 year...........
1 year, less than 2 ........
2 years, less than 3 ___
3 years, less than 4 ___
4 years, less than 5___
5 years and over...........
Lithuanian...........................
Less than 1 year...........
1 year, less than 2 ........
2 years, less than 3 ___
3 years, less than 4___
4 years, less than 5___
5 years and over...........
N ot reported.................
A ll other...............................
Less than 1 year...........
1 year, less than 2 ........
2 years, less than 3 ___
3 years, less than 4 ___
4 years, less than 5 ___
5 years and over___ . . .
N ot reported.................
Negro m oth ers...........................
Less than 1 y e a r.................
1 year, less than 2 ...............
2 years, less than 3 . . ..........
3 years, less than 4..............
4 years, less than 5..............
5 years and over..................
N ot reported........................
Nationality of mother not reported .......................................
Less than 1 year..................
1 year, less than 2...............
5 years and over..................
63
7
10
11
2
9
24
107
10
25
14
9
8
39
2
241
37
50
33
17
33
69
2
5
1
1
1
100.0
9.3
23.4
13.1
8.4
7.5
36.4
1.9
100.0
15.4
20.7
13.7
7.1
13.7
28.6
0.8
127
38
6
4
8
3
7
10
39
6
11
9
60
5
8
131
48
25
15
11
16
15
1
29
2 9. 2
13
5
4
16
79
38
20
9
'7
3
10. 9
3.9
3.1
12.6
2
100.0
36.6
19.1
11.5
8.4
12.2
11.5
0.8
35
7
12
7
4
5
453
2T8
85
62
36
21
27
100. 0
Ml
35
9
1
75 1
12
5
2
4
0.5
3
1.0
2
1
2
9
18.8
13.7
7.9
4.6
6.0
21
2
2
1 Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Renters.
Not
Per
Per
Per "Squat
Per
re
cent
cent
cent ters.” 1
cent port
N
um
Num
N
um
dis
dis
dis
dis
ed.1
ber.
ber.
tribu
tribu ber. tribu
tribu
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
228 100.0
73
32.0
43
18.9
32
14.0
10
4.4
20
8.8
50
21.9
225 100.0
54
240
56
24.9
32
14.2
16
7.1
16
7.1
47
20.9
4
1.8
869 100.0
310
35.7
172
19.8
117
13.5
64
7.4
74 • 8.5
119
13.7
13
1.5
232 100.0
164
70.7
41
17.7
16
6.9
1
0.4
2
0.9
5
2.2
3
1.3
6
3
1
2
Buyers.
i
G
T
eneral
able
I V .— A m o u n t o f m on th ly ren ta l, by n u m ber o f room s in d w ellin g.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Am ount of m onthly rental.
Num ber of rooms in dwelling.
Total.
Less
than
$5.
Free.
6,015
28
506
892
2,304
T.060
737
240
143
44
40
21
10
7
3
$15,less
than
$20.
$20, less
than
$25.
$25,less
than
$30.
$30,less
than
$35.
$35,less
tnan
$40.
$40 and
over.
5
263
671
720
473
266
167
204
183
248
2,780
4
155
63
32
9
1
115
229
248
48
27
3
2
14
61
46
32
18
10
33
46
67
44
19
10
12
4
3
13
187
371
1,117.,
439
356
160
79
27
29
2
2
2
1
3
113
443
96
58
5
2
2
31
209
166
53
6
5
1
1
9
108
67
67
8
1
17
40
42
55
10
1
4
2
1
6
26
85
52
6
28
1
5
Am ount
not
reported.
.
25
2
4
19
GENEKAL TABLES.
T otal.....................................
1
2
3
4 .........................................................
5 .................................................
6 ........................................................
...............................................
7
8
9
Tenure
Dwelling
of dwell*
not
ing
not
rented.
reported.
$10,less
than
$15.
$5, less
tnan
$10.
143
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
144
C H IL D R E N
General Table V
OF
PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, i m
.— L o c a t i o n
o f w a te r s u p p l y , b y d is tr ic t o f re s id e n c e .
Children 2 to 7 years of age;
1
Location of water supply.
District of residence.
Total.
In dwelling.
Outside dwelling-
N ot reported.
Number. Percent.1 Number. Percent.1 Number. Percent.
Total.....................................
6,015
4,757
79.1
1,239
20.6
A m bridge.......................................
162
40
1,496
99
393
2,890
892
43
160
24
1,465
57
284
2,231
511
25
98.8
2
16
24
42
108
648
381
18
1.2
First S ubdivision ........................
Lincoln P ark.................................
Ridge R oad and Glen Park.......
South Side__ •...............................
Tolleston.......................................
W est G ary.....................................
'N o t shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
97.9
72.3
77.2
57.3
19
0.3
Ï.6
7
. 5-
27.5
22.4
42.7
1
111
.3
.4
G e n e r a l T a b l e V I .— S a n ita ry accom m od ation s o f d w ellin g, by d istrict o f residence.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Sanitary accommodations.
District
o f residence.
Water supply.
T o
tal.
City.
W ell or
eistem .
Toilet.
Not
reported.
Watercloset.
Bathtub.
Yard
privy.
Not
reported.
Yes.
Sink.
N ot
reported.
No.
Yes.
Not
reported.
No.
Total......... 6,015 4,498
74.8 1,496
21
0.3 3,964
65.9 2,032
33.8
19
0.3 2,236
162 100.0
40
5
49
110
632
617
43
37.2 3,760
62.5
19
162 100.0
0.3
' 7
.5 1,481
35
99. Ö
40
8
64
.5
7
28.0
21.9
69.2
1
13
.3
130
.4 1,952
202
2
33.1
67.5
22.6
262
927
690
41
66.7
32.1
77.4
1
11
.5 1,324
15
.3
.4
100
520
114
1
40
165
84
11.0
7
25.4
292
18.0 2,359
12.8
778
42
74.3
81.6
87.2
1
11
88.5
0.3 4,637.
77.1 1,356
162 100.0
24
.5 1,457 97.4
54
.3
273
.4 2,182
461
24
69.5
75.5
51.7
22.5
22
0.4
16
32
45
2.1
7
.5
119
697
429
18
30.3
24.1
48.1
1
11
2
1
.3
.4
.1
TABLES.
162
162 100.0
40
First Subdi Vision 1,496 1,484 99:2
50
99
Ridge R oad and
Glen P ark........ 393
282 71.8
South Side.......... 2,890 2,245 77.7
892
275 30.8
43
24.9
A m bridge............
GENERAL
Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1
1 N ot shown where base is less than 100.
145
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
146
G e n e r a l T a b l e V I I .— S a n ita ry accom m od ation s o f d w ellin g, by co lo r and n a tio n a lity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Sanitary accommodations.
W ater supply.
Total.
C ity
water.
WeU or
. cistern.
N ot
reported.
Watercloset.
Yard
privy.
Sink.
Bathtub.
Toilet.
N ot
reported.
Yes.
No.
N ot
reported.
Yes.
N o.
N ot
reported.
19
0.3 2,236
37.2 3,760
62.5
19
0.3 4,637
77.1 1,356
22.5
22
21.6
7
.4 1,277
69.3
559
30.3
7
.4 1,607
87.2
228
12.4
8
.4
.3 2,395
491
60.8 1,528
53.2
432
38.9
46.8
11
.3
912
82
23.2 3,011
8.9
841
76.5
91.1
11
•3 2,874
622
73.1 1,047
67.4
301
26.6
32.6
13
.3
4
2
1
.7
.4
.3
.7
1.0
.3
.7
.4
19.6
39.6
34.0
9.1
13.2
30.2
22.3
34.9
1
6
1
79.4
60.5
65.6
89.9
86.8
69. 8
77.0
64.7
6
.3
.7
.4
81.1
85.0
70.4
73. 2
60.1
88. 9
56.9
81.5
1
6
1
18.2
15. 0
29.2
26. 8
39. 9
11.1
42.5
18.1
.7
.3
107
82
85
71
91
25
369
42
5
4
1
.7
.4
29.0
49.1
43.3
20.0
38.6
50.7
31.9
44.8
4
6
1
70.4
50. 9
56.4
80. 0
61.4
49.3
67.4
54.7
6
1
.7
.4
21
0.3 3,964
294
16.0
7
.4 1,437
78.0
70.9 1,131
68.6
290
28.8
31.4
13
79.2
59.9
68.7
84.5
76.8
53.3
74.4
69.0
20.1
39. 8
30.9
15.5
23. 2
46. 7
25.0
30.6
118
217
90
41
53
105
217
71
413
278
164
212
140
111
586
127
5
170
268
126
53
88
114
277
104
1
476
464
205
194
137
200
494
189
1
466
330
191
241
198
157
669
150
6
115
216
99
24
30
68
194
81
0.4
G A R Y , IN D ,
33.8
399
24.9
83.7
1 N ot shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
T" of St. Louis
Federal Reserve Bank
65.9 2,032
74.8 1,496
PRESCH OOL AGE,
Total.......... 6,015 4,498
Native w hite___ 1,843 1,542
F o r e ig n -b o r n
white................ 3,934 2,790
923
633
Serbo-C r o 465
atian.......... 587
327
Magyar.........
291
200
265
224
228
175
225
120
A lloth er....... 869
646
N egro................... 232
160
6
6
OF
Num- Per Num - Per N um - Per Num - Per N um - Per Num - Per Num - Per Num - Per Num- Per Num - Per N um - Per N um - Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.1 her. cent. ber. cent.
C H IL D R E N
Color and
nationality
o f mother.
G
T
eneral
able
V I I I . — T y p e and lo ca tio n o f to ilet, by n u m ber o f fa m ilie s u sin g to ile t and d istrict o f resid ence.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
T ype and location of toilet.
Water-closet.
Number of families using toilet and
district o f residence.
Outs de dwelling.
Yard privy.
Total.
Total.
In dwelling.
Porch.
Hall.
Cellar.
L ocation not
reported.
Yard.
A ll districts................................... 6,015
1...,
3,964
65.9
3,141
52.2
414
6.9
123
2.0
195
3.2
89
1.5
3 264
534
91
66
9
162
162
68.3
58.7
51.7
59.5
3,015
’ Ì2Ò
4
2
63.0
13.2
2.3
1.8
53
286
45
24
6
1.1
31.4
25.6
21.6
40
.8
6.0
14.8
1.8
144
43
6
2
3.0
4.7
3.4
1.8
12
28
10
36
3
.3
3.1
5.7
32.4
ioo. 0
1ÓÒ.Ó
162
162
100.0
100.0
1 481
1 323
134
20
3
1
35
35
99.0
99. 5
99.3
1,296
l ' 216
77
3
86.6
91.4
57.0
74
1
52
17
3
1
1
1
4.9
.1
38.5
1
.1
1
.7
110
106
4
130
126
4
33.1
34.4
4
1
3
1.0
.3
28
'28
120
120
30.5
32.8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.2
2
2,032
L 518
376
85
45
8
40
40
8
7
1
7.4
8.0
3.0
33.8
19
0.3
31.7
41.3
48.3
40.5
19
.5
.5
.7
7
.5
7
1
1
2
2
(2)
5
5
.5
3
3
.8
.8
1
Í
.3
....
2 Less than one-tenth o i l per cent,
64
55
9
262
240
22
66.7
65.6
1
.3
1
147
i N ot shown where base is less than 100,
26
2
2
Num Per N um Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1
TABLES.
4 782
910
176
in
36
162
1
162
Clark’ .. .
40
40
1,496
1
1 330
2..
135
3.
20
3
8
99
1
90
9
2
393
1.
366
2___
26
1
N ot reported,................ .................
Per
cent.
GENERAL
N um Per Num Per Num Per Num Per N um Per Num Per Num
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber.
1
2 ....
3 . .
Not
reported.
able
148
G eneral T
V I I I .— T yp e an d lo ca tio n o f to ile t, by n u m b er o f fa m ilie s u sin g to ile t and d istrict o f residence— Concluded.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
T ype and location of toilet.
N um ber of families using toilet and
district of resideuce.
Outside dwelling.
Total.
Total.
In dwelling.
2
0.1
2
.3
2
2
67.5
70.4
62.1
54.7
1,358
1,314
41
1
2
47.0
64.6
6.7
.8
22.6
25.8
12.5
175
173
2
19.6
24.1
1.6
2
2
323
50
219
28
21
5
12
11.2
2.5
35.8
21.9
115
33
54
26
2
4.0
1.6
8.8
20.3
70
25
37
6
2
2.4
1.2
6.0
4.7
1.3
4
4
.4
.6
12
9.4
7
5
2
.8
.7
1.6
84
9
27
9
36
3
4
3
1
2.9
.4
4.4
7.0
.4
.4
N um Per Num - Per
ber. cent.1 . ber. cen t.1
927
602
232
58
28
7
690
533
112
27
17
1
41
41
32.1
29.6
37.9
45.3
11
11
77.4
74.2
87.5
0.4
P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , IN D .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
cent.
OF
i N ot shown where base is less than 100.
N um Per N um Per N um Per N um Per N um Per N um Per N um
cen t.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber.
ber.
1,952
1,431
380
70
63
8
202
185
16
1
N ot
reported.
Location not
reported.
Yard.
Cellar.
Porch.
Hall.
South side................................................ 2,890
1.......................................................... 2,033
612
2......................... ................................
128
3..........................................................
91
26
892
Tolleston.................................................
718
1..........................................................
128
2..........................................................
28
17
1
43
43
Yard privy.
C H IL D R E N
Water-closet.
G e n e r a l T a b l e IX .
T yp e a n d lo ca tio n o f to ile t , by n u m ber o f fa m ilie s u sin g a n d co lo r a n d n a tiv ity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Type and location of toilet.
Water-closet.
Number of families using toilet and
color and nativity of mother.
Total
chil
dren.
3
.................................
4 and over.....................................
Not reported................................
Native white mothers........................
1 ...............................
2 .................................
3.................................................
4 and over.....................................
Not reported................................
Foreign-born white mothers..............
1 .....................................
2 ....................................
3
....................
4 and over..................................
Not reported................................
Negro mothers.....................................
1 ............ .................
2 .............................
3.
4 and over.............................
Not reported................................
Nativity of mother not reported.......
Cellar.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.
Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1
2,032
33.8
1,518
376
85
45
31.7
41.3
48.3
40.5
3,964
65.9
3,141
52.2
414
6.9
123
2 .0
195
3.2
89
1.5
3,015
31.4
25.6
40
55
26
.8
6 .0
3.0
4.7
3.4
12
14.8
144
43
66
36
1,843
1,641
162
27
9
1,437
1,283
129
19
2
1 .8
53
286
45
24
1 .1
4
63.0
13.2
2.3
111
68.3
58.7
51.7
59.5
2 1 .6
2
1 .8
.3
3.1
5.7
32.4
78.0
78.2
79.6
1,299
1,241
55
3
70.5
75.6
34.0
4.8
5
.3
3
1.9
6
7
3,934
3,003
686
138
82
25
232
133
62
Not reported.
Location not
reported.
Yard.
120
10
1
16
66
.2
40.7
43
38
5
2.3
2.3
3.1
28
10
36
3
1
1
2
( 2)
0 .2
8
399
358
33
.1
.1
2
63.0
55.1
51.4
54.7
62.4
1,689
60
1
2
85
80
5
56.2
8.7
.7
36. è
60.1
302
49
204
30
13
7.7
113
39
48
24
1 .6
29.7
21.7
2.9
1.3
7.0
17.4
150
106
38
3.8
3.5
5.5
4.3
6
2
6
23
9.9
1
.8
16
*
5
1
2 .2
.8
.9
2
4
76
10
26
10
27
3
12
1
2
1.9
.3
3.8
7.2
2
.1
5
2
.3
5.2
.8
9
2
5
5
5
0.3
19
7
.4
20.4
308
67
38
5
104
50
35
9
7
3
38.8
37.0
44.9
48.6
44.8
37.6
7
11
.3
11
1
.4
1
1
'"'1..... 1.....
1
Not shown where base is less than
1,528
1 ,1 1 0
1
6
2 1 .6
2 1 .8
19
8
6
1,893
378
71
44
9
127
83
27
23
4
1 .8
6
89
3
14
6
6
2
2
100.
2
Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
1
149
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Porch.
3,264
534
91
1
1
Hall.
4,782
910
176
5
3
Yard privy.
In dwelling.
GENERAL TABLES.
Total.......................................... 6,015
1 ....................................................
2 .....................................
Outside dwelling.
Total.
N u m b er o f roo m s in
150
G e n e r a l T a b l e •X . —
d w e llin g , b y d is tr ic t o f r e s id e n t# .
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
District of residence.
Total.
Clark.1
Number.
Total.
and over—
Not reported.
Per cent
Per cent
distri Number. distri
bution.
bution.
6,015
100.0
28
506
892
2,304
1,060
737
240
143
84
21
.5
8.4
14.8
38.3
17.6
12.3
4.0
2.4
1.4
.3
162
100.0
40
Number.
Per cent
distri
bution.
1,496
100.0
.5
.6
42.0
45.1
9.3
2.5
.6
Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ridge Road and
Glen Park.
First Subdivision.
Ambridge.
33
98
333
355
366
150
95
50
2.2
6.6
22.3
23.7
24.5
10.0
6.4
3.3
v5
Lincoln
Park.1
99
Tolleston.
South Side.
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
Number. distri Number. distri Number- distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
393
42
49
128
89
52
20
7
5
1
100.0
10.7
12.5
32.6
22.6
13.2
5.1
1.8
1.3
.3
2,890
17
342
595
1,407
282
154
37
23
21
12
100.0
892
100.0
.3
9.2
12.4
35.4
25.1
13.3
2.5
.6
3
82
20.6
111
48.7
9.8
5.3
1.3
.8
.7
.4
22
11.8
316
224
119
11
4
1.2
.4
West
Gary.1
43
CHILDREN OE PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND
Number of rooms in
dwelling.
GENERAL
151
TABLES.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X I . — A ggregate annual earnings o f fa m ily in 1917 and color and
n a tiv ity o f m other, by annual earnings o f ch ief breadwinner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Annual earnings of chief bread
winner in 1917.
Aggregate annual earnings
of family in 1917 and
color and nativity of
mother.
Total.............................
Aggregate including earn
ings of chief breadwinner
. o n ly .....................................
Aggregate including addi
tional earnings...................
Under SI,050............ .
SI,050 to SI,849..............
SI,850 and over...............
N ot reported.............
Native white m others........!
Aggregate
including
earnings
o f chief
breadwinner o n ly ___
Aggregate
including
_ additional earnings...
Foreign-born white mothers.
Aggregate
including
earnings o f chief
breadwinner o n ly ___
Aggregate
including
additional earnings...
Negro m others......................
Aggregate
including
earnings
o f chief
breadwinner only
Aggregate
including
additional earnings...
N ativity not. reported.........
1 Not
Total.
Under
SI,050.
$1,050$1,849.
Per
Per
cent
cent
Num- dis- Num- dis- Number. tri- ber. tri- ber.
bubution .1
tion.
1,774
$1,850 and
over.
Per
cent
dis- Numtri- ber.
bution .1
No chief
bread
winner
and no
earnings.
Per
cent
dis- Numtri- ber.
bution .1
Not
reported
Per
cent
dis- Numtri- ber. tribution .1
tion. 1
6,015
1 0 0 .0
3,431
57.0
920
51.9 1,744
59.1
555
67.8
23
17.8
189
54.9
2,584
447
1,152
612
373
1,843
43.0
7.4
19.2
48.1 1,205
40.9
264
32.2
106
71
155
45.1
29.9
2.3
6
8
21
1 0 0 .0
245
19
481
82.2
55.0
4.7
1 0 .2
6 .2
1 0 0 .0
854
376
321
77
80
257
1 0 0 .0
31
1,206
65.4
162
63.0
612
63.2
352
73.2
637
3,934
34.6
37.0
356
1,893
36.8
1 0 0 .0
129
330
26.8
1 0 0 .0
95
1,402
2,118
53.8
703
50.1 1,092
57.7
1,816
232
46.2
699
115
49.9
42.3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
2,949
1 0 0 .0
819
1 0 0 .0
2 1 .2
18.1
4.3
4.5
822
282
1 0 0 .0
968
1 0 0 .0
27.9
9.6
3.4
101
1 0 0 .0
801
87
344
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
3
0.9
152
106
44.2
6 .2
16.3
9 ......
22
1 0 0 .0
71
67.0
35
217
33.0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
92
200
60.6
14
109
50.2
130
4
39.4
78
108
49.8
6
20
6
12
1
103
44.4
55
47.8
39
1
129
55.6
60
52.2
48
3
4
1
6
129
8
shown where base is less than 100.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X I I .— A n n u a l earnings o f ch ief breadwinner in 1 9 1 7 , b y color and
n a tiv ity o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Color and nativity of mother.
Total.
Native white.
Annual earnings of chief
breadwinner in 1917.
Number.
Per
Numcent
ber.
distribution.
Foreign-bom
Per
Per
cent
Numcent
Numdistriber.
distriber.
bution.
bution.
Total....................
6,015
1 0 0 .0
1,843
1 0 0 .0
3,934
1 0 0 .0
Under $850............
8850 to $1,049...........
$1,050 to $1,249.......
$1,250 to $1,449.......
$1,450 to $1,849.......................
$1,850 t o $2,249.......................
$2,250 and o ver.......................
No chief breadwinner and
851
923
1,065
'843
1,041
378
441
14.1
15.3
17.7
14.0
17.3
6.3
7.3
122
6 .6
135
239
255
474
280
7.3
13.0
13.8
25.7
10.9
15.2
673
729
775
570
548
174
156
17.1
18.5
19.7
14.5
13.9
4.4
4.0
129
344
5.7
31
106
1.7
5.8
92
217
2.3
5.5
Not reported..........................
1
2 .1
201
Per cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
14683°— 23------11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Negro.
Not rePer
cent
distribution.
232
1 0 0 .0
56
59
51
. 18
18
24.1
25.4
6
2 2 .0
3
7.8
7.8
0.4
1.3
2
2
6
20
2 .6
8 .6
i
1
1
152
C H IL D R E N
OF P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , IN D ,
G e n e r a l T a b l e X I I I . — M ajor cause o f n on em p loym en t o f w age earners in 191 7 , by
duration o f ch ief breadw inner's n on em p loym en t.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Total.
6,015
1 0 0 .0
2,283 1,466
675
380
256
105
118
756
5,141
2 .0
1 2 .6
1 0 0 .0
1
3
575
36
1,707 1,427
25
650
10
370
26
230
102
1,802
35.1 1,707
3,339
465
328
1,439
64.9
9.0
6.4
28.0
1,427
150
230
39
16
91
370
64
710
7
35
118
2.3
977 19.0
313
3,654 1 0 0 .0 1,090 1,125
3
34
145
484
1
22
12
98
275
72
151
212
0 .2
1,150
31.5 1,090
2,504
430
68.5
201
5.5
32.4
1,185
4
87
597
1,478
1 0 0 .0
617
650
44.0
617
828
34
126
254
8
31
375
484
89
31
264
2
0 .1
2.4
16.3
21
164
9 months
and over.
96
59
72
555
25
71
27
3
29
72
8
15
45
495
60
102
15
1
47
60
13
8
20
71
10
1
26
29
2
12
1
275
59
15
135
151
37
7
79
5
34
59
59
12
1
28
1
Í8
46
8
1
26
59
14
17
23
77
166
16
49
95
56.0
2.3
8.5
17.2
301
13
75
125
166
7
26
51
95
79
5 -- 2
6
9
29
12
0.5
5
3
2 .1
10
25.4
73
11
68
6
49
8
20
79
5
400
78
10
54
1
257
348
1 Not shown where base is less than 1 0 0 .
2 Includes children whose breadwinners had
8
8
165
140
4
52
16
12
1
8
12
42
14
12
12
2
4
2
19
2
2
4
21
'8
10
6
1
1
1
died or deserted.
24
288
73
5
44
14
1
1
17
10
1
10
2
7
59
5
13
42
1
1
1
46
13
4
18
1
25
239
301
9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68
60
1,125
137
137
585
1 1 .8
©
t-4
rû
©
i
o
5
95
650
96
57
315
12
3
6 months,
less than 9.
4 months,
less than 5.
3 months,
less than 4.
2 months,
less than 3.
1
month,
less than 2 .
Less than
1 month.
5 months,
less than 6 .
Duration of nonemployment.
•dg
Chief b r e a
steadily e:
Number.
Total.
Not reported whether
wage earners.........
Non wage earners___
Wage earners............
No nonemploy
ment reported.
Major cause of
n o n e m p lo y
ment ...............
Shutdown...
N o jo b .........
Sickness.......
Strike or lock
out ..........
Accident.
Not reported2
Steel industry.......
No nonemploy
ment reported.
Major cause of
n o n e mployment............ ..
' Shutdown.. .
No jo b ..........
Sickness.......
Strike or lock
out ............
Accident___
Not reported2
Other industry__
No nonemploy
ment reported
Major cause of
n o n e m p lo y
ment ..............
Shutdown..
No jo b ........
Sickness___
Strike or lock
out ..........
A ccident...
Not reported2
Industry not re
ported.............
No nonemploy
ment reported.
Major cause of
n o n e m p lo y
ment ...............
Shutdown...
N o jo b ___ . .
Not reported2
Chief breadwinner not steadily employed.
|Per cent disl
tion. 1
Major cause of non
employment
of
wage earner in
1917.
1
107
5
4
10
153
G EN ERAL TABLES.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X I V .— A g e o f m other a t b eg in n in g w ork aw ay fr o m hom e, by n a tiv ity
o f m other.
Families with children 2 to 7 years of age.
Nativity of mother.
Age of mother at beginning
work away from home.
Total.
Native white.
Num
ber.
Total...................
Never employed away from
home.................
Employed away from hom e..
Under 12 years.........
12 years, under 14..........
14 years, under 16...........
16 years, under 2 0 ........
2 0 years and over.......
Age not reported.............
Employment not reported...
1 Per
Foreign-bom
white.
Negro.
Not re
Per
Per
Per
Per ported.1
cent
Num ' cent
Num
cent
Num
cent *
distri
ber.
distri
ber.
distri
ber.
distri
bution.
bution.
bution.
bution.
3,991
1 0 0 .0
1,356
1 0 0 .0
2,457
1 0 0 .0
172
1 0 0 .0
6
1,291
2,676
32.3
67.1
5.0
376
973
16
27.7
71.8
54
114
6 .8
18
18
25
32
9
4
31.4
66.3
7.0
10.5
10.5
14.5
18.6
5.2
2.3
1
6.3
17.5
35.7
10.3
0.7
0.5
35.0
64.7
7.0
86
860
1,589
173
168
307
590
309
42
201
272
562
1,099
481
61
24
6 .8
14.1
27.5
1 2 .1
1.5
0 .6
237
484
140
10
7
1 .2
8
12.5
24.0
1 2 .6
1.7
0.3
12
5
cent distribution not shown where base is less than 100.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X V .— E m p loym en t o f m other in 1917, by co lo r and n a tio n a lity o f
m other.
J
Families with children 2 to 7 years of age.
Mother gainfully
employed, 1917.
Color and nationality of mother.
Total.
Mother not em
ployed, 1917.
Number. Percent . 1 Number. Per cent.1
Total............
Native white.........
Foreign-bom white
Polish.............
Serbo-Croatian.
Slovak..............
Magyar.......... .
Italian..............
German............
Lithuanian.......
All other..........
Negro......................
Not reported...........
1 Not
shown where base is less than ioo.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,991
1,521
38.1
2,470
61.9
1,356
2,457
567
350
344
180
154
150
137
575
172
425
1,005
229
140
31.3
40.9
40.4
40.0
34.9
33.9
42.2
36.7
59.1
44.2
51.7
931
1,452
338
68.7
59.1
59.6
60.0
65.1
6
120
61
65
55
81
254
89
2
210
224
119
89
95
56
321
83
4
6 6 .1
57.8
63.3
40.9
55.8
48.3
154
G e n e r a l T a b l e X Y I . — A n n u a l earn in gs o f m oth er in 1917 and co lo r and n a tiv ity o f m oth er, by a n n u a l earn in gs o f c h ief breadw inner.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917.
Total chil
dren.
Under $850.
$850 to $1,049.
$1,050 to
$1,249.
$1,250 to
$1,449.
$1,450 to
$1,849.
$1,850 to
$2,249.
$2,250 and
over.
No chief
not
breadwinner Earnings
reported.
or no earnings.
6,015
100.0
851
100.0
923
100.0
1,065
100.0
843
100.0
1,041
100.0
378
100.0
441
100.0
129
100.0
344
100.0
Not employed........................ 3,757
Employed............................... 2,258
Earnings:
317
302
$50 to $99..........................
234
$100 to $149.......................
181
$150 to $199.......................
$200 and over...................
859
Not reported....................
365
Native white mothers 1,843
1 284
559
Earnings:
86
75
74
62.5
37.5
507
344
59.6
40.4
543
380
58.8
41.2
633
432
59.4
40.6
551
292
65.4
34.6
701
340
67.3
32.7
263
115
69.6
30.4
318
123
72.1
27.9
27
102
20.9
79.1
214
130
62.2
37.8
5.3
5.0
3.9
3.0
14.3
6.1
100.0
69.7
30.3
66
35
38
36
127
42
122
92
30
7.8
4.1
4.5
4.2
14.9
4.9
100.0
75.4
24.6
50
77
27
35
145
46
135
92
43
5.4
8.3
2.9
3.8
15.7
5.0
100.0
68.1
31.9
66
63
40
31
182
50
239
149
90
6.2
5.9
3.8
2.9
17.1
4.7
100.0
62.3
37.7
43
36
36
12
122
43
255
177
78
5.1
4.3
4.3
1.4
14.5
5.1
100.0
69.4
30.6
4.7
49
■46
4.4
5.2
54
32
3.1
11.5
120
3.7
39
474 100.0
67.5
320
32.5
154
10
14
21
13
44
13
201
144
57
2.6
3.7
5.6
3.4
11.6
3.4
100.0
71.6
28.4
13
11
11
13
32
43
280
221
59
2.9
2.5 >
2.5
2.9
7.3
9.8
100.0
78.9
21.1
9
10
4
3
58
18
31
10
21
7.0
7.8
3.1
2.3
45.0
14.0
1Ì
10
3
6
29
71
106
79
27
3.2
2.9
0.9
1.7
8.4
20.6
100.0
74.5
25.5
4.7
4.1
6
2
18
14
9
8
30
11
7.5
5.9
3.8
3.3
12.6
4.6
6
13
12
2
37
8
2.4
5.1
4.7
0.8
14.5
3.1
27
19
32
14
53
9
5.7
4.0
6.8
3.0
11.2
1.9
6
8
7
5
24
7
3.0
4.0
3.5
2.5
11.9
3.5
9
8
6
8
17
11
3.2
2.9
2.1
2.9
6.1
3.9
1.9
2.8
1
13
5
8.1
5.2
3.7
2.2
11.1
1.5
2
3
23
11! 5
3.7
11
7
5
3
15
2
1
1
212
69
4.9
1.6
25
0.8
10.7
4.1
2
15
2
8
14
7.5
13.2
100.0
673
377
296
100.0
56.0
44.0
729
426
303
100.0
58.4
41.6
775
462
313
100.0
59.6
40.4
570
368
202
100.0
64.6
35.4
548
369
179
100.0
67.3
32.7
174
118
56
100.0
67.8
32.2
156
95
61
100.0
60.9
39.1
92
17
75
217
126
91
100.0
58.1
41.9
Total.............................
Foreign-bom
white
Employed I . ....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,934
2 858
1,576
59. 9
40.1
OF P R E S C H O O L A G E , G A R Y , IN D ,
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent Num-' cent Num cent Num cent
Num distri
distri
distri
distri
distri
distri
distri
distri
distri
distri
ber.
ber.
ber.
ber,
ber.
ber.
ber.
ber.
ber
ber.
bu
bu
bu
bu
bu
bu
bu
bu
bu
bu
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
tion.1
C H IL D R E N
Annual earnings of mother in
1917, and color and nativity
of mother.
207
211
146
124
616
272
232
111
121
5.3
5.4
3.7
3.2
15.7
6.9
100.0
47.8
52.2
59
32
30
35
107
33
56
38
18
24
16
12
14
31
24
10.3
6.9
5.2
6.0
13.4
10.3
1
1
5
6
4
2
7
4
8.8
4.8
4.5
5.2
15.9
4.9
30
59
19
30
123
42
59
25
34
9
• 11
3
2
7
2
4.1
8.1
2.6
4.1
16.9
5.8
39
47
29
16
147
35
5.0
6.1
3.7
2.1
19.0
4:5
22
29
34
22
23
9
80
34
18
6
12
9
2
2
7
5
4
3
1
1
1
5
1
6.0
3.9
4.0
1. 6
14.0
6.0
22
27
21
14
65
30
18
11
7
4.0
4.9
3. 8
2.6
11.9
5.5
4
6
13
8
19
6
1
1
2.3
3.4
7.5
4.6
10.9
3.4
4
3
4
5
13
32
3
1
2
2.6
1.9
2.6
3.2
8.3
20.5
8
9
4
1
41
12
6
6
3.2
2.8
1.4
2.8
9.7
22.1
2
1
4
2
1
1
2 .......
1 .......
........................................
2
4
9
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 Not shown where hase is less than 100.
155
è
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
6
3
6
21
48
20
8
12
GENERAL TABLES.
Earnings:
Under $50........................
$50 to $99..........................
$100 to $149....................
$150 to $199.....................
$200 and over...................
Not reported....................
Negro mothers..........
Not employed..................
Employed.......................
Earnings:
Under $50.........................
$50 to $99.................. .
$100 to $149.......................
$150 to $199.......................
$200 and over...................
Not reported....................
Nativity oi mother
not reported...........
Not em p loyed ....._____
Employed..................... .
Earnings:
$100 to $149.......................
156
G e n e r a l T a b l e X V I I .— Separation o f child from m other on account of'm other's em ploym ent, by caretaker o f child during m ajor separation.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Separated from mother on account of her employment.
Caretaker of child during major separation.
Total.1
Total................................................................... *6,015
471
260
92
162
fi
198
138
60
13
1 year, less
than 2.
Per
Num
cent.2 ber.
2 years, less
than 3.
Num
Per
cent.2 ber.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.2
Num
ber.
5,543
92.2
219
3.6
91
1.5
67
219
115
40
69
6
99
77
22
5
46.5
44.2
91
56
21
35
19.3
21.5
67
41
11
30
100.0
TlT
Less than
1 year.
42.6
50.0
55.8
35
20
15
21.6
17.7
14.5
25
14
11
1
4 years and
over.
Period not
reported.
Num
Per
cenL2 ber.
Per
cent.2
Num
ber.
Per
cent.2
Num
ber.
Per
cent.2
1.1
32
0.5
44
0.7
18
0.3
14.2
15.8
32
14
6
8
6. 8
5.4
44
27
10
17
9.3
10.4
18
7
4
3
3.8
2.7
18
15
3
9. 1
10.9
14
9
5
3
7.1
6.5
7
3
4
4
3.5
2.2
18.5
12.6
10. 1
i Indudes those separated only during the mother’ s working hours and those away from their mothers both day and night.
* Not shown where base is less than 100.
* Indudes 1 child for whom separation from mother was not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 years, less
than 4.
4.9
10.5
1.9
CHILDREN OE PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
jNot separated
from mother.
GENERAL TABLES.
157
G e n e b a l T a b l e X Y I I I .— Separation o f child from mother on account o f m other’ s
em ploym ent, by annual earnings o f ch ief breadwinner in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner in 1917.
Total.
Separated from
Not separated from
mother on account
mother.
of her employment.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total.....................................
10,015
5,543
92.2
471
7.8
Under $1,050.................
$1,050 to $1,849....................
$1,850 and over..........................
No chief breadwinner and no earnings..
Not reported...............................
1,774
2,949
819
129
1344
1,585
2,773
802
79
304
89.3
94.0
97.9
61.2
88.4
189
176
17
50
39
10.7
6.0
2.1
38.8
11.3
1Includes 1 child for whom separation from mother was not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
158
G e n e r a l T a b l e X I X ..— T yp e o f hou seh old h elp in 1917, by a n n u a l earn in gs o f c h ie f breadw inner a n d 'color and n a tiv ity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Usual household help in 1917.
Adult hired
part time.
Adult not
hired.
Laundry
work only.
Kind not
reported.
Child or chil
dren only.
reported
No household Not
as to house
duties.
hold help.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1
Total.......................................... 6,015
3,583
59.6
196
3.3
190
3.2
682
11.3
804
13.4
506
8.4
12
0.2
33
0.5
9
0.1
1
8
1
.1
.3
.1
5
8
10
.3
•3
1.2
1
5
.1
.2
2
6
.6
.3
9
i
24
1
2
5
.6
.3
6
.6
6
9
7.0
.3
1.3
.8
•6
1.9
2
.2
5
1
2
.1
.1
.1
8
3
2
1
.2
•2
.1
.3
2
4
1.9
.1
3
.2
2
i
.9
.4
1
.4
1,774
$1,050 to $1,849.............................. 2,949
819
$l'850 and over.............................
No chief breadwinner and no
129
344
Native white mothers........................ 1,843
257
968
$1,050 to $1,849..............................
481
$1^850 and over.............................
No chief breadwinner and no
31
1,236
1,827
292
69.7
62.0
35.7
12
47
108
.7
1.6
13.2
7
81
86
.4
2.7
10.5
191
346
72
10.8
11.7
8.8
130
387
220
7.3
13.1
26.9
191
240
30
10.8
8.1
3.7
62
166
843
168
484
140
48.1
48.3
45.7
65.4
50.0
29.1
2
27
124
6
23
75
1.6
7.8
6.7
2.3
2.4
15.6
16
120
3
50
59
4.7
6.5
1.2
5.2
12.3
26
47
228
31
140
43
20.2
13.7
12.4
12.1
14.5
8.9
12
55
416
28
218
143
9.3
16.0
22.6
10.9
22.5
29.7
17
28
77
18
39
12
13.2
8.1
4. 2
7.0
4.0
2.5
3,934
1,402
$1,050 t o l l , 849.............................. 1,893
330
$1,850and over. No chief breadwinner and no
2,603
980
1,305
150
ffc 7
66*2
69.9
68.9
2
18
71
5
24
33
17.0
1.8
.4
1.3
10.0
8
62
4
25
25
7.5
1.6
.3
1.3
7.6
7
7
408
152
178
29
6.6
10.4
10.8
9.4
8. 8
2
25
368
100
160
74
23.6
9.4
7.1
8.5
22.4
3
5
405
157
194
18
4.7
10.3
11.2
10.2
5.5
54.4
58.6
76.5
9
1
1
4.1
.4
8
6
3.7
2.6
19
30
45
8
27
13.8
19.4
7.0
7
27
18
2
9
2
12.4
7.8
1.7
13
23
24
16
7
10.6
10.3
13.9
Negro mothers.......... .........................
Undei $1,050.................................
217
232
10
50
118
136
$l,8o0 and ov 6r >>--- -- -- -- -- -- -- No chief breadwinner and no
1
6
2
2
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
s
•
i
1
i
1
....... .........
I
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
No household
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner
Adult hired
help.
in 1917 and color and nativity of
full time.
mother.
Total.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X .— N um ber o f baths p er w eek in w in ter and in sum m er, by co lo r and n a tio n a lity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of baths per week in winter.
Color and nationality
of mother.
Total.
Less than 1.
1.
2, less than 7.
7 and over.
Number of baths per week in summer.
Not
reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent.
361
6.0
3,690
61.3
1,800
29.9
149
2.5
15
0.2
57
297
38
52
34
9
90
21
10
43
7
3.1
7.5
4.1
8.9
6.2
3.1
34.0
9.2
4.4
4.9
3.0
932
2,671
728
343
425
208
129
149
160
529
84
3
50.6
67.9
78.9
58.4
77.8
71.5
48.7
65.4
71.1
60.9
36.2
782
889
145
175
81
71
42
54
53
268
126
3
42.4
22.6
15.7
29.8
14.8
24.4
15.8
23.7
23.6
30.8
54.3
69
66
10
17
5
3
2
3
3.7
1.7
1.1
2.9
.9
1.0
.8
1.3
3
11
2
.2
.3
.2
1
.2
2
1
2
3
1
.8
.4
.9
.3
.4
26
14
3.0
6.0
Num Per
ber. cent.
21
0.3
21
3
4
2
.5
.3
.7
.4
5
1.9
3
4
1.3
.5
1.
2, less than 7.
7 and over.
Not
reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.
1,069
17.8
2,698
44.9
2,211
36.8
16
0.3
152
908
247
141
120
75
74
61
67
123
7
2
8.2
23.1
26.8
24.0
22.0
25.8
27.9
26.8
29.8
14.2
3.0
781
1,790
373
274
258
132
142
108
123
380
126
1
42.4
45.5
40.4
46.7
47.3
45.4
53.6
47.4
54.7
43.7
54.3
904
1,205
297
167
163
84
44
59
32
359
99
3
49.1
30.6
32.2
28.4
29.9
28.9
16.6
25.9
14.2
41.3
42.7
6
10
3
1
3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.5
3
.3
GENERAL TABLES.
Total................. 6,015
Native white.............. 1,843
Foreign-bom white... 3,934
Polish...................
923
Serbo-Croatian__
587
Slovak..................
546
Magyar.................
291
Italian..................
265
German................
228
Lithuanian..........
225
All other..............
859
Negro.........................
232
Not reported..............
6
Less than 1.
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
159
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
160
CHILDREN OP PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X I .—-Num ber o f hours rest at night and prevalence o f daytim e nap,
by age o f child and color and n ativity o f mother.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Having no usual daytime nap.
Age of child and color and
nativity of mother.
Total.
Number hours rest at night.
N o t re
ported.
14 a n d
over.
13, l e s s
than 14.
12, l e s s
than 13.
11, l e s s
tnan 12.
10, l e s s
tnan 11.
9, 1 e s s
than 10.
CD
(CDh
fe
8, l e s s
than 9.
Number.
+3
d
CD
Less than
8.
Total.
Total.......................... 6,015 4,767
79.3
12
61
442 1,319 1,696
903
217
48
.69
524
1,043
1,031
1,032
984
151
2
1,234
85
211
285
289
319
45
3,371
424
799
718
702
624
102
2
159
15
32
28
40
40
4
48.6
72.6
83.6
93.8
97.6
96.8
1
3
4
2
2
8
13
9
13
14
4
40
9C
77
86
133
16
115
237
206
194
133
18
47
71
49
22
22
6
6
15
16
8
3
8
19
15
12
11
4
67.0
25.1
53.8
71.4
85.5
97.0
1
13
3
254
22
60
66
60
42
4
620
91
170
134
128
83
14
55
14
16
12
4
7
2
150
30
52
35
16
14
3
18
3
3
6
3
3
6
2
3
4
1
46
5
12
7
9
10
3
101
4
17
17
21
39
3
317
36
70
56
58
85
12
3
2
24
1
1
1
3
4
7
9
1
122
177
247
348
265
39C
294
401
332
331
55
48
2
316
470
15
24
46
69
61
121
72
122
105
118
17
16
962 1,180
102
149
193
271
199
259
214
264
215
206
37
31
2
41
45
4
5
8
8
5
10
8
15
14
7
1
1
28
2
7
6
5
8
11
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2 years but under 3.......
3 years but under 4.......
4 years but under 5.......
5 years but under 6.......
6 years but under 7.......
7 years but under 8.......
Age not reported..........
Native white mothers.........
2 years but under 3.......
3 years but under 4.......
4 years but under 5.......
5 years but under 6.......
6 years but under 7.......
7 years but under 8.......
Foreign-bom mothers.........
2 years but under 3.......
3 years but under 4.......
4 years but under 5.......
5 years but under 6.......
6 years but under 7.......
1,079
1,437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
1,843
339
392
399
338
329
46
3,934
693
992
796
715
633
103
2
Negro mothers....................
232
46
2 years but under 3.......
52
36
4 years but under 5.......
46
45
7
Nativity of mother not re6
1
1
2
1
1
85.7
61.2
80.5
90.2
98.2
98.6
99.0
68.5
8
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
1
1
v
1
28
2
12
10
4
3
1
2
60
8
17
15
8
10
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
161
GENERAL TABLES.
G e n e b a l T a b l e "X X I.—-N u m b er o f h ou rs rest a t n ig h t an d p reva len ce o f daytim e n a p ,
by a ge o f ch ild a n d co lo r an d n a tiv ity o f m other■—Concluded.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Not reported as to
daytime nap.
Having usual daytime nap.
Total.
2 years hut under 3............
3 years but under 4...........
4 years but under 5............
5 years but under 6...........
6 years but under 7............
7 years but under 8.............
Age not reported............... .
Native white mothers...............
2 years but under 3.............
3 years but under 4.............
4 years but under 5.............
5 years but under 6........... .
6 years but under 7.............
7 years but under 8.............
Foreign-bom mothers...............
2 years but under 3........
3 years but under 4.............
4 years but under 5.............
5 years but under 6.............
6 years but under 7.............
7 years but under 8.............
Age not reported.................
Negro mothers...........................
2 years but under 3.............
3 years but under 4.............
4 years but under 5.............
5 years but under 6.............
6 years bu t under 7.............
7 years but under 8.............
Nativity of mothernotreported.
2 years but under 3.............
3 years but under 4.............
4 years but under 5.............
5 years but under 6.............
6 years but under 7.............
Number hours rest at night.
1,221 20.3
552 51.2
27.2
193 15.7
61 5.5
20 2.0
4 2.6
2
1
1
594
253
178
108
45
9
1
556
268
193
75
12
7
1
1
32.2
74.6
45.4
27.1
13.3
2.7
14.1
38.7
19.5
9.4
1.7
1.1
1.0
32 147 350 422 198
47
12
9
18
7
6
97
60
31
9
1
26
12
7
1
1
6
4
1
3
4
2
1
57 169 210 112
27 69 79 54
19 49 68 31
7 32 38 21
2 19 18
6
2
6
1
86 161 186 76
35 78 93 37
36 51 65 26
10 25 24 10
3
3
3
2
1
1
2 3
1
23
11
6
6
5
3
1
1
2
2
18
12
4
1
1
4
1
3
5
6
3
2
3
?
2
1
1
1
1
i
15
8
4
2
1
3
2
1
17
10
3
4
68 29.3
30
20
8
4
4
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
63 157 180
55 105 14?
17 61 67
6 22 23
5
3
8
1
2 1
4
1
2
1Not shown where base is less than 100.
Total.
18
9
5
3
25
8
10
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
10
6
3
27 0.4
15
1 .3
3
1.5
1.2
.3
4
1
t'l
1
Number
hours rest
at night.
ported.
1 Less than
8.
18, l e s s
than9.
19, l e s s
than 10.
[10, l e s s
! than 11.
11, l e s s
than 12. i
12, l e s s
than 13.
13. l e s s
than 14.
14 a n d
over.
N ot re
ported.
Per cent.
Total.
Number.
Age of child and color and
nativity of mother.
2.2
162
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X I I . — H o u r and reg u la rity o f retirin g , by co lo r an d n a tio n a lity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Hour and regularity of retiring.
Total.
No regular
hour.
Total.
Before 7.
Between 7
and 8.
Between 8
and 9.
Between 9
and 10.
Regularity
not reported.
10 and later. Not reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per.
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.1 ber. cent. ber. cent. ber.
centTotal............................................. 6,015
2,162
35.9
3,704
61.6
61
1.0
517
8.6
1,521
25.3
1,319
21.9
283
4.7
3
(2)
Native white....................................... 1,843
Foreign-born white............................ 3,934
Polish...........................................
923
Serbo-Croatian.............................
587
Slovak...........................................
546
Magyar..........................................
291
Italian...........................................
265
German........................................
228
Lithuanian........ ..........................
225
All other.......................................
869
Negro...................................................
232
Not reported.......................................
6
305
1,773
493
271
282
114
139
55
95
324
80
4
16.5
45.1
53.4
46.2
51.6
39.2
52.5
24.1
42.2
37.3
34.5
1,469
2,087
424
300
262
174
117
161
125
524
146
2
79.7
53.1
45.9
51.1
48.0
59.8
44.2
70.6
55.6
60.3
62.9
26
33
6
6
2
4
2
1
1.4
.8
.7
1.0
.4
1.4
.8
.4
646
814
162
113
104
60
48
60
42
225
61
35.1
20.7
17.6
19.3
19.0
20.6
18.1
26.3
18.7
25.9
26.3
429
846
180
134
119
79
34
65
53
182
42
2
23.3
21.5
19.5
22.8
21.8
27.1
12.8
28.5
23.6
20.9
18.1
98
172
49
16
20
14
17
10
18
28
13
5.3
4.4
5.3
2.7
3.7
4.8
6.4
4.4
8.0
3.2
5.6
0.1
1.4
.9
14.5
5.6
2.9
5.3
3.1
5.8
6.0
11.0
5.3
8.7
12.1
2
1
12
2
268
221
27
31
17
17
16
25
12
76
28
1
.1
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
149
.2.5
69
74
6
16
2
3
9
12
5
21
6
3.7
1.9
.7
2.7
.4
1.0
3.4
5.3
2.2
2.4
2.6
CHILDREN OE PRESCHOOL A g e , GARY, IND,
Regular hour.
Color and nationality of mother.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X I I I .— H o u r a n d reg u la rity o f retirin g , by a n n u a l ea rn in g s o f c h ie f bread w in ner in 1917.
•
~
----------------- -------Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Hour and regularity of retiring.
Annual earnings of chief breadwinner
in 1917.
Regular hour.
Total.
No regular
hour.
Total.
Before 7.
Between 7
and 8.
Between 8
and 9.
Between 9
and 10.
10 and later. Not reported.
Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent.
6,015
2,162
35.9
3,704
61.6
61
1.0
517
8.6
1,521
25.3
1,319
21.9
283
4.7
Under $8S0.....................
851
*850 to $1,049............
923
$1,050 to $1,249............
1,065
$1,250 to $1,449.................
843
$1,450 t o $ l,849............. .................
1,041
$1,850 to $2,249..................
378
$2,250 and over...........................
441
N o chief breadwinner and no earnings
129
Earnings not reported........................
344
405
403
427
289
301
59
91
58
129
47.6
43.7
40.1
34.3
28.9
15.6
20.6
45.0
37.5
434
504
622
527
714
306
333
69
195
51.0
54.6
58.4
62.5
68.6
81.0
75.5
53.5
56.7
13
5
9
3
8
6
9
2
6
1.5
.5
.8
.4
.8
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.7
50
69
72
66
96
52
73
8
31
5.9
7.5
6.8
7.8
9.2
13.8
16.6
6.2
9.0
169
209
258
233
282
125
139
31
75
19.9
22.6
24.2
27.6
27.1
33.1
31.5
24.0
21.8
166
186
239
166
273
103
97
26
63
19.5
20.2
22.4
19.7
26.2
27.2
22.0
20.2
18.3
36
35
44
59
53
20
14
2
20
4.2
3.8
4.1
7.0
5.1
5.3
3.2
1.6
5.8
Total.........................
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
3
C1)
2
0.2
1
.2
Num Per
ber. cent.
149
2.5
12
16
16
27
26
13
17
2
20
1.4
1.7
1.5
3.2
2.5
3.4
3.9
1.6
5.8
GENERAL TABLES,
Num Per
ber. cent.
Regularity
n,ot reported.
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Oi
00
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
164
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X I Y .— H o u r and reg u la rity o f r is in g , by age o f child.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Hour and regularity of rising.
Total.
No regular
hour.
Num
ber.
6,015
Total.........................
2 years, under 3 ..............................
3 years, under 4 ...............................
4 years, under 5 ...............................
5 years, Under 6 ...............................
6 years, under 7 ...............................
7 years, under 8 ...............................
Not reported....................................
1,079
1,437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
2,309
438
597
499
391
347
35
2
Num
Per
cent.1 ber.
38.4
40.6
41.5
40.5
35.5
34.4
22.4
Before 6.
Total.
3,546
601
808
. 700
680
639
118
Per
cent.
59.0
55.7
56.2
56.8
61.8
63.4
75.6
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Num
ber.
49
12
13
10
7
5
2
Between 7
and 8.
Between 6
and 7.
Per
cent.
0.8
1.1
.9
.8
.6
.5
1.3
Num
ber.
582
122
135
94
97
112
22
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Per
cent.
8 and later.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
9.7
1,680
27.9
1,232
20.5
11.3
9.4
7.6
8.8
11.1
14-1
269
355
326
315
349
66
24.9
24.7
26.4
28.6
34.6
42.3
198
305
267
261
173
28
18.4
21.2
21.7
23.7
17.2
17.9
1
* Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Not reported.
Num
ber.
3
3
Per
cent.
(2)
0.2
Regularity not
reported.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
160
2.7
40
32
34
29
22
3
3.7
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.2
19
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
Regular hour.
Age of child.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X V . — H ou r and reg u la rity o f risin g , by co lo r a n d n a tio n a lity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Hour and regularity of rising.
Regular hour.
Color and nationality of mother.
Totàl.
No regular
hour.
Total.
Number.
Per
cent.1
Number.
Between 6
and 7.
Before 6.
Per
Numcent.1 ber.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Between 7
and 8.
Number.
8 and later.
Number.
Per
cent.1
Number.
Per
cent.
Total............ .
6,015
2,309
38.4
3,546
59.0
49
0.8
582
9.7
1,680
27.9
1,232
20.5
3
(2)
Native white..........
Foreign-born white.
Polish...............
Serbo-Croatian.
Slovak..............
Magyar.............
Itahan..............
German............
Lithuanian.......
All other...........
Negro......................
Not reported. . .......
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
362
1,833
503
269
287
142
131
52
107
342
112
•2
19.6
46.6
54.5
45.8
52.6
48.8
49.4
22.8
47.6
39.4
48.3
1,394
2,033
412
301
252
146
129
171
113
509
115
4
75.6
51.7
44.6
51.3
46.2
50.2
48.7
75.0
50.2
58.6
49.6
14
32
3
8
1
8
.8
.8
.3
1.4
.2
2.7
219
337
80
40
39
23
41
18
14
82
26
11.9
8.6
8.7
6.8
7.1
7.9
15.5
7.9
6.2
9.4
11.2
709
920
179
142
112
69
57
80
45
236
49
2
38.5
23.4
19.4
24.2
20.5
23.7
21.5
35.1
20.0
27.2
21.1
450
743
150
111
100
46
31
72
54
179
37
2
24.4
18.9
16.3
18.9
18.3
15. 8
11.7
31.6
24.0
20.6
15.9
2
1
0.1'
(2>
1
.1
Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
.4
11
3
1.3
1.3
Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Regularity not
reported.
Number.
Per
cent.
160
2.7
87
68
8
17
7
3
5
5
5
18
5
4.7
1.7
.9
2.9
1. 3
1.0
1.9
2.2
2. 2
2.1
2.2
GENERAL
Per
cent.1
Not reported.
166
G
C H IL D R E N
e n e r a l
OF
PRESCH OOL
AGE,
G A R Y, IN D .
T a b l e X X V I — The w earin g o f n igh t cloth in g , by color and n a tio n a lity o f
m other.
-------
;
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Wearing as night
clothing.
Color and nationality of mother. '
Total.
Total............................................- .......................
6,015
Not reported..................................................................
1,843
3.934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wearing
Not re
no night Clothing No cloth ported.
clothing.
ing worn
worn
during
during
day.
day.
14
13
2
2
5
4
1
2,058
3,926
17
376
1,651
393
239
238
116
171
70
142
282
31
1,460
2,264
527
347
308
173
87
157
82
583
196
6
7
6
1
1
2
1
1
4
G e n e r a l T a b l e XX V II.-
■N um ber o f hou rs rest a t n igh t, by n u m ber o f ad d ition a l occu p a n ts o f ch ild ’s bedroom .
14683
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Number of hours rest at night.
to
Number of additional occupants of
child’s bedroom.
Less than 8.
Total.
Num- Per
ber. cent.
8, less than 9. 9, less than 10. 10, less than
11.
Num- Per
ber. cent.
Number. cent.
11, less than
12.
12, less than
13.
13, les s than
14.
14 and over.
Not reported.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.1 ber. cent.
Num Per
ber. cent.
Num Per
ber. cent.1
6,015
16
0.3
93
. 1.5
589
9.8
1,669
27.7
2,119
35.5
1,103
18.3
264
4.4.
60
261
1,415
1,800
1,232
808
469
30
1
3
6
4
1.0
102
.4
.2
.3
.3
1.7
.8
1.0
1.9
2.3
17
125
184
115
6.5
8.8
10.2
9.3
2
.4
2
14
35
28
8
,6
1.3
63
13.4
73
389
504
355
247
100
1
28.0
27.5
28.0
28.8
30.6
21.3
80
551
624
408
278
175
3
30.7,
38.9
34.7
33.1
34.4
37.3
63
245
318
249
143
82
3
24.1
17.3
17.7
20.2
17.7
17.5
18
64
85
43
30
24
6.9
4.5
4.7
3.5
3.7
5.1
2
12
22
12
4
8
.8
.8
1.2
1.0
.5
1.7
5
12
22
18
13
9
23
1.9
.8
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.9
1 ......
2 .............
3 ............
4 .................
5 and over..
Not reported
1
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
m
:
GENERAL TABLES,
Total..
None............
05
-cr
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
168
G en er al T able X X V I I I .— A dditional occupants o f child's bed, by color and n ationality o f m other.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Type of additional occupants of child’ s bed.
Total.
Children only.
Adults only.
Adults and
children.
Not reported.
Adults only.
Not reported.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Number. Per cent.1 Number. Percent. Number. Percent.1 Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total.................
Native white..............
Foreign-born white...
Polish...................
Serbo-Croatian___
Slovak...................
Magyar.................
Italian..................
German................
Lithuanian...........
All other...............
Negro..........................
Not reported...............
6,015
1,843
3,934
923
587
546
291
265
228
225
869
232
6
1,360
697
613
97
96
56
35
40
52
26
211
45
5
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
m
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.6
37.8
15. 6
10.5
16.4
10.3
12.0
15.1
22. 8
11.6
24.3
' 19.4
2,636
676
1,845
427
291
247
148
165
104
104
359
. 115
43.8
36.7
46.9
46.3
49.6
45.2
50. 9
62.3
45. 6
46. 2
41.3
49.6
1,224
356
824
196
115
117
78
36
54
52
176
43
1
20.3
19.3
20.9
21.2
19.6
21.4
26.8
13.6
23.7
23.1
20.3
18.5
753
97
633
198
81
126
30
22
17
41
118
23
12.5
5.3
16.1
21.5
13.8
23.1
10.3
8.3
7.5
18.2
13.6
9.9
5
0.1
.1
.2
.3
4
2
2
0.2
26
0.4
3
8'
2
1
.2
.2
.2
.2
14
7
1
1
.8
.2
.1
.2
1
.4
1
3
'.Z
1
1
1
2
5
.4
.4
.4
.2
2.2
11
.4
1
I
1
1'
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
Not members of fanrly.
Members of family.
No additional
occupants.
Color and nationality
of mother.
G e n e r a l T a b l e X X I X .— N u m ber a n d p u rp o se o f v isits to d en tist, by age o f ch ild an d c o lo r a n d n a tiv ity o f m oth er.
Children 2 to 7'years of age.
Age of child and color and nativity of mother.
5,290
1,061
1,355
1,085
246
For extraction only.
2
visits.
193
34
3
visits.
4 and Number
over. not re Total.
ported
475
2
visits.
244
3
visits.
47
29
20
Not re
ported
as to
4 and Number visits.
not
re
over.
ported.
For other reasons, with or without extraction.
60
36
26
169
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,015
Who had paid specified number of visits to dentist.
GENERAL TABLES.
Total.
2 years, under 3.......... ..................
3 years, under 4............... .............................
4 years, under 5............... ..................
5 years, under 6......................
6 years, under 7........................... ................
7 years, under 8.............................................
Not reported..................................................
Native white mothers............... . f .....................
2 years, under3...................... .......................
3 years, under 4....................... . . . . . . ............
4 years, under 5...................... .......................
5 years, under 6......................... .. ..................
6 years, under7.........................
7 years,under 8......................
Foreign-born white mothers.............. ................
2 years, under 3..................................**........
3 years, under 4.......................... *’ ............ .
4 years, under 5...........................
5 years, under 6...........................
6 years, under7...........................
7 years, under 8.. ; .............................“ ........
Not reported........... .................... . ! ! * ' ” *’ V
Negro mothers.......................................................
2years,under3..............i l l ” “ ” “]
3 years, under 4................................... . *" ’
4 years, under 5........................... . . . ' . . ‘. I '.'.T .
5 years, under 6..............................................
6 years, imder 7..................................*f
7years,under8......................... ........". ’ " V
Nativity of mother not reported............! ! ! ! ’ ] ’ "
2 years, under 3..... ..................................." ] J
3 years, under 4..................................
4 years, under 5................................ ........... .
5 years, under 6..................................
6 years, imder 7..................................’ ' ’
Who
had
paid
no
Total.
visits
to
Total.
dentist.
170
G
CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE, GARY, IND.
e n e r a l
T a b l e X X X .— N um ber o f visits to d en tist, by age o f child and a n n u a l earnings
o f c h ief breadw inner in 1917.
Children 2 to 7 years of age.
Age of child and annual earn
ings of chief breadwinner in
1917.
Who had paid no
visits to dentist.
Total.
Who had paid one
or more visits to
dentist.
Not reported as to
visits.
Percent.1 Number. Per cent.1 Number. Per cent.
Total.
2 years, under 3....................
3 years, under 4— .............
4 years, under 5.................. .
5 years, under 6....................
6 years, under 7....................
7 years, under 8....................
Not reported........................
Under $1,050...............................
2 years, under 3....................
3 years, under 4....................
4 years, under 5....................
5 years, under 6---...............
6 years, under 7--................
7 years, under 8...................
$1,050 to $1,849............................
2 years, under 3.................. .
3 years, under 4.................. .
4 years, under 5..........1.......
5 years, under 6— '. 1
.
6 years, under 7.................. .
7 years, under 8..................
N ot reported........................
$1,850 and over..........................
2 years, under 3........ .........
3 years, under 4............. . ..4 years, under 5.-................
5 years, under 6..................
6 years, under 7........ •.........
7 years, under 8.:..;.............
No chief breadwinner and no
earnings..................................
2 years, under 3 . . ...............
3 years, under 4..................
4 years, under 5..................
5 years, under 6..................
6 years, under 7..................
7 years, under 8..................
Earnings not reported..............
2 years, under 3..................
3 years, under 4..................
4 years, under 5.................
5 years, under 6........... ......
6 years, under 7..................
7 years, under 8..................
6,015
819
136
190
176
158
142
17
1,061
1,355
1,085
899
762
126
2
1,640
329
412
326
280
239
54
2,605
533
682
543
430
365
50
2
642
132
166
138
114
82
10
129
17
26
23
29
30
4
344
51
73
73
65
69
13
107
16
25
18
23
23
2
296
51
70
60
52
53
10
1,079
1,437
1,233
1,100
1,008
156
2
1,774
334
431
352
319
279
59
2,949
541
717
609
529
488
63
2
1 Not shown where base is less than 100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,290
87.9
721
12.0
4
0.1
.2
.1
98.3
94.3
88.0
81.7
75.6
80.8
16
81
148
201
245
30
1.5
5.6
12.0
18.3
24.3
19.2
2
1
1
.1
92.4
98.5
95.6
92.6
87.8
85.7
132
3
19
26
39
40
5
342
8
34
66
99
122
13
7.4
.9
4.4
7.4
12.2
14.3
2
2
.1
.6
11.6
1.5
4.7
10.8
18.7
25.0
2
.1
1
.1
1
.2
78.4
. 97.1
87.4
78.4
72.2
57.7
177
4
24
38
44
60
7
21.6
2.9
12.6
21.6
27.8
42.3
82.9
22
1
1
5
6
7
2
48
17.1
88.3
98.5
95.1
. 89.2
81.3
74.8
86.0
3
13
13
16
3
14.0
INDEX.
Adopted children, status of, in determining family
limits, 12.
Age:
Amount of milk as beverage by, 65-66.
Amount of sleep received by, 43.
Grade of diet by, 58.
Number of meals daily by, 91.
Suitability of foods to, 40, 89-96.
Use of tea or coffee by, 70.
Alleys, inspection of, 5,123.
Ambridge subdivision, housing conditions in,
17, 22-23.
Anemia, by grade of diet, 109-110,115.
Bacteriological tests, provision for, 5.
Bath accommodation, houses having, 25.
B y nativity of mother, 26.
Baths, frequency of, 125.
B y nativity of mother, 40-41,127.
Bedfellows, 49-50.
Bedroom:
Number of occupants—
By earnings of chief breadwinner, 48-49
128.
By nativity of mother, 47, 127.
Ventilation, 46-47,125,127.
B y nationality of mother, 47.
Boarding children, status of, in determining fam ily
limits, 12.
Bony defects of rachitic origin, by grade of diet
106, 115.
Breakfast, inadequate, 126.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 97.
By nationality of mother, 96-97, 99,1 1 5 , 126.
Building:
B y land company, 4, 5,6,13,17,18.
B y private enterprise, 5,18-19.
Commissioner of, duties, 15.
Ordinances regarding, 5,15,16.
Regulations concerning, 5, 6,15-17.
Buildings, department of, 15.
Canvass made in order to determine number of
preschool children, 2.
Care and hygiene, 40-51.
According to income, 127-128.
According to nativity of mother, 126-127.
S e e a lso u n d e r f o l lo w in g it e m s :
Baths, 40-41.
Care during mother’s employment, 38,125.
Dental care, 50-51.
Recreation, 41-42.
Sleep, conditions pertaining to, 43-50.
Carious teeth, by grade of diet, 104-105, 115.
Cereals:
Use in diet, 78-79,114,126.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 78-79.
B y nationality and color of mother, 78.
Chief breadwinner:
Definition, 30.
Earnings. S e e Earnings.
City health officer, part-time employment of, 5
City ordinances. S e e Ordinances.
City planning, 3-4.
City regulations. S e e Regulations.
Civic and social factors:
Garbage, collection and disposal, 5 , 1 2 3 .
Health protection, 5,6.
Housing. S e e Housing.
Milk supply, 5, 6.
Playgrounds, 5, 41-42, 1 2 3
S e e a l s o Recreation.
Provision and action regarding, 4 - 6 .
Sanitation. S e e Sanitation.
Sewer system, 4,123.
Water supply, 4, 6, 19, 23-24, 25, 123.
Welfare work, 5,6,123.
Clark subdivision, housing conditions in 18 2 2
24,26.
'
’ ’
Coffee or tea:
Use of—
23
By earnings of chief breadwinner^ 70 - 7 2 .
B y nationality and color of mother, 72 - 7 4 .
Number of times daily, 68.
By age of child, 70.
By nationality and color of mother
72-74.
’
Relation to use of milk, 69-70, 1 1 4 .
Community, influence of schools upon, 8.
Community conditions surrounding child life 3 - 6
123.
’
'
Composition of family, 1 1 .
Conditions affecting child welfare, 3 - 5 1 .
Child care and hygiene, 40-51.
Community, 3-6,123.
Economic conditions, 30-39.
Home and family, 7 - 1 4 .
Housing, 15-29.
S e e a l s o Housing.
Contagious disease, control of, 5.
Customs regarding certain dietary practices, 89-100.
Dental care, 50-51.
Dental caries, by grade of diet, 104-105.
Description of Gary, 3-6.
Diet:
Adequacy of, 96-99,113, 115, 126, 127.
B y nationality of mother, 96-99,1 1 5 .
Grading according to, 54-56.
S e e a l s o Diet, grade of.
Eating between meals, 92-96, 115, 126.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 94-95.
B y nationality of mother, 93-94.
Educational need regarding, 59.
171
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
123
’
172
INDEX,
Diet—Continued.
Grade of—
B y age, 58.
B y district of residence, 61-62.
B y income, 59-60, 128.
B y nationality, 60-61.
Weight in relation to, 126.
Weight in relation to height by, 101-104.
Grading according to adequacy, 54-56.
Items lacking, 85-88, 114.
B y income, 86, 87, 120-121.
B y nationality, 87-88, 117.
Meals—
Breakfast, adequacy, 96-97,99, 115, 126.
Lunch, adequacy, 98-99, 115, 126.
Number daily, b y age of child, 91.
Regularity, by nationality, 92.
Supper, type, 90-91.
Method of study, 53-56.
Grading of diets, 54-56.
limitations of material, 53-54.
Seeming of records, 53-54.
Nutrition as related to, 101,102, 103,101,106.
Physical condition in relation to, 101-112,115116.
Suitability of foods to age of children, 40,89-96.
B y nationality of mother, 90.
Summary showing deviation from accepted
standards, 99-100.
Type of—
By gamings of chief breadwinner, 59-60,86,
87, 118,119, 120-121, 128.
Disease, contagious, control of, 5.
District of residence:
Diet grades, distribution of children in, by,
61-62.
Distribution of children by, 13.
Millr used as beverage by, 67-68.
Number of children in family by, 14.
Source of water supply by, 23-24.
Type of dwelling by, 20.
Duration and stability of family life, 11-12.
Earnings:
Chief breadwinnercare of child according to, 127-128.
Cereals, use of, by, 78-79.
Coffee, use of, by, 70-72.
Dental care in relation to, 51.
Diet in relation to, 59-60, 86, 87, 116, 118,
119,120-121,128.
Eggs, use of, by, 80.
Em ploym ent, type of, b y , 34.
Employment of mother influenced by,
33, 38.
Fruits and vegetables, use of, by, 76.
Household help in relation to, 39,128.
Literacy and ability to speak English in re
lation to earning capacity, 33.
Meals, adequacy of, by, 97.
Eating between, 94-95.
Meat, use of, by, 84-85.
Milk, as beverage, amount of, by, 66-67.
Nativity of mother according to, 33.
Number of persons in family by, 32.
Potatoes, use of, by, 77.
Retiring and rising, regularity, by, 45.
Supplementary income, 30,33.
Ventilation of bedroom in relation to, 46.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Earnings—Continued.
Mother, 38.
S e e a l s o Employment of mother.
Economic conditions, 30-39, 125.
S e e a l s o Earnings.
Eggs:
Use in diet, 79-80,114,126.
B y earnings o f c h i e f breadwinner, 80.
B y nationality and color of mother, 79-80.
Employment:
Chief breadwinner—
Type of work and earnings, 34.
Mother (gainful employment)—
At home, 30,37,125.
Away from home, 30, 36-37,125.
Separation from child as result of, 38,
125, 127-128.
Earnings of father as related to, 33, 38.
English:
Ability to speak—
Father, 9,124.
Mother, 9,124.
B y nationality, 9,116,118,119.
Acquisition of, importance, 9, 33.
Family:
Composition, 11.
Conditions, 7-14, 124-128.
Removals from city to city, 11-12,124.
Size, by nativity of mother, 7,48.
Family life, duration and stability of, 11-12.
Fathers:
Ability to speak English, 9,124.
Earnings. S e e Earnings of chief breadwinnet.
Literacy, 10,124.
Fire limits, ordinance concerning, 16.
First Subdivision:
Development of, 6,13,17,18.
Housing, 17, 22, 23.
Food supply, inspection of, 5.
Foods, specified, use of, 63-88.
Cereals, 77-79.
Coffee or tea, 68-74.
Eggs, 79-80.
Items lacking from diet, 85-88.
Meat, 81-85.
Milk, 63-68.
Vegetables and fruits, 74-77.
Potatoes (white), 76-77.
Foreign born:
Diet of children, 60-61.
S e e a l s o u n d e r Diet.
H ousingConditions, 5,13, 26.
Tenure, 21-22.
Literacy of parents, 10.
Population of, 7.
Residence of mother in United States, length
of, 9-10.
Welfare work on South Side, 5,6,123.
S e e a l s o Nationality of mother.
Fruits and vegetables:
Use in diet, 74,75-76,114.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 76-77.
B y nationality and color, 75.
IN D E X .
Garbage, collection and disposal, 5,123.
Gary:
Area, 6.
Description, 3-6.
B y district ofresidence, 13.
Growth, 4, 8.
Industries, 3,4.
Number of children studied in, 2,53.
Population of, 6.
Topography of, 3.
Glen Park subdivision, housing conditions, 18, 23,
26.
Grades of diet, 55-56.
S e e a l s o Diet.
Health officer, city, part-time employment of, 5,123.
Health protection, 5, 6.
Height, relation of weight to, by grade of diet, 101104.
Home conditions, 7-14,124-128.
Home ownership:
B y district of residence, 23.
B y nativity and color, 21-22.
Household:
Size, by nativity of mother, 7, 48.
Household help:
Extent of, 39,125,127.
Income in relation to, 39,128.
Housing:
Congestion—
Lot, 4,16,17,18-19,123.
Room, 16,17, 27-29,124,126,127,128.
Fire protection, regulations concerning, 16.
Land company projects, 4,5,6,13,17,18.
Law (State) relating to [passed 1913], 5,16,26.
One-family houses, 19,42.
Private enterprise, 5,18-19.
Privies, 19,25,26,27.
Regulations, inadequacy of, 5,15.
Rental and tenure, 21-23.
Sanitary conveniences, 18,19,23-27,124.
Type of houses, 5,17,18-21.
B y district of residence, 20,22.
Ventilation, 16,19,20-21, 46-47, 124, 125, 127.
Water supply, 4,6,19,23-25,123.
Hygiene and care, 40-51.
Baths, 40-41.
Dental care, 50-51.
Recreation, 41-42.
Sleep, conditions pertaining to, 43-50.
Immigrant laborers, housing, 5,13.
Income. S e e Earnings.
Industries in Gary, 3,4.
Infants born in 1916, number in family, by number
of preschool children in family, 12-13.
Inspection:
Alleys, 5,123.
Housing, 5,15,16,123.
Milk and food, 5.
Plumbing, 15.
Sanitation, 5,6,15,123.
Water, 4, 6.
Kirk subdivision, housing in, 17.
Laboratory* municipal, 5,123.
Land company, development by, 4,5,6,13,17,18.
Legislation, housing, 5,15-17, 26.
Lincoln Park subdivision, housing conditions, 22,
23, 26.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
173
Literacy:
Father, 10,124.
Mother, 10,124.
B y nationality, 10,116,118,119.
Lodgers:
Family earnings supplemented by keeping, 30,
37,38,125.
Tendency to keep, by nativity and color of
mother, 29.
Lot congestion, 4,16,17,18-19,123.
Lunch, inadequate, by nationality of mother, 98-99,
115,126.
Malnutrition:
Physical defects in relation to, 106-107S e e a l s o Diet: Nutrition as related to; Phys
ical condition in relation to.
Meals:
Adequacy, 96-99, 115.
Eating between, 92-96, 115, 126.
Amount and type of food by nationality
of mother, 93-94.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 94-95.
B y nationality of mother, 94.
Number daily, 91.
Regularity, 40, 92,115, 126.
Suitability of foods to age of child, 40,89-96,126.
S e e a l s o Diet.
Meat, daily use:
By amount of milk used as beverage, 81-82.
B y grade of diet, 82-83.
B y nationality and color of mother, 83-84.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 84-85.
Medical inspection of schoolchildren, 1,6.
S e e a l s o Bureau Publication No. I ll, Physical
Status of Preschool Children, Gary, Ind
Method of procedure in study:
Part 1 ,2.
‘ Part II, 53-56.
Grading of diets, 54-56.
Limitations of material, 53-54.
Securing of records, 53-54.
Milk:
Amount used as beverage, 64,113,126.
B y age of child, 65-66.
B y district of residence, 67-68.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 66-67.
B y nationality and color of mother, 67.
Contrasted with consumption of meat, 8182.
Contrasted with consumption of tea or
coffee, 69-70, 114, 126.
Amount used in food, 64-65.
Minimum standard required, 64,113.
Number of children receiving, 64, 113, 126.
Ordinance regarding, 5,123.
Milk supply, inspection of, 5, 6.
Miller (town), annexation of, for recreational pur
poses, 4 (footnote), 123.
Mothers:
Ability to speak English, 9,124.
B y nationality, 9,116,118,119.
Earnings, 38.
Employment (gainful)—
A t home, 30,37, 125.
Away from home, 30,36-37,125.
Separation from child as result of, 38,
125.
Literacy, 10,124.
B y items of diet, 116,118,119.
174
INDEX,
Nationalities:
Non-English-speaking, 8.
Predominating, 7.
Nationality of mother, 7-10.
Ability to speak English, 9,116,118,119.
Diet—
Cereals, use of, 78,117.
Eggs, use of, 79-80,117.
Fruits and vegetables, use of, 75,117.
Grade, 60-61,117.
Meat, use of, 83-84,117.
Milk, use of, as beverage, 67,117.
Potatoes, use of, 77,117.
Rank, 116-119.
Suitability of foods to age of child, 80.
Tea or coffee, use of, 72-74, 117.
Earnings of chief breadwinner, 118.
Literacy, 10,118.
Meals—
Adequacy of, 96-99, 117.
Eating between, 93-94,117.
Regularity of, 92,117.
Non-English-speaking nationalities, 8.
Residence in the United States, 9-10.
Ventilation of bedroom, 47.
Nativity of mother:
Baths, frequency of, 41.
Earnings of chief breadwinner, 33.
Home ownership, 21-22.
Hour of retiring, 45.
Room congestion, 29.
Sanitary conveniences, 26.
Sleep received, 43-44.
Ventilation of bedroom, 46,127.
Water supply location, 25.
Negroes:
Earnings of chief breadwinner, 33.
Employment of mother in relation to, 38. .
Literacy, 10.
Lodger keeping, extent of, 29.
Number of persons per room, 29.
Sanitary conveniences, 24,25,26.
Separation of mother and child because of em
ployment of mother away from home, 38.
Tenure of home, 21,22.
Toilet facilities, 26, 27.
Night clothing, 46.
Nonemployment of chief breadwinner, 35-36,125.
Non-English-speaking nationalities, 8.
Nurse:
Employed by health department to visit con
tagious cases, 5,123.
Employed by police department for infantwelfare work, 5, 6,123.
Nutrition:
Diet as related to, 101,102,103,104,106.
State of, as indicated by weight according to
height, 101-104.
Weight in relation to, 101.
One-family houses:
Advantages, 19,42.
Description, 19.
Disadvantages, 19.
Law lacking with reference to, 5,16-17.
Ordinances:
Building, 5,15,16.
FirelimitS and building within them, 16.
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Ordinances—Continued.
Lots (residence), improvement in First Subdi
vision, 18.
Milk and food, 5,123.
Plumbing, 15.
Overcrowding:
Lot, 4,16,17,18-19,123.
Room, 16,17, 27-29, 124, 126, 127, 128.
Ownership of homes:
B y district of residence, 23.
B y nativity and color, 21-22.
Physical condition:
Dietary findings in relation to, 101-112,115.
School standing in relation to, 1.
Physical examinations:
Results, by grade of diet, 106, 126.
S e e a l s o Bureau Publication No. 111. Physical
Status of Preschool Children, Gary, Ind.
Pine subdivision, housing in, 18.
Plan of city, 3-4.
Playgrounds, 41-42.
Municipal, 5, 41,123.
School, 5, 41,123.
S e e a l s o Recreation.
Play spaces, 6,42.
Plumbing:
Ordinance regulating, 15.
Population of Gary:
Foreign bom , -7.
Negro, 7.
Total (1910, p. 21; 1917, p. 6.)
Postural defects, by grade of diet, 106-107,115.
Potatoes (white):
Use in diet, 76-77.
B y earnings of chief breadwinner, 77.
B y nationality, 77.
Preschool children:
Distribution, by district ofresidence, 13 - 1 4 .
Number in study, 2.
Per cent of families having specified number of,
by nativity of mother, 7-8.
Reasons for study of, 1-2,
Private enterprise, housing by, 5,18-19.
Privies:
Number of children using, 25.
By district ofresidence, 26-.
Number o f families using same accommoda
tion, 19, 27.
Reasons for study, 1-2.
Recreation:
Provisions for, 4 (footnote 1), 6,123.
Time spent out of doors, 41-42.
S e e a l s o Playgrounds.
Regulations:
Building, 5,6,15-17,123.
Controlling contagious disease, 5.
Sanitation, 5,6.
Rental and tenure, 21-23.
Residence of foreign-bom mothers in the United
States, length of, 9-10.
Ridge Road subdivision, housing conditions in,
18,23, 26.
Room congestion, 16,17,27-29, 124, 126,127, 128.
Legislation concerning, 16,17.
INDEX.
175
Sanitation:
Tea or coffee—Continued.
Conveniences, 19,23-27,124.
Use of—Continued.
By district of residence, 18,23-24,26.
Number of times daily, 68.
By nativity of mother, 25,26.
B y age of child, 70.
Inspection, 5,6.
B y nationality and color of mother,
Schedule used in study, 132-135.
72-74.
Schools:
Teeth, carious, by grade of diet, 104-105.
Tenements:
Dentalinspection in, 50.
Law pertaining to, 16,17.
Influence upon community life, 8.
S e e a l s o Housing.
Medical inspection in, 1,6.
Tenure and rental, 21-23.
Night classes for adults, 8.
Toilet facilities, 19,25,26,124.
Separation of mother and child on account of
B y nativity of mother, 26.
mother’s employment, 38.
Law requiring, 16,26.
Sewer system, 4,123.
Location and type of toilet, by number of
Sleep:
families using, 26-27.
Amount received—
Tolleston subdivision:
By age, 43.
Housing conditions in, 18,23,26.
By nativity of mother, 44.
Incorporation of, 5.
B y number of additional occupants of bed,
Tonsils, defective, by grade of diet, 107-108,115.
50.
Topography of Gary, 3.
B y number o f additional occupants of
bedroom, 48-49.
Unemployment of chief breadwinner, 35,36.
Conditions affecting, 46-50.
Vegetables and fruits:
Night clothing, 46,125,127.
Potatoes (white), 76-77,114,126.
Retiring and rising, regularity of, 44-45,125,127.
Use in diet, 74-76, 114.
Ventilation in bedroom, 46-47,125.
B y earnings of chief breadwinners, 76-77.
South Side subdivision:
By nationality and color, 75.
Housing conditions in, 18,23,26.
Ventilation:
Nurse (city) employed in, 5,6,123.
Extent of—
Welfare station established in, 6.
B y type of dwelling, 19,20-21,124.
Stability of family life, 11-12.
In bedroom, 46-47,125,127.
. Streets:
Ordinance regarding, 16.
Cleaning of, 5,123.
Water-closets. S e e Sanitary conveniences.
Paving of, 4,17,18.
Water supply:
Plan of. 4.
Analysis, 4,6.
Summaries:
Establishment of, 4.
Customs regarding dietary practices, 99-100.
Location, by nativity of mother, 25.
Dietary study, 113-121.
Protection of, 6,123.
General, 123-128.
Source, by district of residence, 23-24.
Relationship between diet and physical con
Source other than city system, 19,23-24.
dition, 112.
Weight:
Diet in relation to, 126.
Height, by grade of diet, in relation to, 101-104.
Tea or coffee:
Nutrition in relation to, 101.
Use of—
Welfare work (South Side), 5, 6,123.
By earnings of chief breadwinner, 70-72.
West Gary subdivision, housing conditions in, 13,
B y nationality and color o f mother, 72-74.
18, 22, 23, 24.
Contrasted with consumption o f milk, 69“ Winged shoulders,” malnutrition in relation to,
70,114,126.
106.
o
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S HANTY IN SEASONAL W O R K E R S ’ C AMP, HOUSI NG 95 PERSONS.
[Dimensions, approxim ately 60 b y 20 b y 16 feet.]
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