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CHILDREN
IN T H E
COURTS
1938
and
1939
U N I T E D
ST ATES
DEPARTMENT O F LABOR
Children's Bureau
P u b lication No. 280
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Source tables for juvenile-court statistics, similar to
those published in earlier reports, have been com
piled for 1938 and 1939 and are available fo r refer
ence at the Children’s Bureau. They have been
omitted from the published report in order to con
serve printing funds for emergency use. These
source tables give for individual reporting areas the
data on which the summary tables are based.
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U N ITED STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR
FRANCES P E R K IN S, Secretary
C H ILD R E N ’S BUREAU
K A T H A R IN E F. LENROOT, Chief
Children in the Courts
»
Juvenile-Court Statistics
Two-Year Period Ended December 31, 1939
and
Federal Juvenile Offenders
Two-Year Period Ended June 30, 1939
ELEVENTH REPORT
Bureau Publication No. 280
U N ITED STATES
GOVERNM ENT P R IN T IN G OFFICE
W ASH ING TON : 1942
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
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• ■ Price 10 cents
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction________________________________________________________________
Part 1.— Juvenile-court statistics for the 2-year period ended December 31,
1939................................................................................................................................
Characteristics and limitations of juvenile-court statistics____________
The reporting area_________________________ ___________________________
Trend in delinquency cases___ ______________________
Summary, delinquency cases reported in 1938________ :_______________
Summary, delinquency cases reported in 1939_________________________
Part 2.— Federal juvenile offenders for the 2-year period ended June 30,
1939...................
Introduction_________________________________;_______________________ _
Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States
probation officers__________________ _________________________________
Federal juvenile offenders received in jails and held pending trial____
Federal juvenile offenders discharged from detention after being held
pending trial_________________________________________________________
Federal juvenile offenders placed on probation and those received
under sentence in jails and in Federalinstitutions_________________
Map.— Geographic distribution of areas that reported juvenile-court sta
tistics in 1939___________ „ ______________________________________________ _
ii
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1
2
2
3
7
9
12
17
17
18
21
22
25
28
Children in the Courts, 1938 and 19391
INTRODUCTION
The present report is the eleventh in the series of juvenile-court
statistics and the sixth in the series on Federal juvenile offenders.
The Children’s Bureau plan for the collection and analysis of juvenilecourt statistics was_ inaugurated in 1926 and the analysis of data
concerning Federal juvenile offenders was initiated by the Children’s
Bureau in 1932. The publication of statistics on Federal juvenile
offenders is a continuation of the cooperation of the Children’s Bureau
with the Department of Justice in furthering the program for the
treatment of Federal juvenile offenders according to juvenile-court
principles.
Each part of the report consists of an introductory discussion fol
lowed by statistical tables. Interpretative discussions similar to those
presented in reports from 1927 to 1937 on juvenile-court statistics
have been omitted from the present report.
The material presented in Part 1, Juvenile-Court Statistics for the
2-Year Period Ended December 31, 1939, deals primarily with delin
quency cases disposed of by the courts.2 Totals of dependency and
neglect and special-proceedings cases dealt with by these courts are
presented in table 4 (p. 6). The tabulations are based on data re
ceived from the courts that cooperate with the Children’s Bureau in
its plan for uniform reporting of juvenile-court statistics.
Part 2, Federal Juvenile Offenders for the 2-Year Period Ended
June 30, 1939, presents information concerning juveniles under 18
years of age who violated Federal laws and came to the attention of
Federal authorities during this period. The statistics presented have
been collected by the Bureau of Prisons of the Department of Justice.
These cases are not included in the statistics obtained from juvenile
courts, unless Federal jurisdiction is waived and arrangements are
made for these juvenile offenders to be dealt with under State law
in their home communities.
The analysis in part 1 of cases dealt with by the juvenile courts is
based on reports of cases disposed of, whereas the statistics in part 2
for Federal juvenile offenders are based on reports assembled at
different stages in the handling of the cases.
1 Material compiled in the Division of Statistical Research of the Children’s Bureau.
1 These are cases in which a child is referred to a juvenile court for one or more of the following reasons:
Automobile stealing, burglary or unlawful entry, hold-up, other stealing, truancy, running away, being
ungovernable, sex offense, injury to person, act of carelessness or mischief, traffic violation, and other
miscellaneous reasons.
1
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PART 1.— JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS FOR THE 2-YEAR
PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1939
CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITATIONS OF JUVENILE-COURT
STATISTICS
The expansion and strengthening of services for socially handi
capped children that have occurred in recent years lend particular
interest to statistics relating to the extent of juvenile delinquency.
There is a growing public understanding of delinquency as a form of
social maladjustment requiring specialized treatment in a unified and
comprehensive community child-welfare program, of which the
juvenile court forms a part. The fact that juvenile-court statistics
constitute the most comprehensive data that are collected on a
Nation-wide scale concerning juvenile delinquency makes especially
important the adequate understanding of the limitations of those
statistics.
Statistics relating to the work of the courts in dealing with juveniledelinquency cases are characterized by a number of limitations.
In the first place the number of delinquency cases disposed of by the
courts does not constitute a complete measure of the extent of juvenile
delinquency. M any children whose conduct is contrary to the law
never come into court. They may not be apprehended, or they may
be dealt with by the police, social agencies, or school authorities.
The extent to which the police deal with children varies greatly from
community to community. In some cities practically all children
coming to the attention of the police are referred to the juvenile
court; in others the police handle many children’s cases that involve
minor offenses.
The visiting teachers and child-welfare workers who are now at
work in many communities as part of the school system and of public
child-welfare programs are dealing with numerous problems of be
havior and social maladjustment among children. Group-work
agencies, private-welfare agencies, and sectarian groups also provide
services to problem children and their families.
The number of cases brought before the court is also influenced by
factors such as the personnel and facilities of the court and the concept
of the community, the social agencies, local officials, and of the court
itself with regard to the function of the juvenile court.
Several other limitations characterize juvenile-court statistics. In
the first place, the figures refer to the number of cases of children
dealt with by the juvenile courts rather than the number of children.
Some of the children may have been brought before the courts more
than once during the year, and in the tables of this report such chil
dren are counted as many times as they were referred to court on new
complaints. The figures, therefore, should not be interpreted as
representing the number of delinquent children.
2
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JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
3
In the second place the juvenile-court laws in operation in each
State determine the age limits within which children may be referred
to the court. The age limit for children coming under juvenile-court
jurisdiction is established by State law and in most instances is
uniform throughout a State. Of the 473 courts reporting in 1939,
79 3 had jurisdiction in delinquency cases over children up to 16 years
of age; 244 had jurisdiction up to 17 years of age; 76 had jurisdiction
up to 18 years of age, and 4, up to 21 years of age. In addition to
these the 67 Indiana courts had jurisdiction over boys up to 16 years
of age and over girls up to 18 years of age, and 3 Texas courts had
jurisdiction over boys up to 17 years of age and over girls up to 18
years of age. Table 15 (p. 16) shows the effect of the legal age limita
tions under which the courts had original jurisdiction on the age
distribution of the children whose cases were disposed of.
In the third place the number of delinquency cases reported by
the court is affected to a considerable extent by variations in the
policies of courts in the manner of handling cases. In addition to
handling cases officially— that is, by filing legal papers for the
initiation of court action— many courts handle certain cases unofficially.
Unofficial cases are those in which legal papers are not prepared, but
the cases are adjusted by the judge, referee, probation officer, or other
officer of the court. Although some of the courts have records of
their unofficial cases and report data regarding them, others do not
keep comparable records of these cases and, therefore, report only the
cases that are handled officially. Thus some of the figures included in
this report represent the total delinquency cases handled by the court
while others represent only a part of the cases. This variation in the
policies of the reporting courts results in a degree of incomparability
of data from court to court arising from the fact that the cases handled
unofficially usually do not present the same types of problems as those
handled officially.
All these factors must be taken into consideration in interpreting
reports of the work of juvenile courts.
Data regarding juvenile-delinquency cases are reported to the
Children's Bureau under two systems— either directly by individual
courts or under a State-wide system sponsored by a State agency.
Courts reporting directly send to the Bureau either a card for each
delinquency case disposed of during the year or a summary report for
all delinquency cases disposed of during the year. Courts reporting
under the State-wide plan report directly to the State agency concerned
with juvenile-court work or probation service; the State office then
forwards to the Children’s Bureau an annual report for each court
in the State.
THE REPORTING AREA
The area served by the juvenile courts that reported to the Chil
dren’s Bureau for the calendar year 1939 included 38 percent and for
1938, 39 percent, of the total population of the United States in 1940.
The area covered was somewhat larger in these 2 years than in 1937
* The 12 reporting courts in Rhode Island have jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents under 16 years
of age and over wayward children under 18 years of age.
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4
CHIÎLDIREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
because of the addition of certain courts located in Indiana, Michigan,
Missouri, New York, and Ohio. The reporting area for 1939 in
cluded the entire population of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Utah,
and the District of Columbia; the greater part of the population of
Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, and New Y ork; two-thirds of the popu
lation of Ohio; and 35 courts in 20 other States.4
The reporting area for 1938 included 476 courts, of which 93 served
areas of 100,000 or more population. The reporting area for 1939
included 473 courts, of which 92 served areas of 100,000 or more
population. W ith 3 exceptions the same courts serving areas of
100,000 or more population reported in both years.6
The map on the cover shows the areas from which reports were
received for the calendar year 1939. The reporting courts were
located in each of the geographic divisions of the United States,
although the number included in the geographic divisions varied
considerably (table 1). These variations may be attributed in part
T a b l e 1 .— Population of the United States and o f areas served by juvenile courts
that reported in 1939 in each geographic division
P o p u la t io n o f the
United States1
Geographic division
Number
Percent
Areas served by courts
Number of
courts
reporting
Population
Number
Percent
Total....................................................
131,669,275
100.0
473
50,066,424
100.0
New England..................................... .........
Middle Atlantic......... ..................................
East North Central______ _____ _________
West North Central_____. . _____ ________
South Atlantic................... ..........................
East South Central..... ........... - ...................
West South Central....................................
Mountain.............. .................................... .
Pacific................................................ ..........
8,437,290
27,539,487
26,626,342
13,516,990
17,823,151
10,778,225
13,064,525
4,150,003
9,733,262
6.4
20.9
20.2
10.3
13.5
8.2
9.9
3.2
7.4
87
58
180
118
8
1
8
7
6
5,614,718
17,718,561
12,634,332
4,891,309
2,605,232
141,974
1,498,629
550,310
4,411,359
11.2
35.4
25.2
9.8
5.2
.3
3.0
1.1
8.8
1 According to the 1940 census.
to the degree of development of State facilities for juvenile-court
work. Primarily, however, they may be attributed to the fact that
the area from which juvenile-court statistics are reported has not
been selected for geographical representativeness, nor by the use
of any other sampling technique. The individual courts have been
included in the reporting area when they expressed a desire to co
operate with the Children’s Bureau in its plan to develop a uniform
reporting system for juvenile-court statistics. M ost of the States
reporting under a State-wide system are limited to those that have
some provision by statute for reporting collection of statistics by the
State agency concerned with juvenile-court or probation work. N ot
all the States having such statutory powers, however, are included in
the reporting area.
4 The percentage of the 1940 population included in the 1939 reports from these States was as follows:
Indiana, 86 percent; Michigan, 83 percent; Missouri, 97 percent; New York, 98 percent; Ohio, 66 percent.
•Two Ohio courts—Cuyahoga County (Cleveland) and Lucas County (Toledo)—reported in 1938 but
not in 1939. The court in Bexar County, Tex. (San Antonio), reported in 1939 but not in 1938.
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5
JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
The reporting area for 1939 as for earlier years was particularly
representative of the large urban areas. Data presented for 1939 in
table 2 indicate that 77 percent of the population served by the courts
in the total area in 1939 was located in areas of 100,000 or more
T able 2.— Number o f courts reporting in 1989 and percentage o f population served
by cooperating courts, by size of area
Population of areas served
by courts1
Population of area
Number of
courts
Number
Percent
Total......................._........... ............ ......................................
473
50,066,424
100.0
1,000,000 or m ore...___________ _______________ _______________
500,000 to 999,999_____________________________________________
250,000 to 499Ì999__________ ___________________________________
100,000 to 249,999________ ______ ______
50,000 to 99,999____________ __________________________________
25,000 to 49^999________ _____
10,000 to 24,999................................ ................................ ....................
5,000 to 9,999................. ............................... .........._............................
Less than 5,000____ ____ _______ ________ _________________ ____
5
3 18
21
48
65
113
170
28
5
15,599,134
7,742,105
7,344,941
7,668,926
4,608,993
3,958,251
2,904,384
219,876
19,814
31.2
15.5
14.7
15.3
9.2
7.9
5.8
.4
(3)
1According to the 1940 census.
3 The courts of Boston are counted as 8 separate courts although the city is included as a unit in the group
£00,000 to 999,999.
8Less than 1/10 of 1 percent.
T able 3.— Number o f courts reporting juvenile-court statistics through a State agency,
number reporting directly to the Children's Bureau, and number o f States repre
sented, 1927-89
States i represented by
courts reporting—
Courts reporting—
Through a State agency
Year
Total
1927.........
1928.........
1929.........
1930_____
1931.........
1932.........
1933.........
1934........
1935.........
1936........
1937.........
1938........
1939....... .
43
65
96
92
169
267
284
334
398
384
462
476
473
Courts
serving
areas
with
Total
courts3 100,000
or more
popula
tion 8
7
7
8
97
218
239
294
359
349
419
442
437
1
1
1
4
35
48
44
49
50
52
63
61
Directly to the Children’s
Bureau
Courts
serving
areas
with
Total
less than courts
100,000
popula
tion 8
Courts
serving
areas
with
100,000
or more
popula
tion 8
Courts
serving
areas
with
less than
100,000
popula
tion 8
43
58
89
84
72
49
45
40
39
35
43
34
36
27
31
33
36
39
33
32
30
31
28
35
30
31
16
27
56
48
33
16
13
10
8
7
8
4
5
6
6
7
93
183
191
250
310
299
367
379
376
Total
16
17
21
24
24
25
27
26
27
26
31
29
29
Di
rectly
Through to
the
a State
Chil
agency3 dren’s
Bureau
1
1
1
2
4
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
16
16
20
23
22
21
21
20
20
19
23
21
21
1Including the District of Columbia.
8 In most of the States in which reporting has been made through a State agency the reporting courts have
served areas representing more than 80 percent of the population of the States. Within each State, however,
slight changes have occurred from year to year in the number of courts reporting and in the percentage of
the population included.
8 Population for years 1927-37 are based on the 1930 census and for 1938 and 1939, on the 1940 census.
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6
CHUJDIREN IN THE COURTS, 1 9 3 8 ANP 19 3 9
population. The area included 57 of the 92 cities in the United States
that had a population of 100,000 or more in 1940.
Tables 3 and 4 show the changes during the 13-year period, from
1927 through 1939, in the number of courts cooperating and the num
ber of cases disposed of by the courts. Table 3 gives the number of
courts reporting under a State-wide system through a State agency
and the number reporting directly to the Children's Bureau; it also
shows the number of States represented.
Table 4 gives the number of delinquency, dependency and neglect,
and special-proceedings cases reported by the courts. The number
of cooperating courts has increased from 43 in 1927 to 473 in 1939; the
number of delinquency cases reported increased from 30,363 in 1927
to 83,758 in 1939. The extension in the reporting area has resulted
primarily from the increase in State-wide reporting of juvenile-court
work. During the early years of the project, data were received for
the most part through cooperation directly with individual courts.
T able 4.— Number o f cases o f specified types reported by juvenile courts, 1927-89
Cases
Number
of courts
reporting
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
1934.
1935.
1936.
1937.
1938.
1939.
43
65
96
92
169
267
284
334
398
384
462
476
473
Total
42,915
55,171
65,117
75,401
83,313
89,680
90,836
90,300
96,696
88,236
103,535
108,054
107,874
Depend
ency and
neglect1
Delin
quency
30,363
38,882
46,312
53,757
59,880
65,274
68,039
66,651
71,475
63,320
78,688
77,289
83,758
12,552
16,289
18,805
20,711
22,317
23,235
21,605
22,499
24,019
23,599
23,546
27,816
22,429
Special
proceed
ings s
933
1,116
1,171
1,192
1,150
1,202
1,317
i; soi
2,949
1,687
1 Dependency and neglect cases handled by juvenile courts include cases of children referred because of
inadequate care or support from parents or guardians, abandonment or desertion, abuse or cruel treatment,
hvmg under conditions injurious to morals, and being physically handicapped and in need of public care.
* Special-proceedings cases were not reported prior to 1930. They include cases of petitions for commit
ment of feeble-minded children, adoption cases, controversies regarding custody of a child, children held as
material witnesses, and certain other types of cases.
As the program developed, however, cooperation with State agencies
concerned with juvenile-court work or probation service was empha
sized. This emphasis on reporting through a State agency is in
accordance with the general policy of the Children's Bureau of working
with and through State agencies wherever possible. Through the
interest of the Juvenile Court Commission of Utah, that State has
been able since 1928 to furnish reports under a State-wide system.
The State of Connecticut was added to the reporting area in 1931 f
Massachusetts and New York began reporting under the State-wide
type of plan in 1932; Rhode Island, in 1933; Indiana, in 1934; M ichi
gan, in 1935; Missouri, in 1937; and Ohio, in 1938. It is hoped that
the gradual extension of State-wide reporting of juvenile-court
statistics will afford a foundation for more adequate statistics on
juvenile delinquency as dealt with by the courts.
•Connecticut was unable to report on a State-wide basis in 1938 and 1939.
1940.
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Reporting was resumed in
7
JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
TREND IN DELINQUENCY CASES
The trend in delinquency cases disposed of by juvenile courts from
1933 to 1939 may be judged on the basis of reports from 67 courts
serving areas of 100,000 or more population that reported comparable
statistics throughout that period (table 5). These are the only courts
in that population group that reported continuously during those
years. The population of the area served by the courts represented
23 percent of the total population of the United States in 1940.
In the areas served by these 67 courts that have reported con
tinuously since 1933 the number of delinquency cases in 1939 was 6
percent greater than in 1938 and approximately equal to the number
disposed of in 1937. The 1939 total was somewhat higher than the
1936 figure but lower than that for 1933, 1934, or 1935. The
number of cases reported in 1939 was 4 percent less than the number
reported in 1933. As stated under Characteristics and Limitations of
Juvenile-Court Statistics, trends based upon delinquency cases handled
by juvenile courts are not necessarily indicative of trends of delin
quency cases generally.
T able 5.— Number o f delinquency cases disposed o f by 67 courts that served speci
fied areas o f 100,000 or more population, 1988-39 1
Delinquency cases
Area served by court
Total cases______________ _____ ______
Alabama: Mobile County_____ ____ _____
California:
San Diego C ounty....................................
San Francisco (city and county)........... .
Connecticut:
Bridgeport (city)........................................
Hartford (city)............... ...........................
District of Columbia.._______ ____________
Florida: Dade County________ _____ ______
Georgia: Fulton County..................................
Indiana:
Lake County.................. ..................... ......
Marion County......................... ................
Vanderburgh County.......... .....................
Iowa: Polk County________ _______ _______
Louisiana:
Caddo Parish________ _____ ___________
Orleans Parish___ _ _________ _________
Maryland: Baltimore (city)............................
Massachusetts:
Boston:
Boston (central section)____ ________
Brighton__________ ____ ___________
Charlestown........................................
Dorchester-........ .............................. .
East Boston.................. ..................... .
Roxbury... ______________________
South Boston......................................
West Roxbury_________ ______ ____
Central district of Worcester....................
East Norfolk district___________________
. First district of eastern Middlesex______
Lawrence district.................................. .
Lowell district............. . . ____________
Second district of Bristol-.........................
Somerville district................ ....................
Southern Essex district.........................—
Springfield district____________________
Third district of Bristol________________
Third district of eastern Middlesex........
Michigan:
Kent County.............. ...............................
Wayne County--------- --------- ---------------1Population according to the 1940 census.
443244—42---- 2
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1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
53,925
53,419
52,076
47,368
51,983
48,985
123
1939
51,994
165
222
193
136
125
95
1,327
659
1,415
603
1,694
810
1,547
589
1,758
795
2,045
654
2,102
623
378
671
1,646
512
1,039
589
640
1,705
355
1,006
362
699
1,836
614
1,547
311
553
1,474
605
1,216
324
620
1,431
604
1,250
237
482
1,867
816
1,121
256
479
2,723
573
1,049
290
835
83
605
343
951
169
714
380
1,118
235
391
288
1,035
319
330
235
1,082
211
674
244
617
153
566
247
425
171
453
343
838
3,073
415
1,003
3,122
357
849
2,798
296
1,009
2,626
349
799
2,518
281
759
2,231
280
838
2,279
828
72
93
146
351
292
188
132
385
178
257
107
148
243
90
119
243
175
251
688
57
127
185
366
340
244
148
357
204
277
128
170
217
105
159
210
238
291
622
52
107
194
327
327
235
100
325
165
258
94
135
213
96
164
269
231
369
519
38
93
138
222
345
144
138
300
126
151
76
139
179
84
114
255
193
245
511
41
52
208
263
394
164
108
330
162
229
116
155
198
83
126
192
193
230
544
26
75
197
258
486
129
141
334
147
146
70
112
149
84
118
166
145
138
372
38
78
140
267
356
128
110
365
124
169
79
115
121
76
111
169
212
92
470
2,615
403
2,491
444
2,289
476
2,167
521
2,307
442
1,854
420
1,885
8
CHIDBREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
T able 5.— Number o f delinquency cases disposed o f by 67 courts that served speci
fied areas o f 100,000 or more population, 1988-89— Continued
Delinquency cases
Area served by court
1933
Minnesota: Hennepin County_____
New Jersey: Hudson County______
New York:
Albany County..........................
Broome Couhty^...................... .
Chautauqua County_________ _
Erie County...................... .........
Monroe County._____ ...______
New Yofk (city)..........................
Niagara County___: ..................
Oneida County_______________
Rensselaer County____________
Schenectady County__________
Suffolk County.... .......................
Westchester County______;____
North Carolina: Buncombe County.
Ohio:
Franklin County________ _____
Hamilton County_____________
Mahoning County____________
Montgomery C o u n t y .............
Oregon: Multnomah County______
Pennsylvania:
Allegheny County......................
Berks County......................
Montgomery County..............
Philadelphia (city and county)..
Rhode Island: Sixth district_______
South Carolina: Greenville County.
Utah: Third district_____________ _
Virginia: Norfolk (city)...........______
Washington:
Pierce County______ _____ ____
Spokane County.._____ ____ ___
Wisconsin: Milwaukee County____
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
940
876
1,089
868
1,128
649
1,048
464
1,256
533
1,232
321
1,310
'357
398
124
134
691
171
7,727
141
291
134
179
91
397
361
404
175
160
1,181
189
6,292
192
263
195
142
71
408
248
372
164
218
1,008
236
6,070
131
252
177
151
63
358
227
502
149
151
798
161
5,127
114
268
221
123
84
337
167
456
164
188
985
198
4,758
203
255
207
166
94
351
86
369
146
167
807
149
4,850
78
199
233
90
72
252
83
323
129
128
866
160
5,265
105
228
225
121
84
365
157
1,392
2,298
1,892
454
993
1,666
2,044
1,887
429
1,101
1,951
2,360
1,206
558
969
-1,379
2,531
1,525
833
1,068
1,299
3,160
1,969
1,018
672
1,157
3,321
1,650
1,112
832
1,183
3,436
li 384
1,188
'889
738
83
80
6,787
208
107
1,093
861
881
101
77
6,461
162
104
917
696
796
74
53
5,735
190
198
964
. 728
900
94
92
4,688
245
149
846
636
1,312
115
103
5,332
235
219
1,073
622
1,493
117
99
4,507
197
191
997
833
1,841
' 124
128
5,313
200
241
1,111
'679
189
592
3,756
239
638
3,482
165
563
3,563
198
632
3,362
227
538
4,831
145
511
4,846
174
512
5,720
1939
9
JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
SUM M ARY, DELINQUENCY CASES REPORTED IN 1938
During 1938, 77,289 delinquency cases were disposed of by 476
juvenile courts that served areas representing 39 percent of the total
population of the United States. Of these, 84 percent were boys'
cases and 16 percent were girls’ cases. This proportion is practically
the same from year to year. W hite children were involved in 79
percent of the cases, Negro children in 20 percent, and children of
other races in 1 percent.
T a b l e 6.— Race, nativity, and parent nativity o f boys and of girls dealt with in
delinquency cases disposed of by 476 courts, 1938
Delinque hey cases
Number
Race, nativity, and parent nativity of child
Total
Boys
Percent
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
77,289
64,807
12,482
71,523
59,713
11,810
100
100
100
White......................................................................... 56,432
47,292
9,140
79
79
77
Native........ ........................................................ 42,500
35,858
6,642
59
60
56
Native parentage......................................... 28,035
Foreign or mixed parentage........................ 11,771
2,694
Parentage not reported........ ......................
23,495
10,305
2,058
4,540
1,466
636
39
16
4
39
17
4
Z&
12
557
13,375
462
10,972
95
2,403
1
19
1
18
1
20
Negro........ ................................................................ 14,450
641
Other race*................................ ...............................
11,896
525
2,554
116
20
1
20
1
22
1
5,766
5,094
672
Race reported................................................................
Foreign b o m .....................................................
Nativity not reported........................................
6
1 Mexican children were tabulated as “ other” in 1938 by the Los Angeles court. In other years they
have been tabulated as “ white.”
T able 7.— Age o f boys and of girls when referred to court in delinquency cases
disposed of by 476 courts, 1938
Delinque ncy cases
Number
Age of child when teferTed to court ;
Total
Boys
Percent
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
77,289
64,807
12,482
74,951
62,999
11,952
100
100
100
Under 10 y ea rs..................... .......... ...................... 2,935
10 years, under 12............... ................................... . 6,642
12 years, under 14.______ ______ ______ __________ 15,126
14 years, under 16...................... ............................... 29,849
16 years, under 18______ _____ _________________ 18, 614
1,785
18 years and over.____ _______ ______ __________
2,601
6,140
13,289
24,604
14,988
1,377
334
502
1,837
5,245
3,626
408
4
9
20
40
25
2
4
10
21
39
24
2
3
4
15
44
30
4
2,338
1,808
530
Age reported..................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
In almost two-thirds of the boys’ cases (63 percent) and in almost
three-fourths of the girls’ cases (72 percent) in which court experience
was reported the children had had no previous court experience.
Reasons for reference of boys’ cases differed considerably from those
for which girls were brought into court. Stealing, acts of carelessness
or mischief, and traffic violations were much more frequent among
boys than among girls, 78 percent of the boys’ cases being referred for
these reasons, compared with 21 percent of the girls’ cases. The
proportion of girls’ cases that were referred for truancy, running away,
being ungovernable, and sex offenses was 74 percent, compared with
18 percent for the boys.
During 1938, 45 percent of the boys cases and 36 percent of the
girls’ cases were “ dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further
action.” Approximately one-third of both boys’ and girls’ cases
were turned over to a probation officer for supervision. In 10 percent
of the boys’ cases and in 16 percent of the girls’ cases the children were
committed or referred to an institution.
T a b l e 8.— Reason fo r reference to court in boys' and in girls’ delinquency cases
disposed of by 476 courts, 19S8
Delinquency cases
Percent
Number
Reason for reference to court
Total
Boys
Total
Boys
Girls
Girls
Total cases...............................................- .......... 77,289
64,807
12.482
75,894
63,806
12,088
100
100
100
33.514
Act of carelessness or mischief and traffic violation. 18,737
4,877
4,799
6,655
4,022
1,691
1,599
32,136
17,595
3,415
2,957
3,412
1,624
1,437
1,230
1,378
1,142
1,462
1,842
3,243
2,398
254
369
44
25
7
6
9
5
2
2
50
28
5
5
5
3
2
2
11
10
12
15
27
20
2
3
1,395
1,001
394
T able 9 — Source o f reference to court in boys’ and in girls delinquency cases
disposed o f by 476 courts, 1988
—
Delinquency cases
Source of reference reported........................... ................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent
Number
Source of reference to court
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
77,289
64,807
12,482
61,753
51,836
9,917
100
100
100
40,208
4,129
2,355
1,731
1,026
4,742
6,762
800
36,468
2,897
1,778
1,541
471
2,351
5,682
648
3,740
1,232
577
190
555
2,391
1,080
152
65
7
4
3
1
8
11
1
70
6
3
3
1
5
11
1
38
12
6
2
5
24
11
2
15,536
12,971
2,565
11
JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
T a b l e 10.— Places o f detention care o f boys and o f girls dealth with in delinquency
cases disposed o f by 476 courts, 1938
Delinquency cases
Place of detention care
Number
Percent
Total
Boys
Qirls
Total cases... .......................................................... 77,289
Total
Boys
Girls
64,807
12,482
60,915
51,108
9,807
100
100
No detention care.......................................... ........ 37,628
Detention care overnight or longer______________ 23,287
32,214
18,894
5,414
4,393
62
38
63
37
55
45
Boarding home___________ ____ ___________
553
Detention hom e1_________ ________________ 16,088
Other institution............................................
3,151
Jail or police station8______________________
2,554
Other place of care*...................................... .
358
Place of care not reported.................. ..............
583
415
12,808
2,464
2,406
298
503
138
3,280
687
148
60
80
1
26
5
4
l
1
1
25
5
5
1
33
7
2
i
i
13,699
2,675
Detention care reported....___ ______ ______________
Detention care not reported____________________
16,374
(0
m
1
1Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere
but excludes cases of children also cared for in jails or police stations.
* Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in jails or police stations and part of the time elsewhere.
* Includes cases of children cared for in more than 1 place but in places other than detention homes, jails,
or police stations.
4 Less than 1 percent.
T a b l e 11.— Disposition o f boys’ and o f girls’ delinquency cases disposed o f by 476
courts, 1938
Delinque ncy cases
Disposition of case
Number
Percent
Total
Boys
Girls
Total cases__________________________________ 77,289
Total
Boys
Girls
64,807
12,482
76,419
64,137
12,282
1ÖÖ"
100
100
Case dismissed, adjusted, or held open without
further a ctio n ............... ....................................... 33,082
Child supervised by probation officer......... ........... 26,044
Child committed or referred to an institution........ 8,251
28,724
22,097
6,300
4,358
3,947
1,951
43
34
11
45
34
10
36
32
16
4,212
3,087
128
824
3,258
2,375
112
555
954
712
16
269
6
4
5
4
1
2
2,484
1,663
821
3
3
7
1,239
1,245
889
774
350
471
1
2
2
1
3
4
933
695
708
2,051
2,171
690
581
677
1,523
1,882
243
114
31
528
289
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
3
870
670
200
Disposition reported______________________________
State institution for delinquent children
Other institution for delinquent children
Penal institution................................................
Other institution__________________________
Child committed or referred to an agency
Public department.. __ ....
Other agency_____________________
Child committed or referred to an individual........
Case referred to another court.......................
Fine or costs ordered__________ _____ _
Runaway returned......................................
Other disposition of case..............................
Disposition not reported..............................
1 Less than 1 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(i)
1
(0
(i)
8
6
2
(i)
1
4
2
12
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS-, 1938 AND 1939
T able 12.— Previous court experience o f boys and o f girls dealt with in delinquency
cases disposed o f by
6. courts, 1938
Delinquency cases
Percent
Number
Previous court experience
Total
Boys
Girls
12,482
Total
Boys
Girls
77,289
64,807
61,483
51,646
9,837
100
100
100
Previous court experience.--------------------------------- 21,761
No previous court experience..........- ------------------- 39,732
19,023
32,623
2,728
7,109
35
65
37
63
28
72
15,806
13,161
2,645
Previous court experience reported---------- --------------
SUM M ARY, DELINQUENCY CASES REPORTED IN 1939
During 1939, 83,758 delinquency cases were disposed of by 473
courts that served areas representing 38 percent of the total popula
tion of the United States. Of these,. 85 percent were boys’ cases and
15 percent were girls’ cases. White children were involved in 79
percent of the cases, Negro children in almost 21 percent, and children
of other races in less than one percent of the cases.
T able 13.— Race, nativity, and parent nativity o f boys and o f girls dealt with in
delinquency cases disposed o f by 473 courts, 1939
Delinquency cases
Percent
Number
Race, nativity, and parent nativity of child
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
83,758
71,275
12,483
Race reported---------------------- - - ----------------- --------- . - 79,045
66,987
12,058
100
100
100
White----------------- --------- -------------------- ------------ 62,482
53,274
9,208
79
80
77
48,275
41,570
6,705
61
62
56
Native parentage---------------------------------Foreign or mixed parentage_____________
Parentage not reported. ------------- -------- -
33,317
11,687
3,271
28,607
10,424
2,539
4,710
1,263
732
42
15
4
43
15
4
39
11
&
Foreign-born. ___________________________
Nativity not reported______________________
618
13,589
527
11,177
91
2,412
1
17
1
17
1
20
Negro ___________________________ ___________ 16,393
170
Other race--------------------- ------ --------------------------
13,575
138
2,818
32
21
20
(‘ )
4, 713
4,288
425
Native___________________ ____ ________
Less than 1 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23
(')
13
JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
T able 14.— Age of boys and o f girls when referred to court in delinquency cases
disposed o f by 473 courts, 1939
Delinquency cases
Percent
Number
Age of child when referred to court
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
Girls
Boys
Total cases____
83, 758
71,275
12,483
Age reported—............
82, 786
70,528
12,258
100
100
100
Under 10 years__
10 years, under 12.
12 years, under 14.
14 years, under 16.
16 years, under 18.
18 years and over.
3,144
7,470
15,992
33,153
21,138
1,889
2,861
6,755
14,192
27,751
17,480
1,489
283
715
1,800
5,402
3,658
400
4
9
19
40
26
2
4
10
20
39
25
2
2
6
15
44
30
3
Age not reported1___
972
747
225
i The number of cases included in “ age not reported” in this table is not the same as in table 15, because
the specific age of some children was not reported. Age groups in this table differ from those in table 15
T able 15.— A ge under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction, and age when
referred to court of boys and of girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed of
by 473 courts, 1939
Number of delinquency cases of
courts having jurisdiction to 1—
Age of child when referred
to court
Total
cases
Percent of delinquency cases of
courts having jurisdiction to—
16
years
17
years
21
years.
18
years
16
years
17
years
18
years
21
years
83,758
26,521
18,363
32,645
6,229
71,275
23,344
16,244
26,400
5,287
70,423
22,974
16,019
26,149
5,281
100
100
100
100
2,861
Under 10 years,..........
10 years, under 12______ 6,755
12 years, under 14______ 14,192
14 years, under 16_____ 27,751
16 years, under 17______ 10,938
17 years, under 18______ 6,437
1,489
18 years and over______
1,276
3,196
6, 12*
11,168
839
354
17
973
521
1,941
1,421
4,104
3,313
8,140
6,840
3,786
5,088
4,769
115
23 81,134
91
197
651
1,603
1,225
1,199
315
5
14
27
49
4
1
(4)
3
9
21
43
23
1
(4)
4
7
16
31
20
18
4
2
4
12
30
23
23
6
Total cases__________
Age reported-------------- ------
..... —
852
370
225
251
6
12,483
3,177
2,119
6,245
942
Age reported______________
12,258
3,037
2,106
6,173
942
100
100
100
100
Under 10 years________
10 years, under 12______
12 years, under 14______
14 years, under 16______
16 years, under 17______
17 years, under 18______
18 years and over______
283
715
1,800
5,402
2,263
1,395
400
100
206
643
1,851
140
77
20
49
107
367
1,035
501
42
5
126
387
712
2,179
1,407
1,078
'284
8
15
78
337
215
198
91
3
7
21
61
5
2
1
2
5
18
49
24
2
(4)
2
6
12
36
23
17
5
1
1
8
36
23
21
10
225
140
13
72
Age not reported8-------------
~~
:'
' '
i Some courts have jurisdiction under special circumstances beyond the age specified; also courts occasion
ally deal informally with children who are just beyond the age of juvenile-court jurisdiction.
8 In hoys’ cases 146 courts had jurisdiction up to 16 years, 247 up to 17 years, 76 up to 18 years, and 4 up
a This is a considerable increase over the number reported during 1937; 1,020 out of the 1,134 cases were
from Ohio. The increase may be due to the fact that a law was approved in M ay 1937 providing that
Ohio juvenile courts shall have jurisdiction over persons over 18 years of age who are charged with offenses
committed while under 18 years of age.
< Less than 1 percent.
.
.
,, .
,,
.____ _
8 The number of cases included in “ Age not reported” m this table is not the same as m table _14, because
the specific age of some children was not reported. Age groups in this table differ from those in table 14.
6 In girls’ cases 79 courts had jurisdiction up to 16 years, 244 up to 17 years, 146 up to 18 years, and 4 up
to 21 years.
8 Of these, 266 were Ohio cases. (See footnote 3.)
443244— 42----- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 ANP 1939
In 63 percent of the boys’ cases and 72 percent of the girls’ cases
in which court experience was reported the children had had no
previous court experience. In 79 percent of the boys’ cases the
referral was for some type of stealing, acts of carelessness or mischief,
or traffic violations. Only 22 percent of the girls’ cases were referred
for these reasons. On the other hand, 72 percent of the girls’ cases
were referred for truancy, running away, being ungovernable, or sex
offenses whereas only 17 percent of the boys’ cases were referred for
these reasons.
During 1939, 49 percent of the boys’ cases and 38 percent of the
girls’ cases were “ dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further
action.” In approximately one-third of the cases the boys and girls
were turned over to a probation officer for supervision. In 9 percent
of the boys' cases and in 16 percent of the girls’ cases the children
were Committed or referred to an institution.
T able 16.— Reason fo r reference to court in boys’ and in girls’ delinquency cases
disposed of by 473 courts, 1939
Delinque ncy cases
Number
Reason for reference to court
Total
Boys
Percent
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
83,758
71,275
12,483
83,389
70,968
12,421
100
100
100
Stealing___________ _______ - .................................- 36,251
Act of carelessness or mischief and traffic violation. 22,423
5,148
Truancy.......... .................... ....................................
Running away............................................ ......... — 5,232
Being ungovernable..................... ............................ 6,500
4,182
Sex offense____________________________________
1,967
Injury to person---------- ------------ ------------ - ...........
1,686
Other reason...........................................................
34,767
21,144
3,677
3,337
3,233
1,827
1,642
1,341
1,484
1,279
1,471
1,895
3,267
2,355
325
345
44
27
6
6
8
5
2
2
49
30
5
5
4
3
2
2
12
10
12
15
26
19
3
3
369
307
62
Reason for reference reported.........................................
T able 17.— Source o f reference to court in boys’ and in girls’ delinquency cases
disposed of by 473 courts, 1939
Delinque ncy cases
Number
Source of reference to court
Percent
Total
Boys
Girls
83,758
71,275
12,483
69,727
59,354
10,373
100
100
100
Police_______________________ —:-------------------- — 46,959
4,162
School department------------------------------------ -----2,698
Probation officer________ ____ _______ ______
1,578
Other court------------------- --------------------------------988
Social agency.------- ---------------------------------- ------Parents or relatives---------- -------------------------------- 4,517
8,211
Other individual-_____________________________
614
Other source... ----------------- ---------------------------
42,879
2,898
1,988
1,448
431
2,243
6,957
510
4,080
1,264
710
130
557
2,274
1,254
104
67
6
4
2
1
7
12
1
72
5
3
2
1
4
12
1
39
12
7
1
6
22
12
1
14,031
11,921
2,110
Source of reference reported...................... .....................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boys
Girls
Total
15
JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS
T able 18.— Place o f detention care o f boys and o f girls dealt with in delinquency
cases disposed o f by 478 courts, 1989
Delinquency cases
Percent
Number
Place of detention care
Total
Boys
Girls
Girls
Boys
Total
83,758
71,275
12,483
Detention care reported------------------------------------------ 67,569
57,456
10,113
100
100
100
No detention care.................... - ........... - .................. 41,828
Detention care overnight or longer.......................... 25,741
36,341
21,115
5,487
4,626
62
38
63
37
54
46
325
Boarding home____________ ____ - ............. .
Detention hom e1 -------------------------------------- 17,703
3,358
Other institution............................. .................
3,514
Jail or police station2---------------------------------600
Other place of care2----------------------------------241
Place of care not reported--------------------- ------
208
14,363
2,599
3,238
518
189
117
3,340
759
276
82
52
1
26
5
5
1
(4)
25
5
6
1
16,189
13,819
2.370
Total cases.................................................. - .........
i
33
7
3
1
1
(4)
(4)
i Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere but
excludes cases of children also cared for in jails or police stations.
_
s Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in jails or police stations and part of the tune else-
where.
* Includes cases of children cared for in more than 1 place hut in places other than detention homes, jails,
or police stations.
« Less than 1 percent.
T able 19.— Disposition o f boys’ and o f girls’ delinquency cases disposed o f by 478
courts, 1989
Delinque ncy cases
Percent
Number
Disposition of case
Girls
Boys
Girls
83,758
71,275
12,483
Disposition reported----------------------------------------------- 83,562
71,110
12,452
100
100
100
Case dismissed, adjusted, or held open without
further action._______________________________ 39,120
Child supervised by probation officer------ ---------- 27,151
Child committed or referred to an institution.......— 8,442
34,438
23,263
6,411
4,682
3,888
2,031
47
32
10
49
33
9
38
31
16
4,308
3,154
153
827
3,302
2,449
133
527
1,006
705
20
300
2,362
1,633
729
3
2
6
Public department_________________________
Other agency______________________________
1,300
1,062
952
681
348
381
2
1
1
1
3
3
Child committed or referred to an individual--------Case referred to another court2_________________
Fine or costs ordered___________________________
Runaway returned____________________________
Other disposition of case-------------------—-------------
876
749
831
2,261
1,770
696
614
792
1,725
1,538
180
135
39
536
232
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
196
165
31
Total cases---- ---------------------------- ----------------
State institution for delinquent children.........
Other institution for delinquent children------Penal institution............ —.............. - ...............
Other institution----------------------------- ------- —
Child committed or referred to an agency-------------
i Less than 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
Boys
Total
5
3
5
4
(*)
i
o
i
8
6
«
2
2
1
0)
4
2
16
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
T able 20.— Previous court experience o f boys and o f girls dealt with in delinquency
cases disposed o f by 47S courts, 1939
Delinquency cases
Percent
Number
Previous court experience
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
Total cases__________________________________ 83,758
71,275
12,483
Previous court experience reported__________________ 70,481
59,943
10,538
100
100
100
Previous court experience______________________ 24,960
No previous court experience___________________ : 45,521
22,048
37,895
2,912
7,626
35
65
37
63
28
72
13,277
11,332
1,945
-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PART 2.— FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS FOR THE 2-YEAR
PERIOD ENDED JUNE 30, 1939
INTRODUCTION
The data in this section of the report are based upon reports received
in the Bureau of Prisons of the United States Department of Justice
from United States probation officers, from United States marshals,
and from institutions that received Federal offenders by court com
mitment. The information is concerned with the juveniles under 18
years of age charged with violating Federal laws and brought to the
attention of Federal authorities during the 2-year period ended June
30, 1939.1
Cases of children charged with violating Federal laws may be
handled by Federal authorities or may be dealt with under State
juvenile-court laws. The policy has been to divert cases of Federal
juvenile offenders to State authorities wherever possible and in some
communities serious violations of Federal laws as well as minor viola
tions are handled by juvenile courts. Such cases are reported by the
juvenile courts and included in the figures presented in part 1, JuvenileCourt Statistics. The number of cases of children dealt with by
Federal courts is influenced by several factors such as the age limits
of State juvenile-court jurisdiction and the stage of development of
State juvenile-court and probation systems.2
The data presented in part 2, Federal Juvenile Offenders, cannot be
compared directly with the data presented in part 1, Juvenile-Court
Statistics, because the information for juvenile-court statistics is as
sembled from one source, namely, cases disposed of by juvenile courts,
whereas statistics for Federal juvenile offenders are assembled from
three different sources and represent four stages in the handling of
the case. It has been necessary, therefore, to present the material
according to the source of the reports received as follows:
Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of
United States probation officers____________________ Tables 1, 2.
Federal juvenile offenders received in jails and held
pending trial------------------------------------------------------------- Table 3.
Federal juvenile offenders discharged from detention
after being held pending trial______________________ Tables 4-7.
Federal juvenile offenders placed on probation and
those received under sentence in jails and Federal
institutions____ *______________________________ _____ Tables 8-10.
1Previous annual reports on Federal juvenile offenders have given data concerning the juveniles under
19 years of age who were dealt with by Federal authorities. In this report data are presented only for
the group of juvenile offenders who were under 18 years of age, since the Federal Juvenile Delinquency
Act, enacted in 1938, defines a juvenile as a person 17 years of age or under.
2 In order to provide for improvement in the methods of dealing with the large proportion of the cases
of juvenile offenders that cannot be diverted to State authorities, a Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act
was passed by Congress and was signed by the President on June 16, 1938. This act applies to persons
17 years of age or under who commit Federal offenses not punishable by death or life imprisonment.
The purpose is to do away with long jail detention, to make possible prompt and private hearings, and« to
broaden the possibilities for disposition and treatment.
Under this act the Attorney General may direct, with the consent of the juvenile, the institution of
proceedings on a charge of juvenile delinquency, rather than for a specific offense. Proceedings on a
charge of juvenile delinquency may be initiated by the filing of an information instead of by grand-jury
indictment. Hearings shall be without a jury and may be held at any time and in chambers. The
Attorney General is authorized to provide for the detention of juveniles in a juvenile home or other
suitable place. A juvenile “ found guilty” of juvenile delinquency may be placed on probation or com
mitted to the custody of the Attorney General, who may designate a public or private agency for custody,
care, subsistence, education, and training.
17
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18
CHILDREN! IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION
OF UNITED STATES PROBATION OFFICERS
For the judicial districts having United States probation officers
the statistics presented in tables 1 and 2 include all cases of Federal
juvenile offenders that are disposed of officially by Federal authorities.
There were probation officers in Puerto R ico and in 80 of the 84
Federal districts in continental United States during the period July 1,
1937-June 30,1939. Statistics for the districts not covered, where no
probation officer was on duty, are included with those reported by
other districts whenever the offenders were referred to United States
probation officers in the adjoining districts. Reports of the District
of Columbia are not included, since the administrative relationship of
the D istrict of Columbia courts to the Department of Justice differs
from that of other Federal courts.
T able 1.— Total cases and movement o f cases of Federal juvenile offenders brought
to the attention o f United States probation officers in each Federal judicial district
during the 2-year period ended June SO, 19S9
Cases brought to the attention of United States probation officers
July 1 ,1937-June 30, 1938
July 1, 1938-June 30, 1939
Federal judicial district >
T otal..
Alabama:
Northern.
M iddle..
Southern.
Arizona_____
Arkansas:
Eastern...
Western..
California:
Northern.
Southern.
Colorado____
Connecticut..
Florida:
Northern.
Southern.
Georgia:
Northern.
M iddle...
Southern.
Idaho....... ......
Illinois:
Northern.
Eastern_
Southern.
Indiana:
Northern.
Southern .
Iowa:
Northern.
Southern.
Kansas______
Kentucky:
Eastern__
Western..
Lousiana:
Eastern__
Western..
Cases
carried
over,
July 1,
1937
New
cases
Total
cases
dealt
with
Cases
dis
posed
of
Cases
carried
over,
July 1,
1938
New
cases
Total
cases
dealt
with
448
1,699
2,147
1,873
274
1,783
2,057
1,801
256
11
9
8
18
45
24
20
49
56
33
28
67
38
23
27
63
18
10
1
4
68
14
13
29
86
24
14
33
67
24
8
31
19
18
19
38
24
56
43
52
42
4
1
43
14
47
15
39
12
8
3
2
1
2
1
7
21
14
2
9
22
16
3
8
22
14
3
1
18
11
24
4
19
11
26
4
18
11
26
4
1
2
3
9
24
40
27
49
23
39
4
10
25
36
29
46
27
42
2
4
14
8
4
36
31
37
1
50
39
41
1
43
36
32
1
7
3
9
45
30
32
52
33
41
41
29
35
11
4
6
4
4
5
19
17
15
23
21
20
22
21
20
1
40
11
10
41
11
10
38
9
10
3
2
1
1
16
8
17
9
17
9
15
15
15
2
1
4
14
1
4
16
1
4
15
1
2
5
15
2
5
16
12
4
13
1
69
33
82
34
67
32
15
2
59
44
74
46
61
40
13
6
7
2
33
14
40
16
37
12
.Cases Cases
carried
dis
over,
posed
June
30,
of
1939
6
2
3
15
18
18
4
22
26
26
i There was no probation officer on duty in Delaware, Ohio (Northern), Utah, and Wisconsin (Eastern)
during the period July l, 1937-June 30, 1939; Federal juvenile offenders in these districts were generally
referred to the United States probation officers m adjoining districts.
3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS
T able 1.— Total cases and movement o f cases o f Federal juvenile offenders brought to
the attention o f United States probation officers in each Federal judicial district
during the 2-year period ended June SO, 1980— Continued
Cases brought to the attention of United States probation officers
July 1, 1938-June 30,1939
July 1, 1937-June 30,1938
Federal judicial district
Michigan:
Cases
carried
over,
July 1,
1937
New
cases
Missouri:
North Carolina:
Middle
Cases
carried
over,
July 1,
1938
3
25
8
41
2
8
42
2
10
41
2
10
1
2
24
32
2
29
20
38
22
67
19
55
3
12
38
35
2
9
7
2
16
18
36
24
2
8
5
2
16
17
2
11
25
54
27
5
10
1
10
9
20
51
23
5
10
1
10
9
5
3
4
1
23
43
27
4
8
1
10
8
1
4
19
16
2
8
23
25
1
7
22
21
1
1
1
4
7
17
. 16
20
8
18
17
24
7
17
16
21
1
1
1
3
3
9
8
1
23
22
33
5
26
31
41
6
25
31
34
6
1
7
36
32
53
5
37
32
60
5
37
17
51
4
15
9
1
11
37
48
45
3
23
28
23
31
23
30
1
4
12
14
22
36
16
8
26
48
30
8
26
43
26
8
5
4
8
21
15
4
8
26
19
4
7
25
18
4
1
1
1
1
6
7
14
22
6
7
15
28
6
■7
14
24
5
1
4
1
17
10
28
9
17
11
32
10
17
7
27
8
2
29
29
18
62
29
20
42
19
18
10
10
2
37
14
4
47
24
6
37
23
3
10
1
3
2
19
4
36
15
15
38
34
19
35
15
18
3
19
1
44
21
20
47
40
21
39
25
19
8
15
2
4
14
10
6
26
19
23
126
8
30
33
33
132
8
1
28
25
31
130
8
1
2
8
2
2
46
15
11
119
48
23
13
121
47
18
13
107
1
5
1
1
1
39
28
43
30
41
28
2
2
29
59
31
61
31
51
10
4
31
4
32
3
31
1
1
J2
42
2
2
3
12
57
4
3
3
12
51
4
2
3
,5
21
:4
1
7
3
25
7
9
28
7
11
27
7
9
16
46
26
61
2
7
30
25
2
8
6
2
14
11
1
4
4
9
10
15
8
10
Pennsylvania:
South Carolina:
Tennessee:
Middle______ _________
Texas:
Western........... ..............
Cases
Cases carried
dis
over,
posed June 30,
of
1939
3
26
15
5
22
11
#
1
1
2
Ohio:
Oklahoma:
Total
cases
dealt
with
New
cases
3
25
8
4
20
3
1
1
New York:
Cases
dis-i
posed
of
1
2
8
2
Mississippi:
Total
cases
dealt
with
23
1
Virginia:
4
2
Washington:
3
1
7
10
10
11
10
10
1
25
4
3
77
6
10
3
102
10
10
3
87
8
9
15
2
1
West Virginia:
Puerto Kico_______ ____ _
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
7
'
4
5
2
14
6
1
T able 2.— Population 15 to 17 years o f age, inclusive,1 in 1940, and total cases and movement o f cases o f Federal juvenile offenders brought to
the attention o f United States probation officers in each geographic division during the 2-year period ended June 30, 1939
to
o
Cases brought to the attention of United States probation officers
Number
July 1,1937-June 30,1938
Cases car
ried over
July 1,1937
New cases
Total cases
dealt with
July 1, 1938-June 30,1939
Cases dis
posed of
Cases car
ried over
July 1,1938
New cases
Total cases
dealt with
Cases dis
posed of
Cases car
ried over
June 30,1939
Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
Total 2— ..........................................
7,405,920
100
448
100
274
100
256
Four northern divisions.................. . . . . . .
4,063,910
55
97
22
378
22
475
22
429
23
46
17
432
24
4J8
23
431
24
47
18
New England............. ........................
Middle Atlantic. _________________
East North Central__________ _____
West North Central___ ____ _______
452,422
1,455,260
1,409,750
746,478
6
20
19
10
11
27
33
26
3
6
7
6
17
97
150
114
1
5
9
7
28
124
183
140
1
6
9
6
20
112
176
121
1
6
9
7
8
12
7
19
3
4
3
7
26
125
172
109
1
7
10
6
34
137
179
128
1
7
9
6
25
122
172
112
1
7
10
6
9
15
7
16
3
6
3
6
Three southern divisions______________
2,534,496
34
316
70 1,167
69 1,483
69 1,267
68
216
79 1,177
South Atlantic2___________________
East South Central_______ ____ ___
West South Central. _______ ____ _
1,068,002
674,041
792,453
14
9
11
114
92
110
25
20
25
471
319
377
28
19
22
585
411
487
27
19
23
504
311
452
27
17
24
30
36
13
100 1,699
100 2,147
100 1,873
Two western divisions_________________
689,065
9
35
8
154
9
189
9
177
9
81
100
35« ,
12
Mountain ....... ........... .......... ..........
Pacific___________ ____ ____________
236,717
452,348
3
6
28
7
6
2
101
53
6
3
129
60
6
3
119
58
6
3
10
2
Puerto R ico. .............................. ............
118,449
2
100 1,783
100 2,057
100 1,801
100
66 1,393
68 1,196
66
197
77
507
341
329
28
19
19
588
441
364
29
21
18
509
357
330
28
20
18
79
84
34
31
33
13
4
171
10
Ï83
9
171
10
12
5
3
1
103
68
6
4
113
70
6
3
104
67
6
4
9
3
4
1
3
(8)
3
(»)
3
(*)
1 Very few Federal juvenile offenders are under 15 years of age.
5 Excludes the District of Columbia because the administrative relation of the District of Columbia courts to the Department of Justice differs from that of other Federal courts.
* Less than 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS', 1938 AND 1939
Geographic division
Population 15 to
17 years of age
in 19401
21
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS RECEIVED IN JAILS AND HELD
PENDING TRIAL
Data presented in table 3 concerning the number of Federal juvenile
offenders received in jails and held pending trial are obtained from
reports submitted to the Bureau of Prisons by United States marshals.
T able 3.— A ge and sex o f Federal juvenile offenders received in jails and held vending
trial during each fiscal year ended June SO, 1986-S9
Offenders received in jail and held pending trial
Year, and age of offender
Total
Boys
Girls
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
1,036
100
922
100
114
100
101
145
265
525
10
14
25
51
87
125
229
481
9
14
25
52
14
20
36
44
12
17
32
39
Total....... ...............
- 1,136
100
1,001
100
135
100
Under 15 years..................
15 years.........................
16 years___________
17 years....-_________
109
150
311
566
10
13
27
50
90
122
278
511
9
12
28
51
19
28
33
55
14
21
24
41
964
100
863
100
101
100
75
152
280
457
8
16
29
47
64
132
250
417
8
15
29
48
11
20
30
40
u
20
30
39
907
100
822
100
85
100
81
129
250
447
9
14
28
49
66
113
222
421
8
14
27
51
15
16
28
26
18
19
33
30
Percent
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1939
Total..........................
Under 15 years.................
15 years_____________
16 years______________
17 years___________ ____
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1938
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1937
Total...........................
Under 15 years........................
15 years____________
16 years____________
17 years________________
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1936
Total......................
Under 15 years...............
15 years.......... ...........
16 years____________
17 years______________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22
CHILIXRENi m
THE COURTS, 1938 ANP 1939
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS DISCHARGED FROM DETENTION
AFTER BEING HELD PENDING TRIAL
The figures covering Federal juvenile offenders discharged from
detention after being held pending trial (tables 4 to 7) are also reported
by United States marshals and include all cases of juveniles who were
discharged during the year— both those received for detention prior
to the beginning of the year and those received during the year. The
figures do not include cases of offenders received for detention who
were not discharged during the year.
T able 4.— Place o f detention pending trial o f Federal juvenile offenders o f each sex
discharged from detention during the years ended June SO, 1988 and 1989
Offenders discharged from detention after being held for trial
Place of detention pending trial
Y
eah
Girls
Boys
Total
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
1 ,3 6 9
100
1 ,2 3 4
100
126
100
1 ,1 4 2
84
1 ,0 4 2
86
100
80
79
6
9
79
104
9
6
8
1
18
7
14
6
E n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1939
Total cases............. .......................... ^
County and city institutions___________ .
Federal correctional institutions and deJuvenile detention homes________________
Other institutions.......................................
122
16
1
Total cases..................... - ................-
1 ,4 4 1
100
1 ,2 8 8
100
153
100
County and city institutions1...... ........... .
Federal correctional institutions and de-
1 ,2 7 0
88
1 ,1 4 1
89
129
84
90
66
16
6
6
90
63
4
7
13
9
11
7
Y
eab
E n d e d J u n e 30 , 1938
Juvenile detention homes______________ Other institutions_____ ____ ___________t
1
4
(*)
i In earlier years the terms “ local jail” and “ Federal jail” were used. The wording in this table repre
sents the terminology of the 1939 report on Federal Offenders, issued by the Bureau of Prisons.
* Less than 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS
T able 5.— Type o f discharge of Federal juvenile offenders o f each sex discharged
from detention during the years ended June SO, 1988 and 1939
Oflenders discharged from detention after
being held pending trial
Type of discharge
Total
Boys
Y
ear
E
nded
Number
Percent
J u n e 3 0 , 1939
Girls
1 ,3 5 9
100
1 ,2 3 4
125
Released on bail or recognizance...................................... - ...........
336
25
303
33
On bail...... .......................... ................ ..................................On recognizance........................................- ................... - ........
287
49
21
27
4
260
43
Not released on bail or recognizance.............................................
1 ,0 2 3
75
931
92
Turned over to State authorities............................... ............
106
104
276
8
8
94
85
262
12
Total________ i --------. ----- ---------------- ----------------------- —
Placed on probation................................... .............................
Committed to—
Federal penitentiary, reformatory, or State institution..
Jail......................................................................................
Transferred to immigration authorities............................ .
Transferred to another Federal district..................................
Other type, or type not reported............................................
Y
ear
E
nded
10
1
309
97
7
34
7
72
20
1
0)
19
14
10
1
8
5
301
95
7
33
6
37
1
1
35
23
7
(i)
3
(0
J u n e 30, 1938
6
2
Total........... .................................................... — ................
1 ,4 4 1
100
1 ,2 8 8
153
Released on bail or recognizance--- ------ ---------------------------------
402
28
369
33
On bail____________________________ ___________________
On recognizance________________________________________
362
40
25
3
335
34
27
Not released on bail or recognizance..............................................
1 ,0 3 9
72
919
120
Turned over to State authorities......................... ...............Case dismissed_______________________________________ - Placed on probation................................................................
Sentence suspended____________________________________
99
204
19
7
8
14
93
87
181
16
25
23
3
Committed to—
Federal penitentiary, reformatory, or State institution..
Jail......................................................................................
Transferred to immigration authorities..................................
Other type, or type not reported......... ..................................
i Less than 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112
2
318
155
7
34
25
64
1
6
2
(1)
22
11
(0
6
2
2
5
302
149
7
33
25
24
16
6
1
40
24
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
T a b l e 6.— Length of detention pending trial o f Federal juvenile offenders of each
sex discharged from detention during the years ended June SO, 1938 and 1939
Offenders discharged from detention after
being held pending trial
Length of detention pending trial
Total
Girls
Boys
Number
Percent
1,359
100
1,234
125
269
212
238
291
208
88
51
2
20
16
18
21
15
6
4
246
197
214
270
186
74
45
2
23
15
24
21
22
14
6
1,441
100
1,288
153
200
231
202
337
245
137
87
2
14
16
14
23
17
10
6
183
214
175
304
217
114
80
1
17
17
27
33
28
23
7
1
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1939
(')
__
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1938
6 months! less than i year------------------ ----- i.------ ------ ----- ------
(9
1 Less than 1 percent.
T a b l e 7.— Length o f detention pending trial by type o f discharge in cases o f Federal
juvenile offenders discharged from detention during the years ended June 30,
1938 and 1939
Offenders discharged from detention after being held for trial
Length of detention pending trial
Released on hail
or recognizance
Total
Not released on bail
or recognizance
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Total cases....................................... -
1,359
100
336
100
1,023
100
Less than 3 days..........................................
3 days, less than 1 week______ ____ _____
1 week, less than 2 .....................................
2 weeks, less than 1 month______________
1 month, less than 2........ .........................—
2 months, less than 3...................................
3 months, less than 6----- --------- -------------
269
212
238
291
208
88
61
2
20
16
18
21
15
6
4
150
86
39
37
16
6
2
45
25
12
11
5
2
119
126
199
254
192
82
49
2
12
12
19
25
19
8
Y
Y
ear
ear
E
E
nded
nded
Ju n e
Ju n e
30, 1939
(9
(9
30, 1938
Total cases........................................-
1,441
100
402
100
1,039
Less than 3 days........................................
3 days, less than 1 week..............................
1 week, less than 2....................................................
2 weeks, less than 1 m onth............... ........
1 month, less than 2 .......................... ......................
2 months, less than 3___________________
3 months, less than 6.................. ............ .
200
231
202
337
245
137
14
16
14
23
17
10
6
129
127
63
51
32
32
16
13
5
1
1
71
104
139
286
223
132
i Less than 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
(9
87
2
(9
22
5
5
82
2
100
7
10
13
28
21
13
8
(9
25
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS PLACED ON PROBATION AND
THOSE RECEIVED UNDER SENTENCE IN JAILS AND FEDERAL
INSTITUTIONS
The figures concerning Federal juvenile offenders placed on proba
tion and those received under sentence in jails and Federal institutions
(tables 8 to 10) include all Federal offenders under 18 years of age
received from courts by United States probation officers for super
vision during the year and all Federal offenders under 18 years re
ceived under sentence in county and city jails, Federal detention
headquarters, correctional institutions, penitentiaries, reformatories,
and prison camps. These comprise the great m ajority of juvenile
offenders for whom Federal authorities continue responsibility and
supervision after disposition of the case.
T a b l e 8.— Sex o f Federal juvenile offenders placed under the supervision o f United
States probation officers, and o f offenders received under sentence in jails and
in Federal institutions during each fiscal year ended June SO, 1936-39
Federal juvenile offenders
Year, and sex of juvenile
Received under sen
Placed
tence in—
under
supervision
of United
States
Federal
institu
probation
Jails i
officers
tions *
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30, 1939
T o ta l................................... .................................... ....................
613
131
197
120
11
194
Girls _____________ ___________ _____________________ ___________
568
45
453
189
182
418
35
178
11
172
10
Y
Y
ear
ear
E
E
nded
nded
Ju n e
Ju n e
30, 1938
30, 1937
B o y s .................................................... ....................... ........................
Girls ......................................................................... ................ ...........
Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30,1936
T o ta l................................................ - .............. ......................-
433
161
153
406
27
152
9
151
2
385
171
88
364
21
162
9
/ 86
2
•Includes Federal correctional institutions and detention headquarters and county and city jails.
* Includes penitentiaries, reformatories, and prison camps.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
26
CHILDREN IN THE COURTS, 1938 AND 1939
T able 9.— A ge o f Federal juvenile offenders placed under the supervision o f United
States probation officers and o f offenders received under sentence in jails and in
Federal institutions during each fiscal year ended June SO, 1936—89
Federal juvenile offenders
Year, and age of juvenile
Y
eab
Under 16 years.............................................
16 years................................................ ........
17 years.........................................................
eab
Received under sentence in—
Federal institu
tions *
Jails1
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
613
100
131
100
197
100
5
39
153
2
20
78
E n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1939
Total..................................................
Y
Placed under su
pervision of United
States probation
officers
E
nded
120
162
331
20
26
54
18
32
81
14
24
62
453
100
189
100
182
100
4
29
149
2
16
82
153
100
6
21
126
4
14
82
J u n e 3 0 , 1938
Total....... —.......................................
93
147
213
21
32
47
17
42
130
9
22
69
433
100
161
100
81
138
214
19
32
49
17
42
102
11
26
63
Total...................................................
385
100
171
100
88
100
Under 16 years............................................
16 years........................................................
17 years____________ _______ —......... ........
71
106
208
18
28
54
26
37
108
15
22
63
3
22
63
3
25
72
Under 16 years.............................................
16 years............................ ........................—
17 years..................... ........... - .....................
Y
eab
E
nded
J u n e 3 0 , 1937
Total..................................................
Under 16 years.............................................
years..... ...................................................
years........................................................
16
17
Y
eab
E
nded
■
J u n e 30 , 1936
i Includes Federal correctional institutions and detention headquarters and county and city jails.
1 Includes penitentaries, reformatories, and prison camps.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS
T able 10.— Offense charged in cases o f Federal juvenile offenders placed under the
supervision o f United States probation officers, and offenders received under sen
tence in jails and in Federal institutions during each fiscal year ended J une SO,
19S6-S9
Federal juvenile offenders
Year, and offense charged
Placed under su
pervision of United
States probation
officers
Number
Y
eab
Received under sentence in—
Federal institu
tions 1
Jails i
Number
Percent
Number
100
131
100
197
33
16
55
15
42
1
12
89
35
45
18
22
11
8
4
Percent
Percent
E n d e d J u n e 30 , 1939
Total...................................................
Violation of—
Liquor laws...... ........................... ...........
Immigration A ct......................................
1 Motor Vehicle Theft Act_____________
Postal laws............................. .................
Laws against counterfeiting and forging.
Interstate Commerce Act (Car Seal Act).
Narcotic Drug Act........ .........................
613
,
205
2
(*)
132
91
54
22
12
2
2
15
9
13
1
09
12
100
25
13
(»)
12
11
2
9
8
5
4
2
2
i
i
2
103
17
15
11
13
7
453
100
189
100
182
100
172
4
87
72
55
14
6
5
38
38
27
1
99
14
52
20
1
19
16
18
15
6
10
94
25
19
5
Total...................................................
433
Violation of—
Liquor laws..............................................
192
Other laws or offense not reported_____
Y
eab
E n d e d J u n e 3 0 ,1 9 3 8
Total............................................... .
Violation of—
Liquor laws..............................................
Immigration Act_____________________
Motor Vehicle Theft Act....................—
Postal laws______ ____________________
Laws against counterfeiting and forging.
Interstate Commerce Act (Car Seal Act).
Narcotic Drug Act___________________
White Slave Traffic A ct.................. ........
Other laws or offense not reported..........
Y
eab
Other laws or offense not reported_____
eab
8
3
3
4
1
1
9
3
1
2
2
1
16
100
52
14
10
3
2
2
1
1
8
14
8
161
100
153
100
44
21
23
90
13
13
56
8
E n d e d J u n e 3 0 ,1 9 3 7
Motor Vehicle Theft A ct........ ................
Postal laws..________ _______________
Laws against counterfeiting and forging.
Interstate Commerce Act (Car Seal Act).
Narcotic Drug Act___________________
Y
12
11
(«) CO
E n d ed Ju n e
1
101
(8)
11
10
1
1
1
46
42
3
5
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
25
16
65
14
17
43
11
2
1
7
9
11
1
1
12
100
39
9
29
18
18
385
100
171
100
88
187
49
32
84
19
4
13
9
10
5
1
19
49
5
3
49
67
19
41
47
8
5
2
2
1
9
1
10
30, 1936
Total..................................................
Violation of—
Liquor laws______ ___________________
Immigration Act_____________________
Motor Vehicle Theft A ct........................
Postal laws................. ...................... ......
Laws against counterfeiting and forging.
Interstate Commerce Act (Car Seal Act).
Other laws or offense not reported_____
12
4
2
45
17
(S)
5
3
1
12
30
6
3
1
17
17
1Includes Federal correctional institutions and detention headquarters and county and city jails.
>Includes penitentiaries, reformatories, and prison camps.
* Less than 1 percent.
o
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
6
2
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
>llMII|i||iiilllHBilWl'ii lili
______
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Geographic Distribution of Areas That Reported Juvenile-Court Statistics in 1939
STATES IN WHICH COURTS REPORTED THROUGH
STATE-WIDE SYSTEM
H v ^ l STATES IN WHICH ONE OR MORE
INDIVIDUAL COURTS REPORTED
■
INDIVIDUAL COURTS REPORTING
I------- 1 STATES FROM WHICH NO REPORTS WERE RECEIVED
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
v!
@FedFRASER