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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . N. DOAK, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEW ART, C om m issioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES1 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/ P R O D U C T I V I T Y . . . CCA llO e 0 0 U # S E R I E S CARGO HANDLING AND LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS FEBRUARY, 1932 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1932 F or sale by the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, W ashington, D. C . - - - Price 55 cents Acknowledgment This bulletin was prepared by Boris Stem, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. m Contents Page Introduction_______________________________________________________ Chapter 1.—Problems and methods of cargo handling________________ Principal factors of cargo handling_______________________________ The ship as a cargo carrier__________________________________ Foreign trade ships_____________________________________ The intercoastal ship___________________________________ Coastwise vessels______________________________________ The pier as a cargo receiver_________________________________ Nature of the cargo handled________________________________ Loading bulk cargoes___________________________________ Discharging bulk cargoes_______________________________ General cargo__________________________________________ Methods of loading and discharging general cargo_________ Pier equipment____________________________________________ Chapter 2.— Productivity of labor in stevedoring ship’s cargo_________ Units of cargo measurement_____________________________________ Units of labor time_____________________________________________ Method of presentation of statistical data________________________ Productivity of labor in discharging and loading general cargo_____ Productivity of labor in loading individual commodities___________ Cotton____________________________________________________ Case oil___________________________________________________ Flour_______ ^_____________________________________________ Lumber___________________________________________________ Steel and steel products_____________________________________ Oil cake___________________________________________________ Copper____________________________________________________ Principal individual commodities____________________________ Productivity of labor in discharging individual commodities________ Raw sugar_________________________________________________ Coffee_____________________________________________________ Newsprint paper___________________________________________ Lumber. ________,___________________ _______________________ Bananas___________________________________________________ Burlap_____ _______________________________________________ Nitrate of soda_____________________________________________ Wet hides_________________________________________________ Wood pulp________________________________________________ Ore_______________________________________________________ Principal individual commodities____________________________ C hapter 3.— Longshore labor conditions in the United States__________ Foreign and intercoastal trade___________________________________ Nature of longshore work___________________________________ Hours of work and rates of wages___________________________ Conditions of employment__________________________________ Conditions at ports not decasualized_____________________ Conditions under decasualization________________________ Longshore labor conditions in major ports of the United States _ New York_____________________________________________ Boston________________________________________________ Philadelphia___________________________________________ Baltimore_____________________________________________ New Orleans__________________________________________ Houston and Galveston________________________________ Seattle________________________________________________ Tacoma_______________________________________________ Portland______________________________________________ San Francisco_________________________________________ Los Angeles___________________________________________ Prospects of decasualization_________________________________ V 1 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 12 17 17 18 19 34 42 42 44 46 47 49 50 51 51 53 53 55 57 57 59 61 62 62 63 63 64 67 67 67 68 70 70 73 74 74 82 83 85 87 90 92 94 95 96 98 102 VI CONTENTS C hapter 3.— Longshore labor conditions in the United States—Contd. Longshore labor conditions in coastwise trade_____________________ Wage rates of coastwise longshoremen_______________________ Earnings of longshoremen in the coastwise trade______________ General tables: Seattle (1926)— T able 1.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_______________ T able 2.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 3.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade______________________________________ T able 4.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade________________________________________ T able 5.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities______________________________________ Tacoma (1926)— T able 6.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_______________ T able 7.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade 1_____________________________________ T able 8.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities_____________________________________ Grays Harbor (1926)— T able 9.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading lumber, by kind of trade___1_____________________________________ T able 10.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading lumber in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 11.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading lum ber in intercoastal trade__________________________________ T able 12.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading lum ber in coastwise trade____________________________________ Portland, Oreg. (1926)— T able 13.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 14."—Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade____________________________________ T able 15.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade________________________________ T able 16.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade__________________________________ T able 17.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities-------------------------------------------------------San Francisco (1926)— T able 18.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 19.—Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade____________________________________ T able 20.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade________________________________ T able 21.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade__________________________________ T able 22.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities_____________________________________ Los Angeles (1926)— T able 23.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 24.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade____________________________________ T able 25.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade________________________________ T able 26.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade__________________________________ T able 27.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities_____________________________________ Pas® 103 103 104 113 114 117 121 123 129 130 131 135 135 136 137 139 140 141 143 145 152 153 164 172 174 180 181 191 196 198 CONTENTS General tables—Continued. Cristobal, Canal Zone (1926)— T able 28.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 29.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade-------------------------------------------------------T able 30.—Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling individual commodities-----------------------------------------------------Galveston (1927)— T able 31.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 32.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade-------------------------------------------------------T able 33.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade__________________________________ T able 34.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities-------------------------------------------------------Houston (1927)— T able 35.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 36.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade_____________________________________ T able 37.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade_______ !-------------------------------------T able 38.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade__________________________________ T able 39.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling individual commodities___________________________________ Port Arthur (1927)— T able 40.— Productivity of labor and labor costs in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 41.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade_____________________________________ T able 42.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling individual commodities___________________________________ New Orleans (1927)— T able 43.— Productivity of labor and labor costs in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 44.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade-------------------------------------------------------T able 45.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade________________________________ T able 46.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade___________________________________ T able 47.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities_____________________________________ Mobile (1927)— T able 48.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 49.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade_____________________________________ T able 50.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade________________________________ T able 51.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling in dividual commodities--------------------------------------------------------Charleston (1927)— T able 52.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 53.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade_____________________________________ T able 54.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade________________________________ T able 55.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade___________________________________ T able 56.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities----------------------------------------------------------- VH Page 201 202 208 211 212 216 218 225 226 233 234 235 239 239 240 243 244 261 265 267 279 280 287 291 294 295 297 298 299 VIII CONTENTS General tables— Continued. Savannah (1927)— T able 57.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 58.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 59.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade------------------------------------------------------------T able 60.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities_______________________________________ Norfolk and Newport News (1927)— T able 61.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 62.-—Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 63.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade______________________________________ T able 64.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade________________________________________ T able 65.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities_______________________________________ Baltimore (1927)— T able 66.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 67.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 68.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade______________________________________ T able 69.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade________________________________________ T able 70.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities_______________________________________ Philadelphia (1927)— T able 71.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 72.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 73.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade______________________________________ T able 74.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade________________________________________ T able 75.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities_______________________________________ Boston (1928)— T able 76.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 77.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 78.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade______________________________________ T able 79.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade________________________________________ T able 80.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities_______________________________________ New York (1928)— T able 81.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo, by kind of trade and individual commodities_________ T able 82.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in foreign trade__________________________________________ T able 83.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in intercoastal trade______________________________________ T able 84.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling cargo in coastwise trade________________________________________ T able 85.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in handling indi vidual commodities_______________________________________ Page 303 304 308 311 314 315 328 329 333 341 343 353 359 364 380 382 397 402 405 421 422 441 444 449 461 464 527 533 539 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS n o . 550 WASHINGTON F e b r u a r y , 1932 CARGO HANDLING AND LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS INTRODUCTION The operations of loading and discharging ships are customarily known as “ stevedore” operations. Precisely defined, stevedoring applies to the transfer of commodities from the ship to the first place of rest on the pier and to the direct transfer of commodities from the ship to a railroad car or lighter, and vice versa. In discharging cargo, stevedoring therefore includes the sorting of the commodities as well as the piling on the pier; in loading cargo it includes the stowing of the cargo in the various ship compartments. With a few exceptions, which are clearly specified, this definition of stevedoring has been used throughout this report, in spite of the fact that certain ports do not as yet strictly adhere to it. In Seattle and Tacoma, in Portland, Oreg., on the Panama Canal, and in Charleston, S. C., the term “ stevedoring” often merely signifies the transfer of the cargo from the ship to the “ apron” of the pier, while the sorting and re moving of the commodities from ship’s side to the shed of the pier and piling them on the pier are classified under the separate heading of “ dock operations.” In contrast with the dock operations, the ship's operations are often referred to as “ ship's tackle” or “ ship’s side” operations. In these ports it is the custom for the pier operators to supply all the labor used on the pier, and the stevedore companies are required to supply the labor aboard ship. This artificial division between ship labor and dock labor in stevedoring often leads to erroneous conclusions in determining the labor productivity and labor cost of cargo handling. For example, a certain shipping company in port “ X ” discharges and loads some of its ships at its own piers and some at piers operated by different companies. At its own piers the com pany supplies both the ship and the dock labor for handling the cargo; at the other piers it supplies only the force aboard ship, and the dock labor is supplied by the pier operators. This distinction, however, is not shown in the records of the company, with the result that the cost of cargo handling shown for the ships discharged or loaded at other than the company's piers is 20 to 30 per cent smaller than that shown for the ships discharged or loaded at the company's piers. To avoid such inconsistencies the data for all the ports presented here are based on the definition of stevedoring given above rather than on the customs and rules prevailing in each port. 1 2 CARGO HANDLING AND LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS The organizations or the individuals undertaking the stevedoring operations of loading and discharging ships are called stevedore com panies or stevedores, and their foremen in charge of these operations are called stevedore foremen. The men performing the actual work of loading and discharging cargo are called longshoremen, although these are often segregated into groups of hold men, winch men, hatch tenders, truckers, etc., for the purpose of indicating the precise nature of their tasks. In the days, not so long ago, when the tramp steamer was still the predominant feature in shipping, the stevedore company was an independent organization, entirely separate from the shipping com pany. When a ship arrived in port stevedores were given an oppor tunity to bid for the privilege of discharging and loading the cargo, agreeing either to supply the necessary labor at a specified charge to the ship for the services rendered—a practice which still exists in some of the lumber ports in the Pacific Northwest—or to handle the entire cargo of the ship at a specified rate per ton of cargo loaded or discharged. In all cases the ship would be considered a complete and independent entity. At present, however, with regular lines of vessels running on the same route and covering a definitely established trade, the position of the stevedore company has changed considerably. Some of the larger so-called contract stevedore companies still remain, but their agreement with the shipping company now covers the entire line of ships and for a long period of time, usually a year or more. Because of the more intimate contact with the shipping company, some of the stevedore organizations, particularly those which do the work of one line only, have lost their identity and have become subsidiary agencies of the shipping company. Some of the larger shipping companies now do their own stevedoring work, having merely added a stevedore department to their existing organization. It is not the intention in this report to contrast the productivity of labor in loading or discharging cargo by a stevedore company on a contract basis with that of a stevedore company subsidiary to or organized by the shipping company, nor is it the aim to stress differ ences in productivity as between one stevedore company and another or one shipping company and another. The statistics of the individual companies are used merely as samples of productivity in the port as a unit, and are presented in such form as to preclude the possibility of identifying the data. In gathering the information presented in this report the Bureau of Labor Statistics received the cooperation of numerous large and small shipping and stevedore companies, and the bureau takes this opportunity to express its gratitude to these organizations. As it is impossible to name them all, mention is made only of those organiza tions without whose cooperation the task of the bureau could hardly have been accomplished. Among the shipping companies, the following lines deserve special mention: American-Hawaiian Steamship Co.; Cunard Steamship Lines; Dollar Line; Eastern Steamship Lines; Furness, Withy & Co. Lines; Holland America Line; International Mercantile Marine Lines; Luckenbach Steamship Co.; Merchant & Miners Transporta tion Co.; Munson-McCormick Lines; Norton & Lilly Lines; Pacific Steamship Co.; United Fruit Co.; and United States Shipping Board Lines. INTRODUCTION 3 Of the stevedore companies, the following organizations gave their utmost cooperation to the bureau: Atlantic Coast Shipping Co., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, and New Orleans, John W. McGrath, president; B. A. Carroll Stevedore Co., Boston, Mark McHugh, vice president; Crescent Wharf & Warehouse Co., San Pedro, Calif., Eugene Mills, president; E. Goudge & Son, steve dores, Galveston and Houston, Capt. E. Goudge, president; Jarka Corporation, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, Capt. F. Jarka, president; Murphy-Cook Stevedore Co., Philadelphia, Dan J. Murphy, president; and Pacific Lighterage Co., Seattle and San Francisco. The following individuals were particularly helpful to the bureau: John B. Bryan, president, Longshoremen’s Association of San Fran cisco, San Francisco, Calif.; Frank P. Foisie, Waterfront Employers’ Union, Seattle, Wash.; Edwin Nichols, manager, Marine Service Bureau, San Pedro, Calif.; T. V. O’Connor, chairman United States Shipping Board, Washington, D. C.; Joseph P. Ryan, president, International Longshoremen’s Association, New York, N. Y.; and F. Toppin, chairman, Trans-Atlantic Shipping Conference, New York, N. Y. C hapter 1.—PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF CARGO HANDLING The principal difficulties encountered in the present survey of pro ductivity of longshore labor in loading and discharging cargo were caused by the multiplicity of variable factors involved in cargo hand ling. One can hardly imagine any other industry offering less uni formity of conditions than those found in loading and discharging ships. No two ports, no two companies, no two piers, and no two ships are exactly alike so far as the nature of the cargo or the meth od of cargo handling is concerned. Each ship, or rather each voy age of the same ship, is an independent unit, having but slight, if any, relationship to its previous or subsequent voyages. The labor productivity in loading and discharging cargo is affected by the type and the physical conditions of the ship, by the nature and quantity of the commodities carried, and by the proportional distribution of these commodities from hatch to hatch. It is also affected by the general and physical conditions of the dock where the cargo is handled, and by the stevedore equipment and the size of the gangs used in loading or discharging the ship. There are many other major and minor factors which directly or indirectly influence the productivity of labor in handling ship cargoes. These variations in ships, in car goes, in docks, and in equipment are so large and so numerous that doubt has been expressed as to whether it is possible to arrive at an average productivity of labor which would be fairly representative of conditions existing in the port. Fortunately, there are factors which work in the opposite direction, making it possible, partly at least, to overcome the difficulties noted above. These factors are largely utilized by the contracting stevedore companies in their bids for discharging or loading individual ships, or in determining the tariff rates at which they agree to handle the cargoes of all the ships of a regular line for a year or longer. The most important of these factors are as follows: (1) The import and export statistics of the individual ports show that certain ports in different parts of the country specialize more or less in the handling of a few commodities, which constitute the bulk of the cargo handled in those ports. Lumber in the Northwest, canned goods in California, and cotton in the South are a few outstanding examples of such speciali zation. (2) Certain regular ship lines not only have their specialized or so-called preferred commodities, but each vessel on those lines seems to carry these commodities in a fairly constant proportion to the other commodities, which may be classified as mixed or general cargo. In handling a large number of such vessels over a considerable penod of time, the contracting stevedores are able, by examining the manifests of the ship's cargo, to tell with a fair degree of accuracy the number of hours it will take to load or discharge the cargo specified. This method of ascertaining the working hours of a ship in port, even if only approximately, is sufficient to prove that an average produc4 THE SHIP AS A CARGO CARRIER 5 tivity in stevedoring ship cargoes does exist, and at the same time it provides a key for the procedure of arriving at such averages. It is clear that if one could secure the data for loading and dis charging a sufficiently large number of ships engaged in the same trade and carrying approximately the same group of commodities, the average productivity of these ships should prove fairly repre sentative for the commodities concerned. Similarly, if one could secure the statistics for the majority of the principal lines operating to and from a given port, the average productivity of these lines should prove representative of that of the port as a whole. This was the method pursued by the United States Bureau of Labor Statis tics in securing and preparing the data on labor productivity in hand ling ships’ cargoes presented in this report. The problem of labor productivity in cargo handling resolved itself into a study of the separate trade routes and of the principal lines operating on these routes. This made it necessary to segregate the foreign trade from the intercoastal trade and the latter from the coast wise trade. These differ, not only in the nature of the commodities handled, but also in the methods of handling the cargo and in the kind of equipment and labor used in loading and discharging the ships. Also, the foreign trade, wherever possible, had to be subdivided according to the principal trade routes—Europe, Latin America, Oriental, etc.—chiefly because of the differences in commodities which make up the bulk of trade on these routes. In each subdivision a clear line had to be drawn between commodities which are generally carried in bulk, such as grain, ore, pig iron, coal, and sulphur, and other commodities which come in packages, bales, bags, boxes, or barrels, etc. Finally, the ships carrying full cargoes of any one com modity, such as raw sugar, coffee, wood pulp, paper, lumber, etc., had to be considered separately from the ships carrying the same commodities in parcel lots only, along with parcel lots of other com modities. Principal Factors of Cargo Handling Before proceeding with the statistical data on handling cargo and their significance, it is necessary to discuss some of the most important elements of cargo handling, as well as the principal methods used in loading and discharging ships. The Ship as a Cargo Carrier Foreign Trade Ships From the point of view of cargo handling, ships as cargo carriers may be classified into the following groups: (1) Giant passenger liners such as the Majestic, the Leviathan, or the Bremen, which were built for speed and primarily for the trans portation of passengers. These giant liners carry comparatively little cargo, and that is mostly of a special kind, requiring rapid transporta tion between ports. The element of productivity in cargo handling, therefore, plays a minor role in comparison with the speed and the passenger accommodation requirements of these vessels, and for this reason this group of ships has been omitted in the present survey. 6 CHAP. 1.— PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF CARGO HANDLING (2) Other passenger ships which, in addition to a fairly large number of passengers, carry or are capable of carrying a large quantity of cargo. In this group are included all the trans-Atlantic and trans pacific passenger ships equipped with accommodations for 100 or more passengers, but not large enough to be grouped with the giant liners. Judged by the labor productivity of cargo handled on these vessels they belong to the least efficient cargo carriers. Their hatches are, as a rule, comparatively narrow and deep. They have too many decks not easily accessible to the hatches, and because of their height and size, it requires a long time for commodities to travel from the pier into the hold of the ship, and vice versa. New York is the only port in the United States where these passenger vessels carry a very large percentage of the total cargo handled in the port. Unquestion ably this is one of the main reasons for the reputation of New York as the most expensive port for cargo handling. In the present survey this group of ships js classified separately. (3) The freighted or cargo carrier par excellence, which is devised and built for the transportation of cargo exclusively. In this group are also included the smaller passenger ships with accommodation for the transportation of about 100 passengers or less. This group of vessels transport the biggest proportion of foreign-trade cargo handled in all the ports of the United States. Unless otherwise specified, the data on labor productivity of cargo handling presented in this report refer to this type of carrier only. The Intercoastal Ship Very few of the vessels engaged in our intercoastal commerce have accommodations for passenger traffic, but even those vessels which are equipped with such accommodations regard their passenger trade as subordinate to the cargo carried. They may therefore be classified with the freighters. From the point of view of cargo handling, the intercoastal liners as a group may be considered the most efficient cargo carriers. They have proportionately more hatches than the foreign trade ships of the same size; their hatches are larger and better suited for the transfer of the cargo from the ship to the pier, and vice versa. They also have a smaller number of 'tween-decks and are generally better equipped with booms and winches for the actual transfer of the cargo. A possible reason for this superiority of the intercoastal carriers may be found in the fact that these vessels are called upon to transport large quantities of lumber and steel of various dimensions and are therefore built to suit the requirements of these commodities. This is only another way of stating that the intercoastal vessels are gen erally built to suit the requirements of the trade, which, unfortunately, is not yet the case with the larger number of vessels engaged in foreign trade. Coastwise Vessels The problem of passenger accommodations, so important in the case of foreign and intercoastal ships, loses its significance in the coastwise trade. The majority of our coastwise ships do carry passengers, and some of them even specialize in passenger trade in preference to cargo. All of them, however, are equipped with side THE PIER AS A CARGO RECEIVER 7 ports for the purpose of receiving and discharging their cargoes. The side ports are usually hinged to the decks below the passengers’ quarters, and for that reason productivity in cargo handling in coast wise trade is not affected to any great extent by the presence of the passenger accommodations. The cargo is transferred from the ship to the pier, and vice versa, by means of hand or power trucks over gangplanks or ramps, which connect the apron of the pier with the hold of ship. The stowage requirements in coastwise trade are not as severe as in the case of foreign and intercoastal shipping, and the holds of the coastwise vessels are more spacious and offer fewer obstacles for cargo handling than the type of vessel which predomi nates in foreign trade shipping. (See fig. 1.) The Pier as a Cargo Receiver There is no attempt in the present survey to distinguish between what is scientifically known as a pier, which is projected into the water at a right angle to the shore line, and a dock or a wharf built along the shore line. The pier type predominates in most of the ports of the United States, although the wharf is an outstanding feature in New Orleans, in Portland (Oreg.), and in Savannah (Ga.). The differences between the two types are not particularly significant in the problems of cargo handling, and in the present survey the terms “ wharf,” “ dock,” and “ pier” have been used interchangeably, this being in accordance with the practice existing on the water front. The size of the pier, the method of construction, and particularly the width of the “ apron” and the degree of congestion in the “ shed,” are much more important from the point of view of productivity in cargo handling than the differences between a wharf and a pier. The shed is the inclosed part of the pier where the cargo is tem porarily stored before it is loaded into the ship, or before it is removed from the pier on the way to its final destination. The apron is the open section of the pier, between the shed and the water's edge, where the ships are docked. From the point of view of cargo handling the apron may be defined as the portion of the pier where the cargo is first landed when discharged from the ship, or from which it is lifted when the ship is being loaded. There are in this country, and particularly in the larger ports like New York, a large number of piers which in size and method of construction hark back to the days of sailboats and the small tramp vessels. These piers, built some 40 or 50 years ago, are inadequate to handle the cargo of even a moderate sized steamer, not to speak of the giant liners which now predominate in our foreign and inter coastal trades. As a result, there is congestion and confusion on the dock a short time after the discharging of cargo begins. Every square inch of floor space is occupied, and there is none available for the utilization of any equipment which might expedite the process of discharging the cargo. Not only is there lack of space, but the wharf could not possibly stand a more rapid pace of accepting the cargo from the ship. In direct contrast with these old and dilapidated piers, with their low and narrow sheds and complete absence of any kind of apron between the shed and the ship’s side, there are scattered throughout the country a considerable number of more or less up-to-date piers 8 CHAP. 1.— PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF-CARGO HANDLING with more spacious sheds, with wider aprons, and equipped with all the necessary facilities for quicker dispatch to the ship and more efficient loading and discharging of the cargo. In most cases the aprons of these piers are provided with one or two car tracks, which make it possible to handle cargo directly from the ship into railroad cars, and vice versa. As a sample of these more up-to-date piers may be mentioned the group of piers at Cristobal in the Canal Zone, the Alabama State piers in Mobile, and the recently completed unit of the Western Maryland Railroad in Baltimore. Several piers in Philadelphia, the Staten Island group in New York, the new coffee pier in New Orleans, and a number of piers on the west coast may also be included in this group. Nature of the Cargo Handled By far the most important factor in the problem of cargo handling is the nature of the cargo itself. It is necessary first to distinguish between bulk cargo, solid or liquid, which is shipped in mass without containers, and the so-called general cargo which comes in units or packages and is therefore sometimes classified as “ package” cargo. The latter may also be divided into uniform cargoes of a single commodity, constituting the entire ship’s cargo, and miscellaneous or mixed cargoes, consisting of a large number of heterogeneous commodities in an endless variety of containers. Loading Bulk Cargoes There is little or no stevedoring required in loading bulk com modities such as oil, grain, or coal. Oil is usually transported in tankers and is loaded at the refineries by means of large pumps and pipes which require no labor other than the starting and stopping of the pumps. Grain easily lends itself to transference by means of a gravity flow and is therefore loaded either directly at grain elevators or from barges by means of floating grain elevators. The latter is the usual practice in the port of New’ York, although it is quite extensively used also in Philadelphia. At the elevators the grain is transferred from the storage bins to the pier by a series of endless belts and is dumped into the ship’s hold by gravity, through large pipes or flexible hose. In the elevator proper the entire work of loading, which consists of starting and supervising the flow of the grain, is done by the permanent organization of the elevator and includes the elec tricians, the grain weighers, the belt operators, etc. The only steve doring work involved in loading the grain consists of rigging the hatches, or moving the pipes or the hose from hatch to hatch, and of trimming the grain. The term “ trimming” here signifies the shoveling of the grain into compartments of the ship which can not be reached by the gravity flow of the grain. The operations of a floating elevator consist of drawing the grain from a barge and elevating it to the weighing bin by means of a “ marine leg” or an endless bucket chain, and then dumping it into the ship’s hold exactly as is done at a regular elevator. In New York all the operations, including the rigging of the hatches and the trimming of the grain, are performed by the unit of workers perma- F ig u r e 1.— L o a d in g C argo t h r o u g h S id e po r t by T ra cto r and T r a il e r S ystem F i g u r e 2 .—b e l t S y s t e m o f d e liv e rin g C o al to S h ip . B a ltim o re F ig u r e 3 .—A u t o m a t ic T r im m e r in O pe r a t io n in Lo a d in g C oal o n Ba r g e . Ba l t im o r e F ig u r e 4.—s y st em u s e d f o r l o a d in g S u lph u r , Et c . P b u lk Ca o r tla n d r g o es su ch as , O r eg . O r e , g r a in , NATURE OF CARGO HANDLED 9 nently attached to the floating grain elevators, while in Philadel phia the work of rigging and trimming the grain is done by longshoremen. Coal as cargo is loaded in large quantities in only a few ports of the United States. These are equipped with special coal piers, which are operated by the several railroads which deliver the coal to the pier. The largest loading coal piers are to be found in Norfolk, Newport News, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. No two of these piers operate exactly alike, although the principles involved in the actual loading of the coal are very much the same. The coal is first dumped from railroad cars into special large containers or on a belt system, and then elevated to the coal pier, from which it is dumped by gravity into the ship. The work on the piers is done by permanent pier crews, and longshoremen are called upon merely to rig the ship and to trim the coal. Most of the coal piers are now equipped with auto matic trimmers which are capable of shooting the coal into the far thest and most inaccessible compartments of the ship, thus at times completely dispensing with the services of longshoremen as coal trimmers. (See figs. 2 and 3.) The methods used in loading full cargoes of grain and coal are also used for partial cargoes of these commodities, as well as in the loading of sulphur, ore, and other commodities of a similar nature. In all cases the work of loading is performed by mechanical equipment, and the dispatch of the ship depends exclusively on the number of hatches used and the capacity of the ship to receive the cargo. Spe cial ships with large open hatches and no ’tween-decks, designed exclusively as bulk-cargo carriers, load much faster than ordinary ships. They also require much less trimming of the cargo than in the case of ships with smaller hatches and a larger number of ’tweendecks. (See fig. 4.) Discharging Bulk Cargoes The principal bulk commodities discharged in large quantity in the ports of the United States are pig iron, ore, sulphur, and coal. Smaller quantities of china clay, chalk, fertilizer, and bones, are also handled in bulk. These commodities are, as a rule, discharged directly into railroad cars either by means of clamshell grabs operated by locomo tive or floating cranes, or by means of tubs operated by the ship’s gear. In either case the cargo must first be trimmed or shoveled from the various compartments of the ship toward the center of the hatch. This is the principal job of longshoremen in discharging bulk cargoes. When tubs are used, the process of dischargmg differs very little from the handling of general cargo and the entire work is done by longshoremen exclusively. But when a crane is used, either on land or afloat, the longshoremen do the work in the ship’s hold and on the railroad cars, while the actual operation of transferring the cargo from the ship to the car is performed by the permanent crane crews. Dispatch in discharging bulk cargoes depends very largely on the extent and the amount of trimming required, as well as on the nature of the commodities handled. Chrome ore, because of its fineness, is discharged much faster than manganese ore or pig iron, just as potash and sulphur or coal can be discharged much faster than china 66490°—32------2 10 CHAP. 1.— PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF CARGO HANDLING clay or chalk or bones. Several ports (particularly the port of Bal timore) have a special bulk-cargo pier equipped with gantry cranes and mechanical trimmers, which do away, to a large degree, with hand trimming, especially in the case of large bulk-cargo carriers. This system greatly increases the dispatch of the cargo of the ship and reduces the cost of discharging bulk cargoes. (See figs. 5 and 6.) General Cargo The operations of discharging and loading general or package cargoes are entirely different from those used for bulk commodities. The individual packages, in barrels, bags, boxes, or crates, which make up the composition of the general cargo will not flow by gravity from the pier into the hold of the ship. They must be handled indi vidually or a few at a time. They are transferred from the pier to the ship either by way of hatches with the help of the ship’s gear, which is the practice in our foreign and intercoastal shipping, or by way of side ports, which is most common in the coastwise trade. In the ship the packages must be stowed, or so packed that they will occupy the least amount of space and will not shift while en route if stormy seas are encountered. The processes of transferring and stow ing cargo are greatly facilitated by uniform cargoes consisting of con tainers of the same type and, preferably, the same size. Sometimes these commodities come in full ships’ cargoes, as is the case with raw sugar or coffee, canned goods, case oil, paper, etc. The uniformity of the packages offers an opportunity for the utilization of more modem methods and better equipment in handling the cargo than is possible in the case of cargoes with mixed commodities in packages of all types and sizes. Methods of Loading and Discharging General Cargo The outstanding characteristic of cargo handling in the ports of the United States is the universal use of ship’s gear for the purpose of transferring cargo from the ship to the pier, and vice versa. Even on those piers which are equipped with overhead movable cranes, as is the case in Astoria (Oreg.), or Staten Island (N. Y.), and on the new Western Maryland pier in Baltimore, these cranes are used only occasionally to supplement, rather than to replace, the ship’s gear. Our system is the exact opposite of the method used in most European ports, which are generally equipped with overhead or gantiy cranes. There cranes are used exclusively in loading and discharging cargo and only occasionally are they supplemented by the equipment aboard ship. The problem of dock equipment versus ship’s gear has occu pied the mind of the shipping and port interests for some time past. The opinion as to the effectiveness and economy of the two systems seems to be sharply divided, with no conclusive proof presented by either side. The statistical data of cargo handling given in this report are based almost entirely on the use of ship’s gear in loading and dis charging cargo. A similar survey conducted in several of the European ports using the crane and quay system should contribute the necessary data for a comparison of the two processes, which should show conclusively which of the two is, in the long run, the more effective and more economical for the handling of cargo. F ig u r e 5 .— D is c h a r g in g P ig Ir o n w it h a G rab o p er a te d w it h a C r a n e . Ba l t im o r e f ig u r e 6.— D is c h a r g in g B ulk c a r g o Ba w it h l t im o r e s p e c ia l T r im m in g M a c h in e . METHODS OF LOADING AND DISCHARGING 11 The term “ ship’s gear” is applied to the booms and winches which are to be found on nearly every ship, somewhere in the vicinity of the opening of the hatches. A winch is a hoisting or pulling machine with a horizontal drum used for lifting the drafts of cargo from the pier aboard ship and of lowering them into the hatch. The operations are reversed in discharging cargo. The power is supplied to the winch by steam or electricity; hence the classification of steam and electrical winches. All kinds and types of winches are found aboard ships; they vary in design, structure, power, and speed, but all winches are comparatively simple to operate. Most winches are equipped with levers which move in the same direction as the cargo, upward when the cargo is to be lifted and downward when it is to be lowered. The speed of the winches and their position relative to the opening of the hatch through which the cargo is loaded or discharged are very important from the viewpoint of productivity of labor in handling the cargo of the ship. In this respect the intercoastal liners, as a group, are better equipped for the handling of their cargoes than the foreign trade ships. Their winches are more powerful and work faster both when the hook is loaded and when it is without a load. Some winches on the west coast, particularly those used in discharging raw sugar in San Francisco, are capable of handling 150 or more loads per hour, while 40 to 50 loads per hour would seem to be a fair representation for the majority of winches found on foreign-trade vessels. The average is considerably below these figures. On the majority of intercoastal liners the winches are placed in pairs, so that one man can easily operate the two winches required in loading or discharging cargo with the ship’s gear. They are also placed sufficiently close to the opening of the hatch to enable the operator to see what is going on in the hatch, rather than to follow blindly the hand signals of the hatch tenders. The intercoastal winches are thus not only more effi cient in cargo handling, but also require a smaller size gang than is needed for the average winch found on average foreign-trade vessels. (See fig. 7.) The simplest method of using ship’s gear may be found in the case of loading cargo with one boom and one winch and with a series of skids leading from the pier to the deck of the ship and to the opening of the hatch. This method is known as the “ whip.” The boom is placed directly over the hatch. One end of the fall is wound around the drum of the winch, while the other end, which passes over the tackle at the top of the boom, is attached to the hook. The pieces of cargo are made up into sling loads or drafts on the apron of the pier at the foot of the inclined skid which leads from the pier to the deck of the ship. When the hook is attached to the sling and the winch started, the draft is dragged up the skid and oyer the railing of the ship to the opening of the hatch. It is lowered into the hatch by gravity. To prevent the draft from swinging to the side of the hatch, a worker on the deck of the ship steadies it by means of a rope attached to the hook. When the cargo is landed on the bottom of the hatch the hook is released and the deckman pulls it out with the help of the same guide rope, and throws it back to the wharf for a second draft. This system of cargo loading is widely used in New Orleans and Philadel phia, where it is applied to all cargoes which will stand the wear and tear of being dragged over a skid. By far the largest percentage of cotton in the South is loaded with a “ whip.” 12 CHAP. 1.— PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF CARGO HANDLING It is not possible, however, to use the whip for the purpose of dis charging cargo. Two winches and two booms must then be put into operation. Depending upon the method used in rigging the two falls, the systems used are called a “ double whip,” a “ Burton,” or a “ union” or “ married” fall. In all cases the up-and-down fall oper ates over the hatch, and is used either to raise the cargo from the hatch, in discharging, or to lower it into the hatch, in loading. When discharging with a double whip, a deckman releases the up-and-down hook from the draft immediately after the draft is landed on the deck of the ship, and the hook is thrown back into the hatch for another sling load. In the meantime, another deckman attaches the hook of the other fall to the sling on the deck of the ship, and the load is swung from the opening of the hatch athwart ship to the railing by means of a moving boom, and is then lowered to the apron of the pier. In the case of the Burton system, the “ Burton man,” as the deckman is usually called, throws the hook of the second fall around the first fall and unites the two while the sling load is being lifted to the opening of the hatch. The load is then raised over the coaming of the hatch and is moved athwart ship and down to the pier by the joint operation of the two winches. However, just before the load is about to be lowered from the ship to the apron of the pier, the Burton man releases the hook of the up-and-down fall and throws it into the hatch for another sling load. The double whip system is used extensively in the South and in Philadelphia, usually in conjunction with the use of a whip for loading purposes. The Burton system, described above, is used chiefly in the port of New York, both in loading and discharg ing cargo. In the case of the “ union” or “ married” fall, the two falls are permanently rigged together before the loading or discharging of the cargo begins. In discharging cargo the three movements of the sling load—upward from the hatch to the deck of the ship, athwart ship, and downward to the apron of the pier—are performed in one con tinuous operation by the two winches. In loading cargo the move ments are reversed. This system is found in nearly all of the ports of the United States, but it is particularly prevalent on the west coast, where it is used exclusively both for loading and discharging general cargo. Whenever possible, the two winches are operated by one man, and the three movements of the cargo are performed so rapidly and so smoothly that it is almost impossible to tell when one movement ends and another begins. Pier Equipment The various methods of using ship’s gear in loading and discharging cargo apply only to the transfer of the cargo from the ship to the apron of the pier, and vice versa. Other devices and other equipment must be used to move the cargo from the apron of the pier into the shed, and vice versa, and still other devices must be used for piling the cargo. The most common piece of equipment, found on all piers in all the ports of the United States, is the 2-wheel hand truck used to transfer the cargo between the apron of the pier and the shed. On many a pier it is still the only type of equipment used. In recent years, how ever, there has appeared a large array of other types of trucks which have entered into competition with the hand truck, with the result F ig u r e 7.—w e s t Co a st S y s t e m , O ne Man o p e r a t in g Bo th w in c h e s F ig u r e 8.— d is c h a r g in g su g a r by H a n d -o p e r a t e d 4-w h eel pl a t fo r m T r u c k s . G a lv esto n fig u r e 9 —D el iv e r in g Canned S almon fr o m M S hed o t o r . to S S h i p ’s ea ttle S id e on T r a il e r s pu lle d by E l e c t r ic F ig u r e 10.— E l e c t r ic L if t T ruck about to l ift p l a t f o r m , o r “C a m el ,” lo a d ed w it h C arg o METHODS OF LOADING AND DISCHARGING 13 that on some piers the hand truck has either been relegated to a secondary position or has been completely replaced by the more upto-date type of equipment. The first change was the introduction of the 4-wheel platform truck operated by man power. The main advantage of the platform truck over the hand truck lies in the fact that the cargo from the ship can be landed directly on the truck and taken into the shed without first undoing the sling of the load on the apron. This change elimi nates several handlings of the cargo. ^ The next step was replacing the push-and-pull man power by electricity or gas and substantially to increase the weight of each sling load. The power truck has several advantages over the hand truck, but the principal advantages are twofold: 1. The power truck actually eliminates several handlings of the cargo on the pier which can not be avoided when hand trucks are used; 2. The power truck rapidly clears the space on the apron directly under the ship’s hook where the cargo is landed, thus facilitating constant operation of the hook. Both advantages lead to higher labor productivity and lower cost of cargo handling. (See fig. 8.) There now exists a large variety of types and makes of these electric and gasoline power trucks. For the purpose of the present survey, however, it is necessary to distinguish only three types of power trucks as follows: 1. The electric platform truck is a complete unit consisting of a large 4-wheel platform truck equipped with an electric motor. The cargo from the ship is landed directly on the platform of the truck and is immediately removed from the apron into the shed. In loading, the sling loads are made up on the platform at the pile in the shed and are lifted directly from the truck to the ship. 2. The tractor and trailer system consists of a separate engine, operated by gas or electricity, and 4-wheel platform trucks or trailers. The engine is used only when the latter are to be moved between the apron of the pier and the shed. The advantage of this system is that more than one trailer can be pulled at the same time, and also the engine may be engaged elsewhere while the cargo is being loaded on or removed from the trailers. (See fig 9.) 3. The electric lift truck and the skid system. The skid is a plat form built on solid legs which raise it a short distance (about a foot) from the floor. The electric lift truck is supplied with a movable platform which, when projected under the skid, lifts it from the floor. It is then transported with ease from one section of the pier to another. The lift truck and skid combination has the same advan tages as the truck and trailer system, since the truck may be engaged elsewhere while the skid is in the process of being loaded or discharged. (See fig. 10.) In Cristobal, where much cargo is transferred from one pier to another, the tractor and trailer system is used in combination with the lift trucks and skids. The loaded skids are placed on trailers and are transported to their proper piers. There the lift trucks remove the skids from the trailers and dehver them to the ships to be loaded. (See fig. 11.) Recently it was found feasible to leave the loaded skid in the shed until the commodity is removed from the pier for its final delivery. Similarly, in loading cargo the commodities, when delivered to the pier, are at once placed on the skid in readiness to be transported to the ship’s side and into the ship. This practice, which is used on some 14 CHAP. 1.— PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF CARGO HANDLING piers in Seattle, San Francisco, New York, and Cristobal, reduces the number of handlings of the cargo to a minimum and greatly increases the labor productivity in cargo handling on those piers. In New York, a certain shipping company, working in cooperation with a railroad company, extended the use of the lift truck and skid combination much further than described above. The company discharges large quantities of canned goods and loads large quantities of flour in the port of New York. Most of the cargo is discharged on lighters and then delivered to the railroad pier, where it is loaded into box cars. In loading cargo the process is reversed. Formerly individual packages had to be handled several times on their way between the ship and the railroad car, and vice versa, but now, in discharging cargo the commodities are placed on skids in the hatch of the ship, lifted overboard to the lighter, where a lift truck removes the loaded skid from under the ship’s hook to its place on the lighter. The commodities are left intact on the skids, and at the railroad pier the lift trucks remove the loaded skids from the lighter directly into box cars, where the commodities are removed from the skid and stowed into the car. When loading the ship, the commodities are placed on skids, in the box cars, in which they are delivered to the railroad pier. The lift trucks remove the skids from the cars to the lighter, and leave the loaded skids on the lighter. From the lighter the loaded skids are lifted aboard ship and into the hatch, where the individual com modities are removed and stowed away in the ship's hold. Whether in loading or discharging cargo, the lift truck and skid system thus used requires only one operation of loading and one operation of discharging the skid, during the entire process of transferring the cargo from the ship to the lighter, to the pier, and to the railroad car, or vice versa. (See fig. 12.) In spite of the success of the company in greatly reducing its cost of cargo handling by the new system, the universal adoption of the lift truck and the skid method is confronted with serious drawbacks: 1. It can be used effectively for uniform cargoes only. Mixed cargoes in different containers can not be easily handled on the skids; besides, the sorting and classifying of the commodities nullify most of the economies effected by the skids. 2. The numerous empty and loaded skids occupy too much space in the shed of the pier. Even the larger piers soon find themselves congested with these skids, while the aver age and the smaller piers, which predominate in this country, can not ossibly find the necessary space for a successful application of the ft truck and skid system. In addition to the several types of power trucks described above, other equipment has been devised for the purpose of more rapid transfer of the cargo from the ship's side to the shed of the pier, and vice versa. There are trucks equipped with small “ gyp cranes" and other contrivances which make it possible not only to transfer the cargo rapidly but also to pile it rapidly on the pier. There are also a large number of portable conveyors and portable stackers used on several piers. Figures 13 to 17 illustrate the various methods used in piling large quantities of uniform cargoes. The hand or “ stage" process, shown in Figure 13, can still be found in several ports, particu larly in the piling of raw sugar or nitrate of soda; but in most ports this process has been replaced by one mechanical device or another, resulting in very large economies in the cost of piling the cargo. E F ig u r e II.—T r a in o f T r a il e r s w it h sk id s Loa ded w it h C a r g o , a s Use d in C r is t o b a l , C anal Zone F IG U R E 1 2 .— L O A D E D S K I D A B O U T T O B E L O W E R E D IN T O H A T C H . Y o rk NEW F ig u r e 13.— H and o r “S ta g e S y s t e m ” o f P il in g Ca rg o on P ie r F ig u r e 14.—s t a c k in g C arg o w it h P orta ble C o n v ey o r . C r ist o b a l , C anal Zon e F ig u r e 15.—P il in g su g a r w it h po r ta b le C ra n e . N ew Y o r k F I G U R E 1 6 .— S T A C K I N G N E W S P R I N T P A P E R W I T H S P E C I A L C R A N E . NEW Y O R K F ig u r e 17.—p i l in g b a g g ed C arg o by Sc r ew -t y pe Con veyor F ig u r e 1 8.— L o a d in g O ra n g es w it h po r t a b l e C o n v ey o r . Lo s A n g eles METHODS OF LOADING AND DISCHARGING 15 There exists in New York an organization which specializes in the production of these types of equipment. This firm either rents the equipment to shipping and stevedore companies which are not in a position to buy it outright, or undertakes to do the pier part of steve doring if the shipping companies so desire. Undoubtedly, so far a£ pier equipment is concerned, the hand truck, or even the 4-wheel platform truck operated by man power, is bound soon to give way to power equipment except where the distances between the ship’s side and the shed of the pier are very short, or when the piers are so con gested that there is no room for the operation of any kind of power truck. This is especially true in the case of uniform cargoes, either in full shipments or in parcel lots. Labor productivity in handling these uniform cargoes, whether expressed in terms of output per gang per hour or per man per hour, has recently been greatly increased, due to the use of the newer types of pier equipment. (See fig. 18.) This is not true, however, m the case of miscellaneous cargoes, which come in bags and barrels, in bales and boxes, in crates of all shapes and dimensions, and frequently in no containers at all. There is almost no limit to the size of these commodities or to their variations. This heterogeneous mass of commodities defies any attempt at descrip tion, but a good picture of the situation may be had by visiting any pier in the Chelsea district or the Bush terminals in New York, and watching one of the overseas or intercoastal giants disgorge from its hold literally tens of thousands of pieces of cargo, each with a distinctlabel calling for individual attention before it is piled away safely on the pier or placed in a railroad car destined perhaps a thousand miles away from the water front. These commodities are, as a rule, sorted and classified immediately after the sling load is landed on the apron of the pier. This particular spot on the apron of the pier must be considered the important point in discharging miscellaneous cargoes. While the dock crew is engaged in sorting the commodities, the hook of the ship either stands idle or hangs over the deck of the ship with another load of miscellaneous, cargo ready to be landed on the apron. Productivity in discharging miscellaneous cargoes will thus fall or rise according to the dispatch in classifying the commodities and removing them from the apron to their destination on the pier. The new pier equipment has not as yet done away with this need of classifying and sorting miscellaneous, cargoes, and for that reason productivity of labor in discharging, miscellaneous cargoes has not been greatly affected by the change. In loading miscellaneous cargoes the important point is the hold of the ship. In some ports, and particularly in New York, there is even, greater variation in the nature and the size of commodities loaded than in those discharged. These commodities come from prairies and mines, from mills and forests, from tobacco fields and orchards, from oil fields and meat-packing plants, and from factories, stores, and warehouses. They include automobiles and automobile parts, har vesters and other agricultural machinery, copper and gold bars, bales of cotton and rags, barrels and bags of flour, barrels and boxes of fruit, drums and cases of oil, and thousands of other articles and machines. The problem in loading miscellaneous cargo is not, however, in sorting the commodities, but in stowing them safely in the hold of the ship. With the exception of an occasional application of gravity rollers and dollies, there is practically no device of any kind used to 16 CHAP. 1.— PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF CARGO HANDLING facilitate the transfer of the individual pieces of cargo from the center of the hatch to their place of stowage, which may be some 30 to 50 feet from the center of the hatch. Barrels, bags, boxes, and loose pieces do not of themselves make a compact wall for stowage purposes, and it requires all the ingenuity of the longshoremen and much dunnage to pack this heterogeneous mass of commodities sufficiently tight in their places to guarantee a safe crossing of the ship. Cargo stowing is a very slow process, and the hook on the ship and the pier equipment stand idle until the crew in the hold of the ship removes the last piece of cargo from the center of the hatch to make room for another sling load In connection with the loading and discharging of miscellaneous cargoes it must be stated that at present there exist certain more or less definite limits beyond which one can not increase the productivity of cargo handling by merely improving or changing the equipment on the pier or on the deck of the ship. The problem of handling miscel laneous cargoes is more a problem of types of packages rather than of the equipment used in handling these packages. Certain commodities must be packed in boxes, others in bags, and still others in barrels or crates. This variation in the kind and size of commodities is not going to diminish with time; on the contrary, it is bound to increase with the industrial and economic world moving to more and more complex stages. It is possible, therefore, that in spite of the increasing utilization of up-to-date pier equipment, productivity of labor in handling miscellaneous cargoes will show a decrease rather than an increase unless special attention is given to the package problem. Certain standardization of packages can be effected by eliminating the use of several kinds of containers for any one commodity. For instance, if flour is loaded in bags, there is no need for it to be loaded also in barrels, and similarly, if apples are loaded in barrels, there is no need for them to be loaded in boxes of several sizes. Such stand ardization of packages, which can be applied to a large number of commodities, will greatly overcome the difficulties in sorting and stowing miscellaneous cargo. Other changes have been suggested, such as special large containers, to be carried by the ship, for a large number of the smaller pieces of cargo assigned to any one shipper to any one part of the country. Instead of handling the individual pieces of cargo, the operations of discharging and loading would merely consist in handling the standardized containers, thus eliminating the element of sorting while the ship remains in port. The dispatch of the ship would then depend exclusively on the speed of the winches and the ability of the pier crew to remove the cargo containers from the apron of the pier. At any rate, not until these changes have been made or other solutions devised to facilitate the sorting and stowing of miscellaneous commodities can much headway be expected in the field of loading and discharging miscellaneous cargoes. Chabter 2.—PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR IN STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO Units of Cargo Measurement There are no data available, either in this country or abroad, pertaining to the productivity of longshoremen in loading and dis charging ship cargoes. In undertaking the survey of labor pro ductivity in handling cargo, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics had first to determine the units by which to measure such productivity. The work done is usually expressed in terms of tons handled, but the word “ ton” may and does mean several different things. On the west coast it may mean either a weight ton of 2,000 pounds or a measurement ton of 40 cubic feet. When applied to bulk cargoes, such as grain, ore, Or coal, etc., it frequently means a long ton (2,240 pounds). When a ship arrives in Seattle, for instance, with approximately 500 long tons of ore, 50Q short tons of cargo on a weight basis, and 500 tons of cargo on a measurement basis, the ship is said to have brought 1,500 tons of cargo, which in shipping circles are termed “ revenue tons,” for they constitute the basis on which the revenue of the ship is calculated. On its next trip the same vessel may again bring 1,500 revenue tons, but it may consist of 200 tons of bulk cargo, 400 weight tons, and 900 measurement tons. On the Gulf and the Atlantic the weight ton is the long ton, but the measurement ton of 40 cubic feet is retained, and the total of the two tonnages constitutes the revenue tonnage of a ship. It is clearly a different kind of revenue ton from that used on the west coast. On the Panama Canal and to a large extent in the port of New York the metric weight ton of 2,204 pounds and the metric measurement ton are used quite extensively, particularly in our Euro pean import trade. These are added to the tons previously mentioned to constitute the total revenue tonnage of a ship. There are ship mani fests with six or more kinds of tons thus added together to constitute the total cargo tonnage. In intercoastal and coastwise trade, how ever, throughout the United States the revenue ton is the short ton (2,000 pounds). The practices of the different shipping companies in the different ports and even in the same port are also different. In one port, for instance, apples or automobiles may be carried on a weight basis of 2,240 pounds per ton, while in another port the same commodities are carried on a measurement basis of 40 cubic feet per ton. For this reason the ship, when leaving the two ports with approximately the same group of commodities and with a similar distribution, may register twice as much or more cargo for one port than for the other. Finally, contracting stevedore operators do not always agree to handle the cargo by the tonnage shown on the ship’s manifest, and thus there appears another kmd of a ton—a “ stevedore ton”—which has very little in common with any of the tons previously discussed. 17 18 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO The “ revenue ton” is the only unit of cargo measurement which can be found in all the ports of the United States, but it can not be defined in units either of weight or of space occupied by the cargo. It varies from port to port, from line to line, and from ship to ship, depending on the customs of the port and the nature of the cargo carried by the individual vessels. For any one port, however, and particularly for any one group of ships specializing in the same trade and carrying approximately the same kind of commodities, the “ revenue ton” represents a tangible unit of cargo measurement, and is frequently used as the only means of expressing the total cargo of the ships. All ships show on their manifests their total revenue tonnage, and quite often they also indicate in long tons the total weight of the cargo. Units of Labor Time The next problem confronting the Bureau of Labor Statistics was to decide upon a unit to measure the labor time of loading and discharging cargoes. It is customary in shipping and stevedoring circles to express the work of longshoremen in terms of ship-hours, hatch-hours, gang-hours, and man-hours. By “ ship-hours” is meant the time the ship remains at the pier for the purpose of loading or discharging its cargo. Ship-hours are a very important factor to the operator, for a ship in port is* a liability to him and his object is to clear it as soon as possible. But the “ shiphour” gives no indication of the actual amount of labor involved in the operations of loading or discharging, as one ship may operate only one or two hatches while another may work as many as eight hatches at a time. Again, some hatches may be worked the entire time the ship remains at the pier, while others may be worked only a part of the time. “ Hatch-hours” represent the total hours worked at all hatches of the ship in loading or discharging the cargo. If, for example, hatch No. 1 worked 10 hours, hatch No. 2, 20 hours, hatch No. 3, 5 hours, and hatches Nos. 4 and 5, 15 hours each, the total number of hatchhours worked by the ship would be 10 + 20 + 5+15+15, or 65 hatchhours in all. (Incidentally, the longest time worked at any one hatch would also indicate approximately the number of ship-hours—in the example just given, 20.) The difficulty in the case of “ hatch-hours” is that some hatches on the ship are comparatively small, while others are very large. A small hatch can hardly accommodate a whole gang, while in the larger hatches two or more gangs may be working simultaneously. “ Hatch-hours” can therefore be used accurately only when it is known that in no hatch was more than one gang working at any one time. The “ gang-hour” is a more adequate and more frequently used unit of measuring longshore labor time. A gang is a group of longshore men so distributed between the ship and the pier as to allow for the uninterrupted flow of cargo from the ship to the pier and vice versa. An average gang is said to consist of 1 foreman, 6 to 10 men working in the hold of the ship, 1 hatch tender, 2 winch men, and 6 to 8 truckers. Neither the size of the gang nor its composition are in any way stabilized, and wide variations are to be found not only from port to port but from ship to ship and from hatch to hatch. The METHOD OF PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA 19 size of the gangs may vary from 12 men or less to as many as 40 or more. In the long rim, however, for any one port, and particularly for any one line or group of ships, the average size of a gang remains sufficiently constant to warrant the use of “ gang-hours” as a unit for the measuring of longshore labor time. The same unit is also used to indicate the dispatch with which ships are being loaded or discharged at a given port. The most exact and at the same time the most effective means of measuring longshore time is presented by the use of “ man-hours.” Whether a ship works only one hatch or eight hatches, whether one or more gangs are used at a single hatch at the same time, and whether the gangs are made up of 10 men or 40 men, the results will be re flected in the total man-hours consumed in loading or discharging the vessel. Scientifically speaking, there is but one way of measuring the productivity of longshore operations, and that is in terms of cargo loaded or discharged per man per hour. Unfortunately, however, the output per man per hour does not always tell the whole story of stevedoring operations, in the sense that higher productivity per man per hour does not always signify greater dispatch and vice versa. The clash between higher man-hour output and quicker ship dis patch causes many a difficulty between the stevedore company, which is primarily interested in output, and the shipowners, interested in getting the ship away as fast as possible. Very often one has to be sacrificed to the other. But this difficulty illustrates the fact that man-hour output alone is not adequate to describe the situation in the stevedoring industry. It is only when both total man-hours and total gang-hours are given that it is possible to draw a clear picture of the productivity of labor in cargo handling. The data on produc tivity presented in this study are therefore expressed in terms of long tons and revenue tons of cargo loaded or discharged per gang-hour as well as per man-hour. Method of Presentation of Statistical Data The second part of this bulletin (pp. 113 to 559) is devoted to the presentation of statistical data on productivity of longshore labor in loading and discharging cargo in the principal seaports of the United States. The data for the ports covered are given separately and in the order in which the survey was made—Seattle, Tacoma, Grays Harbor, Portland (Oreg.), San Francisco, and Los Angeles on the Pacific coast; Cristobal in the Canal Zone; Galveston, Houston, Port Arthur, New Orleans, and Mobile on the Gulf; and Savannah, Charleston (S. C.), Norfolk, and Newport News, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York on the Atlantic coast. The shipping lines are classified under foreign trade, intercoastal trade, and coastwise trade, and the foreign trades lines, according to the principal trade routes, such as Europe, Latin America, the Orient, etc.1 Statistics for special com modities transported in full cargoes, such as grain, raw sugar, paper, etc., follow those of the general cargo. In each case data for loading operations are presented separately from those for discharging operations. i For convenience the shipping lines are numbered, and the same line numbers are used in the text tables in the first part of the bulletin. 20 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO The data for each port extend over the period of a year, but they do not represent all the lines nor all the ships which loaded or dis charged cargo at the port during the year. Many stevedore com panies do not keep records of the labor time spent by the longshore men in loading or discharging cargo, and some stevedore companies were not willing to give the bureau access to their files. The records of other organizations are kept in such form that they could not be used for the present survey. The shipping lines stevedored by these organizations were of necessity omitted by the bureau; but even the remaining lines proved to be too numerous to be included in this survey. Only the largest and the most important lines in the port, and particularly those lines which carry large cargoes and which operate ships in many, if not all, the major ports in the country, have therefore been selected. Each voyage of a ship is considered a separate unit, and the number of ships, or voyages, chosen to represent a single line also had to be limited. A ship a month, or 12 ships for the year covered, was con sidered sufficient to represent a line engaged in foreign or intercoastal trade, a smaller number of ships being shown only when fewer than 12 ships were operated by the company during the year. The actual number of ships used was determined by the importance of the line and the quantity of cargo carried by the ships. The object was to cover approximately 30 to 50 per cent of the total cargo handled by the line, but in many instances the entire cargo carried by the line dur ing the year is given. This is true of the coastwise trade, of some inter coastal lines, and of several lines carrying individual commodities, such as raw sugar, bananas, etc. The form and the method used in presenting the statistical data are shown in Tables 1 to 7. Each table covers a representative shipping line, selected at random, in one of the ports covered by the survey. The same form is used to present the data for foreign and for intercoastal shipping. In the order given are shown the cargo tonnage expressed in long tons and in revenue tons; the number of gang-hours worked in handling the cargo; the output per gang per hour expressed in long tons and in revenue tons; the average number of men per gang; the output per man per hour also expressed in long tons and in revenue tons; and the average labor cost of handling a long ton and a revenue ton of cargo. The gang-hour productivity was determined by dividing the total cargo tonnage shown by the total number of gang-hours shown. The average number of men per gang was determined by dividing the total number of man-hours (not shown in the table) by the total num ber of gang-hours. The labor productivity per man-hour was derived by dividing the total cargo tonnage by the total number of manhours. The man-hour productivity can also be determined by divid ing the gang-hour output by the average number of men in the gang. The average labor cost of the cargo handled was determined by dividing the regular hourly rate of wages for longshore work by the number of tons handled per man per hour. This method is generally used to determine what is known as the “ straight-time-basis ” cost. This cost is considerably lower than the actual labor cost of handling the cargo, as it does not take into consideration the higher rate of wages received by some men in the gang, the higher penalty rates applied to some commodities, and especially the amount of overtime worked METHOD OF PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA 21 by the men in handling the cargo. Actual labor cost of cargo hand ling, however, can not be used as a criterion for the productivity of labor in handling the cargo. It is quite conceivable, for instance, that ships loaded or discharged during overtime hours should have a higher man-hour productivity than ships handled during straighttime hours. Nevertheless the actual labor cost for the first group will invariably prove higher than that for the second group, simply because the overtime rate of wages is much higher than the regular straight-time rate. The difference in the two rates is so large that the actual cost depends more on the amount of overtime involved than on the labor productivity in handling the cargo. The “ straighttime-basis” cost eliminates the effects of overtime work, except in so far as it directly influences the output of labor. In each table the total number of ships loaded or discharged, the total cargo handled, the average labor productivity, and the average labor cost for the entire cargo appear first. Whenever it was possible to segregate the total cargo and give the principal commodities and also to determine the labor time spent on each commodity, these are shown next. (See Tables 2, 3, and 6.) Following the data for total cargo are the figures for individual ships. Data for six ships of each line are shown in detail, the distribution of their cargoes by com modities and the labor productivity for the ship as a whole as well as for the individual commodities, if available, being given. The first two ships shown are those with the highest man-hour productivity for the line, the next two represent the lowest man-hour productivity, and the last two represent the average man-hour productivity. The data for these six ships are calculated to tell the whole story of the line. They give an idea of the nature of the commodities carried by the line, their quantities, and their distribution from ship to ship. They also give for the entire line the range within which the productivity of labor and the labor cost of cargo handling varied during the period covered. The data for the remaining ships are presented in the same form as those for the total cargo, to indicate the variation of labor productivity and labor cost from ship to ship.2 Table 1 covers a representative shipping line loading cargo in New York which is destined for Australia. The line is represented by 12 ships with a total cargo of 57,199 long tons or 106,057 revenue tons. The principal commodities and their tonnages were: Automobile and automobile parts, 13,130 long tons or 47,400 revenue tons; lubricating oil, in drums and barrels, 11,535 long tons or 17,300 revenue tons; refined oil, in cases, 6,573 long tons or 9,222 revenue tons; and agri cultural implements, 3,225 long tons or 6,450 revenue tons. The rest was mixed or general cargo. The average output per gang-hour for all 12 ships was 12.3 long tons or 22.8 revenue tons, and the average productivity per man-hour was 0.56 long ton or 1.05 revenue tons. The straight-time-basis labor cost was $1.52 per long ton or 81 cents per revenue ton. The labor productivity and the labor cost of loading the individual com modities are not shown because there was no way of segregating the labor time spent on these commodities. The data for the first two ships give the maximum productivity of labor, measured in terms of revenue tons loaded per man per hour, as * In the general tables in the second part of the bulletin the data for “ other ships ” are omitted in most cases, because of lack of space. 22 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO 1.39 revenue tons per man-hour for the first ship and 1.35 revenue tons per man-hour for the second ship. The figures for the next two ships show the minimum man-hour productivity, which is 0.84 revenue ton for the third ship and 0.90 revenue ton for the fourth ship. The data for the last two ships represent the average productivity per manhour, which are 1.05 revenue tons for the fifth ship and 1.12 revenue tons for the sixth ship. (The man-hour productivity of the remaining six ships varied between 0.94 and 1.19 revenue tons.) The distribu tion of the ships’ cargoes by commodities is given in the table, thus indicating the principal commodities of the line. The figures shown emphasize clearly the differences in the tonnages of the cargo when measured in long tons and in revenue tons, which is a character istic feature of most ships loaded in the port of New York. T able 1.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading cargo in New York for foreign trade: Australia {Principal commodities: Automobiles and automobile parts, 13,130 long tons or 47,400 revenue tons; lubri cating oil, 11,535 long tons or 17,300 revenue tons; case oil, 6,573 long tons or 9,222 revenue tons; and agricultural implements, 3,225 long tons or 6,450 revenue tons] Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per Aver Output per Average la gang-hour man-hour borcost per— age num Gangber of hours Rev men Long Rev Long Rev Long enue per enue tons enue tons tons gang tons ton ton 1928 L ine N o. 59 Total, 12 ships__________________ 57,199 106,057 4,658.0 12.3 22.8 21.8 0.56 1.05 $1.52' $0.81 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (February): Automobiles and parts______ Lubricating oil________ _____ Agricultural implements_____ General cargo_______________ 850 515 840 365 3,700 773 1,280 456 Total_____________________ 2,570 6,209 No. 2 (March): Automobiles and parts_______ 500 Lubricating oil______________ 785 441 General cargo_______________ Case oil____________________ 1,200 Total_______ _____________ 2,926 200.5 12.8 3,000 1,178 1 179.0 578 1,700 38.0 217.0 13.5 6,456 31.0 22.3 0.57 9.6 26.6 22.0 .44 1.21 1.93 .70 31.6 44.7 22.0 1.44 2.03 .59 .42 29.8 22.0 .61 1.35 1.39 .63 0.84 $1.93 $1.01 1.39 $1.49 $0.61 Ships with minimum efficiency No. 3 (May): Automobiles and parts_______ 1,050 Lubricating oil______________ 1,400 Agricultural implements_____ 535 General cargo_______________ 1,632 3,500 2,100 1,070 2,222 T o ta l...__________________ 4,617 8,892 479.0 9.6 18.6 22.0 0.44 No. 4 (December): Automobiles and parts.—....... 600 Lubricating oil......................... 800 Agricultural implements......... 400 Steel.......................................... 825 Asphalt________________ ____ 725 General cargo_______________ 1,670 Case oil_______________ _____ 1,140 2,000 1,200 800 825 725 1,890 1,600 415.0 12.1 17.9 22.0 .55 .81 43.0 26.5 37.2 22.0 1.21 1.69 .70 .50 9,040 458.0 13.4 19.7 22.0 .61 .90 1.39 .94 Total______________ _____ 6,160 1.55 1.05 23 METHOD OP PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA T able 1.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading cargo in New York for foreign trade: Australia—Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per Aver Output per Average la man-hour bor cost per— gang-hour age num Gangber of hours Long Rev men Long Rev Long Rev per enue enue tons enue tons gang tons tons ton ton Ships with average efficiency 1928 L ine N o. 59—Continued No. 5 (October): Automobiles and parts_______ 1,350 Lubricating oil______________ 350 300 Agricultural implements_____ 500 Pipe_______________ ________ 220 Paper______________________ General cargo_______________ 1,018 5,000 525 600 500 220 1,438 Total...................................... 3,738 8,283 No. 6 (July): 730 Automobiles________________ Lubricating oil______________ 1,470 900 Paper______________________ General cargo_______________ 1,945 4,500 2,205 900 2,605 Total...................................... 5,045 10,210 357.0 10.5 23.2 22.0 0.48 413.0 12.2 24.7 22.0 .55 1.05 $1.77 1.12 1.55 $0.81 .76 Table 2 gives data for a representative line discharging cargo in Boston which originated in South America. This line is represented by 24 ships, with a total cargo of 49,612 long or revenue tons, the long ton in this case serving as a revenue ton. The principal commodi ties were hides (dry and wet), coffee, wool, and quebracho. For this line it was possible to segregate the labor time spent in discharging individual commodities, ana their tonnages and the productivity of labor are shown immediately after the total cargo of the 24 ships. The average gang-hour productivity for the entire cargo was 21.9 long tons. Coffee, with 31.1 long tons discharged per gang-hour, showed the highest gang-hour productivity, and dry hides, with only 6.7 long tons, showed the lowest gang-hour productivity. The manhour productivity for the entire cargo was 0.92 long ton. Wool showed the highest man-hour productivity, with 1.47 long tons, and dry hides the lowest productivity, with 0.33 long ton discharged per man per hour. The straight-time-basis labor cost for the entire cargo was 92 cents per long ton, with a minimum cost of 58 cents per ton of wool discharged ana a maximum cost of $2.58 per ton of dry hides. The data for the first two ships show the maximum man-hour produc tivity of 1.27 long tons for the first ship and 1.25 long tons for the second ship. The minimum man-hour productivity in the third and fourth ships was 0.72 and 0.75 long ton, respectively; and the average man-hour productivity shown for the fifth and for the sixth ships was 0.92 and 0.93 long ton, respectively. 24 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 2.—Productivity of labor and labor cost in discharging cargo in Boston in foreign trade: South America Output per gang-hour Aver age num Gangber of hours Long Revenue Long Revenue men per tons tons tons tons gang Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Output per Average la bor cost man-hour per— Reve Long Reve nue Long tons tons ton nue ton 1928 L ine N o. 11 Total, 24 ships.......................... 49,612 49,612 2,262.8 Hides, wet.......................... 15,651 1720,005 633 1104,290 Hides, dry...................... . 14,438 2244,747 Coffee...........................— 4,758 Wool................................... 4,758 Quebracho......................... 1,976 1,976 General cargo..................— 12,156 12,156 902.3 94.2 464.1 163.1 84.7 554.4 21.9 23.8 0.92 17.4 1798.0 6.7 il, 107.0 31.1 2 527.0 29.2 29.2 23.3 23.3 21.9 21.9 25.0 20.6 27.1 19.8 21.6 20.9 .70 .70 .33 .33 1.15 219.3 1.47 1.47 1.08 1.08 1.05 1.05 21.9 0.92 $0.92 $0.92 1.21 1.21 2.58 2.58 .74 3 4.43 .58 .58 .79 .79 .81 .81 Ships w ith m axim u m efficiency No. 1 (December): Coffee................................. Wool................................... Quebracho......................... Casein............................. . General cargo..................... T ota l--......................... No. 2 (June): Coffee............................ . Hides, w e t .................... . Canned goods.................... Wool................................... Skins and pelts............— Total............................... 21.5 21.8 9.3 8.0 29.9 32.2 27.8 22.5 ? 507.7 32.2 27.8 22.5 27.9 19.5 22.5 20.6 1.07 218.2 $0.79 3$4.67 1.65 1.65 .52 .52 1.24 1.24 .69 .69 1.09 1.09 .78 .78 1,781 60.6 29.4 29.4 23.1 1.27 679 211,475 159 14,850 137 <11,000 155 *350 20 20 20.0 5.3 7.3 4.3 1.0 33.9 2 573.8 30.0 1915.1 18.8 <1,506.9 *81.4 36.0 20.3 20.3 27.6 24.0 19.0 18.5 27.0 1.23 220.8 1.26 1.26 1.00 1.00 1.95 1.95 .75 .75 37.9 30.3 24.3 1.25 642 2 10,917 702 702 257 257 123 123 } 57 57 1,781 1,150 1,150 30.3 1.27 1.25 .67 .67 .69 34.09 .67 .67 .85 .85 .44 .44 1.13 1.13 .68 .68 Ships w ith m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (March): Coffee _________________ W o o l__________________ Quebracho______________ Hides, wet______________ General cargo___________ 878 105 150 777 49 878 106 150 777 49 Total............................. . 1,960 1,960 No. 4 (October): Coffee.............................. . Hides, wet.......................... Bones.............................. . Hides, dry.......................... General cargo..................... Total............................... 105.8 18.0 340 25,750 13.0 450 123,478 28.5 92 92 11.0 20 20 205 205 } 11.5 1,107 1,107 64.0 18.0 25.9 0.72 0.72 $1.18 $1.18 26.1 2442.3 27.0 15.8 1823.8 24.0 8.4 8.4 19.0 19.6 19.6 20.9 .97 17.3 .75 17.3 23.0 216.4 .88 35.18 .66 .66 1.29 1.29 .44 .44 1.93 1.93 .94 : .94 .90 .90 .75 1.13 1.13 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Coffee................................. Hides, dry.......................... Hides, wet...................... Skins, pickled.................... Bones.................................. Quebracho...................... — Wool................................General cargo..................... Total..................... ......... i Pieces. *Bags. 605 210,250 21.3 2.3 27 14,400 334 118,817 20.5 6397 294 6.0 185 185 18.0 92 92 84 84 | 14.0 101 101 1,723 1,723 82.1 3Per 100bags. 28.4 2481.2 27.0 1.05 217.9 $0.81 3$4.75 12.0 11,955.6 19.0 .63 .63 1.35 1.35 16.3 1917.9 25.9 .63 .63 1.35 1.35 49.1 666.2 18.8 2.60 2.60 .33 .33 10.3 10.3 19.0 .54 .54 1.57 1.57 19.8 19.8 18.7 1.06 1.06 .80 .80 21.0 *Cases. 21.0 22.7 .92 *Bales. .92 .92 6Casks. .92 25 METHOD OF PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA T a b l e 2 .— Productivity of labor and labor cost in discharging cargo in Boston in foreign trade: South America— Continued Output per gang-hour Aver age num Gangber of hours Long Revenue men Long Revenue per tons tons tons tons gang Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity la Output per Average bor cost man-hour per— Reve Long Reve nue Long tons tons ton nue ton Ships with average efficiency—Continued 1928 L in e No. 11—Continued No. 6 (March): Coffee.......... ....................... Hides, wet.......................... Other cargo........................ Total............................... 404 26,850 1,254 l 58,513 1,491 1,491 3,149 3,149 13.0 83.0 51.0 31.1 15.1 29.2 a 526.9 »704.9 29.2 26.1 24.7 19.3 147.0 21.4 21.4 22.9 1.19 220.2 $0.71 3$4.21 .61 .61 1.39 1.39 1.52 1.52 .56 .56 .93 .93 .91 .91 0.86 $0.99 1.19 .71 .84 1.01 1.04 .82 1.02 .83 .82 1.03 .86 .99 .86 .99 .80 1.06 .94 .90 .83 1.02 1.08 .79 1.11 .77 .97 .88 1.24 .69 .78 1.09 1.04 .82 .85 1.00 $0.99 .71 1.01 .82 .83 1.03 .99 .99 1.06 .94 1.02 .79 .77 .88 .69 1.09 .82 1.00 Other ships No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 7 (January).................... 8 (January)..................... 9 (February).................. 10 (February)___ _____ 11 (April)....................... 12 (M ay)....................... 13 (M ay).......................14 (June).............. .......... 15 (M ay).............. ......... 16 (June)........................ 17 (July)......................... 18 (July)......................... 19 (August).......... .......... 20 (August).................... 21 (September).............. 22 (October)................... 23 (November).............. 24 (December)................ i Pieces. 1,912 2,417 1,682 1,819 4,227 3,398 3,931 2,372 2,000 2,282 1,980 1,315 1,929 2,200 1,558 1,401 1,011 1,308 1,912 2,417 1,682 1,819 4,227 3,398 3,931 2,372 2,000 2,282 1,980 1,315 1,929 2,200 1,558 1,401 1,011 1,308 98.8 86.6 87.8 73.1 175.9 177.6 187.8 118.2 101.7 106.9 100.2 51.8 72.8 103.6 53.3 68.4 41.1 61.3 2 Bags. 19.4 27.9 19.2 24.9 24.0 19.1 20.9 20.1 19.7 21.4 19.8 25.4 27.4 21.2 29.2 20.5 24.6 21.3 19.4 27.9 19.2 24.9 24.0 19.1 20.9 20.1 19.7 21.4 19.8 25.4 27.4 21.2 29.2 20.5 24.6 21.3 22.5 23.4 22.9 24.0 23.5 23.4 24.5 23.3 24.7 23.7 23.9 23.4 23.9 21.9 23.6 26.2 23.6 25.1 0.86 1.19 .84 1.04 1.02 .82 .86 .88 .80 .90 .83 1.08 1.11 .97 1.24 .78 1.04 .85 3 Per 100 bags. Table 3 shows data for a line loading cargo in Mobile destined for South America and the Orient. The 12 ships chosen to represent the line carried 40,855 long or revenue tons. It being possible to segre gate the labor time spent in loading the principal commodities of this line, these commodities, viz., lumber, shooks, agricultural implements, iron and steel, zinc slabs, rosin, and lubricating oil, and the labor productivity and labor cost therefor are shown immediately after the data for total cargo of the 12 ships of the iine. The gang-hour output for the entire cargo was 13.5 long tons, while that for individual com modities ranged from 11.1 long tons in loading lumber to 23.1 long tons in loading rosin. The man-hour productivity for the entire cargo was 0.77 long ton, and that for individual commodities ranged from 0.63 long ton of agricultural implements to 1.43 long tons of rosin. The labor cost for the entire cargo was 78 cents per long ton, with a minimum cost of 42 cents per ton of rosin, and a maximum of 95 cents per ton of agricultural implements. The maximum manhour productivity, shown in the data for the first two ships, was 0.85 and 0.84 long ton, respectively; the minimum man-hour productivity, shown for the next two ships, were 0.65 and 0.69 long ton, respectively; and the average man-hour productivity, shown for the last two ships given in detail, were 0.77 and 0.75 long ton, respectively. 66490° —32----- 3 26 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 3*— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading cargo in Mobile for foreign trade: South America and Orient Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue gang tons tons1 tons tons* ton to n1 1927 L ine No. 7 Total, 12 ships................................. 40,855 Lumber.................................... Shooks............ .......................... Agricultural implements......... Iron and steel.......... ................ Zinc slabs-------------- ------------Rosin......... ............................... Oil_________________________ General cargo........................... 15,115 10,581 5.030 2,651 1,290 1,271 1,001 3,916 40,855 3,028.3 13.5 13.5 17.6 0.77 0.77 $0.78 8,781 1,361.5 10,581 616.5 5,030 434.0 2,651 183.3 1,290 58.0 1,271 55.0 53.0 1,001 267.0 3,916 11.1 17.2 11.6 14.5 22.2 23.1 18.9 14.7 6.4 17.2 11.6 14.5 22.2 23.1 18.9 14.7 16.0 19.6 18.4 19.5 17.0 16.1 19.1 18.6 .69 .87 .63 .74 1.31 1.43 .99 .79 .40 .87 .63 .74 1.31 1.43 .99 .79 $0.78 .87 .69 .95 .81 .46 .42 .61 .76 1.50 .69 .95 .81 .46 .42 .61 .76 0.87 $0.69 1.33 .45 .90 .67 .87 .69 .57 1.05 .46 •.72 .54 1.11 $0.69 .45 .67 .87 .57 1.30 1.11 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (June): 741 Shooks_____________________ 277 Rosin___________ __________ 153 Agricultural implements Hoop steel. ________ _________ 136 Sheet steel..________________ 116 Lumber____________________ 2,042 131 General cargo.____ ___ ______ 741 277 153 136 116 1,130 131 44.5 13.0 11.0 10.5 5.5 153.5 14.0 16.7 21.3 13.9 13.0 21.1 13.3 9.4 16.7 21.3 13.9 13.0 21.1 7.4 9.4 19.2 16.0 15.5 18.9 20.0 16.0 17.3 0.87 1.33 .90 .69 1.05 .83 .54 Total___________________ _ 3,596 3,596 252.0 14.3 14.3 16.8 .85 .85 .71 .71 No. 2 (November): Shooks___________________ _ 1,170 400 Zinc slabs...______ _________ Iron and steel_______________ 175 Lumber____________________ 2,504 333 General cargo_______________ 1,170 400 175 1,473 333 50.0 19.5 10.5 218.5 20.0 23.4 20.5 16.7 11.5 16.7 23.4 20.5 16.7 6.7 16.7 20.0 16.5 20.1 16.1 19.8 1.17 1.24 .83 .71 .84 1.17 1.24 .83 .42 .84 .51 .48 .72 .85 .71 .51 .48 .72 1.43 .71 4,582 4,582 318.5 14.4 14.4 17.1 .84 .84 .71 .71 0.60 $1.00 .79 .76 .97 .62 .86 .70 .36 .95 .63 .95 $1.00 .79 .97 .70 1.67 .95 Total..................................... Ships with minimum efficiency No. 3 (February): 528 Iron and steel_______________ 604 Shooks________________ ____ Agricultural implements_____ 340 130 Drum oil___________________ Lumber____________________ 1,336 General cargo_______________ 285 528 604 340 130 765 285 46.5 45.5 31.5 9.5 133.0 25.5 11.4 13.3 10.8 13.7 10.0 11.2 11.4 13.3 10.8 13.7 5.8 11.2 18.8 17.6 17.5 16.0 16.0 17.9 0.60 .76 .62 .86 .63 .63 Total_____________________ 3,223 3,223 291.5 11.1 11.1 17.0 .65 .65 .92 .92 982 226 188 143 614 406 982 226 188 143 350 406 60.5 24.0 8.5 13.5 66.5 26.0 16.2 9.4 22.1 10.6 9.2 15.6 16.2 9.4 22.1 10.6 5.3 15.6 20.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 16.0 18.6 .81 .47 1.05 .50 .58 .84 .81 .47 1.05 .50 .33 .84 .74 1.28 .57 1.20 1.03 .71 .74 1.28 .57 1.20 1.82 .71 Total..................................... 2,559 2,559 199.0 12.9 12.9 18.6 .69 .69 .87 .87 No. 4 (February): Shooks....... ...... ................ ........ Agricultural implements_____ Oil_________ ________ ____ — Sanitary fixtures____________ Lumber____________________ General cargo_______________ i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 27 METHOD OP PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA T able 3.— Productivity of labor and labor cost in loading cargo in Mobile for foreign trade: South America and Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons1 tons tons1 ton tnue on1 Ships with average efficiency 1927 L in e N o. 7—Continued No. 5 (March): Shooks....................................... 1,059 Agricultural implements_____ 486 Drum oil....................... .......... 179 Iron and steel_______________ 160 Sheet steel................................ 165 Rosin........................................ 239 Lumber................................... 229 General cargo........................... 172 1,059 486 179 150 165 239 142 172 70.5 33.5 8.5 11.3 10.5 10.0 24.0 14.5 15.0 14.5 21.1 13.3 15.7 23.9 9.5 11.9 15.0 14.5 21.1 13.3 15.7 23.9 5.9 11.9 20.3 19.5 20.0 19.7 19.3 16.4 16.0 17.7 0.75 .74 1.05 .67 .81 1.46 .60 .67 0.75 $0.80 .74 .81 .57 1.05 .67 .90 .81 .74 .41 1.46 .37 1.00 .67 .90 $0.80 .81 .57 .90 .74 .41 1.62 .90 Total..................................... 2,679 2,679 182.8 14.6 14.6 18.9 .77 .77 .78 .78 No. 6 (July): Agricultural implements_____ 1,119 Shooks....................................... 879 Rosin........................ ............... 404 Iron and steel........................... 148 Oil............................................. 126 Sheet steel................................ 104 Tobacco.................................... 193 Lumber............................ ........ 723 General cargo........................... 117 1,119 879 404 148 126 104 193 429 117 101.5 49.5 18.0 8.0 5.5 6.0 10.5 67.5 12.0 11.0 17.8 22.4 18.5 22.9 17.3 18.4 10.7 9.8 11.0 17.8 22.4 18.5 22.9 17.3 18.4 6.4 9.8 18.7 19.8 16.0 19.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 20.1 .59 .90 1.40 .97 1.15 .87 .92 .67 .49 .59 .90 1.40 .97 1.15 .87 .92 .40 .49 i.02 .67 .43 .62 .52 .69 .65 .90 1.22 1.02 .67 .43 .62 .52 .69 .65 1.50 1.22 Total...................................... 3,813 3,813 278.5 13.7 13.7 18.2 .75 .75 .80 .80 1Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. Table 4 presents data for a line loading cargo in Los Angeles des tined for the Orient. The line is represented by 15 ships, with a total of 10,231 long tons or 12,981 revenue tons. The principal commodities were old newspapers, cotton, and soda ash, but it was not possible to secure the labor time spent on loading these com modities. The average output per gang per hoar was 19.2 long tons or 24.4 revenue tons. The man-hour output was 1.01 long tons or 1.29 revenue tons, and the average labor cost for the en tire cargo was 89 cents per long ton and 70 cents per revenue ton. The maximum man-hour output, shown in the data for the first two ships, were 1.98 and 1.54 revenue tons, respectively; the mini mum man-hour output, shown for the next two ships, were 0.99 and 1 revenue ton, respectively; and the average man-hour output, shown for the last two ships given in detail, were 1.28 and 1.33 revenue tons, respectively. The productivity of the remaining ships ranged from 1.03 to 1.39 revenue tons per man-hour. 28 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 4*— Labor productivity and labor cost in loading cargo in Los Angeles for foreign trade: Orient - [Principal commodities: Old newspapers (6,314 long tons or 7,072 revenue tons), cotton, and soda ash] Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Total, 15 ships................................ 10,231 12,981 la Output per Aver Output per Average bor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Rev per Long Rev Long Rev enue tons enue gang tons enue ton tons tons ton 1926 L ine No. 15 531.9 19.2 24.4 19.0 1.01 1.29 $0.89 $0.70 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Cotton............... Copper.............. General cargo... Total _ No. 2 (April): Old newspapers.. Soda ash_______ Total- 425 212 109 1,071 237 163 746 1,471 453 136 507 152 589 659 39.2 19.0 37.6 19.0 1.00 1 98 $0.90 22.5 26.2 29.3 19.0 1.38 1.54 $0.45 .65 .58 0.99 $1.11 $0.91 Ships with minimum efficiency No. 3 (April): Old newspapers.. General cargo___ Total _ No. 4 (August): Old newspapers.. General cargo___ Total _ 454 154 509 228 608 737 341 54 382 61 395 443 39.4 15.4 18.8 19.0 0.81 23.3 16.9 19.0 19.0 .89 1.00 1.01 .90 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November): Old newspapers.. Cotton................ Soda ash............ General cargo___ TotalNo. 6 (December): Old newspapers.. C otton............... Soda ash............ . General cargo___ Total _ 402 93 140 281 450 235 157 330 916 1,172 405 60 180 44 454 116 202 66 689 838 48.3 19.0 24.3 19.0 1.00 1.28 $0.90 $0.70 33.1 20.7 25.3 19.0 1.09 1.33 .83 .68 1.00 .85 1.02 1.10 1.12 .87 1.22 .97 1.00 1.16 $0.90 $0.78 .78 1.16 1.06 .88 .66 1.37 .82 1.39 .65 .80 .71 1.26 .87 1.03 1.03 .74 .66 1.36 •93 .77 1.17 .90 .76 1.19 Other ships No. No. No. No. No. 7 (February)__ 8 (March)-------9 (March)......... 10 (April).......... 11 (June)--....... No. 12 (July)---------No. 13 (July)______ No. 14 (August)____ No. 15 (September). 960 629 519 1,433 860 533 415 535 404 1,121 859 695 1,809 964 631 464 641 477 50.7 39.1 26.7 68.6 40.8 32.1 18.0 28.9 21.2 19.0 16.2 19.4 21.1 21.3 16.5 23.2 18.4 19.0 22.0 22.0 26.0 26.4 23.9 19.6 25.8 22.2 22.6 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 29 METHOD OF PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA Table 5 gives data for an intercoastal line discharging cargo in New Orleans. The line is represented by 22 ships, with a total cargo of 58,629 long tons or 65,673 short tons. The short ton is the reve nue ton in intercoastal trade. The major commodities were canned goods (19,665 short tons), lumber (5,890 short tons), refined sugar (5,052 short tons), flour (3,153 short tons), and beans (2,464 short tons). The average gang-hour output for the entire cargo was 19.7 long tons or 22.1 short tons; the average man-hour output was 0.73 long ton or 0.82 short ton; and the average labor cost was 89 cents per long ton or 79 cents per short ton. The maximum productivity, shown m the data for the first two ships, was 1 and 1.10 short tons respectively per man-hour; the minimum productivity was 0.65 and 0.60 short ton per man-hour; and the average productivity was 0.83 and 0.82 short ton, respectively, per man per hour for the last two ships given in detail. The productivity of the other ships varied from 0.70 to 1.00 short tons per man-hour. T able 5. —Labor productivity and labor cost in discharging cargo in New Orleans in intercoastal trade [Principal commodities: Canned goods, 19,665 short tons; lumber, 5,890 short tons; refined sugar, 5,052 short tons; flour, 3,153 short tons; beans, 2,464 short tons] Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons* Output per Aver Output per Average la gang-hour man-hour bor cost per— age num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue nue tons tons* gang tons tons* ton ton* 1927 Line N o. 19 Total, 22 ships............................ 58,629 65,673 2,977.3 19.7 22.1 27.0 0.73 0.82 $0.89 $0.79 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (November): Lum ber___ ____________ 995 Canned goods_____________ 310 Flour...... ............................. 100 General cargo_____________ 3,419 1,114 347 112 3,830 Total_________ _________ 4,824 5,403 No. 2 (July): Sugar, refined....... ................ 1,804 Lumber.............................. 331 Canned goods....... ............... 760 General cargo____ _________ 634 2,020 371 851 710 Total.................................. 3,529 3,952 200.4 24.0 27.0 27.0 0.89 132.8 26.5 29.7 27.0 .98 1.00 $0.73 1.10 $0.65 .66 .59 0.65 $1.12 $1.00 Ships with minimum efficiency No. 3 (February): Canned goods...................... . 734 Flour..................................... 400 Beans.................................... 325 General cargo........................ 1,031 822 448 364 1,155 Total.................................. 2,490 2,789 No. 4 (March): Lumber....................... ......... Canned goods_____________ Beans............... .................... Flour........................... ......... General cargo.................. . 884 690 275 210 182 990 773 308 235 204 Total.................................. 2,241 2,510 1Short tons. 157.9 15.7 11.6 27.0 0.58 14.3 16.2 27.0 .53 * 156.2 .60 1.23 1.08 30 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 5.—Labor productivity and labor cost in discharging cargo in New Orleans in intercoastal trade— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons* Output per Aver Output per Average la man-hour bor cost per— gang-hour age num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue nue tons tons1 gang tons tons i ton ton* Ships with average efficiency 1927 L ine N o. 19—Continued No. 5 (April): CJanned goods, Flour_____ ____ - .............. Beans., _ General cargo_____________ 1,050 200 160 394 1,176 224 179 441 Total................................. - 1,804 2,020 No. 6 (May): Lumber__________________ Canned goods____________ Flour_____________________ General cargo_____________ 216 850 280 356 242 952 314 404 Total................................... 1,702 1,912 90.3 20.0 22.4 27.0 0.74 86.6 19.7 22.1 27.0 .73 0.83 $0.88 .82 $0.78 .89 .79 0.77 $0.94 .99 .73 .70 1.03 .77 .94 .85 .86 1.00 .72 .80 .90 .76 .96 .71 1.02 .82 .88 .80 .92 .91 .80 .79 .93 .70 1.05 .84 .87 .71 1.03 $0.84 .66 .93 .84 .76 .65 .81 .86 .92 .74 .81 .71 .82 .93 .77 .92 Other ships No. 7 (January)......................... . No. 8 (January)....................... . No. 9 (March)..................... ........ No. 10 (April)............................. No. 11 (M ay)................... ........... No. 12 (June).................... ......... No. 13 (June)................ .............. No. 14 (July)............................... No. 15 (August)........................ No. 16 (August)........................... No. 17 (September)...... .............. No. 18 (September)----------------No. 19 (October)................. ........ No. 20 (October)...................... No. 21 (December)....... .............. No. 22 (December)____________ 2,882 3,420 2,695 1,334 1,424 3, 531 2,203 1,467 1, 079 2,562 1,875 3,450 3,191 3, 370 3,856 3,700 3,228 3,830 3,019 1,494 1,595 3,955 2,468 1,644 1,209 2,869 2,100 3,864 3,574 3, 775 4,319 4,144 155.0 18.6 143.0 24.0 159.6 17.0 71. 5 18.6 69.7 20.5 146.0 24.3 114.1 19.4 80.3 18.4 62.6 17.3 120.1 21.3 97.3 19.2 157. 8 21.9 167.9 18.9 200.3 16.7 191.1 20.3 216.8 17.0 20.8 26.7 18.9 20.8 23.0 27.0 21.6 20.5 19.2 23.8 21.6 24.6 21.3 18.9 22.7 19.2 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 0.69 .89 .63 .69 .76 .90 .72 .68 .64 .79 .71 .81 .70 .62 .75 .63 i Short tons. Table 6 presents data for an intercoastal line discharging cargo in Seattle. The line is represented by 22 ships, with a cargo of 19,396 long tons or 21,723 short tons. Data for the principal commodities (tin plate and steel), and the productivity and the labor cost of loading these commodities are shown immediately after the total cargo. The average gang-hour productivity for the entire cargo was 21.9 long tons or 24.5 short tons. Of the commodities, tin plate with 36.8 short tons per gang-hour showed the highest average productivity, and general cargo with 14.6 short tons per gang per hour showed the lowest average productivity. The man-hour output for the entire cargo was 1.32 long tons or 1.48 short tons; the highest average man-hour output was 2.16 short tons for tin plate and the lowest was 0.77 short ton for general cargo. The average labor cost for the entire cargo wate 68 cents per long ton and 61 cents per short ton, with 42 cents per short ton of tin plate and $1.17 per short ton of general cargo. The data for the first two ships show a maximum productivity of 2.67 and 2.34 short tons, respectively, per man per 31 METHOD OF PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA hour; those for the next two ships give the minimum productivity of 0.86 and 0.95 short ton, respectively, per man per hour; and those for the last two ships shown in detail give the average productivity of 1.48 and 1.42 short tons, respectively, per man per hour. T able 6.— Labor 'productivity and labor cost in discharging cargo in Seattle in intercoastal trade Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons i Total, 22 ships............................. 19,396 21,723 Output per Aver Output per Average labor gang-hour man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Long Reve men Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue nue tons tons i gang tons tons 1 ton ton i 1926 L in e No. 6 Tin p la te ............................. 8,833 Steel....................................... 6,088 General cargo........................ 4,475 9,894 6,818 5,011 887.5 21.9 24.5 16.5 1.32 1.48 $0.68 $0.61 269.0 276.0 342.5 32.8 22.1 13.1 36.8 24.7 14.6 17.0 13.0 19.0 1.93 1.69 .69 2.16 1.90 .77 .47 .53 1.30 .42 .47 1.17 2.67 $0.38 2.70 .37 $0.34 .33 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (February): Tin plate............................... 1,113 Pipe....................................... 250 1,246 281 27.5 8.0 T o ta l-............................... 1,363 1,527 616 No. 2 (March): Tin plate........... 550 40.4 31.3 45.3 35.1 35.5 38.4 43.0 16.1 2.38 2.67 .38 .34 15.5 35.5 39.7 17.0 2.09 2.34 .43 .38 2.52 $0.40 .42 2.43 $0.36 2.14 17.0 13.0 2.38 2.41 Ships with minimum efficiency No. 3 (May): Steel............... General cargo. . 263 133 295 148 9.0 17.5 29.3 7.6 32.8 8.5 13.0 20.0 2.25 .37 Total- . 396 443 26.5 14.9 16.7 17.6 .85 .95 1.06 .95 No. 4 (December): Steel_________ General cargo.. 267 174 299 195 13.5 20.0 19.7 8.7 22.1 9.8 13.0 20.0 1.52 .44 1.70 .49 .59 2.05 .53 1.84 Total _ 441 494 33.5 13.2 14.7 17.2 .77 .86 1.17 1.05 $0.39 1.34 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Steel.......... General cargo. 341 96 382 108 13.0 8.5 26.2 11.3 29.4 12.7 13.0 21.0 2.02 .60 2.26 $0.40 .67 1.50 Total. 437 490 21.5 20.3 22.8 15.4 1.32 1.48 .68 .61 General cargo. 372 203 157 417 227 176 11.0 9.0 14.5 33.8 22.5 10.8 37.9 25.2 12.1 17.0 13.0 19.0 1.99 1.73 .57 2.23 1.94 .64 .45 .52 1.58 .40 .46 1.41 T o ta l......... 732 820 34.5 21.2 23.8 16.8 1.26 1.42 .71 .63 No. 6 (September): Tin plate______ i Short tons. 32 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO Table 6.— Labor productivity and labor cost in discharging cargo in Seattle in intercoastal trade—Continued Output per Aver Output per Averagelabor gang-hour age man-hour cost per— num Ship number, date of operation, Gangber of and commodity hours Reve men Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve Long nue nue per tons nue ton nue tons tons tons tons 1 1 gang tons 1 ton » Cargo tonnage 1926 Line No. 6—Continued No. 7 (January)..................... No. 8 (February).................. No. 9 (March)...................... No. 10 (April)....................... No. 11 (April)....................... No. 12 (April)....................... No. 13 (May)....................... No. 14 (July)....................... No. 15 (July)........................ No. 16 (July)....................... . No. 17 (August).......... ......... No. 18 (August)................... . No. 19 (September)................ No. 20 (October).................... No. 21 (November)............... No. 22 (December)................. Other ships 375 420 783 877 723 809 2,690 3,012 1,127 1,262 762 853 998 1,118 613 687 1,352 1,514 1,796 2,012 822 921 637 714 605 677 1,064 1,192 400 448 730 817 13.0 47.5 37.0 95.0 59.0 42.0 42.5 27.5 56.0 76.5 44.5 22.0 40.0 55.0 24.0 39.0 28.8 16.5 19.5 28.3 19.1 18.1 23.5 22.3 24.1 23.5 18.5 29.0 15.1 19.3 16.7 18.7 32.3 18.5 21.9 31.7 21.4 20.3 26.3 25.0 27.0 26.3 20.7 32.5 16.9 21.7 18.7 20.9 14.1 14.8 16.8 16.8 16.4 16.9 16.9 18.1 16.9 16.1 15.8 17.0 16.7 16.5 16.3 17.0 2.05 1.11 1.16 1.68 1.16 1.07 1.39 1.23 1.43 1.45 1.17 1.70 .91 1.17 1.03 1.10 2.30 $0.44 1.24 .81 1.30 .78 1.89 .54 1.30 .78 1.20 .84 1.55 .65 1.38 .73 1.60 .63 1.63 .62 1.31 .77 1.91 .53 1.01 .99 1.32 .77 1.15 .87 1.23 .82 $0.39 .73 .69 .48 .69 .75 .58 .65 .56 .55 .69 .47 .89 .68 .78 .73 i Short tons. Table 7 shows data for a coastwise line loading cargo in San Fran cisco. The form used for coastwise trade is different from the form used for foreign and intercoasta] shipping. The cargo is expressed in short tons only, which are the revenue tons in coastwise trade. As the longshoremen are not arranged in regular gangs, instead of ganghours the total number of man-hours is shown m the table. The ships carry comparatively small quantities of cargo, but they make frequent voyages between ports. The entire cargo of the line is there fore shown by weeks rather than by ships as the unit of presentation. The total number of ships and the total cargo is shown first. Then follow the two weeks of the year during which the ships loaded or dis charged showed the maximum productivity per man per hour; next are shown the two weeks with the minimum productivity per man per hour, and following these the two weeks with the average productivity per man per hour. The data for these 6 weeks are given in detail for the individual ships handled, showing their cargo tonnage and their man-hour productivity. For the remaining weeks only the weekly tonnages and the weekly productivity are given. In 1926 the line for which data is shown in Table 7 loaded in the port of San Francisco 243 ships, with a total cargo of 193,025 short tons. The average output per man per hour for the whole line was 1.13 short tons. The average straight-time-basis labor cost was 80 cents per short ton. The maximum man-hour output, shown in the first two weeks, was 1.32 and 1.24 short tons, respectively; the mini mum man-hour output, in the next two weeks, was 0.97 short ton for both weeks; and the average man-hour output, in the last two weeks given in detail, was 1.13 short tons also for both weeks. The produc tivity of labor during the remaining weeks varied from 1.01 to 1.22 short tons loaded per man-hour. 33 METHOD OF PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA T able 7.— Labor productivity and labor cost in loading cargo in San Francisco for coastwise trade Week ending- Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons i) Manhours Out La put bor per cost manper hour (reve reve nue nue tons*) ton* Week ending- 1926 1926 L in e N o . 26 Lin e N o . 26— Con. Total, 243 ships.. 193,025 170, 645.8 1.13 $0.80 Oct. 2 1 ,4 ship©----- Weeks with maximum efficiency Total.. Dec. 22, 5 ships... 425.0 851.5 627.0 259.0 563.0 1.44 1.28 1.39 1.71 1.04 2, 725.5 1.32 332 334 543 1,223 482 254.0 244.4 495.5 964.5 355.5 343.0 1.31 1.37 1.11 .66 3,296 2, 657.0 1.24 .73 610 .,086 870 443 587 Total....... Dec. 14, 6 ships. Total- $0.63 .70 .65 .53 .87 1.10 1.27 1.36 .71 .81 Weeks with minimum efficiency Dee. 7, 4 ships----- 616 449 972 576 713.0 377.5 1, 025.5 Total....... 2,613 2, 687.5 Feb. 28, 2 ships. 671 661 621.5 748.0 1,332 1, 369.5 Total....... 571.5 0.86 1.19 .95 $1.05 .76 .95 1.01 .89 .97 .93 1.02 .97 .93 Weeks with average effi ciency Oct. 7, 5 ships__ 1.05 1.06 1.18 1.18 1.18 $0.86 458 1,255 582.5 1. 025.5 1. 030.5 386.5 1. 067.5 4,622 4, 092.5 1.13 .80 609 1,089 1,211 Total. .85 .76 .76 .76 Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons 0 Manhours Out La put bor per man- cost per hour reve (reve nue nue ton* tons Weeks with average effi ciency—Continued 1,020 700 502 427 960.0 615.5 362.0 396.5 1.06 1.14 1.39 1.08 .7 9 .6 5 .83 2,649 2, 334.0 1.13 .80 Other weeks Jan. 7, 8 ships____ Jan. 14, 6 ships---Jan. 21, 6 ships___ Jan. 31,8 ships___ Feb. 7,5 ships----Feb. 14,5 ships— . Feb. 21,4 ships— . Mar. 7, 5 ships----Mar. 14,4 ships— Mar. 21, 5 ships... Mar. 31,5 ships... Apr. 7, 6 ships___ Apr. 14,4 ships... Apr. 21,8 ships... Apr. 30,4 ships— May 7, 2 ships___ May 14,4 ships... May 21,4 ships... May 31, 6 ships... June 7,5 ships___ June 14, 2 ships... June 21, 4 ships__ June 30, 5 ships... July 7, 2 ships___ July 14, 6 ships__ July 21,7ships . . . July 31,6 ships__ Aug. 7,4 ships___ Aug. 14, 3 ships... Aug. 21, 6 ships... Aug. 31, 5 ships... Sept. 7, 6 ships___ Sept. 14, 5 ships. _ Sept. 21, 6 ships. _ Sept. 30, 7ships. . Oct. 14, 9 ships___ Oct. 31, 6 ships___ Nov. 7, 4 ships___ Nov. 14, 5 ships.... Nov. 21, 4 ships... Nov. 30, 8ships... Dec. 31, 3 ships— 3,723 4,350 4,064 6,321 3,254 4,003 2,789 4,359 2,535 3,522 3,937 5.293 3,516 7,943 3,178 2,267 3,382 3,099 4,594 4.294 1,987 3,697 4,173 2,370 4,945 6,095 5,849 3,909 2,607 4,977 5,529 5,411 3,751 5,260 5,511 6,361 4,777 2,830 3,384 2, 551 5,889 2,631 3, 390.8 3. 901.5 3. 574.0 5. 213.5 2. 994.5 3. 362.0 2. 746.5 4. 038.0 1.10 3. 302.0 3. 519.5 4 ,5 5 4 0 3. 029.0 7. 531.5 2. 986.5 2. 203.0 2. 905.0 2. 796.5 4. 248.0 3. 631.0 1. 791.0 1.12 .83 .79 .8 4 .8 0 .7 8 .78 1.11 .8 5 .87 .7 8 .81 .8 3 .7 6 .81 2.220.0 . 3 144.5 3. 770.0 2. 034.5 4. 113.5 5. 230.0 4. 819.0 3. 876.0 2. 255.0 4. 187.5 4. 936.5 4. 664.0 3. 235.0 4. 316.0 4. 900.5 5. 350.0 4. 331.5 2, 657. 5 3. 233.0 2. 266.5 5. 373.0 2. 148.5 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.09 1.19 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.07 1.16 1.16 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.16 1.08 1.18 1.11 1.18 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.17 1.21 1.01 1.16 1.19 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.22 1.12 1.19 1.10 1.06 1.05 1.13 1. 1.22 10 $0.82 .81 .79 .7 4 .83 .76 .88 .86 .76 .81 .78 .7 5 .7 7 .7 4 .8 9 .78 .76 .8 0 .78 .78 .74 .8 0 .7 6 .8 2 .8 5 .86 .8 0 .82 .7 4 34 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO Productivity of Labor in Discharging and Loading General Cargo Table 8 contains a summary of the productivity of longshore labor in discharging and loading miscellaneous or general-foreign-trade cargo in the principal seaports of the United States; Table 9, a summary of productivity of longshore labor in loading and discharging intercoastal cargo; and Table 10, a summary of the productivity of longshore labor in handling coastwise cargo. The term “ general cargo” is used here to indicate the sum total of the cargo handled by the individual lines. It must be emphasized that the types of general cargo handled in the different ports vary considerably. As shown in the preceding tables, the cargo handled in New York is of an entirely different type from the cargo handled in Boston, in Mobile, or in Los Angeles. This is true of the foreign trade, of the intercoastal cargoes, and of the coastwise trade alike. In intercoastal trade the cargo loaded in the eastern ports is discharged on the west coast, and the cargo loaded in the western ports is dis charged on the east coast. In the coastwise trade the cargo loaded in the North is discharged in the South, and vice versa. The varia tions in the nature of the cargo are so important that the differences in the productivity of longshore labor in handling miscellaneous car goes in the different ports, which are shown in Tables 8, 9, and 10, must be related to the differences in the cargo rather than to any other cause, such as methods of cargo handling or equipment used in loading and discharging ships. In (Sscharging foreign cargo the average productivity per man per hour is shown to vary from 0.57 long ton for large passenger liners in New York to 1.85 long tons for the oriental trade of Portland, Oreg. In the intercoastal trade the productivity per man-hour varies from 0.53 short ton for Charleston to 1.32 short tons for Mobile; and in the coastwise trade from 0.51 short ton for Galveston to 1.54 short tons for Los Angeles. In loading foreign cargo the productivity per man-hour varies from 0.50 long ton for Charleston, S. C., to 1.45 long tons for Mobile. In the intercoastal trade the variations in loading are from 0.53 short ton per man per hour for Boston to 1.28 short tons for Portland, Oreg. In the coastwise trade the loading productivity per man per hour varies from 0.69 short ton for Charleston to 1.51 short tons for Seattle and Galveston. 35 DISCHARGING AND LOADING GENERAL CARGO T able 8.— Labor productivity in handling general cargo in foreign trade [ Por Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Cristobal, data are for 1926; for Galveston, Houston, Port Arthur, New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, Charleston, Norfolk, and Newport News, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, for 1927; and for Boston and New York, for 1928] SEATTLE Discharging cargo Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Long tons Orient: Line No. 1............ 22.5 Line No. 2............ 25.3 Line No. 3............ 0) Average............. 2 24.2 Loading cargo Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 53.6 44.4 26.2 1.02 .94 0) 35.8 | 2.97 2.44 1.65 .85 1.26 Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Orient: Line No. 4........... Lins No. 5........... Average.......... Long tons 26.5 Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 0 36.6 26.8 1.28 0) 1.76 1.17 3 26.5 29.5 81.28 1.32 15.8 17.7 0.82 0.92 PORTLAN D Europe: Line No. 1............ Line No. 2............ 25.9 13.9 29.0 15.6 1.61 .87 1.80 .97 Average............ 20.6 22.8 1.23 1.43 Orient: Line No. 3............ 24.4 27.3 1.85 2.07 Europe: Line No. 4........... SAN FRANCISCO Europe: Line No. 1.. (0 Orient: Line No. 2~ Line No. 3 Line No. 4-. 26.8 18.6 0) Average.. 219.5 Latin America: Line No. 5~ Line No. 6~ (0 21.1 Averaga.. 321.1 1.57 Europe: Line No. 7. Line No. 8_ 21.0 34.2 28.4 1.48 1.07 1.79 1.44 Average.. 22.9 !9.9 1.17 1.53 2.08 1.03 0) 2.32 1.56 1.56 Orient: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 0) 0) .94 2.17 1.70 1.57 1.47 28.3 2 1.12 21.8 0) 9. 10. 11. 12. 21.2 0) 0) 16.9 28.3 26.5 1.62 Average.. 2 17.7 31.4 0) 1.10 1.62 1.23 Latin America: Lina No. 13. Line No. 14. 24.7 3 1.10 1.41 Average. _ 30.0 28.1 28.1 25.6 23.7 1.20 24.7 22.3 1.79 1. 1.48 1.41 0) 22.4 (9 21.1 14.7 14.0 28.4 23.8 17.0 1.11 .82 .78 1.50 1.32 .94 LOS ANGELES Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. l.__. 2— . 3— . 4— . 12.9 17.0 14.0 9.8 14.5 19.1 16.4 11.9 1.08 .90 .78 .51 1.20 1.01 Average___ 13.6 15.7 .81 .93 .91 .62 South America: Line No. 5— Line No. 6.... 28.2 28.5 31.6 31.9 1.51 1.19 1.69 1.33 Average___ 28.3 31.7 1.38 1.54 Central America: Line No. 7— . 9.0 10.0 .65 .73 Orient: Line No, 8— . 13.0 16.8 . C3 Europe: Line No. 9. Line No. 10. Line No. 11 Average.. 15.5 20.8 .85 1.14 Latin America: Line No. 12. 11.1 12.4 .85 .95 Orient: Line No. 13. Line No. 14. Line No. 15. 21.8 18.8 19.2 35.6 30.6 24.4 .94 1.14 1.01 1.78 1.61 1.29 Average... 19.8 31.1 1.02 1.60 .82 2Average for 2 lines only. a Average for 1 line only. 36 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 8.— Labor 'productivity in handling general cargo in foreign trade— Continued C R ISTOBAL (CANAL ZONE) Discharging cargo Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Long tons 1. 2. 3. 4. Average.. Latin America: Line No. 5. Line No. 6. Line No. 7. AverageUnited States: Line No. 8. Loading cargo Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 0.64 .46 .42 19.9 17.7 14.8 11.9 0) 15.9 (0 27.5 17.8 16.4 23.0 (0 18.7 (0 .42 0) .46 .34 .55 8 0) 0) .42 Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Europe: Line No. 9. Long tons Output per man-hour Reve Long nue tons tons Reve nue tons (0 11.5 0) 0.39 8 12.9 8 .47 .41 Average. _ <9 12.4 0) .43 United States: Line No. 12. (0 19.9 (9 .57 2........... 3______ 4........... 5______ 24.3 24.3 19.9 24.3 20.0 19.9 24.3 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 Average.............. 21.7 21.7 1.25 1.25 Europe: Line No. 4........... Line No. 5........... Line No. 6........... Line No. 7........... Line No. 8______ Line No. 9........... 25.5 23.0 22.9 21.7 20.5 15.9 25.5 23.0 22.9 21.7 20.5 15.9 1.32 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.14 1.32 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.14 Average............ 22.5 22.5 1.24 1.24 19.0 19.0 0.75 0.75 Europe: Line No. 8........... Line No. 9........... Line No. 10......... Line No. 11......... Line No. 12_____ Line No. 13......... Line No. 14......... Average.......... . 18.4 17.6 19.2 14.8 14.1 15.4 13.0 16.5 18.4 17.6 19.2 14.8 14.1 15.4 13.0 16.5 1.08 1.03 .96 .87 .83 .85 .77 .95 1.08 1.03 .96 .87 .83 .85 .77 .95 Latin America: Line No. 16......... Lins No. 17......... Line No. 18 Average............ 16.4 17.0 14.5 15.9 16.4 17.0 14.5 15.9 .97 .93 .85 .92 .97 .93 .85 .92 Orient: Line No. 1 ........... 17.4 17.8 1.03 1.05 Latin America: Line No. 10. Line No. 11 . 12.2 GALVESTON Europe: Line No. 1 .. 20.7 20.7 Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 1.29 20.0 HOUSTON Europe: Line No. 1. Line No. 2. Line No. 3. 20.6 20.6 20.3 10.9 1.14 1.13 .94 1.14 1.13 .94 Average. 14.1 14.1 1.03 1.03 20.3 10.9 .88 .88 P O R T AR TH U R Europe: Line No. 1. NEW ORLEANS Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 25.5 27.9 25.5 27.9 19.4 19.5 14.8 19.4 19.5 14.8 Average............. 22.0 22.0 1.50 1.47 1.16 1.08 1.50 1.47 1.16 1.08 .77 .77 1.02 1.02 21.2 21.2 1.15 1.15 Latin America: Line No. 7~ 19.9 19.9 1.05 1.05 Orient: Line No. 1_. 33.8 33.8 1.78 1.78 37 DISCHARGING AND LOADING GENERAL CARGO T able 8.- - Labor productivity in handling general cargo in foreign trade— Continued M OBILE Loading cargo Discharging cargo Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Europe: Line No. 1-........... Long tons 16.7 Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 16.7 1.02 1.02 Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue Long nue tons tons tons tons Europe: Line No. 2........... Line No. 3........... Line No. 4........... 16.9 15.4 14.2 16.9 15.4 14.2 1.02 1.02 .95 .90 .95 .90 Average............ 15.0 15.0 .94 .94 Latin America: Line No. 5........... Line No. 6........... Line No. 7........... 17.9 17.8 13.5 17.9 17.8 13.5 1.08 .99 .77 1.08 .99 .77 Average............ 15.4 15.4 .88 .88 Orient: Line No. 8--------- 25.0 25.0 1.45 1.45 Europe: Line No. 2........... Line No. 3......... Line No. 4......... 17.9 17.4 14.3 17.9 17.4 14.3 0.85 .80 .67 0.85 .80 .67 Average.......... . 16.1 16.1 .75 .75 Orient: Line No. 5........... 23.7 23.7 1.15 1.15 11.6 11.6 0.50 0.50 19.4 19.4 .74 .74 Europe—N orfolk: Line No. 4........... Line No. 5......... . Line No. 6........... Line No. 7........... Line No. 8........... 26.7 24.7 20.3 16.4 16.2 26.7 24.7 20.3 16.4 16.2 SAVANNAH Europe: Line No. 1............ 20.9 20.9 0.78 0.78 CHARLESTON Europe: Line No. 1............ 23.2 23.2 0.66 0.66 Europe: Line No. 2........... Orient: Line No. 3........... N O R F O LK AND N EW PORT NEWS Europe—Norfolk: Line No. 1___ Europe—Norfolk and Newport News: Line No. 2. .......... Latin America—Nor folk: Line No. 3.......... 26.9 31.5 21.4 26.9 32.3 21.4 1.20 1.34 1.20 1.37 .83 1.19 1.19 1.10 1.10 .90 .79 .74 .90 .79 .74 Average............ 22.3 22.3 1.11 1.11 Europe*—N ew p ort News: Line No. 9......... Line No. 10......... 23.0 16.7 23.0 16.7 .92 .72 .92 .72 Average______ 22.1 22.1 .90 .90 Europe—Norfolk and Newport News: Line No. 11......... Line No. 12......... 25.5 23.1 25.5 23.1 1.13 1.04 1.13 1.04 Average............ 24.3 24.3 1.09 1.09 O rien t—N e w p o r t News and Norfolk: Line No. 13......... Line No. 14......... Line No. 15_____ 19.9 19.9 Average.......... 20.0 20.0 .88 .88 15.6 .68 .68 18.1 18.1 .77 .77 15.6 .77 .77 38 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 8.— Labor 'productivity in handling'general cargo in foreign trade— Continued B A LTIM O R E Discharging cargo Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 1............ Long tons Loading cargo Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 3.......... 4.......... . 30.4 26.5 23.4 16.5 30.6 26.5 23.4 16.5 1.47 1.23 1.17 .84 1.47 1.23 1.17 .84 Average........... . 24.3 24.4 1.19 1.19 2............ Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 5........... 6______ Long tons 27.7 24.2 Output per man-hour Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 27.7 24.2 1.34 1.24 19.8 .93 20.2 Average............ 21.9 21.9 1.12 1.12 Orient: Line No. 9........... Line No. 10......... Line No. 11......... 25.8 23.4 17.6 25.8 23.4 17.6 1.43 1.43 Average........... 23.6 23.6 1.20 31.2 31.1 23.9 23.2 19.8 18.5 14.8 31.2 31.1 24.1 23.2 19.8 18.5 14.8 1.42 1.42 1.07 1.08 .89 .76 1.08 1.08 .89 .76 1.00 1.00 19.8 20.2 1.34 1.24 7......... 8........— 1.11 1.12 .84 1.11 .93 1.12 .84 1.20 PHILADELPHIA Europe: Line No. 1____ Line No. 2........ . . Line No. 3______ Line No. 4............ Line No. 5______ Line No. 6______ Line No. 7.......... . Line No. 8.......... Line No. 9............ C1) 26.1 21.1 24.0 * 1.05 1.09 Average______ 23.2 23.3 Orient: Line No. 19. ____ Latin America: Line No. 20_____ 19.6 21.1 1.04 1.12 33.3 33.3 1.35 1.35 22.9 18.1 14.7 0) 22.9 18.1 14.7 10.7 1.22 1.22 Average............ 6 18.5 16.5 6.95 .87 12,8 C1) .70 21.1 23.2 22.5 22.4 21.3 18.9 21.3 Average........... . ^23.2 Orient: Line No. 10 ___ Latin America: Line No. 11_____ 12......... 13-------14-------15-------16_____ 17_____ 18_____ 1.21 1.20 23.2 22.5 22.4 21.8 Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 0) 1.18 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.05 .94 .91 .82 26,8 26.7 21.8 20.1 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.05 .94 .91 1.20 .68 1.20 .68 .86 0) 40.2 0) 1.69 24.4 24.4 1.02 1.02 BOSTON Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 1 ______ 2............ 3______ 4______ 5............ 6.......... 7______ 8______ 28.7 26.1 28.7 26.1 1.52 1.34 18.4 0) 18.3 16.3 0) 18.4 18.0 18.3 17.0 15.4 1.05 0) .98 20.6 Average............. 5 20.8 20.6 1.10 1.52 1.34 1.10 1.05 1.00 .86 0) .98 .90 .85 19.9 « 1.11 1.08 Near East: Line No. 9............ Line No. 10.......... 33.6 28.2 33.6 28.2 1.74 1.48 1.74 1.48 Average............ 29.1 29.1 1.53 1.53 Latin America: Line No. 11.......... 21.9 21.9 .92 .92 24.2 31.3 30.1 29.9 24.4 20.3 19.9 13.4 1.26 1.18 0) 1.26 0) .98 .67 1.63 1.63 1.51 1.26 1.09 .98 .67 24.3 7 1.16 1.27 Orient: Line Line Line Line Line Line Line No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 12_____ 13.......... 14.......... 15.......... 16.......... 17.......... 18.......... 21.8 0) 24.4 0) 19.9 13.4 Average............ 7 22.1 Europe: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 19_____ 20......... 21......... 22_____ Orient: Line No. 2 3 ...... 0) .92 .76 0) i Not availabe. 4Average for 8 lines only. 5 Average for 6 lines only. 6 Average for 3 lines only. 7Average for 5 lines only. .92 .76 .61 39 DISCHARGING AND LOADING GENERAL CARGO T a b l e 8 .— Labor productivity in handling general cargo in foreign trade— C o n t in u e d NEW Y O R K Discharging cargo Output per gang-hour Trade route, and line number Long tons Europe—Large pas senger ships: Line No. 1............ Line No. 2........... Line No. 3........... Line No. 4........ Line No. 5............ Line No. 6............ Line No. 7............ Line No. 8............ Line No. 9............ 18.3 15.4 14.2 15.6 13.5 <*) (0 (9 12.1 Average---....... 14.6 23.3 15.4 23.0 38.4 26.2 26.6 24.0 24.1 19.3 17.0 14.2 18.3 22.2 0) 0) 16.6 15.1 13.4 (9 Average......... . 37.5 23.4 30.9 23.3 22.7 22.9 20.0 19.5 17.3 15.8 14.2 20.6 31.3 21.2 18.3 19.1 17.1 0) 17.9 36.1 42.9 27.2 23.2 19.1 20.3 23.8 20.1 Reve nue tons «. 57 .62 1.27 .58 1.13 1.01 <9 0) .76 .72 .61 0 .86 1.07 .78 0.71 ) 0.95 .63 .72 .59 .56 .51 .70 .52 .48 1.26 1.08 1.05 .95 Average............. 16.5 26.3 .64 1.03 1.60 1.28 1.16 1.15 1.04 .99 .96 .90 .83 .72 Europe—Other ships: Line No. 43_____ Line No. 44_____ Line No. 45------Line No. 46......... Line No. 47......... Line No. 48------Line No. 50......... Line No. 49_____ Line No. 51------Line No. 52------Line No. 53......... Line No. 54------- 22.0 1.02 1.52 1.49 1.45 1.35 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.23 21.8 32.7 33.7 25.8 27.6 27.9 25.8 25.4 28.4 26.5 26.9 28.1 35.3 Average— ’. ----- ! 18.2 28.3 .68 1.76 1.56 1.55 1.09 1.07 .93 .92 »20.4 25.0 9.93 Latin America: Line No. 38....... Line No. 39....... Line No. 40....... Line No. 41........ Line No. 42....... 29.4 30.5 21.5 26.4 18.5 31.0 30.5 21.5 26.4 19.1 1.17 1.23 1.05 .96 .65 1.24 1.23 1.05 23.2 23.7 .92 .94 1 Not available. 4Average for 8 lines only. Average for 6 lines only. Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons 29.0 26.1 23.6 33.2 23.6 25.7 23.1 23.8 22.7 Average......... Average......... Long tons 21.7 15.0 16.2 19.1 13.0 13.4 17.1 14.6 12.9 .97 1.00 1.14 1.21 Trade route, and line number Output per man-hour Europe—Large pas senger ships: Line No. 10......... Line No. 11 ......... Line No. 12......... Line No. 13......... Line No. 14_____ Line No. 15_____ Line No. 16......... Line No. 17......... Line No. 18......... 81 21.0 Orient and Africa: Line No. 30........ Line No. 31........ Line No. 32........ Line No. 33.......... Line No. 34....... Line No. 35....... Line No. 36____ Line No. 37____ Output per gang-hour Output per man-hour Reve Long nue tons tons 24.2 Europe—Other ships: Line No. 19_____ Line No. 20.......... Line No. 21.......... Line No. 22....... Line No. 23____ Line No. 24....... Line No. 25....... Line No. 26....... Line No. 27....... Line No. 28....... Line No. 29....... Loading cargo Orient and Africa: Line No. 55......... Line No. 56......... Line No. 57......... Line No. 58......... Line No. 59------Line No. 60......... Line No. 61_____ Line No. 62....... . Line No. 63......... 19.9 12.8 24.3 20.1 14.4 13.4 17.7 22.1 0) 18.3 13.9 11.7 (9 15.7 12.3 14.3 13.5 27.4 27.4 22.1 20.5 22.8 11.2 20.3 20.5 18.9 16.8 Average............ <•12.7 22.0 Latin America: Line No. 64......... Line No. 65_____ Line No. 66......... Line No. 67....... . Line No. 68......... Line No. 69......... (9 .88 .72 1.18 .91 .69 .65 .77 1.00 (9 .71 .67 1.02 1.02 .97 .95 .85 .84 1.20 1.19 1.09 1.08 1.28 .56 <9 .81 .56 .74 .65 <9 .60 .71 .94 1.36 1.31 1.13 1.06 1.05 1.04 .99 .96 .91 16.3 11.7 14.9 29.6 24.6 27.0 26.2 21.2 14.9 0.74 ) .63 .79 1.38 1.25 1.23 1.19 1.15 .79 Average______ 7 15.9 25.3 7.77 1.2 15.1 18.5 (9 7 Average for 5 lines only. 8Average for 11 lines only. 9 Average for 7 lines only. 40 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO T a b l e 9.— Labor productivity in handling general cargo in intercoastal trade [For Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, data are for 1926; for Houston, New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, for 1927: and for Boston ana New York, for 1928] Discharging cargo Loading cargo Output (reve nue tons!) per— Port, and line number Seattle: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 6___________ 7___________ 8______ ____ 9........ ........... 10..... ............. Ganghour Manhour 24.5 13.9 1 48 90 .89 .85 .72 20.0 15.9 12.3 Aver age num ber of men per gang 16.5 15.4 22.6 Output (reve nue tons!) per— Port, and line number Aver age num ber of men per gang Ganghour Manhour 22.4 1.12 20.0 1.05 20.2 Seattle: Line No. 11_________ Line No. 12................ 20.0 Average....... ........... 21.2 18.6 .97 19.1 26.3 25.8 1.33 1.17 22.1 26.2 1.28 20.5 21.5 22.7 20.7 17.3 1.25 1.15 .97 1.21 18.0 18.8 18.0 17.6 .98 20.4 18.6 17.0 17.6 .93 | 18.9 15.6 86 18.0 27.3 19.1 1 21 1.12 22/5 17.0 Tacoma: Line No. 2.... ............. Portland: Line No. 7_________ Line No. 8................. Average..................... 25.0 1.19 21.1 Average................... San Francisco: Line No. 15 ________ Line No. 16 ________ Line No. 17____ _____ Line No. 18 __ Line No. 19........ ......... Line No. 20.................. 19.1 16.9 18.1 17.9 14.8 13.0 1 21 1 01 99 .83 .72 15.8 15.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 Average.................... 16.1 .93 17.4 Average................... 20.9 1.15 18.2 Los Angeles: Line No. 21................ Line No. 22________ 23.7 19.7 1.16 1.03 20.4 19.0 Average................... 21.9 1.11 19.7 New Orleans: Line No. 20................ Line No. 21................ Line No. 22................ 16.4 17.0 15.4 .96 .89 .81 17.0 19.0 19.0 Average.................. 15.8 .85 18.6 10......... ...... 11................ 12................ 1 3 ............. 20.9 18.6 17.6 17.2 1.10 1.23 1.01 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 Average..... ............. 18.1 1.07 17.0 Norfolk: Line No. 17...... ......... Line No. 18................ 13.9 11.5 .67 .55 20.9 Average.................. 12.5 .60 20.8 22.8 Average....... ............. Tacoma: Line No. 1___________ Portland: Line No. 5___________ Line No. 6_ _ _ .......................... Los Angeles: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 1 09 16 — ......... . 17 ___ 18.................. 19.................. 20............. . 27.1 19.2 12.9 15.7 17.7 17.9 11.6 1.53 1.07 1.07 .93 .91 Average.............. ...... 16.7 1.03 16.2 Houston: Line No. 10.................. New Orleans: Line No. 19 ________ 21.4 1.03 20.8 22.1 .82 27.0 Mobile: Line No. 9 ________ Charleston: Line No. 4.................... Norfolk: Line No. 16 - _____ Baltimore: Line No. 12............. ..... i L'hort Ions. 22.4 1.32 12.0 17.0 12.8 17.0 17.4 .53 33.0 25.8 1.11 23.2 atj. i i.aft San Francisco: Line No. 21.... ......... Line No. 22________ Line No. 23________ Line No. 24.............. 19.8 20. 7 Mobile: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Baltimore: 1.03 20.6 14________ 15________ 16____ ____ 17................ 22. 5 22.0 18.8 17.7 1.38 1.23 1.09 1.03 .94 16.6 18.3 20.4 18.2 18.8 Average.................. 21.2 1.11 19.2 Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 41 DISCHARGING AND LOADING GENERAL CARGO T able 9.— Labor 'productivity in handling general cargo in intercoastal trade— Continued Discharging cargo Loading cargo Output (reve nue tons!) per— Ganghour Manhour Aver age num ber of men per gang Philadelphia: Line No. 21_. Line No. 22.. 25.0 24.7 1.32 1.06 19.0 23.5 Average... 24.9 Port, and line number Boston: Line No. 24.. Line No. 25- 19.3 18.2 Output (reve nue tons!) per— Port, and line number Aver age num ber of men per gang Ganghour Manhour Philadelphia: Line No. 23............... Line No. 24___........... Line No. 25............... Line No. 26................ 18.0 17.3 14.2 17.8 1.03 .96 .80 .78 22.8 1.23 Average.................. 17.4 .93 18.8 1.07 .94 18.0 19.3 Boston: Line No. 26................ Line No. 27............... 11.3 9.2 .55 .51 20.5 18.0 Average................... 10.3 .53 19.2 15.8 14.1 13.0 .72 .63 .56 22.0 22.2 14.3 .63 22.7 Average. New York: Line No. 70Line No. 71.. Line No. 72- 26.7 22.7 19.1 1.14 1.09 .77 23.3 20.9 24.9 New York: Line No. 73................ Line No. 74................ Line No. 75......... ...... Average.— 22.0 .95 23.2 Average.................. 17.5 18.0 17.5 23.2 i Short tons. T able 10.— Labor productivity in handling cargo in coastwise trade [For Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, data are for 1926; for Galveston, Houston, New Orleans, Savannah, Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, for 1927; and for Boston and New York, for 1928] Output (revenue tons!) per manhour Output (revenue tons 0 per manhour Port Port Dis charged Seattle.____________________ Portland____________ _____ San Francisco Los Angeles________________ Galveston Houston___________________ New Orleans_______________ Savannah______ ____ _______ Average. ........................ 1.03 1.35 1.54 .51 .60 .52 1.51 1.27 1.13 1.39 1.51 .98 .89 .82 .75 1.60 .96 1.10 .80 1.40 Charleston .52 .69 Norfolk .80 .91 1.04 .84 1. 12 A verage______________ Dis charged Loaded 1.22 Baltimore________________ Average____________ Philadelphia________ ___ Average_____ ___ Bnstnn 7 ATAf*Cfecro New York_________________ Average___ ___________ i Short tons. 66490°—32----- 4 .97 .96 Loaded .99 .97 .97 . 99 .96 .93 .98 .*66 .95 .80 1.24 1.07 QQ .O O 1.35 1.08 •9«> 1.05 1.08 1.29 1.04 99 .74 1.80 1.71 1.19 1.01 .91 1.23 42 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO Productivity of Labor in Loading Individual Commodities In addition to miscellaneous cargoes, a considerable number of important commodities are handlea in the individual ports, either in full-ship cargoes or in lots sufficiently large to permit measurement of the productivity of longshore labor in handling these individual commodities. The methods of handling these commodities differ considerably from port to port and not infrequently from line to line in the same port. The statistics of labor productivity for some of these commodities, presented below, offer an opportunity of com paring the productivity of longshore labor not only as it varies from port to port, but also as it varies with the different equipment or methods used. Loading Cotton Table 11 gives the productivity of labor in loading cotton, in terms of long tons and bales handled per gang per hour and per man per hour, in Galveston, Houston, New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, Charleston, and Norfolk and Newport News. It also shows the average number of men used per gang in loading cotton in the various ports mentioned. There is very little difference in the methods used in loading cotton in the Gulf ports. Most of the cotton shipped abroad comes in highly condensed bales. It is loaded by means of the ship’s gear and a single fall, commonly known as the “ whip.” Only one boom and one winch are used by each gang. The bales of cotton are brought to the apron of the pier either on a hand truck or, less often, on a 4-wheel truck, and are placed in rope slings at the foot of an inclined plat form, which is rigged to lead from the pier to the ship’s railing, and from there to the hatch. When the sling load is formed (usually three bales to a load) and the hook of the ship’s fall is attached to the sling, the winchman starts the operation of the winch, and the load is dragged upward along the slanting platform to the deck of the ship and from there to the hatch. It is then lowered into the ship by its own weight and the hold men stow the bales in the ship after the sling has been undone and the hook is returned to the pier. The process of loading cotton is shown in Figure 19. It shows the truckers delivering cotton to the apron of the pier, and a series of inclined heavy platforms leading from the pier to the deck of the ship. At the foot of one of these platforms three bales of cotton can be seen lying on a rope, and the “ slinger” is about to raise the rope to complete the sling load. On the next platform can be seen a sling load of cotton in the process of being dragged upward from the pier to the deck of the ship. Figure 20 shows the men in the hold of the ship stowing the cotton in the hatch. in Savannah, Charleston,^ and Norfolk a somewhat different arrangement of ship’s gear is used in loading the cotton. This arrangement, by which two winches and two falls are used in the operation, is known as the “ union” or “ married” fall. By the joint operations of the two winches the sling load is lifted directly from the pier over the railing of the ship and is lowered into the hold of the ship with a single uninterrupted movement. No skids are used, either leading from the apron of the ship or on the ship proper. The size of the gang used is also different in these ports. In Galveston and Houston the average gang consists of 15 men, but double gangs F ig u r e 19.— L o a d i n g C o tto n a t a P ie r in G alveston F ig u r e 2 0 .—F in is h in g St o w in g C o tto n in H atch 43 LOADING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES are frequently used at one hatch. In New Orleans and Mobile the average gang consists of from 16 to 18 men, while in Savannah, Charleston, and Norfolk the gang is at times made up of 30 or more men, whicn corresponds approximately to the double gang used in Galveston and Houston. Because of the variation in the size of the gang, there is a marked variation in the productivity of labor expressed in terms of cotton handled per gang per hour. Norfolk and Newport News show an average of 135 bales per gang per hour, while Houston and Galveston show somewhat less than 100 bales per gang per hour. Based on the output per man per hour, Houston leads all other ports with 1.47 long tons, or 6.6 bales, of cotton loaded per man per hour, while Charleston shows the lowest productivity, 0.69 long ton, or 3.1 bales, loaded per man per hour. T able 11.— Productivity of labor in the loading of cotton Output per gang-hour Port, and line number Long tons Galveston: Line No. Line No. TiiiiA No, Line No. Bales Output per man-hour Average number of men per gang Long tons Bales 106.0 98.8 98.4 95.7 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.57 1.47 1.47 1.42 7.1 21.9 21.3 _________________ - ____ 21.8 97.7 15.0 1.45 6.5 Houston: Line No. 14,10 ships,______ ___________ Line No. 15,16 ships. ________________ Line No 16, 32 ships __ . ____ . . ______ 23.2 22.3 104.0 100.2 97.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.54 1.48 1.44 7.0 6.7 6.5 13,8 ships___________________ 15, 35 ships__________________ 14, 10 ships ______________ 16, 34 ships. ________ ____.___ Average 23.6 22.1 21.6 6.6 6.6 6.'4 ________________________ 22.0 99.1 15.0 1.47 6.6 Line No. 4, 9 ships (hand stowed and screwed)________ ________________ 14.5 65.3 20.1 .72 3.3 New Orleans: Line No. 41, 21 ships__________________ Line No. 39,14 ships_________________ Line No. 40,14 ships__________________ 20.3 19.5 88.6 99.3 91.2 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.23 1.13 1.08 5.5 5.1 4.9 Average__________________________ 20.7 93.7 18.0 1.15 5.2 20.2 19.9 15.2 89.5 88.3 67.4 16.9 17.0 16.3 1.19 1.17 .93 5.3 5.2 4.1 19.9 88.3 16.9 1.18 5.2 26.7 22.5 24.4 100.1 119.0 20.0 86.0 30.0 28.9 32.0 30.3 30.0 .89 .78 .76 19.1 109.8 90.0 .64 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.9 22.1 98.8 30.3 .73 3.3 20.2 18.7 16.9 91.3 84.0 75.2 26.8 27.2 26.4 .75 .69 .64 3.4 3.1 Average__ ,__ - ____________________ 18.5 82.8 26.8 .69 3.1 Norfolk and Newport News: Line No. 11,17 ships__________________ Line No. 4, 23 ships___________________ Line No. 6,10 sh ips...,,_____________ _ 30.5 30.3 28.9 135.4 136.5 130.0 22.5 22.6 22.9 1.35 1.34 1.26 6.0 6.0 Average_________________ _________ 30.0 135.0 22.6 1.33 6.0 Average Mobile: Line No. 15, 26 ships__________________ Line No. 3, 9 ships ________________ Line No. 2,17 ships___________________ Average_______________________ Savannah: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 3,11 sh ips__________________ 15,13 ships........................... . 16, 21 ships - _____________ 17,13 ships_________________ 4,15 ships _____ ___________ Average____________________________ Charleston: Line No. 3,11 ships___________________ Line No. 13,18 ships.________________ Line No. 14,13 ships_______ ___ ________ 22.1 .66 2.8 5.8 44 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO Loading Case Oil Case oil is the term applied to refined oil loaded in 5-gallon con tainers and packed into uniform boxes, two containers per box. In large quantities case oil is loaded at the refineries proper, which are generally well equipped for the purpose of supplying the oil to their piers, and in some ports they are also equipped to load the case oil into ships. #At times, however, particularly in the port of New York, the case oil is loaded at the refineries into lighters and then is moved to the berth of the ship, where it is loaded from the lighter into the ship. Table 12 gives the figures of productivity of longshore labor in loading case oil at the refineries in San Francisco, Port Arthur, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and New York, and for the last-named city also showing the productivity in loading case oil from lighters to the ship. There are three distinct methods used in loading case oil in the ports shown in this table. The first method used in San Francisco and in New York in loading case oil from lighters to the ship differs very little from the usual handlingof general cargo prevailing in the port. In both ports the ship’s gear is used exclusively and two winches and two falls are used for each hatch. The cases are formed into sling loads, on “ platform” or “ airplane” slings as they are called in New York, lifted aboard ship and into the hatch by a joint operation of the two winches, and then stowed^ into the hold of the ship. The methods used in San Francisco and in New York in loading case oil from lighters^ are so similar that the productivity of the two ports varies but slightly when measured in terms either of gang-hour or of man-hour output. San Francisco shows an average of 825.2 cases or 31.2 long tons per gang-hour and 49.1 cases or 1.86 long tons per man-hour, while New York, in loading from lighters to ships, shows an average of 857 cases or 32.5 long tons per gang-hour and 45 cases or 1.71 long tons per man-hour. In the second method, which applies to the refineries of Philadelphia and New York, ship’s gear is also used for the purpose of loading the case oil. The system used in Philadelphia involves the utilization of three falls, one for lifting the case-oil slings from the “ apron” of the pier to the deck of the ship along a system of platforms similar to that described in the case of cotton. Once the sling load is landed on the deck of the ship, a special deck man at once releases the hook of the pier fall and drops it back on the pier for another sling load. In the meantime, another deck man attaches the hook of one of the two upand-down hatch falls to the sling load on the deck of the ship and the oil is lowered into the hatch and then stowed in the ship by the hold men. In New York the prevailing “ Burton” system is used, except that the refinery supplies one winch and a winch operator for the purpose of lifting the case oil from the pier to the deck of the ship. While the sling load is still in process of being lifted from the pier to the ship and before it is landed on the deck, the “ Burton ” man, as the deckman is called, throws the hook of the up-and-down fall around the sling load so as to attach it to the load. The ship’s winch is then started in operation and the sling load of case oil is moved athwart ship ami is lowered into the hatch. But while the sling load is being lowered into the hatch, the “ Burton” man releases the fall of the pier winch and returns it to the pier for another sling load. The two falls, although operated independently of each other, are so quickly united F ig u r e 2 1 .— M a k in g up S l in g on P a pr o n o f h il a d e l ph ia P ie r in l o a d in g Ca se O il . F ig u re 22.— L o a d i n g C ase O il w ith S p ira l N ew O rlea ns C on v eyo r in to H a tc h . LOADING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES 45 and then disengaged by the experienced “ Burton” man, that the proc ess of loading appears to be moving at a uniform and uninterrupted pace. In both New York and Philadelphia the longshoremen performing the work of loading case oil are especially trained for this work. The gang used in Philadelphia is larger than that in New York, averaging about 23 men, while the NewJYork gang averages 17 men. But the productivity in loading case oil in Philadelphia as measured in terms of output per gang per hour is also higher than in New York. Since in both ports only two hatches can be loaded at one time, greater ship dispatch seems to be attained at Philadelphia than at New York. On the other hand, the productivity measured in terms of output per man per hour seems to be larger in New York than in Philadelphia. In New York the average output per man per hour is 2.95 tons or 78.2 cases, while in Philadelphia the output is 2.65 tons or 73 cases. The third system of loading case oil is used at the refineries of Port Arthur and New Orleans. In both ports the cases are delivered to the pier from the warehouses of the refineries by means of a series of belts and gravity rollers. In both ports the piers at the refineries are equipped with specially built spiral conveyors, which are lowered into the hold of the ship by means of a crane supported by a movable tower which is capable of traveling on rails along the entire length of the pier. By means of gravity rollers the individual cases are delivered to the conveyor and then down into the hold of the ship. The base of the spiral conveyor is equipped with a ring of gravity rollers and the in dividual cases upon leaving the spiral conveyor are diverted along the several short lines of gravity rollers scattered throughout the hold of the ship. The only work performed by the longshoremen consists of rigging the ship and then removing the cases from the rollers and stow ing them into the hold. Figure 23 shows the hold of a ship at the refinery in New Orleans with the men at the foot of the spiral conveyor diverting the cases from the conveyor into the various sections of the ship by means of gravity rollers. The refinery at New Orleans has only one of these conveyors, while the refinery at Port Arthur has two similar spiral conveyors and is therefore capable of loading two hatches simultane ously. At both ports the speed of loading is limited only by the ability of the men in the hold to remove the cases from the conveyor and to stow them in the ship. A single conveyor is capable of supplying the ship with 4,000 to 4,500 cases per hour, but the actual quantity stowed is considerably below the capacity of the conveyor. When the present survey was made in New Orleans in 1927 the spiral conveyor at the refinery had been in use for only a short time, and the statistical data shown for this port are based on a smaller number of ships and for a shorter period of time than in the case of Port Arthur. In Port Arthur, as may be seen from the data for the two separate shipping lines shown in Table 12, the productivity of labor is more stabilized, with an output for the two lines averaging 2,029 cases or 76.2 long tons per gang per hour, and 88.2 cases or 3.31 long tons per man per hour. For New Orleans the average productivity per gang-hour is only 1,830 cases or 68.4 long tons per gang per hour, and 55.3 cases or 2.07 long tons per man per hour. It may also be seen from Table 12 that manhour productivity in New York and in Philadelphia is considerably 46 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO higher than in New Orleans. The man-hour productivity for one line in New York is even higher than the average of Port Arthur, due chiefly to the remarkable skill developed by the longshoremen in both New York and Philadelphia in handling this particular commodity. T able 12.— Productivity of labor in the loading of case oil Output per gang-hour Port, and line number Long tons Cases Output per man-hour Average number of men per gang Long tons Cases San Francisco—refinery: Line No. 37,3 ships. 31.2 825.2 16.8 1.86 49.1 Port Arthur—refinery: Line No. 3,11 ships_________________ Line No. 4, 23 ships............................... 76.5 75.9 2.035.0 2.024.0 23.1 23.0 3.32 3.30 88.2 88.0 Average____________________ _____ 76.2 2,029.0 23.0 3.31 88.2 New Orleans—refinery: Line No. 42,11 ships. 68.4 1,830.0 33.0 2.07 55.3 Philadelphia—refinery: Line No. 50,19 ships________________ Line No. 52,12 ships__________ ______ 60.6 58.4 1.675.0 1.604.0 22.9 22.6 2.68 2.55 74.0 70.0 Average_______________ ___________ 60.1 1,660.0 22.7 2.65 73.0 New York—refinery: Line No. 115,12 ships............................ Line No. 116,6 ships_______________ Line No. 117,9 ships............................. 56.6 52.1 47.4 1.510.0 1.335.0 1.266.0 17.1 16.3 17.5 3.30 3.20 2.71 88.3 81.9 72.5 Average______________ ___________ 50.7 1,345.0 17.2 2.95 78,2 New York—from lighters: Line Nn. ITS, IS s h i p s . , . „ . ___ _ Line No. 119,17 ships,.......................... 34.3 31.4 908.0 824.0 18.7 19.3 1.84 1.63 48.6 42.7 32.5 857.0 19.1 1.71 45.0 Average___________________ _ Loading Flour Flour is loaded in nearly every port of the United States. In some ports, however, particularly in the East, it was not possible to de termine the labor productivity in handling flour separately from the other commodities. ^Table 13, which gives the productivity of long shore labor in loading flour, therefore refers only to the following orts: Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, Astoria, Galveston, Houston, tort Arthur, and Norfolk. In these ports flour is loaded either in full-ship cargoes or in quantities sufficiently large, in comparison with the other commodities, to make it possible to determme the productivity of longshore labor in loading this commodity. With the exception of line No. 1 in Tacoma, and line No. 1 in Portland, the methods used in the ports shown do not differ from the usual method of cargo handling in those ports. The productivity of labor in loading flour on these lines varies from 0.68 long ton per man per hour for Port Arthur to 1.75 long tons per man per hour for the ports of Tacoma and Portland. In Tacoma and in Seattle a large proportion of the flour is loaded directly at the flour mills by means of belt conveyors and chutes. The ship is rigged out with a series of chutes which lead directly from the mill to the hatch and thence into the various compartments of the ship. The bags of flour are conveyed on belts from their place of storage in the mill and then of their own gravity down the chutes and into the hatch. At this place a special platform is rigged, which slows down ? F ig u r e 2 3.— Lo a d in g C ase O il w i t h S p ir a l Co n v e y o r , b a se o f Co n v ey o r in s id e H atch F ig u r e 2 4 .—L o a d in g f l o u r w it h po r ta b le b elt C o n v ey o r and H a tch C h u te s in P o r t l a n d , O r e g . 47 LOADING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES the speed of the bag and enables the man working at the platform, known as the “ sack turner,” to divert the individual bags into the several chutes which lead from this platform into the different sections of the ship’s hold. The speed of loading the ship by this method depends almost entirely on the ability of the men in the hold to stow away the bags. The average output per gang per hour by this method is shown in Table 13 to be 44.9 long tons per gang per hour, or 3 long tons per man per hour, but individual ships have been loaded at an average speed of more than twice the tonnage shown in this table. In Portland, Oreg., portable conveyors are used extensively for the purpose of loading flour* from the pier to the ship. As seen in Figure 24, the portable belt conveyor is rigged so as to lead from the apron of the pier to the hatch, where chutes are rigged on a system similar to the one described for Tacoma. The flour is delivered to the conveyor by means of large 4-wheel platform trucks operated by a gasoline tractor, and is unloaded bag by bag from the truck to the conveyor which carries the flour into the ship. The average output per gang per hour for this method is shown in Table 13 to be 62.7 long tons, which is the highest gang-hour productivity shown for loading flour. But because of the larger size of the gang used, the man-hour output is 2.31 long tons, which is considerably lower than the Tacoma average for line No. 9. T able 13.— Productivity of labor in the loading of flour Port, and line number Out Aver put age per num gang- ber of hour men per (long gang tons) Out put per manhour Gong tons) Seattle: Line No. 4, 14 ships__ Line No. 24,13 ships. 40.1 24.9 20.1 21.0 1.99 1.19 Port, and line number Portland, Oreg. (Astoria): Line No. 18,11 ships.. 42.9 25.6 1.68 Galveston: Line No. 4,10 ships.. Line No. 17, 27 ships. Line No. 5,8 ships... 23.1 20.4 23.6 16.0 15.9 19.8 1.45 1.28 1.19 Average................... 21.0 16.5 1.27 24.3 18.0 1.35 19.2 28.3 .68 28.3 24.0 1.18 Average................... 32.2 20.6 1.56 Tacoma: Line No. 9,10 ships. . Line No. 10,19 ships. 44.9 32.9 21.0 15.0 3.00 1. 57 Average................... 33.7 19.3 1. 75 Houston: Line No. 9, 11 Portland, Oreg.: Line No. 16,30 ships. Line No. 17,20 ships. 62.7 37.9 27.1 24.7 2.31 1.53 Port Arthur: Line No. 1 , 22 ships......................... Norfolk: Line No. 6, 18 Average................... 44.4 25.4 Out Out Aver put put age per per num mangang- ber of hour men per hour (long (long gang tons) tons) 1.75 Loading Lumber There are two sections in this country which specialize in loading lumber: The Pacific Northwest, centering in the State of Washington, where the lumber is chiefly softwood; and the South, where hardwood lumber is predominant. In the Northwest lumber is measured in board feet exclusively, while in the South it is sometimes measured in board feet, but more often in long tons. ^The statistical data shown in Table 14, giving the longshore productivity in loading lumber per gang-hour and per man-hour, are therefore expressed either in terms 48 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO of board feet or in terms of long tons, or both. In Seattle, Tacoma, Grays Harbor, and Portland, the principal lumber ports on the Pacific Northwest, lumber is loaded either at the piers of the lumber yards or at special lumber piers. The cargo is delivered to the ship’s side either by means of gantry cranes or Ross carriers, supplied by the operators of the pier. The data for loading lumber, therefore, cover only the operations of lifting the lumber from the ship’s side into the ship and stowing it in the ship’s hold. This operation is usually referred to as “ ship’s tackle” or “ shipside” stevedoring. (See fig. 25.) On the Pacific coast the methods of lifting the lumber into the ship vary but little from port to port. Ship’s gear is used almost exclu sively, with the two winches and a “ union” or “ married” fall operated by one winchman. The productivity of labor in loading lumber on the Pacific coast is shown to vary from an average of 10,200 board feet for Portland and the Columbia River lumber ports to 12,000 board feet per gang per hour for Seattle and the neighboring lumber towns. Expressed in terms of output per man per hour, the productivity varies from 790 board feet per man per hour in Portland to 920 board feet in Seattle. In the southern ports the lumber is loaded either from the general cargo pier or from a railroad car, exactly in the same way as the general cargo is loaded, except in the case of logs, which are often loaded directly from the stream into the ship. The output per gang per hour varies from 7.5 long tons for Charleston, S. C., to 18.2 long tons for Norfolk and Newport News. The man-hour output varies from 0.33 long ton for Charleston to 0.95 long ton for Port Arthur. T able 14.— Productivity of labor in the loading of lumber Output per ganghour Port, and line number Long tons Seattle and Puget Sound ports: Line No. 25, 9 ships----- -----Line No. 26,37 ships............. Tacoma: Line No. 11,30 ships.. lin e No. 12,40 ships.. Line No. 13,28 ships.. Average. Grays Harbor: Line No. 8,19 ships.. Line No. 1,80 ships.. Line No. 2,28 ships.. Line No. 3,26 ships.. Line No. 4,47 ships.. 7.7 7.5 12,300 11,900 13.0 13.0 0.59 .57 7.5 12,000 13.0 .58 13,000 13.0 .64 .52 10,100 9,800 12.0 12.0 10,200 12.1 13,400 10,600 15.2 11,100 14.0 14.8 11,600 (9 12.0 0) 210,900 Average.. Portland and Columbia River ports: Line No. 18,29 ships.................... Line No. 19,13 ships.................... . Line No. 20,11 ships..................... Line No. 21,26 ships..................... Line No. 22,7 ships....................... Average., Board feet Output per man* hour Average number of men per gang Long tons Board feet 1 Not availablo. 11.900 11.900 9,400 9,500 9,000 13.0 13.2 12.0 13.0 14.1 10. 200 12.9 2Average for 4 lines only. F ig u r e 2 5 .— l o a d in g L um ber D e l iv e r e d C P to ra n e . ie r Lo in O pen n g v ie w , W C a r s a sh . o r by R o s s C a r r ie r s and G an try F ig u r e 2 6.— l o a d in g T in P late in in t o Ba l t im Hatch o r e , l o w e r in g S l in g Loa d 49 LOADING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES T able 14.— Productivity of labor in the loading of lumber— Continued Output per ganghour Port, and line number Long tons Board feet Output per manhour Average number of men per gang Long tons Board feet 18.0 0.54 Fort Arthur: Line No. 5,13 ships_________________ 13.7 7,600 14.3 .95 530 New Orleans: Line No. 16, 45 ships__________________________ Line No. 18, 39 ships______ _____ _____________ 10.6 9.9 5.600 5.600 17.0 17.0 .63 .58 330 330 Average_________________________ __________ 10.1 5,600 17.0 .59 330 13.1 13.4 12.3 9.6 7.600 7.600 6,800 5,700 15.7 15.2 15. 7 14.0 .84 .78 .69 .88 480 500 430 400 12.0 6,800 15.1 .79 450 9.7 Mobile: Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. 16,31 ships_________________________ 4,17 ships__________________________ 17,26 ships________________________ _ 18,26 ships............................... .............. Average_________________________________ _ Savannah: Line No. 3,11 ships___________________ 9.2 17.2 Charleston: Line No. 15,14 ships_________________ 7.5 23.1 .33 Norfolk and Newport News: Line No. 6,10 ships__________________________ Line No. 5,18 ships__________________________ Line No. 11,17ships.............................................. Line No. 29,8 ships............. ...... ........... ............... 18.3 18.8 16.1 18.0 22.0 22. 5 22.1 22.0 .83 .83 .73 .82 22.2 .82 Average___________________________________ 18.2 10,000 1 .54 450 Loading Steel and Steel Products Table 15 presents the productivity of longshore labor in loading steel and steel products such as rails, pipes, etc., including tin plate. Data for these commodities were secured for the ports of Houston, Mobile, Newport News, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. Most of the steel and steel products are loaded directly from open cars which are switched to the apron of the pier alongside the ship directly opposite the hatch into which the steel is to be loaded. Ship’s gear is used almost exclusively in all the ports mentioned. The productivity of labor expressed in terms of long tons per gang per hour varies from 7.8 long tons of rails loaded in Houston to 32.7 long tons oi tin plate loaded in Baltimore. The man-hour produc tivity varies from 0.59 long ton per man per hour of miscellaneous steel products of all sizes loaded in New York to 2.1 long tons for uniform size billets loaded in Newport News. Figure 27 shows the operation of loading long steel from open rail road cars into ship at an open pier in the port of Philadelphia. The pier is equipped with a series of high booms which, when rigged in conjunction with the ship’s gear, make it possible to load steel of any length from cars stationed on any one of the several tracks seen on the pier. 50 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T a b l e 15 .— Productivity of labor in the loading of steel and steel products Port, commodity, and line number Out put per ganghour Gong tons) Houston: Rails—Line No. 18, 9 ships................................. Aver age num ber of men per gang Newport News: Steel billets— Line No. 32,17 ships........ 31.1 9,14 ships............ 10,14 ships______ 13,13 ships.......... 42,6 ships............ 25.2 Average......................... 14.8 1.30 .74 2.10 15.8 l.i 27.7 17.5 18.0 16.0 1.43 1.20 1. 73 24.3 17.4 25.0 21.6 1.75 1.87 Aver age num ber of men per gang 1.35 .99 17.4 .86 Average......................... 20.2 18.5 1.09 Wirerods,LineNo.9,14ships 25.7 Steel products: Line No. 14, 13 ships................................ 16.2 19.1 1.34 18.9 .86 15.2 14.9 14.8 14.2 1.02 14.6 18.6 21.1 15.1 14.5 15.0 25.5 14.2 .97 1.28 1.45 .82 1.49 21.8 20.9 18.2 Out put per manhour (long tons) 22.6 Philadelphia: Rails—Line No. 19, 20 ships.. Pipe—Line No. 19, 20 ships. _ Miscellaneous steelLine No. 19,20 ships (sheets). Line No. 23,23 ships........... Line No. 24,25 ships........... Line No. 26, 23 ships........... Line No. 53,16 ships........... 1.67 1. 26 26.6 28.2 Out put per ganghour (long tons) Baltimore—Continued. Sheet steelLine No. 9,14 ships........... 24.5 Line No. 10,14 ships______ 22.4 Line No. 13,13 ships........... 14.9 15.1 18.1 15.2 15.1 22.8 Average.................... P ip e Line No. 14,13 ships.......... Line No. 15, 24 ships_____ Line No. 41,9 ships.......... Port, commodity, and line number 9.0 Mobile: Pipe—Line No. 5,15 ships. Iron and steel—Line No. 7, 12 ships............................. Baltimore: Rails— Line No. Line No. Line No. Line No. Out put per manhour (long tons) 1.05 Average......................... 19.2 15.0 1.28 1.40 Tin plate—Line No. 19, 20 ships_____________ _______ 25.0 20.2 1.24 New York: Pipe and steel products— Line No. 121, 22 ships,____ 21.6 ^teel products—Line No. 122, 12 ships................................ 11.6 16.0 1. 35 19.7 . 59 Tin plate— Line No. 9,14 ships............ Line No. 10,14 ships.......... Line No. 13,13 ships.......... Line No. 15,24 ships_____ 31.3 31.6 30.6 34.5 18.7 23.0 17.1 22.4 1.67 1.37 1.78 1.54 Average_____________ 32.7 21.2 1.54 Loading Oil Cake Table 16 gives the productivity of labor in loading cottonseed cake and meal in Houston, Port Arthur, and Savannah, and linseed cake in Philadelphia and New York. The productivity^ per gang per hour ranges from 21.3 long tons of oil cake loaded in Port Arthur to 45.9 long tons of oil cake loaded in New York. The productivity per man per hour ranges from 0.88 long ton for Port Arthur to 1.89 long tons in New York. T a b l e 16.— Productivity of labor in the loading of oil cake and cottonseed meal Port, commodity, and line number Houston: Cottonseed meal— Line No. 7, 9 ships. Line No. 8, 7 ships. Out Aver put age per n u m gang- ber of hour men (long per tons) gang 20.4 22.6 Average............... Output per manhour (long tons) 15. 4 18.0 1. 32 1.25 17.5 1.27 Oil cake— Line No. 4, 9 ships. Line No. 7, 9 ships. 26.0 21.7 19.0 17.7 1. 37 1.23 Average.............. 24.3 18.5 1.31 ; 11 :j 11 Port, commodity, and line number Ij Port Arthur: Oil cake—Line No. 1, 22 ships.......... ................. ........ Savannah: Cottonseed meal and oil cake—Line No. 3,11 ships.. Philadelphia: Oil cake—Line No. 10, 14 ships____________________ New York: Oil cake—Line No. 120, 18 ships____________________ Out Aver put age per num gang- ber of hour men (long per tons) gang Out put per manhour (long tons) 21.3 24.2 .88 21.4 16.7 1.28 38.9 26. ft 1.46 45. 9 24.2 1.89 51 LOADING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Loading Copper In Table 17 is shown the productivity of labor in loading copper in the ports of Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco, Cristobal, and Baltimore. In Tacoma and Portland the copper is loaded directly from open railroad cars to the ship. In the other ports it is loaded from the pier. Ship’s gear is used in all ports. The gang-hour productivity of labor in loading copper ranges from 22.8 long tons in Cristobal to 40.3 long tons in Baltimore. The man-hour productivity ranges from 0.66 long ton in Cristobal to 2.14 long tons in Portland, Oreg. T able 17.— Productivity of labor in the loading of copper Port, commodity, and line number Out Aver put age per nu m gang- ber of hour men (long per tons) gang Tacoma:1 Line No. 6,11 ships........ __ 29.0 Line No. 7, 29 ships_______ 25.3 13.0 13.1 Out put per manhour Gong tons) 2.23 1.93 Average........................... 25.9 13.1 1.98 Portland, Oreg.:1 Line No. 14, 9 ships____ ______________ 25.3 11.8 2.14 Port, commodity, and line number San Francisco: Line No. 38, 12 ships___________ ______ Baltimore: Line No. 5, 11 ships___________________ Cristobal: Line No. 12, 11 shins _ _ _ _ . Out Aver put age per n u m gang- ber of hour men (long per tons) gang Out put per manhour Gong tons) 30. 5 18.0 1.69 40.3 19.0 2.12 22.8 34.6 .66 i Ship’s tackle, or direct from car to ships. Loading Principal Individual Commodities Table 18 contains a summary of the data for all the individual commodities for which it was possible to determine the productivity of labor in loading. The maximum productivity is shown in case oil loaded in Port Arthur with 76.2 long tons per gang per hour and 3.31 long tons per man per hour. The minimum productivity is shown in loading lumber in Charleston with 7.5 long tons per gang per hour and 0.33 long tons per man per hour. 52 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO Table 18.— Productivity of labor in the loading of individual commodities, by port Seattle Commodity Out put per maniout hour (long (long tons) tons) Out put per gang- 1.40 Apples ______________ 26.6 Box shooks____________ goods __ 19.7 Copper_______________ Doors_________________ Flour_________________ 32.2 Tyiimhflr - __ ___ 7.5 Oil, refiTiftri . _ Tobacco______________ 24.3 .99 Tacoma Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) 12.8 0.74 Grays Harbor Out put per gang hour (long tons) Portland (Oreg.) Out Out Out put put put per per per man- ?ang- manhour aour hour (long (long (long tons) tons) tons) U5.8 10.82 24.4 25.3 1.16 2.14 .57 1.75 2.79 25.9 1.98 13.9 .71 10.8 44.4 1.56 33.7 1.75 U 0.2 .58 2.86 HO. 9 2 0.83 210.2 1.18 Galveston Agricultural implements A sphalt______________ Box shooks____________ C em ent______________ Cotton________________ 21.8 Flour __ _____________ 21.0 Glucose. ___________ Grain (trimming)______ Iron and steel: Miscellaneous______ Pipe______________ Rail___ ___________ Logs _ ______________ Lumber_______________ Naval stores___________ Oil, refined___________ Oil, lubricating________ Oil cake and cottonseed meal________________ Oyster shells__________ Tobacco______________ 1.45 1.27 22.0 24.3 1.47 1.35 19.2 1.13 .68 20.7 0 7.8 .87 9.7 .54 1.15 *440.40 13.7 .95 10.1 .59 76.2 3.31 68.4 36.2 2.07 524.3 *1.31 521.3 ».88 27.8 1.54 Newport News 0.69 28.3 31.1 1.18 Norfolk .33 Baltimore 32.0 1.97 40.3 2.12 1.33 1.18 28.3 <3) ‘ 280.0 Out put per manhour (long tons) Out put per ganghour (long tons) 16.6 30.5 0.94 1.69 22.8 31.2 1.86 18.0 | 30.1 .82 1.25 Mobile 11.6 0.63 17.2 26.5 19.9 19.8 15.9 .87 1.55 1.18 14.5 20.7 .74 1.30 12.3 22.5 12.0 .78 .79 1.40 18.9 .99 22.3 1.36 (3) .86 16.2 24.3 26.3 1.40 25.7 1.34 32.7 1.66 1.09 1.54 Out put per manhour (long tons) Savannah 1.22 22.1 0.73 9.2 25.8 1.20 21.4 1.28 .95 * 1,000 board feet. 3Not available, .54 61.5 2.24 1.09 *363.0 19.2 14.9 15.2 1.28 1.05 11.6 21.6 .59 1.35 60.1 34.0 2.65 1.50 50.7 2.95 38.9 32.5 25.0 1.46 1.29 1.24 45.9 1.89 1.02 i i Apples and prunes. 0.66 Philadelphia New York 25.5 20.2 2.10 2.11 Cristobal Out put per ganghour (long tons) Port Arthur New Orleans 29.1 Charleston A sphalt______________ Cement_______________ C o p p e r _____________ Cotton __________ 18.5 Flour.............................. Grain, trimming_______ Iron and steel: Miscellaneous______ Pipe____ _____ ____ Rails._ ___________ Sheet steel_____ _ Steel billets.............. Wire rods. __ L u m ber........................ 7.5 Oil, refined____________ Oil, lubricating Oil cake and cottonseed meal _ _ _______ Sulphate of ammonia Tin plate. _________ Tobacco______________ Houston San Fran cisco <Bushels, 0 Oil cake only. F ig u r e 2 7.— L o a d in g Lo n g S teel fro m C ar to S h ip . P h il a d e l p h ia F i g u r e 2 8 .— d i s c h a r g i n g ra w s u g a r a t a re fin e ry in S a n F r a n c i s c o . O ld m e th o d DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES 53 Productivity of Labor in Discharging Individual Commodities Discharging Raw Sugar Raw sugar from Cuba, Porto Rico, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Philippine Islands comes to this country in full-ship cargoes. The sugar is discharged chiefly at the piers of the sugar refineries, although occasionally it is also discharged at a general cargo pier. Data for the productivity of longshore labor in discharging raw sugar have been secured for the following ports: San Francisco, Galveston, New Orleans, Savannah, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. Ship’s gear and rope slings are used in all ports for the purpose of transferring the sugar from the hold of the ship to the apron of the pier. But the equipment on the pier and the methods used in transferring^ the sugar from the^ ship’s side to the refinery proper or to the pile in the shed of the pier vary greatly from one refinery to another. Table 19 gives ^the statistics of discharging raw sugar expressed in long tons and in bags handled per gang per hour and per man per hour. The productivity per gang per hour is shown to vary from an average of 40 long tons discharged at the general cargo piers in New Orleans to an average of 80.4 long tons discharged at the two refineries in San Francisco. #The man-hour output varies from 1.35 long tons at a general cargo pier in Galveston to 3.45 long tons at the two refineries in San Francisco. The two outstanding cases of high productivity in discharging raw sugar, measured in terms of either gang-hour or man-hour output, are to be found in refinery No. 1 in San Francisco and in refinery No. 1 in New York. Both refineries have recently introduced new equip ment and new methods of transferring the raw sugar from the apron of the pier to the refinery proper, with an increased productivity of longshore labor resulting directly from these changes in the pier equipment. The refinery in San Francisco discharges Hawaiian sugar only, which ^comes in bags of 130 to 135 pounds each. The “ union” or “ married” fall, operated by one winchman, is used to transfer the sling loads from the hold of the ship to a large movable platform erected on the apron of the pier. Each sling is made up of 16 to 17 bags, thus averaging about 1 long ton per load. Previous to the installation of the new system hand trucks were used to transfer the sugar from the platform on the pier to the scales and thence to the refinery proper or to the warehouse. # This method (illustrated in fig. 28) is still used in several refineries in the country. With the old system the average output of a gang consisting of 34 longshore men was about 1,200 bags or 70 long tons per gang per hour, and about 35 bags or 2 long tons per man per hour. Under the present system the platform on which the sugar is landed from the ship is placed on the second floor of the pier, which is at about the same level as the deck of^ the ship, thus enabling the winchmen to see where the sling load is landed and dispensing with the services of a signal man. During the process of unloading, the )latform is attached to a portable conveyor equipped with two endess belts, each passing over a scale for the purpose of weighing the bags. The individual bags are shoved by hand from the platform to ! 54 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO the two belts and their weights are determined as they pass over the scales. From the conveyor the bags fall down into an opening in the floor leading to an inclosed system of conveyors which carry the bags from the pier either directly into the melting section of the refinery or to the warehouse. This method of discharging the sugar, although exceedingly simple from a technical point of view, seems to prove very effective so far as the productivity of labor is concerned. With a gang consisting of 21 longshoremen, the average output for 1926 was 1,681 bags or 94.7 long tons per gang per hour and 80.1 bags or 4.51 long tons per man per hour, which is the highest average productivity for any one commodity loaded or discharged in bags or other containers. From individual ships a maximum of 2,500 bags of sugar has been discharged per gang per hour, the rate of discharging being limited only by the capacity of the winches and the ability of the men in the hold to make up the sling loads. This method of transferring the sugar from the pier to the refinery is illustrated in Figure^ 29, showing the platform on which the sugar is landed from the ship, the portable conveyor with the two endless belts passing over two scales, and the opening in the floor leading to the system of inclosed conveyors which carry the sugar to the refinery. The New York refinery has also increased the productivity by a change in the equipment used on the pier which took place very recently. The old hand-truck system, which was similar to the old system used in San Francisco, has now given way to a system of electric platform trucks. Ship’s gear is used to transfer the sling loads containing four to five bags of Cuban sugar from the hold to the deck of the ship, and electric cranes, which travel on rails on the roof of the pier shed, lift the sling loads from the deck of the ship and load them on the electric trucks. These carry the sugar first to the scales to be weighed and thence either to the pile or to the melting dump of the refinery. Under the old system, with a gang of 29 long shoremen, the average output for 1923 was 59.2 long tons or 408 Cuban bags per gang per hour and 2.04 long tons or 14.1 Cuban bags per man per hour. With the new equipment and with a gang of 22 men the average output for 1928, given in Table 19, was 87.7 long tons or 597 Cuban bags per gang per hour, and 3.99 long tons or 27.1 bags per man per hour, an increase of nearly 100 per cent if measured in terms of productivity per man per hour. 55 DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES T able 19.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of raw sugar Output per ganghour Port, and line number Long tons San Francisco—refinery: Line No. 35,103 ships............................................. Line No. 2, 53 ships.................................... - ......... Bags 94.7 U,681.0 59.6 11 , 101.0 Output per manAverage hour number of men per gang Long tons Bags 26.6 21.0 4.51 2.24 180.1 141.3 161.9 80.4 11,442.0 23.3 3.45 Galveston—pier: Line No. 12, 27 ships..................... 49.2 a 338.6 36.4 1.35 29.3 New Orleans—refinery: Line No. 34, 72 ships........... 55.2 3 386.0 23.0 2.40 3 16.8 New Orleans—pier: Line No. 35,36 ships........ ............... ................... . Line No. 36,12 ships.............................................. Line No. 37,22 ships.........................- ................... 45.0 36.3 34.2 2315.0 2254.1 2 239.4 23.0 1.96 1.73 1.49 212.1 210.4 Average____________ _____ _________________ 21.0 23.0 2 13.7 Average___________________________________ 40.0 2280.0 22.5 1.78 3 12.5 Savannah—refinery: Line No. 13, 40 ships................ 56.6 a396.0 33.0 1.72 3 12.0 Baltimore—refinery: Line No. 35, 43 ships...................................... ........ Line No. 36,42 ships.............................................. 49.4 36.2 2 348.0 i 611.0 29.0 29.0 1.70 1.25 3 12.0 Average___________________________________ 43.1 29.0 1.48 Philadelphia—refinery: Line No. 47, 68 ships.............................................. Line No. 49,7 ships................................................ Line No. 48,19 ships.............................................. Line No. 49, 29 ships.............................................. 66.4 48.1 46.9 43.9 35.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 1.90 1.41 1.38 1.29 34.6 1.61 29.0 29.0 27.8 2.47 2.45 2.03 28.4 2.25 25.0 24.4 23.9 25.0 24.1 21.9 29.0 22.0 3.99 2.67 2.57 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.05 2.04 23.5 2.72 Average____________ _____ ________________ Boston—refinery: Line No. 43. 23 ships......................................... . Line No. 44, 22 ships........................................... . Line No. 45,47 ships.............................................. Average________ _ ___________________ New York—refinery: Line No, 104, 43 ships.......... ........................ ......... Line No. 106,13 ships......................................... . Line No. 107,14 ships............................................. Line No. 108,36 ships............................................. Line No. 109, 23 ships..................... ...................... Line No. 110,14 ships............................................. Line No. I ll, 15 ships............................................. Line No. 105, 65 ships............................................. Average___________ _____________________ 2449.0 a405.0 2317.0 <759.0 55.7 71.7 71.0 56.4 3 595.3 2486.4 2395.1 63.8 87.7 66.7 62.6 55.7 58.0 55.3 45.0 59.2 2597.0 2467.0 2438. 0 3 601. 0 « 769. 0 2387.0 * 741.5 2408.0 63.9 121.1 3 12.8 3 11.9 29.3 <22.3 3 20.5 216.8 2 14.2 2 27.1 218.7 2 18.0 3 25.1 430.8 2 16.1 433.9 2 14.1 i Hawaiian sugar, about 135 pounds to the bag. 1 Cuban sugar, about 330 to 350 pounds to the bag. 8 Porto Rican sugar, about 250 to 270 pounds to the bag. 4 Philippine sugar, about 135 pounds to the bag. Discharging Coffee Table 20 shows the labor productivity in discharging coffee in Seattle, Cristobal (Canal Zone), Galveston, New Orleans, Phila delphia, Boston, and New York. Most of the coffee discharged in these ports comes in parcel lots, together with parcel lots of other South American products such as linseed, hides, quebracho, etc., although occasionally, especially in New Orleans and Cristobal, coffee is discharged in full-ship cargoes. The coffee comes in bags of an average weight of 135 pounds, and it is not a particularly hard commodity to handle. The principal difficulty, however, in discharging coffee is due to the need of sort 56 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO ing the bags according to the numerous marks which appear on them; this has to be done on the pier during the operation of dis charging. It is therefore impracticable to use any kind of equip ment for the transfer of the bags from the apron of the pier to the pile in the shed. The sorting also slows down the operations of the ship’s gear. Each bag has to be handled separately and in most ports the hand truck stiff proves the most effective piece of equip ment used in this connection. In some ports, as for instance New Orleans or Boston, the coffee is discharged onto large 4-wheel trucks which are then moved into the shed of the pier, where the sorting is done by a special gang of sorters who remove the bags from the truck to the respective piles a bag at a time. This necessitates the use of a much larger gang than is customary in the port for the handling of any other commodity. As many as 39 men per gang are used in New Orleans, while 47 men are used in Cristobal. In Houston a permanent conveyor system is used to transfer the bags of coffee from the ship’s side to the second floor of the ware house. The coffee is assorted and piled by workers supplied by the warehouse operator, and it w~as impossible to determine the pro ductivity of the longshoremen in Houston on a basis comparable with the other ports. The productivity per gang per hour varies from 18.6 long tons for Galveston to 39.3 long tons for New Orleans, while the productivity per man per hour varies from 0.46 long ton for Cristobal to 1.25 long tons for Philadelphia. Considering that this is a uniform cargo in comparatively small bags, the productivity is very small, particu larly when contrasted with the handling of raw sugar, which comes in similar or even larger bags. Not until a system has been devised by which the bags will be loaded into the ship, already sorted, or until a better system of sorting is developed, is there any chance of increasing the productivity of labor in discharging coffee. T able 20.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of coffee Output per ganghour Port, and line number Long tons Seattle: Line No. 15, 7 ships______________________ Cristobal (Canal Zone): Line No. 13,9 ships___ ___ _________________ Line No. 14,10 ships__ ______________________ 430.0 24.9 1.04 21.2 22.2 8 45.2 49.4 .47 .45 0) 0) Average___________________________________ 21.7 0) 47.2 .46 0) Galveston: Line No. 10, 8 ships..__________________ New Orleans: Line No. 30, 22 ships_______________ Philadelphia: Line No. 11, 18 ships________________ Boston: Line No. 11, 24 ships_____________________ 18.6 39.3 34.8 31.1 313.4 666.0 571.0 527.0 18.5 39.0 27.9 27.1 1.01 1.01 1.25 1.15 17.0 17.1 20.4 19.3 New York: Line No. 86, 24 ships.............................................. Line No. 87, 12 ships_________________________ Line No. 41,13 ships_________________________ Line No. 42,13 ships_________________________ 34.9 32.5 25.2 28.7 28.7 31.7 33.0 1.22 20.8 21.6 597.0 552.0 428.0 372.0 .66 19.2 13.4 11.3 Average___________________________________ 27.8 474.0 30.9 .90 15.3 i Not available. 25.8 Bags Average Output per manhour number of men per gang Long tons Bags 1.13 .79 17.7 F ig u r e 2 9.— P resen t M eth o d o f D isc h a r g in g R aw su g a r a t a R e fin e r y in S an F r a n c is c o F ig u r e 3 0.— D isc h a r g in g L u m ber load ed U n it s a n d h e l S an F r a n c is c o in d T o g et h e r by sp e c ia l ir o n b a n d s o r h o o k s . F ig u r e 31.— D is c h a r g in g Lu m b e r w i t h s h i p ’s G ea r . B o s t o n . R o s s Ca r r ie r R eady to P ic k u p L um ber F ig u r e 3 2.— d is c h a r g in g lea n s . S ban a n a s tem s b e in g w it h L Co po c k e t if t e d fr o m H n v ey o r atch , N ew O r 57 DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Discharging Newsprint Paper Newsprint paper is discharged in nearly every major port in the United States. Most of the paper comes from Canada in full cargo lots, although some paper also comes from Europe w~ith wood pulp and other commodities. Table 21 shows the productivity of labor in discharging paper in Los Angeles, Galveston, Houston, New Orleans, Norfolk and Newport News, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. The paper is discharged at the general cargo piers by means of the ship’s gear, and is removed to the warehouse either on long hand trucks or by electric trucks equipped with a special device for stacking the paper in piles. The highest gang-hour productivity shown in Table 21 is for the port of Philadelphia, with an output of 34.4 long tons, while the highest man-hour output is shown for New York, with an average of 1.94 long tons. It is in New York that the electric trucks are used in discharging and stacking the paper. It must be emphasized that the figures for New York refer to the first year of the use of these trucks for discharging and stacking paper. T able 21.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of newsprint paper Port, and line number Output Aver Output per age per gang- number manhour of men hour (long (long per tons) tons) gang Los Angeles: Line No. 31, 26 ships..____________ Galveston: Line No. 11, 9 ships............ .............. Houston: Line No. 13, 8 ships______ __________ New Orleans: Line No. 32,13 ships___________ 30.2 18.0 1.61 20.3 17.8 1.14 17.3 1.06 19.0 1.24 18.3 23.6 Port, and line number Output per ganghour (long tons) Aver age number of men per gang Norfolk and Newport News: Line No. 25, 11 ships________________ Baltimore: Line No. 29, 6 ships........................... Philadelphia: Line No. 45, 8 ships..................... New York: Line No. 101, 12 ships______________ 25.0 19.3 23.2 17.6 1.31 34.4 20.9 1.64 29.2 15.1 1.94 Output per manhour (long tons) 1.29 Discharging Lumber Large quantities of lumber in full-ship cargoes are discharged in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York.^ Table 22 shows the labor productivity of longshoremen in discharging lumber in these ports, measured in terms of board feet discharged per gang-hour and per man-hour. With the excep tion of a single line in San Francisco which uses a system of two gantry cranes for this operation, and a single line in New York which is using a system of movable electric cranes, all lines presented in the table use the ship’s gear exclusively. A large proportion of the lumber is discharged either at the lumber mills or at special lumber piers and the stevedores merely handle the lumber from the ship to the apron of the pier. The lumber is then taken away from the apron and stored by means of special gantry cranes, Ross carriers, or other lumber-pier equipment. Except in cases where the lumber is delivered directly to a railroad car, a lighter, or a regular pier (in which cases a complete gang is used), the data for discharging refer to the operation of the longshoremen only, which is usually termed “ ship’s tackle” and is so designated in the table. The lumber discharged in San Francisco and in Los Angeles is loaded in comparatively large lumber schooners especially devised 66490°-32------5 58 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO for carrying this kind of cargo. The labor productivity in discharg ing lumber in these ports is therefore considerably higher than that for the eastern ports. But even the high productivity of these two ports is very small in contrast with the productivity of the special San Francisco line which is using the^ gantry-crane system for dis charging lumber. The high productivity of this company, however, is due not so much to the equipment as to the system used in stowing the lumber when loading the ship. The company loads and dis charges its own lumber. When loading, the lumber is arranged into units of uniform size and especially improvised iron hooks are placed around each unit before loading it into the ship. The iron hooks are left with the unit, so that in discharging the cargo the hold men merely attach the lifting chains of the crane to the iron hooks on the unit of lumber. This system eliminates the necessity of stowing the individual pieces of lumber when loading and of making up the sling loads when discharging. The make-up of the individual units of lumber and the two cranes in process of discharging the lumber from the ship are shown in Figure 30. The average output in discharging lumber by this system is shown to be 68,800 board feet per crane per hour, and 5,970 board feet per man per hour. The man-hour productivity of this system of dis charging lumber is nearly three times as large as for the line with the highest man-hour productivity attained by using the ship’s gear and by stowing the lumber by individual pieces. The principal obstacles to the utilization of the unit system for intercoastal lumber are due to the fact that in using the unit system a large percentage of the cargo space is wasted in the process of stowing the units. Also, the lumber when stowed in units is not so compact as when stowed by the piece and there is danger of the lumber shifting in stormy weather. In the eastern ports the average productivity per gang per hour varies from 9,200 board feet discharged at the general cargo piers in Boston to 15,400 board feet discharged by “ ship’s tackle” m New York. The man-hour productivity of eastern ports varies from an average of 560 board feet for the same lines in Boston to 1,050 board feet discharged by “ ship’s tackle” in New York. (See fig. 31.) T a b l e 22»— Productivity of labor in the discharging of lumber Port, and line number San Francisco—ship’s tackle: Line No. 27,19 ships.................................................................. Line No. 28,10ships__________ _____ _ _______ ___ _____ _ Line No. 29,22 ships........ ............................................................ Line No. 30,18 ships............... ...................................................... Average Output per Output per number of man-hour gang-hour men per (board (board feet) feet) gang 31,480 27,330 34,100 24,400 15.3 15.5 24.4 19.9 2,050 1,760 1,390 1,230 ___________________________ 28,950 16.5 1,650 Line No. 31, 31 ships—gantry crane, unit system of stowage_______ 68,800 11.5 5,970 Los Angeles—ship’s tackle: Line No. 25, 20 ships___ _____________________ ______ _______ Line No. 26,20 ships..... .................................................................. Line No. 27,19 ships....................................................................... Line No. 28,18 ships...................................................................... Line No. 29, 23 ships................ ............................................. ........ 31,270 24,570 31,710 24,010 24,870 16.0 12.7 16.7 14.1 15.7 1,950 1,940 1,900 1,710 1,580 26,660 14.7 1,820 Average___________________ Average__________________________________ ____ ________ 59 DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES T able 22.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of lumber— Continued Port, and line number Average Output per Output per number of man-hour gang-hour per (board feet) (board feet) men gang Baltimore—ship’s tackle and railroad cars: Line No. 27,11 ships_______________________________________ Line No. 28,15 ships___ ________ ________ ___________________ 11,200 15,900 18.1 17.3 880 650 Average............................................ ........................................... 14,500 17.9 810 13,700 13,600 12,600 12,000 9,900 9,300 16.7 17.8 16.9 17.0 16.0 15.0 820 770 740 710 620 620 Philadelphia—ship’s tackle and railroad cars: Line No. 37,11 ships............................................................. ......... Tiine No. 38,12,qhips._ __ Line No. 39,15 ships............. ............................................... ......... Line No. 40,9 ships.......... .............................................................. Line No. 41,9 ships________________________________________ Line No. 21,38 ships.......... ............... .................... ...................... Average____________________________________ ____________ 11,700 16.5 710 Boston: Ship’s tackle— Line No. 38,17 ships— ______ _______________ __________ Line No. 39,18 ships______ _____ ___________ ___________ Line No. 40, 22 ships______________________________ __ __ 14,400 12,900 11,500 15.7 15.7 15.4 920 820 750 Average_____________________________________________ 13,200 15.6 850 Pier and railroad cars— Line No. 41,4 ships____________________________________ Line No. 42,7 ships_____________________________________ 9,200 9,300 15.6 17.2 590 540 Average_____________________________________________ 9,200 16.5 560 New York: Ship’s tackle— Line No. 89,47 ships............. ............... .......... ...................... Line No. 90,25 ships................................................................ Line No. 91,15 ships___________________________________ Line No. 92,24 ships___________________________________ Line No. 93,15 ships________________ ____ ______________ Line No. 94,18 ships___________________________________ Line No. 95,13 ships___________________________________ 16,300 16,100 15,100 15,000 14,400 13,500 1,120 1,110 12,600 14.6 14.5 14.4 14.9 14.6 14.8 14.7 15,400 14.6 1,050 14,800 13,400 11,700 12,400 12,700 12,300 20.0 18.6 16.9 18.1 18.8 18.3 740 720 690 680 680 670 13,000 18.6 700 Average____________ ________________________________ Pier and railroad cars— Line No. 70, 25 ships....................................................... ........ Line No. 96,14 ships______ ______ ______________________ Line No. 97,15 ships_________________________ __________ Line No. 98,9 ships_____ _______________ ____________ Line No. 100, 20 ships____ __________________________ Line No. 99,17 ships____________________________________ Average..___________________________________________ 1,040 1,010 990 910 860 Discharging Bananas Table 23 gives the average productivity of labor in discharging full cargoes of bananas in New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, Balti more, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. There is more special equipment now in use in the several ports for the purpose of dis charging bananas than for any other single commodity. The piece of equipment most commonly used is the pocket belt conveyor. In New Orleans and in Mobile the conveyors constitute a permanent feature of the banana piers. Each belt is operated from an electric tower which travels on rails along the entire length of the pier. Figure 32 shows a pocket conveyor in the process of lifting the stems of bananas from the hatch of the ship and delivering them to the pier. The wooden superstructure over the belt is used to protect the bananas from inclement weather. 60 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO Figure 33 shows the pier side of the operation with two men stationed at each conveyor to transfer the stems of bananas from the pockets of the conveyor to an endless belt which runs along the entire length of the pier. While traveling on this belt the bananas are classified by the degree of ripeness and by size (determined by the number of “ hands” on the stem) and are then lifted over to one of the several other belts which run at right angles to the main longitudinal belt. Alongside each of these belts freight cars are placed, into which the bananas are removed and stowed by man power. Figure 34 shows a section of the belt system, with a series of box cars placed on either side of the belt. The men are seen removing the stems of bananas from the belt and canning them on their shoulders into the cars to be stowed for immediate destination. In the^ other ports portable belt conveyors are used, which are lowered into the hatch with the help of the ship’s gear, and are operated by electricity supplied by a portable motor on the pier. The portable conveyors are much smaller than those used in New Orleans or in Mobile and do not extend beyond the opening of the hatch. From these the bananas are transferred to the side of the ship and thence to the apron of the pier by means of portable endless belt conveyors, which are so rigged as to make a complete unit with the pocket conveyor in the hatch. From the apron of the pier the stems or bunches of bananas are earned away by man power and are carefully stowed into box cars stationed inside the shed of the pier. In New York and in Baltimore a large proportion of the bananas is loaded into box cars on floats, and gravity rollers are often used to transfer the bananas from the side ports of the ship to their destina tion in the car. In Boston, New York, Baltimore, and Philadel phia a considerable proportion of the cargo is auctioned off on the pier and is loaded directly into trucks at the apron of the pier, thus eliminating the need of stowing the bananas in the cars. The statistics on labor productivity given in Table 23 cover all the workers engaged in the process of handling the bananas, including the car stowers. The total number of man-hours used in the entire process was divided by the total number of conveyor-hours in opera tion in order to determine the average number of men used per conveyor-hour. The labor productivity is given in terms of “ stems” or bunches handled per hour as the weight of the bunches is too variable to permit its use as a unit of measurement for the handling of bananas. The average output of discharging bananas varies from 465 bunches per conveyor per hour for Baltimore to 1,833 bunches for New Orleans, and from 9.66 per man per hour for Charleston (discharging partly by hand and partly by conveyors) to 20.06 per man per hour for Philadelphia. The lower man-hour productivity in New Orleans and Mobile in connection with a higher conveyorhour output is due to the fact that in these two ports nearly all the bananas are loaded into cars, while in the eastern ports a large per centage of the bananas is loaded into trucks requiring no stowage. An interesting comparison of labor productivity in handling bananas is offered by the change in the method of handling bananas in the port of New York. In 1925, before the conveyor system was introduced, the average productivity for 66 ships handled by one line was 561 stems per gang per hour, or 12.42 stems per man per hour. With the conveyors in operation in 1928, the average productivity F ig u r e 3 3.— D is c h a r g in g O ba n ana s rlea n s , w it h p ie r b elt v ie w Co nveyor in N ew F ig u r e 3 4.— r e m o v in g ban ana s fro m b e lt S y stem in t o b o x c a r s . N ew O rlea ns 61 DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES for 97 ships handled by the same line was 776. 5 stems per conveyor per hour, or 18.37 stems per man per hour, an increase of nearly 50 per cent in the man-hour output, which can be directly attributed to the use of pier equipment. T able 23.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of bananas Port, and line number Average Output per gang number of or convey men per or hour gang or conveyor (stems) Output per manhour (stems) New Orleans: Line No. 25,165 ships...................................................................... Line No. 26, 313 ships______________________________________ 2,299.4 1,663.2 158.8 124.5 14.48 13.36 Average_________________________________________________ 1,832.8 133.7 13.71 Mobile: Line No. 14,166 ships_________________________________ Charleston: Line No. 7,53 ships________________________________ Baltimore: Line No. 24,69 ships________________________________ Philadelphia: Line No. 31,94 ships_____________________________ Boston: Line No. 34,102 ships. ______ _____ ___ ____ ____________ New York: Line No. 84,97 ships.................... ............ ...................... 1,369.0 0) 465.0 806.0 572.1 776.5 100.0 13.69 10.40 14.53 20.06 13.39 18.37 (9 32.0 40.2 42.7 42.3 1 Not available; the discharging was done partly by a belt conveyor, but chiefly by hand power. Discharging Burlap Table 24 gives the productivity of labor in discharging burlap in the following ports: Seattle, Galveston, New Orleans, Savannah, Norfolk, and Boston. The output per gang per hour varies from 21.9 long tons discharged in Norfolk with a gang averaging 21.4 men to 33.8 long tons discharged in New Orleans with a gang averaging 19 men. The output per man per hour ranges from 0.73 long ton for Savannah to 1.78 long tons for New Orleans. T able 24.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of burlap Port, and line number Seattle: Line No. 2,16 ships________________________________________ Galveston: Line No. 8,10 ships_______ ______ _____ _____ _______________ Line No. 9,11 ships......................................................................... Average......... ...... .................................. ............ .................... . Output per ganghour Long tons Average number of men per gang Output per manhour Long tons 1.12 27.2 24.4 27.1 23.6 20.0 19.0 1.36 1.24 24.9 19.6 1.27 New Orleans: Line No. 27,14 ships_________________________ ____ Savannah: Line No. 10, 6 ships............ ..................... ......................... Norfolk: Line No. 1, 7 ships......................... ..................... ................. Boston: Line No. 13,15 ships................ .................................................. . Line No. 12, 8 ships......................................................................... 33.8 30.5 21.9 19.0 41.5 21.4 1.78 .73 29.1 26.9 18.5 19.0 1.57 1.39 Average___ _____ _________________ ____________ __________ 27.6 18.8 1.47 1.02 62 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO Discharging Nitrate of Soda Table 25 shows the productivity of labor in discharging nitrate of soda in the following ports: San Francisco, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Savannah, Charleston, and Norfolk. The productivity of labor in discharging nitrate is shown to vary from 24.6 ]ong tons per gang per hour in Norfolk to 53.5 long tons per gang per hour in Savannah. The man-hour productivity ranges from 0.65 long ton in Norfolk to 1.66 long tons in New Orleans. T a b l e 25.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of nitrate of soda Port, and line number Output per ganghour Average number of men per gang Long tom San Francisco: Line No. 32, 7 ships_________ ________ ___________ Los Angeles: Line No. 30,11 ships______________________________ New Orleans: Line No. 31,14 ships_____________________ ___ Savannah: Line No. 12,10 ships___________________________ Charleston: Line No. 10,6 ships_____________________________________ Line No. 11,11 ships__________________________ ____________ Average_____________________________________________ Norfolk: Line No. 26,18 ships________________________________ Baltimore: Line No. 30,12 ships________________ ________________ ____ _ Line No. 31,11 ships_____________ ______ __ ______________ _ Average_______________________________________________ Output per manhour Lon g tons 29.9 38.7 44.9 53.5 20.3 24.0 27.0 1 57.0 1.66 43.1 40.6 140.7 139.9 1.06 41.5 140.2 1.03 24.6 i 38.0 .65 36.8 34.7 31.9 31.8 1.15 1.06 35.9 31.8 1.13 1.47 1.61 .94 1.02 i Inclusive of men piling cargo by hand. Discharging Wet Hides In Table 26 is shown the productivity of labor in discharging wet hides in the following ports: Norfolk, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. The hides discharged in these ports come in single pieces loosely piled in the hold of the ship. They are taken out of the ship with the ship’s gear, the hook lifting as many hides as will stick to it during the transfer from the hold to the apron of the pier. Hand trucks, hand carts, or electric carts are used to transfer the hook load from the apron to the shed, where the hides are weighed and rolled into individ ual bundles before being piled on the pier or loaded into box cars for immediate shipment. Figure 35 shows a load of wet hides in the proc ess of being lifted out of the hatch of a ship in Norfolk. The work of weighing and rolling the hides is not performed by the longshoremen, and therefore these operations are not included in the table. Productivity in discharging wet hides is shown to vary from 17.5 long tons per gang per hour in Boston to 21.2 long tons per gang per hour in Philadelphia. The man-hour productivity ranges From 0.70 long ton in Norfolk to 0.85 long ton in Philadelphia, F ig u r e 3 5.— D is c h a r g in g W et H id e s in N o r fo lk F ig u r e 3 6.— d is c h a r g in g O re w it h s h i p ’s G ear and T ubs 63 DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES T a b l e 26*— Productivity of labor in the discharging of wet hides Output per ganghour Port, and line number Norfolk: Line No. 3, 9 ships....................................... ................. ...... Philadelphia: Line No. 11,18 ships........................................... ......... Boston: Line No. 17,15 ships........ .............................................................. Line No. 11, 24 ships____ _____________ _____________________ Average number of men per gang Long tons Output per manhour Long tom 21.2 ia 3 26.1 25.0 0.70 .85 18.7 1.7.4 21.1 .88 25.0 .70 Average.-i______________________________________________ 17.5 24.5 .71 New York: Line No. 112, 9 ships_______ ____ _______________ ______ _____ Line No. 113,10 ships______________________________________ 22.9 16.2 26.1 23.5 .88 Average______________________________________ _________ 19.2 24.7 .78 .69 Discharging Wood Pulp Table 27 gives the productivity of labor in discharging wood pulp in the following ports: Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Boston. The output per gang per hour varies from 27.2 long tons in Philadel phia to 35.7 long tons m Baltimore. The man-hour output varies from 1.24 long tons in Philadelphia to 1.62 long tons in Baltimore. T a b l e 2 7 .— Productivity of labor in the discharging of wood pulp Port, and line number Norfolk and Newport News: Line No. 1,12 ships____________:____ Baltimore: Line No. 37, 8 ships________________________________________ Line No. 38, 9 ships________________________________________ Output per ganghour Average number of men per gang Long tons 33.3 24.5 39.5 32.8 22.0 22.0 Output per manhour Long tons 1.36 1.79 1.49 Average, 2 lines__________________________________________ 35.7 22.0 1.62 Philadelphia: Thrift No. 2, 33 ships______________________________ Boston: Line No. 1, 8 ships_________________________________________ Line No. 46, 28 ships_______________________________________ 27.2 21.9 1.24 31.5 29.0 18.9 18.7 1.67 1.55 Average_________________________________________________ 29.2 18.7 1.56 Discharging Ore Table 28 presents the productivity of labor in discharging ore in the following ports: Tacoma, San Francisco, Norfolk, Baltimore, Phila delphia, Boston, and New York. The first section of the table shows the productivity of labor in discharging ore with ship’s gear and with tubs and the second section the productivity in discharging ore with grabs operated by a crane. (See also fig. 36.) In discharging ore with tubs the productivity of labor is shown to vary from 23.7 long tons per gang per hour in New York to 37.8 long tons per gang per hour in San Francisco. The man-hour productivity ranges from 1.43 long tons in New York to 2.16 long tons in San Fran cisco. In discharging ore with grabs, operated by a crane, the pro 64 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP'S CARGO ductivity of labor varies from 36.9 long tons per gang-hour in Boston to 221.2 long tons per gang-hour in Philadelphia. The man-hour productivity, which includes also the trimming of the ore, ranges from 4.16 long tons in Philadelphia, where the ore is trimmed by hand, to 10.00 long tons in Baltimore, where the ore is trimmed with the Avery automatic trimmer. (See fig. 6, p. 10.) Table 28.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of ore Port, and line number Out put per ganghour (long tons) Aver Out age num put per ber of manhour men Gong per gang tons) With tubs and ship’s gear Tacoma: Line No. 3,15 ships____ San Francisco: Line No. 33,10 ships___ Norfolk: Line No. 24,10 ships___ Baltimore: Line No. 32, 24 ships— Manganese ore_____ Chrome ore________ 24 2 12.2 1.99 37.8 17.5 2.16 28.6 14.4 1.99 28.6 36.3 16.4 16.7 1.73 2.17 Average_________ 31.2 16.5 1.89 Philadelphia: Line No. 43, 7 ships____ Line No. 42,11 ships___ 36.0 37.4 19.2 18.0 1.88 2.08 36.6 18.6 1.97 29.8 19.8 15.4 17.3 1.94 1.15 23.7 16.7 1. 43 Average, 2 lines. New York: Line No. 102,11 ships... Line No. 103, 12 ships... Average, 2 lines. Port, and line number Out put per ganghour (long tons) Aver Out age num put per ber of manmen hour (long per gang tons) With cranes and grabs Baltimore: Line No. 32, 20 ships— Discharging.............. 149.1 Discharging and trimming__ _____ 0) Philadelphia: Line No. 44, 42 ships— Discharging.............. 221.2 Discharging and trimming________ (0 Boston: Line No. 50,17 ships— oa q T^ionhoi*(riTicr i/lSuiiarging.. oo» y Discharging and trimming________ 0) !J 6.8 21.90 (0 10.00 6.5 3402 V) 2.0 (l) 416 18.43 443 i The longshoremen are not arranged in gangs. Discharging Principal Individual Commodities Table 29 contains a summary of the commodities discharged in the ports covered in this survey, for which it was possible to deter mine the productivity of labor. With the exception of commodities which are handled in bulk, the gang-hour productivity of labor is shown to range from 16.8 long tons of mixed iron and steel discharged in Boston to 80.4 long tons of raw sugar discharged in San Francisco. The man-hour productivity ranges from 0.65 long ton of nitrate of soda discharged in Norfolk to 3.45 long tons of raw sugar discharged in San Francisco. 65 DISCHARGING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES T a b le 29.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of individual commoditiesy by ports Seattle Commodity Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) Burlap_____________ Canned goods.______ C offee,.................. Copper____________ Copra. .............. ........ Iron and steel: Miscellaneous___ Pipe___________ Lumber.. Nitrate of soda______ Ore______ __________ Paper______________ Silk_______ _____ _ Sugar, raw_________ Tea___ ____ ________ Tin plate___________ 27.2 29.5 25.8 1.55 1.04 19.5 Bananas.... .............. . Bones______________ Burlap....... ................ Cement____________ Coffee____ ____ ____ Fertilizer___________ Iron and steel: Cotton bands____________ Nitrate of soda______ Newsprint paper____ Sisal............................ Sugar: Raw___________ Refined________ Sulphur.......... ........... Out put per ganghour (long tons) 1.50 ---- ---24.2 22.7 25.9 31.9 Out put per manhour (long tons) Out put per ganghour (long tons) San Francisco Los Angeles Out put per ganghour (long tons; Out put per manhour (long tons) Out put per ganghour (long tons) 34.7 1.85 28.8 2.45 Out put per manhour (long tons) 24.0 2.69 27.0 26.5 2.13 1.88 1.99 129.0 i 1.65 29.9 1.47 37.8 2.16 .77 80.4 .75 1.88 Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) 24.9 1.27 18.6 1.01 42.5 Houston Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) 21.9 1.37 20.7 1.15 1.14 18.3 1.06 49.2 1.35 11,000 board feet. Out put per ganghour (long tons) 21.7 28.5 Out put per manhour (long tons) 0.46 .75 21.4 1.78 126.6 i 1.81 38.7 1.61 30.2 1.67 2.57 New Orleans Outr put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) Cristobal (Canal Zone) 3.45 Out put per manhour (long tons) Mobile Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) *1,832.8 H3.71 21,369.0 213.69 14.2 .73 19.9 1.05 33.4 1.85 39.3 1.01 15.2 .82 20.3 Portland, Oreg. 1.12 Galveston Commodity Tacoma 1.66 44.9 23.6 31.4 1.24 1.75 48.1 2.11 20.7 Savannah Out Out put put per per gang-■manhour hour (long (long tons) tons) Charleston Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) (3) 29.66 30.5 0.73 24.7 .90 33.1 .85 28.0 .69 53.5 .94 41.5 1.03 56.6 35.4 1.72 .81 1.29 ‘ 37.’ 5' ' T i s 66 CHAP. 2.— PRODUCTIVITY, STEVEDORING SHIP’S CARGO T able 29.— Productivity of labor in the discharging of individual commodities, by ports— Continued Norfolk Commodity Bananas Bones________________________ Burlap_______________________ Canned goods_________________ Cement______________________ C halk............— _____ ________ China clay___________________ Coffee_______________________ Copper ________ ____________ Cotton (Egyptian)____________ Fertilizer___ ________________ Hides, wet___________ _______ _ Iron and steel: Miscellaneous_____________ Pig iro n _________________ Licorice root._________________ Linseed______________________ Lumber______________________ Nitrate of soda________________ O n ion s._____________________ Ores: General.... ................. ......... . Chrome.......... ....................... Manganese_______________ Paper ________________________ Quebracho___________________ Rags_________________________ Sugar, raw___________________ Sulphur.......... .......... .................. Wood pulp__________ _________ Wool____ ____________________ i l , 000 board feet. Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) 21.9 25.4 1.02 18.3 24.6 Baltimore Out put per ganghour (long tons) 32.9 33.3 2Stems. Out put per ganghour Oong tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) Boston Out put per ganghour Oong tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) New York Out put per ganghour (long tons) Out put per manhour (long tons) *465.0 *14.53 2806.0 220.06 2572.1 213.39 2776.5 2 18.37 18.5 1.00 27.6 1.47 21.7 .97 1.07 27.6 43.9 1.97 1.39 40.5 .94 16.1 3.53 .82 16.6 25.0 .78 34.8 1.25 31.1 1.15 27.8 .90 1.90 31.1 21.4 1.18 28.7 1.50 28.4 1.48 21.2 .70 17.5 .71 19.2 .85 .78 .65 26.9 1.80 i 14.5 35.9 1.81 1.13 /31.2 I (3) 28.6 25.0 Out put per manhour (long tons) Philadelphia 1.89 * 10.00 1.99 1.29 23.2 2.05 1.36 43.1 1.48 45.80 (3) 1.62 35.7 20.8 46.4 28.2 30.0 i 11.7 1.31 3Not available. 1.41 16.8 26. 7 2.90 1.47 1.34 1.71 i 13.2 1.85 22.5 1.18 (9 <4.43 37.4 2.08 <4.16 } (3) 36.0 34.4 1.88 28.7 55.7 1.14 1.61 27.2 1.24 1.05 1.81 1.64 34.4 115.4 2.39 11.05 24.9 12.8 1.51 .72 1.94 .74 2.72 23.3 1.08 29.2 21.3 63.8 2.25 63.9 29.2 26.5 1.56 1.32 * Discharging and trimming. C h a p t e r 3 .— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES Foreign and Intercoastal Trade Nature of Longshore Work The longshoreman does not work alone, as an individual. In order to transfer the ship’s cargo to the pier and vice versa, the workers are arranged into gangs with definite junctions allocated to the sep arate groups which make up the gang. A gang usually consists of three such groups: One group working on the pier, the second on the deck of the ship, ana the third in the hold of the ship.^ When discharging, the men in the hold of the ship “ break out” the individ ual bags or boxes from their places of stowage and carry them to the center of the hatch where they are placed in drafts or slings. Upon a signal from the hatch tender, the winch operators start the upward journey of the sling from the hold to the deck, then to the side of the ship, and finally onto the apron of the pier. There the sling may be landed on a 4-wheel truck or a power platform and at once taken to the proper place on the pier where it is piled away, thus completing the operations generally assigned to the work of longshoremen, or it may be landed on the floor of the apron, the sling undone and the individual pieces placed upon 2-wheel trucks and then taken to their separate destinations on the pier. In loading, the operations are reversed. These are the most simple operations involved in loading, or dis charging cargo. The methods used vary considerably from port to port, from pier to pier, and from commodity to commodity. At some piers only 2-wheel trucks are used; at other piers only 4-wheel plat form trucks. In New York, the method of transferring the loaded slings from the ship to the pier and vice versa, is known as the “ Bur ton” system. In Philadelphia and New Orleans, a variation of this system is used and is called the “ whip,” while on the West Coast another variation is used, which is known as the “ married” or “ union” fall. Occasionally the winches are dispensed with alto gether and a crane or a conveyor is used instead. But whatever the system used, the longshoremen are usually re quired to handle and often also to lift the individual pieces of cargo. A bag of flour ranges from 100 to 150 pounds; a bag of coffee from 135 to 200 pounds; a bag of Porto Rican sugar weighs 250 pounds and a bag of Cuban sugar 330 pounds; cottonseed and linseed cake and meal, nitrate of soda, sulphates, and other fertilizers come in bags from 200 to 300 pounds each. A bale of American cotton weighs 500 pounds and a bale of Egyptian cotton 750 pounds; a bale of crude rubber 224 pounds; a barrel of lubricating oil about 500 pounds; and a hogshead of tobacco from 500 to 1,000 pounds. At once it becomes very clear that the essential requirements for the job of a longshore man are a mighty arm, a hard muscle, and a large, strong back. 67 G8 CHAP. 3,— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. As to the amount of brain and skill involved in the work of loading and discharging cargo the question can not be so simply answered. There is no apprentice system existing in longshore work. The new worker, the inexperienced man (or the “ stiff,” as the newcomer is commonly called), is placed in the gang on an equal basis with the older men and at equal pay. While it takes time to learn how to handle a 2-wheel truck, this work can hardly be classified as skilled. But when it comes to the handling of the ship’s winches or to stowing the cargo in the ship’s hold, the degree of training required^ the amount of judgment, and the sense of responsibility involved in so placing the cargo as to make the best possible use of the space and to insure that no damage will be done either to the cargo or to the ship during the crossing—such work can be learned only after several years of constant and persevering application. Certainly this part of the work of the longshoreman is undoubtedly skilled labor, and should be classified as such. Hours of Work and Rates of Wages All major ports in the United States have definitely established rules pertaining to the hours of work and the rates of wages for long shoremen engaged in foreign and intercoastal shipping. Theoretically the 8-hour day and the 44-hour week has been accepted as the stand ard for longshore work, but in practice longshoremen are called upon to work at any hour of the day or night, depending on the hours of arrival and departure of ships. The rate of wages, however, is deter mined by the time during which the actual work of loading and dis charging is performed. The hours between 8 a. m. and 12 noon and between 1 p. m. and 5 p. m. on all week days, exclusive of Saturday afternoon, are considered the basic working hours. For work per formed during these hours the longshoremen are paid on a straighttime basis. All other time, except meal hours, is counted overtime and the workers are paid one and one-half times the straight rate. Work done during meal hours, which are somewhat differently defined in the various ports, is usually paid for at double the regular long shore rate. On the west coast the prevailing rate for longshoremen is 90 cents an hour straight time and $1.35 an hour overtime. In New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore the rate is 85 cents an hour straight time and $1.30 an hour overtime. In Norfolk, New Orleans, Houston, and .Galveston the regular union rate is 80 cents an hour straight time and $1.20 an hour overtime. These rates of wages apply to the handling of* all commodities which are classified as general cargo. Certain commodities, however, which are dangerous to handle, such as explosives, for example, or which, like wet hides, are objectionable because of the odor or some other characteristic feature, are classified among the so-called “ pen alty” commodities. The rate of wages for handling these commod ities is usually higher than that for general cargo. The following two schedules of wages—one from the agreement between the Inter national Longshoremen’s Association and the employers’ organiza tions in New York, and the other from the San Francisco agreements between the Longshoremen’s Association of San Francisco and the employers’ organization—are presented as examples of the variations in the rates of wages existing in the different ports. 69 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL, TRADE Rates of Wages in New York , 1928 1. On general cargo from 8 a. m. to 12 o’clock noon and from 1 to 5 p. m. on all week days, exclusive of Saturday afternoon, men shall receive 85 cents per hour. 2. All other time, except meal hours, shall be counted and paid for at the rate of $1.30 per hour. 3. Meal hours are 6 a. m. to 7 a. m., 12 noon to 1 p. m., 6 p. m. to 7 p. m. and 12 midnight to 1 a. m. For the hour 12 noon to 1 p. m. week days, except Saturdays and holidays, the rate shall be $1.30, this rate to continue until the men are relieved; for all other meal hours, including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, the men shall be paid double the prevailing rate. Men to be paid for the fuU meal hour if worked any part of it. 4. Men employed on bulk cargo, ballast, and all coal cargoes, including loading and trimming coal for a steamer’s own bunker purposes, to receive 90 cents per hour between the hours of 8 a. m. and 12 o’clock noon and from 1 to 5 p. m. on all week days, except Saturday afternoons. All other time, except meal hours, to be considered as overtime and paid for at $1.35 per hour. 5. Men handling wet hides shall receive $1 per hour regular time and $1.45 per hour overtime. 6. Kerosene, gasoline, and naphtha in cases, when loaded by case gangs, to pay $1.05 per hour. All other time to be $1.60 per hour. 7. When men are employed in handling and stowing in refrigerator space, meats, fowls, and other similar cargo, which are to be transported with the temperature in the boxes at freezing or lower, the men are to receive $1.05 per hour straight time and $1.50 overtime. 8. (a) When men are handling explosives down the bay the following scale to apply: From 8 a. m. to 12 o’clock noon and from 1 to 5 p. m. on all week days, exclusive of Saturday afternoons, $1.70 per hour. (b) All other time shall be counted and paid for at the rate of $2.60 per hour. Rates of Wages in San Francisco, 1927 Occupation, or kind of commodity Longshore work______________________________________________________________ Shoveling (all commodities)___________________________________________________ Shoveling bones in bulk_______________________________ ______ _________________ Oriental oil (in cases)_____________ ______________________________________ Explosives: When general cargo is loaded into a compartment in which explosives are already loaded (stowed) unprotected or when general cargo and explosives are being loaded into different compartments simultaneously______________________ Damaged cargo: If cargo of vessel either in whole or in part is badly damaged by fire, collision, springing a leak, or stranding, for handling only that part of the cargo which is in badly damaged or offensive condition__________________ _______ ____ Creosote lumber or piles______________________________________________________ Cement (domestic) __________________________________________________________ Cement (foreign): Packed in bags with no inner container and a very loose mesh.. . . Green hides__________________________________________________ ______ _________ Base fertilizer (animal)________________________________________________________ Scrap-metal cargoes (excluding rails), discharging only__________________________ Straight time $0.90 Over time 1.65 1.00 $1.35 1.65 1.65 1.50 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.35 1.50 1. 50 1.50 1. 50 1.10 1.00 .90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 The regular and penalty rates in the other ports are somewhat different from the rates given for New York and San Francisco. For example, in Houston, Galveston, and New Orleans the union rates on cotton and tobacco are established on a piece basis; and in Boston, coffee is classified among the penalty commodities, while cement is omitted. Finally, there are variations in the rates of wages among the dif ferent workers constituting a gang. In all ports the gang leader receives a higher wage than the other men. In some ports the winchmen get a higher wage than the hold men, and the latter get a higher wage than the truckers. The majority of the men in the gang, however, receive the prevailing regular rate and in the sub sequent tables on the earnings of longshoremen, as well as those on 70 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. the cost of cargo handling, this rate alone has been taken into consideration. Conditions of Employment The longshoreman can get work only for the period the ship remains in port for the purpose of discharging or loading cargo. More ships in port mean more jobs for longshoremen; a storm delaying sea traffic means no work for the longshoremen during the delay, followed by a period of feverish activity in order to catch up with the work and enable the ship to sail on time. Ships may arrive and leave the port every day, some after a stay of only a day or two, others after a week or 10 days. Sometimes they straggle in one by one, and sometimes they come in numbers. Again, at certain seasons of the year there may be more ships and more cargo than at other seasons. All of these fluctuations in shipping affect the jobs of the longshoremen. The shipping companies or the contracting stevedores doing the work of discharging and loading the ships are seldom in a position to know in advance how long the actual work of loading or discharging will last or how many men they will need for this work. Hence there has developed the system of hiring the longshoreman by the hour and hiring him only where and when actually needed. When a ship arrives in port only a handful of men may be put to work at first, for the purpose of rigging up the masts, opening the hatches, setting up the gear, etc. After this is done more men are added until the work of discharging is completed and the loading begins. Then suddenly it may develop that not enough cargo has been assembled on the pier to occupy all the hands engaged, and the entire crew of longshoremen is dismissed until a day or two before sailing time when the men must work day and night to complete the loading and release the ship on schedule time. These are the conditions of the longshore industry which deservedly place it at the head of the list of casual industries. So far the picture presented above applies equally to all ports in the United States. But when attention is turned to the problem of employment of longshore labor, the methods of hiring and the systems, if any, used in adjusting the supply of longshore labor to the demand, the situation becomes more complicated. Generally speaking, how ever, and this applies to the ports in Europe as well as in the United States, it is possible to distinguish two groups of ports: Those at which no attempt has been made to regulate the supply and demand of longshore labor, and those at which the difficulties and the casual ness of the longshore industry have been recognized and various schemes adopted to adjust the supply of longshore labor to the vary ing needs of the port. In the first group belong the majority of ports in the United States, with New York as the leading example. Seattle, Portland, Oreg., and Los Angeles are the only three ports in this country which belong to the second group, usually known as “ de casualized” ports. In Europe, and particularly in Great Britain, nearly all the ports have been decasualized. London introduced a system of decasualization as early as 1891; Hamburg in 1906; Liver pool in 1912; Rotterdam in 1916; and Antwerp in 1929. Conditions at Ports not Decasualized A port which has not been decasualized has no definite system of informing the workers as to the exact date or hour the ship will dock FIG U R E 37.— A “ S H A P E ” O F L O N G S H O R E M E N IN N E W Y O R K FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE 71 at the pier. In the days of the saloon, notices of arrival were posted on bulletin boards especially kept in the saloon for that purpose. In several ports to-day blackboards are placed in pool rooms, soft-drink establishments, cheap restaurants, and other such places near the water front where the longshoremen are known to congregate between spells of work. The more literate longshoremen also follow the reports of ship movements in the daily papers, English or foreign. Finally, the news of the ship’s arrival is transmitted by word of mouth from the ship foremen to the gang leaders and from them to the men. In no case, however, is there the slightest indication given as to the amount of cargo to be handled or the number of men to be engaged. The longshoremen never know whether they will be employed at a given pier and when they are hired they do not know how long their work will last. Three times a day, and in some ports even oftener, the workers must congregate at the entrance to the pier where the hiring foreman selects the men wanted for the job. This gathering of longshoremen seeking work at the pier is known as the “ shape.” The following description of a “ shape” is taken from page 313, Volume III, of Henry Mayhew’s book, “ London Labor and the London Poor,” published in 1861: He who wishes to behold one of the most extraordinary and least-known scenes of this metropolis, should wend his way to the London Dock gates at half-past 7 in the morning. There he will see congregated within the principal entrance masses of men of all grades, looks, and kinds. * * * Presently you know, by the stream pouring through the gates and the rush toward particular spots, that the “ calling foremen” have made their appearance. Then begins the scuffling and scrambling forth of countless hands high in the air, to catch the eye of him whose voice may give them work. As the foreman calls from a book the names, some men jump up on the backs of the others, so as to lift themselves high above the rest, and attract the notice of him who hires them. All are shouting. Some cry aloud his surname, some his Christian name, others call out their own names, to remind him that they are there. Now the appeal is made in Irish blarney—now in broken English. Indeed, it is a sight to sadden the most callous, to see thousands of men struggling for only one day’s hire; the scuffle being made the fiercer by the knowledge that hundreds out of the number there assembled must be left to idle the day out in want. To look in the faces of that hungry crowd is to see a sight that must be ever remembered. Some are smiling to the foreman to coax him into remembrance of them; others, with their protruding eyes, eager to snatch at the hoped-for pass. For weeks many have gone there, and gone through the same struggle—the same cries; and have gone away, after all, without the work they had screamed for. The “ shape” found any day in New York at any large pier on the North River, in Hoboken, or in Brooklyn, is not much different from the London shape of nearly 70 years ago. Some of the Irish are still there, so are the Poles whom the author speaks of in a passage not quoted above, but in addition there are Germans and Scandina vians, dark Italians and blonde Italians, and a representative body of colored men which grows in number as we move from New York to Philadelphia and Baltimore, and finally becomes the predominant element south of the Hampton Roads ports. It is true that the “ scuffling and the scrambling” are not so violent now as when Mayhew described them in London in 1861, and the shouting has almost completely disappeared. But the eyes of all men in the “ shape” are fastened upon every move of the hiring foreman who either calls out the men by their names or walks slowly along the “ shape” pointing with his finger at a man here in the first row, at another man in the sec ond row, and perhaps still a third man in the last row, A few seconds later he picks a whole group of five or more men who are standing 72 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. together and sends them to the gate where they give their names to the clerk and receive the brass number which entitles them to the work on the pier; then again he proceeds slowly along the “ shape” and picks an occasional man here and another man there until his quota is complete. When the picking is finished, the men who were unfortunate enough to be left behind, sullenly and sadly move away from the pier only to return several hours later in the hope of being more successful in the next “ shape.” (See fig. 37.) It is obvious that the hiring foreman occupies a position of the greatest importance on the water front. It is largely left to him to decide who shall be employed and who shall be left behind. He is seldom hampered in his choice, especially in regard to the more casual men. ^ He can take them or reject thentL He can call them to-day and ignore them to-morrow. It would indeed be strange if such concentration of autocratic power in the hands of a single person controlling the jobs of so many men did not result in some cases in the abuse of this power. This may be as mild as the acceptance of an occasional drink or a cigar, or it may go so far as to amount to a systematic sharing by the foreman in the earnings of the long shoreman as payment for the job. Such cases are hard to trace. Although the unions of longshoremen and the shipping industry discourage such practices, they persist in several ports. Every pier of any importance in the port thus becomes a center for the hiring of longshoremen. #Some piers, particularly those of the regular passenger and freight lines with a more or less definite schedule of ships arriving and departing, have a larger following of longshore men than the other piers which have only a ship now and then. It therefore not infrequently happens that certain piers have an over supply of longshoremen looking for work, while other piers find them selves short of labor. While the longshoremen are wandering from pier to pier in search of work with no means of knowing at what pier men are needed, the employers who are short of men are equally at sea as to where efficient men can be had. Both employers and long shoremen suffer from this failure to make connections, but^ there is no machinery available to correct this paradoxical condition of a large oversupply and a shortage of labor existing at the same time. The “ shapes” are usually formed at all piers at the same hour and when the selection at any one pier has been completed it is too late for those who are left to look for work at another pier. The casual character of tha longshore industry is thus rendered more acute by the practice of making each pier an employment center with its own problem^of supply and demand of labor. Each employer aims to have at his pier as large a number of longshoremen as he may need to satisfy the demand on the peak days of shipping; also, to enable the foremen to select better men. The foremen, therefore, look with disfavor upon and may actually refuse work to longshore men known to participate in the “ shape ” of another pier, even though only occasionally. Each company thus creates an individual reserve of men, and these reserves when combined constitute a total very much in excess of the actual number of workers needed even on the busiest days of the port. Irregularity of hours of work is one result of the casualness of the longshore industry and the irregularity of employment. There is no such thing as “ regular hours ” in the longshore industry. Even where FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE 73 the workers “ shape” regularly only once or twice a day, the hour of “ shaping” has no direct bearing on the actual hours of work. Ships arrive and leave the port at all hours of the day and night, and the work of longshoremen also begins and ends at all hours of the day and night; Because of the difficulty of getting a job and the uncer tainty of its duration, the individual longshoreman remains at work as long as his endurance lasts, or the foreman permits him to remain. Stretches of 20 to 30 hours of uninterrupted work, except for the short meal periods, are not unknown even at the present time in the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Even longer stretches of work may be found in New Orleans, Galveston, and Houston in the peak of the cotton season. Days or weeks of enforced idleness, followed by periods of equally enforced hard labor, are reflected in the weekly earnings of the long shoremen. Even those who are most favored by the foremen and who can be regarded as permanent employees in the sense that they work at one pier only and are given the preference whenever work is available—even they show extreme variations in their earnings from week to week, and some weeks they may have no earnings at all. As to the others, who constitute by far the larger body of longshore men, those working a day at one pier, half a day at another pier, half a night at still a third pier, and perhaps another day or night at the first or second pier, their earningjs are so irregular that it is alto gether impossible to measure them with any degree of approximation. And when pay day comes they must go from pier to pier and stand in line at each in order to collect the small amounts of money they earned. Briefly, the characteristics of a port which has not been decasualized, are: (1) A large, highly immobile body of workers scattered over the entire water front and ignorant of the actual time and place where work is to be had. (2) A large number of individual employers each aiming to create as large a reservoir of labor as he may need to satisfy his maximum demands, thus increasing the total supply of workers to a number far in excess of the demands of the entire port. (3) Complete dependence of the job of the longshoreman on the good will of the foreman and on chance. (4) Conditions of hiring longshore labor which, because of the autocratic power concentrated in the hands of the foreman, pave the way for unfair practices. (5) Periods of enforced idleness, alternating with long stretches of hard labor. Conditions under Decasualization The object of a port decasualization scheme is to do away with some of the more glaring evils presented above. It is quite obvious that very little can be done as regards demand for longshore labor. Small changes could be effected; as, for instance, the concentrated sailings on certain days of the week or the month could be spread out more evenly over the week and the month. But even the most scientific organization of a port will not altogether eliminate the daily and seasonal fluctuations in shipping. Whatever is done, ships will con tinue to arrive, in greater numbers at one time than at another, and there always will be busy periods and slack periods. (36490°—32----- 6 74 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. Recognizing this as a fact, most of the ports with schemes of decasualization concentrate on the manipulation of the longshore labor supply in the attempt to bring about an adjustment of this supply to the changing demands of the shipping industry. Only the major requirements of such a plan of decasualization are presented here. These requirements are characteristic of all decasualized ports and without them no plan can be effective. First, there must be complete registration of all longshoremen in the port, these to constitute the total supply of labor which is to be reduced or enlarged in accordance with the demands of the port. Only those on the register should be permitted to work on the water front. Second, all employers on the water front must give up their right to hire longshore labor individually at their piers or elsewhere, and must secure their labor from the central office where the registry of the longshoremen is kept. Without these two important points, namely, the workers’ giving up the right to seek work individually along the water front and the employers’ giving up their right to hire labor individually, no scheme^ of decasualization can succeed. In fact what decasualization really implies is a coordinated organiza tion of each port as a single employing unit under a single administra tion with power to direct the supply of labor and to swing it from point to point as needed. The practical application of a scheme of decasualization, methods of organization, composition of central agencies, systems of distributing and dispatching the workers to the various piers, etc., may vary in accordance with the conditions and the needs of the individual ports. London has one scheme; Liverpool another; and Hamburg still another. In this country the system used in Seattle is different from that used in Portland, which in turn is different from the one used in Los Angeles. In all cases, however, decasualization does or should accomplish the following: (1) It guarantees to all the employers an equal chance to obtain workers as needed. (2) It guarantees to all the longshoremen an equal chance of getting a job when work is available. (3) It tends to eliminate the power of the hiring foreman and the abuses and favoritism that go with it. (4) It gradually reduces the total number of longshoremen in port to that approximating the actual needs of the port and thus raises the average earnings of the men left on the register. Longshore Labor Conditions in Major Ports of United States This contrast between labor conditions in a decasualized port and a port which has not been decasualized will serve to clarify the long shore labor conditions as they now exist in some of our major ports. The port of New York is discussed first partly because it is the largest port, but mainly because the many-sided conditions in New York will help to throw light on the conditions existing in the other ports. New York The total number of longshoremen in the port of New York is unknown, but various estimates suggest that 50,000 is a close approxi mation to the total. Of these, slightly more than half are engaged in FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE 75 handling foreign and intercoastal cargoes and are known as “ regular longshoremen,” in contrast with the other men, engaged in coastwise trade, in the banana trade, or in loading and discharging lighters and scows. Only the regular longshoremen are organized as members of the International Longshoremen’s Association, which has a general agreement with the employers regulating rates of wages, hours, etc. This agreement, however, has no reference whatever to the problem of supply and demand of longshore labor or to the methods of hiring practiced in the port. It provides only that union men be given preference in employment, and specifies the exact hours for “ shaping.” Three times a day, at 7.55 a. m., 12.55 p. m., and 6.55 p. m., the long shoremen are required to “ shape” at the entrance to each pier, irrespective of whether they have been working on that pier the day before or even that very day, and the hiring foreman selects the men needed at the pier for the next few hours of work. The method of selection is similar to that described for the port which has not been decasualized. Some foremen hire their men by the gang; others form their gangs when a ship first arrives and keep them intact until the work of loading or discharging has been completed. The larger shipping companies, which do their own stevedore work, and some of the contracting stevedore companies have a considerable following of more or less permanent men who are given preference over the other men. These constitute the skeleton organization of the company. When more work is available the permanent gangs are broken up and used as nuclei for a larger number of gangs. When work drops off the newer men are discharged and the original gangs are formed again. The powers of the hiring foreman in selecting or rejecting the men at will are still unabridged, but due to the cooperation between the union and the employers some of the most flagrant abuses of this power have been eliminated to a certain extent. Much abuse still persists, however, particularly in the so-called “ fly-by-night” steve dore companies and in the subcontracting agencies which are small and are often formed to load or discharge an individual ship. But the number of such companies in port is very large. The union has no strict rules for the regulation of the membership in the numerous locals existing in the port and the rules it has have no relationship to the problem of the supply and demand for labor, although New York is conspicuous for its fluctuations in the employ ment of longshore labor. In the special survey of the port conducted in 1920 for the National Adjustment Board by B. M. Squires, these fluctuations in demand for longshore labor, gauged by the quantity of cargo tons entering the port in 1919, indicated a range from 65,700 cargo tons for the week ending March 28, to 221,596 cargo tons for the week ending August 22, or in the ratio of 1 to 3.4; and a range from 104,200 cargo tons leav ing the port during the week ending March 28, to 471,200 cargo tons for the week ending May 2, or a ratio of 1 to 4.5. On this basis the National Adjustment Board concluded that it seemed safe to assume that the number of men required is at least three times as great at the peak as at the lowest point of demand. The fluctuations in demand from day to day are shown to be even more violent than the weekly fluctuations, but nothing has been done either by the union or b j the employers to remedy the situation. On the contrary, the practice of dividing the port into smaller sections, 76 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. such as the Chelsea piers, Hoboken, Staten Island, Brooklyn, Newark, etc., without the right of moving labor from section to section; the “ shape” at each pier and the “ shaping” at all piers at the same hour—all of these conditions render the situation even more acute than is warranted by the fluctuations in the total demand for long shore labor. All attempts by various agencies to determine the average earnings of longshoremen in New York so far have proved unsuccess ful. Upon the passage of the longshoremen’s compensation act in 1927, the union and the employers agreed on an average weekly rate of $30 as a basis for computing accident compensation under the law, but this is merely an estimate. Short of personal accounts kept by the individual longshoremen, there is no way of arriving at their average earnings, and this condition will continue as long as the present system of hiring persists in the port of New York. It is of interest and value, however, to ascertain the limits within which these earnings can be expected to move, and this is made possible by the existence in the port of New York of several big ship ping and stevedore companies with large followings of longshoremen of whom a considerable proportion are on a more or less permanent basis. These companies may be regarded as miniature cross sections of the port and to that extent indicative of conditions. Table 30 presents the total weekly pay rolls of three such companies for four months in the year 1928—January and April, which may be considered as average months, and the months of July and October, which are the slackest and the busiest months, respectively. These pay rolls are distributed in $5 groups, ranging from^ earnings of less than $10 per week to $50 and over. Company A is the largest of the three companies and perhaps the largest in the port. The total number of men hired by this company during any one week ranges from a low of 542 men hired during the week ending January 25 to a high of 1,018 for the week ending October 17. Company B showed a variation from 189 to 493, and Company C from 350 to 509. T a b le 30 .— Distribution of longshore labor on basis of weekly earnings in three large companies in New York in specified weeks of 1928 January Wage group April Week ending July Week ending October Week ending Week ending- Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. July July July July Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct* 18 25 4 11 11 18 25 4 11 18 25 3 10 17 24 COMPANY A 97 60 Under $10______ 135 $10 and under $15. 70 83 38 Total 205 121 $15 and under $20. $20 and under $25. $25 and under $30. 57 56 55 64 39 106 57 90 59 168 209 206 Total 86 162 134 150 135 157 221 65 60 65 80 80 242 214 50 Total.......... 344 403 214 131 88 63 82 168 71 145 257 232 239 79 126 42 41 45 89 56 49 66 45 57 32 62 74 295 307 194 156 113 131 128 194 168 168 79 1 63 35 i 80 32 57 23 30 29 15 47 62 53 28 83 23 55 53 32 95 52 76 36 33 27 54 67 107 94 204 85 123 90 79 151 70 129 148 183 56 106 108 61 142 473 127 54 91 37 32 19 38 8 43 28 44 59 294 148 76 20 61 9 59 3 74 102 194 150 33 46 34 190 211 57 42 207 37 53 48 55 60 95 140 98 42 31 39 4 189 60 62 63 69 99 89 106 85 76 113 60 69 125 118 200 161 302 243 249 244 70 72 69 $30 and under $35. 95 $35 and under $40. 101 $40 and under $45. 76 $45 and under $50. 23 $50 and over____ 49 82 222 79 80 12 102 88 418 296 210 198 } 245 273 258 224 526 528 618 Grand totaL 717 733 577 542 871 —---- ---- ---- 804 705 666 ! 741 ..1 672 620 599 799 979 1018 880 77 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE T a b l e 30 .— Distribution of longshore labor on basis of weekly earnings in three large companies in New York in specified weeks of 1928 — Continued Wage group January April July October Week ending— Week ending— Week ending— Week ending— Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. July July July July Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 18 25 3 4 11 18 25 4 11 10 17 24 18 4 11 25 COMPANY B 24 20 99 27 86 58 31 58 53 63 163 44 126 144 89 116 125 73 1 151 22 22 17 4 19 21 57 40 65 63 13 26 39 19 40 19 36 80 34 47 15 12 4 5 26 40 51 123 3 187 57 137 96 162 102 98 57 214 9 106 29 36 24 24 18 45 7 5 5 17 23 14 90 37 48 7 5 18 3 5 49 Under $10............ $10and under $15. 35 80 41 7 71 33 27 136 Total......... 115 48 104 $15 and under $20. 113 $20 and under $25. 46 $25 and under $30. 30 5 50 Total......... 189 28 223 40 $30 and under $35. $35 and under $40. $40 and under $45. $45 and under $50. $50 and over........ 9 3 36 9 31 23 26 16 21 12 25 12 113 Total Grand totaL 316 189 10 12 87 414 24 4 4 2 55 258 12 3 1 21 13 52 53 20 28 79 122 168 187 303 390 493 85 35 40 . 38 22 30 58 106 2 2 163 28 137 81 59 33 69 31 212 191 218 92 100 37 13 18 2 15 3 66 247 68 20 105 12 1 6 49 13 9 4 19 53 129 45 24 26 39 57 91 121 8 6 2 2 32 7 99 149 253 62 85 19 72 214 191 290 363 435 349 306 457 358 326 396 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. July July July July Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 11 12 19 26 4 18 25 12 19 26 5 5 5 12 19 26 COMPANY c Under $10............ $10 and under $15. 29 35 50 28 40 16 112 26 90 42 19 93 46 32 31 26 41 29 47 16 51 27 45 17 34 11 49 24 43 25 41 15 Total......... 78 64 56 138 132 112 78 57 70 63 78 62 45 73 68 56 $15 and under $20. $20 and under $25. $25 and under $30. 34 22 44 29 39 40 36 65 33 35 95 33 41 48 51 22 46 28 37 29 31 17 42 16 27 38 14 26 29 19 23 31 23 14 38 23 14 13 11 12 16 42 50 57 28 32 23 Total......... 93 112 141 163 122 119 94 90 81 69 73 75 50 39 149 83 $30 and under $35. $35 and under $40. $40 and under $45. $45 and under $50. $50 and over........ 57 53 64 30 26 102 88 54 58 59 25 24 64 99 24 7 93 46 63 42 39 19 58 64 54 36 15 38 51 62 70 34 54 54 44 61 12 21 26 28 55 87 51 76 18 15 18 26 37 60 67 50 i6 2 38 9 3 1 79 35 4 2 47 55 54 26 7 68 19 10 20 22 42 44 207 120 6 10 Total.......... 230 195 153 208 189 220 194 210 209 227 243 247 326 316 161 Grand totaL 401 371 350 509 443 451 366 357 360 359 394 384 421 428 378 21 232 312 451 Examination of the table shows that no matter how busy or how slack the work of a particular week may be, there are always some men in each of the 10 groups indicated. There are always some men earning less than $10 per week, at least as far as the company in question is concerned, and some earning a little more, others still more, and finally some earning as high as $50 per week and over. This distribution, which is very different from a normal distribu tion of earnings in a stabilized industry, suggested a regrouping of the men into three categories—those with earnings of less than $15 per week, who may be classified as casual workers moving from pier to pier to pick up a day’s work here and another day’s work elsewhere; those with earnings of from $15 to $30 per week, who 78 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. may be classified as semipermanent in the sense that they prefer to work at one pier, but would change to another pier when the oppor tunity of getting work there presented itself; and finally those with earnings of $30 per week and over who remain more or less perma nently with one company. The men in the last group are usually given the preference by the foremen and they also know that if there is no work for them during the first part of the week they will prob ably get day and night work during the balance of the week. These men rarely change to another pier. The three subgroupings given in the table show that, no matter how large a single company may be or how anxious to give all its work to the so-called permanent men, there will always be a need for a very large number of casual workers and a considerable pro portion of semipermanent men. This condition is inherent in the longshore industry, and no single shipping or stevedore company can cope with the difficulties in the way of adjusting the supply to the demand for longshore labor. Instead, the policies of such com panies merely result in dividing the workers into groups, some of which can show very high earnings of $50 or more per week, while the others will earn $10 per week or less. The men in the low-eamings group are, of course, privileged to look for work elsewhere but how successful they are in their search is the problem which makes it so hard to determine the earnings of the longshoremen. But the earnings of even the so-called permanent men are far from being stabilized. Table 31 represents the actual earnings, by months, of eight gangs more or less permanently employed by a single shipping company, designated as Company D. Each gang is supposed to consist of at least 18 men, and the data therefore cover 144 men more or less permanently employed. T a b l e 31 .— Monthly earnings in 1928 of eight gangs 1 more or less permanently employed by a large shipping company (Company D) in New York Monthly earnings per man in— Month January____________ February___________ March_____________ April.................... ...... M ay_______________ June_______________ July........ ................... August_____________ September_________ October____________ November................. December_________ _ Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 $119.47 139.10 199.22 130.72 216.67 135.00 155.44 196.75 198.38 165.60 214.52 144.37 $146.53 163.12 186.75 129.73 226.84 149.45 166.85 214.35 195.20 Total................ 2,015.24 Average per month. _ 167.94 k Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 Gang No. 6 Gang No. 7 Gang No. 8 245.98 139.30 $104.77 113.58 181.73 122.23 200.09 118.73 148.00 177.07 182.75 192.45 222.48 131.38 $106.23 139.05 204.83 131.80 244.83 130.03 134.27 212.47 180.82 188.60 212.30 146.82 $141.10 152.93 201.25 143.30 251.74 145.85 144.67 165.34 185.43 199.00 225.85 146.90 $135.08 123.41 197.48 127.27 228.32 131.65 145.30 187.06 165.50 185.03 214.95 117.80 $102.82 143.60 178.77 128.13 204.20 137.40 134.30 143.47 170.92 165.42 156.36 98.88 $116.58 134.83 185.80 142.98 193.20 127.95 130.29 183.99 175.68 150.85 213.20 127.87 2,175.32 1,895.26 2,032.05 2,103.36 1,958.85 1,764.27 1,883.22 • 181.28 157.94 169.34 175.28 163.24 147.02 156.94 211.22 118 men in a gang. The earnings of gangs Nos. 1 and 8 are given in Table 32 and are plotted on the charts on pages 80 and 81. The curves on the left show the variations in the weekly earnings for each week of the year 1928, 79 FOREIGN* AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE and the columns on the right represent the monthly earnings for the same period. Nothing can better illustrate the instability and the fluctuations in the longshore industry, as far as any one company is concerned, than the ups and downs on these two curves. Even to the so-called permanent workers these ups and downs mean long stretches of hard labor, day and night, followed in turn by long periods of idle ness. Some weeks are very lean, others very fat; a slack month or two are followed by months of unceasing industry. Table 32.— Weekly earnings in 1928 by gangs Nos. 1 and 8 , employed by Company D, New York Earnings per man in— Earnings per man in— Week ending— 119.47 116.58 46.30 9................... 45.85 16................. 36.75 23................. 10.20 39.90 41.45 36.28 17.20 Total 139.10 134.83 Mar. 1 Mar. 8.................. Mar. 15................ Mar. 22................ Mar. 29................ 42.40 52.60 42.15 28.50 33. 57 40.45 23.00 66.40 Total.......... 199.22 185.80 Apr. 5................... 9.77 Apr.12 ................. 37.40 Apr. 19_________ 44.00 Apr. 26................. 39.55 7.20 39.15 59.95 36.68 Total_____ 130. 72 142.98 Total 2 Gang Gang No. 1 No. 8 Gang No. 8 Jan. 5______ ____ $18.27 $11.50 Jan. 12................. 48.70 49.75 Jan. 19.................. 45.70 31.60 23.73 Jan. 26.................. 6.80 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Week ending— Week ending— Gang No. 1 22.10 33.85 Earnings per man in— 3.................. 10................. 17................. 24................ 31 $38.40 44.77 31.90 35.35 66.25 $34.40 43.50 33.65 23.10 58.55 rPntn1 216. 67 193.20 June 7................... 72.35 June 14................. 6.80 June 21................. 26.00 Tiitka 28 29.85 56.70 9.77 31.20 30.28 T o ta l_____ 135.00 127.95 5................... 12................. 19.............. ... 26................. Total.......... 30.77 48.77 45.90 30.00 155.44 22.95 53.37 23.95 30.02 130.29 Aug. 2.................. Aug. 9_................. Aug. 16............... . Aug. 23k............... Aug. 30................. Total.......... 40.90 32.60 33. 00 49. 25 41.00 196.75 36.17 34.65 25.10 May M ay May May M ay July July July July 52.60 35.47 183.99 Gang Gang No. 1 No. 8 Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 6_ ............... 1 3 .............. 20. .............. 27................ $43.73 $35.98 62.75 54.15 32.40 27.90 59. 50 57.65 Total 198.38 175.68 Oct. 4 Oct. 11................. Oct. 18.................. Oct. 25.................. 44.85 62.05 29.20 29.50 43.25 57.42 18.50 31.68 Total 165. 60 150.85 40.27 47.62 44.53 31.10 51.00 37.40 39.10 49.20 29.85 57.65 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 1 8.................. 15____ ____ 22................ 29................ Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 6................... 45. 57 Total_____ 214.52 213.20 13....... ......... 42.90 28.90 27................. 32.00 28.65 42.90 22.60 33.72 Total.......... 144.37 127.87 20_________ Briefly, the longshore labor situation in New York may be sum marized as follows: On the one hand, a considerable percentage of longshoremen making high wages, and a smaller proportion with very high earnings; on the other hand, a large number of casual workers, with indeterminate but undoubtedly low earnings, and a very low standard of living; and finally, a very large body of long shoremen with earnings between these two extremes. The longshore labor conditions in the other Atlantic ports differ from those of New York primarily because of the great difference in the size of these ports as compared with New York. In New York the Chelsea pier section alone supplies work to more long shoremen than any other port on the Atlantic or any other port in the country. Undoubtedly, as far as size is concerned, New York stands in a class by itself, and this difference must be con sidered in any comparison made with this port. CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. 8 3Q FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE 00 82 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. Boston In Boston all the longshoremen engaged in foreign and intercoastal trade belong to the three locals of the International Longshoremen’s Association, with a total registered membership of 1,761. Of these only 1,300 are classified as active members more or less permanently engaged in longshore work. A high initiation fee and other strict rules operate as a limitation on the membership, which is largely Irish or Irish-American of the second generation. The agreement between the union and the employers has more reference to the problem of supply and demand of longshore labor than the New York agreement. The men are required to “ shape” at the piers only when the ship first arrives in port. Once selected and the gangs formed, the longshoremen remain with the ship until the work of discharging and loading has been completed. The “ shap ing” and the process of selecting the men are not much different from the practices in New York% There is no rotation scheme of any kind for the purpose of equalizing the earnings of the men and, as in New York, there is no way to measure their actual earnings. Also, because of the comparatively small quantity of cargo handled in the port by the individual companies, the pay roll of any one company may not be representative of earnings in the port. T able 33.— Average weekly earnings of longshoremen in Boston, 1928 AverWeek ending— Total pay rolls 8......... 15........ 22........ 20........ $34,648.71 45,226.04 48,847. 74 26,144. 30 $26.65 34.79 37.58 Total. 154,! 16. 79 Feb. 4......... F e b .11....... Feb. 18____ Feb. 25....... Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Week ending— earnings Total pay rolls Aver age earn ings July 7......... July 14....... July 21....... July 28____ $34,266.49 39,937.41 38,287.83 35,996.11 $26.36 30.72 29.45 27.69 119.13 Total. 148,487.84 114.22 32,180.40 38,952.97 43,976.18 26,713.08 24.75 29.96 33.83 20. 55 Aug. 4........ Aug. 11___ Aug. 18....... Aug. 25____ 31,577.90 41,890.00 41,744.68 38,159.65 24.29 32.22 32.11 29.35 20.11 Total. 141,822.63 109.09 Total. 153,372.23 117.97 Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 3........ 10...... 17...... 24___ 31...... 40,161.43 44.715.00 35.971.00 37.936.00 26,593.15 30.89 34.40 27.67 29.18 20.46 Sept. 1........ Sept. 8........ Sept. 15...... Sept. 22...... Sept. 29...... 44,393. 20 30,134.37 39,697.80 35,875.45 35,602.27 34.15 23.18 30.54 27.60 27.39 Total. 185,376. 58 142.60 Total. 185,703.09 142.86 Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 7........ 14....... 21____ 28___ 28,766.46 33.940.73 33,959.67 36.398.73 22.13 26.11 26.12 28.00 6......... 20........ 27....... 41,351.64 30,154.89 34,837.23 37,713.92 31.81 23.20 26.80 29.01 Total. 133,065. 59 102.36 Total. 144,057.68 110.82 May 5........ May 12___ M ay 19___ M ay 26....... Total. 39,432. 35 47,583.09 26,794.38 44,064. 00 157,873.82 30.33 36.60 20.61 33.90 121.44 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 3____ 10___ 17___ 24...... Total. •25,208.45 36,554. 02 37,847.56 29,801.10 129,411.13 19.39 28.12 29.11 22.92 99.54 June 2. ....... June 9........ June 16....... June 23....... June 30___ Total. 51,019.33 50,075. 72 30,966.17 38,311.12 33,858.04 204,230.38 39.25 38.52 23.82 29.47 26.04 157.10 Dec. 1 ........ Dec. 8........ Dec. 15....... Dec. 22....... Dec. 29___ Total. 31, 504.84 43,399.07 41,372.11 31,245.18 35,763.81 183,285. 01 24.23 33.38 31.82 24.03 27.51 140.97 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 13____ FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE 83 It was possible, however, to combine the total weekly pay rolls of all the employers of longshore union labor, which are shown in Table 33, and which indicate approximately the variations in the demand for labor in the port. These were divided by the number of active long shoremen in the three locals, the quotient thus representing the aver age weekly earnings of the men in Boston. The earnings vary from $19.39 for the week ending November 3 to $39.25 for the week ending June 2, 1928, with the larger number of weeks averaging from $25 to $35. These averages are somewhat higher than the actual averages because they do not include the 461 union longshoremen who, while absent from the water front for more than six months, nevertheless do work now and then as longshoremen, particularly in the busy periods, and to that extent lower the average earnings in the port. On the whole it would seem that the figure of $27 per week on which the union and the employers agreed as a basis for accident compensa tion would come very close to the average. ^ But the average throws no light on the actual earnings^ of the individual men. Here as in New York some men earn considerably more than the average and some considerably less. The differences may not be as extreme as in the case of New York, but they exist nevertheless. Philadelphia There are from 4,000 to 5,000 longshoremen in the port of Phila delphia, of whom about 2,500 are organized in one local of the Inter national Longshoremen’s Association. The membership is fairly evenly divided between colored and white,^ the white workers being predominantly Polish or of other Slavic nationalities. The agreement with the employers provides that the longshore men shall “ shape” three times a day at all piers, but customarily the majority of men “ shape” in one section of the water front, near Washington Street. The foremen pick their men there, load them into trucks, ^and dispatch them to their respective piers. This custom provides a somewhat unified system for the port, which has its piers and docks scattered for miles along both sides of the Dela ware River. Some stevedore companies have a permanent following of men, organized into permanent gangs, but the majority of the foremen pick their men and form them into gangs at each “ shape.” There is no system of dividing the work among the men, and because of the fact that many #longshoremen do work for several employers during any one week, it is impossible to determine the average earnings of the port. Table 34 gives the distribution, according to weekly earnings, of longshoremen employed by two companies in the port. For Com pany E data were available only for October, November, and Decem ber, 1929. This particular company is known to have a permanent following of longshoremen organized into permanent gangs, but in spite of this more than 30 per cent of the men earn less than $15 per week. Of the 8,575 pay envelopes issued by the company during the 13 weeks shown in the table, 3,308 contained less than $15, and 5,635, or nearly two-thirds of the total, contained amounts under $30 per week. A similar distribution of the pay rolls of Company F, for the same period, shows that slightly less than half of the total pay 84 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. envelopes contained amounts less than $15 per week and more than three-fourths of the total amounts less than $30 per week. Undoubt edly, some of the men employed by these two companies worked also for other companies during the same period, but there is at present no way of telling either their number, or their additional earnings. T a b le 34.— Distribution, according to earnings, of longshoremen employed by two companies (E and F) in Philadelphiay 1929 Number of men earning— Total Week ending— Under $15 $15 and under $30 $30 and over 207 199 134 197 143 159 274 197 259 228 303 615 593 614 610 817 156 135 134 310 296 150 599 689 859 529 284 806 597 COMPANY E Oct. 3______ _ Oct. 10................................................................................ Oct. 17................................................................................ Oct. 24................................................................................ Oct. 31............................................................... ................ 223 302 212 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 7................................................................................ 14.............................................................................. 21............ ......... ............... ................. ......... ........... 28.......................................... ................................... 309 244 353 197 210 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 5____________ ________ ___ _____ _______ ________ 12. .............................................................................. 19__________ ___ ______________________________ 26 _ „ _ _ 292 235 275 260 230 160 176 233 215 666 3,308 2,327 2,940 8,575 Ont. 4 Oct. 11................................................................................ Oct. 18................................................................................ Oct. 25................................................................................ 270 118 138 176 165 70 86 84 101 521 260 285 361 Nov. 1................................................................................ Nov. 8___________ - __________________________ _____ Nov. 15_____ ______________ _______________________ Nov. 22___________________________________________ Nov. 29.............................................................................. 180 153 no 122 200 106 78 93 139 115 198 172 225 202 117 125 132 54 92 85 171 407 382 528 256 2,362 1,344 1,074 4,780 Total___ 212 182 j! 202 88 581 COMPANY F Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 6_____________________________________________ 13............................................................................... 20_______________________ _____ _______________ 27__ ___ __ _ _ Total 208 66 72 81 6 80 121 69 396 237 295 460 392 Table 35 gives the average weekly earnings of the longshoremen employed by Company G during a whole year, from July 6,1927, to June 27, 1928. Very few of these men ever work for another com pany, and the averages shown in this table come very close to repre senting the actual weekly earnings of the men. These averages are shown to vary from $19.09 per man, during the week ending on Sep tember 14, 1927, to $39.38 auring the week ending on May 16, 1928, earnings in the greater number of weeks falling within the $25 to 130 range. 85 FOREION AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE T a b l e 3 5 .— Average weekly earnings of longshoremen employed by Company G, in Philadelphia, July 6, 1927, to June 27, 1928 Aver age Num earn ber Week ending— of ings per men man per week 1927 July 6 July 13. July 20. July 27. 190 181 182 250 $31.81 25.31 27.14 27.54 111. 80 Total... Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 3— 10.. 17.. 24.. 31.. 259 317 221 153 191 129.39 Total— Sept. 7— Sept. 14. Sept. 21. Sept. 28- 30.00 27.63 24.93 23.59 23.24 184 142 169 184 22.67 19.09 24.87 26.98 180 191 155 178 27.37 35.42 33.46 26.61 Total-. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 5_. 12. 19. 26. 93.61 Total... Nov. 2. Nov. 8.. 122.86 233 254 Week ending- 1927 Nov. 16...... Nov. 23----Nov. 30___ Aver Num age ber earn of ings per man per 135 204 216 131.45 T ota l152 Dee. 7— Dec. 14Dec. 21Dec. 28- 210 157 147 Jan. 4Jan. 11. Jan. 18Jan. 25. 131 166 117 179 27.94 25.95 24.18 32.80 110.87 Total— Feb. 1... Feb. 8„ , Feb. 15. Feb. 22. Feb. 29- 31.50 23.30 32.84 26.75 114.39 Total—. 1928 $30.90 31.86 18.07 171 161 159 162 158 Total.. 20.71 30.97 31.57 31.23 35.05 149.53 Week ending— Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 1928 7........ 14___ 21...... 28...... Aver Num- age ber earn of ings per men man per week 164 122 211 147 Total—. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 3—. 111825- 133.92 147 160 136 142 Total.. May 2__ May 9__ May 16May 23May 30- Total.. 27.88 37.91 29.80 27.15 122.74 140 162 186 150 182 Total— June 6— June 13June 20-. June 27.. $34.32 26.77 . 37.82 35.01 25.49 36.65 39.38 30.01 31.52 163.05 162 129 152 174 27.95 28.84 31.13 28.58 116.50 22.78 27.84 Baltimore Longshore labor conditions in Baltimore are very similar to those existing in Boston. As in Boston all foreign and intercoastal cargoes are handled entirely by union labor—members of the International Longshoremen’s Association. In Baltimore, however, the long shoremen are made up of approximately 60 per cent colored and 40 per cent white, the white^ workers being largely of Slavic origin. As in Boston a high initiation fee and strict rules operate to keep a more or less definite limit on the total supply of labor in port. All men are organized in gangs, the foremen of which are approved by the employers and the unions. The hiring, therefore, is also done in gangs. The men are required to “ shape ” twice a day from 8 to 10 in the morn ing for the day shift, and from 3 to 5 in the afternoon for the night shift. With the exception of a small number of men “ shaping” on the Canton piers, all longshoremen “ shape” around the union headquarters at the entrance to the B. & O. pier. Very little actual “ picking” of men takes place there, however, as the gang leaders are usually notified in advance where and when to bring their men. There are about 100 gangs altogether, the majority of which are assigned to individual companies. It is the aim of each of these companies to keep all their work for their own gangs, but as in the case of New York, this aim falls very short of its mark due to the fluctuations in the number of ships in port. There is no system of rotating the gangs working for any one employer or of changing them from one employer to another for the purpose of equalizing the earnings 86 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. of the men. The result is that certain gangs, particularly those which are known to specialize in the handling of certain commodities like tin plate, steel rails, lumber, etc., are known to make considerably higher wages than the other gangs. No check is kept on the gangs or on the individual men as they go from one employer to another and, therefore, there is no way of telling their actual earnings. As in the case of Boston, however, it was possible to combine the weekly earnings of the port for a whole year, and this total figure when divided by the total number of active longshoremen in the port gives an approximation of the average weekly earnings of the men in Baltimore. There were, in 1927, altogether 2,159 members in the two cargo and one grain locals in the port, and of these only 1,948 men were classified as active members engaged exclusively in longshore work. The weekly averages of these men for the year 1927, shown in Table 36, ranged from $14.43 for the week ending October 21 to $33.44 for the week ending March 4, with the larger number of weeks averaging from $20 to $30. These averages are somewhat lower than they might have been if it had been possible to eliminate those men in the union who are away from the water front more than six months in the year, as was done in the case of Boston. T a b le 36.— Average weekly earnings of longshoremen in Baltimore, 1927 Total pay rolls Aver age earn ings per man Jan. 7______ Jan. 14_____ Jan. 21_____ Jan. 28_____ $38,475.39 47,300.18 54, G70.22 47,879.04 $19.75 24.28 28.06 24.58 Week ending— Total.. 188,324.83 >6.67 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 4.......... 11 ........ 18........ 25....... . 62,585.14 45,066. 20 39,829. 73 54,190.70 32.13 23.13 20.45 27.82 Total.. 201,671.77 103. 53 Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 4......... 11____ 18____ 25____ 65,150.65 47,205.30 47,119.10 50,012.34 33.44 24.23 24.19 25.67 Total.. 209,487.39 107.53 Apr. 1......... . Apr. 8......... . Apr. 15....... . Apr. 22....... . Apr. 29....... . 58,327.71 60,194.66 41,036.80 47,946.35 61,979.83 29.94 30.90 21.07 24.61 26.68 Total.. 259,485.35 133.20 May 6......... May 13....... May 20....... May 27....... . 64,494. 53 47,311.33 52,677.32 48,782.44 33.11 24.29 27.04 25.04 Total.. 213,265. 62 109.48 June 3.......... June 10....... . June 17....... . June 24....... . 42,512. 50 53,125.15 37,094.13 54,880.95 21.82 27.27 19.04 28.17 Total. 187,612.73 96.30 Week ending- July 1 . . July 8. . July 15. July 22. July 29. Total.. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 5— 12. . 19.. 26.. Total.. Total pay rolls Aver age earn ings per man $41,057.63 31,857.02 47,519.38 45,762.29 56,244.82 $21.08 16.35 24.39 23.49 28.87 222,441.14 114.18 49,067.11 45,451.74 46,357.72 49,644. 59 25.19 23.33 23.80 25.48 190,521.16 97.80 Sept. 2______ Sept. 9______ Sept. 16_____ Sept. 23_____ Sept. 30_____ Total.. 45,811.61 43,164.59 36,708.20 44,714.22 46,361. 50 216,760.12 23.52 22.16 18.84 22.95 23.80 111. 27 Oct. 7— Oct. 14. Oct. 21. Oct. 28Total.. 43,401.16 41,576.09 28,104.20 56,576. 50 169,657.95 22.28 21.34 14.43 29.04 87.09 Nov. 4 . . Nov. 11 . Nov. 18. Nov. 25. T ota l- 50,696.22 43,048.00 51,208.02 48,872. 67 193,824.91 26.02 Dec. 2... Dec. 9... Dec. 16Dec. 23.. Dec. 30Total.. 57,059.31 53,351.22 42,379. 75 60,261.27 61,957.14 275,008.69 29.29 27.39 21. 76 30.93 31.81 141.18 22.10 26.29 25.09 99.50 87 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE In addition to the above averages, Table 37 presents the actual monthly earnings of 10 of the 20 more or less permanent gangs employed by one of the largest stevedore companies in the port. Here is a condition not much different from the picture presented for the port of New York, namely, weeks and months of low earnings alternated by periods of very high wages, with the weekly earnings ranging all the way from less than $10 to $50 and over. Whether or not the slack periods for any one company were supplemented by work with another company is a question which can not be answered in Baltimore any more than in New York or in Boston, although the comparatively low averages for the whole port would indicate a negative answer. T a b le 37.— Monthly earnings of 10 gangs 1 of longshoremen employed by a large stevedore company in Baltimore, 1927 Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 $106.20 156. 60 200.40 168. 20 157.45 211.60 129.20 191.60 138.80 117.80 184.75 141.35 $153.80 132.80 175.20 153.00 141.40 154.60 119.40 144.20 103.65 91.65 139.30 136.80 $143.20 148.20 134. 00 100.60 157.00 153.40 103.00 130.00 80.20 104.40 133.75 156.80 $129.20 130.00 141.20 70.60 77.15 136.00 66.80 85.80 75.40 86.05 190.00 145.35 $141.95 72.00 130.00 115.80 160.00 169.80 116.40 138.90 117.60 89.85 155.75 131.85 Total______________________________________ 1,903.95 1,645.80 1,544.55 1,333.55 1,539.90 158.66 137.15 128.71 111. 12 128.33 January_________________________________________ February..................... ................................................ March__________________________________________ April________________ __ ___________ _ May_________________ __________________________ June____________________ _ ____________________ July____________________________________________ August_________________________________________ September______________________________________ October____________________ _____________________ November______________________________________ December_______________________________________ Average per month_________________________ Gang No. 6 Gang No. 7 Gang No. 8 Gang No. 9 $133.00 144.60 134.20 165.80 153.30 201. 70 120.60 189.60 137.00 97.45 118.30 134.85 $152.40 167.80 158.20 153. 20 189.80 177.20 130.20 128.00 134.00 121.25 166.00 141.80 $119.20 153. 00 180.10 70.80 95.60 177.40 121.40 126.60 104.05 151.10 131.65 $131.05 170.20 178.40 107. 00 164.15 219.20 115.55 128.20 133. 20 122.85 166.30 135. 75 $94.00 117.20 157.60 132.00 163.80 178.10 111. 60 140.80 104.80 102.65 156.10 Total______________________________________ 1,730.40 1,819.85 1,551.90 1,771.85 1,560.65 151.65 128.50 147.65 130.05 January.___ _______ ___________ - ________________ February__ . . . ____ _____ ,__ ____ ____ . . . _________ March________________ _________________________ April______________________ ____ ________________ May________________ ______ _______ . . . ________ June________________ ___ ____ . . . ______ __________ July................................................................................ August____ _________»___ ______ _____ ___________ September___________ ______ ____________________ October_________________________________________ November___________ ___________________________ December___ - _______ . . . . _______________________ Average per month............. ........ .. ^ _____ 144.20 121.00 Gang No. 10 102.10 118 men in a gang. New Orleans The longshore labor situation in New Orleans is very much con fused by the existence in the port of large bodies of union and non union labor with different rates of wages. The union longshoremen do all the work for the United States Shipping Board, while all other companies use nonunion labor. It frequently happens, therefore, that a stevedore company operating on a pier uses one kind of labor for one ship and a different kind of labor for another ship. There is there 88 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. fore no limit to the supply of longshore labor in port. While no fig ures of actual earnings are available, it is generally admitted by all the union men, white and colored alike, and by many employers, that the average earnings of the longshoremen are very low. The docks cover a long stretch along the Mississippi River and the workers are required to “ shape” at each pier where they are taken on for work by the hiring foremen. In New Orleans there are more rumors current of the abuse of the hiring power by the foremen than at any other port in the United States. It is stated that the workers are often compelled to borrow money from the foremen at exorbitant rates of interest. In other cases the colored men are merely paid a certain amount for the week, and the balance goes to the foreman, who is permitted to draw the pay on the brass checks turned over to him by the workers. These checks are often sold to saloon keepers and money lenders on the water front at very large discounts. While it is absolutely impossible to get the average earnings of the longshoremen for the port as a whole, the three tables of earnings given below may be used as indicative of the average earnings of the union longshoremen in New Orleans. Table 38 represents the total distribution of the longshoremen working for a single company employ ing union labor only. The total at the bottom of the table represents the total number of pay envelopes issued by that company during the year 1926. Out of 10,573 such pay envelopes, 3,890 contained amounts of less than $15 per week, 3,505 from $15 to $25 per week, and only 3,178 pay envelopes contained $25 or more. Thus, more than two-thirds of all the pay envelopes issued by that company in 1926 contained amounts of less than $25 per week. T a b le 38,— Distribution, on basis of weekly earnings, of union longshoremen employed by a large stevedore company in N e w Orleans, 1926 Numb Br of men eai•ning— Week ending— $15 and Under $15 under $25 $25 and over 49 31 47 57 201 22 67 48 82 135 152 193 224 237 79 17 36 87 212 89 27 201 225 41 293 58 262 152 55 52 37 29 97 61 65 Feb. 6................................................................................. Feb. 13............................................................................... Feb. 20.......................................................... .................... Feb. 27............................................................................... 68 17 ' 90 54 Mar. 6................................................................................ Mar. 13.................................................- ......... - ........... Mar. 20___________________________________________ Mar. 27............................................... - ............................. 97 19 94 85 Apr. 10____________________________________________ Apr. 17........................- ........................ - ........................... Apr. 24................................................................................ 27 47 97 57 96 31 69 64 44 67 42 98 30 69 72 59 118 110 2 110 106 24 38 46 18 71 115 23 15 7 76 May 1................................................................................. May 8.................................... - ----------------------------------May 22__............................................. - ................ ........... May 29................................ ................... ......................... June 5_____________________________________________ June 12_ . .......................................................................... June 19......................................... ...... ............................. 55 88 80 Total 2 11 65 13 144 149 88 123 94 178 152 211 100 258 124 110 160 145 89 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE 38*— Distribution, on basis of weekly earnings, of union longshoremen employed by a large stevedore company in N e w Orleans, 1926— Continued T a b le Number of men earning— Week ending-$15 and Under $15 under $25 July 3................................................................................. July 10.............................................................................. . ! July 17....................... — ................................................. . j July 24................................................................................ 34 42 42 66 109 71 38 103 7.............. ............ ........................ ......................... 14........................ .................................................... 21.................................................... ......................... 28-........................... - ........... ................................... 40 166 85 77 27 62 38 Sept. 4.................................................. — ..................... . Sept. 11.......... ....................................... ............... ........... Sept. 18....... ......... .................................. .......................... Sept. 25............................................................. ................ 87 31 59 133 2................................................................................. 9_...........— ..................................................... ......... 16................. ............................- ............................. 23..................................... ............................... ........... 30................................................. ........... .................. 75 116 44 124 190 124 65 6.................... ......................................... ............... ; 13............................................................................. ! 20_______________________________________ ___ 1 27................................................................. .............| Dec. 4 _________ ____ ____ _________________________ Dec. 11.............................................................................. !! Dec. 18---- --------- --------- --------- --------------------------------Dec. 25____________________________________________ Dec. 31................................. ...................... ................. . Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. T o ta l--................................................................... Total $25 and over 41 105 73 71 184 218 153 240 88 11 36 106 229 235 126 41 82 31 92 58 24 126 63 186 137 216 288 105 8 81 104 31 86 70 261 228 199 190 346 46 242 87 155 175 40 123 56 212 27 99 53 433 309 309 264 60 27 123 156 101 98 37 81 179 67 243 81 57 57 128 401 145 261 392 296 3,890 3,505 3,178 10,573 66 1 Table 39 shows the actual monthly earnings of five union white longshoremen and seven colored men who have been selected as a sample because they were known to have worked permanently for one company during the entire year 1926. The average for the white men varies from $55.84 to $128.11 per month and the average for the colored men varies from $60.74 to $112.30 per month. Table 40 represents the distribution of the average weekly earnings of some 70 colored union men taken from the records of the union, which assesses its membership in proportion to their earnings. As the table shows, the earnings of the majority of the men fell within the two groups from $15 to $25, with the average around $20. per week. The three tables seem to prove the contention that the average earnings of the union men in the port of New Orleans are considerably lower than in any other large port in the United States. 6 6 4 9 0 °-3 2 ------7 90 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. T a b le 39.— Monthly earnings of individual union longshoremen who worked 'permanently for one company in N e w Orleans, 1926 White longshoremen Month No. 2 No. 1 No. 4 No. 3 No. 5 January................. February............... March.................... April...................... May....................... June..............-........ July-...................... August.................. September............. October.................. November............. December.............. $131.17 138.87 76.48 111. 70 130.40 78.40 146.03 83.35 111. 60 131.32 135. 91 148.49 $175.07 172.37 81.28 116.45 124.80 78.40 146.03 83.75 109.60 131.72 167.66 150.22 $120.37 179.72 59.68 114.40 127.85 78.40 154.43 63.75 109.60 126.52 87.51 146.62 $104.07 123.85 17.20 84.30 53.19 47."49 28,40 73.67 43.59 51.15 43.22 $105.03 133.80 80.55 95.60 124.00 81.26 154.64 101.90 106.80 128.53 74.56 120.89 Total............ 1,423.72 1,537.35 1,368.85 670.13 1,307.56 Average for month. 118.64 128.11 114.07 55.84 108.96 Colored longshoremen Month No. 1 January.............. . February________ _ March.......... .......... April................... May.................... June-------- ----------July_____________ August.................. September.......... . October__________ November.........— December.............. Total.........— Average per month T a b le No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 $104.63 $100.63 $57.04 $71.00 $109.67 115.95 112.45 111.08 125.16 135. 61 78.75 78.75 106.46 72.40 83.94 95.55 48.80 95. 55 66.36 56.15 108.30 125. 90 26.40 70.20 111. 25 79.26 95.76 33.40 14.40 66.20 152. 24 121.84 115. 08 82.01 127.96 74.70 102.30 24.30 41.15 71.75 112.00 102. 22 107.60 38.70 107. 20 132. 73 100.02 104. 55 112.26 31.80 119.66 129. 41 70.15 92.00 113. 48 123. 48 108. 75 133.44 22.25 163.12 1,292.85 1,283. 36 107.74 106.95 931. 48 728.87 77.62 60.74 No. 6 No. 7 $93. 21 143. 75 90.09 60.80 131.40 53.85 $157.52 100.80 64.00 106.50 131.20 65.60 140.08 90.85 109.60 126. 52 109.51 145. 42 67.55 112. 26 103.98 163.12 1,020.01 104.88 85.00 1,347. 6 112. 30 40.— Distribution, on basis of weekly earnings, of colored union longshore workers in N e w Orleans, 1926 Number having classified weekly earnings Weekly wage group Decem August Septem October Novem ber ber ber (average, (average, (average, (average, (average, 5 weeks) 2 weeks) 4 weeks) 4 weeks) 4 weeks) Under $10_______________________________________ $10 and under $15________________________________ $15 and under $20_______________ ______ __________ $20 and under $25............................ ............................. $25 and over_____________________________________ 7 31 29 8 g 1 11 22 1 13 14 53 4 19 43 Total.................................................................... 70 65 69 70 2 2 6 5 5 11 35 13 69 Houston and Galveston In the two Texas ports, Houston and Galveston, nearly all foreign and intercoastal cargoes are handled by members of the union locals, the work being divided more or less equally between the white and colored longshoremen. The total ^membership of each local is kept within certain limits, and a rotation system is used by the locals, 91 FOREIGN A.ND INTERCOASTAL TRADE which helps to distribute the wrork and the earnings of the men as equitably as possible considering the abnormal seasonal and other fluctuations in the demand for longshore labor. The worst of these fluctuations are due to the guaranteed sailings on the 1st and 15th of each month. There is probably no other single cause which creates more hardships to the dock operators, stevedore companies, and long shoremen alike than this practice of guaranteed semimonthly sailings. A union representative of Houston describes the situation thus: With 10 days of idleness during the first part of the month, followed by 5 days of rush which taxes the ingenuity of the business agent under obligation to supply the men when wanted,, we have a condition which we shall never be in a position to overcome. It is entirely unreasonable to expect two to three hundred men to remain idle day after day with the expectation of working perhaps two or three days in the middle of the month and then as many days at the end of the month. During the first and the third weeks of the month only a very small percentage of the men are working, and for almost half of the second and the fourth weeks there is work for only one-half of our membership. During the remaining parts of the second and the fourth weeks, however, most of the men work day and night, and still there are often ships for which we can not supply enough labor. Although the men are crowded to the very limit of their endurance, much of the work must be turned over to nonunion casuals, with resulting inefficiency to the companies and reductions in the total earnings of the regular longshoremen. Table 41 represents the individual monthly earnings of four gangs (of 10 men each) of white longshoremen in the port of Houston for the whole year of 1927. ^Table 42 represents the earnings of 10 colored gangs (of 10 men each) in Galveston, given by semimonthly periods from September 17, 1927, to April 15, 1928, inclusive; this period covers almost the entire cotton season. Because of the rotation system used by the local unions the earning;s of these gangs are fairly representative of the earnings of the other men in the two ports. In Houston the earnings vary from $38.69 for the month of July to $179.46 in January, with an average of about $100 per month. The earnings for the 2-week period in Galveston vary from $16.50 to $119.16, thus reflecting the fluctuations in the demand for long shore labor. For the entire period, however, the average earnings of the Galveston men show a variation from $32.16 to $33.74 per man per week, thus clearly indicating the effects of the earnings equalization scheme used by the union. Table 41.— Monthly earnings of four gangs1 of white longshoremen in Houston, Tex., 1927 Monthly earnings per man in— XVIOiltu Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 January___________________________________________ February__________________________________________ March____________________________________________ April____ _________________________________________ M ay______________________________________________ June______________________________________________ July.................................................................................... August____________________________________________ September________________________________________ October___________________________________________ November_________________________________________ December_________________________________________ $147.15 121.91 136.70 74.16 105.04 39.68 53.45 79.93 118.80 142.34 Total........................................................................ Average per month_________________________________ *10 men per gang. 55.50 $179.46 98.21 146.67 109.46 62.88 60.69 55.69 82.19 121.36 139.30 132.88 83.03 $47.22 130.18 119.90 96.04 60.21 62.23 53.34 91.51 98.19 145.15 138.50 69.86 $145.46 143.02 120.95 70.71 93.15 60.82 38.69 107.22 127.74 136.28 106.65 109.10 1,195.86 1,271.82 1,112.33 1,259.79 99.66 105.99 92.69 104.98 121.20 92 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TT. S. T a b le 42.— Semimonthly earnings of 10 gangs1 of colored longshoremen in Galves ton, Tex., September 17, 1927, to April 15, 1928 Semimonthly earnings per man in— 2-week period Gang Gang Gang Gang Gang Gang Gang Gang Gang Gang No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Sept. 17 to Oct. 2, 1927_______ $60.29 $64.77 $59.09 $62.57 $50.78 $79.40 $51.39 $72.48 Oct. 3 to Oct. 15, 1927.............. 78.32 90.38 64.08 80.96 91.60 53.61 92.12 72.88 Oct. 16 to Nov. 1, 1927............. 95.07 116.37 102.24 94.15 94.42 119.16 69.62 85.64 Nov. 2 to Nov. 14, 1927.......... . 57.50 17.20 50.00 50.86 38.74 41.20 55.38 57. 56 Nov. 15 to Dec. 2, 1927............ 66.35 61.28 69.69 63.41 78.26 85.00 83.93 80.64 Dec. 3 to Dec. 17,1927..... ........ 45.03 43.40 44.63 48.50 25.75 22.34 39.73 16.50 Dec. 18,1927, to Jan. 1,1928— . 66.87 60.79 41.46 44.05 51.60 55.90 63.60 60.63 Jan. 2 to Jan. 16, 1928________ 48.87 53.42 91.62 53.89 52.33 76.85 72.87 73.94 Jan. 17 to Feb. 1,1928............. 59.55 57.43 25.52 53.94 55.84 22.77 45.91 44.67 Feb. 2 to Feb. 14, 1928............. 63.97 72.06 54.85 76.17 78.71 74.64 52.70 64.88 Feb. 15 to Feb. 29, 1928........ . 96.26 66.08 96.26 69.98 70.28 86.92 108.22 78.77 Mar. 1 to Mar. 16, 1928......... . 62.48 93.52 66.08 84.18 95.16 110.99 54.74 101.12 Mar. 17 to Apr. 1, 1928_______ 80.26 55.97 68.18 67.94 52.17 34.98 84.85 38.86 Apr. 2 to Apr. 15, 1928_______ 63.92 77.22 66.79 62.46 73.06 62.91 49.14 72.94 $73.72 $70.36 74.80 77.97 64.91 68.07 76.02 73.71 76.10 59.20 32.70 58.46 47.66 61.30 114.93 56.86 22.85 59.41 76.17 46.89 70.33 63.37 119.10 105.71 42.05 53.96 61.76 63.10 Total (28 weeks)_______ 94474 929.89 900.49 913.06 908.70 926.67 924.20 921.51 927.84 943.63 33.14 33.70 \verage per week___________ 1 10 men per gang. 33.74 33.21 32.16 32.61 32.45 33.10 33.01 32.91 Seattle Seattle has the distinction of being the first port in the United States to introduce a system of decasualization for its water front, which became effective in 1921. The men are listed at the central employment office called the “ dispatching hall” and are classified into longshoremen proper (those working either on the deck or in the hold of the ship) and truckers working on the pier. The longshoremen proper are organized into gangs of 10 men each and are subdivided into three groups: (1) Company gangs definitely assigned to one shipping or stevedore company; (2) hall or reserve gangs to be dis patched from the central employment office as needed; and (3) casual men to be called upon only when all other longshoremen are already occupied. The truckers are also divided into registered truckers, regularly dispatched from the hall, and casual workers, to be used only when additional need for truckers arises. The principle of dividing the work for the purpose of equalizing the earnings of the men is applied to the company and hall gangs and to the registered truckers. Thus, no company gang is supposed to earn more than a certain maximum per week if the earnings of the hall gangs are falling below a certain minimum. The “ casuals,” however, are definitely told that they will get work only in case of demand for additional labor. They are free to work anywhere outside the water front, but the registered men are required either to be present in the dispatching hall, as is the case with all truckers, or to be ready for work on very short notice. In November, 1926, the membership of the dispatching hall in Seattle was as follows: Number Longshoremen proper: of men Registered longshoremen (33 gangs)______ ______________ 338 Extra registered men----------------------------------------------------- 260 Casual workers_________________________________________ 93 Total__________________ ________ _____________________"691 Truckers: Registered truckers_____________________________________ 189 Casual truckers________________________________________ 75 Total._______ ______ __________________ ______ _______ ” 264 Total membership------------ -------- --------------------------------- 955 93 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE The dispatching hall keeps a complete daily record of all the men dispatched for work, as well as a record of the individual earnings of the men which is used for the earnings equalization plan. It also has a central pay station, which enables the' men to receive in one sum their earnings from all the companies for which they worked during the week. A strict rotation system applies to all the registered men except the company gangs and keeps their earnings on a more or less equal basis from month to month. Table 43 shows the actual monthly earnings of all the hall or reserve gangs for the year 1925. While these vary from $88, made by Gang No. 17 during January, to $244 made by Gang No. 11 during April, the average monthly earnings of all the gangs for the whole year, however,, vary only from $153.33 to $162.10. These variations are comparatively small, and disappear altogether, as the scheme of earnings equalization is carried on not only from month to month but from year to year. Table 43.— Monthly earnings of hall or reserve gangs1 in Seattle, 1925 Monthly earnings per man fn— Month January___ February... March____ April.......... M ay........... June............ July............ August....... September.. October___ November.. December.. Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 $149.00 157.00 176.00 219.00 118.00 115.00 138.00 127.00 180.00 167.00 167.00 171.00 $115.00 186.00 141.00 209.00 168.00 118.00 144.00 132.00 169.00 180.00 175.00 152.00 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 Gang No. 6 Gang No. 7 Gang No. 8 $111.00 $122.00 $115.00 $184.00 $120.00 $135.00 Gang No. 9 142.00 177.00 212.00 131.00 109.00 150.00 131.00 178.00 173.00 164.00 166.00 $143.00 124.00 168.00 209.00 134.00 138.00 162.00 119.00 163.00 161.00 185.00 134.00 Total............ . 1,884.00 1,889.00 1,840.00 1,857.00 1,933.00 1,874.00 1,856.00 1 868.00 1,840.00 Average per month. 157.00 157.42 164.00 169.00 189.00 149.00 126.00 158.00 127.00 167.00 162.00 188.00 130.00 153.33 159.00 177.00 169.00 160.00 154.00 115.00 153.00 168.00 184.00 161.00 135.00 154.75 152.00 249.00 177.00 147.00 142.00 122.00 155.00 170.00 194.00 163.00 147.00 161.08 124.00 189.00 185.00 130.00 113.00 167.00 134.00 162.00 181.00 159.00 146.00 156.17 156.00 193.00 183.00 159.00 116.00 160.00 132.00 166.00 163.00 142.00 166.00 , 154.67 155.67 153.33 Monthly earnings per man in Month Gang No. 13 Gang No. 14 Gang No. 15 Gang No. 16 Gang No. 17 Gang No. 18 $151.00 January___________ $120.00 $138.00 133.00 151.00 February_________ 159.00 March____________ 154.00 157.00 ~$i66."00’ 208.00 April_____________ 222.00 244.00 214.00 179.00 148.00 May______________ 151.00 141.00 147.00 111.00 120.00 June______________ 168.00 107.00 117.00 130.00 159.00 132.00 July______________ 159.00 126.00 129.00 148.00 August___________ 164.00 166.00 199.00 172.00 September________ 195.00 171.00 198.00 October___________ 160.00 144.00 147.00 166.00 November________ 156.00 159.00 179.00 178.00 December_________ 181.00 $147.00 $135.00 147.00 178.00 197.00 132.00 $133.00 152.00 151.00 213.00 117.00 140.00 143.00 154.00 157.00 181.00 141.00 195.00 $88.00 145.00 177.00 196.00 151.00 144.00 129.00 130.00 184.00 168.00 156.00 182.00 $142.00 157.00 173.00 190.00 132.00 138.00 153.00 Total_______ 1,921.00 1,905.00 21,621.00 1,877.00 1,908.00 1,854.00 1,877.00 1,850.00 1,883.00 Average per month. Gang No. 10 160.08 Gang No. 11 Gang No. 12 158.75 2162.10 110 men in a gang. 156.42 120.00 222.00 192.00 141.00 134.00 170.00 126.00 171.00 159.00 174.00 152.00 159.00 120.00 130.00 132.00 158.00 184.00 179.00 162.00 154.50 156.42 154.17 112.00 189.00 186.00 154.00 157.00 156.92 210 months only. The earnings of the company gangs are somewhat higher than those of the hall or reserve gangs, as these men have the right at any time to be transferred back to the list of the reserve gangs. The earnings 94 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. of the truckers, on the other hand, are considerably lower, because their rate of pay is 10 cents per hour lower than those of the regular longshoremen. The earnings of the registered truckers for 1925 varied from $107 for the month of June to $137 for the month of April. The casual longshoremen earned for the year 1926 an average of $1,087.85, or a monthly average of $90.67, while the casual truckers earned a monthly average of only $60.17. But even these lowest figures, for the casual men, are considerably higher than the average of the port before decasualization was put into effect. Tacoma In Tacoma all the longshoremen are organized into two union locals affiliated with the International Longshoremen’s Association. The larger local composed of freight handlers has a membership of about* 600, while the other composed of lumber handlers has about 200. The original distinction between the two locals—the nature of the cargo handled by the members—has been abolished, and members of either local now handle both lumber and general cargo. About 50 per cent of the membership of the two locals are of Scandinavian origin. There is no written agreement between the organization of em ployers and the two union locals, but an understanding exists, by virtue of which the employers agree to choose their longshore labor from the ranks of the organized workers exclusively. The freight handlers’ local has a large commodious dispatching hall, and the hiring of the men takes place in this hall. Each morning and after noon the foremen of the stevedore companies come to the hall, pick their men, and order them out to the docks, where they are formed into gangs before going to work. The stevedore foremen are not hampered in their choice of the individual men, and some men in variably get more work than others. Although the two locals restrict their membership to a definite number of men, the port of Tacoma can not be classified among the decasualized ports. ^ The rates of wages and conditions of work are similar to those in Seattle. The employers have a central pay station where the long shoremen are paid off once a week for all work done during the week. The work, however, is not divided equally among the men, and their earning's, varying from $1,000 and less to $2,400 and over per year, bear witness to the existing inequalities. Table 44 shows the distri bution of the total yearly earnings of 222 longshoremen selected from among the more steady workers. The average yearly earnings for these men were $1,613 in 1927, $1,616 in 1928, and $1,766 in 1929. The other men not included in this table earned considerably less than these averages. 95 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE T a b l e 44.— Classified yearly earnings of longshoremen in Tacoma , 1927, 1928, and 1929 Number having classified yearly earnings Wage group 1927 1928 Under $1,000............................ ........................ ........... ............ ............ $1,000 and under $1,200_________________________________________ $1,200 and under $1,400________________ ____ ____________________ $1,400 and under $1,600_________________________________________ $1,600 and under $1,800___________ ______________________ _____ $1,800 and under $2,000____ ______________ _______ ____________ $2,000 and under $2,200!___________ _______________ ___ _______ $2,200 and under $2,400- ______ __________________________ _____ $2,400 and over____ _____ _______ ________ ________ _____________ 37 34 30 38 26 Total___________ _______________________ ___ ___ _________ Average for year_______________________________________________ 19 21 1929 19 23 37 33 31 34 12 12 28 31 22 13 12 46 29 23 19 222 222 222 $1,613 $1,616 $1,766 10 7 20 Portland Portland, Oreg., inaugurated its scheme of decasualization in 1923. In Portland there is no segregation between longshoremen proper and truckers, all the men being classified as longshoremen, at equal rates of pay^ also, there are no individual company gangs. The labor force consists of 300 so-called “ permanent” men, divided into 25 gangs of 12 men each. These are considered the backbone of the organiza tion and are given the preference on all work. Then there are about 400 so-called “ extra board” men from whom extra gangs are formed when needed. These men are also used to supplement the permanent gangs when additional truckers are needed, as well as to replace the absentees in the gangs. Finally, there are about 400 casual workers also registered at the hall, but these are dispatched only when all the regular men are already working. The dispatching hall uses a rotation system for the purpose of equalizing the earnings of all the permanent gangs. Every month the earnings of the individual gangs are checked and the gang with the lowest earnings is placed first on the list, followed by the next to the lowest, etc. These earnings, however, do not include the additional amounts^ earned by the men when working outside of the gang or when working in any of the Columbia River ports which are outside of the jurisdiction of the dispatching hall. Table 45 shows the average monthly earnings of the 25 permanent gangs for the 5-year period, 1924 to 1928. In 1928 the average low rate was $127.05 and the average high rate was $146.95. The “ extra board” men, for whom no figures are kept, earned less than these gangs and the casual workers, of course, still less. 90 T a b le CHAP. 3, LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. 45.— Average monthly earnings of 25 permanent gangs in Portland, Oreg., 1924 to 1928 Average monthly earnings per man Gang 1925 1924 Gang No. I ... Gang No. 2.. . Gang No. 3__. Gang No. 4__. Gang No. 5_. Gang No. 6__ Gang No. 7__. Gang No. 8__ Gang N o .9 _ . Gang No. 10_. Gang No. 11_. Gang No. 12Gang No. 13_. Gang No. 14-. Gang No. 15Gang No. 16Gang No. 17_ Gang No. 18Gang No. 19Gang No. 20Gang No. 21 _ Gang No. 22Gang No. 23Gang No. 24Gang No. 25- $149.08 145. 63 144. 28 142.90 145.23 149. 20 143. 09 152.96 148.47 143.02 142.73 144.75 152.16 149.83 143.38 155. 57 148.89 143.64 145.93 146.92 149.64 145.15 141.33 148.93 155. 73 2Average for 4 years. $135. 29 135.88 132. 45 142.13 144.91 142. 69 136.77 143. 47 132.14 133. 63 119. 87 134. 24 143.08 139. 06 138.72 145.84 141.16 135.47 139. 66 136.03 140.17 145. 09 127.13 142. 70 141. 42 1926 $139. 47 136.17 138.89 156.81 149.39 141. 46 156.50 144.13 148.82 132.28 0) 142.28 139.53 137.12 135.79 149.88 143.82 0) 144.20 139.18 143.49 150.18 135.31 138. 51 148. 76 8Average for 3 years. 1927 $126.89 121. 78 121.76 128.65 132. 27 130.16 110. 84 126. 63 126. 00 113.93 (l) 124.20 128.90 (l) 124.43 131.72 120.17 (l) 126.33 128.04 124.05 127.92 127.83 118. 56 133.17 1928 $135.80 127. 05 127.98 146. 95 138. 91 133.33 135.85 143.65 143.29 0) 140.00 132.20 139. 24 141. 00 134.88 132. 27 140.27 (l) 139.84 140.80 142.44 137.18 135.19 129.78 142.74 1924-1928 $137.31 133.30 133.07 143.49 142.14 139.37 136.61 142.17 139.74 2130.72 3 134. 20 135. 53 140. 58 2 141. 75 135. 44 143.06 138.86 * 139. 56 139.19 138.19 139.96 141.10. 133.36 135.70 144.36 ‘ Average for 2 years. The dispatching hall operates a central pay office, all the men, irrespective of their place of work, being paid off there. In addi tion, it also operates a loan fund from which money is advanced to the individual men on their brass checks and from which aid is given to sick and injured workers. In neither Seattle nor Portland, however, do the schemes of decasualization cover all the longshore workers in the ports. # Both plans were organized against the opposition of the local unions of the International Longshoremen’s Association, and in both ports there still remain a considerable number of men who refuse to accept the plan. These remain on the water front accepting work here and there, particularly from such organizations as the United States Shipping Board or the port authorities, which because of their official position have adopted an attitude of neutrality as between the dispatching hall and the union locals. San Francisco San Francisco is the only large port on the Pacific coast which has not been decasualized. The employers' organization has an agreement with the Longshoremen’s Association of San Francisco by which members of the association are given preference for work in port. Of a total of approximately 5,000 men registered with this organization, about 3,000 pay regular dues and are active on the beach. #Some of these men are permanently employed by individual companies; others, of course, are compelled to look for work along the entire waterfront. The longshoremen “ shape” oncea day at the foot of Market Street, where the hiring foremen “ pick” their men and order them to report at the respective piers or dispatch 97 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE them in trucks to the more distant piers. Here, as in other ports which have not been decasualized, it is impossible to establish even approximately the average weekly earnings of the men in the port as a whole. The trend of the earnings of the permanent men, however, may be determined from Table 46, representing 10 of the 15 permanent gangs of 18 men each employed by Company H and 8 permanent gangs employed by Company I. T a b le 46.— Monthly earnings of 10 permanent gangs1 of longshoremen employed by two companies in San Francisco, 1926 Company H Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 January.................... $163.00 $174.00 February.................. 164.00 171.00 March...................... 207.00 232.00 April......................... 165.00 187.00 May.......................... 139.00 127.00 June.......................... 226.00 238.00 July.......................... 197.00 163.00 August...................... 230.00 227.00 September................ 174.00 149.00 October.................... 186.00 178.00 November................ 281.00 255.00 December................. 176.00 165.00 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 $35.00 $149.00 136.00 183.00 247.00 221.00 158.00 180.00 159.00 137.00 188.00 238.00 150.00 198.00 200.00 218.00 141.00 171.00 175.00 208.00 243.00 281.00 168.00 173.00 Gang No. 6 Gang No. 7 Gang No. 9 Gang No. 8 $184.00 $121.00 $158.00 $110.00 230.00 207.00 156.00 123.00 255.00 216.00 199.00 239.00 166.00 166.00 143.00 150.00 166.00 152.00 119.00 172.00 209.00 231.00 200.00 147.00 166.00 194.00 105.00 150.00 251.00 127.00 138.00 242.00 155.00 183.00 102.00 122.00 209.00 196.00 74.00 80.00 253.00 291.00 233.00 5.00 182.00 183.00 93.00 Gang No. 10 $76.00 $96.00 138.00 207.00 ""i3i.‘ 5o 163.00 103.00 150.00 36.00 161.00 135.00 76.00 151.00 233.00 185.00 129.00 107.00 199.00 106.00 210.00 266.00 177.00 115.00 Total.............. 2,308.00 2,266.00 2, 000.00 2,357.00 2,426.00 2,267.00 1,720.00 1,540.00 1,919.OOjl, 431.00 Average per month— 192.33 188.83 166.67 196.42 202.17 188.92 143.33 128.33 159.92 119.25 Company I Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 Gang No. 6 Gang No. 7 Gang No. 8 January____________ $168.54 February___________ 164.14 March_____________ 188.76 April........................... 140.41 M ay_______________ 195.98 128.08 June_______________ July____ __________ 139.51 August_____________ • 200.94 172.13 September_________ 215.67 October____________ November__________ 170.90 190.37 December__________ $182. 71 164.26 172.60 160.11 183.83 134.33 139.73 195.07 167.19 234.80 166.39 197.34 $196.44 164.27 190.14 149.87 182.39 158.87 112. 74 217.81 149.68 215.34 182.72 209.26 $159.99 173.36 180.46 155.48 185.19 138.84 131.19 194.86 159.09 211.52 200.49 186.09 $185.79 158.24 187.47 160.31 195.10 137.73 116.34 219.63 160.11 201.95 171.45 206.80 $167.64 150.53 186.99 154.37 204.76 134.25 129. 36 207.15 151. 66 217.91 183.30 187.89 $158.43 174.65 172.13 171.01 193.97 151.69 111. 84 219.40 157.51 208.01 176.52 206.35 $183.17 146.49 176.41 155.49 207.24 150.08 Total_________ 2,075.43 2,098.36 2,129.53 2,076.56 |2,100.92 2,075.81 2,101.51 2,096.03 172.95 174.86 177.46 172.98 175.13 174.67 Average per month... Gang No. 1 173.05 175.08 122.88 217.60 155.49 211.19 176.97 193.02 118 men per gang. The monthly averages of the 10 gangs of Company H show a range from $119.25 for Gang No. 10 to $202.17 for Gang No. 5. Company I uses a regular rotation scheme for its employees, and every week and 98 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN TJ. S. every month the list of the gangs is so rearranged as to give the gang with the lowest earnings the first chance for work. The earnings of the gangs are posted regularly on a bulletin board so that the men know their standing in the rotation scheme. The average earnings of these eight gangs for the year 1926 show variations from $172.95 per man per month for gang No. 1 to $177.46 per man per month for gang No. 3. The small range shows the results of the equalization scheme used by the company. There is, however, no check on the earnings of the casual men, whose numbers often are considerably larger than those in the per manent gangs. The data below, which were taken from the pay rolls of Company K, give an approximate idea of the actual distri bution of the earnings of the casual and permanent men combined. There were 354 longshoremen who worked for this company eight weeks or more during the year 1926. Number of men Weekly earnings Under $10__________________________________________________ _12 $10 to $14.99_______________________________________________ _38 $15 to $19.99_______________________________________________ _62 $20 to $24.99_______________________________________________ _85 $25 to $29.99_______________________________________________ _63 $30 to $34.99_______________________________________________ _43 $35 and over________ _______ _______ _______ _______________ _51 Total________________________________________________ 354 The statement below shows the distribution of the same men, on the basis of the number of weeks worked for this company: Number of men 8 to 11 weeks_______________________________________________ _16 12 to 15 weeks______________________________________________ _49 16 to 19 weeks______________________________________________ _30 20 to 23 weeks______________________________________________ _29 24 to 27 weeks______________________________________________ _28 28 to 31 weeks___________ __________________________________ _26 32 to 35 weeks______________________________________________ _21 36 to 39 weeks______________________________________________ _26 40 to 43 weeks______________________________________________ _24 44 to 47 weeks______________________________________________ _18 48 weeks and over__________________________________________ _87 Total___ _____ _______________________________________354 #The above figures, showing some men in every one of the wage or time groups, speak of conditions similar to those found in the Atlantic ports. The same inequalities in distribution of work and in the corresponding earnings exist in San Francisco as in New York or Baltimore. Here also the practices of some companies in keeping permament gangs merely result in very high earnings for the privileged men, with correspondingly low earnings for all other longshoremen. Los Angeles The port of Los Angeles was decasualized in 1922. It is the only port in the United States whose scheme of decasualization applies to all longshoremen in port. All the men are registered in the Marine Service Bureau, which is the central dispatching hall of the port. In 1929 the men were divided into the following groups: ’ 99 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE Ship men (regular longshoremen): 61 gangs_____________________________________________ 6 shoveling gangs___________________________________ Number of men 549 54 67 gangs_____________________________________________ 603 Dock men: 89 gangs_____________________________________________ Special steady men___________________________________ 554 50 Total______________________________________________ 604 Lumbermen: Steady men__________________________________________ Extra men___________________________________________ 95 175 Total______________________________________________ 270 Casual workers (ship, dock, and lumber)_________________ 151 Total number of registered men____________________ 1, 628 The majority of these men are assigned to individual companies, the number sent to each being determined by the ability of the com pany to supply more or less steady work to the men assigned to it. The workers retain their right to return to the hall-gang list if earnings are unsatisfactory or for any other valid reason. Each company is therefore required to keep a record of the earnings of their men, and since October, 1929, the Marine Service Bureau has been supplied by these companies with daily reports of the hours worked ana the earnings for all the ship gangs. Table 47 shows the earnings of the 61 permanent ship gangs for the seven months from October, 1929, to April, 1930, inclusive. These late figures are shown here because total figures for the entire port are not available for any previous period. # In spite of the trade depression, which must have affected the shipping in this port as in the other ports, the seven months’ average earnings of these gangs, varying from $126.62 to $199 per man per month, are considerably higher than at any other port. T a b le 47.— Earnings of 61 gangs of longshoremen in Los Angeles, in specified months, 1929 and 1930 Earnings per man per month 1929 Average Total earnings earnings per month 1930 Gang Decem January Febru October Novem ary ber ber March April Company L Gang No. 1............ $177.53 Gang No. 2............ 180.57 Gang No. 3............ 182.59 Gang No. 4............ 168.30 Gang No. 5............ 184.17 Gang No. 6............ 208.80 Gang No. 7............ 180.90 Gang No. 8............ 169.77 Gang No. 9............ 180.23 Gang No. 10.......... 161.10 Gang No. 11.......... 169.20 $199.24 186.44 206.89 194.13 201.27 244.02 180.79 200.03 197.89 182.37 173.71 $220.95 192.38 231.19 219.94 218.37 207.00 180.68 230.29 215.55 194.63 178.20 $185.40 184.05 201.83 212.40 201.15 180.90 182.70 174.83 185.85 176.63 190.58 $154.80 151.88 185.40 162.00 171.00 147.27 155.70 170.10 133.20 170.67 173.93 $205.09 216.00 202.05 192.38 167.18 230.97 216.45 199.80 199.80 232.20 187.20 $176.63 $1,319.64 175.84 1,287.16 183.04 1,392.99 189.34 1,338.49 207.12 1,350.26 170.78 1,389.74 194.40 1,291.62 174.38 1,319.20 177.75 1,290.27 160.88 1,278.48 178.20 1,251.02 $188.52 183.88 199.00 191.21 192.89 198.53 184.52 188.46 184.32 182.64 178.72 100 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. T a b le 47.— Earnings of 61 gangs of longshoremen in Los Angeles, in specified months, 1929 and 1980— Continued Earnings per man per month 1929 Gang 1930 Decem October NovemJanuary Febru ber ber ary March April Average earnings Total earnings per month Company M Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. $187.54 168.81 185.08 182.14 171.79 176.74 164.54 179.51 189.64 $165.83 $145.80 153.79 141.98 146.03 163.69 138.38 170.55 127.58 156.94 154.80 140.18 145.02 130.73 125.78 157.17 148.73 146.25 $124.99 156.72 164.03 174.38 162.45 174.49 170.67 146.77 158.63 $150.75 141.98 156.60 160.65 156.94 153.00 153.90 176.85 166.73 $173.48 $1,158.99 169.77 1,128.69 170.44 1,192.31 172.80 1,192.63 164.14 1,126.49 178.54 1,176.43 181.69 1.131.95 165.04 1.152.95 164.37 1,204.98 $165.57 161.24 170.33 170.38 160.93 168.06 161.71 164.71 172.14 $253.13 $203.74 $161.55 $188.78 $155.25 $147.60 $150.08 $1,260.13 205.43 127.58 142.65 166.73 175.50 151. 65 168.30 1,137.84 222.30 177.30 199.80 162.79 177.30 142.43 153.23 1.235.15 248.85 162.57 152.78 200.37 147.83 136.13 137.82 1,186.35 209.03 175.17 175.28 243.79 158.40 156.83 144.23 1,262.73 255.04 201.21 148.28 173.70 168.08 187.65 160.23 1,294.19 176.85 171.00 179.55 243.45 201.20 139.28 147.83 1.259.16 141.53 160.99 147.60 209.82 175.67 146.59 128.48 1 110.68 250.54 205.61 161.55 165.15 167.40 137.93 151.65 1,239.83 218.37 149.18 168.08 167.85 183.77 129.83 148.95 1,166.03 160.43 145.01 165.83 129.60 151.77 119.70 147.60 1,019.94 153.23 146.03 256.62 264.16 153.45 144.68 166.73 1,284.90 $180.02 162.55 176.45 169.48 180.39 184.88 179.88 158.67 177.12 166.58 145.71 183.56 $210.60 195.64 206.44 193.73 186.64 198.68 185.40 201.83 230.63 Company N Gang No. 21Gang No. 22Gang No. 23.. Gang No. 24.. Gang No. 25.. Gang No. 26.. Gang No. 27.. Gang No. 28.. Gang No. 29.. Gang No. 30.. Gang No. 31.. Gang No. 32- , Company O Gang No. 33.. Gang No. 34.. $163.69 175.73 $154.14 152.34 $132.64 141.08 $127.58 106.65 $162.45 142.88 $141.75 136. 69 $140.07 $1,022.32 142.99 998.36 $146.05 142.62 $157.50 $180.23 $203.13 $179.55 $180.00 $225.90 $164.70 $1,291.01 157.15 140.85 175.05 172.80 168. 75 208.35 180.45 1, 203.40 140.85 147.83 154.80 162.45 167.85 192.60 153.00 1,119.38 147.60 167.63 187.65 181.35 188.10 220.95 193.95 1,287.23 174.15 131.94 181.35 172.35 156. 60 193.05 170.10 1,179.54 184.95 127.80 156.38 142. 65 166. 50 197.10 156.15 1,131.53 129.15 132.98 136.80 126.90 135.90 162.90 135.00 959.63 $184.43 171.91 159.91 183.89 168.51 161.65 137.09 Company P Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. Gang No. 353637.. 38.. 39.. 40.. 41.. Company Q Gang No. 42.. Gang No. 43.. Gang No. 44.. Gang No. 45.. Gang No. 46.. $263.59 241.54 239.74 238.62 $225. 68 $187.77 $120.60 168.08 114.80 210. 16 178.77 122.94 207. 51 175.28 128.03 212. 18 185.74 127.35 ___ _ $107. 67 102.27 120.27 108.45 112.05 $122.85 141.30 155.25 142.65 155.70 $123. 19 $1,151.35 117. 45 643.90 132. 30 1,161.23 113. 40 1,115.06 125. 10 1,156.74 $164.48 128.78 165.89 159.29 165.25 $142.65 $135.90 $123.30 $132.30 $133.43 $1,007.35 140.97 128.14 123.87 125.55 130.62 951.50 141.42 136.58 128.59 136.92 144.23 1,020.54 133.77 131.29 128.48 130.50 132.75 995.54 113.07 129.27 118.80 138.15 135.00 934.50 124.43 122.74 123.30 131.85 136.02 937.66 126.12 129.83 131.85 128.37 132.98 981.21 113. 85 123.53 125.44 141.30 127.69 900.69 141.87 118.24 125.10 133.77 136.02 963.14 115.32 132.64 117.00 131.40 139.17 930.71 118.24 118.92 138.15 118.24 127.80 886.31 123.37 136.13 129.27 131.40 140.63 991.48 121.05 124.54 132.08 132.30 130.73 949.70 124.88 123.75 146.25 137.25 135.23 961.72 123.98 143.10 129.38 136.13 135.90 979.00 $143.91 135.93 145.79 142.22 133.50 133.95 140.17 128.67 137.59 132.96 126.62 141.64 135.67 137.39 139.86 Extra gangs i Gang No. 47.. Gang No. 48Gang No. 49.. Gang No. 60.. Gang No. 61.. Gang No. 52Gang No. 53.. Gang No. 54.. Gang No. 55Gang No. 56Gang No. 57.. Gang No. 58.. Gang No. 59Gang No. 60.. Gang No. 61- $178.99 $160.78 147.77 154.58 158.08 174.72 157.51 181.24 137.76 162.45 141.25 158.07 152.73 179.33 141. 30 127. 58 146.70 161.44 158.67 136.51 127.71 137.25 151.35 179.33 143.35 165.65 147.49 146.87 145.13 165.38 1 Rotated from company to company. 101 FOREIGN AND INTERCOASTAL TRADE As a check on the above figures, in Table 48 are shown the 1926 earnings of the gangs assigned to two companies. The average monthly earnings vary for one company from $144.47 to $175.94 and for the other from $155.16 to $208.31 per man—averages which are substantially higher than for the 7-month period shown above. Although the truckers earn much less than the permanent gangs, and the casual men considerably less, the average earnings of the longshoremen in the port of Los Angeles are undoubtedly higher ana more equitably distributed than in any other port in the United States. T a b le 48.— Monthly earnings of 16 gangs 1 of longshoremen assigned to two com panies in Los Angeles, 1926 Company R Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 Gang No. 6 Gang No. 7 Gang No. 8 $195.60 164.67 162.79 191.20 166.09 203.78 129.10 183.03 186.38 142.72 178.49 206.77 $209.99 232.34 158.52 259.65 169.67 216.63 169.45 179.61 21& 43 177.33 170.51 217.02 $190.25 174.83 176.64 228.83 164.03 222.81 190.77 149.44 188.72 189.06 162.14 217.27 $211.28 204.74 196.01 302.50 189.32 219.04 161.32 174.72 222.96 184.82 187.44 228.42 $218.67 195.56 200.51 297.95 190.32 232.22 159.92 164.98 253.08 177.04 188.04 221.37 $199.93 209.14 191.80 238.71 181.13 224.59 169.58 154.12 212.14 192.84 217.47 223.72 $140.33 161.62 149.25 180.08 153.88 162.15 117.44 132.89 197.63 139.59 143.13 183.95 Gang No. 1 January__________ $225.53 February_________ 158.18 March____________ 201.76 April_____________ 285.41 M ay______________ 199.03 June______________ 216.01 July______________ 170.25 158.58 August___________ September________ 199.18 October___ _______ 187.23 November________ 191.37 December_________ 230.46 Gang No. 9 $188.67 165.11 135.24 192.84 141.37 197.45 150.11 114.36 196.11 138.45 143.94 183.64 Total_______ 2,422.99 2, 110. 62 2,377.15 2,254.79 2,482.57 2,499.66 2,415.17 1,861.94 1,947.29 Average per month. 201.92 175.89 198.10 187.90 206.88 208.31 201.26 155.16 162.27 Company S Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 January................... February-................ March...................... April........................ M ay........................ June......................... July......................... August..................... September............... October.................... November............... December.—i ......... $171.34 152.50 185.96 162.03 154.79 182.29 155.60 142.35 204.51 207.61 180.95 211.31 $162.04 172.39 144.89 165.63 149.28 161.52 169.33 143.42 185.36 179. 74 163.98 215.07 $151.65 138.42 187.91 166.86 159.03 153.99 148.14 152.76 208.98 182.57 170.01 159.66 $162.97 158.12 Total.............. 2, 111. 24 2,012.65 1,979.98 Average per month. 175.94 167.72 165.00 1 10 men in a gang. Gang No. 7 196.40 153.66 202.40 $161. 34 141.48 179.54 155.97 136.70 187.32 161.81 146.25 162.64 175.36 75.28 48.75 $165. 73 174.31 174.19 175.40 145.67 158.88 187.62 143.39 182.86 180.47 80.89 2,062.39 1,898.60 1,732.44 *1,769.41 171.87 158.22 144.47 2160.86 202.00 167.05 140.38 154.79 148.90 145.19 215.28 198.38 163.00 206.33 $167.70 136.10 169.98 133.50 96.94 153.23 135.94 152.54 Gang No. 6 200.21 1 11 months. 102 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. Prospects of Decasualization In view of the extreme differences in the systems of employing longshore labor, particularly in the distribution of the work and the earnings of the men on the water fronts of the three decasualized ports—Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles—as contrasted with the other ports in the United States, it might be worth while to inquire into the prospects of decasualizing the other ports. The question is rather hard to answer because of certain complications in the relation ship between the employers of Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles and the International Longshoremen’s Association. It so happened that Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles adopted their schemes of decas ualization only after a long period of serious and violent labor clashes which resulted in the defeat of the local unions, members of the in ternational. In none of the three ports is the union now considered an important factor on the water front, and the employers refuse to recognize the International Longshoremen’s Association ^ as the representative of their men. The result is that the international, as an organization, is definitely antagonistic to any scheme of decasuali zation, which it regards simply as a union-breaking medium. That this is not necessarily the case, however, can be shown from the experience of most of the decasualized European ports, particu larly Liverpool, where union labor is now an effective element in the operation of the scheme of decasualization. From a neutral and almost antagonistic observer at the inception of the plan in 1912, the union has now become a most enthusiastic defender of the plan. On the other hand, it must also be emphasized that the conditions in Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles are somewhat lacking in stability because of the absence of a labor organization outside their dispatching halls. The plans of decasualization there were originated and are now managed almost exclusively by the employers, with the workers having comparatively very little to say either in the management or in the operation of the respective schemes. In the eastemports not even the employers are unanimously in favor of decasualizing their ports. It will therefore require a considerable amount of education to get the union and the employers favorably disposed to any scheme oi decasualization. Finally, not all the ports in the country are ready for such reorganization. Certain ports can be decasualized more quickly and more successfully than other ports. Assuming a favorable attitude by both capital and labor, which must be considered requisite for any effective scheme of decasualization, the ports of Boston and Baltimore on the Atlantic coast, Houston and Galveston on the Gulf, and San Francisco on the Pacific, offer the most favorable conditions for a successful beginning. In all of these ports the unions have a more or less definite limit on their member ship, which would make it comparatively simple to obtain a complete registry of the longshoremen in the port. In Baltimore and in the Texas ports the gang system is in vogue and is favorably regarded by both the unions and employers; Houston and Galveston, and to some extent San Francisco also, have systems of dividing the work on a rotation basis, and Houston even has a central pay station for all longshoremen. The relationship between the employers and the local unions in these ports has been very cordial for a number of years, and the ground has been thus prepared for an experiment in decas- COASTWISE TRADE 103 ualization carried out by efforts of both sides. The details of the schemes used will greatly depend on the local conditions in each port, but the management must necessarily be vested in a central agency consisting of representatives of employers and workers. With these ports decasualized or even on the road toward decasu alization, New York and other ports will follow suit. A compre hensive system of decasualization for the port of New York was proposed by the mayor’s committee on unemployment in 1916, but the scheme failed of realization largely because it originated from sources other than those actually engaged in the longshore industry. With the organization of employers and the local unions in favor of such a plan, New York too can be decasualized. Longshore Labor Conditions in Coastwise Trade Longshore labor conditions in the coastwise trade are considerably different from those found in foreign and intercoastal shipping. These differences are due primarily to the nature and characteristics of the coastwise trade. Coastwise shipping is carried on by compara tively few regular lines. The ships cover a small number of ports and on many occasions run between two ports only. They make short and frequent voyages between ports, and their arrivals and departures are kept strictly within schedule time. An occasional storm or fog may delay the docking or the departure of a coastwise vessel for a few hours or even for a whole day, but such interferences are few and far between. All coastwise shipping companies operate their own docks and do their own stevedoring. In the majority of the ports the coastwise schedules are so arranged that there is a ship in port either loading or discharging nearly every day. Longshore work in the coastwise trade therefore is more regular from day So day and less subject to the violent fluctuations which are the rule in “ deep-water” shipping. Each shipping company usually has a per manent following of men to do the regular work of loading and dis charging the cargo. In many cases these permanent men report for work daily at regular hours, and some men are paid on a weekly or monthly basis. Additional workers, when needed, are hired either from the shape at the gate of the pier or from the longshore dispatch ing hall, if the port has been decasualized. Wage Rates of Coastwise Longshoremen With the exception of the port of San Francisco, where coastwise longshoremen are regular members of the Longshoremen’s Association of San Francisco, there is no union now existing among the coastwise longshoremen in the ports of the United States. On the west coast there is no line drawn between coastwise workers and other groups of longshore labor. The rate of wages is the same for all groups. In Portland, Oreg., and Los Angeles coastwise workers are regular members of the labor dispatching hall, and their work and earnings are controlled by the same conditions which apply to other longshore workers. In Seattle coastwise workers are not officially members of the dispatching hall, but a definite understanding exists between the company employing coastwise labor and the dispatching hall which makes it possible when needed to dispatch labor from the hall to the 104 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. company, and vice versa. In the Atlantic ports and on the Gulf the rates of wages for coastwise labor are generally lower than those for longshoremen engaged in “ deep-water” shipping. In 1928 the regular and overtime rates of wages for coastwise long shore labor in the different ports were as follows: T able 49.— Rates of wages for coastwise longshore labor, by 'port Port Seattle________________________ Portland __ __________________ San Francisco____ ___ _________ Los Angeles___ _____________ Galveston......................... ........... Houston _ _ . _ ___________ New Orleans______________ ___ Straight time Over time $0.90 .90 .90 .90 .60 .60 .60 $1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 .90 .90 .90 Straight time Port Savannah____ __________ ____ Charleston____________________ Norfolk_______________________ Baltimore. __________________ Philadelphia_________ _________ Boston_______________________ New York___________ ______ $0.40 .40 .40 .45 .50 .75 .75 Over time $0.40 .60 .60 .65 .70 1.10 1.10 Earnings of Longshoremen in the Coastwise Trade Tables 50 to 57 give the earnings of coastwise longshoremen in the ports of Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Galveston, New Orleans, Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. On the west coast coastwise longshoremen are arranged in gangs, and therefore the earnings of the individual men for Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles are given by gangs. In Seattle a rotation scheme is used to distribute the work among the 250 men employed by the coastwise shipping company and the earnings of the six gangs shown in Table 50 may therefore be taken as representative of all coastwise longshoremen in Seattle. While the actual monthly earnings of the individual men in the six gangs are shown to vary from a low of $96.47 earned by the men in Gang No. 3 during the four weeks of December to a high of $226.23 earned by the men in Gang No. 4 during the five weeks of July, 1926, the average weekly earnings for the whole year are shown to vary only from $32.44 per man in Gang No. 6 to $37.50 per man in Gang No. 5. T able 50*— Monthly earnings of 6 gangs 1 of longshoremen in coastwise trade in Seattle, 1926 Monthly earnings per man in— Month January (5 weeks)-------------------------------February (4 weeks)------------------------- — March (4 w e e k s ) .____________ ________ April (5 weeks)_______ ____ _____ _______ May (4 weeks)______________________ _ June (4 weeks)_________________________ July (5 weeks) -------------------- ------------ .. August (4 weeks)____ __________________ September (4 weeks)___________________ October (5 weeks)____________________ . November (4 weeks)__________ ____ December (4 weeks) _____ Total (52 weektO. . . Average per weak.. 1 16 men in a gang. Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 $132.59 97.10 153.98 154.30 118.86 142.85 199.09 162.90 209.31 133.61 105.22 $154.85 138.83 121.70 177.83 97.04 135.58 205.36 187.60 188.60 213.64 124.31 110.58 $152.02 130.46 154.61 156.55 127.95 124.02 193.20 193.88 148.56 178.17 132.46 96.47 $134.02 115.68 142.94 206.89 105.14 137. 66 226.23 185.51 163. 76 206.63 146.37 115.24 $154. 74 127.77 140.35 207.20 133.51 141.61 202.28 183.19 189.05 216.90 126.77 126. 66 I.K09.93 1.855.92 1. 788. 35 1,886.07 1,950. m 1,686.62 Ml, SI 35. *9 34. 39 36.27 37.50 32.44 200.12 Gang No. 6 $146.39 125.96 130.26 148.75 110.75 117.86 167.28 191.34 157.03 162.49 126.87 101.64 105 COASTWISE TRADE Table 51 gives the actual earnings of 20 gangs of coastwise long shoremen of San Francisco for the year 1926. Each gang consists of 15 men. Seventeen of these gangs are considered permanent gangs and their average weekly earnings vary from $28.54 per man for Gang No. 17 to $32.60 per man for Gang No. 10. The three remaining gangs are used only when the permanent men are already engaged, and their weekly averages vary from $20.47 to $22.55. T a b le 51.— Monthly earnings of 20 gangs1 of longshoremen in coastwise trade in San Francisco, 1926 Earnings per man per month Gang April January February March June May July (4 weeks) (4 weeks) (5 weeks) (4 weeks) (4 weeks) (5 weeks) (4 weeks) Gang No. 1__________________ Gang No. 2............ ..................... Gang No. 3................................. Gang No. 4................................. Gang No. 5__________ ________ Gang No. 6....... ............ ............ Gang No. 7________ __________ Gang No. 8........................... ...... Gang No. 9.......... ............... ...... Gang No. 10________________ _ Gang No. 11................. .......... . Gang No. 12............... ................ Gang No. 13__________________ Gang No. 14___....... ............ ...... Gang No. 15......................... ...... Gang No. 16....... ........................ Gang No. 17....... ........................ Gang No. 18 2__.......................... Gang No. 19 2................ ............ Gang No. 20 2__.......................... $125.05 89.20 95.00 89.20 137.05 125.10 97.45 146.45 173.95 157. 75 137. 20 98.45 126. 20 110.30 114.40 110.75 88.85 98.25 81.40 124.70 $82.30 77.05 87.85 165.20 142.65 144.20 113.50 82.25 132.65 160.25 143.05 187.40 164.80 174.02 134.25 143.65 106.85 74.70 134.00 110.25 $146.00 147.10 158.55 146.30 138.80 202.50 149.05 151.95 193.45 197.95 195.45 132.95 167.00 113.05 130.40 114.50 139.40 131.20 110.90 124.40 $133.70 152.30 123.90 112.70 136.00. 132.65 89.10 97.05 126.54 130.75 110.95 143.07 144.85 131.90 126.85 126.30 122.30 94.45 107.05 96.85 $109.00 98.75 101.05 98.95 96.25 95.55 106.35 97.85 99.90 88.90 83.80 95. 57 88.80 91.85 103 40 94.85 91.70 74.80 71.75 72.45 $134.55 131.05 132.65 125.25 138.80 141.70 153.40 144.40 131.40 135.40 122.65 135.90 147.80 146.40 110 65. 114.65 128.77 63.00 83.50 82.18 $118.30 129.80 121.45 110.20 116.40 125 95 120.80 121.55 126.85 113.15 120.55 113.15 123.00 112.45 123.15 117.17 95.30 73.30 75.05 77.70 Earnings per man per month Aver Total age Septem Novem Decem (52 weeks) per August October ber ber ber week (5 weeks) (4 weeks) (4 weeks) (5 weeks) (4 weeks) Gang . 1..................................... .2 ..................................... Gang No.. 3..................................... .4 ................................. . . 5..................................... . 6.................... ................ . 7..................................... . 8____________ ____ . 9..... ............................... .10.................... .............. . 11.......... .............. ......... . 12.................................. . 13....... ........... ............... . 14................................... . 15................................... . 16................................... . 17................................ . . 18 2_.............................. . 19 2__........................... . . 20 2.... .......................... . 115 men in a gang. $153.60 163.00 167.90 156.10 159.70 163.05 142.75 150. 65 158.35 154. 55 154.25 159.60 159.50 153.15 161.90 152.00 166.90 103.20 80.85 60.75 $127.55 140.55 123.50 120.25 128.10 139. 45 132.05 133. 85 139.90 135.75 133.80 132.05 119.15 125.50 120.65 141.15 115.15 97.30 94.05 104. 65 $164.25 144.85 143.65 129.55 146.40 156.75 161.95 158. 55 147.10 148. 65 148.60 134.40 138.15 135.30 145.00 144.50 138.85 128.10 119.05 107.95 $158.82 155.00 147.35 161. 90 157. 05 148.85 173.75 166.95 160.80 162.35 154. 65 150.25 143.10 153.55 154.90 149.35 166.85 122.35 127.70 70.10 $113.35 119.90 109.45 118.35 110.85 118.00 108.40 92.00 97.80 109.50 104.40 114.60 143.45 95.90 117.40 127.90 123.00 101.05 87.05 32.60 $1,566.45 1,548.55 1,512.30 1.533.95 1,608.05 1,693.75 1,548. 55 1,540.50 1,688.70 1.694.95 1,609.85 1,597.39 1,665.80 1,543.37 1.542.95 1,536.77 1,483.92 1,161. 70 1,172. 35 1,064. 58 $30.12 29.78 29.08 29.50 30.92 32.57 29.78 29.63 32.47 32.60 30.96 30.72 32.04 29.68 29.67 29.55 28.54 22.34 22.55 20.47 2Extra gangs used only when the permanent gangs are already employed. In Los Angeles coastwise longshoremen are assigned to the company on the same basis as deep-water longshoremen are assigned to the other companies, and the men retain their right, to report back to the dispatching hall should their earnings fall below- the average earnings 66490°—32----- 8 106 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. of the hall gangs. Table 52 gives the earnings of seven coastwise gangs, 16 men in a gang, for 32 weeks from January 1 through the first week of August, 1927. The first six gangs represent the per manent force, while Gang No. 7 is an extra gang used only when the other six gangs are already engaged. The average weekly earnings of the men in the permanent gangs vary from $45.21 for Gang No. 4 to $47.61 for Gang No. 2. The average weekly earnings of the men in Gang No. 7 is $38.91, which is still considerably higher than the aver age weekly earnings of coastwise longshore labor in any other port of the United States. T a b le 52.— Monthly earnings of 7 gangs1 of longshoremen in coastwise trade in Los Angeles, 1927 Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 Gang No. 6 January (5 weeks)____________ February (4 weeks)___________ March (4 weeks)_____________ April (5 weeks)_______________ May (4 weeks)_______________ June (4 weeks)_____________ _ July (5 w eek s).______________ August (1 week)______________ $206.99 226. 56 218.98 212. 62 177. 92 204.04 223. 67 42.07 $217.15 201.36 199.70 266.07 198.31 185. 75 218.37 36.89 $178.32 218.87 219.78 236.29 183.61 175. 23 236.40 28.74 $206.69 207.77 220.24 204.03 200.61 158.26 203.38 45.67 $181.37 189.88 194.60 210.83 159.56 167. 85 238.09 43.95 $205.51 204.94 197.46 230.86 178.39 174.37 228.29 45.67 $205.72 176.09 163.31 176.98 141.69 160.08 175.83 45.36 Total (32 weeks)________ 1,512.85 1,523. 60 1,477.24 1,446,65 1,386.13 1,465.49 1, 245.06 Average per week____________ 47.28 47.61 46.16 45.21 46.13 45.80 38.91 116 men in a gang. Gang No. 72 2Extra gang used when the other six gangs are already employed. Table No. 53 gives the classified earnings of coastwise longshore men in the port of Galveston for 13 weeks during the months of March, June, and September, 1926, the seven wage groups therein varying in earnings from $10 or less to $35 and over per week. Dur ing March and June the wage group with the largest number of men was the $20-and-under-$25 group, while during the month of Sep tember it shifted to the $25-and-under-$30 group. Out of the 7,412 pay envelopes issued to the men during the three months shown, 3,709, or about 50 per cent, fell within these two groups, making the average earnings of the men about $25 per week. 107 COASTWISE TRADE T a b le 53. — Classified weekly earnings of longshoremen in coastwise trade in Galveston, 1926 Number of men earning Week ending— Under $10 Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. $30 $25 $15 $20 $10 and and and and and under under under under under $35 $25 $20 $30 $15 27............................................................ - 23 16 13 169 34 46 24 162 84 56 44 119 6___________________________________ 13 ..............—....................................... 20_ _______________________________ 210 169 95 106 $35 and over Total 133 213 192 13 56 73 84 4 31 91 12 571 585 543 573 Total_______________________________ 221 266 303 580 551 217 134 2,272 June 5 ___________________________________ June 12 _________________________________ June 19__________________________________ .Thrift 2 6 __________________________________ 7 75 10 13 122 12 24 71 18 37 143 83 231 210 164 77 164 133 113 52 39 33 39 132 3 8 565 547 557 542 Total_______________________________ 42 150 395 667 538 237 182 2,211 Sept. 4.__________________________________ Sept. 11 __________________________________ Sept. 18_________________________ _____ __ Sept 25.............................................................. Oct. 2................. ............................................... 15 15 27 13 56 18 40 58 23 156 42 67 180 62 137 106 124 172 118 127 198 149 131 174 82 144 130 25 198 7 64 38 608 600 578 580 563 Total______ ________________________ 63 154 346 609 764 661 332 2,929 Total (13 weeks)______ _____ _____ ___ 326 570 1,044 1,856 1,853 1,115 648 7,412 12 13 8 89 109 Table 54 gives the earnings of the coastwise workers in the port of New Orleans during 12 weeks in March, June, and October, 1926. Earnings are classified in seven wage groups from under $5 per week to $30 and over per week. During the month of March the earnings group with the largest number of men was $20 and under $25 per week, during June, $15 and under $20 per week, and during October, $25 and under $30 per week. Of the 7,298 pay envelopes issued to the men during the 12 weeks, 4,874, or about two-thirds, fell within the three groups from $15 to $30 per week. T a b l e 54. — Classified weekly earnings of longshoremen in coastwise trade in New Orleans, 1926 Number of men earning— Week ending— Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Total and $10 and $15 and $20and $25 and Under $5 and under under under under under $30 $5 over $15 $20 $25 $30 $10 10. - .................... ...... ................ . 17___________ ______ _________ 24............................................. 31................................................. 8 12 102 57 60 95 100 201 175 154 181 81 147 189 55 24 53 27 77 49 51 46 68 19 615 622 634 624 223 314 551 4 117 133 210 Total......... ......................... ...... 51 720 472 164 2,495 June 9................................................... June 16....................... .............. ........... June 23............................... .................. June 30........ ......... ............................... 1 13 5 5 38 76 32 41 92 177 80 75 323 184 130 116 90 76 205 235 28 27 87 78 8 12 20 18 580 565 559 568 Total........................................... 24 187 424 753 606 220 58 2,272 6.................................................... 100 8 76 56 52 72 145 103 27_____________________ ______ 32 25 30 35 145 20............... .............................. . 45 16 15 150 97 140 179 197 115 95 125 184 208 622 622 632 655 Total................ 1........................ 84 122 256 492 474 586 517 2,531 Total (12 weeks)........................ 159 532 994 1,796 1,800 1,278 739 7,298 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 13__________________ ____ ____ 86 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. 108 Table 55 gives the actual earnings of 12 individual longshoremen— 6 white longshoremen and 6 colored—for the 52 weeks of 1926. The 6 white men show a range of average weekly earnings from $18.95 to $27.68, while the colored men show a range from $22.91 to $26.17. The figures in Tables 54 and 55 would indicate that the average earnings of coastwise longshoremen in New Orleans during 1926 were about $20 to $25 per week. T a b le 55.— Actual earnings of 6 white and 6 colored longshoremen in coastwise trade in N e w Orleans, 1926 Actual earnings per man—White longshoremen Month No. 1 No. 2 $79.65 75.60 136.20 95.55 79.30 107.25 74.70 110. 55 101. 70 110. 55 131.25 89.55 $100.95 111. 75 150.60 105.15 94.35 124.95 85.50 127.80 116. 55 135.75 148.80 100.35 $63.90 71.85 104.85 80.25 69.70 98.55 65.10 90.30 79.35 86.55 104.40 70.80 $92.70 114.60 163.80 117.75 99.45 117.45 98.85 133.10 114.90 139.65 129.75 117.30 $99.15 107.85 150.60 78.60 67.80 104.10 72.30 126.60 114.90 121.65 126.60 54.45 $86.55 106.20 143.85 Total (52 weeks)........... .............. ...... 1,191.85 1,402.50 985.60 1,439.30 1,224.60 1,354.20 22.92 26.97 18.95 27.68 23.55 26.04 January (4 weeks)........ ............................ . February (4 weeks)..................................... March (5 weeks)......... ....................... ........ April (4 weeks)............................................ M ay (4 weeks)............................................. June (5 weeks)........................................... July (4 weeks).............- ................... ........... August (5 weeks)_ _____ ______________ September (4 weeks)----------------------------October (4 weeks)............................ ......... . November (5 weeks)- ------ . ------ ----------December (4 weeks)......................... ........... Average per week.............................. ......... No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 101.10 93.45 125.10 84.75 127.95 110.55 130.65 144.00 100.05 Actual earnings per man—Colored longshoremen Month No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 127.05 88.65 $86. 55 97.55 136.95 80.10 85.95 114.90 76.80 116. 55 107.55 122.70 94.65 71.10 $83.10 94.95 140.85 96.75 82.20 110.40 77.15 117.00 100.95 115.95 100.95 79.80 $95.40 104.45 148.05 100.95 96.30 121.95 83.40 130.65 110.40 127. 65 142.95 98.85 $84.75 96.45 119.85 83.70 83.10 109.35 89.10 112.80 99.00 122.25 127.20 88.50 Total (52 weeks)--------------------------- 1,278.30 1,184.55 1,191.35 1,200.05 1,361.00 1,216.05 24758 22.78 22.91 23.08 26.17 23.39 January (4 weeks).-------- ----------------------February (4 weeks______________ _____ _ March (5 weeks)_______________________ April (4 weeks)-------------------------- --------May (4 weeks)------ ------------------------------June (5 weeks)------------------------------- -----July (4 weeks)------ ------------------------------August (5 weeks)_______________________ September (4 weeks)----------------------------October (4 weeks)______________________ November (5 weeks)___________________ December (4 weeks)____ _______________ Average per week----------- ------ --------------- $92. 55 103. 65 125.25 93. 75 49.95 123. 75 89.25 126.15 105. 75 124.50 141.60 102.15 $76.80 96.60 120.30 80.85 89.55 95.70 85.65 110.25 93.15 120.00 Table 56 gives the average weekly earnings and the number of men employed in 1928 by different companies in the following ports: One company in Norfolk, one in Baltimore, one in Philadelphia, one in Boston, and two companies in New York. In Norfolk the average weekly earnings per man for the year 1928 were $16.88; in Baltimore, $16.93; in Philadelphia, $23.17; in Boston, $26.68; and in New York, $27.25 for one company and $28.70 for the other. A comparison of these earnings and the rates of wages for coastwise labor in the five ports will establish the fact that in coastwise shipping there is a direct relation between the earnings of the longshoremen and the existing rate of wages. Norfolk, with the lowest rate of 40 cents per hour, shows the lowest earnings per man; New York and Boston, 109 COASTWISE TRADE with the highest rate of 75 cents per hour, also show the highest earnings per man. This direct relationship between rates of wages and earnings can not, however, be proven to be the case in foreign and intercoastal shipping. T able 56.— Number of men and average weekly earnings of coastwise longshoremen in specified ports, 1928 New York * Norfolk 1 Baltimore 1 Philadelphia 1 Boston 1 Line No. 1 Week end ing— Aver Aver age Num Average Num Average Num Average Num Num age Num earn Average ber of ber of earn ber of earnings ber of earnings ber of earnings ber of earnings ings ings per man men men men men per man per man men men per man per per man man Jan. 4............ Jan. 11........... Jan. 18......... Jan. 25______ Feb. 1............ 212 211 Total. . ---- 8............ 216 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 15........ 22_____ 29_____ 214 $15.00 14.89 14.89 218 17.23 219 19.73 220 222 218 7______ 14_____ 21 28_____ Total- Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 4............ 11_____ 18.......... 25_____ 223 219 220 $20.07 18.85 19.13 20.82 24.82 81.74 ......... 76.63 ---- 103.69 229 23.17 19.52 18.93 18.39 16.66 18.76 19.11 15.94 197 195 196 199 17.05 15.41 17.60 15.30 215 212 221 216 217 18.90 17.20 15.63 15.35 204 196 197 198 17.32 16.58 15.94 14.72 206 190 210 18.45 19.92 20.15 21.18 ..... 67.08 ---- 64.56 ..... 79.70 215 213 17.86 16.83 14.45 15.27 204 199 198 196 18.23 14.53 16.34 15.29 200 20.75 20.09 21.18 25.13 210 206 64.41 212 208 214 211 203 T otal.. 219 192 166 169 16.87 15.55 13.33 15.88 15.70 198 194 192 193 191 17.86 16.00 16.89 14.71 14.17 164 161 162 170 133 24.62 23.03 22.57 21.53 27.79 77.33 ..... 79.63 ..... 118k 54 184 189 192 189 14.87 18.87 16.46 15.48 168 162 198 171 20.22 205 212 215 208 12.55 15.87 15.52 13.97 57.91 ..... 65.68 ..... 79.03 15.84 15.82 200 16.71 205 17.05 202 16.18 194 194 194 197 197 14.60 13.77 16.64 16.64 14.18 168 180 189 182 158 24.89 19.17 20.53 25.78 24.13 23.29 16.43 19.09 T ota l.. ---- July 4............ July 11______ July 18.......... July 25______ Aug. 1........... 206 205 Total. . ---- 81.60 ..... 75.83 ..... 114.50 198 17.07 197 191 195 193 16.49 14.96 17.69 18.92 200 184 182 184 22.67 28.20 25.79 29.64 ..... 68.06 ..... 106.30 8........... 15.......... 22......... 29......... T ota l.. 201 15.95 210 15.90 205 18.10 ..... 67.02 $24.76 27.21 22.03 21.26 26.15 990 947 941 960 940 121.41 174 172 162 161 20.55 24.90 24.95 26.14 23.77 22.40 24.20 19.83 23.16 20.42 21.71 21.95 21.99 22.64 20.53 23.66 23.52 944 956 959 944 23.77 30.01 27.79 28.69 931 919 912 943 926 32.24 34.23 35.91 39.34 32.60 28.95 28.13 29.54 27.40 114.02 27.06 27.81 32.53 27.24 27.12 26.77 23.86 24.25 25.65 27.38 26.42 30.18 27.64 26.86 40.74 31.12 29.32 26.10 34.86 24.79 25.67 30.95 29.75 25.30 3Q.15 27.06 112.26 29.07 26.46 28.92 26.13 110.58 207 207 207 201 28.40 31.39 24.71 25.74 110.24 204 205 200 205 24.55 24.20 26.79 21.99 97. 53 202 199 198 198 190 23.20 29.03 22.80 24. 55 22.23 121.81 189 188 187 196 33.90 21.44 22.19 25.65 103.18 199 197 194 197 190 142.37 929 958 972 959 $25.13 24.37 23.75 23.60 24.39 121.24 215 214 216 215 128.04 932 950 924 922 907 174.32 151 150 153 153 29.26 30.63 28.46 29.28 137.27 902 931 929 923 110.26 145 143 151 146 145 213 217 102.00 112.34 148 142 142 141 221 114.64 87.24 151 146 151 150 148 216 218 117.63 944 941 960 954 90.20 171 165 157 156 $27.30 27.41 27.49 26.61 26.38 135.19 977 954 962 970 96.54 168 171 168 172 87.15 64.39 June 6. .......... June 13......... June 20__....... June 27_____ Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 175 170 174 172 173 80.01 65.36 213 213 219 209 Total May 2........._ May 9______ May 16.......... May 23_____ May 30_____ 197 $16.30 198 14.37 197 15.47 198 13.86 193 16.63 70.47 Total Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Line No. 2 26.08 25.04 22.26 22.22 23.82 119.42 185 184 179 189 23.45 23.19 27.74 30.98 105.36 i Rates of wages per hour: Norfolk, 40 cents; Baltimore, 45 cents; Philadelphia, 70 cents; Boston and New York, 75 cents. 110 CHAP. 3.— LONGSHORE LABOR CONDITIONS IN U. S. T able 56.— Number of men and average weekly earnings o f coastwise longshoremen in specified ports, 1928 — Continued New 1fork i Norfolk 1 Baltimore i Philadelphia1 Boston 1 Line No. 1 Week end ing— Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 5........... 12......... 19......... 26......... Aver age Num Num earn ber of ings ber of men per men man Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 3_______ 10........... 17........... 24.......... 31........... Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 189 $20.30 189 16.43 190 20.85 196 23.70 73.48 81.28 208 205 205 207 204 20.14 21.29 19.00 20.38 19.13 197 224 175 198 176 $27.94 25.58 26.51 30.64 197 194 194 19.73 17.82 24.34 18.30 18.59 222 221 189 224 20.29 26.48 26.83 26.44 26.25 201 235 Total. . 99.94 ..... 98.78 ..... 126.29 202 20.14 195 199 195 197 18.82 220 30.30 22.64 29.30 29.67 206 203 199 18.26 16.86 16.71 71.97 19.94 19.66 243 224 218 $23.48 27.34 30.44 29.27 957 963 961 947 29.11 32.16 33.45 32.96 31.03 957 958 953 960 971 158.71 172 168 170 172 203 191 194 200 112.07 110.53 164 163 163 164 166 $28.11 29.30 27.92 26.74 26.20 977 971 30.94 29.14 975 34.30 1,002 115.28 206 214 209 203 214 159.72 163.77 33.52 25.67 29.58 28.34 38.88 30.80 29.87 27.37 32.80 211 207 204 208 35.88 29.25 31.06 38.10 134.29 117.11 111.91 201 194 18.10 17.74 15.99 12.83 230 231 226 196 16.83 23.08 19.72 26.33 ..... 64.66 ..... 85.96 91.24 110.06 118.24 5______ 12........ . 19.......... 26.......- 18.52 17.30 201 Total . . ..... 64.58 196 120.58 32.89 30.27 29.05 36.91 34.65 $26.19 26.22 25.00 37.87 75.28 207 203 202 13.46 202 15.30 16.86 158 160 160 161 110.67 7______ 14......... 21_____ 28 Total Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Aver age Average Num Average Num Average Num Average earn Num of earnings ber of earnings ber of earnings ber of earnings ings ber men per man men per man men per man men per man per man 213 $19.34 207 16.09 211 18.66 206 19.39 Total Line No. 2 173 179 176 177 27.33 995 28.28 1,002 20.18 996 15.45 982 27.78 27.46 27.43 27.39 226 226 221 221 33. 57 31. 22 30.70 22.75 Grand total. 877.53 880.14 1,204.75 1,387.39 1,492.41 1,416.89 Average per week______ 16.88 16.93 23.17 26.68 28.70 27.25 i Rates of wages per hour: Norfolk, 40 cents; Baltimore, 45 cents; Philadelphia, 70 cents; Boston and New York, 75 cents. Table 57 gives the earnings of coastwise longshoremen lor one com pany in the port of Boston which is not shown in Table 55. This company has all its longshore labor organized into permanent gangs of 22 men each. The work is so distributed among the gangs from week to week and from month to month as to insure equalized earnings for all the men in the gangs. The actual monthly earnings and the average weekly earnings of the 12 gangs employed by this company are shown in this table. The weekly average earnings per man vary only from $24.08 for gang No. 4 to $24.77 for gang No. 8. The experi ence of this company in Boston and the practice on the west coast show that rotation of longshore labor is also possible in the coastwise trade. Here, as in deep-water shipping, it proves to be the most effective method for an equal distribution of the work among the men. 111 COASTWISE TRADE T a b le 57.— Earnings of 12 gangs 1 of coastwise longshoremen for one company in Boston, 1928 Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Gang No. 3 Gang No. 4 Gang No. 5 $92.39 100.13 115.58 81.64 87.17 120.49 111. 91 128.41 103. 31 119.71 125.18 77.37 $96.93 108.31 121.16 81.81 92.99 109.57 121.69 112.46 108.17 128.32 125.05 74.96 $93.48 103.24 115.46 83.96 95.94 109.34 110.41 116.89 105.81 115.93 126,09 84.24 $92.57 104.14 112.64 84.05 94.08 114. 31 101.81 114.54 109.18 120.48 83.59 $95.98 106.15 115.85 85.19 94.13 119.98 108.66 117.01 105.31 118.70 122.39 85.96 $93.53 102.85 117.44 84.78 92.24 112.58 106.81 112.80 110.04 116.96 124.59 87.49 Total (52 weeks)__________________ 1,263.29 1,281.42 1,260.79 1,252.25 1,275.31 1,262.11 24.64 24.25 24.08 24.53 24.27 January (4 weeks)___________ _________ February (4 weeks)___________ _______ March (5 weeks)_________ ______ _______ April (4 weeks)___________________ ____ May (4 weeks)____________ ___________ ■Tnnp. (5 weeks)________________ ______ July (4 weeks) ^________________________ August (5 weeks)_______ _______________ September (4 weeks)_______ __________ October (4 weeks)_________ ____________ November (5 weeks)____ _______________ December (4 weeks)____________________ Average per week__ _____________ ______ 24.29 120.86 Gang No. 6 Monthly earnings per man in— Month Gang No. 8 Gang No. 9 81.38 $90.89 105.11 115.73 86.56 91.88 117.78 113.20 118.45 112.41 120.93 126.71 88.24 $97.49 104.35 117.48 86.79 94.69 119.81 103.38 119.64 113.83 114.63 119.32 82.71 $93.42 107.10 117.98 89.79 91.51 115.97 105.28 115.44 105.99 110.15 118.59 82.08 $91.44 108.28 111. 11 83.96 91.68 110.74 106.58 120.76 110.69 117.18 123.82 88.06 $93.89 108.44 116.66 84.91 92.79 110.41 103.05 120.57 109.21 108.76 124.96 84.55 Total (52 weeks)................................ 1,262.30 1,287.89 1,274.12 1,253.30 1,264.30 1,258. 20 24.77 24.50 24.10 24.31 24.20 Gang No. 7 January (4 weeks)........ ............................. February (4 weeks)___________ _____ ___ March (5 weeks)__________ _______ ___ April (4 weeks)________________ ______ May (4 weeks)..____ __________ ________ June (5 weeks)________________ ____ ____ July (4 weeks)___________ _____ ________ August (5 weeks).......................... .............. September (4 weeks) ___________ _____ _ October (4 weeks)_________ ____________ November (5 weeks)___________________ December (4 weeks)____________________ Average per week______________ ____ _ 1 22 men in a gang. $90.68 105.40 117.57 86.51 86.79 111. 55 113.31 120.46 104. 71 122.28 121.66 24.28 Gang No. 10 Gang No. 11 Gang No. 12 GENERAL TABLES Seattle (1926) T a b le 1.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E AN D INDIVIDU AL COM MODITIES Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Ganghours Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num ber of Rev men Rev Long Rev per Long enue Long enue tons tons gang tons tons ton enue ton Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Orient— No. 1............. ............... 11,238 No. 2..................... ........ 20,861 No. 3 Loading cargo: Orient— No. 4.............................. 44,619 No. 5 26,807 36,604 43,802 500.0 824.0 1,670.9 22.5 25.3 53.6 44.4 26.2 22.0 1.02 2.44 $0.88 $0.37 .94 1.65 .85 .96 .55 1.06 61,686 116,099 1,686.3 4,333.9 26.5 36.6 26.8 20.8 1.28 1.76 1.17 .70 .51 .77 1.32 2 1.48 $0.68 .81 2.90 1.11 .79 2.89 1.14 .76 2.85 1.18 .64 2.72 1.41 2$0.61 21.00 21. 01 21.06 27.0 31.0 22.9 Intercoastal trad e 1 Discharging cargo: No. 6.................................... 19,396 221,723 No. 7................... ................ 5,353 25,996 No. 8___ ________________ 35,740 240,028 No. 9................... — ........— 17,384 2 19,472 No. 10................................... 14,337 2 16,058 Loading cargo: No. 11..................... ............ 27,375 2 30,663 No. 12................................... 27,235 2 30,506 887.5 432.0 1,999.1 1,226.0 1,310.6 21.9 12.4 17.9 14.2 10.9 1,366.1 1,522.0 20.0 224.5 2 13.9 16.5 15.4 2 15.9 12.3 18.6 17.0 220.0 22.6 2 20.0 1.00 21.12 17.9 2 20.0 20.4 .88 2.98 2 22.4 .90 1.02 2 1.25 2.80 2.92 Coastwise trad e 1 Discharging cargo: No. 13............... Loading cargo: No. 14___ ____ 2 140,654 2 170,906 3 136,575.0 1.03 2$0.87 113,497.0 1.51 2.60 In dividu al commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Coffee, No. 15....... ......... _ 2,055 Salmon, No. 16.................... 57,915 Steel pipe, etc., No. 17........ 24,160 16,207 Iron and steel, No. 18 -.. 23,372 Tinplate, No. 19............. Loading cargo: Apples— 28,157 No. 20.......... ............. 10,432 No. 21........ .......... Canned goods— No. 22....................... 3,789 7,873 No. 23____ ________ Flour, No. 24................. 10,055 Lumber— 11,094 No. 25....................... 36,780 No. 26_______ _____ No. 27 6____ ____ — No. 28 5____ _______ Salmon, No. 29_________ 10,538 2 2,292 2 64,868 2 27,062 218,156 226,179 79.5 1,962.1 1,226.0 2 2 2 28.8 33.1 2 741.0 25.8 29.5 19.7 18.5 31.5 231,537 211,685 1,040.5 410.3 27.1 25.4 2 24,243 28,820 166.7 388.0 403.1 22.7 20.3 24.9 2 211,262 417,750 458,848 439,018 442,067 211,802 1 Wage rate: 90 cents per hour. 2Short tons. 3 Man-hours. 87a0 1,442.4 4,929.1 2,285.9 1,942.3 428.3 21.16 $0.87 2$0.78 21.74 .58 21.70 .59 21.59 .63 2.57 1.86 2 2.08 .48 2.43 22.1 20.7 35.3 24.9 19.0 13.0 13.0 17.0 1.04 1.55 1.52 1.42 30.3 28.5 19.0 19.0 1.42 1.34 2 25.5 22.7 27.9 19.0 19.0 1.20 2 21.0 1.07 1.19 7.7 412.3 7.5 411.9 417.1 421.7 24.6 2 27.6 13.0 13.0 16.3 22.4 19.0 4.95 4.92 41.05 4.97 1.29 21.45 2 2 2 2 .59 .57 2 2 2 1.60 1.50 .63 .67 1.34 .75 .84 .76 2 .6 7 1.53 1.58 *.95 .70 4.93 2.62 1.20 1.33 41,000 board feet. * Coastwise trade. 113 2 .5 6 2.60 2.75 4.98 114 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 3.—PRODTJCTIVITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E Discharging cargo: Orient Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Total, 12 ships__________________ 11,238 26,807 a , jrage Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue ton nue gang tons tons tons tons ton Line No. 1 500.0 22.5 53.6 22.0 1.02 2.44 $0.88 $0.37 Ships w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January): Porcelain. ___ Silk....... ................................. Tea. _____________________ General cargo___ 604 340 70 149 1,510 Total...................................... 1,163 2,871 No. 2 (February): 1,020 176 165 168 810 248 504 2,027 263 Total...................................... 1,226 2,794 Porcftlain. . - General cargo_______________ 48.0 24.2 59.8 22.0 1.10 2.72 $0.82 48.5 25.3 57.6 22.0 1.15 2.62 $0.33 .78 .34 S h ip s w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3 (May): Silk____________ ___________ Porcelain___________________ Total...................................... 130 347 391 868 477 • 1, 359 No. 4 (June): Silk............................................ Porcelain___________________ 186 424 557 1,060 Total.......................... - ......... 610 1,617 31.0 15.4 40.6 22.0 0.70 1.85 $1.29 $0.49 33.8 18.0 47.8 22.0 2.17 1.10 .41 $0.36 .82 Sh ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (March): Silk ....................................... General cargo_______________ 113 704 339 1,760 38.7 21.1 54.2 22.0 0.96 2.47 $0.94 816 15.0 19.9 54.4 22.0 .91 2.47 36,604 824.0 25.3 44.4 27.0 0.94 6,602 2,253 3, 536 24, 213 110.0 25.9 60.0 34.5 29.5 24.4 25.4 .75 .77 Total_____________________ 817 2,099 No. 6 (M ay): Silk....... .................................... General cargo_______________ 130 169 391 425 Total..................................... 299 Total, 16 ships........... ..................... 20,861 .99 .36 1.65 $0.96 $0.55 1.20 .52 1.05 .51 .51 Line No. 2 Tea............................................ Silk..............— .............. ......... Burlap_____________________ General cargo______________ - 2,854 2,021 2,260 13,726 [ 89.0 83.0 542.0 22.7 27.2 25.3 25.3 42.6 44.7 1.12 1.00 1.74 .86 1.75 1.76 1.17 .80 .90 F ig u r e 3 8 .— M en w it h T r u ck s r id in g "Iron st e v e d o r e " fr o m S id e P o r t to lev el o f p ie r . S eattle F ig u r e 3 9 .— l o a d in g a p p l e s fro m g r a v it y R ollers to T r a il e r s fo r d e l iv e r y to s h i p ’s S id e . S ea ttle 115 SEATTLE (1926) T a b l e S .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN F O REIGN TR AD E —Continued Discharging cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per Aver Output per Average cost man-hour labor gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Sh ip s w ith m axim um efficiency L in e No. 2— Continued No. 1 (June): Silk............................................ 120 Tea............................................ 168 General cargo.............. ............ 1,211 131 364 2,198 3.4 5.6 43.2 35.3 30.0 28.0 38.5 65.0 50.9 36.0 32.0 25.0 0.98 .95 1.12 1.06 $0.92 .95 2.06 2.04 .80 $0.85 .44 .44 Total........ ............................. 1,499 2,693 52.2 28.7 51.6 26.4 1.09 1.95 .83 .46 201 140 655 844 225 289 826 1,724 6.3 4.7 16.8 25.0 31.9 29.8 39.0 33.8 35.7 61.5 49.2 68.9 29.6 32.5 27.8 1.21 20.2 1.08 .92 1.78 1.67 1.89 2.24 3.41 .83 .98 .51 .54 .74 .48 .40 .26 Total...................................... 1,840 3,064 52.8 34.8 58.0 23.0 1.52 2.52 .59 .36 0.49 $2.05 1.50 .98 $1.84 .60 No. 2 (June): Silk................................. ......... T e a ..______________________ Burlap...................................... General cargo...................... — S hips w ith m inim um efficiency No. ^ (N ovember): General cargo. . . 163 945 182 1,538 14.5 40.5 11.2 23.3 12.5 38.0 25.3 25.2 0.44 .92 Total________ 1,108 1,720 55.0 20.1 31.3 25.3 .80 1.24 1.13 .73 92 860 102 1,061 9.8 40.0 9.4 21.5 10.4 26.5 22.9 25.8 .41 .83 .45 1.03 2.20 1.08 2.00 .87 952 1,163 49.8 19.1 23.4 25.3 .76 .92 1.18 .98 1.03 $0.98 2.27 .87 1.29 1.96 2.03 .50 1.65 1.01 $0.87 .40 .70 .44 .55 1.67 .99 .54 1.17 1.32 .97 .80 1.05 .58 No. 4 ( Sii: General cargo. Total.. Ships w ith average efficiency No. 5 Tea. Rattan.......... Sugar.............. General cargo. Total........- 97 215 33.0 28.0 25.0 19.1 23.7 0.92 1.03 .46 1.81 21.1 33.8 62.9 32.1 38.4 39.1 22.4 41.2 24.6 .91 23.8 .93 22.1 31.0 34.1 27.5 26.9 .77 25.5 30.3 26.5 51.8 37.1 55.9 1.12 1.54 1.35 2.07 9.5 26.8 47.6 29.1 .92 1.64 .55 0.85 $1.06 1.36 1.31 $0.66 127 645 108 472 234 142 1,194 3.2 7.5 7.3 3.7 30.5 30.3 28.6 11.4 34.3 1,167 2,150 52.2 145 11.4 9.9 No. 6 ^September): T e a " I I ” ” ” II” I " Burlap_______ ____ General cargo--------- 252 670 162 590 367 1,236 Total........... ......... 1,327 2,355 6.1 22.8 .67 .43 L in e No. 3 Total, 28 ships................ 43,802 1,670.9 26.2 31.0 Ships w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March). No. 2 (April)__ 2,182 2,164 63.0 52.8 34.6 41.0 25.5 31.2 116 GENERAL TABLES 3.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LA BO R COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FO R E IG N T R A D E —Continued T a b le Discharging cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons ton tons Ships w ith m inim um efficiency L in e N o. 3—Continued No. 3 (November)______________ No. 4 (November)______________ 1,628 1,172 20.8 78.1 56.7 20.7 35.5 34.7 0.59 .60 $1.53 1.50 0,85 .85 $1.00 1.06 Ships w ith average efficiency No. 5 (January)_________________ No. 6 (April)___________________ 1,060 1,224 56.5 56.4 18.8 21.7 22.1 25.4 Loading cargo: Orient L in e N o. 4 Total, 14 ships................................ 44,619 Flour i....................................... 14,675 Tobacco....................... ............ 6,264 Automobiles and machinery. __ 1,374 General cargo........................... 22,306 61,686 1,686.3 26.5 36.6 20.8 1.28 1.76 $0.70 $0.51 366.2 257.3 87.7 975.1 40.1 24.3 15.7 22.9 44.9 27.1 48.8 34.9 20.1 20.6 20.6 21.0 1.99 1.18 .76 1.09 2.23 1.32 2.37 .45 .76 1.18 .83 .40 $0.38 .40 .35 .52 16,437 6,982 4,281 33,986 1.66 .68 .38 .54 S hips w ith m axim um efficiency . 1 (June): Flour......................................... 1,000 Canned goods........................ 446 Automobiles and machinery. _. 128 General cargo........................... 1,148 1,128 525 483 1,524 22.6 44.2 12.2 36.6 9.0 36.4 14.2 31.5 50.0 43.0 53.7 41.9 24.0 1.31 2.38 $0.43 .47 2.26 1.32 1.74 .69 Total...................................... 2,722 3,660 80.2 33.9 45.6 22.1 1.54 2.07 .58 .43 . 2 (April): Flour......................................... 1,350 Tobacco.................................... 530 Automobiles and machinery. __ 336 General cargo........................... 1,540 1,500 590 833 2,735 27.3 26.1 16.7 64.0 49.5 20.3 55.9 20.1 22.6 24.0 49.9 42.7 20.0 2.47 21.0 .97 21.0 .96 21.0 1.15 2.75 1.07 2.36 2.03 .36 .93 .94 .78 .33 .84 .38 .44 Total...................................... 3,756 5,658 134.1 28.0 42.2 20.1 2.11 .65 .43 1.88 $0.54 21.0 19.0 21.0 2.11 1.92 .68 2.56 1.39 S h ip s w ith m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (December): Flour......................................... 760 Tobacco.................................... 363 Cotton goods............................ 160 General cargo............................ 2,240 855 405 334 3,306 12.8 110.4 22.3 12.5 20.3 37.5 24.9 26.1 30.0 24.0 21.0 .52 .97 1.24 1.09 1.43 .81 1.73 .93 $0.48 .73 .83 .63 Total...................................... 3,523 4,900 162.3 21.7 30.2 20.9 1.03 1.44 .87 .63 1,688 43.2 25.1 34.7 9.2 20.0 56.2 21.7 39.1 15.3 31.6 35.3 18.0 24.0 24.0 1.74 .51 1.19 .90 1.95 .85 1.31 1.47 .52 1.76 .76 1.00 .46 1.06 .69 .61 145.5 24.4 32.4 21.8 1.12 1.49 .80 .60 No. 4 (October): Flour......................................... 1,500 Apples....................................... 230 Tobacco.................................... 600 General cargo................. ......... 1,220 Total...................................... 3,550 * All flour loaded at mill. 384 663 1,985 4,720 22.8 33.3 16.3 21.0 28.6 20.0 1.67 20.0 1.11 117 SEATTLE (1926) T a b le 2.—PR ODU CTION OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FO REIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Reve nue tons Long tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue ton nue tons tons gang tons tons ton S hips w ith average efficiency L ine N o. 4—Continued No. 5 (July): Flour..................................... . 2,210 Canned goods......................... 220 Tobacco................................. . 756 General cargo........................... 735 2,475 243 845 1,259 62.6 3.4 24.1 46.2 35.3 64.7 31.4 15.9 39.5 71.5 35.1 27.3 20.0 1.77 21.0 3.08 21.0 1.49 21.0 .76 Total...................................... 3,921 4,822 136.3 28.8 35.4 20.5 1.40 1.72 .64 .52 No. 6 (August): Flour....................................... - 1,400 Tobacco.................................... 830 General cargo............ — ........ 1,090 1,574 928 1,457 37.5 32.3 37.4 37.3 25.7 29.1 42.0 28.7 39.0 20.0 1.87 20.0 1.28 22.0 1.32 2.10 .48 .70 .68 .43 .63 .51 Total.................................. — 3,320 3,959 107.2 31.0 36.9 20.7 1.50 1.78 .60 .51 26.8 22.9 1.98 $0.51 .29 3.40 .60 1.67 1.30 1.18 1.44 1.77 $0.45 .26 .54 .69 L ine No. 5 Total, 29 ships__________________ 116,099 4,333.9 1.17 $0.77 1.52 1.54 $0.59 .58 0.85 .81 $1.01 1.16 1.13 $0.80 * .74 S h ip s w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January)_________________ No. 2 (March).............. ................. 6,205 5,028 202.5 170.5 30.6 29.5 20.2 19.2 Sh ip s w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October)............ .......... ...... No. 4 (December) ........................... 3,000 2,328 21.8 137.6 114.7 20.3 25.5 25.1 Sh ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (August)_____ ______ _____ No. 6 (November).......................... T a b l e 3 . — PR O D U C TIV ITY 3,383 3,760 121.4 136.7 27.9 27.5 24.7 1.22 22.6 OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN IN TERCOASTAL TR AD E Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons* tons tons 1 ton 1 Long tons Reve nue tons1 Total, 22 ships................................ 19,396 21,723 887.5 21.9 24.5 16.5 1.32 1.48 $0.68 Tin plate............................... . 8,833 Steel.......................................... 6,088 General cargo........................... 4,475 9,894 6,818 5,011 269.0 276.0 342.5 32.8 36.8 24.7 14.6 17.0 13.0 19.0 1.93 1.69 .69 2.16 1.90 .77 L in e N o. 6 1 Short tons. 22.1 13.1 .47 .53 1.30 $0.61 .42 .47 1.17 118 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 3 .—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING IN TER C O A STA L T R A D E —Continued CARGO IN Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long nue Long Reve nue gang nue tons tons t o n 1 ton tons tons 1 1 S h ip s w ith m axim um efficiency L in e N o . 6— Continued No. 1 (February): T in plate___________________ Pipe........................................... 113 260 1,246 281 27.5 8.0 40.4 31.3 45.3 35.1 Total_____________________ 1,363 1,527 35.5 38.4 43.0 616 15.5 35.5 39.7 No. 2 (March): Tinplate________ 660 17.0 13.0 $0.34 .33 2.38 2.41 2.67 $0.38 2.70 .37 16.1 2.38 2.67 .38 .34 17.0 2.09 2.34 .43 .38 2.52 $0.40 .42 2.43 $0.36 2.14 S hips w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3 (May): Steel.......................................... General cargo_______________ ?,63 133 295 148 9.0 17.5 29.3 7.6 32.8 8.5 13.0 20.0 2.25 .37 Total_____________________ 396 443 26.5 14.9 16.7 17.6 .85 .95 1.06 .95 No. 4 (December): Steel,______________ ____ ___ General cargo_______________ 267 174 299 195 13.5 20.0 19.7 8.7 22.1 9.8 13.0 20.0 1.52 .44 1.70 .49 .59 2.05 .53 1.84 Total_____________________ 441 494 33.5 13.2 14.7 17.2 .77 .86 1.17 1.05 S h ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (January): Steel.......................................... General cargo_______________ 341 96 382 108 13.0 8*5 26.2 11.3 29.4 12.7 13.0 21.0 2.02 .60 2.26 $0.40 .67 1.50 $0.34 1.39 Total_____________________ 437 490 21.5 20.3 22.8 15.4 1.32 1.48 .68 .61 No. 6 (September): T in plate___________________ Steel.......................................... General cargo_______________ 372 203 157 417 227 176 11.0 9.0 14.5 33.8 22.5 10.8 37.9 25.2 12.1 17.0 13.0 19.0 1.99 1.73 .57 2.23 1.94 .64 .45 .52 1.58 .40 .46 1.41 Total____ ________________ 732 820 34.5 21.2 23.8 16.8 1.26 1.42 .71 .63 Total, 8 ships.......................... ........ 5,353 5,996 432.0 12.4 13.9 15.4 0.81 0.90 $1.11 $1.00 No. 1 (February)....................... . . No. 2 (April)............................ ...... No. 3 (M ay)___________________ No. 4 (July)..................................... No. 5 (August)_______________ 593 1,242 1,017 717 409 309 1,104 605 38.8 63.5 55.0 22.8 28.8 102.5 32.0 13.6 12.5 14.3 11.6 16.0 9.6 9.6 16.9 15.3 14.0 16.0 13.0 17.9 10.7 10.8 18.9 16.8 15.6 15.6 14.5 16.7 16.7 13.6 17.4 .81 .80 .92 .81 .96 .48 .71 .97 40,028 1,999.1 17.9 20.0 22.6 0.79 L in e N o . 7 No. 6 (October).............................. No. 7 (November).......................... No. 8 (December)____________ 529 1,109 908 640 365 276 986 540 88.6 .91 .90 1.03 .90 1.08 .64 .79 1.09 1.1 1 1.13 .98 1.11 .94 1.88 1.27 .93 .99 1.00 .83 1.01 .80 1.47 1.14 .83 0.89 $1.14 $1.01 1.10 $0.92 1.11 .91 $0.82 .81 0.53 $1.91 .68 1.48 $1.70 1.32 L in e N o . 8 Total, 30 ships_______________ __ 35,740 Ships w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March) __ No. 2 (October). 1,317 . 1,059 1,475 1,186 70.8 45.0 18.6 23.5 20.8 26.4 18.9 23.7 0.98 .99 S hips w ith m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (M ay). No. 4 (M ay). * Short tons. . 1,022 979 1,145 1,096 103.3 73.6 9.9 13.3 11.1 14.9 20.9 22.0 0.47 .61 119 SEATTLE (1926) T a b l e 3 .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L TRAD E—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons * Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons* ton i tons 1 S h ip s w ith average efficiency L in e N o. 8—Continued i No. 5 (February)..................... . No. 6 (July).............................. . . 1,003 793 53.8 42.0 18.7 18.9 21.1 20.9 23.5 23.9 0.80 .79 0.89 $1.13 .89 1.14 $1.01 l. 01 19,472 1,226.0 14.2 15.9 18.6 0.76 0.85 $1.18 $1.06 1.07 $0.94 .98 1.02 $0.84 .92 0.73 $1.38 .69 1.45 $1.23 1.30 1,123 888 L in e N o. 9 Total, 29 ships........................... . 17,384 Sh ip s w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February)............................ No. 2 (July)___ ________________ 398 887 446 994 24.5 50.5 16.2 17.6 18.2 19.7 17.0 20.0 0.96 .88 S hips w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October).............................. No. 4 (December)........................... 479 558 537 625 41.0 50.0 11.7 11.2 13.1 12.5 18.0 18.0 0.65 .62 S h ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (September)........No. 6 (September)-------- 452 622 30.0 40.5 15.1 15.4 16.9 17.2 20.0 0.75 20.0 .77 0.84 $1.20 .86 1.17 $1.07 1.05 16,058 1,310.6 10.9 12.3 17.0 0.72 $1.41 $1.25 0.96 $1.06 1.08 $0.94 .97 0.63 $1.61 .61 1.67 $1.43 1.48 0.64 .64 0.72 $1.41 .72 1.41 $1.25 1.25 20.0 1.00 1.12 $0.90 $0.80 1.39 $0.73 1.56 .65 $0165 .58 506 697 L in e N o . 10 Total, 21 ships................. 14,337 0.64 S h ip s w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1_. No. 2_. 627 702 664 43.2 42.0 14.5 14.0 16.3 15.7 17.0 17.0 0.85 Ships w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3.............................................. . No. 4....................... ........................ 478 632 535 708 50.0 68.8 9.6 9.2 10.7 10.3 17.0 17.0 0.56 .54 S h ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5................................................ No. 6............................................ 771 655 864 734 71.0 60.2 10.9 10.9 12.2 12.2 17.0 17.0 L in e N o. 11 Total, 33 ships................................ 27,375 30,663 1,366.1 20.0 22.4 S hips w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (April)................................... 349 No. 2 (October)............ ................. 1,198 1Short tons. 391 1,342 14.8 44.2 23.6 27.1 26.4 30.4 19.1 19.5 1.24 1.39 GENERAL TABLES 120 T a b l e 3.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OP LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age man-hour gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue gang tons nue Long tons tons 1 tons 1 ton ton 1 S hips w ith m inim um efficiency L in e N o . 11—Continued No. 3 (M ay)................................ No. 4 (November)........................ - 289 841 324 942 20.0 14.5 59.2 14.2 16.2 15.9 19.3 21.7 0.84 $1.20 .73 1.38 $1.07 1.23 1.11 $0.91 .91 1.11 $0.81 .81 0.88 0.98 $1.02 $0.92 0.75 .65 S h ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (July)............ No. 6 (September). 1,217 1,078 61.5 54.8 19.8 19.7 22.2 22.0 20.0 0.99 30,506 1,522.0 17.9 20.0 20.4 1,363 1,207 19.9 .99 L in e N o . 12 Total 27 ships.............. 27,23", S h ip s w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (September): Pier 1_________ Pier 1_________ Pier 2 (salmon). Pier 3 (salmon). Pier 4................. Total. No. 2 (November): Pier 1 (salmon). Pier 2 (salmon). Total . 836 360 444 544 140 936 403 497 610 157 2,324 33.5 17.5 16.0 21.5 7.5 24.9 20.5 27.8 25.4 18.7 27.9 23.0 31.1 28.4 20.9 20.0 19.0 24.0 24.0 23.0 1.25 1.08 1.15 96.0 24.2 27.1 21.4 1.13 1.27 .80 .71 1.10 .81 1.40 $0.72 .83 1.29 .78 1.23 .82 .91 1.21 1.11 $0. 64 .74 .70 .73 253 227 283 255 8.0 9.0 31.6 25.3 35.4 28.3 20.0 20.0 1.58 1.27 1.77 1.42 .57 .71 .51 .63 480 538 17.0 28.2 31.6 20.0 1.41 1.58 .64 .57 0.59 $1.70 $1.53 S hips w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3 (April): Pier 1____________ 473 530 36.0 13.1 14.7 25.0 0.53 No. 4 (August): Pier 1 (hemp)........................... Pier 2______________________ 156 252 175 282 9.0 21.5 17.3 11.7 19.4 13.1 21.0 22.0 .83 .54 .93 .60 1.08 1. 67 .97 1.50 Total_____________________ 408 457 30.5 13.4 15.0 21.7 .62 .69 1.45 1.30 1.21 $0.83 Sh ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (August): Pier 1 (salmon)______________ Pier 2 (salmon)______________ Pier 3 (salmon)_____ ________ Pier 4___________________ 589 577 519 450 660 646 581 504 32.0 34.0 25.0 33.5 18.4 17.0 20.7 13.4 20.6 19.0 23.2 15.0 20.0 .85 20.0 1.04 22.0 .61 Total ____________________ 2,135 2,391 124.5 17.1 19.2 19.8 20.0 14.6 37.0 17.6 25.0 24.5 19.7 16.3 27.4 20.0 82.0 19.0 21.2 21.6 No. 6 (December): Pier 1 ..................................... . Pier 2______________________ Pier 3 (salmon)______________ 652 291 612 Total_____________________ 1,555 * Short tons. 730 326 686 1,742 17.0 22.0 23.0 .95 1.16 .68 1.06 .87 1.48 $0.74 .95 .78 1.32 .87 .97 1.03 .93 .80 .63 .90 .71 1.37 1.13 1.43 .74 1.00 1.22 .88 .98 1.02 .92 1.08 1.27 .66 SEATTLE (1926) 121 T a b l e 4.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons!) Out put per Man- manhours hour (rev enue tons1) Labor cost per rev enue ton 1 L in e N o. 13 Total, 149 ships— L in e N o . 13—Con. 140,654 136,575 1.03 Jan. 14, 3 ships. 627 530 821 541 360 706 1.16 1.47 1.16 $0.78 .61 .78 Total___ 1,978 1,607 1.23 .73 Jan. 7, 3 ships _ 724 1,004 675 707 600 658 1.02 1.67 1.03 .54 .87 2,403 1,965 1.22 .74 Weeks w ith m inim um effi ciency Aug. 31, 3 ships. 2,040 754 1,848 2,275 693 2,055 0.90 1.09 .90 Total....... 4,642 5,023 .92 Sept. 21, 3 ships. 931 1,827 675 852 2,142 757 1.09 .85 3,751 .92 Total....... $1.00 .83 1.00 .83 1.06 1.01 Weeks w ith average efficiency 1,483 542 461 1,378 Total....... . 2,444 2,381 1.03 .87 Apr. 14, 3 ships.. 744 720 720 672 1,004 1 03 *787 2,500 2,396 1.04 June 30 3 ships. Total....... . 1Short tons. 66490°—32------ 9 1.04 .86 1.08 1.07 1.03 Out put per Man- manhours hour (rev enue tons1) Labor cost per rev enue ton* Other weeks $0.87 Weeks w ith m axim um effi ciency Total___ Week ending- Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons *) $0.87 1.05 .84 .87 .87 Jan. 21,3 sh ips... Jan. 31,4 ships__ Feb. 7,3 ships___ Feb. 14, 3 ships... Feb. 21, 3 ships... Feb. 28, 2 ships... Mar. 7, 3 ships__ Mar. 14, 3 ships. _ Mar. 21,3 ships._. Mar. 31,5 ships. _ Apr. 7,3 ships___ Apr. 21, 3 ships......... Apr. 30,4 ships... M ay 7,2 ships___ M ay 14,3 ships... M ay 21, 3 ships__ May 31,4 ships......... June 7,3 ships— June 14, 3 ships... June 21,4 ships... July 7, 3 ships----July 14, 3 ships... July 21,3 ships... July 31,4 ships. „ Aug. 7, 3 ships___ Aug. 14, 3 ships— Aug. 21, 3 ships— Sept. 7,3 sh ip s... Sept. 14, 2 ships. . Sept. 30,3 ships-_ Oct. 7,3 ships----Oct. 14,3 ships. __ Oct. 21,3 ships—_ Oct. 31,4 ships— _ Nov. 7,3 ships—Nov. 14, 3 ships— Nov. 21, 3 ships__ Nov. 30, 4 ships__ Dec. 7, 3 ships___ Dec. 14, 2 snips... Dec. 21, 2 ships— Dec. 30,4 ships... 2,515 3,376 2,573 1,699 2,513 2,104 2,874 2,355 2,330 4,225 2,830 3,385 3,248 2,249 2,437 2,375 4,186 2,722 2,676 2,984 3,703 2,917 3,220 4,494 4,177 2,979 3,591 3,686 2,341 3,369 3,130 3,142 2,857 3,666 2,516 2,403 2,062 3,950 2,370 2,287 2,151 2,587 2,309 2,850 2,534 1,615 2,346 2,080 3,053 2,235 2,469 4,577 3,025 3,270 3,197 2,226 2,238 2,109 3,962 2,376 2,396 2,790 3,422 2,588 3,183 4,519 3,805 2,979 3,716 3,785 2,381 3,471 3,001 3,164 2,754 3,458 2,398 2,398 2,176 3,785 2,244 2,203 2,007 2,358 1.09 1.18 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.01 .94 1.05 .94 .92 .94 1.04 1.02 1.01 1.09 1.13 1.06 1.15 1.12 1.07 1.08 1.13 1.01 .99 1.10 1.00 .97 .97 .98 .97 1.04 .99 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.00 .95 1.04 1.06 1.04 1.07 1.10 $0.83 .76 .87 .86 .84 .89 .96 .86 .96 .98 .96 .87 .88 .89 .83 .80 .85 .78 .80 .84 .83 .80 .89 .91 .82 .90 .93 .93 .92 .93 .87 .91 .87 .85 .86 .90 .95 .87 .85 .87 .84 .82 GENERAL TABLES 1 22 T a b l e 4.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN COASTW ISE TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons 9 Out put per Man- manhours hour (rev enue tons*) Labor cost per rev enue toni L in e N o. 14 Total, 109 ships__ L in e No. 14—Con. 170,906 113,497 1.51 2,418 1,211 286 667 1,410 548 1.92 1.82 1.71 $0.47 .49 .53 Total....... 4,177 2,363 1.77 .51 July 14, 2 ships. 1,747 895 936 604 1.87 1.48 .48 .61 Total....... 2,642 1,540 1.72 .52 Weeks w ith m inim um ciency Jan. 31, 2 ships.......... effi 799 2,314 536 2,096 1.49 1.10 $0.60 .82 Total________ 3,113 2,632 1.18 .76 Feb. 14, 2 ships......... 863 2,619 537 2,164 1.61 1.21 .56 .74 Total............... 3,482 2,701 1.29 .70 Weeks w ith average efficiency Oct. 14,2 ships........... Total............ . 2,490 1,390 1,639 928 1.52 1.50 $0.59 .60 3,880 2,567 1.51 .60 Aug. 14, 2 ships......... 1,759 2,134 1,321 1,246 1.33 1.71 .53 Total............... 3,893 2,567 1.52 .59 1Short tons. Out put per Man- manhours hour (rev enue tons1) Labor cost per rev enue ton 1 Other weeks $0.60 Weeks w ith m axim um effi ciency M ay 21, 3 ships. Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons 0 .68 Jan. 7, 2 ships. Jan. 14, 2 ships.. Jan. 21, 2 ships. Feb. 7, 2 ships. . Feb. 21, 3 ships. Feb. 28, 2 ships. Mar. 7,4 ships.. Mar. 14,1 ship_ Mar. 21, 3 ships. Mar. 31, 3 ships. Apr. 7, 3 ships.. Apr. 14, 2 ships. Apr. 21, 3 ships. Apr. 30, 3 ships. May 7,1 ship... May 14, 2 ships. M ay 31, 2 ships. June 7, 2 ships.. June 14, 2 ships. June 21, 2 ships. June 30, 3 ships. July 7, 2 ships. . July 21, 2 ships. July 31, 3 ships. Aug. 7, 2 ships— Aug. 21, 2 ships. Aug. 31, 3 ships. Sept. 7, 2 ships. Sept. 14, 2 ships. Sept. 21, 1 ship.. Sept. 30, 4 ships. Oct. 7, 2 ships. . Oct. 21, 2 ships.. Oct. 31, 3 ships. Nov. 7, 2 ships— Nov. 14, 2 ships. Nov. 21, 2 ships. Nov. 30, 3 ships. Dec. 7, 2 ships.. Dec. 14, 2 ships. Dec. 21, 2 ships. Dec. 31, 2 ships. 2,483 3,445 3,242 2,699 2,549 3,735 3,216 3,221 4,059 6,405 1,294 2,591 4.589 1,032 1,899 2,605 3,515 1,949 2,240 4,004 3,893 2,083 4,699 3,357 2,712 5,126 3,036 3.589 1,941 7,418 4,180 4,283 6,861 5,546 3,276 4,110 5,161 4,797 3,578 2,986 2,420 1,704 2,048 1,930 1,688 1,883 2,594 2,459 2,105 2,394 2,996 4,618 906 1,566 3,253 619 1,348 1,523 2,303 1,210 1,310 2,734 2,520 1,409 2,909 2,037 1,994 3,158 2,094 2,506 1,298 5,249 2,979 2,783 4,246 3,803 2,071 2,755 3,406 2,963 2,356 1,924 1,476 1.46 1.68 1.68 1.60 1.35 1.44 1.58 1.53 1.35 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.65 1.41 1.67 1.41 1.71 1.53 1.61 1.71 1.46 1.54 1.48 1.62 1.65 1.36 1.62 1.45 1.43 1.50 1.41 1.40 1.54 1.62 1.46 1.58 1.49 1.52 1.62 1.52 1.55 1.64 $0.62 .54 .54 .56 .67 .63 .57 .59 .67 .67 .65 .63 .55 .64 .54 .64 .53 .59 .56 .53 .62 .58 .61 .56 .55 .66 .56 .62 .63 .60 .64 .64 .58 .56 .62 .57 .60 .59 .56 .59 .58 .55 123 SEATTLE (1926) T a b l e 5 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Line No. 15: Total, 7 ships............................ 2,055 2,292 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue nue ton ton tons tons* gang tons tons1 1 C o ffe e No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 (September)................... (October)....................... (November)___________ (December).................... (January)....................... (February)..................... (March)......................... 238 231 281 332 270 351 352 79.5 825.8 28.8 24.9 1.04 1.16 $0.87 7.5 11.0 11.7 13.3 11.0 12.0 13.0 31.6 21.0 24.0 25.0 24.6 29.2 27.1 35.5 23.5 26.9 28.0 27.5 31.9 30.3 21.6 20.0 24.5 25.0 20.0 31.6 29.4 1.46 1.04 .97 1.00 1.25 .93 .92 1.64 1.17 1.09 1.12 1.40 1.01 1.03 .62 .87 .93 .90 .72 .97 .98 .55 .77 .83 .80 .64 .89 .87 64,868 1,962.1 29.5 33.1 19.0 1.55 1.74 $0.58 $0.52 2.46 $0.41 .49 2.06 $0.37 .44 1.48 $0.68 .69 1.45 $0.61 .62 1.77 $0.57 1.75 .58 $0.51 .51 266 259 315 372 303 383 394 $0.78 Sa lm o n Line No. 16: Total, 19 ships.......................... 57,915 S hips w ith m axim um efficiency No. l_ No. 2-. 4,954 5,331 5,549 5,971 118.5 152.6 41.8 34.9 46.8 39.1 19.0 19.0 2.20 1.84 S h ip s w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3„ No. 4. 3,999 10,138 4,479 11,355 159.3 410.9 25.1 24.7 28.1 27.6 19.0 19.0 1.32 1.30 S hip s w ith average efficiency No. 5......................................... 2,808 No. 6__..................................... 645 3,145 723 93.5 21.8 Line No. 17: Total, 25 ships.......................... 24,160 827,062 122.6 33.6 33.2 19.0 19.0 1.58 1.56 19.7 222.1 13.0 1.52 21.70 $0.59 2$0.53 30.0 29.6 S t e e l P ipe , etc . Sh ip s w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1......................................... 1,195 No. 2......................................... 722 21,338 2 809 54.3 29.2 22.0 824.6 24.7 827.7 13.0 13.0 1.69 81.90 $0.53 2$0.47 1.90 22.13 •47 2.42 Ships w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3......................................... No. 4......................................... 662 579 2742 2648 39.4 35.2 16.8 218.8 16.4 218.4 13.0 13.0 1.29 21.45 $0.70 2$0.62 1.27 21.42 .71 2.63 Ship s w ith average efficiency No. 5......................................... 609 No. 6......................................... 1,036 2682 21,160 30.8 53.3 19.8 222.1 19.4 221.8 i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 13.0 13.0 1.52 21.70 $0.59 2$0.53 1.50 21.67 .60 2.54 2Short tons. 124 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 5.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN HA N D L IN G INDIVIDUAL C O M M O D ITIE S—C ontinued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons* Line No. 18: Total, 20 ships.......................... 16,207 18,156 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue tons tons* tons tons* ton toni I r o n a n d St e e l a 878.0 18.5 20.7 13.0 1.42 1.59 $0.63 $0.57 2.38 $0.42 2.08 .48 $0.38 .43 1.28 $0.79 1.24 .81 $0.70 .72 1.60 $0.63 1.59 .63 $0.56 .57 S hip s w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (September)................... No. 2 (April)............................ 879 658 985 737 31.8 27.3 27.6 24.1 31.0 27.0 13.0 13.0 2.13 1.86 S h ip s w ith m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November). No. 4 (October)___ 655 1,139 734 1,276 44.2 79.1 14.8 14.4 16.6 16.1 13.0 13.0 1.14 1.11 S h ip s w ith average efficiency No. 5 (June)... No. 6 (March). 1,584 1,584 1,774 1,774 85.4 85.8 23,372 226,179 741.0 20.8 20.7 13.0 13.0 1.43 1.42 31.5 235.3 17.0 1.86 22.08 $0.48 2$0.43 18.5 18.5 T in P l a t e Line No. 19: Total, 20 ships......... S hips w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1. No. 2. 542 1,432 2607 21,604 13.7 37.5 39.6 244.3 38.2 242.8 17.0 17.0 2.30 22.60 $0.39 2$0.35 2.20 22.50 .41 2.36 S h ip s w ith m inim um efficiency 984 21,102 2 723 645 No. 3.. No. 4. 40.0 27.7 24.6 227.6 23.3 226.1 17.0 17.0 1.40 21.60 $0.64 2$0.56 .64 1.40 21.50 2.60 S hips w ith average efficiency No. 5. No. 6. 1,124 21,259 1,527 21,710 36.0 50.2 31.2 235.0 30.4 234.1 17.0 17.0 1.80 22.10 $0.50 3$0.43 2.45 1.80 22.00 .50 19.0 1.42 Loading cargo A pples Line No. 20: Total, 22 ships.......................... 28,157 31,537 1,040.5 27.1 30.3 1.60 $0.63 $0.56 1.99 $0.51 .57 1.77 $0.45 .51 S hip s w ith m axim um efficiency 715 No. 1......................................... No. 2_____ _________________ 2,674 801 2,995 i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 21.2 89.0 33.7 30.0 37.8 33.7 2Short tons. 19.0 19.0 1.78 1.58 8 Discharged directly to cars. 125 SEATTLE (1926) T a b l e S .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D L A BO R C< COST IN H ANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL BOR LABO M M O D ITIE S—Contim COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons* Ships with m in im u m efficiency A p ples —Continued Line No. 20.—Continued. No. 3 _ _ ................................... No. 4 . . ..................................... Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tonsi tons* ton* 784 535 878 599 34.9 25.2 22.5 21.2 25.2 23.8 19.0 19.0 1.18 1.12 1.32 $0.76 1.25 .80 $0.68 .72 1.57 $0.64 1.64 .62 $0.57 .55 Ships with average efficiency 802 422 898 473 30.2 15.2 Line No. 21: Total, 20 ships.......................... 10,432 211,685 410.3 No. 5 ._ ..................................... No. 6 . . . .......................................... 29.7 31.1 19.0 19.0 1.40 1.46 25.4 2 28.5 19.0 1.34 2 1.50 $0.67 «$0.60 26.6 27.8 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February). No. 2— ............... 406 857 2455 2960 12.8 27.3 31.7 2 35.5 31.4 2 35.2 19.0 19.0 1.67 2 1.87 $0.54 2$0.48 1.65 21.85 .55 2.49 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November). No. 4 (November). 401 355 2 449 2398 24.1 20.3 16.6 2 18.6 17.5 2 19.6 19.0 19.0 0.88 20.98 $1.02 2$0.92 .92 2 1.03 .98 2.87 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November) _ No. 6 (September) . 2 250 2 694 8.8 24.6 25.3 228.4 25.2 2 28.2 19.0 19.0 1.33 21.50 $0.68 2$0.60 1.33 21.48 .68 2. 6I 3,787 24,243 166.7 22.7 225.5 19.0 1.20 21.34 $0.75 2$0.67 223 620 C a.n n ed G oods Line No. 22: Total, 11 ships. Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (August) . No. 2 (August). 261 728 2 292 2 815 7.5 27.9 34.8 238.9 26.1 229.2 19.0 19.0 1.83 22.05 $0.49 2$0.44 1.37 21.54 .66 2.58 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February)__ No. 4 (September). 90 238 2 101 2 267 5.0 12.8 18.0 220.2 18.6 220.9 19.0 19.0 .95 21.06 $0.95 2$0.85 .92 2.82 .98 21.10 Ships with average efficiency 661 262 2 740 2294 29.1 11.5 Line No. 23: Total, 17 ships.......................... 7,873 8,820 388.0 No. 5 (March).......................... No. 6 (October)...................... . 22.7 225.4 22.8 225.6 19.0 19.0 1.20 21.34 $0.75 2$0.67 1.20 21.35 .75 2.67 20.3 19.0 1.07 i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 22.7 1.20 $0.84 2 Short tons. $0.75 126 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 5 .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABO R COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL C OM M O DITIES—C on tinued Loading cargo—Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Ships with m axim um efficiency C a n n e d G oods— Continued Line No. 2&—Continued. No. 1....................................... No. 2....................................... Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue nue ton ton1 tons tons1 gang tons tons1 532 431 596 483 23.0 16.5 23.1 26.1 25.9 29.3 19.0 19.0 1.22 1.37 1.36 $0.74 1.54 .66 $0.66 .58 0.92 $1.10 1.00 1.00 $0.98 .90 Ships with m in im u m efficiency 281 468 No. 3.. No. 4.. 315 524 18.0 27.5 15.6 17.0 17.5 19.1 19.0 19.0 0.82 .90 Ships with average efficiency No. 5_„ No. 6 - 649 867 727 971 32.0 42.5 20.3 20.4 22.7 22.8 19.0 19.0 1.07 1.07 1.20 $0.84 1.20 .84 $0.75 .75 10,055 11,262 403.1 24.9 27.9 21.0 1.19 1.33 $0.76 $0.68 2.00 $0.50 1.87 .54 $0.45 .48 0.69 $1.45 .83 1.22 $1.30 1.08 Flour* Line No. 24: Total, 13 ships___ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October)___ No. 2 (December).. 530 760 594 851 12.2 20.0 43.4 38.0 48.6 42.6 24.3 22.5 1.79 1.67 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June). No. 4 (June). 1,030 612 1,154 685 94.9 45.6 10.9 13.4 12.2 15.0 17.4 18.2 0.62 .74 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November)No. 6 (October)___ 650 640 728 717 25.4 29.5 25.6 21.7 28.7 24.3 20.8 21.4 1.23 1.02 1.38 $0.73 1.14 .88 $0.65 .79 17,750 1,442.4 7.7 12.3 13.0 .59 .95 $1.53 $0.95 L um ber Line No. 25: Total, 9 ships........ No. 1 (March)— Bellingham.. Tacoma......... Ludlow......... Total . No. 2 (May)— Bellingham. Seattle......... Tacoma....... Total. No. 3 (September)Aberdeen_____ Port Angeles— Mukilteo_____ Total. .11,094 261 1,208 970 418 1,932 1,552 35.0 53.3 53.6 7.5 22.7 18.1 11.9 36.3 29.0 13.0 13.7 13.0 .57 1.64 1.39 .92 2.64 2,23 1.58 .55 .65 .98 .34 .40 . 2,439 3,902 141.9 17.2 27.5 13.3 1.29 2.07 .70 .43 875 284 1,015 1,400 454 1,624 83.5 30.0 115.0 10.5 9.5 8.8 16.8 15.1 14.1 12.6 13.0 13.0 .83 .73 .68 1.33 1.16 1.09 1.08 1.23 1.32 .68 .78 .83 . 2,174 3,478 228.5 9.5 15.2 12.9 .74 1.18 1.22 .83 844 409 369 1,350 654 590 146.0 87.0 53.5 5.8 4.7 6.9 9.2 7.5 11.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 .44 .36 .53 .71 .58 .85 2.05 2.50 1.70 1.27 1.55 1.06 . 1,622 2,594 286.5 5.7 9.1 13.0 .44 .70 2.05 1.29 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. * Loaded at mill. 127 SEATTLE (1926) T a b l e 5 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LA BO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G INDIVIDU AL CO M M O D ITIE S—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation L u m ber— Continued Line No. 25—Continued. No. 4 (October)— Seattle....................... Aberdeen................... TotalNo. 5 (November)— Seattle............... Tacoma................ TotalNo. 6 (November)— Tacoma............... Port Angeles....... TotalNo. 7 (December)— Mukilteo- .......... Everett.-a.......... Total- Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long ReveLong Reve per nue nue enue tons tons1 gang tons1 tons ton ton1 Long tons Reve nue tons1 63 849 100 1,359 8.5 138.5 7.4 6.1 11.8 9.8 13.0 13.0 0.57 .47 912 1,459 147.0 6.2 9.9 13.0 .48 .76 1.88 1.18 94 87 150 140 19.0 16.5 4.9 5.3 7.9 8.5 13.0 13.0 .39 .41 .62 .66 2.31 2.20 1.45 1.36 181 290 35.5 5.1 8.2 13.0 .40 .64 2.25 1.41 255 390 409 624 45.5 67.0 5.6 5.8 9.0 9.3 12.9 13.1 .43 .44 .69 .71 2.09 2.05 1.30 1.27 645 1,033 112.5 5.7 9.2 13.0 .44 .70 2.05 1.29 647 1,069 1,035 1,710 108.0 144.5 6.0 7.4 9.6 11.8 13.0 13.0 .46 .57 .73 .91 1.96 1.58 1.23 .99 0.92 $1.58 $0 .98 .76 1.91 1.18 1,716 2,745 252.5 6.8 10.9 13.0 .52 .84 1.73 1.07 No. 8 (January)— Bellingham... Port Angeles.. 450 526 720 842 62.0 97.0 7.3 5.4 11.6 8.7 13.0 13.0 .56 .42 .90 .67 1.61 2.14 1.00 1.34 Total--------- 976 1,562 159.0 6.1 9.8 13.0 .47 .75 1.91 1.20 58 371 93 594 10.0 69.0 5.8 5.4 9.3 8.6 13.0 13.0 .45 .41 .72 .66 2.00 2.20 1.25 1.36 429 687 79.0 5.4 8.7 13.0 .42 .67 2.14 1.34 58,848 4,929.1 7.5 11.9 13.0 0.57 0.92 $1.58 $0.98 1.23 $1.17 1.25 1.15 $0.73 .72 0.70 $2.05 .72 2.00 $1.29 1.25 0.87 $1.67 1.07 1.34 .64 2.25 $1.03 .84 1.41 No. 9 (February)— Seattle...........— Mukilteo........... TotalLine No. 26: Total, 37 ships. 36,780 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June), Seattle.. No. 2 (July), Everett.. 281 477 450 763 28.2 46.9 10.0 10.2 15.9 16.3 13.0 0.77 13.0. .78 Ships w ith m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (May), Everett.............. No. 4 (November), Seattle___ 519 230 830 367 90.8 39.2 5.7 5.9 9.1 9.4 13.0 13.0 0.44 .45 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)— Seattle....... ........................ Everett............................... Seattle.............................. . 466 584 128 746 934 204 66.2 67.2 24.7 7.0 8.7 5.2 11.3 13.9 8.3 13.0 13.0 13.0 0.54 .67 .40 T o ta l-............................ 1,178 1,884 158.1 7.4 11.9 13.0 .57 .92 1.58 .98 394 287 634 631 459 1,015 63.3 30.9 81.0 6.2 9.3 7.8 10.0 14.8 12.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 .48 .71 .60 .77 1.14 .96 1.88 1.27 1.50 1.17 .79 .94 Total.............................. 1,315 2,104 175.2 7.5 12.0 13.0 .58 .92 1.55 .98 No. 6 (December)— Seattle.............................. . Seattle................................ Everett............................. . i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 128 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 5 .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LA BO R COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Reve nue tons* Long tons Output per Aver gang-hour age num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per nue gang tons tons* Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Reve Long Reve nue Long nue tons tons* ton ton i Lu m ber— Continued Line No. 27: * Total, 18 ships................. 39,018 2,285.9 17.1 16.3 1.05 $0.86 iI 10.25 1.23 $0.72 .73 1 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (No vember-D ecember). No. 2 (October)...................... 2,195 2,194 111.0 118.5 19.8 18.5 15.8 15.1 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April)— . No. 4 (January) . 2,317 2,074 144.0 139.5 16.1 14.9 18.5 15.6 0.87 $1.03 .94 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June-July).. No. 6 (July).......... 18.9 17.7 18.0 16.9 1.05 1.05 $0.86 42,067 1,942.3 ......... 21.7 22.4 0.97 $0.93 1.06 1.02 $0.85 0.87 $1.03 1.01 0.98 .96 $0.92 .94 1/45 $0.70 $0.62 1.74 $0.58 2.14 .47 $0.52 .42 1.13 $0.89 1.24 .81 $0.80 .73 1.41 $0.71 .71 1.42 $0.64 .63 2,156 2,148 Line No. 28:5 Total, 10 ships. 114.0 121.5 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November)No, 2 (August)....... 4,136 4,267 166.5 162.0 24.8 26.3 23.4 25.8 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (M ay)........... No. 4 (September) . 4,245 4,100 216.0 225.8 19.7 18.2 22.7 20.5 Ships w ith average efficiency No. 5 (July).......... No. 6 (December) - 4,254 4,180 134.0 241.5 11,802 428.3 31.8 17.3 32.4 18.1 27.6 19.0 Sa lm o n Line No. 29: Total, 20 ships___ . 10,538 24.6 1.29 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1......................................... No. 2......................................... 296 1,699 331 1,903 10.0 46.8 29.6 36.3 33.1 40.7 19.0 19.0 1.56 1.91 Ships with m in im u m efficiency 404 316 No. 3. No. 4- 452 354 21.0 15.0 19.2 21.1 21.5 23.6 19.0 19.0 1.01 1.11 Ships with average efficiency 444 567 No. 5. No. 6. 497 635 18.5 23.5 24.0 24.1 i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 26.9 27.0 19.0 19.0 1.26 1.27 6 Puget Sound ports. Tacoma (1926) T a b l e 6 . - -PRODU OTIVITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E A N D IN D IV ID U A L COM M ODITIES Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Output per Aver Output per gang-hour age man-hour labor cost per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton ton ' Intercoastal trade 3 Discharging cargo: No. 1_ Loading cargo: No. 2____ 2,030 32,272 12,150 3 13,609 146.0 733.0 13.9 *15.6 16.6 318.6 18.0 19.1 0.77 30.86 $1.17 3$1.05 .87 3.97 1.03 3.93 Individual commodities * Discharging cargo—Ore: No. 3„ Loading cargo: Box shooks— No. 4............................. No. 5.............................. Copper— No. 6—.......................... No. 7.............................. Doors, No. 8........................ Flour (via chute), No. 9___ Flour (ship’s gear), No. 10- _ Lumber— No. 11............................ No. 12............................ No. 13............................ Wheat (via chute), No. 14__ 29,923 29,923 1,236.6 24.2 24.2 12.2 1.99 1.99 $0.45 4,206 34,711 6,342 37,102 306.8 520.4 13.7 315.4 12.2 313.6 17.0 17.4 .81 .70 3.90 3.79 1.11 3 1.00 1.29 3 1.14 5,641 3 6,318 22,425 325,114 5,104 3 5,717 14,071 315,760 24,250 327,160 194.5 886.8 368.0 313.6 736.8 29.0 25.3 13.9 44.9 32.9 32.5 328.3 315.5 350.3 336.8 13.0 13.1 19.4 15.0 21.0 2.23 1.93 .71 3.00 1.57 32.50 32.16 3.80 33.35 *1.76 .40 3.36 .47 3.42 1.27 3 1.13 .30 3.27 .57 3.51 39,890 3,058.6 92,742 9,216.9 86,236 9,080.8 199.2 13,067 314,635 8.4 6.3 13.0 10.1 9.5 65.6 373.5 13.0 12.0 12.0 15.0 .64 .52 1.00 .84 .79 34.90 1.41 1.73 25,551 57,964 3 " O f .2 1 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 3 Wage rate: 90 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. $0.45 129 .90 1.07 1.14 3.18 130 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 7.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Total, 12 ships................................ 2,030 2,272 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue nue gang tons tons1 ton ton tons tons1 1 L ine No. 1 146.0 13.9 15.6 18.0 0.77 0.86 $1.17 $1.05 1.06 $0.96 1.11 .91 $0.85 .81 0.69 $1.45 .70 1.45 $1.30 1.29 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June)................................ . No. 2 (July)............. ...................... 278 177 311 198 15.5 10.5 17.9 16.9 20.1 18.9 19.0 17.0 0.94 .99 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June)___ No. 4 (August).. 217 106 243 119 19.5 9.5 11.1 11.2 12.5 12.5 18.0 18.0 0.62 .62 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay)................................... No. 6 (July) _________________ 211 163 236 183 16.0 11.0 13.2 14.8 14.8 16.6 18.0 19.0 0.73 .78 0.82 $1.23 .88 1.15 $1.10 1.02 19.1 0.87 0.97 $1.03 $0.93 2.61 $0.39 1.72 .59 $0.34 .52 0.72 $1.38 .73 1.38 $1.25 1.23 0.92 $1.10 .94 1.07 $0.98 .96 Loading cargo Lin e No. 2 Total, 18 ships................................ 12,150 13,609 733.0 16.6 18.6 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (July)___ No. 2 (October). 647 824 725 923 18.5 30.0 35.0 27.5 39.2 30.8 15.0 17.9 2.33 1.53 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (June). No. 4 (July).. 221 546 247 611 15.5 45.5 14.3 12.0 15.9 13.4 22.0 18.5 0.65 .65 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March). No. 6 (July)___ i Short tons. 1,379 240 1,545 269 80.5 13.0 17.1 18.5 19.2 20.7 21.0 22.0 0.82 .84 131 TACOMA (1926) T a b le 8.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue nue Long nue ton ton1 tons gang tons tons1 tons1 tons1 Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons O re Line No. 3: Total, 15 ships____ ____ _____ 29,923 29,923 1,236.6 24.2 24.2 12.2 1.99 1.99 $0.45 $0.45 2.42 $0.37 .32 2.79 $0.37 .32 1.71 $0.53 1.55 .58 $0.53 .58 2.03 $0.44 1.92 .47 $0.44 .47 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)—..................... 925 No. 2 (October)................. ...... 1,339 925 1,339 35.0 40.0 26.4 33.5 26.4 33.5 11.0 12.0 2.42 2.79 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (March).......................... 5,016 No. 4 (N ovem ber).......... ...... 1,132 5,016 1,132 240.0 60.6 20.9 18.7 20.9 18.7 12.2 12.0 1.71 1.55 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay)____________ 1,613 No. 6 (December)----------------- 1,897 1,613 1,897 66.3 82.0 24.3 23.1 12.0 12.0 2.03 1.92 13.7 215.4 17.0 0.81 20.90 $1.11 2$1.00 24.3 23.1 Loading cargo B ox Shooks Line No. 4: Total, 12 ships.......................... 4,206 24,711 306.8 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1......................................... No. 2...................................... - 506 231 2 567 2 259 30.1 13.7 16.8 218.8 16.9 218.9 17.0 17.0 0.99 21. 11 $0.91 2$0.81 .91 2.81 .99 21. 11 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3......................................... No. 4........... ............................. 146 290 2 164 2 325 14.9 24.9 9.8 211.0 11.6 213.1 17.0 17.0 0.58 20.65 $1.55 2$1.38 .69 2.77 1.30 2 1.17 Ships with average efficiency No. 5......................................... No. 6......................................- 403 349 2 451 2 391 27.1 23.7 Line No. 5: Total, 12 ships......... ............... 6,342 7,102 520.4 14.9 216.6 14.7 216.5 17.0 17.0 0.87 20.98 $1.03 2$0.92 .87 2.97 1.03 2.93 12.2 17.4 0.70 13.6 0.79 $1.29 $1.14 0.98 $1.02 .93 1.08 $0.92 .97 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1..................................... ... No. 2________ ______________ 622 343 697 384 37.4 21.7 16.6 15.8 1Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 18.6 17.7 19.0 19.0 0.88 .83 aShort tons. 132 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 8.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue tons tons1 gang tons nue ton tnue on1 tons 1 tons1 Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Ships with m in im u m efficiency B ox S h ooks— Continued. Line No. 5—Continued No. 3................................... No. 4.................................... 520 442 582 495 48.5 47.4 10.7 9.3 12.0 10.4 17.0 17.0 0.63 .55 0.71 $1.43 .61 j 1.64 $1.27 1.48 Ships with average efficiency No. 5......................................... No. 6......................................... 451 620 505 694 37.6 51.6 12.0 12.0 13.4 13.4 17.0 17.0 0.71 .71 0.79 $1.27 .79 1.27 $1.14 1.14 Line No. 6: Total, 11 ships.......................... 5,641 6,318 194.5 29.0 32.5 13.0 2.23 2.50 $0.40 $0.36 2.87 $0.35 2.78 .36 $0.31 .32 2.15 $0.47 .47 2.15 $0.42 .21 C opper Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1.. No. 2.. 400 500 448 560 12.0 15.5 33.3 32.3 37.3 36.1 13.0 13.0 2.56 2.48 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3......................................... 400 500 448 560 16.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 28.0 28.0 13.0 13.0 1.92 1.92 Ships with average efficiency No. 5.. No. 6.. Line No. 7: Total, 29 ships. 972 550 1,089 616 33.5 19.0 29.0 28.9 32.5 32.4 13.0 13.0 2.23 2.23 2.50 $0.40 2.49 .40 $0.36 .36 22,425 25,114 886.8 25.3 28.3 13.1 1.93 2.16 $0.47 $0.42 2.92 $0.34 2.83 .36 $0.31 .32 1.82 $0.56 1.73 .58 $0.49 .52 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (June)----No. 2 (October). 624 750 699 840 18.4 33.9 22.8 ! 32.9 38.0 36.8 13.0 13.0 2.61 2.53 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 4 (July). 1,300 1,000 1,456 1,120 61.6 49.7 21.1 20.1 23.6 22.5 13.0 13.0 1.62 1.55 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M arch)-........................ 1,050 No. 6 (August)......................... 1,500 1,176 1,680 41.6 59.5 25.3 25.2 28.3 28.2 13.0 13.0 1.94 1.94 2.17 $0.46 .46 2.17 $0.41 .41 5,717 368! 0 13.9 15.5 19.4 0.71 0.80 $1.27 $1.13 D oors Line No. 8: Total, 10 ships.......................... 5,104 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet* 133 TACOMA (1926) T a b le 8.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HAN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Output per Aver Output per Average cost gang-hour man-hour labor age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue tons tons* gang tons nue ton nue tons1 ton1 Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons* Ships with m axim um efficiency D o o r s —Continued Line No. 8—Continued. No. 1 (January)....................... 1,493 No. 2 (February).................. . 521 1,672 583 1I 64.1 19.9 23.3 26.2 26.1 29.3 21.0 21.0 1.11 1.25 1.24 $0.81 1.40 .72 $0.73 .64 0.48 $2.09 .56 1.80 $1.88 0.72 $1.41 .78 1.29 $1.25 1.15 $0.27 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October)___ No. 4 (November). 463 442 519 495 56.5 46.8 8.2 9.4 9.2 10.6 19.0 19.0 0.43 .50 1.61 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (September) . No. 6 (November) . 498 246 558 275 40.9 18.5 12.2 13.3 .14,071 15,760 313.6 522 1,228 547 558 1,339 3,214 1,317 1,062 1,116 3,168 585 1,375 613 625 1,500 3,600 1,475 1,189 1,250 3,548 13.6 14.9 19.0 19.0 0.64 .70 44.9 50.3 15.0 3.00 3.35 $0.30 10.7 48.8 29.1 42.2 13.7 39.9 20.4 27.4 26.6 50.3 72.0 44.6 30.7 42.9 24.3 43.7 24.2 46.1 61.9 51.2 54.7 47.3 44.7 30.6 56.4 50.0 48.0 48.9 51.7 57.3 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 3.25 2.81 2.66 1.82 3.36 2.98 2.86 2.91 3.07 3.41 3.64 3.15 2.98 2.04 3.76 3.33 3.20 3.26 3.44 3.82 32.9 236.8 21.0 1.57 21.76 $0.57 2$0.51 F lour Line No. 9 (via chute): Total, 10 ships........... . No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1_. 2__ 3 .. 4 .. 5__ 6_. 78__ 9_. 10.. . . . . Line No. 10: Total, 19 ships. .24,250 *27,160 736.8 .28 .32 .34 .49 .27 .30 .31 .31 .29 .27 .25 .29 .30 .44 .24 .27 .28 .28 .26 .24 Ships with maximum efficiency . 3,699 24,143 . 3,350 2 3,752 No. 1. No. 2. 103.6 89.7 35.7 240.0 37.3 241.8 21.0 21.0 1.70 21.90 $0.53 2$0.47 1.78 21.99 .51 2.45 Ships with m inim um efficiency 525 2 588 1,470 2 1,646 No. 3. No. 4. 18.7 56.8 28.1 231.5 25.9 229.0 21.0 21.0 1.34 21.50 $0.67 2$0.60 1.23 21.38 .73 2.65 Ships with average efficiency No. 5......................................... No. 6......................................... 583 875 2 653 2980 17.8 26.7 32.8 236.7 32.8 236.7 21.0 21.0 1.56 21.75 $0.58 2$0.51 .58 1.56 21.75 2.51 L u m ber Line No. 11: Total, 30 ships............................... 25,551 3,989 3,058.6 8.4 13.0 13.0 .64 1.00 $1.41 $0.90 1.17 $1.23 1.24 1.17 $0.77 .73 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (January).. No. 2 (July)....... 1,015 363 1,624 582 106.8 36.1 * Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 feet. 9.5 10.1 15.2 16.1 13.0 0.73 13.0 .77 2 Short tons. 134 GENERAL TABLES 8.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued T a b le Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Ships with m inim um efficiency L u m b e r — Continued Line No. 11— Continued. No. 3 (February)..................... No. 4 (M ay)..........................- Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue ton nue nue tons gang tons tons1 ton 1 tons1 406 892 658 1,428 57.1 139.8 7.1 6.4 11.4 10.2 13.0 13.0 0.55 .49 0.88 $1.64 .79 1.84 $1.02 1.14 1.02 $1.41 1.03 1.41 $0.88 .87 Ships with average efficiency 602 No. 5 (January)........................ No. 6 (August)......................... 1,017 963 1,627 72.6 121.7 Line No. 12: Total, 40 ships.......................... 57,964 292,742 9,216.9 8.3 8.4 13.3 13.4 13.0 13.0 0.64 .64 6.3 U O .l 12.0 0.52 20.84 $1.73 2$1.07 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1...................................... No. 2......................................... 1,183 1,619 1,893 2,590 161.5 214.0 7.3 7.6 11.7 12.1 12.0 12.0 0.61 .63 0.98 $1.48 1.01 1.43 $0.92 .89 0.70 $2.05 .70 2.05 $1.29 1.29 0.84 $1.73 .84 1.70 $1.07 1.07 0.79 $1.14 0.92 .90 $0.98 0.64 .69 $1.41 1.30 0.82 .82 $1.10 1.10 Ships with m inim um efficiency 1,069 680 No. 3. No. 4. 1,710 1,088 203.0 129.0 5.3 5.3 8.4 8.4 12.0 12.0 0.44 .44 Ships with average efficiency 1,989 1,524 No. 5. No. 6. Line No. 13: Total, 28 ships. 3,183 2,438 317.0 240.8 6.3 6.3 86,236 9,080.8 10.0 10.1 12.0 12.0 9.5 12.0 0.52 .53 Ships with maximum efficiency 2,585 3,017 No. 1No. 2. 11.0 234.2 277.9 10.9 12.0 12.0 1.00 Ships with m inim um efficiency 669 3,124 No. 3. No. 4. 7.6 8.3 87.6 378.1 12.0 12.0 Ships with average efficiency 1,922 2,237 196.3 228.3 14: [, 6 ships............................ 13,067 14,635 199.2 1,000 5,154 1,905 2,000 2,008 1,000 1,120 5,772 2,134 2,240 2,249 1,120 No. 5.. i....................................... No. 6. h ea t No. No. No. No. No. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 9.8 9.8 12.0 12.0 (V ia C h u te ) 73.5 15.0 4.37 4.90 $0.21 19.8 50.5 56.6 93.4 55.2 61.8 30.0 63.5 71.1 26.2 76.3 85.5 19.8 101.4 113.6 10.0 100.0 112.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 3.37 3.68 4.23 5.09 6.76 6.66 3.77 4.12 4.74 5.70 7.57 7.47 65.6 1Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 2Short tons. .27 .25 .21 .18 .13 .13 $0.18 .24 .22 .19 .16 .12 .12 Grays Harbor (1926) T a b le 9.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST * IN LOADING LU M B E R , B Y KIND OF TRAD E Line number and kind of trade Foreign trade: No. 1 _ _ _ ............ ................................... No. 2 ..........................................—........... Intercoastal trade: No. 3...................................................... No. 4______ _____ — .............................. Coastwise trade: No. 5............................................... - ........ No. 6________________________________ No. 7________________________________ No. 8________________________________ Output Output per gang- Average per man- Average labor cost hour number hour of men 1,000 (1,000 per (1,000 per board board board gang feet feet) feet) Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) Ganghours 233,616 64,241 22,109.6 5.797.0 10.6 11.1 12.0 14.0 0.88 .79 $1.02 1.14 4.343.5 50,310 128,369 2165,860.0 11.6 14.8 .78 .77 1.15 1.17 27.1 20.9 15.8 13.4 20.7 18.1 16.1 15.2 1.31 1.16 .98 .88 .69 .78 .92 1.02 31,772 23,704 18,964 15,770 1.173.5 1.132.0 1.200.0 1,176.0 i Wage rate: 90 cents per hour. 2 Man-hours. T a b le 10.-—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN LOADIN G LU M B E R IN FOREIGN TR AD E Ship number and date of operation Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) Ganghours 233,616 22,109.6 Output Output Average per gang- Average per labor cost hour number man-hour men (1,000 per 1,000 (1,000 ofper board board board gang feet feet) feet) L in e No. 1 Total, 80 ships__ ___ ___ - ________________ 10.6 12.0 0.88 $1.02 1.44 1.61 $0.63 .56 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April)............ ....................................... No. 2 (August)___________________________ 1,160 3,506 67.2 181.9 17.3 19.3 12.0 12.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June)________________________ _____ No. 4 (August)___________________________ 1,670 1,502 250.5 211.5 6.7 7.1 12.0 12.0 0.56 .59 $1. 61 1.53 0.88 .88 $1.02 1.02 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April) ___________________________ No. 6 (August)___________________________ 3,064 4,100 290.2 390.4 10.6 10.6 12.0 12.0 Labor productivity and costs, by months January, 5 ships..________________________ February, 7 ships_____________________- __ March, 4 ships___________________________ April, 6 ships____________________________ May, 5 ships______________ - _____________ June, 6 ships_____________________________ July, 4 ships_____________________________ August, 8 ships. _______________________ September, 8 ships_______________________ October, 12 sh ips_______________________ _ November, 8 ships__ _______ _____________ December, 7 ships_______________________ * 10,727 19,167 12,532 9,534 17,859 15,771 13,422 23,721 26,243 34,326 25,872 24,442 1,106.7 1,908.5 1,234.0 840.7 1,721.1 1,676.2 1,264.0 2,362.8 2.362.0 3,234.6 2.133.0 2,266.0 9.7 10.0 10.2 11.3 10.4 9.4 10.6 10.0 11.1 10.6 12.1 10.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 0.81 .84 .85 .94 .86 .78. .88 .84 .93 .88 1.01 .90 135 $1.11 1.07 1.06 .96 1.05 1.15 1.02 1. 07 .97 1.02 .89 1.00 136 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 1 0 . — P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN LOADIN G L U M B E R IN FOREIGN T R A D E —Continued Ship number and date of operation Line N o. 2 Total, 28 ships................................................. Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) 64,241 Ganghours 5,797.0 Output Output Average per gang- Average per labor cost number man-hour hour per 1,000 of men (1,000 (1,000 board per board board gang feet feet) feet) 11.1 14.0 0.79 $1.14 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February)......................................— No. 2 (March)................................................. 1,215 2,864 99.5 217.0 12.2 13.2 12.2 13.0 1.00 1.01 $0.90 .89 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January^............................................... No. 4 (M ay).......................................... ......... 1,204 2,019 130.0 236.0 9.3 8.6 15.3 14.2 0.60 .60 $1.50 1.50 0.79 .78 $1.14 1.15 Ships w ith average efficiency No. 5 (April)............... ................................... No. 6 (M ay)................... ............... ............ . 3,343 2,000 308.5 171.5 10.8 11.7 13.6 15.0 T able 1 1 .-P R 0 D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN LOADING LU M B E R IN IN TER C O A STA L T R A D E Ship number and date of operation Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) Ganghours Output Output Average per gang- Average per labor cost hour number man-hour men per 1,000 (1,000 ofper (1,000 board board board gang feet feet) feet) Line N o . 3 Total___________________________________ 50,310 4,343.5 11.6 14.8 0.78 $1.15 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)--........................................ No. 2 (March).............. ................................. 4,024 3,270 315.0 221.0 12.8 14.8 14.1 15.5 0.90 .95 $1.00 .95 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January)............................................... No. 4 (January)—......... ................................ 858 1,142 88.0 112.0 9.8 10.2 15.6 16.2 0.63 .63 $1.43 1.43 0.78 .78 $1.15 1.15 0.77 $1.17 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)............................................... No. 6 (June)..................................................... 1,986 2,111 155.0 168.5 12.8 12.5 16.5 16.1 L ine N o . 4 Total_____ __ _____________ __ __ ________ 128,309 1165,St)0.0 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (M ay)______ - __ . . . . . . . . . ___ _______ No. 2 (August)_____________________ _____ i Man-hours. 3,018 i 2,872.0 1,919 1 1,923.0 1.05 1.00 $0.8r» .90 F ig u r e 4 0.— v ie w o f l u m b e r P ie r at g r a y s H a r b o r , w a s h . 137 GRAYS HAJRBOR (1926) T a b l e ii.~ P R O D U C T I V I T Y OF LABOR A N D &ABOR COST IN LOADIN G L U M B E R IN IN TER C O A ST A L TR AD E —Continued Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) Ship number and date of operation Ganghours Output Output Average per gang- Average per labor cost man-hour hour number of men per 1,000 (1,000 (1,000 board per board board gang feet feet) feet) Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 4—Continued No. 3 (April)____________________________ No. 4 (M ay)_____________________________ 970 U,636.0 1,500 12,691.0 0.59 .56 $1.52 1.61 0.77 .77 $1.17 1.17 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)_____________________________ No. 6 (September)_______________________ 3,204 14.168.0 1,471 11.922.0 Labor productivity and costs, by months January, 2 ships_________________________ 5,786 17.168.0 ________________________ February, 3 ships 9,860 112.900.0 March, 3 ships___________________________ 9,321 112.498.0 April, 2 ships____________________________ 4,870 16.656.0 7,534 110.023.0 May, 3 ships____________________________ 9,257 112.423.0 June, 3 ships................... ..................... ........... July, 2 ships________________ ____ ________ 3,498 15.453.0 13,312 116.403.0 August, 4 ships_______________ ________ __ September, 8 ships_______________________ 18,493 122.926.0 October, 8 ships__________________________ 21,791 128.702.0 11,397 114.950.0 November, 4 ships_____________ __________ December, 5 ships _ _ ___________________ 13,250 115.803.0 0.81 .76 .75 .73 .75 .74 .64 .81 .81 .76 .76 .84 $1.11 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.20 1.22 1.41 1.11 1.11 1.18 1.18 1.07 1Man-hours. T a b le 13.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN LOADING LU M B E R IN COASTW ISE TR AD E Ship number and date of operation Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) Ganghours Output Output Average per gang- Average per labor cost hour number man-hour men (1,000 per 1,000 (1,000 ofper board board board gang feet feet) feet) L in e N o. 5 Total, 20 ships................................................. 31,772 1,173.5 27.1 20.7 1.31 $0.69 1.83 1.77 $0.49 .51 Ships with m aximum efficiency 1,652 1,605 48.0 50.0 34.4 32.1 18.9 18.1 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3................................................................ No. 4................................................................ 1,494 1,458 69.0 77.0 21.7 18.9 20.8 18.3 1.04 1.04 $0.87 .87 Shtps with average efficiency 1,605 1,633 54.0 65.0 29.7 25.1 22.3 19.6 1.33 1.28 $0.68 .70 23,704 1,132.0 20.9 18.1 1.16 $0.78 L ine No. 6 Total, 23 ships...................... ............ ............. 66490°—32----- 10 138 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 13.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN LOADING LUM BER IN COASTWISE TKADE—Continued Ship number and date of operation Cargo tonnage (1,000 board feet) Ganghours Output Output Average per gang- Average per labor cost hour number man-hour of men per 1,000 (1,000 (1,000 per board board board gang feet feet) feet) Ships with m axim um efficiency L ine No. 6—Continued No. 1 (September)........................................ . No. 2 (October)............................................... 1,075 1,064 48.0 46.5 22.4 22.9 17.3 17.6 1.30 1.30 $0.69 .69 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January)............................................. . No. 4 (April)................................................... 1,022 1,042 61.0 55.0 16.8 19.0 18.2 19.1 0.92 .99 $0.98 .91 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (September)........................................ No. 6 (December)—. .............................. ........ 1,063 1,033 50.0 46.0 21.1 22.5 18.2 19.5 1,16 1.15 $0.78 .78 18,964 1,200.0 15.8 16.1 0.98 $0.92 Line N o. 7 Total, 22 ships............................................. . Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June)................................................— No. 2 (November)......................................... 911 834 53.0 53.0 17.2 15.7 13.3 13.9 1.29 1.13 $0.70 .80 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (M ay).................................................No. 4 (August)................................................ 870 867 59.0 57.0 14.7 15.2 16.6 17.1 0.89 .89 $1.01 1.01 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July)....................................... ............ No. 6 (December)..... ..................................... 889 860 48.0 53.0 18.5 16.0 18.9 16.4 0.98 .98 $0.92 .92 15,770 1,176.0 13.4 15.2 0.88 $1.02 Line N o . 8 Total, 19 ships................................................. Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (M ay).................................................. . No. 2 (August)................................................ 850 880 49.0 52.0 17.4 16.9 16.9 16.6 1.03 1.02 $0.87 .88 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (J u ly)..................................................No. 4 (November).........................................- 895 785 68.0 82.0 13.2 9.6 17.5 13.0 0.75 .75 $1.20 1.20 0.88 .86 $1.02 1.05 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 ('January)...____ ______________ _____ No. 6 (Dem'nber)___________ ____ ________ 771 802 51.0 64.0 15.1 12.5 17.2 14.6 Portland, Oreg•(1926) T a b le 13.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO, B Y KIND OF T R A D E A N D IN DIVIDU AL COM MODITIES Output per Aver Output per Average cost gang-hour age man-hour labor per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev Long Rev enue enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton enue ton1 Cargo tonnage Ganghours Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Reveenue tons 1 Foreign trade 2 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1_________________ No. 2............................... Orient—No. 3 _____ - ______ Loading cargo: Europe—No. 4____________ 6,028 6,752 2,874 2,566 17,799 3 19,936 9,480 10,619 233.0 184.5 730.5 25.9 29.0 13.9 15.6 24.4 327.3 16.1 15.9 13.1 598.5 15.8 19.4 17.7 1.61 1.80 $0.56 .87 .97 1.03 1.85 32.07 .49 .82 .92 1.10 $0.50 .93 3.43 .98 Intercoastal trade 2 Discharging cargo: No. 5...............- ..................... No. 6...................................... Loading cargo: No. 7...................................... No. 8...................................... 65,035 3 72,845 16,962 3 18,999 2,673.0 995.7 24.3 327.3 17.0 319.1 22.5 17.0 1.08 31.21 $0.83 3$0.74 1.00 31.12 .90 3.80 63,780 3 71,440 28,696 3 32,144 2.713.0 1.244.0 23.5 326.3 23.1 325.8 19.8 22.1 1.19 31.33 1.04 31.17 .76 .87 3.68 3.77 Coastwise trade 2 3 69,619 463,338.0 3146,173 <114,759.0 Discharging cargo: No. 9______ Loading cargo: No. 10—__ - ___ 31. 10 31.27 3$0.82 3.71 $0.43 3.38 3.31 Individual commodities2 Discharging cargo: Pipe—No. 11_____ Steel—No. 12........ Tin plate—No. 13Loading cargo: Copper—No. 1 4 Doors—No. 15____ Flour— No. 16............. No. 17............. No. 18«........... Lumber— No. 19............. No. 20............. No. 21............. No. 22............. No. 23............. Salmon—No. 24 *— 2,399 4.598 5,735 32,688 3 5,147 3 6,426 90.5 170.0 135.0 26.5 329.7 27.0 330.3 42.5 347.6 14.1 12.7 16.5 1.88 3 2.11 $0.48 2.13 3 2.39 .43 2.57 32.88 .35 7,960 3,811 3 8,915 4,267 315.0 352.0 25.3 328.3 12.1 11.8 19.0 2.14 32.40 .57 .64 13,028 21,806 7,385 14,593 24,425 3 8,272 207.8 576.0 172.0 62.7 70.2 37.9 42.4 42.9 348.1 27.1 24.7 25.6 2.31 1.53 24,752 3,764 30,373 50,987 16,801 34,213 2,088.0 3.056.0 3.226.0 5.388.0 1.864.0 154.0 11.9 11.9 9.4 9.5 9.0 24.4 327.4 13.0 13.2 12.0 13.0 14.1 .91 .90 .79 .73 .64 1.16 31.30 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 2 Wage rate: 90 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. 10.8 21.0 1.58 2.59 1.72 .39 1.68 31.88 .52 .78 4 Man-hours. « Loaded at Astoria. 139 3.38 1.41 .35 .52 3.46 1.00 1.14 1.23 1.41 140 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 14.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Output per Aver Output per Average labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of bours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Long tons Reve nue tons Total, 7 ships.................................. 6,028 6,752 233.0 25.9 29.0 16.1 1.61 1.80 $0.56 $0.50 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 240 1,182 555 1,625 720 1,130 576 269 1,324 622 1,820 806 1,266 645 11.5 29.0 32.0 49.5 29.5 45.0 36.5 20.9 40.8 17.3 32.8 24.4 25.1 15.8 23.4 45.7 19.4 36.7 27.3 28.1 17.7 18.0 16.0 12.0 19.8 17.0 17.2 12.0 1.16 2.55 1.45 1.66 1.44 1.46 1.32 1.30 2.86 1.62 1.86 1.61 1.64 1.48 .78 .35 .62 .54 .63 .62 .68 .69 .31 .56 .48 .56 .55 .61 Total, 6 ships.................................. 2,566 2,874 184.5 13.9 15.6 15.9 0.87 0.97 $1.03 $0.93 499 371 525 405 456 310 559 415 588 454 511 347 50.0 23.5 32.5 38.5 24.5 15.5 10.0 15.8 16.2 10.5 18.6 20.0 11.2 17.7 18.1 11.8 20.9 22.4 13.8 18.0 13.6 16.7 17.0 21.6 .72 .88 1.19 .63 1.09 .92 .81 .98 1.33 .71 1.23 1.03 L in e N o . 1 1 (March): Steel...................... 2 (March): Cement................. 3 (April): Steel........................ 4 (May): Cement.................. . 5 (May): Cement.................... 6 (August): Cement................ 7 (September): Steel............... L in e No. 2 No. 1 (April): Coke........................ No. 2 (May): Steel......................... No. 3 (September): Coke............... No. 4 (September): Steel............... No. 5 (September): Steel............... No. 6 (October): Steel.................... 1.25 1.02 .76 1.43 .83 .98 1.11 .92 .68 1.27 .73 .87 Discharging cargo: Orient L in e N o . 3 Total, 15 ships................................. 17,799 U9,936 730.5 24.4 127.3 13.1 1.85 12.07 $0.49 i$0.43 Copra........................................ 9,832 Ul,002 General cargo........................... 7,967 18,934 409.0 321. 5 24.0 126.9 24.8 127.8 8.9 18.5 2.69 13.01 1.34 11.50 .33 .67 1.30 1.60 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Copra.............. No. 2 (April): Copra...................... 761 838 1852 1933 25.5 32.0 29.8 133.4 26.2 129.3 9.0 9.0 3.32 13.72 $0.27 i$0.24 2.91 13.26 .31 1.28 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June): General cargo........... No. 4 (November): General cargo_ 217 453 1243 1507 11.5 23.0 18.9 121.2 19.7 122.1 18.0 18.0 1.05 il. 18 $0.86 i $0.76 1.09 1.22 .83 1.74 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Copra........................................ 1,367 11,531 General cargo........................... 1,172 U,313 62.5 42.0 21.9 124.5 27.9 131.2 9.0 18.0 2.43 12.72 $0.37 i$0.33 1.55 U.74 .58 1.52 Total...................................... 2,539 i 2,844 104.5 24.3 127.2 12.6 1.93 12.16 .47 1.42 1778 1292 32.0 12.5 21.7 124.3 20.8 123.3 9.0 17.0 2.41 12.70 1.22 il. 37 .37 .74 1.33 1.66 955 11,070 44.5 21.5 124.1 11.2 1.91 12.14 .47 1.42 No. 6 (August): Copra........................................ General cargo........................... Total...................................... i Short tons. 695 260 F ig u r e 4 1 .— P o r ta ble Con veyor fro m S id e p o r t to 2-s t o r y p ie r . P o r tl a n d , O r e g . V ie w o f f ir s t flo o r F ig u r e 4 2.— p o r t a b l e C o n v e y o r f r o m S P o r t l a n d , O r e g . V ie w L e a d in g id e to Port to Second F 2-s t loor o r y p ie r . 141 PORTLAND, OREG. (1926) T a b le 1 4 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Shin number, date of operation. and commodity Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue gang ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Long tons Reve nue tons Total, 7 ships.................................. 9,480 10,619 598.5 15.8 17.7 19.4 0.82 0.92 $1.10 $0.98 1,952 1,428 522 702 1,924 919 2,033 2,186 1,600 585 787 2,155 1,029 2,277 125.5 84.0 37.5 34.0 133.0 62.0 122.5 15.6 17.0 13.9 20.6 14.5 14.8 16.6 17.4 19.0 15.6 23.1 16.2 16.6 18.6 18.8 20.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 20.0 .83 .85 .71 1.09 .76 .76 .83 .93 .95 .80 1.22 .85 .85 .93 1.08 1.06 1.27 .83 1.18 1.18 1.08 .97 .95 1.13 .74 1.06 1.06 .97 L in e N o . 4 No. 1 (January): Apples................ No. 2 (February): Apples.............. No. 3 (October): Prunes................ No. 4 (October): Prunes................ No. 4 (October): A p p les.............. No. 6 (November): Apples............ No. 7 (November): Apples............ T a b le 15.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L T R AD E Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons1 ton 1 tons1 L in e N o. 5 Total, 73 ships................................. 65,035 72,845 2,673.0 24.3 27.3 22.5 1.08 1.21 $0.83 $0.74 2.53 $0.40 2.57 .39 $0.36 .35 0.92 $1.10 .95 1.06 $0.98 .95 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. l (M ay).................................... No. 2 (June;.................................... 724 990 811 1,109 24.0 27.0 30.2 36.7 33.8 41.1 13.4 16.0 2.26 2.30 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July)............ No. 4 (November). 863 562 967 630 43.0 11.5 20.1 22.0 22.5 24.7 24.3 25.9 0.82 .85 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January). No. 6 (M arch)... 1,168 1,257 1,308 1,408 44.5 51.0 26.2 24.6 29.4 27.6 24.4 22.8 1.08 1.08 1.21 $0.83 1.21 .83 $0.74 .74 16,962 18,999 995.7 17.0 19.1 17.0 1.00 1.12 $0.90 $0.80 1.64 $0.62 .59 1.71 $0.55 .53 a 77 $1.30 .81 1.25 $1.17 1.11 Lin e No. Total, 37 ships........... Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (M a y ).... No. 2 (August). 537 1,029 602 1,153 21.6 61.4 24.9 16.8 27.9 18.8 17.0 11.0 1.46 1.52 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September). No. 4 (November). Short tons. 202 478 226 535 15.4 38.9 13.1 12.3 14.7 13.8 19.0 17.0 0.69 .72 142 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 15.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G C ARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons 1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons* tons1 ton 1 Ships with average efficiency L ink N o . 6— Continued No. 5 (February)_______________ No. 6 (M ay)____________________ 683 753 765 843 38.0 39.7 18.0 19.0 20.1 21.2 18.0 19.0 1.00 1.00 1.12 $0.90 1.12 .90 $0.80 .80 26.3 19.8 1.19 1.33 $0.76 $0.68 1.85 $0.55 .65 1.56 $0.49 .58 Loading cargo L in e N o. 7 2 Total, 36 ships................................. 63,780 71,440 2,713.0 23.5 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February-March)............... 713 1,028 799 1,151 22.8 38.8 Total.................................... - 1,741 No. 2 (April)................................... Total............................... ... 31.3 26.5 35.0 29.7 19.0 19.0 1.65 1.39 1,950 61.6 28.3 31.7 19.0 1.49 1.67 .60 .54 857 673 960 754 31.9 21.6 26.9 31.2 30.1 34.9 19.0 19.0 1.41 1.64 1.58 1.83 .64 .55 .57 .49 1,530 1,714 53.5 28.6 32.0 19.0 1.50 1.69 .60 .53 0.97 $1.05 1.15 .88 .87 1.16 $0.93 .78 .78 Ships with m in im u m efficiency 791 657 629 886 736 705 43.7 32.1 30.4 18.1 20.5 20.7 20.3 22.9 23.2 21.0 20.0 20.0 0.86 1.02 1.04 Total.................................... - 2,077 2,327 106.2 19.6 21.9 20.4 .96 1.07 .94 .84 471 400 735 528 448 823 25.0 18.9 33.4 18.8 21.2 22.0 21.1 23.7 24.6 21.0 21.0 20.0 .90 1.01 1.10 1.00 1.13 1.23 1.00 .89 .82 .90 .80 .73 Total............................... ...... 1,606 1,799 77.3 20.8 23.3 20.6 1.01 1.13 .89 .80 1.10 $0.92 1.29 .78 1.48 .68 $0.82 .70 .61 No. 3 (M ay).................................... No. 4 (July)..................................... Ships with average efficiency 530 232 1,160 594 260 1,299 Total...................................... 1,922 544 510 741 Total...................................... 1,795 No. 5 (January).............................. No. 6 (March)................................. 25.8 8.4 41.9 20.5 27.6 27.7 23.0 31.0 31.0 21.0 24.0 21.0 0.98 1.15 1.32 2,153 76.1 25.3 28.3 21.3 1.18 1.33 .76 .68 609 571 830 29.4 22.9 25.9 18.5 22.3 28.6 20.7 24.9 32.0 19.0 20.0 19.0 .97 1.12 1.50 1.09 1.25 1.68 .93 .80 .60 .83 .72 .54 2,010 78.2 23.0 25.7 19.3 1.19 1.33 .76 .68 32,144 1,244.0 23.1 25.8 22.1 1.04 1.17 $0.87 $0.77 1.64 $0.62 2.02 .50 $0.55 . 45 L in e N o . 8 Total, 61 ships................................. 28,696 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February).......................... . No. 2 (December)...................... . 1Short tons. 512 766 574 858 17.0 20.0 30.1 38.3 33.8 42.9 20.6 21.3 1.46 1.80 * Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 143 PORTLAND, OREG. (1926) T a b le 13.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L T R AD E —Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number and date of operation Reve nue tons1 Long tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age gang-hour man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang Long nue ton nue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton 1 Ships with m inim u m efficiency L ine N o. 8—Continued No. 3 (M ay)___ ____________ No. 4 (November)______________ 184 223 206 250 12.5 14.0 14.7 15.9 16.5 17.9 23.0 24.5 0.64 .65 0.72 $1.41 .73 1.38 $1.25 1.23 1.15 $0.88 1.16 .87 $0.78 .78 Ships with average efficiency 432 448 No. 5 (June)................................... No. 6 (December).................... ...... 484 ! 18.5 502 | 20.0 23.4 22.4 26.2 25.1 22.8 21.6 1.02 1.04 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 7 ships----------- ------------February, 6 ships____ _____ _____ March, 3 ships......... ....................... April, 5 ships____ ______ ______ May, 5 ships................................... June, 5 sh ip s................ ............... July, 6 ships................ .................. August, 4 ships............................... September, 4 ships......... ............... October, 6 ships.......... ................ . November, 6 ships......................... December, 5 ships______________ 3,401 2,694 1,031 1,619 1,398 1,643 2,313 2,176 2,424 4,513 2,981 2,503 3,808 3,018 1,155 1,814 1,566 1,840 2,590 2,438 2,716 5,055 3,340 2,804 128.5 109.5 46.0 81.5 62.5 89.5 128.0 97.0 100.0 185.0 127.0 89.5 26.5 24.6 22.4 19.9 22.4 18.4 18.1 22.4 24.2 24.4 23.5 28.0 29.7 27.6 25.1 22.3 25.1 20.6 20.3 25.1 27.1 27.3 26.3 31.4 23.0 23.4 22.7 22.7 21.4 18.8 20.6 21.7 23.1 22.8 22.6 22.1 1.15 1.05 .99 .87 1.05 .98 .88 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.27 1.29 $0.78 1.18 .86 1.11 .91 .97 1.03 1.18 .86 .92 1.10 .99 1.02 .87 1.15 1.18 .86 .84 1.20 .87 1.16 1.42 .71 $0.70 .76 .81 .93 .76 .82 .91 .78 .76 .75 .78 .63 1 Short tons. T a b le 16.—PR ODU C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN COASTW ISE TR AD E Discharging cargo Week ending— Cargo tonnage Man(rev hours enue tons i) Out put Labor per cost man- per hour rev (rev enue enue ton 1 tons1) Week ending— L in e N o. 9 Weeks with average efficiency Total, 103 ships......... 69,619 63,338 1.10 $0.82 Line N o. 9—Con. Jan. 31, 3 ships_____ 614 518 819 559 532 688 Weeks with m aximum efficiency Apr. 7, 2 ships........... Total May 14,2 ships____ Total............... Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (rev hours hour rev enue enue (rev tons *) enue ton 1 tons1) 1.10 .97 1.19 $0.82 .93 .76 814 773 613 476 1.33 1.62 $0.68 .56 Total............... 1,951 1,779 1.10 .82 1,587 1,089 1.46 .62 June 7, 2 ships______ 830 663 682 673 1.22 .99 .74 .91 726 00*7 595 502 1.22 1.33 .74 . 68 Total............... 1,493 1,355 1.10 .82 1,395 1,097 1.27 .71 UUltT WtCKS Weeks with m inim um efficiency Jan. 7, 2 ships______ Total Oct. 7,1 ship 489 399 888 591 429 1,020 0.83 .93 .87 $1.08 .97 1.03 521 579 .90 1.00 1 Short tons. Jan. 14,1 ship - ....... Jan. 21, 2 ships_____ Feb. 7,1 ship______ Feb. 14, 2 ships_____ Feb. 21, 2 ships_____ Feb. 28, 3 ships......... 515 1,370 997 1,307 1,668 2,167 524 1,153 897 1,245 1,475 1,990 0.98 1.19 1.11 1.05 1.13 1.09 $0.92 . 76 .81 .86 .80 .83 144 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 16.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (rev hour rev hours enue (rev enue tons J) enue to n 1 tons1) W eek ending— Other weeks—Continued L ine N o. 9—Con. Mar. 7, 2 ships........ Mar. 14, 2 ships....... Mar. 21, 3 ships...... Mar. 31,1 ship____ Apr. 14, 2 ships....... Apr. 21, 2 ships____ Apr. 30, 3 ships____ May 7, 2 ships........ May 14, 2 ships....... May 21, 3 ships....... June 14, 3 ships____ June 21,1 ship........ June 30, 2 ships____ July 7, 2 ships....... . July 14, 2 ships____ July 21, 2 ships........ July 31, 3 ships........ Aug. 7, 2 ships......... Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (rev hours hour rev enue (rev enue tons 0 enue to n 1 tons1) Other weeks— Continued L in e No. 9— Con. 1,066 1,336 1,694 822 1,592 1, 752 2,521 945 1,079 2,158 1,725 617 1,639 1,245 1,295 1,469 2,359 1,937 1.00 1,112 1.20 1,059 1,624 751 1,412 1.646 2,400 924 884 2,157 1,370 517 1,357 1,175 1,096 1,218 1,954 1,748 .98 1.09 1.13 1.06 1.05 1.02 1.22 1.00 $0.90 .75 .92 .83 .80 .85 .86 .88 1.21 .74 .90 .71 .76 .74 1.21 1.21 1.11 .76 . 74 .74 .81 1.26 1.19 1.06 1.18 .85 Aug. 14, 2 Aug. 21, 2 ships. Aug. 31, 3 ships. Sept. 7 ,1 ship.. Sept. 14, 3 ships Sept. 21, 2 ships. Sept. 30, 3 ships. Oct. 14, 3 ships. Oct. 21, 2 ships . Oct. 31, 3 ships. Nov. 7 ,1 ship.. Nov. 14, 2 ships. Nov. 21, 1 ship. Nov. 30, 4 ships. Dec. 7 ,1 ship... Dec. 14, 2 ships. Dec. 21, 3 ships. Dec. 31, 3 ships. 1,288 1,337 1,916 861 2,746 1,366 2,116 2,087 1,224 1,515 430 1,449 631 2,355 623 1,097 1,861 1,717 1,262 1,165 1,792 683 2,647 1,233 1,835 2, 111 1,129 1,568 438 1,280 591 2,344 525 1,067 1,650 1,411 1.02 1.15 1.07 1.26 1.04 1.11 1 .15 .99 1.08 .97 .98 1.13 1.07 1.00 1.19 1.03 1.13 1.22 $0.88 .78 .84 .71 .87 .81 .78 .91 .83 .93 .92 .80 .84 .90 .76 .87 .80 .74 Loading cargo L in e No. 10 Other weeks Total, 118 ships......... 146,173 114,759 1.27 $0.71 Weeks with maximum efficiency June 2 1 ,1 ship.......... 1,267 860 1.47 $0.61 Nov. 30, 5 ships........ 1,232 1, 281 1,635 1,265 1, 357 790 924 1,121 888 926 1.56 1.39 1.46 1.42 1.47 .58 .65 .62 .63 .61 Total............... 6,770 4,649 1.46 .62 Weeks with m inimumefficiency Feb. 28, 3 ships......... 1,160 1,309 880 1,081 1,069 1,015 1.07 1.22 .87 $0.84 .74 1.03 Total............... 3,349 3,165 1.06 .85 July 14, 2 ships......... 1,224 1,079 1,099 971 1.11 1.11 .81 .81 Total............... 2,303 2,070 1.11 .81 Weeks zoith average efficiency Feb. 14, 3 ships------- 1,049 1,185 1,195 901 882 916 1.16 1.34 1.30 $0.78 .67 .69 Total................ 3,429 2,699 1.27 .71 May 14, 2 ships......... 1,466 1,279 1,229 927 1.19 1.38 .76 .65 Total............... 2,745 2,1.56 1.27 .71 * L'hort tons. L in e No. 10—Con. Jan. 7, 2 ships_____ Jan. 14,1 snip.......... Jan. 21, 3 ships_____ Jan. 31, 4 ships_____ Feb. 7, 3 ships........ Feb. 21, 3 ships....... . Mar. 7, 3 ships........ . Mar. 14, 2 ships........ Mar. 21, 3 ships____ Mar. 31,1 ship_____ Apr. 7, 2 ships......... Apr. 14, 2 ships....... Apr. 21, 2 ships____ Apr. 30, 3 ships____ May 7, 2 ships......... May 21, 2 ships....... May 31, 3 ships....... June 7,1 ship........ June 14, 3 ships____ June 30, 3 ships....... July 7, 2 ships......... . July 21, 2 ships....... . July 31, 3 ships......... Aug. 7, 2 ships.......... Aug. 14, 2 ships____ Aug. 21, 2 ships........ Aug. 31, 4 ships........ Sept. 7,1 ship......... . Sept. 14, 3 ships____ Sept. 21, 2 ships____ Sept. 30, 3 ships____ Oct. 7,1 ship______ Oct. 14, 3 ships____ Oct. 21, 2 ships....... Oct. 31, 3 ships....... . Nov. 7, 2 ships........ Nov. 14, 2 ships...... . Nov. 21, 2 ships...... . Dec. 7,1 ship.......... Dec. 14, 3 ships....... Dec. 21, 5 ships....... Dec. 31, 4 ships....... 2,457 1,192 3,143 4,315 3,658 4,062 3,905 2,501 3,957 1,436 3,022 2,813 3,061 3,863 2,926 2,789 3,809 1,092 3,349 3,576 2,071 2,253 3,433 2,381 2,443 2,260 4,686 996 3,793 2,274 3,557 1,065 3,778 2,472 3,706 2,735 2,422 2,447 1,159 4,282 6,492 4,679 1,968 1,045 2,552 3,420 2,828 3,362 3,304 2,009 3,452 1,046 2,196 2,325 2,260 2,727 2,347 2,050 3,022 840 2,721 2,765 1,488 1,856 2,703 1,745 1,913 1,886 3,784 848 2,999 1,759 2,733 864 2,859 2,082 2,951 2,111 1,911 1,903 827 3,289 5,007 3,403 1.25 1.14 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.15 1.37 1.38 1. 21 1. 35 1.42 1.25 1.36 1.26 1.30 1.23 1.29 1.39 1.21 1.27 1.36 1.28 1.20 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.30 1.23 1.32 1.19 1.26 1.30 1.27 1.29 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.37 $0.72 .79 .73 .71 .70 . 74 .76 .73 .78 .66 .65 .74 .67 .63 .72 .66 .71 .69 .73 .70 .65 .74 .7 1 .66 .70 .75 .73 .77 .7 1 .70 .69 .73 .68 .76 .71 .69 .7 1 .70 .64 .69 .69 .66 145 PORTLAND, OREG. (1926) T a b le 17.—PRODU CTIVITY OF LA BO R AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton ton1 Pipe Line No. 11: 2,399 22,688 90.5 26.5 229.7 14.1 1.88 22.11 $0.48 2$0.43 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March) 3........................ No. 2 (March)8_____ ________ 150 49 2 168 255 4.5 1.5 33.3 237.3 32.7 236.7 10.0 11.0 3.33 23.73 $0.27 2$0.24 2.97 23.33 .30 2 .27 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (July)4- . .................... 67 212 2 75 2237 2.5 10.0 26.8 230.0 21.2 223.7 17.0 16.0 1.58 21.76 $0.57 2$0.51 1.33 21.48 .68 2.61 Total. ----------------------------- 279 2312 12.5 22.3 225.0 16.2 1.38 '21.54 .65 2.58 No. 4 (December)4................... 154 2 173 7.0 22.0 224.7 15.0 1.47 j21.65 .61 2.55 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)4. .................. — 103 94 2 115 2 106 Total...... ................... ........... 197 No. 6 (June)3----- ------ ---------- 95 5.0 2.5 20.6 223.0 37.6 242.4 14.0 17.0 1.47 21.64 $0.61 2$0. 55 2.21 22.49 .41 2.36 2 221 7.5 26.3 229.5 15.0 1.75 21.96 51 2.46 2106 3.5 27.1 230.2 16.0 1.70 21.89 .53 2.48 Line No. 12: Total, 13 ships...... ................... 4,598 2 5,147 170.0 27.0 230.3 12.7 2.13 22.39 $0.43 2$0.38 Steel Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February).. No. 2 (August)__ 429 793 2 480 2888 11.5 28.5 37.3 241.7 27.8 231.2 12.0 11.0 3.11 23.48 $0.29 2$0.26 2.53 22.83 .36 2.32 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (January). No. 4 (June)___ 129 119 2144 2133 6.5 8.0 19.8 222.2 14.9 216.6 16.0 12.0 1.24 21.38 $0.73 1.24 21.39 .73 !$ 0 . 6 5 2 .6 5 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)............ No. 6 (November).. 279 216 2312 2 242 10.5 8.0 26.6 229.7 27.0 230.3 12.0 12.0 2.21 22.48 $0.40 2$0.36 2.25 22.52 .40 2.36 5,735 2 6,426 135.0 42.5 247.6 16.5 2.57 22.88 $0.35 2$0.31 T in P late Line No. 13: Total, 21 ships......... Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)....................... No. 2 (November).............. . 298 181 2334 2203 5.5 3.0 54.2 260.7 60.3 267.7 17.0 18.0 3.19 23.57 $0.28 2$0.25 3.35 23.76 .27 2.24 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 2 Short tons. 3 Discharged directly to cars. * Discharged to dock. For ships Nos. 3 and 5 data shown, other than totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 146 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 17.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons T in P la t e — Reve nue tons1 Ships with m inim um efficiency Continued Line No. 13—Continued. No. 3 (March)......................... No. 4 (September)................ . Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue gang nue tons tons1 ton ton tons tons1 1 152 104 2170 2 116 27.6 230.9 34.7 238.7 5.5 3.0 16.0 19.0 1.73 21.93 $0.52 2$0.47 1.82 22.04 .49 2.44 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)...... ................... No. 6 (July).............................. 109 329 2 122 2368 2.5 6.5 43.6 248.8 50.6 256.6 $0.35 2$0.31 .36 2.32 17.0 20.0 2.56 2.53 11.8 2.14 22.40 $0.43 2$0.38 22.87 22.83 Loading cargo C opper Line No. 14: * Total, 9 ships. 7,960 28,915 315.0 25.3 228.3 Ships with maximum efficiency 2.59 22.90 $0.35 2$0.31 2.74 23.07 .33 2.29 2.63 22.94 .34 2.31 No. 1 (February)__ 228 241 246 2 255 2270 -275 8.0 8.0 8.5 28.5 231.9 30.1 233.8 28.9 232.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 Total.................... 715 2800 24.5 29.2 232.7 11.0 2.65 22.97 .34 2.30 No. 2 (December),. 670 625 2 750 2 700 19.0 26.0 35.3 239.5 24.0 226.9 11.0 11.0 3.21 23.59 2.19 22.45 .28 .41 2.25 2.37 1,295 2 1,450 45.0 28.8 232.2 11.0 2.62 22.93 .35 2.31 Total................... Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (April)______ Total................... 2 155 2502 2422 2 603 5.0 14.0 17.5 30.0 27.6 32.0 21.5 17.9 231.0 235.9 224.1 220.1 14.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 1.97 2.67 1.54 1.20 1,501 2 1,682 138 448 377 538 22.21 $0.46 2$0.41 22.99 .34 2.30 ‘ 1.72 .58 2.52 21.34 .75 2.67 66.5 22.6 225.3 14.0 1.61 21.80 .56 2.50 No. 4 (September). 208 573 2233 2642 12.0 26.5 17.3 219.4 21.6 224.2 12.0 11.0 1.44 21.62 1.97 22.20 .63 .46 2.56 2.41 Total................... 781 2875 38.5 20.3 222.7 11.3 1.79 22.01 .50 2.45 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April)_____ 367 330 2 411 2 370 13.0 16.0 28.2 231.6 20.6 223.1 Total................... 697 2 781 29.0 No. 6 (September). 688 2 771 27.5 11.0 12.0 2.57 22.87 $0.35 2$0.31 1.72 21.93 .52 2.47 24.0 226.9 11.6 2.08 22.33 .44 2.39 25.0 228.0 12.0 2.08 22.34 .43 2.38 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 2Short tons. 5 Data shown, other than totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 147 PORTLAND, OREG. (1926) T a b le 17.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton nue ton1 tons1 Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons D ooss Line No. 15: Total, 7 ships_______________ 3,811 4,267 352.0 10.8 12.1 19.0 0.57 693 650 655 598 520 471 680 47.0 42.5 57.5 54.5 41.5 42.5 66.5 13.2 13.6 10.1 9.8 11.2 9.9 9.1 14.7 15.3 11.4 11.0 12.5 11.1 10.2 19.0 19.0 19.2 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 .69 .72 .53 .52 .59 .52 .48 Line No. 16: Total, 30 ships______________ 13,028 214,593 207.8 62.7 270.2 27.1 No. 1 (January)_____________ No. 2 (April) — ................. No. 3 (July) ______________ No. 4 (August) No. 5 (October)_____________ No. 6 (November)...... ......... No. 7 (December)_____ ______ 620 580 583 535 465 420 608 0.64 $1.58 .78 .81 .59 .58 .66 .58 .54 1.30 1.25 1.70 1.73 1.53 1.73 1.88 $1.41 1.15 1.11 1.53 1.55 1.36 1.55 1.67 Flour• 2.31 2 2.59 $0.39 2$0.35 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)___________ No. 2 (December)___________ 223 631 2 250 2707 3.0 8.5 74.3 283.3 74.2 283.2 26.0 26.0 2.86 23.21 $0.31 2$0.28 .31 2.86 23.20 2.28 Ships with m inim u m efficiency 354 2397 No. 3 (August) ____________ _____________ No. 337 4 (October) 2 377 8.0 7.0 44.3 249.6 48.1 253.9 30.0 28.0 1.48 21.65 $0.61 2$0.55 1.72 21.92 .52 2.47 Ships with average efficiency 839 2 940 No. 5 (April)________________ 421 2 471 No. 6 (August)______________ Line No. 17: Total, 20 ships____ ___ - _____ 21,806 24,425 14.1 7.0 576.0 59.5 266.7 60.1 267.3 26.0 26.0 2.29 22.57 $0.39 2$0.35 .39 2.35 2.31 22.59 37.9 24.7 1. 53 42.4 1.72 $0.59 $0.52 $0.39 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March)___ 446 500 8.0 55.8 62.5 27.0 2.06 2.31 $0.44 No. 2 (August)— Pier 2.............. Pier 3.............. 446 446 500 500 9.0 5.0 49.6 55.6 89.2 100.0 28.0 31.0 1.77 2.88 1.99 3.23 .51 31 .45 28 Total........... 892 1,000 14.0 63.7 29.1 2.19 2.45 .41 .37 $0.45 .60 71.3 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November)— Pier 2.................................. Pier 3.................................. T otal-........................... No. 4 (December)— Pier 2.................................. Pier 3.............................. . Total. ......................... . 640 808 717 905 12.5 24.0 51.2 33.7 57.4 37.7 29.0 25.0 1.77 1.35 1.98 $0.51 1.51 .67 1,448 1,622 36.5 39.7 44.4 26.4 1.50 1.69 .60 .53 688 437 771 489 16.0 14.5 43.0 30.1 48.2 33.7 28.0 26.0 1.54 1.16 1.72 1.30 .58 .78 .52 .69 1,125 1,260 30.5 36.9 41.3 27.0 1.36 1.52 .66 .59 * Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 2 Short tons. 6 Loaded by portable conveyors. 148 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 17.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Reve men Reve Reve Long per Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue nue ton to tons tons1 tons tons1 n1 tons1 Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons F l o u r — Continued Ships with average efficiency Line No. 17—Continued. No. 5 (April)— Pier 1....................... Pier 3. ...................... 892 587 1,000 656 20.5 24.0 43 5 24.4 48.8 27.3 27.0 18.3 1.61 1.33 1.81 $0.56 1.49 .68 $0.50 .60 Total. ................... 1,479 1,656 44.5 33.2 37.2 22.3 1.49 1.67 .60 .54 No. 6 (April)— Pier 2....................... Pier 1........................ Pier 1........................ 436 698 174 488 782 195 10.5 16.0 5.5 41.5 43.6 31.6 46.5 48.9 35.5 27.0 28.0 28.0 1.54 1.56 1.13 1.72 1.75 1.27 .58 .58 .80 .52 .51 .71 T otal.................... 1,308 1,465 32.0 40.9 45.8 27.7 1.48 1.66 .61 .54 Line No. 18:7 Total, 11 ships................ 7,385 8,272 172.0 42.9 48.1 25.6 1.68 1.88 $0.52 $0.46 2.40 $0.42 2.08 .48 $0.38 .43 1.56 $0.65 1.08 .94 $0.58 .83 1.87 1.81 $0.48 .50 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (April)_____ No. 2 (September). 750 871 840 976 14.0 18.0 53.6 48.4 60.0 54.2 25.0 26.0 2.14 1.86 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February) No. 4 (August)__ 415 262 4fi5 293 11.5 10.5 36.1 25.0 40.4 28.0 26.0 26.0 1.39 .96 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March).................. No. 6 (A pril)................... 540 1,771 605 13.5 39.0 1.67 1.62 44.8 50.8 24.0 28.0 24,752 2.088.0 11.9 13.0 0.91 $0.99 186 497 1,591 831 456 225 415 926 462 216 26.6 44.7 126.2 82.8 34.1 7.0 11.5 .54 9.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 1.67 1.02 .93 1.17 .87 1.08 1.03 .74 .98 1.29 812 766 1,841 1,038 1,082 1,082 607 1,193 926 448 860 3,196 942 76.0 64.5 119.6 67.5 81.8 95.4 67.0 115.3 79.3 50.5 72.3 316.9 10.7 11.9 15.4 15.4 13.2 11.3 9.1 10.3 11.7 8.9 11.9 10.1 13.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 40.0 45.4 0.54 .56 L u m be r Line No. 19: Total, 29 ships.................. Long-Bell— No. 1(April)............. No. 2 (April)............ No. 3 (June)............. No. 4 (July)............. No. 5 (August) ___ No. 6 (August)........ No. 7 (October)....... No. 8 (October)....... No. 9 (October)....... No. 10 (November) Westport— No. 11 (January)___ No. 12 (February) _ _ No. 13 (February)._ No. 14 (March)....... No. 15 (M ay)........... No. 16 (M ay)______ No. 17 (M ay)........... No. 18 (June).......... No. 19 (July)______ No. 20 (August)____ No. 21 (August)....... No. 22 (September) . No. 23 (November) _ 21.0 36.8 58.8 38.5 23.8 1 Except for, lumber, which is, in 1,000 board feet. 12.6 10.0 13.4 10.7 11.3 15.7 12.0 .88 .97 .77 1.03 .83 .87 1.21 .92 .70 .91 1.18 1.18 1.02 .87 .70 .79 .90 .68 .91 .78 1.04 7 Loaded at Astoria. 1.10 .99 .76 .76 .88 1.03 1.29 1.14 1.00 1.32 .99 1.15 .87 149 PORTLAND, OREG. (1926) T a b le 17.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL C O M M O D ITIE S—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang tons nue Long nue tons tons1 tons1 ton ton 1 L u m ber— Continued Line No. 19—Continued. Other Columbia River ports8— No. 24 (M ay).............. . No. 25 (M ay).............. . No. 26 (June)............... No. 27 (July)..... ........... No. 28 (November)___ No. 29 (December)....... Line No. 20: Total, 13 ships. 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 1.51 .99 .79 .96 .90 1.03 $0.60 .91 1.14 .94 75.3 19.6 12.9 10.3 12.5 11.7 13.4 36,485 3,056.0 11.9 13.2 0.90 $1.00 457 514 427 1,040 1,013 35.8 35.4 49.8 34.1 88.6 1.00 .87 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January) at— Long-Bell................... Inman Paulsen Pier_. Astoria....................... 71.5 125.5 51.0 14.6 16.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 1.12 248.0 14.3 13.0 1.10 .82 1,585 465 106.5 43.5 76.5 14.9 10.7 12.9 13.0 11.0 13.0 1.14 .97 .79 .93 .91 3,030 16.5 13.4 12.6 1.06 .85 0.89 .77 .77 $1.01 1,043 2,016 500 T o ta l. No. 2 (April) at— Inman Paulsen Pier___ Astoria........................... Southern Pacific Siding Total.. 1.24 .75 $0.80 .73 1.20 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (February) at— Beaver Mills.............. St. Helens.................. Inman Paulsen Pier.. Total . No. 4 (March) at— Eastern and Western Pier. Westport............................ Total . 994 950 1,149 86.0 95.0 114.5 11.6 10.0 10.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 3,093 295.5 10.5 13.0 1,072 40.0 105.0 11.7 10.2 15.0 15.0 1,540 145.0 10.7 15.0 1.17 1.17 1.11 .78 1.15 1.32 1.27 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June) at— Inman Paulsen PierWest Oregon Mills. Inman Paulsen Pier- 1,524 620 410 136.5 49.5 28.5 11.2 12.5 14.4 13.0 13.0 13.0 0.86 .96 1.11 .92 2,554 214.5 12.0 13.0 No. 6 (November) at— Inman Paulsen Pier- 2,025 181.0 11.2 12.7 Line No. 21: Total, 11 ships................. 30,373 3,226 9.4 12.0 Total. 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 8 Includes St. Helen, Wilson, Vancouver, East and West Mills, and Linton. $1.05 .94 .81 1.02 0.79 $1.14 150 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 17.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABO R COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo—Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons* Ships with m axim um efficiency L u m ber— Continued Line No. 21—Continued. No. 1 (November)........— No. 2 (November)______ Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age man-hour gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue per tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton 1 3,334 3,402 275.0 293.5 12.1 11.6 11.6 10.6 1.04 1.09 $0.87 .83 0.59 .64 $1.53 1.41 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April)___ No. 4 (October) - 2,303 3, x05 309.0 4,140 7.5 7.5 12.6 11.7 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April).......... No. 6 (September) _ Line No. 22: Total, 26 ships....... 1,822 3,972 193.0 408.5 50,987 5,388.0 ......... 9.4 9.7 12.6 12.2 0.75 .79 $1.20 1.14 9.5 13.0 0.73 $1.23 0.96 .95 $0.94 .95 0.59 .52 $1.53 1.73 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (April).. No. 2 (April).. 2,796 923 216.0 74.5 12.9 12.4 13.5 13.0 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (March)........ No. 4 (September) - 3,176 629 417.0 93.0 7.6 12.9 13.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August)....... No. 6 (November) . Line No. 23: Total, 7 ships-....... No. 1 (January)— Terminal No. 4......... Westport.................... Long-Bell................... Inman Paulsen Pier.. Beaver Mills............. Total. No. 2 (February)— Terminal No. 4......... Inman Paulsen Pier.. Terminal No. 4......... 174.0 231.0 9.1 10.2 12.6 13.8 0.72 .74 $1. 25 1.22 16,801 1,864.0 9.0 14.1 0.64 $1.41 .72 .74 1.25 1.22 1.32 1.48 1.32 1,577 2,347 183 463 841 365 158 19.5 44.5 88.0 42.5 16.5 9.4 10.4 9.5 8.5 9.5 13.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 2, OlO 211.0 9.5 13.9 364 1,713 322 43.5 174.0 42.5 8.4 9.8 7.6 14.0 14.0 14.0 260.0 9.2 14.0 TotalNo. 3 (March)— Terminal No. 4......... Knappton__________ Inman Paulsen Pier_. 421 496 1,287 45.5 46.0 149.5 9.2 10.8 8.5 14.0 15.0 14.0 Total_____ _______ 2,204 241.0 9.2 14.2 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. .61 .68 .68 1.32 1.50 1.29 1.67 .66 1. 36 1.36 1.25 1.48 .64 151 PORTLAND, OREG. (1920) T a b le 17.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDU AL CO M M O D ITIE S—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue nue ton nue gang tons tons1 tons tons1 to n 1 L u m ber— Continued Line No. 23—Continued. No. 4 (March)— Westport____________ - __ Terminal No. 4__________ TTnappton Tpm^n Pan IsAn Piftr Beaver Mills____________ Tnmftn Pftftlsftn Pifir, 629 337 352 723 261 986 65.0 38.0 38.0 67.0 34.0 130.5 9.7 8.8 9.2 10.8 7.7 9.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 0.69 .63 .61 .77 .51 .68 $1.30 1.43 1.36 1.17 1.76 1.32 14.1 .68 1.32 14.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 ------- .62 .86 .62 .69 .64 ------- 1.45 1.05 1.45 1.30 1.41 Total_________________ 3,288 345.5 9.5 No. 5 (M ay)— Westport________________ Astoria_________________ TftnniTiftl No, 4 ._ Tnmftn Paulsen Pier... Eastern and Western Pier. 526 233 341 1,044 350 61.0 22.5 39.5 108.5 39.0 8.7 10.3 8.7 9.7 9.0 Total..............................- 2,494 70.5 9.2 13.8 .67 1.34 No. 6 (July)— Inman Paulsen Pier_____ Westport_______________ Terminal No. 4__________ Inman Paulsen Pier_____ 351 408 165 893 41.5 57.0 25.0 108.0 6.7 7.1 6.6 15.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 .56 .51 .47 .55 1.61 1.76 1.91 1.64 Total_______ __________ 1,817 231. 5 7.9 14.6 .54 1.67 7.4 9.5 5.6 7.1 9.0 14.0 14.0 ......... 15.0 15.0 14 0 .53 .68 ......... .47 .59 .64 1.70 1.32 1.91 1.53 1.41 8.5 14.4 .59 1.53 27.4 21.0 No. 7 (November)— Knapp ton.... 37.5 57.5 ------52.5 61.5 95.5 Inman Paulsen P ie r_____ Beaver Mills____________ Eastern and Western Pier. Tnmaii Paulsen Pier_____ 276 545 374 540 854 Total_________________ 2,589 304.5 4,213 154.0 S a lm o n * Line No. 24: Total, 16 ships______________ 3,764 24.4 1.16 1.30 $0.78 $0.69 1.76 $0. 57 1. 55 .65 $0.51 .58 1.06 $0.95 1.11 .91 $0.85 .81 1.31 $0.77 1.31 .77 $0.69 .69 Ships with maximum efficiency 328 No. 1 (July).............................. 367 2 (July) 201 ________________ No. 179 9.9 6.2 32.1 28.4 37.1 32.4 21.0 21.0 1. 57 1.38 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (September)__________ No. 4 (October)_____________ 373 134 418 150 18.7 6.4 20.4 21.2 22.4 23.4 21.0 21.0 0.95 .99 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)________________ No. 6 (October)____ ____ ____ 395 308 442 345 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 7 Loaded at Astoria. 1 6 .1 2 4 . 5 12.6 |24.4 27.5 27.4 21.0 21.0 1.17 1.17 San Francisco (1926) T a b le 18.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO, BY KIN D OF T R A D E AND IN DIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Output per Aver Output per Average age man-hour labor cost gang-hour per— num ber of men Long Reve Reve Long Reve nue per tons nue Long nue tons tons gang tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity G^nghours Long tons Reve nue tons Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe, No. 1__ Orient— No. 2.......... No. 3.......... No. 4........... Latin AmericaNo. 5.......... No. 6.......... Loading cargo: Europe— No. 7.......... No. 8.......... Orient— No. 9.......... No. 10........ . No. 11......... No. 12........ Latin America— No. 13........ No. 14_____ ___ ___ 27,107 1.241.5 21.8 13.9 2 18,010 130,444 15,502 600.5 4.639.0 552.0 26.8 18.6 2 30.0 28.1 28.1 12.9 18.0 18.0 2.08 2 2.32 $0.43 2.39 1.03 1.56 .87 .58 1.56 .58 40,348 50,267 245,189 1.960.5 1.910.0 21.1 25.6 2 23.7 15.8 19.2 1.62 1.10 2 1.23 .56 .82 2.73 30,644 63,340 37,095 85,410 1.084.5 3.011.0 28.3 21.0 34.2 28.4 19.1 19.7 1.48 1.07 1.79 1.44 .61 .84 .50 .63 35,956 323,443 50,743 99,859 189,395 8.778.0 1.697.5 21.2 3.529.5 7,138.2 ~l6."9 36.8 29.9 28.3 26.5 17.0 17.6 18.0 18.0 1.20 2.17 1.70 1.57 1.47 .75 .96 .41 .53 .57 .61 317.0 4.362.0 24.7 22.3 16.7 15.8 : : : : : : 1,48 ......... 1.41 .61 .64 16,082 120,855 7,819 97,141 1.57 .94 $0.57 Intercoastal trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 15............................. No. 16............................. No. 17.............................. No. 18.............................. No. 19.............................. No. 20.............................. Loading cargo: No. 21.............................. No. 22............................. No. 23............................. No. 24............................. 16,224 218,171 41,627 246,523 86.706 2 97,110 36,323 2 40,567 127,628 2143,191 26,700 229,903 952.5 2,750.5 5,352.8 2,262.6 9,647.5 2,304.0 17.0 15.1 16.2 16.1 13.2 11.6 2 19.1 2 16.9 2 18.1 2 17.9 214.8 2 13.0 15.8 15.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.08 .98 .90 .89 .74 .64 2 1.21 $0.83 2$0.74 2 1.09 .92 2.83 2 1.01 1.00 2.89 2.99 1.01 2.91 2.83 1.22 2 1.08 2.72 1.41 2 1.25 111,693 2 167,652 133,081 2 149,050 138,062 2 154,803 54,146 2 60,644 5,811.0 6,564.0 7,469,0 350.7 19.2 20.3 18.5 15.4 2 28.9 222.7 2 20.7 2 17.3 18.0 18.8 18.0 17.6 1.07 1.08 1.03 .86 21.60 2 1. 21 2 1.15 2.97 .84 ,83 .87 1.05 2.56 2.74 2.78 2.93 Coastwise trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 25Loading cargo: No. 26........ 2247,185 3 182,763.0 2 193,025 3 170,645.8 2$0.67 2 1 .3 5 2 1 .1 3 2.80 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Lumber— 4 30,312 No. 27..................... . * 42,067 No. 28..................... . 4 18,965 No. 29..................... 414,845 No. 30..................... 478,558 No. 315................... 12,296 2 13,770 Nitrate of soda, No. 32.. 14,174 2 15,875 Ore, No. 33.................... Pineapples, canned, No. 34................................ 158,027 2 176,986 Sugar, raw— No. 35..................... 502,426 6 8,916,404 No. 36..................... . 221,641 64,095,418 Loading cargo: 7,372 8 194,739 Case oil, No. 37.............. Copper, No. 38.............. 12,216 213,682 1 Wage rate: 90 cents per hour. 2 Short tons. 3 Man-hours, 152 963.0 1.539.5 556.8 608.5 1.142.5 411.5 375.3 29.9 37.8 4 31.5 4 27.3 4 34.1 4 24.4 4 68.8 2 33.5 2 42.3 4.548.0 34.7 2 38.9 18.8 1.85 5.305.0 3.724.0 94.7 «1,681.0 59.5 8 1,100.0 21.0 26.6 4.51 «80.10 2.24 6 41.30 .20 71.12 236.0 400.7 31.2 8825.2 30.5 2 34.1 16. 18.0 1.86 »49.10 2 1.89 .48 •1.83 .53 2 . 4 8 4 1,000 board feet. 5 Discharged with crane. 15.3 15.5 24.4 19.9 11.5 20.3 17.5 4 2.05 41.76 $0.44 4. 5 1 41. 41. 4. 6 5 4. 7 3 4 5.98 1.47 2 1.65 $0.61 2.16 2 2.41 .42 2 .5 5 2 .3 7 2.07 2.43 1. 2 .49 4. 1 5 .40 7 2.18 * Per 100 bags. • Per 100 cases. F ig u r e 4 3.— d is c h a r g in g , S o r t in g , and r e m o v in g L u m b er in S an F r a n c isc o 153 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b le 19.*—PR ODU CTIVITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREION TR AD E Discharging cargo: Europe Output per Aver Output per Average labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men per Long Rev Long Rev Revenue Long enue enue tons tons gang tons enue tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L in e N o. l Total, 10 ships.______________ 27,107 1,241.5 21.8 13.9 1.57 $0.57 2.07 2.05 $0.39 .44 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Ore____________ No. 2 (September): Coke.......... 3,185 4,911 31.2 28.8 102.0 170.5 13.0 14.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November): Coke____________________ Manganese (bulk)________ Manganese (barrels)______ 1,661 455 409 Total................................ 2,525 No. 4 (April): Coke____________________ Chalk................................... General cargo____________ 3,237 546 145 Total__ _______________ 3,928 153.5 16.5 14.0 1.15 $0.78 243.5 16.2 14.0 1.17 .77 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Tin plate_____ ____ ______ General cargo__ __________ 1,528 243 Total__________________ 1,771 57.0 31.1 19.0 1.63 $0.55 No. 6 (March): General cargo . 463 19.0 24.4 16.0 1.53 .59 Discharging cargo: Orient Lin e N o. 2 2.08 12.32 $0.43 1$0.39 2.45 12.74 .37 1.33 Total, 13 ships........................... Copra *................................. 16,082 11,735 i 18,010 113,142 No. 1 (October): Copra 8.......... 375 327 329 335 320 382 363 141 1420 1366 1368 1375 1358 1428 1407 1158 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 3.5 46.9 40.9 41.1 41.9 40.0 31.8 36.3 40.3 152.5 145.8 146.1 146.9 144.8 135.7 140.7 145.1 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 4.26 3.72 3.74 3.81 3.64 2.89 3.30 3.66 600.5 407.0 26.8 130.0 28.8 132.3 12.9 11.8 Ships with m aximum efficiency 14.77 bo. 21 i$0.19 14.17 .25 1 .22 14.19 .24 1.21 14.27 .24 1.21 14.08 .25 1 .22 13.24 .31 1.28 13.70 .27 1.24 14.10 .25 1.22 Total................................. 2,572 12,880 65.5 39.3 144.0 11.0 3.57 14.00 .25 1.23 No. 2 (July): Copra8................ 560 849 850 850 927 920 1627 1951 1952 1952 U,038 U,030 19.5 22.0 21.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 28.7 38.6 40.5 38.6 38.6 38.3 132.2 143.2 145.3 143.3 143.3 142.9 11.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 2.61 3.86 3.68 3.51 3.51 3.48 12.92 14.32 14.12 13.93 13.93 13.90 .34 .23 .24 .26 .26 .26 1.31 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.23 Total................................. 4,956 i 5,550 132.5 37.4 141.9 10.8 3.45 13.86 .26 1.23 * Shor* tons. *Data only for quantity for which separate labor time was available. 8 Data shown, other than totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 66490°—32---- U 154 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 19.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HAN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E-Continued Discharging cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Revenue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Rev per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons enue tons tons ton ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency L ine N o. 2—Continued No. 3 (February): General cargo. No. 4 (July): Copra___________________ General cargo____________ Total..............................- 302 1338 18.5 16.3 118.3 12.0 1.36 11.52 $0.66 i$0.59 378 241 1423 1270 28.0 14.5 13.5 U5.1 16.6 118.6 12.0 16.0 1.12 11.26 1.04 il. 16 .80 .87 1.87 1.78 619 1693 42.5 14.6 116.3 13.4 1.09 11.22 .83 1.74 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December): Copra_____ No. 6 (December): Copra_____ 721 315 1808 1353 28.0 135.0 25.8 128.9 23.4 126.2 13.0 12.0 1.98 12.22 $0.45 i $0.41 1.95 12.18 .46 1.41 18.6 18.0 1.03 L ine N o. 3 4 5 86,334 «130,444 4,639.0 Total, 26 28.1 1.56 $0.87 $0.58 $0.39 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (M ay): Hemp___________________ Pig iron_________________ General cargo...................... D o.............................. - 510 92 357 572 102 6,409 Total__________________ 4,750 7,440 254 275 457 525 284 307 6,148 4,975 7,721 No. 2 (January): Hemp and cotton_________ Coffee___________________ Pig iron_________________ General cargo____________ D o „ ........................ ...... Total__________________ 178.3 26.6 41.8 18.0 1.48 2.32 $0.61 210.6 23.6 36.7 18.0 1.31 2.04 .69 .44 1.24 $1.11 $0.73 Ships with m inim um efficiency 2,650 4,054 No. 4 (February): Rattan__________________ Pig imn „ ___ General cargo____________ Do__________________ 300 272 293 336 303 3,500 Total__________________ 2,870 4,432 No. 3 (December): General cargo. 181.0 14.6 22.3 18.0 0.81 190.2 15.1 23.2 18.0 .84 1.29 1.07 .70 1.51 $0.88 $0.60 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July): H e m p __________________ General cargo - __________ 172 4,188 Total__________________ 2,950 4,360 160.9 18.4 27.2 18.0 1.02 No. 6: General cargo_________ 2,270 3,483 130.8 17.3 26.6 18.0 .96 15,502 552.0 28.1 18.0 1.48 .94 .61 L ine N o. 4 Total, 9 ships. _____ ______ 1.56 $0.58 i Short tons. * Passenger line. • Principal commodities: Pig iron, 3,955 long tons or 4,430 revenue tons; hemp, 6,859 revenuo tons. 155 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 19-—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN F OREIGN TR AD E —Continued Discharging cargo: Orient— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Revenue Long enue per Long Rev Long Rev tons tons gang tons enue ton enue tons ton tons Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with m axim um efficiency L in e N o . 4— Continued No. 1 (M ay): General cargo . No. 2 (November): General cargo______ i ______________ 3,288 97.9 33.7 18.0 1.87 $0.48 1,695 57.6 29.3 18.0 1.63 .55 $0.77 S kips with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April): Sugar___________________ Copra___________________ General cargo____________ 758 258 Total__ _______________ No. 4 (November): Copra___________________ Lumber_________________ General cargo____________ 849 289 130 1,268 400 60.2 21.1 18.0 1.17 53.1 24.7 18.0 1.37 .66 450 706 154 Total................................. 1,310 ------- Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Copra___________________ Lumber_________________ General cargo____________ 1,053 1,179 946 68 Total__________________ 2,193 76.7 28.6 18.0 1.59 $0.57 No. 0 (September): General cargo______________________ 2,166 76.4 28.4 18.0 1.58 .57 • Principal commodity: Coffee, 30,138 revenue tons. 156 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 19.—-PRODU CTIVITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Discharging cargo: Central America— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev Revenue Long Rev per Long enue gang tons enue tons tons ton enue tons tons ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e N o. 5—Continued No. 3 (September): Coffee___________________ General cargo____________ 431 785 Total................................. 1,216 No. 4 (April): Coffee___________________ General cargo____________ 1,223 1,013 Total__________________ 2,236 65.5 18.6 16.0 1.16 $0.78 119.0 18.7 16.0 1.17 .77 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February): Coffee___________________ General cargo____________ 1,387 893 Total................................. 2,280 No. 6 (March): Coffee __________________ General cargo____________ 1,296 570 Total__________________ 1,866 88.5 25.8 16.0 1.61 $0.56 71.5 26.1 16.0 1.63 .55 Discharging cargo: South America L in e N o . 6 Total, 12 ships_______________ 740,348 i 45,189 1,910.0 21.1 123.7 19.2 1.10 11.23 $0.82 1$0.73 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Fertilizer________________ Bones (bag) ____________ Coffee and cocoa_________ Maize, y e llo w .__________ General cargo____________ Total ............................. 3,287 No. 2 (November): Fertilizer________________ Coffee and cocoa_________ Corn (sacks)_____________ General cargo____________ Total................................. 4,053 15.5 1 433 9.5 1312 11,716 11,086 | 102.5 U35 127.9 132.8 17.1 13.9 11.63 12.36 i$0.55 1.38 128.1 20.1 U.43 1.63 127.5 25.8 128.9 19.0 1.34 11.50 $0.67 i .60 24.5 1713 12,083 U,628 | 134.0 1115 129.1 19.3 11.50 1.60 128.6 20.1 U.42 1.63 158.5 25.6 i 28.6 20.0 1.28 11.43 13,682 l 4,539 .70 1.63 1 Short tons. 7 Principal commodities: Coffee and cocoa, 18.937 long tons or 21,210 short tons; bones, 4,514 long tons or 5,086 short tons; fertilizer, 2,619 long tons or 2,933 short tons; hides, 1,110 long tons or 1,243 short tons. 157 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 1 9 . — P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—C ontinued Discharging cargo: South America — Continued Average, Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Rev per Long Rev Long Rev Revenue gang tons enue ton enue tons enue tons tons tons ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e N o . 6— Continued No. 3 (August): Fertilizer............. Hides..............— Nuts.................... Coffee and cocoa. General cargo----Total- 2,246 No. 4 (October): Fertilizer............. Hides................... Bones................... Coffee and cocoa. General cargo----Total- 1725 i 185 1 145 i 1,246 i 214 19.5 14.5 10.5 90.5 137.2 113.8 116.1 20.7 21.7 14.5 20.4 1 2,515 135.0 16.6 118.6 20.1 1 589 i 122 136.8 12,188 1275 16.0 12.0 10.5 109.0 17.6 122.6 19.3 19.7 13.0 23.6 11.91 i .52 1.58 1.96 3,254 147.5 1 22.1 22.0 i 1.00 1.01 180 2,905 112.8 1 10.2 19.7 11.79 1.59 1.95 1.79 i $0.50 U.53 1.95 11.14 $1.08 1.97 1.47 11.73 11.55 1.94 1.90 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Hides................... Bones................... Coffee and cocoa. General cargo----T otal-............ 30.5 41.0 103.0 i 13.3 118.3 125.8 18.0 14.0 20.8 I.74 I I.31 1 1.37 i 4,092 174.5 20.9 123.5 18.7 1.12 11.25 1473 1116 186 164 i 2,343 i 122 1530 18.0 7.0 7.5 6.5 126.3 116.6 111.5 19.1 19.7 14.6 13.4 i 1.38 1.84 i .78 I.74 l .65 11.07 11.15 123.0 124.4 20.3 II.20 1.75 162.0 20.6 ‘ 23.1 19.6 1.05 11.18 19.1 1.48 11,101 3,654 No. 6 (September): Fertilizer........... Hides . Nuts------ ----------Bones................... Coffee and cocoa.. Canned meat____ General cargo___ Total- 1404 1750 11,837 3,334 i 3,734 1$1.22 1.69 1.66 $0.80 1.72 11.22 1.76 Loading cargo: Europe L in e N o. 7 Total, 11 ships........................... *30,644 8 37,095 1,084.5 28.3 34.2 1.79 $0.61 $0.50 $0.41 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (July): Canned fruit— Canned salmon Barley................ Wheat................ General cargo... TotalNo. 2 (April): Canned goods... Canned salmon . Barley................ General cargo. — Total . 1,183 135 4,319 2,000 34 1,677 171 4,837 2,240 52 7,671 8,977 95 297 1,100 14 132 376 1,232 21 1,506 1,761 218.0 35.2 41.2 19.0 1.90 22.2 $0.47 51.5 29.2 34.2 19.0 1.55 1.82 .58 .49 i Short tons. 8 Principal commodities: Barley, 14,444 long tons or 16,111 revenue tons; canned goods, 11,717 long tons or 15,635 revenue tons; dried fruit, 1,467 long tons or 1,876 revenue tons. 158 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 19.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABO R COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R A D E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Revenue Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long tons tons tons gang tons tons ton nue ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 7—Continued No. 3 (March): Canned fruit,. 282 771 65 385 977 96 1,118 1,458 General cargo ___________ 944 524 1,070 14 1,295 663 1,131 16 Total................................. 2,552 3,105 Cannpd salmon General cargo____________ Total ________________ No. 4 (August): Canned fruit Cannftd sftlTnnrn 52.0 21.5 28.0 20.0 1.09 1.42 $0.83 109.0 23.4 28.5 19.0 1.22 1.48 $0.63 .74 .61 $0.51 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Canned goods____________ Canned salmon „ Barley___________________ 1,322 135 1,748 1,799 171 1,958 T o ta l............................... 3,205 3,928 No. 6 (October): Canned fr u it____________ Canned salmon - _____ Dried fr u it ______________ Barley __ __ __ _____ Pig lead ________________ 419 635 113 1,865 506 559 805 146 2,089 567 Total__________________ 3,538 4,166 114.0 28.1 34.5 19.0 1.45 1.78 $0.62 121.0 29.2 34.4 19.0 1.50 1.77 .60 .51 •85,410 3,011.0 21.0 28.4 19.7 1.07 1.44 $0.84 $0.63 L ine N o. 8 Total, 22 ships_______________ 63,340 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Barley___________________ Lumber_________________ General cargo ___ - _ Total__________________ 1,120 73 528 1,338 No. 2 (April): Barley _ Lumber . ____________ General cargo - - ___ __ Total__________________ 1,721 52.5 25.5 32.8 19.0 1.34 1.72 $0.67 $0.52 131.5 24.4 31.6 19.0 1.29 1.67 .70 .54 2,419 304 1,429 3,204 4,152 ®Principal commodities: Barley, 11,850 revenue tons; refrigerator cargo, 4,154 revenue tons; lumber, 3,541 revenue tons 159 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 19.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN F O REIGN T R A D E —-Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve Revenue per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 8—Continued No. 3 (June): Lumber_________________ Barley__________________ General cargo__________ — Total_______________ __ 480 191 2,919 2,520 No. 4 (February): Refrigerator cargo________ Lumber_________________ General cargo____________ Total__________________ 3,590 166.5 15.1 21.6 19.0 0.78 83.5 21.7 28.7 25.0 .86 1.11 $1.15 $0.81 174 122 2,103 1,815 2,399 1.14 1.05 .79 $0.63 Ships of average efficiency No. 5 (October): Lumber___________ __ ___ General cargo____________ Total................................. 80 4,502 3,298 No. 6 (November): Refrigerator cargo________ Lumber_________________ Barley__________________ General cargo.,__________ Total 4,582 162.0 20.4 28.3 20.0 1.04 1.44 $0.87 136.0 20.7 28.5 20.0 1.04 1.44 36.8 17.0 529 131 698 2,516 2,810 3,874 .87 .63 Loading cargo: Orient L ine N o . 9 Total, 61 sh ips...____________ 323,443 8,778.0 2.17 $0.41 2.95 1 2.93 |j— $0.31 .31 1.80 1.82 $0.50 .49 2.18 2.18 $0.41 .41 Ships w ith m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)_____________ No. 2 (October)______ . . . . ____ 3,581 4.749 71.4 95.4 50.2 49.8 17.0 17.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August)______________ __- ______________ 6,300 4,220 No. 4 (June) 206.4 136.6 30.6 30.9 17.0 17.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April)_________________ No. 6 (December)____________ 5,055 o,857 136.5 158.0 37.1 37.1 17.0 17.0 160 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 19.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Rev Long Rev Long Rev Revenue enue gang ton enue tons enue tons tons tons ton tons Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Labor productivity and cost, by months L in e N o. 9—Continued 688 25,478 676 25,167 25,391 659 22,372 585 24,734 635 704 26,001 728 26,209 28,787 860 35,223 1,021 804 30,352 25,509 676 742 28,220 January, 5 ships,. . March, 5 ships - „ July, 5 ships_________________ September, (Tships __ November, 5 ships , _________ 37.0 37.2 38.5 38.2 39.0 36.9 36.0 33.5 34.5 37.8 37.7 38.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 29.9 17.6 2.18 2.17 2.27 2.25 2.29 2.17 2.12 1.97 2.03 2.22 2.22 2.24 $0.41 .41 .40 .40 .39 .41 .42 .46 .44 .41 .41 .40 1.70 $0.75 $0.53 1.33 1.90 $0.68 $0.47 1.48 1.90 .61 .47 L in e N o . 10 Total, 17 ships__________ - ___ 10 35,956 10 50, 743 1,697.5 21.2 1.20 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. l ’(July): Case oil_________________ Lumber_________________ General cargo _______ 3,645 292 300 5,100 343 580 Total__________________ 4,237 6,023 No. 2 (August): _______ Case oil Drum oil__ __________ Lumber_________________ General cargo ____________ 1,275 865 177 180 1,783 969 208 240 Total................................ 2,497 3,200 179.5 23.6 33.6 17.7 99.0 25.2 32.3 17.0 ! Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November): Case oil_________________ Lumber_________________ General cargo____________ 243 782 308 340 920 535 Total................................. 1,333 1,795 No. 4 (September): Case o il._________________ Lumber_________________ General cargo____________ 1,125 325 950 1,576 382 1,638 Total................................. 2,400 3,596 81.5 16.4 22.0 17.0 0.96 1.30 $0.94 $0.69 136.0 17.6 26.4 17.7 1.00 1.49 , .90 .60 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Case oil___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lumber________ ________ General cargo____________ 820 139 261 1,150 164 454 1,220 1,768 28.8 1.70 $0.80 $0.53 • 10 Principal commodities: Case oil, 23,194 long tons or 32,965 revenue tons; lumber, 5,156 long tons or 6,231 revenue tons. Total__ _______________ 63.5 19.2 17.0 1.13 161 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b le 19.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E-C ontinued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev per Rev Long enue Revenue Long Rev Long enue tons tons gang tons enue tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with average efficiency—Continued L in e N o. 10—Continued No. 6 (December): Case oil_________________ Drum oil . _____ Lumber_________________ General cargo**................. 1,960 355 170 80 2,838 398 208 140 Total................................ 2,665 3,584 111. 5 23.0 32.1 19.0 28.3 18.0 1.21 1.69 $0.74 $0.63 1.57 $0.57 L in e N o . 11 1199,859 3,529.5 Total, 13 s h ip s ......_________ S hips with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Case oil_________________ Asphalt_______ General cargo____________ 4,707 718 3,885 640 Total_________ _______ 1 No. 2 (June): General cargo.- _ 9,310 249.1 37.4 18.0 2.08 $0.43 7,900 228.2 34.6 18.0 1.92 .47 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Drum oil_________ _______ General cargo____ ___ - - 230 880 365 1,157 Total................................ 1,110 1,522 No. 4 (March): Case oil_________________ Drum oil________________ Asphalt_________________ General cargo____________ 3,165 372 4,060 769 4,419 595 4,547 1,217 Total................................ 8,356 10,778 64.2 17.28 23.8 18.0 0.96 1.32 $0.94 434.5 19.62 24.8 18.0 1.09 1.38 $0.68 .83 .65 1.60 $0.78 $0.56 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Case oil_________________ Drum oil________________ Asphalt_________ — ........ General cargo____________ 7,068 222 553 514 9,880 355 619 711 Total................................ 8,347 11,565 No. 6 (December): Case oil_______ _____ Lubricating oil.................... Asphalt—. ......................... Lumber................................ Canned goods.......... .......... Cotton__________________ General cargo____________ 3,535 630 1,429 350 440 4,888 1,005 1,600 487 547 1,183 323 Total_________________ ' 10,033 402.3 20.70 28.8 18.0 360.6 27.9 18.0 1.15 1.55 .58 ii Principal commodities: Caso oil, 41,919 revenue tons; drum oil, 8,198 revenue tons; asphalt, 22,717 revenue tons. 162 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 19.—P R O D U C TIV IY OF LA BO R A N D LABO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FO R E IG N TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Rev Long Rev per Long Rev Revenue enue gang tons enue tons enue tons tons ton ton tons Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Lin e No. 12 Total, 26 ships_______________ 120,855 12189,395 7,138.2 16.9 26.5 18.0 0.94 1.47 $0.96 $0.61 1.69 $0.91 $0.53 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1: C otton _________________ Oil ................................... LUTnhpr _ 304 806 Do .............................. 1,396 488 458 340 903 3,419 4,096 7,004 Oil ftnd glass............... General cargo____________ D o................................. 130 1,756 247 4,403 147 Total................................. 3,694 6,553 Total................................. No. 2 (January): 230.1 17.8 30.4 18.0 0.99 217.7 16.9 30.1 18.0 .94 1.67 .96 .54 1.32 $0.97 $0.68 S hip s with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Drum oil________________ Asphalt_________________ Steel....................— ........... General cargo____________ Do .............................. 436 445 718 243 488 498 4,334 804 Total................................. 4.459 6,367 No. 4 (August): Cotton _______ _____ Oil ............ — ........... — General cargo____________ Total................................ 267.4 16.7 23.8 18.0 0.93 191.4 17.6 .23.8 18. C .98 553 159 3,833 3,385 4,545 1.32 .92 .68 1.47 $0.92 $0.61 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July): Tobacco_________________ Oil........................................ Flour____________________ Asphalt__________________ General cargo____________ D o.................................. 1,597 217 1,035 1,080 268 1,789 243 3,391 1,159 Total__________________ 5,304 7,930 336 1,798 367 451 376 4,310 762 4,976 8,064 No. 6 (December): Cotton__________________ O i l _____________________ Lumber_________________ Rice_____________________ General cargo___ ___ _____ Do____ ____ __________ Total................................. 300.3 17.6 26.5 18.0 0.98 3,053 16.4 26.5 18.0 .91 1.47 .99 .61 *2 Principal commodities: Cotton and tobacco, 24,270 revenue tons; oil and glass, 7,492 revenue tons steel, 3,470 revenue tons. 163 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b le 19.—PR O D U C TIV IY OP LABO R A N D LA BO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Latin America Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Revenue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gang ber of hours Rev men Long enue per Long Rev Long Rev enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton L ine No. 13 7,819 Total, 8 ships............... No. 1 (May): Lumber.......... General cargo. Total............................. 280 500 No. 3 (July): Lumber.. ......................... General cargo.................. Total . No. 4 (August): General cargo.. No. 5 (September): General cargo........................................ No. 6 (October): General cargo. Total . >9.5 2,305 16.7 22.5 17.0 58.5 14.0 1.48 19.8 81.0 1.16 $0.61 1.32 $0.78 2.01 500 340 600 455 840 1,055 45.0 18.7 3.4 17.0 1.13 1.42 275 312 15.5 17.7 20.1 17.0 1.02 1.16 485 760 30.0 20.5 16.2 25.3 19.3 18.0 18.0 .89 1.40 1.09 22.9 19.0 27.1 17.0 No. 7 (November): Lumber............................... General cargo...................... No. 8 (December): General cargo............... —................... . 24.7 330 560 780 No. 2 (June): General cargo.. 317.0 .45 .80 .63 .78 1.01 .64 .83 764 416 649 1,180 51.5 922 34.0 17.1 1.20 .75 .56 Lin e N o. 14 Total, 34 ships.............. 1*97,141 4.362.0 ......... 22.3 15.8 ......... 1.41 ) .64 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Lumber.......... Gasoline......... Flour.............. Com________ Rice........... — General cargo- 326 193 465 1,371 408 532 Total........... 3,295 No. 2 (November): General cargo...................................... . 107.0 30.7 61.0 >.0 16.0 1.92 $0.47 15.0 ......... 1.93 .47 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January): Flour.............. . General cargo.. 500 Total........... . 1,488 No. 4 (February): Lumber.......... . Tallow............ . Hay................. General cargo.. 447 140 159 2,162 Total........... . 2,908 88.3 16.8 16.0 1.05 $0.86 170.5 17.1 16.0 1.07 .84 13 principal commodities: Flour, 10,866 revenue tons; lumber, 8,396 revenue tons. 164 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 1 9 —PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LA BO R A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Latin America— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Long Rev Long enue per Revenue tons I tons ton enue tons tons tons gang lons ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with average efficiency L ine N o. 14—Continued No. 5 (March): ________ Lumber General cargo____________ 844 1,162 2,006 Total - . _______________ ________ No. 6 (April): Lumber _______________ Hay ____________ General cargo____________ Total 89.5 22.4 16.0 1.40 $0.64 99.0 21.0 15.0 1.40 .64 296 308 1,474 2,078 ................ T a b l e SO.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LA BO R A N D LABOR COST IN HAN DLING CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L TR AD E Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Rev Long Revenue Long enue per Long Rev enue enue Long tons tons 1 tons tons* gang tons tons * ton ton i Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity L in e N o. 15 Total, 14 ships............................... 16,224 18,171 952.5 17.0 19.1 15.8 1.08 1.21 $0.83 $0.74 1.93 $0.52 1.73 .58 $0.47 .52 0.85 $1.18 .92 1.10 $1.06 .98 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June).................................. No. 2 (M ay).................................. 658 1,525 737 1,708 24.0 81.5 27.4 18.7 30.7 21.0 16.0 12.0 1.72 1.54 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June).................................. No. 4 (August).............................. 1,443 977 1,616 1,094 116.5 70.0 12.4 14.0 13.9 15.6 16.0 17.0 0.76 .82 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February).......................... No. 6 (July)................................... 487 1,056 546 1,183 28.0 59.5 17.4 17.8 19.5 19.9 17.0 15.0 1.05 1.17 1.18 $0.86 1.31 .77 $0.76 .69 46,523 2,750.5 15.1 16.9 15.5 0.98 1.09 $0.92 $0.83 1.48 $0.68 1.31 .77 $0.61 .69 L in e N o. 16 Total, 41 ships............................... 41,627 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (July)................................... No. 2 (October)............................. * Short tons. 953 886 1,067 992 48.0 50.5 19.8 17.5 22.2 19.6 15.0 15.0 1.32 1.17 165 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b le 20.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE-Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Rev Long Revenue Long Rev enue per Long enue Long tons tons1 ton enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 to n 1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity L in e N o. 16—Continued No. 3 (February).......................... No. 4 (September)........................ Ships with m inim um efficiency 768 1,049 860 1,175 66.5 83.0 11.6 12.6 13.0 14.1 16.0 16.0 0.72 .79 0.81 $1.25 .88 1.14 $1.11 1.02 1.10 $0.92 .94 1.08 $0.82 .83 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February).......................... No. 6 (June).................................. 1,299 982 1,455 1,100 83.0 63.5 15.7 15.4 17.6 17.3 16.0 16.0 0.98 .96 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 2 ships............. .............. February, 2 ships......... ............ . March, 4 ships................. ............ April, 4 ships................................. May, 4 ships................................. June, 4 ships.............. - ____ _____ July, 5 ships................................. August, 5 ships.............................. September, 5 ships........................ October, 4 ships............................. November, 2 ships........................ December, 1 ship........................... 3,048 2,067 3,713 4,637 4,279 3,763 4,334 3,460 4,331 3,691 2,321 1,983 198.5 149.5 241.5 319.0 292.0 232.0 261.0 214.0 324.0 229.5 169.0 120.5 15.4 13.8 15.4 14.5 14.7 16.2 16.6 16.2 13.4 16.1 13.7 16.5 17.2 15.5 17.2 16.3 16.4 18.2 18.6 18.1 15.0 17.6 15.4 18.5 Total, 48 ships............................... 86,706 97,110 5,352.8 16.2 Pier A ..................................... 73,179 Pier B ..................................... 12,928 Pier C...................................... 599 81,960 4,574.0 14,479 740.5 671 38.3 16.0 17.5 15.6 3,414 2,315 4,159 5,193 4,793 4,215 4,855 3,875 4,851 4,033 2,599 2,221 15.4 16.0 15.3 15.8 15.5 15.5 15.4 15.6 15.7 15.5 15.0 15.0 1.00 .86 1.00 .92 .94 1.05 1.08 1.04 .85 1.04 .92 1.10 1.12 $0.90 .97 1.05 1.12 .90 1.03 .98 1.06 .96 1.17 .86 1.21 .83 .87 1.16 .96 1.06 1.13 .87 1.03 .98 1.23 .82 $0.80 .93 .80 .83 .85 .77 .74 .78 .94 .80 .87 .73 18.1 18.0 0.90 1.01 $1.00 $0.89 17.9 19.6 17.5 18.0 17.7 18.0 .88 .99 .87 1.02 .91 1.03 .91 .81 .93 L in e N o. 17 .99 1.11 .97 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Pier A 2....... Pier B -. Total. 2,057 No. 2 (June): Pier A 2. . . Total. 766 1,149 32.0 48.0 21.0 2,304 101.0 1,150 54.5 39.0 1,974 93.5 20.4 18.9 23.9 23.9 18.5 18.1 18.1 18.0 22.8 18.1 21.1 21.1 17.4 16.6 21.1 17.0 1.32 1.32 1.03 1.12 1.11 $0.68 .68 .87 1.26 $0.80 .71 1.22 1.28 .74 .70 1.24 .81 .73 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February): Pier A 2........... Total- 1,723 No. 4 (February): Pier A 2.......... Pier B _. Total- 1,201 1 Short tons. 594 552 784 42.0 39.0 55.5 1,930 136.5 580 558 207 40.0 38.5 21.0 1,345 19.5 12.6 12.1 14.1 14.2 14.1 18.0 18.0 16.7 14.1 17.5 14.5 14.5 9.9 18.0 18.0 18.0 13.5 18.0 0.79 .79 .84 0.72 $1.14 1.14 1.07 .81 $1.25 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.43 .67 .75 2 Data are for daily or batch productivity and cost. 1.34 1.20 166 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 20.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN IN TER COASTAL TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev Long Rev Rev men Long Revenue Long enue per Long enue tons tons1 ton enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton 1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 17—Continued No. 5: Pier A 2................... ................ 837 684 412 51.0 42.5 17.5 1,933 111.0 770 1,244 346 40.5 64.5 19.0 2,360 124.0 Total, 21 ships_________________ 336,323 340,467 2,262.6 Pier B ...................................... Total_____________ ______ 1,726 No. 6 (September): Pier A 2.................................... Pier B ...................................... Total................ ................... 2,107 16.4 16.1 23.5 17.3 17.0 17.8 17.4 17.3 19.0 19.3 18.2 19.1 18.6 18.0 17.0 19.0 18.7 .91 16.1 17.9 18.0 0.89 15.5 0.95 .95 1.32 0.90 $0.95 .95 .68 1.01 $1.00 .89 1.00 1.04 1.01 .90 .87 .89 1.02 .99 .88 0.99 $1.01 $0.91 L in e N o. 18 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Steel, etc__________________ General cargo______________ Total.................................... 1,101 1,845 2,630 No. 2 (January): Steel, e t c __________________ General cargo______________ Total................................... 2,946 84.3 31.2 34.9 18.0 1.73 1.94 $0.52 $0.46 68.2 23.1 25.9 18.0 1.29 1.44 1,004 766 1,580 1,770 .70 .63 0.70 $1.45 $1.29 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (April): Steel _ ____ _____ General cargo______________ Total____ ____ ___________ No. 4 (September): Steel General cargo 627 918 1,379 123.4 11.3 12.6 18.0 0.62 18.0 .70 509 1,059 __ _____ ___ ___ Total..................... .............. 1,545 1,400 1,568 112.1 12.5 14.0 .78 1.29 1.15 0.99 $1.02 $0.91 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Steal ........................... General cargo Total____________________ No. 6 (November): Steel General cargo Total - 698 1,141 1,642 102.9 15.9 17.8 18.0 0.88 121.3 16.1 18.0 18.0 .89 1,280 908 __ ___ ________________ 1,839 1,954 2,188 1 Short tons. 2 Data are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 3 Principal commodity: Steel, etc., 13,990 long tons or 15,669 short tons. 1.00 1.01 .90 167 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b le 30.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE-Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Rev Long Revenue Long Rev enue per Long enue Long ton enue tons1 tons tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton 1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity L in e N o. 19 Total, 71 ships............................... 127,628 143,191 9,647.5 13.2 14.8 18.0 0.74 0.83 $1.22 $1.08 0.61 $1.67 0.62 1.64 $1.48 1.45 1.28 $0.79 .82 1.23 $0.70 .73 0.83 $1.22 0.83 1.22 $1.08 1.08 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)............................. No. 2 (February)........................... 1,576 1,631 1,765 1,827 161.3 163.3 9.8 10.0 11.0 11.2 18.0 18.0 0.54 0.55 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August).............................. No. 4 (July)................................... 1,321 1,851 1,479 2,073 64.3 93.9 20.6 19.8 23.0 22.1 18.0 18.0 1.14 1.10 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)............................... No. 6 (M ay)-—............................. 1,450 1,696 1,624 1,900 108.2 127.9 13.3 13.3 14.9 14.9 18.0 18.0 0.74 0.74 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 4 ships............ February, 5 ships_____ March, 7 ships............ . April, 6 ships................ May, 5 ships_________ June, 8 ships................. July, 6 ships.................. August, 6 ships............. September, 5 ships....... October, 6 ships............ November, 6 ships____ December, 7 ships_____ 6,441 8,058 13,420 12,784 10,912 13,388 10,537 10,248 8,582 10,407 11,473 11,378 7,215 503.5 9,269 684.6 15,029 1,033.8 14,318 1,017.6 12,222 855.0 14,997 1,009.0 11,802 728.0 11,477 700.0 9,612 604.0 765.0 11,657 12,849 882.0 12,744 865.0 12.8 11.8 13.0 12.6 12.8 13.3 14.5 14.6 14.2 13.6 13.0 13.2 14.3 13.5 14.5 14.1 14.3 14.9 16.2 16.4 15.9 15.2 14.6 14.7 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 0.75 .65 .72 .70 .71 .78 .80 .81 .79 .76 .72 .73 0.85 $1.20 .75 1.38 .81 1.25 .78 1.29 .79 1.27 .87 1.15 .90 1.15 .91 1.11 .88 1.14 .85 1.18 .81 1.25 .82 1.23 $1.06 1.20 1.11 1.15 1.14 1.03 1.00 1.99 1.02 1.06 1.11 1.10 26,700 29,903 2,304.0 11.6 13.0 18.0 0.64 0.72 $1.41 $1.25 0.82 $1.23 0.81 1.25 $1.10 1.11 0.63 $1.61 0.64 1.58 $1.43 1.41 0.72 $1.41 0.73 1.38 $1.25 1.23 L in e N o. 20 Total, 21 ships.............. Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January)............................. No. 2 (August).............................. 1,346 1,625 1,507 1,820 102.4 125.3 13.2 13.0 14.8 14.6 18.0 18.0 0.73 0.72 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (June).................................. No. 4 (July)................................... 969 1,177 1,085 1,318 95.2 115.3 10.1 10.3 11.3 11.5 18.0 18.0 0.56 0.57 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)............................... No. 6 (February)........................ 1Short tons. 1,135 1,578 1,271 1,767 97.8 133.9 11.6 11.7 13.0 13.1 18.0 18.0 0.64 0.65 168 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 30.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Loading cargo Output per Aver gang-hour age num Gangber of hours Rev men Long enue Long Revenue per tons tons1 gang tons tons1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Rev Long Rev enue Long ton enue tons tons1 ton1 Lin e N o . 21 Total, 21 s h i p s .._______—_____ 111,693 4167,652 5,811.0 19.2 528.9 18.0 1.07 51.60 $0.84 5$0.56 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): General cargo Do .............................. 314 * 2,155 « 610 «4 ,150 5 352 T o ta l.................................. 3,813 57,267 No. 2 (July): Hay and hops ....... T/limber ..... General cargo , . , D o ................................... 575 52,313 5847 « 5,381 5 644 Total.................................... 5,006 59,185 Lumber 210.2 18.2 534.6 18.0 288.6 17.3 531.9 18.0 1.01 51.92 $0.89 5$0.47 .96 51.77 .94 5.51 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Lum ber__________________ General cargo______________ D o ................................... 525 5890 56,454 5 588 Total____________________ 5,689 5 7,932 No. 4 (February): Lumber General cargo _ _ Do .................................. 883 5483 5 5,268 5 989 Total.................................... 4,827 5 6,740 319.1 17.8 524.8 18.0 0.99 51.38 $0.91 5$0.65 253.2 18.9 526.5 18.0 1.05 51.47 .86 5.61 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Rags and hemp ____ . . . . . Wine and tallow ______ __ Lumber General cargo Do ...................... 735 5520 5 371 5 544 57,883 5823 Total____________________ 6,579 510,141 No. 6 (January): Wool, rags, etc. ___ Lumber General cargo D o ................................... 1,099 5 385 5 542 56,258 51,231 5, 781 « 8,416 Total.............. .............. . 1 Short tons. 4 Revenue tons. tons. 3 Revenue tons. . 349.7 18.7 529.0 18.0 1.04 51.61 $0.87 5$0.56 292.1 19.8 528.8 18.0 1.10 51.60 .82 5.5f» Principal commodities: Lumber, 10,947 revenue tons; hay and hops, 12,263 revenue 169 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b le 20.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE-Continued Loading cargo— Continued Output per Aver gang-hour age num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Revenue Long enue per tons tons1 tons tons1 gang Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Long Rev Long Rev enue ton enue tons tons* ton* L ine N o. 22 Total, 45 ships............................... 133,081 149,050 6,564.0 20.3 22.7 18.8 1.08 1.21 $0.83 Pier A «................................... 98,536 Pier B 7................................... 24,650 Pier C s................................... 4,384 Pier D »................................... 4,007 Piers E and F » . .................... 1,504 110,360 4,956.0 27,608 1,153.0 187.0 4,910 4,488 192.0 1,684 76.0 19.9 21.4 23.4 20.9 19.8 22.3 23.9 26.3 23.4 22.2 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.3 18.4 1.06 1.14 1.24 1.08 1.08 1.19 1.27 1.39 1.21 1.20 $0.74 .85 .79 .73 .83 .83 .76 .71 .65 .74 .75 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (April): Pier A *__ TotaL No. 2 (September): Pier A a............. Pier C . P ierB . Total.................................... 3,952 1,033 825 36.0 37.0 1,858 73.0 1,414 1,432 360 1,220 55.0 55.5 14.0 45.5 4,426 170.0 22.7 23.3 28.7 22.3 18.3 18.0 25.5 18.0 25.7 25.8 25.7 19.0 19.0 19.2 19.3 26.0 19.0 1.57 1.24 1.25 1.21 $0.57 .73 1.40 $0.72 .64 1.35 1.36 1.34 1.39 .67 L36 .67 .65 .74 .66 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March): Pier A *___ Total _ 31.5 36.0 51.0 1,948 No. 4 (July): Pier A K . Total- 1,085 2,182 16.4 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.0 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.0 678 537 39.0 31.0 17.4 17.3 18.0 18.0 1,215 70.0 17.4 18.0 $0.88 1.02 1.02 1.01 0.91 .88 $0.99 .94 .86 .96 1.05 .94 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July): Pier A 2... P ie rB -. Total. 3,594 No. 6 (October): Pier A 2......... P ie rB .. Total- 3,061 351 1,528 1,385 761 16.0 69.0 62.5 26.5 4,025 174.0 973 1,924 531 44.0 86.5 24.0 3,428 154.5 22.2 28.7 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.51 23.1 19.0 1.22 $0.83 .74 22.1 22.1 18.0 18.2 18.0 1.23 1.22 1.23 .73 .74 .74 22.2 18.0 22.0 22.1 20.7 22.2 19.8 1.09 1.22 $0.78 .78 .77 .60 .83 .74 1 Short tons. 89 ships, loading chiefly canned pineapples. 2 Data are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. •5 ships, loading chiefly general cargo, « 45 ships, loading chiefly general cargo. w 2 ships, one at each pier, loading general cargo 7 30 ships, loading chiefly canned goods. 66490°—32----- 12 170 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 20.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men ‘ Rev Rev Long Revenue Long enue per Long enue Long Rev tons tons1 tons tonsi gang tons tons1 ton enue ton 1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity L in e N o . 23 Total, 71 ships............................... 138,062 154,803 746.9 18.5 20.7 18.0 1.03 1.15 $0.87 $0.78 1.71 $0.59 .73 1.38 $0.53 .65 0.79 $1.27 .78 1.29 $1.14 1.15 1.15 $0.87 1.16 .87 $0.78 .78 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (October)........................... No. 2 (July)................................... 2,504 2,434 2,804 2,726 91.0 109.8 27.5 22.2 30.8 24.8 18.0 18.0 1.53 1.23 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February).......................... No. 4 (M ay).................................. 1,810 1,249 2,027 1,399 142.8 99.5 12.7 12.5 14.2 14.0 18.0 18.0 0.71 .70 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)............................... No. 6 (December)......................... 908 2,087 1,017 2,337 49.1 111.8 18.5 18.6 20.7 20.9 18.0 18.0 1.03 1.04 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 5 ships............................ February, 6 ships.......................... March, 6 ships.............................. April, 6 ships................................. May, 6 ships.................................. June, 6 ships........................... ...... July, 6 ships.................................. August, 6 ships. ........................... September, 6 ships........................ October, 6 ships............................. November, 6 ships........................ December, 6 ships......................... 9,511 10,740 9,624 9,022 8,675 7,692 7,776 14,677 14,695 17,689 15,745 12,216 10,652 12,030 10,778 10,104 9,716 8,615 8,708 16,662 16,410 19,812 17,634 13,682 520 708 522 548 536 433 440 724 759 904 801 574 18.3 15.2 18.4 16.5 16.2 17.8 17.6 20.3 19.4 19.6 19.7 21.3 20.5 17.0 20.6 18.5 18.1 19.9 19.7 22.7 21.7 22.0 22.1 23.9 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.02 .84 1.02 .92 .90 .99 .98 1.13 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.18 1.14 $0.88 .94 1.07 1.14 .88 1.03 .98 1.01 1.00 .91 1.11 .92 1.10 1.28 .80 1.21 .83 1.22 .83 1.22 .83 1.32 .76 $0.79 .96 .79 .87 .89 .81 .82 .70 .74 .74 .74 .68 0.97 $1.05 $0.93 L in e N o . 24 Total, 19 ships.............................. 54,146 60,644 350.7 15.4 17.3 17.6 0.86 Canned goods......................... 11 7,294 11 8,169 439.0 16.6 18.6 17.8 .94 1.05 .96 .86 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (July): Canned goods Pineapples General cargo Total.................................... 2,508 No. 2 (October): Canned goods PinAAnnlAs General cargo.......................... T o ta l.................................. i Short tons 1,660 299 850 50.0 13.5 76.7 2,809 140.2 283.8 1.95 1.30 .65 33.2 22.1 11.1 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.9 20.1 17.0 1.05 1.18 $0.86 $0.76 18.5 20.7 18.0 1.03 1.15 .87 .78 1,540 642 3,669 5,224 5,851 u Data for 6 ships only, as hours of labor for others were not available. 171 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 20.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OP LA BO R AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN IN T E R C O A ST A L TRADE-Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 1 Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e N o. 24—Continued No. 3 (February): Copper__________ __________ Cannfid goods Pineapples_________________ General cargo.___ __ _______ Total____________________ 3,205 No. 4 (January): Canned goods______________ Lath........................................ Copper_______ _____ _______ Pineapples________ ________ General cargo______________ Total.................................... Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton 1 298 630 275 2,387 14.5 38.0 12.5 184.0 18.4 14.8 19.6 11.6 20.6 16.6 22.0 13.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.02 .82 1.09 .64 3,590 249.0 12.9 14.4 18.0 .71 .80 1.27 1.13 284.8 13.2 14.8 18.0 .73 .82 1.23 1.10 0.96 $1.05 $0.94 1.14 $0.88 .92 1.09 1.22 .83 .72 1.40 $0.78 .99 .75 1.24 1,470 250 294 395 1,811 3,768 4,220 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Canned goods.___ ____ _____ Pineapples_______. . ________ Peanuts______ ____________ General cargo__ __________ Total.................................... 600 165 203 1,498 2,202 No. 6 (July): Canned goods._____________ Copper____________________ Pineapples________ ___ _ General cargo - ________ ___ _ Total.................................... >Short tons. 2,466 142.6 15.4 17.3 18.0 0.86 131.8 15.8 17.6 18.0 .87 675 159 390 1,107 2,081 2,331 .98 1.03 .92 172 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 31.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending— Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons 0 Manhours Out La put bor per man- cost hour per (reve reve nue nue tons1) to n 1 Week ending— 1.36 $0.67 Weeks with m aximum efficiency 620.5 457.0 612.0 743.5 963.5 524.5 360.5 1,369.0 1.69 1.72 1.51 1.82 1.81 1.33 1.64 1.47 $0.53 .52 .60 .49 .50 .68 .58 .61 5,550.5 1.62 .56 1,128 2,595 868 1,461 746.5 1,533.5 545.0 1,037.0 1.51 1.69 1.59 1.41 .63 .57 .64 i, 052 3,862.0 1.57 .57 1,051 786 773 1,352 1,745 698 554 2,007 Total.— . Apr. 7, 4 ships.. Total.. Weeks with m inim um efficiency Oct. 31, 7 ships___ 1,527 1,527 1,167 580 2,346 1,019 917 1,284.5 1,139.0 1,165.5 497.0 2,105.5 830.0 766.5 1.19 1.34 1.00 1.17 1.11 1.23 1.20 Total___ 9,083 7,788.0 1.17 .77 Dec. 7 4 ships. 970 1,453 1,177 1,148 873.0 1,245.0 951.0 1,034.0 1.11 1.17 1.24 1.11 .81 .77 .73 .81 4,748 4,103.0 1.16 .78 Total.. $0.76 .67 .90 .77 .81 .73 .75 Weeks with average efficiency Apr. 14, 5 ships.. . Total.. 1 Short tons. Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) La bor cost per reve nue ton i Weeks with average efficiency — Lin e N o. 25 Total, 238 ships— 247,185 182,763.0 Mar. 31,8 ships___ Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons 0 1,512 1,374 571 2,139 684.0 1,133.5 990.5 397.0 1.544.0 1.26 1.33 1.39 1.44 1.39 6,458 4.749.0 1.36 10.71 .68 .65 .63 .65 Continued L ine N o. 25—Con. July 7,4 ships....... 753 1,329 900 496 636.5 1,081.0 565.5 405.5 1.40 1.23 1.59 1.22 $0.64 .73 .57 .74 Total............ 3,478 2,688.5 1.34 .67 Other weeks Jan. 7,5 ships........ Jan. 14, 5 ships___ Jan. 21,4 ships----Jan. 31,10 ships- — Feb. 7, 5 ships....... Feb. 14, 5 ships___ Feb. 21, 3 ships___ Feb. 28, 7 ships___ Mar. 7, 3 ships...... Mar. 14, 5 ships___ Mar. 21, 4 ships___ Apr. 21, 4 ships___ Apr. 30,6 ships----May 7, 2 ships....... May 14, 3 ships___ May 21, 5 ships___ May 31, 5 ships___ June 7,6 ships June 14, 2 ships___ June 21,6 ships___ June 30,6 ships___ July 14, 6 ships___ July 21, 4 ships___ July 31, 7 ships___ Aug. 7, 5 ships....... Aug. 14, 5 ships___ Aug. 21, 4 ships___ Aug. 31, 6 ships___ Sept. 7, 5 ships----Sept. 14, 4 ships-- Sept. 21, 6 ships-- Sept. 30, 7 ships-- Oct. 7,3 ships.. Oct. 14, 7 ships___ Oct. 21,4 ships___ Nov. 7,4 ships ,. Nov. 14, 5 ships___ Nov. 21, 4 ships___ Nov. 30, 7 ships___ Dec. 14, 5 ships___ Dec. 21,5 ships___ Dec. 31,4 ships----- 4,747 5,202 4,164 9,326 4,596 4,247 4,366 7,600 4,074 4,964 4,661 5,042 6,733 2,459 2,710 3,821 4,689 4,697 1,706 5,004 5,345 4,725 4,013 6,761 5,038 4,709 4,189 5,634 4,979 3,684 4,691 7,454 2,651 9,005 3,584 4,560 5,779 3,882 6,853 6,634 6,093 3,429 3,328.0 3,539.0 2,932.5 6,527.5 3,695.5 2,888.5 3,334.5 5,343.0 2,950.5 3,341.5 3,189.0 3,627.5 4,805.0 1,580.0 1,760.5 2,462.0 3,253.5 3,846.0 1,145.0 3,640.0 3,862.0 3,688.0 2,763.0 4,797.5 3,448.5 3,863.0 3,118.0 4,253.0 3,575.5 2,959.5 3,645.5 5,915.0 2,149.0 7,111.0 2,998.0 3,603.0 4,220.5 3,004.0 5,830.0 4,991.0 4,943.5 2,409.5 1.43 $0.63 1.47 .61 1.42 .63 1.43 .63 1.25 .72 1.47 .61 .69 1.31 .64 1.40 1.38 .65 1.49 .60 .62 1.46 1.39 .65 1.40 .64 .58 1.56 .68 1.54 .58 1.55 1.44 .63 1.22 .74 .60 1.49 .64 1.41 1.39 .65 .68 1.32 .62 1.45 .64 1.41 .62 1.46 .74 1.22 .67 1.34 .68 1.32 1.39 .65 1.24 .73 1.29 .70 1.26 .71 1.23 .73 1.27 .71 1.20 .75 1.27 .71 1.37 .66 1.29 .70 1.18 .76 1.33 .68 1.23 .73 1.42 .63 173 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 2 1 .— P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN COASTWISE TBADE-Continued Loading cargo Week ending— Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons l) Manhours Out La put bor per man- cost hour per (reve reve nue nue tons1) ton 1 Week ending- Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons i) L in e N o. 26 1.13 $0.80 Weeks with m aximum efficiency 610 1,086 870 443 587 425.0 851.5 627.0 259.0 563.0 1.44 1.28 1.39 1.71 1.04 Total............ 3,596 2,725.5 1.32 .68 Dec. 14, 6 ships----- 332 334 543 1,223 482 382 254.0 244.5 495.5 964.5 355.5 343.0 1.31 1.37 1.10 1.27 1.36 1.11 .69 .66 .82 .71 .66 .81 3,296 2,657.0 1.24 .73 Total....... .. $0.63 .70 .65 .53 .87 Weeks with m inim um efficiency Dec. 7,4 ships La bor cost per reve nue to n 1 Other weeks Total, 243 ships___ 193,025 170,645.8 Dec. 22, 5 ships___ Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) 616 449 972 576 713.0 377.5 1,025.5 571.5 0.86 1.19 .95 1.01 $1.05 .76 .95 .89 Total............ 2,613 2,687.5 .97 .93 Feb. 28, 2 ships___ 671 661 621.5 748.0 1.08 .88 .83 1.02 Total_______ 1,332 1,369.5 .97 .93 Weeks with average efficiency Oct. 7, 5 ships........ 609 1,089 1,211 458 1,255 582.5 1,025.5 1,030.5 386.5 1,067.5 1.05 1.06 1.18 1.18 1.18 $0.86 .85 .76 .76 .76 Total............ 4,622 4,092.5 1.13 .80 Oct. 21, 4 ships___ 1,020 700 502 427 960.0 615.5 362.0 396.5 1.06 1.14 1.39 1.08 .85 .79 .65 .83 Total............ 2,649 2,334.0 1.13 .80 1 Short tons. L ine No. 26—Con. Jan. 7,8 ships____ Jan. 14, 6 ships___ Jan. 21, 6 ships___ Jan. 31,8 ships___ Feb. 7,5 ships----Feb. 14, 5 ships.... Feb. 21,4 ships__ Mar. 7, 5 ships...... Mar. 14,4 ships___ Mar. 21, 5 ships___ Mar. 31, 5 ships___ Apr. 7,6 ships... Apr. 14, 4 ships. _ Apr. 21, 8 ships. . Apr. 30, 4 ships.. May 7, 2 ships... May 14, 4 ships.. May 21,4 ships___ May 31, 6 ships. June 7, 5 ships... June 14, 2 ships. June 21, 4 ships. June 30, 5 ships___ July 7, 2 ships___ July 14, 6 ships___ July 21, 7 ships___ July 31, 6 ships___ Aug. 7, 4 ships___ Aug. 14, 3 ships— Aug. 21, 6 ships___ Aug. 31, 5 ships... Sept. 7, 6 ships__ Sept. 14, 5 ships.. Sept. 21, 6 ships__ Sept. 30, 7 ships. Oct. 14, 9 ships___ Oct. 31, 6 ships___ Nov. 7, 4 ships. Nov. 14, 5 ships _ Nov. 21, 4 ships__ Nov. 30, 8 ships. . . Dec. 31, 3 ships___ 3,723 4,350 4,064 6,321 3,254 4,003 2,789 4,359 2,535 3,522 3,937 5.293 3,516 7,943 3,178 2,267 3,382 3,099 4,594 4.294 1,987 3,697 4,173 2,370 4,945 6,095 5,849 3,909 2,607 4,977 5,529 5,411 3,751 5,260 5,511 6,361 4,777 2,830 3,384 2,551 2,631 3,390.8 3.901.5 3.574.0 5.213.5 2.994.5 3.362.0 2.746.5 4.038.0 2.220.0 3.302.0 3.519.5 4.554.0 3.029.0 7.531.5 2.986.5 2.203.0 2.905.0 2.796.5 4.248.0 3.631.0 1.791.0 3.144.5 3.770.0 2.034.5 4.113.5 5.230.0 4.819.0 3.876.0 2.255.0 4.187.5 4.936.5 4.664.0 3,235. 0 4,316. 0 4.900.5 5,350. 0 4,331. 5 2,657. 5 3.233.0 2.266.5 5.373.0 2.148.5 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.21 1.09 1.19 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.07 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.16 1.11 1.08 1.18 1.11 1,18 1,11 1.16 1.20 1.17 1.21 1.01 1.16 1.19 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.22 1.12 1.19 1.10 1.06 1.05 1.13 1.10 1.22 $0.82 .81 .79 .74 .83 .76 .88 .83 .79 .84 .80 .78 .78 .86 .85 .87 .78 .81 .83 .76 .81 .76 .81 .78 .75 .77 .74 .89 .78 .76 .80 .78 .78 .74 .80 .76 .82 .85 .86 .80 .82 .74 174 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 2 2 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Discharging cargo Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Ganghours Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue nue tons gang tons tons ton ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Revenue tons Long tons L um ber Line No. 27:1 Total, 19 ships_________ 230,312 963.0 2 31.5 15.3 22.05 2$0.44 2.49 2.31 2$0.36 2 1.80 2 1.85 2$0.50 2.49 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October) — No. 2 (November) . 2 2 1,652 1,648 4 5 .0 ......... 4 2 .0 _____ 2 2 36.7 39.2 14.7 17.0 2 2 Ships with m in im u m efficiency 2 1,588 2 1,533 No. 3 (June)-----No. 4 (January). 57.0 58.0 2 2 27.9 26.4 15.5 14.3 Ships with average efficiency 21,605 2 1,613 No. 5 (November). No. 6 (April)—....... Line No. 28: * Total, 10 ships. 2 4 2 ,0 6 7 56.0 56.0 1,539.5 ....... . 2 28.7 2 28.8 13.9 13.9 2 2.06 2 2.07 2$0.44 2.43 2 27.3 15.5 a1.76 2$0.51 1.93 1.85 2$0.47 1.54 21.62 2$0.58 2.56 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (July)............ No. 2 (September). 2 2 4,254 4,252 150.0 153.0 2 2 28.4 27.8 14.7 15.1 2 2 Skips with m in im u m efficiency 24,180 24,245 No. 3 (December). No. 4 (June)....... - 168.0 168.0 2 2 24.9 25.3 16.2 15.6 2 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December). >___ No. 6 (November). Line No. 29: i Total, 22 ships. 4,136 4,231 134.0 150.0 2 2 30.9 28.2 17.4 15.8 2 1.77 1.78 2$0.51 2.51 18,965 556.8 2 34.1 24.4 2 1.39 2$0.65 21.6 2 1. 5 2$0.54 2 1.23 2 1.23 2$0.73 2 2 2 2 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December). No. 2 (October). _. 2 2 824 843 22.0 23.5 2 2 37.5 35.9 22.5 22.5 2.57 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January). No. 4 (M ay)___ 2 873 i Discharged with ship’s gear. 30.0 28.5 2 28.8 2 30.6 23.3 24.9 21,000 board feet. .73 175 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 2 2 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons L u m ber— Continued Line No. 291—Continued. No. 5 (June)__________ No. 6 (April) ________ _ Line No. 30: Total, 18 ships_________ Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue gang tons ton nue tons tons ton tons Output per gang-hour Ships with average efficiency 2911 2 875 27.5 24.5 2 33.1 2 35.7 23.7 25.8 214,845 608.5 2 24.4 19.9 2 1.40 2 1.40 ---- 21.23 2$0.64 2.64 ---- 2$0.73 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)— No. 2 (November). 2800 2 804 27.5 32.0 2 29.1 2 25.1 19.2 18.1 2 1.52 2 1.39 2$0.59 2.65 21.03 2 1.09 2$0. 87 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August)----No. 4 (December).. 2850 2 785 34.0 35.0 2 25.0 2 22.4 24.4 20.5 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March). No. 6 (April).. Line No. 31:» Total, 31 ships. 35.0 31.0 2 23.4 2 27.4 19.0 22.2 2 78,558 1,142. 5 2 68.8 11.5 2820 2 850 ---- 2 1.23 21.23 ..... 2$0.73 2.73 2 5.98 2$0.15 2 7.04 26.77 2$0.13 2.13 2 4.86 2 5.05 a$0.18 2.18 2 5.97 2 5.98 2$0.15 2.15 26.62 2 5.73 2 6.36 2 6.23 2 5.78 2 5.65 2 5.50 2 5.78 2 5.22 2 6.01 2 6.00 26.03 2$0.14 2.16 2.14 2.14 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.17 2.15 2.15 2.15 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (M arch)... No. 2 (January).. 22,552 2 2,373 31.5 30.5 2 81.0 2 75.3 11.5 11.5 Ships with m in im um efficiency No. 3 (September). No. 4 (February)__ 22,796 2 2,324 50.0 40.0 2 55.9 2 58.1 11.5 11.5 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October). No. 6 (April).... 2 2,471 2 2,443 36.0 35.5 268.6 268.8 11.5 11.5 Labor productivity and costf by months January, 4 ships----February, 4 ships... March, 3 ships____ April, 4 ships______ May, 1 sh ip.......... June, 1 ship............ July, 1 ship............. August, 4 ships....... September, 2 ships. October, 3 ships___ November, 2 ships. December, 2 ships.. 1Discharged with ship’s gear. 29,560 2 9,658 2 7,566 29,818 2 2,526 2 2,565 2 2,532 210,361 2 5,404 2 7,812 2 5,483 2 5,273 125.5 146.5 103.5 137.0 38.0 39.5 40.0 154.0 90.0 113.0 79.5 76.0 21,000 board feet. 2 76.2 265.9 2 73.1 2 71.7 266.5 2 64.9 2 63.3 267.3 260.0 269.1 269.0 2 69.4 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 ___ 3 Lumber in units discharged with crane. 176 T a b le GENERAL TABLES ^ . —P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue Long ton nue tons tons tons ton tons Output per gang-hour N itrate of S oda Line No. 32: Total, 7 ships........... 12,296 4 13,770 411.5 29.9 4 33.5 20.3 1.47 41.65 $0.61 4$0.55 No. 1 (January)8- 1,037 907 321 41,161 41,016 4 359 33.5 29.5 10.5 31.0 31.0 31.0 4 34.7 4 34.4 4 34.2 20.3 20.3 20.0 1.53 41.71 1.52 41.70 1.53 41.71 .59 .59 .59 4. 53 4. 53 4. 53 Total............. 2,265 4 2,536 73.5 31.0 4 34.5 20.2 1.53 41.71 .59 4. 53 695 731 612 484 4 778 4819 4686 4542 32.0 24.0 20.0 18.0 21.7 30.5 30.6 26.9 4 24.3 4 34.1 4 34.3 4 30.1 19.5 20.0 21.0 21.0 1.12 1.53 1.46 1.28 .80 .59 .62 .70 4. 72 4. 53 4. 55 4. 63 Total............. 2,522 4 2,825 94.0 26.8 4 30.1 20.2 1.33 41.49 .68 4. 60 No. 3 (A pril)«. 496 804 727 507 357 4 555 4 900 4814 4 568 4 400 19.5 32.0 23.5 13.5 15.5 25.4 25.1 30.9 37.6 23.0 4 28.5 4 28.1 4 34.6 4 42.1 4 25.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.2 20.0 1.27 1.26 1.54 1.96 1.15 41.42 41.41 41.73 4 2.19 41.29 .71 .71 .58 .46 .78 4.63 4.64 4. 52 4. 41 4. 70 No. 2 (M arch)« 41.25 41.71 41.63 41.43 Total........... 2,891 4 3,237 104.0 27.8 4 31.1 19.9 1.39 41.56 .65 4. 58 No. 4 (M a y ).. 700 4 784 22.5 31.1 4 34.8 20.4 1.53 41.71 .59 4. 53 No. 5 (July) 5_ 250 925 820 4 280 4 1,036 4 918 7.5 26.0 20.0 33.3 35.6 41.0 4 37.3 439.9 4 45.9 21.3 21.4 21.7 1.56 41.75 1.67 41.87 1.89 4 2.12 .58 .54 .48 '*.51 4. 48 4. 42 Total........... No. 6 (August)____ No. 7 (September). 1,995 4 2,234 53.5 37.3 441.7 21.5 1.74 4 1.95 .52 4. 46 1,531 392 41,715 4 439 50.5 13.5 30.3 29.0 4 34.0 4 32. 5 20.3 20.5 1.50 41.68 1.42 4 1.59 .60 .63 4. 54 4. 57 14,174 415,875 375.3 37.8 442. 3 17.5 2.16 4 2.41 $0.42 4$0.37 O re Line No. 33: Total, 10 ships........ Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1(April): Ore (sacks). No. 2 (May): Ore (sacks). 1,475 1,397 41,652 «1 ,565 25.5 26.5 57.8 52.7 464.8 4 59.1 19.7 19.4 2.92 *3.28 $0.31 4$0.27 2.72 *3.05 .33 4. 30 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (May): Ore (bulk and sacks). 902 1,163 41,010 41,303 24.0 45.5 37.6 25.6 4 42.1 4 28.6 18.3 18.0 2.05 *2.30 $0.44 4$0.39 1.42 *1.59 .63 4. 57 Total..................... 2,065 4 2,313 69.5 29.7 433.3 18.1 1.64 41.84 .55 4. 49 No. 4 (April): Ore (sacks). 506 4 567 16.0 31.6 435.4 19.0 1.67 41.87 .54 4. 48 4 Short tons. 5 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 177 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 3 3 .— PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons O re— Continued No. 5 (August): Ore (sacks) ............ Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue tons tons gang tons tons ton nue ton Output per gang-hour Ships with average efficiency 1,465 1,204 41,641 41,348 32.5 35.0 45.1 34.4 4 50.5 4 38.5 18.2 18.3 2.48 42.78 $0.36 4$0.32 1.88 42.11 .48 4.43 2,669 4 2,989 67.5 39.5 444.3 18.2 2.17 4 2.43 .41 4. 37 Ore (sacks)............... 185 267 184 61 4 207 4 299 4 206 4 68 8.0 8.0 5.5 1.5 23.1 33.4 33.4 40.7 4 25.9 4 37.4 4 37.5 445.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 20.0 1.65 2.38 2.39 2.03 4 1.85 42.67 4 2.68 4 2.27 .55 .38 .38 .44 4.49 4.34 4. 34 4.40 Total..................... 697 4 780 23.0 30.3 4 33.9 14.4 2.11 4 2.36 .43 4.38 4176,986 4,548.0 34.7 438.9 18.8 1.85 4 2.07 $9.49 4$0.43 Total..................... No. 6 (January): Ore (bulk)8....... ...... P ineapple , C a n n e d Line No. 34: Total, 63 ships................ 158,027 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)............. No. 2 (July)........ ........... 1,396 5,218 41,564 45,844 26.5 113.0 52.7 46.2 459.0 451.7 17.0 20.0 3.09 43.46 $0.29 4$0.26 2.30 42.58 .39 4.35 Ships with m in im um efficiency No. 3 (August)________ No. 4 (October)_______ 4,919 2,694 45,509 4 3,017 170.0 90.0 28.9 29.9 432.4 433.5 20.4 20.2 1.42 4 1.59 $0.63 4$0.57 1.48 4 1.66 <.54 .61 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay)._............... No. 6 (November)......... 1,481 2,637 41,659 42,954 41.0 72.5 36.1 36.4 440.5 440.7 19.6 19.7 1.85 4 2.07 $0.49 4$0.43 1.85 4 2.07 .49 4.43 Labor productivity and coat, by months January, 5 ships— February, 4 ships.. March, 5 ships___ April, 4 ships____ May, 5 ships......... June, 5 ships......... July, 6 ships_____ August, 7 ships— September, 7 ships October, 5 ships..November, 5 ships. December, 5 ships. 10,073 9,913 6,194 4,870 9,211 11,993 19,445 29,540 22,572 12,653 10,990 11,293 411,282 410,296 4 6,937 45,461 410,317 413,533 4 21,778 433,085 4 25,281 414,059 412,309 412,648 264.0 247.0 168.0 137.0 251.0 336.0 502.0 871.0 720.0 389.0 326.0 337.0 38.2 37.2 36.9 35.5 36.7 35.7 38.7 33.9 31.4 32.5 33.7 33.5 442.7 441.7 441.3 4 39.9 441.1 440.3 443.4 4 38.0 4 35.1 436.1 437.8 437.5 4 Short tons. •Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 19.0 19.2 17.6 17.6 18.8 19.1 18.3 19.9 19.7 20.1 18.1 15.5 2.01 1.94 2.10 2.11 1.95 1.87 2.11 1.88 1.59 1.61 1.83 1.74 4 2.25 $0.45 4$0.40 4.41 4 2.17 .46 4 2.35 .43 4.38 4 2.37 .43 4.38 4.41 4 2.19 .46 4 2.11 .48 4.43 4 2.37 .43 4.38 4 2.10 .48 4.43 4 1.78 .57 4. 51 4 1.79 .56 4.50 4 2.04 4.44 .49 41.94 .52 4.46 178 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 22.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue nue tons ton tons gang tons tons ton R a w S u g ar Line No. 35: Total, 103 ships. 502,426 68,916,404 5,305.0 94.7 61,681.0 21.0 4.51 6 80.10 $0.20 7$1.12 Skips with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (M ay)___ No. 2 (October) . 10,939 3,306 « 195,692 6 57,492 92.0 118.9 62,127.1 29.0 114.0 61,982.4 21.0 21.0 5.66 6101.30 $0.16 7 $0.8! 5.43 694.40 .17 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April). No. 4 (M ay).. 2,938 8,182 6 52,656 6 146,226 43.0 124.0 68.3 61,224.5 66.0 61,179.2 21.0 21.0 3.25 6 58.30 $0.28 7$1.54 3.14 6 56.20 .29 7 7.60 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (Feburary). No. 6 (July)_____ 3,113 1,901 6 55,668 « 34,186 33.0 20.0 94.3 61,686.9 95.1 61,709.2 21.0 21.0 4.49 680.30 $0.20 7$1. 12 4.53 6 81.40 .20 7 1.11 Labor productivity and cost, by months December (1925), 6 ships___ January, 10 ships----------February, 9 ships_______ March, 11 ships________ April, 12 ships--------------May, 12 ships................... June, 12 ships__________ July, 6 ships___________ August, 6 ships-------------September, 7 ships______ October, 8 ships________ November, 4 ships______ Line No. 36: Total, 53 ships—........ 17,973 53,479 56,796 67,291 68,823 65,387 66,215 18,045 16,815 29,179 28,449 13,974 6 320,841 6 895,734 6 1,014,865 6 1,204,856 6 1,230,336 6 1,169,011 6 1,182, 208 6 322,416 6 299,785 « 518,435 e 507,435 6 250,482 209.0 86.0 61,535.0 588.0 91.0 61,523.0 587.0 96.8 61,729.0 690.0 97.5 61,746.0 754.0 91.3 61,632.0 730.0 89.6 61,601.0 687.0 96.4 61,721.0 184.0 98.1 61,752.0 172.0 97.8 61,743.0 290.0 100.6 61,788.0 278.0 102.3 61,825.0 136.0 102.8 61,842.0 221,641 64,095,418 3,724.0 59.5 61,100.0 6 75.00 $0.22 7$1.20 .21 71.24 6 72.50 6 82.30 .20 71.09 6 83.20 .19 71.08 6 77.70 .21 7 1.16 .21 7 1.18 6 76.30 6 81.90 .20 7 1.10 6 83.40 .19 7 1.08 6 83.00 .19 7 1.08 685.10 .19 71.06 686.90 .18 7 1.04 6 88.00 .18 7 1.02 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 4.10 4.33 4.61 4.65 4.35 4.27 4.59 4.67 4.66 4.79 4.87 4.91 26.6 2.24 641.30 $0.40 7$2.18 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (April). No. 2 (June).. 4,672 1,010 6 82,821 6 18,052 72.0 64.89 61,150.2 13.5 74.73 61,337.3 25.0 27.0 2.82 650.00 $0.32 ’$1.80 .32 7 1.82 2.77 649.50 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (June) — No. 4 (March). 1,295 1,985 6 23,259 6 38,074 30.0 43.12 6 775.2 43.0 46.07 6 885.3 30.0 30.0 1.44 625.80 $0.63 7$3.49 1.54 629.50 .58 7 3.05 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)—. No. 6 (September) . 6 Bags. 3,229 4,266 6 56,969 6 76,448 53.0 60.99 61,074.9 71.0 60.03 61,076.8 7 Per 100 bags. 27.0 27.0 i! 2.26 639.80 $0.40 7$2.26 2.22 639.90 .41 7 2.26 179 SAN FRANCISCO (1926) T a b l e 22.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABOR COST IN HAN DLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons R a w S u gar— Continued Line No. 36—Continued. January, 2 ships.................... February, 7 ships...... ........... March, 5 ships...................... April, 7 ships......................... May, 6 ships......................... June, 6 ships......................... July, 5 ships...... .................... August, 6 ships..................... September, 4 ships................ October, 3 ships.................... November, 2 ships................ Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long tons gang tons tons ton nue tons ton Labor productivity and cost, by months 7,005 36,186 19,744 40,998 30,402 19,472 18,082 21,376 10,465 11,190 6.721 «140,353 « 676,390 « 368,221 « 763,625 « 582,726 « 348,706 « 324,846 «381,815 « 187,029 « 200,741 « 120,966 27.0 27.6 25.9 25.1 26.4 27.6 26.0 27.2 26.5 25.9 33.0 9 825.2 16.8 1.86 949.10 $0.48 10$1.83 8.0 32.75 9 875.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 1.93 951.50 1.76 946.70 1.72 945.60 111 49.3 38.9 59.6 54.2 58.7 66.2 66.5 65.2 61.6 59.8 60.5 «981 636.40 $0.50 7$2.47 639.90 .4? 72.26 643.00 .39 7 2.09 640.20 .41 72.24 642.60 .40 7 2.11 643.00 .37 7 2.09 645.80 .36 7 1.97 642.70 .38 7 2.11 641.60 .39 7 2.16 6 1,101 6 1,112 6 1,010 6 1,125 6 1,186 6 1,194 6 1,164 6 1,100 6 1,073 6 1,090 143 614 331 756 518 294 272 328 170 187 1.81 2.13 2.30 2.16 2.22 2.40 2.55 2.39 2.33 2.31 642.90 1.84 633.20 .39 7 2.10 .49 7 2.71 Loading cargo C a se Oi l 8 Line No. 37: 5 Total, 3 ships___ 236.0 31.2 7,372 ®194,739 No. 1 (March) . 262 448 117 9 7,000 #11,898 93,102 15.0 29.87 9 793.2 4.0 29.25 9 775.5 .47 1.75 .51 w 1.93 .52 io 1.97 Total.......... 827 9 22,000 27.0 30.63 9814.8 17.0 1.80 947.90 .50 1° 1.88 No. 2 (June). 675 537 700 9 18,000 914,300 918,625 24.0 28.13 9 750.0 15.5 34.65 9922.6 24.0 29.17 9 776.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 1.65 944.10 2.04 954.30 1.72 945.70 .55 10 2.04 .44 101.66 .52 io 1.97 Total......... 1,912 9 50,925 63.5 30.11 9802.0 No. 3 (July). 535 735 795 538 1,355 675 »14,800 919,560 918, 507 9 14,856 9 36,093 9 17,998 18.0 31.5 27.5 16.5 37.0 15.0 4,633 9 121,814 Total------------ 17.0 1.77 947.20 .51 io 1.91 9 822.2 9 621.0 9 673.0 9900.4 9975.5 91,199.9 17.0 17.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 17.0 1.75 1.37 1.81 2.04 2.15 2.65 .50 .44 .42 .34 145.5 31.84 9 837.2 16.7 1.91 950.10 18.0 1.69 41.89 $0.53 4$0.48 29.72 23.33 28.91 32.61 36.62 45.00 948.40 936.50 942.10 956.30 957.40 970.60 .51 io 1.86 .66 102.47 io 2.14 io 1.60 io 1.57 io 1.27 .47 io 1.80 Copper Line No. 38: Total, 12 ships.. 12,216 * 13,682 1 400.7 30.5 434.1 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (April).... No. 2 (August). 1,344 937 4 1,505 41,050 38.5 26.2 35.0 35.8 439.2 440.1 18.0 18.0 1.94 42.18 $0.46 <$0.41 1.99 42.23 .45 4.40 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March)_________ No. 4 (May) ................. 627 932 4702 41,044 25.9 38.1 24.3 1 427.2 24.4 | 427.4 18.0 18.0 1.35 41.51 $0.67 4$0.60 1.36 4 1.52 .66 4.59 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April).......... No. 6 (September)- 4 1,018 1,121 41,255 30.4 30.9 27.0 30.7 433.5 434.4 4Short tons. 5 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 6Bags. 18.0 18.0 1.66 41.86 $0.54 <$0.48 1.71 41.91 8 Samples. 9 Cases. .53 10 Per 100 cases. 4.47 Los Angeles (1926) T a b le 2 3 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E AN D IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Ganghours Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num ber of men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Foreign trade1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1............................ No. 2............................ No. 3............................ No. 4............................ Latin America— No. 5.................. - ........ No. 6............................ No. 7............................ Orient—No. 8..................... Loading cargo: Europe— No. 9............................ No. 10........................... No. 11........................... Latin America—No. 12— Orient— No. 13........................... No. 14........................... No. 15........................... 9,364 7,856 20,283 4,069 10,488 18,828 23,753 4,932 725.8 462.9 1,448.0 416.2 12.9 17.0 14.0 9.8 14.5 19.1 16.4 11.9 12.0 19.1 18.0 19.0 1.08 .90 .78 .51 1.20 $0.83 1.01 1.00 .91 1.15 .62 1.76 16,341 8,861 11,610 16,192 18,301 9,925 13,000 20,912 579.0 310.7 1,295.0 1,243.0 28.2 28.5 9.0 13.0 31.6 31.9 10.0 16.8 18.7 24.0 13.7 20.6 1.51 1.19 .65 .63 1.69 1.33 .73 .82 .60 .76 1.38 1.43 .53 .68 1.23 1.10 9,984 8,328 19,910 5,090 13,460 13,436 24,170 5,700 473.5 564.8 1,420.8 460.0 21.1 14.7 14.0 11.1 28.4 23.8 17.0 12.4 19.0 18.0 18.0 13.0 1.11 .82 .78 .85 1.50 1.32 .94 .95 .81 1.10 1.15 1.06 .60 .68 .96 .95 16,228 12,576 10,231 30,660 17,672 12,981 861.0 578.2 531.9 18.8 21.8 19.2 35.6 30.6 24.4 20.0 19.0 19.0 .94 1.14 1.01 1.78 1.61 1.29 .96 .79 .89 .51 .56 .70 $0.75 .89 .99 1.45 Intercoastal trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 16................................. No. 17................................. No. 18................................ No. 19................................. No. 20................................. Loading cargo: No. 21................................. No. 22................................. 264,558 2124,138 250,269 2195,238 2 29,437 2,383.5 6,469.0 3,908.6 12,402.0 2,527.0 62,324 2 69,803 42,221 247,288 2,951.0 2,402.9 57,646 110,834 44,881 174,352 26,280 227.1 219.2 212.9 215.7 211.6 17.7 17.9 12.0 17.0 12.8 1.37 31.53 $0.66 2$0.59 .96 21.07 .94 2.84 .96 21.07 .94 2.84 .83 2.93 1.08 2.97 .82 2.91 1.10 2.99 21.1 223.7 17.6 219.7 20.4 19.0 1.03 21. 16 .92 21.03 24.2 17.1 11.5 14.1 10.4 .87 .98 2.78 2.87 Coastwise trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 23 ............................. Loading cargo: No. 24................................. 2224,415 3145,660.0 2 61,443 344,073.0 21.54 2$0.58 21.39 2.65 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Lumber— No. 25......................... No. 26......................... No. 27......................... No. 28......................... No. 29.......................... 9,118 Nitrate of soda—No. 3 0 Newsprint paper—No. 31- 14,812 Pipe— 8,637 No. 32..................... 6,946 No. 33...................... * Wage rate: 90 cents per hour. 180 4 31,834 4 40,548 428,985 438,807 423,704 10,211 16,587 1,018.0 1,650.0 914.0 1,616.0 953.0 235.6 491.2 431.3 424.6 431.7 424.0 424.9 38.7 43.3 30.2 33.8 16.0 12.7 16.7 14.1 15.7 24.0 18.0 41.95 <$0.46 41.94 4.46 41.90 4 .47 41.71 4.53 41 58 4.57 1.61 1.81 $0.56 .50 1.67 1.88 .54 .48 29,670 7,779 372.0 356.0 23.2 226.0 19.5 21.9 12.0 12.0 1.93 22.17 1.63 1.83 2 Short tons. 3 Man-hours. .47 .55 41,000 board feet. 2.41 .49 181 LOS ANGELES (1926) T a b l e 24.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L ine N o. 1 1 Total, 7 ships.________. . . . _____ 9,364 No. 1 (February): Pipe___ _____ _____________ Chemicals_________________ General cargo______________ 606 526 Total____________________ 1,132 No. 4 (March): Pipe........................................ General cargo_____________ Total___ ___, ______ ^ No. 5 (June): Pipe......................................... Coke._________ ___________ General cargo______________ 725.8 12.9 14.5 12.0 1.08 1.20 $0.83 1,404 92.4 13.6 15.2 12.0 1.13 1.27 .80 .71 13.7 15.3 12.0 1.14 1.28 .79 .70 .32 .29 $0.75 903 644 358 Total____________________ 1,905 No. 3 (March): Pipe......................................... Chemicals_________________ 10,488 961 268 25 Total.................................... 1,254 No. 2 (March): Steel....... ...... ......... ................ Pipe......................................... General cargo______________ Reve nue tons Average Output Aver per manlabor cost age per— hour num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue gang nue Long tons tons ton ton tons tons Output per ganghour 2,134 138.9 _ 1,268 34.0 33.4 37.4 12.0 3.78 935 49.0 17.0 19.0 12.0 1.42 1.59 .63 .57 1,120 85.1 11.8 13.2 12.0 .98 1.10 .92 .82 2,239 261.6 7.7 8.6 12.0 .64 .72 1.41 1.25 3.11 783 52 835 505 451 44 Total.................................... 1,000 No. 6 (July): Steel___________ . __________ 1,220 Pipe......................................... 299 General cargo._____________ 480 Total_____ _______ _______ 1,999 No. 7 (December): Pipe______________________ Potash____________ ________ 767 472 Total..... ................. 1,239 1,388 64.8 19.1 21.4 12.0 1.59 1.78 .57 .51 L ine N o. 2 Total, 13 ships____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,856 2 8,828 462.9 17.0 19.1 19.1 0.90 1.01 $1.00 $0.89 $0.62 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November): Pipe............./ . _____________ General cargo__________ ___ 193 75 216 84 268 300 497 259 169 191 557 290 189 232 Total.................................... 1,116 1,268 Total___ _______ ______ _ No. 2 (February): Stone___ ____ ______ _______ Pipe and steel_____ ________ Glass....................................... General cargo.......................... 10.8 24.7 27.7 19.0 1.30 1.46 $0.69 49.6 23.2 26.4 19.0 1.22 1.39 .74 .65 * Most of cargo discharged directly to railroad cars. 2 Principal commodities: Pipe iron and steel 2,633 short or revenue tons; window and plate glass, 1,104 short or revenue tons. 182 GENERAL TABLES TABLE 2 4 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—C ontinued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Total............................... . No. 4 (March): General cargo______________ Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age hour per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency L ine N o . 2—Continued No. 3 (July): Window and plate glass......... Bananas___________________ General cargo______________ Output per ganghour 246 98 87 276 110 96 431 482 37.9 11.4 12.7 19.0 0.60 392 429 29.6 13.3 14.4 19.0 .70 0.67 $1.50 .76 $1.34 1.29 1.18 0.96 $1.05 $0.94 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Sugar_________—__________ Bags______________________ General cargo..____________ 229 123 337 256 138 378 Total.................................... 689 772 No. 6 (April): Pipe and steel______________ Window glass_____ _________ General cargo______________ 441 104 144 494 116 161 Total.................................... 689 771 42.2 16.3 18.2 19.0 0.86 38.4 18.1 20.1 19.0 .95 Total, 29 ships_________________ 20,283 3 23,753 1,448.0 14.0 16.4 18.0 0.78 1.06 .95 .85 0.91 $1.15 $0.99 $0.50 L ine N o. 3 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (August): Bananas______ ____________ Pig iro n __________________ General cargo______________ 159 100 331 178 112 440 Total................................... 590 730 No. 2 (October): Pig iro n __________________ General cargo______________ 297 382 333 482 Total_______________ ____ 679 815 23.0 25.7 32.6 18.0 1.46 1.81 $0.62 25.0 27.0 32.4 18.0 1.50 1.80 .60 .50 0.49 $2.05 $1.84 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February): Bananas___________________ General cargo______________ 75 115 84 130 Total................... ............... 190 214 No. 4 (December): Bananas__________ ___ __ _ General cargo______________ 135 243 151 272 Total____________________ 378 423 24.0 45.0 7.9 8.4 8.8 .94 18.0 0.44 18.0 .47 .52 1.91 1.73 3 Principal commodities: Coke, 2,770 revenue tons; cement, 1,836 revenue tons; pig iron, 1,652 revenue tons; bananas, 689 revenue tons. 183 LOS ANGELES (1926) T abu s * 4 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E—Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons L ine N o. 3—Continued i Output per ganghour Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue gang tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay): Coke........................................ 498 Pig iron................................... 200 General cargo.......................... 1,157 558 224 1,351 Total ___________________ 1,855 2,133 135.0 13.7 15.8 18.0 0.76 278 17.5 14.1 15.9 18.0 .78 * 4,932 416.2 9.8 11.9 19.0 0.51 No. 6 (July): Bananas.................................. General cargo...................... ... 52 195 60 218 Total____________________ 247 Total, 11 ships_________________ 4,069 0.88 $1.18 .88 $1.02 1.15 1.02 0.62 $1.76 $1.45 0.82 $1.27 $1.10 Line No. 4 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Bananas.................................. General cargo.......................... 215 360 241 425 Total____________________ 575 666 No. 2 (March): Bananas___________________ General cargo.......................... 277 270 310 360 Total____________ . . . . _-- 547 670 42.6 13.5 15.6 19.0 0.71 49.3 11.0 13.7 19.0 .58 .72 1.55 1.25 0.50 $2.37 $1.80 Ships with m in im u m efficiency 1 No. 3 (October): Bananas.................................. General cargo.......................... 173 70 204 116 Total_________________ __ 243 320 32.9 7.2 9.5 19.0 0.38 161 181 20.7 7.8 8.7 19.0 .41 No. 4 (June): Bananas........... . .46 2.20 1.96 0.64 $1.70 $1.41 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November): Bananas___________________ General cargo.......................... Total_________________ _ 320 60 358 99 380 457 No. 6 (December): Bananas___________________ General cargo______________ 273 85 306 136 T otal-.................... ............ 358 442 37.7 10.1 12.2 19.0 0.53 39.1 9.1 11.2 19.0 .48 4 Principal commodity: Bananas, 2,803 short or revenue tons. .59 1.88 1.53 184 GENERAL TABLES T able 34 —P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E-Continued Discharging cargo: Latin America Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 16,341 s 18,301 Average Output Aver per manlabor cost age per— hour num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue gang tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Output per ganghour L ine No. 5 Total, 12 ships____ ___________ 579.0 28.2 31.6 18.7 1.51 1.69 $0.60 $0.53 $0.29 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Coffee...................................... Linseed................................... General cargo......................... 688 701 944 659 785 1,057 Total........... ................... _ 2,233 2,501 48.0 46.5 52.1 17.0 2.73 3.06 $0.33 No. 2 (April): Coffee and cocoa.............. ...... 853 Fertilizer and bones............... 1,156 955 1,295 24.0 32.0 35.5 36.2 39.8 40.5 22.0 17.0 1.62 2.12 1.81 2.38 .56 .42 .50 .38 Total. .......... ..................... 2,009 2,250 56.0 35.9 40.2 19.1 1.87 2.10 .48 .49 $0.92 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (October): Coffee...................................... General cargo'.____________ 487 514 26 645 576 29 T o ta l........................ ........ 1,027 1,150 Fertilizer and bones__________ 65.0 15.8 17.7 18.0 0.87 0.98 $1.03 No. 4 (January): Coffee..................................... 512 20.5 573 and bones29.0 ________ Fertilizer 636 567 25.0 19.6 28.0 21.9 22.0 18.0 1.13 1.09 1.27 1.22 .80 .83 .71 .74 21.8 24.4 19.7 1.11 1.24 .81 .73 $0.82 .41 Total ................................ 1,079 1,209 49.5 Ships with average efficiency No. 6 (March): Coffee and cocoa.................... Asphalt__________________ General cargo____________ 4 632 518 535 596 580 } 599 23.5 31.5 22.7 33.4 25.4 37.4 23.0 17.0 0.98 1.96 1.10 $0.92 .46 2.20 55.0 28.8 32.3 19.6 1.47 1.65 .61 .55 1,585 1,775 487 817 545 915 1,304 1,460 46.5 28.0 31.4 18.0 1.55 1.74 .58 .52 Total, 92 ships_________________ 8,861 6 9,925 310.7 28.5 31.9 24.0 1.19 1.33 $0.76 $0.68 1.94 $0.52 .62 1.63 $0.46 .55 Total.................................. No. 6 (December): Coffee . Fertilizer Total............................... . L ine No. 6 Ships with m aximum efficiency 653 No. 1 (January): Nitrate of soda.. 1,022 No. 2 (July): Nitrate of soda. 731 1,145 15.7 29.2 44.5 35.0 46.6 39.1 24.0 24.0 1.73 1.46 5 Principal commodities: Coffee and cocoa, 6,672 short or revenue tons; fertilizer and bones, 6,668 short or revenue tons. 6 Principal commodities: Nitrate of soda, 6,938 long tons or 6,650 revenue tons; fertilizers, 2,402 long tons or 2,691 revenue tons. 185 LOS ANGELES (1926) T able 24.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Discharging cargo: Latin America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per ganghour Output Average Aver per manla oor cost age hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Ships with m inim u m efficiency L in e N o . 6— Continued No. 3 (October): Fertilizer-......................... ...... General cargo......................... 282 218 T o ta l--...................... 500 561 21.3 23.5 26.4 24.0 0.98 1.10 $0.92 No. 4 (February): Nitrate of soda„ 1,468 1,644 57.1 25.7 28.8 24.0 1.07 1.20 316 245 $0.82 .84 .75 Ships with average efficiency N o. 5 (M ay): Nitrate of soda .. No. 6 (November): Fertilizer....... 845 845 946 947 29.2 30.5 28.8 27.6 32.4 31.0 24.0 24.0 1.20 1.15 1.35 $0.75 .78 $0.67 .70 1,295.0 9.0 10.0 13.7 0.65 0.73 $1.38 $1.23 1.10 $0.92 $0.82 1.29 L in e N o . 7 Total, 18 ships___________ _____ 11,610 13,000 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November): General car go__________________________ No. 2 (April): Coffee_______________ _____ Bananas__________________ Total___________________ 470 526 159 178 262 293 103 35.0 13.4 15.0 13.7 0.98 20.0 13.1 14.7 15.1 .87 115 .97 1.03 .93 0.51 $1.96 $1.76 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April): Pipe....................................... General cargo______________ 447 528 500 592 Total.................................... 975 1,092 165.0 5.9 6.6 13.1 0.46 No. 4 (December): General car go_________________ ______ 261 292 44.0 5.9 6.6 11.7 .51 .57 1. 76 1.58 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February): General cargo. No. 6 (July): General cargo.____ 878 653 983 731 114.0 55.0 7.7 11.9 8.6 13.3 12.2 17.6 0.63 .67 0.71 $1.43 .75 1.34 $1.27 1.20 20.6 0.63 0.82 $1.43 $1.10 1.15 $0.98 .99 1.13 $0.78 .80 Discharging cargo: Orient L ine No. 8 Total, 22 ships............................... 716,192 20,912 1,243.0 13.0 16.8 Ships with maximum efficiency 904 No. 1 (August)............................. No. 2 (September)........................ 1,109 1,140 1,375 47.0 62.0 19.2 17.9 24.3 22.2 21.0 19.7 0.92 .91 7 Principal commodities: Canned pineapple, 7,310 long tons; refined sugar, 5,340 long tons. 66490°—32------13 186 GENERAL TABLES T able 34.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R A D E —Continued Discharging cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long tons tons gang tons tons ton nue ton Output per ganghour Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 8—Continued No. 3 (October)______ _________ 452 282 ......... ............... ...... No. 795 4 (M ay) 971 50.0 78.0 5.6 10.2 9.0 12.4 21.2 22.0 0.27 .46 0.43 $3.33 .56 1.96 $2.09 1.01 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)..................... ......... No. 6 (November)___________ 999 555 1,260 802 73.0 45.0 13.7 12.3 17.3 17.8 21.3 22.4 0 64 .55 0.81 $1.41 .79 1.64 $1.11 1.14 19.0 1.11 1.50 $0.81 $0.60 $0.33 Loading cargo: Europe L ine N o. 9 Total, 12 ships_________________ *9,984 8 13,460 473.5 21.1 28.4 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Cotton. General cargo__ 107 51 269 57 Total______________ _____ 158 326 No. 2 (December): Cotton____________ ________ General cargo__ 689 41 1,738 .48 730 1,786 Total................................ 6.3 25.1 51.7 19.0 1.32 2.72 $0.68 38.2 19.2 46.7 19.0 1.01 2.46 .89 .37 1.12 $0.90 $0.80 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February): Copper__________________ Canned fish _ General cargo___ ____ T o ta l...._________ _______ No. 4 (September): Copper__________________ General cargo______ _ „ Total—___ ______________ 487 118 333 546 132 371 938 1,049 375 202 420 306 577 726 49.4 19.0 21.3 19.0 1.00 30.7 18.8 23.6 19.0 .99 1.24 .91 .73 1.45 $0.69 $0.62 .94 .58 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June): Copper____________________ General cargo______________ 539 102 604 114 Total____ ___ ____ _______ 641 718 No. 6 (November): Cotton___ _____________ Copper_____ ______________ Canned fish________________ General cargo_________ 305 434 158 47 770 487 177 70 Total........... ........................ 944 1,504 26.0 24.7 27.6 19.0 1.30 51.5 18.2 29.3 19.0 .96 1.54 8Principal commodities: Copper and concentrates, 3,541 long tons or 3,969 revenue tons; cotton, 1,508 long tons or 3,803 revenue tons; cottonseed meal, 2,589 long tons, or 2,800 revenue tons. 187 LOS ANGELES (1926) T able 2 4 . — P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age per— hour num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons tons ton Output per ganghour L in e No. 10 Total, 18 ships....... ...................... 8,328 913,436 564.8 14.7 23.8 18.0 0.82 1.32 $1.10 $0.68 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November): Cotton .............. . General cargo______________ 271 64 591 87 Total _____ _____________ 335 678 403 202 204 992 225 253 809 1,470 No. 2 (June): Cottonseed rrie.al General cargo, T o ta l--.............................. - 17.9 18.7 37.8 18.0 1.04 2.10 $0.87 $0.43 43.4 18.7 33.8 18.0 1.04 1.88 .87 .48 0.80 $1.70 $1.13 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August): Oranges________________ General cargo______________ 214 409 364 581 Total____________________ 623 945 65.2 9.5 14.4 18.0 0.53 No. 4 (December): General cargo. 217 220 14.0 15.5 15.8 18.0 .86 .88 1.05 1.02 1.31 $0.87 $0.69 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Canned goods........ .. ....... General cargo______________ Total____________ _____ No. 6 (December): General cargo. 313 47 350 110 360 460 19.4 18.5 23.1 18.0 1.03 263 449 19.5 13.5 23.0 18.0 .75 19,910 io 24,170 1,420. 8 14.0 17.0 18.0 0.78 1.28 1.20 .70 0.94 $1.15 $0.96 L ine No. 11 Total, 28 ships_____________ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Cotton____________________ Borax_________ ____ _______ Oranges......... ................. ...... General cargo__________ ___ 470 186 102 176 526 208 114 199 T o ta l................. ................ 934 1,047 No. 2 (August): C ottonseed meal................. General cargo...................... . 1,004 35 1,124 40 Total___________ ____ ___ 1,039 1,164 39.4 23.8 26.6 18.0 1.32 1.48 $0.68 $0.61 47.9 21.6 24.3 18.0 1.20 1.35 .75 .67 fl Principal commodities: Cotton, 1,866 long tons or 4,297 revenue tons; oranges, 1,908 long tons or 3,299 revenue tons. 10 Principal commodities: Cotton, 6,444 long tons or 7,218 revenue tons; oranges, 4,346 long tons or 6,470 revenue tons; borax, 1,992 long tons or 2,230 revenue tons. 188 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 24.—PR O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE-Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons L ine N o . 11—Continued Average Output Aver per manlabor cost age hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Output per ganghour Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October): Cotton..................................... General cargo.......................... 202 218 226 270 Total____________________ 420 496 No. 4 (April): Cotton..................................... Oranges................................... Borax....................................... General cargo.......................... 321 121 108 159 360 175 121 190 Total.................................... 709 846 41.7 10.1 11.9 18.0 0.56 68.6 10.3 12.4 18.0 .57 0.66 $1.61 .69 $1.36 1.58 1.30 0.94 $1.18 $0.96 Skips with average efficiency No. 5 (May) Oranges___________________ Borax................................... Cotton..................................... Hides....................................... General cargo.......................... 318 164 149 144 56 450 184 167 161 62 Total____________________ 831 1,024 No. 6 (August): Oranges___________________ Cottonseed meal..................... General cargo.......................... 757 750 49 1,087 840 57 Total___ ____ ____________ 1,556 1,984 60.8 13.7 16.9 18.0 0.76 119.0 13.1 16.7 18.0 .73 13.0 0.85 .93 1.23 .97 0.95 $1.06 $0.95 1.43 $0.70 1.15 .87 $0.63 .78 0.60 $1.67 .69 1.45 $1.50 1.30 0.97 $1.09 .97 1.03 $0.93 .93 Loading cargo: Latin America Line N o. 12 Total, 13 ships_________________ 5,090 5,700 460.0 11.1 12.4 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (July)................................... No. 2 (January)........................... - 405 587 454 658 24.0 43.0 16.9 13.7 18.9 15.3 13.3 13.3 1.28 1.03 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 ( ____ No. 4 (March). 308 495 345 554 38.0 62.0 8.1 7.9 9.1 8.9 15.2 13.0 0.54 .62 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)____________ ______ No. 6 (December)— __ . . . ______ 295 371 330 416 27.0 35.0 10.9 10.6 12.2 11.9 12.6 12.2 0.87 .87 189 LOS ANGELES (1926) T a b l e 3 4 .— P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COSTS IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E—Continued Loading cargo: Orient Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output Aver labor cost per manage per— hour num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Output per ganghour L in e N o. 13 Total, 22 sh ip s..._____ _________ 16,228 30,660 861.0 18.8 35.6 20.0 0.94 1.78 $0.96 $0.51 2.54 $0.95 2.53 .69 $0.35 .36 1.02 $2.00 1.14 1.32 $0.88 .79 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November)_____________ No. 2 (October)________________; 558 778 1,497 1,500 29.0 28.0 19.2 27.8 51.6 53.6 20.3 21.2 0.95 1.31 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September)_____________ No. 4 (February)_______________ 545 548 1,245 912 62.0 37.0 8.8 14.8 20.1 24.6 19.7 21.7 0.45 0.68 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December)______________ 729 1,433 43.0 17.0 33.3 No.858 6 (April).................................. 1,520 41.0 20.9 37.1 18.7 20.7 0.91 1.01 1.78 $0.99 .89 1.79 $0.51 .50 19.0 1.14 1.61 $0.79 $0.56 $0.40 Lin e N o. 14 Total, 11 ships_________________ 12,576 ii 17,672 578.2 21.8 30.6 Ships w ith m axim um efficiency No. 1 (September): Case oil_______ General cargo______________ 1,110 83 1,549 91 Total____________________ 1,193 1,640 No. 2 (September): Case oil. _____________ General cargo___________ _ 1,247 236 1,745 307 Total.................................... 1,483 2,052 38.1 31.4 42.9 19.0 1.65 2.26 $0.55 57.0 26.0 36.1 19.0 1.37 1.90 .66 .47 1.20 $1.07 $0.75 .93 .64 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August): Case oil _________ ___ Lubricating oil_____________ General cargo______________ 570 257 71 800 410 78 Total.................................... 898 1,288 No. 4 (May): Case oil___________________ Lubricating oil_____________ General cargo_____ ________ 964 501 130 1,350 813 143 Total.................................. 1,595 2,306 56.5 16.0 22.8 19.0 0.84 86.3 18.4 26.8 19.0 .97 1.41 “ Principal commodities: Case oil, 9,461 long tons or 13,231 revenue tons; lubricating oil, 2,028 long tons or 3,246 revenue tons. 190 T able GENERAL TABLES 3 4 .— P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COSTS IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L in e Reve nue tons Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue Long nue gang tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Output per ganghour Ships with average efficiency N o. 14—Continued No. 5 (December): Case oil___________________ General cargo______________ 284 89 398 98 Total____________________ 373 496 1,400 856 344 1,950 1,370 157 Total.................................... 2,400 16.4 22.8 30.4 19.0 1.20 1.60 $0.75 3,477 113.2 21.3 30.8 19.0 1.12 1.62 Total, 15 ships_________________ 10,231 1212,981 531.9 19.2 24.4 19.0 1.01 1.29 $0.89 $0 .70 No. 6 (June): Case oil___________________ T iiih rifta tin g o il _ . General cargo______________ L in e .80 $0.56 .56 No. 15 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Cotton ________ • _________ Copper. __________________ General cargo______________ 425 212 109 1,071 237 163 Total.......................... ......... 746 1,471 No. 2 (April): Old newspapers____________ Soda ash___________________ 453 136 507 152 Total.................................... 589 659 39.2 19.0 37.6 19.0 1.00 1.98 $0.90 22.5 26.2 29.3 19.0 1.38 1.54 $0.45 .65 .58 0.99 $1.11 $0.91 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (April): Old newspapers____________ General cargo______________ 454 154 509 228 Total................................... 608 737 No, 4 (August): Old newspapers____________ General cargo______________ 341 54 382 61 Total.................................... 395 443 39.4 15.4 18.8 19.0 0.81 23.3 16.9 19.0 19.0 .89 1.00 1 1.01 .90 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November): Ola newspapers____________ Cotton __________________ Soda ash. __ __ __________ General cargo______________ 402 93 140 281 450 235 157 330 Total_______________ ____ 916 1,172 No. 6 (December): Old newspapers Cotton____________________ Soda ash__________________ General cargo___________ _ 405 60 180 44 454 116 202 66 Total____ ______ _________ 689 838 48.3 19.0 24.3 19.0 1.00 1.28 $0.90 $0.70 33.1 20.7 25.3 19.0 1.09 1.33 .83 .68 12 Principal commodity: Old newspapers, 6,314 long tons or 7,072 revenue tons. 191 LOS ANGELES (1926) T a b l e 2 5 .— P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN IN TERCOASTAL T R AD E Discharging cargo Ganghours Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num ber of men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons 1 tons i ton i 2,383.5 24.2 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons i Lin e N o. 16 Total, 32 ships........................... 57,676 2 64,558 27.1 17.7 1.37 1.53 $0.66 $0.59 $0.36 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Pipe____________________ _ General cargo_____________ Total___________________ 4,074 259 3,869 No. 2 (December): Pipe ____________________ General cargo________- ____ Total ........................... — 4,333 94.0 41.2 46.1 18.7 2.21 2.47 $0.41 95.0 30.2 33.8 17.7 !. 7! 1.92 2,335 878 2,869 3,213 .53 .47 0.80 $1.27 $1.13 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (November): Lumber__________________ General cargo_____________ Total___________________ 228 239 417 No. 4 (December): Pipe_____________________ General cargo_____________ Total___________________ 467 36.0 11.6 13.0 16.3 0. 71 37.5 15.4 17.2 19.0 .81 366 278 575 644 .91 1.11 .99 1.37 1.53 $0.66 $0.59 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Pipe_____________________ General cargo_____________ 1,492 853 2,094 24.9 27.9 2, 657 96.0 24.7 27.7 18.0 1.37 1.53 .66 .59 Total, 61 ships________________ 110,834 124,138 6,469.0 17.1 19.2 17.9 0.96 1.07 $0.94 $0.84 $0.79 .75 .62 .83 .76 Total.................................. 2,345 18.2 84.0 Total___________________ No. 6 (May): Pipe _________________ _ General cargo_____________ 1,571 1,086 2,372 Lin e N o. 17 M onth with m aximum efficiency October, 5 ships_______________ 1,595 1,437 1,747 1,816 1,946 1,786 1,609 1,957 2,039 2,179 85.0 72.5 73.5 108.0 106.5 18.7 19.8 23.7 16.8 18.3 21.0 22.2 26.6 18.8 20.5 18.5 18.4 18.4 17.5 17.2 1.02 1.07 1.29 .96 1.06 1.14 $0.88 1.20 .84 1.45 .70 .94 1.08 .85 1.19 Total_________________ _ 8,541 9,570 445.5 19.2 21.5 17.9 1.07 1.20 i Short tons. * Principal commodity: Pipe, 41,390 short or revenue tons. .84 .75 192 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 35.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L in e Reve nue tons1 No. 17—Continued Ganghours Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num ber of men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue tons tons tons tons 1 i ton ton i M onth with m in im u m efficiency February, 5 ships..................... Total. 1,761 1,825 1,371 1,113 2,006 1,972 2,044 1,536 1,247 2,247 130.0 113.0 89.5 94.0 115.5 13.6 16.2 15.4 11.9 17.4 15.2 18.1 17.2 13.3 19.5 16.2 17.2 16.8 18.0 16.6 0.84 .94 .91 .66 1.04 8,076 9,046 542.0 14.9 16.7 16.9 .88 0.94 $1.07 1.05 .96 1.02 .99 .74 1.36 .87 1.17 .99 $0.96 .86 .88 1.27 .77 1.02 .91 1.08 $0.94 1.08 .94 .92 1.10 1.14 .88 1.21 .83 $0.83 .83 .98 .79 .74 M onth with average efficiency May, 5 ships.. Total. 2,524 1,951 2,661 1,653 2,143 2,827 2,185 2,980 1,851 2,400 152.5 116.5 169.5 88.0 113.0 16.5 16.8 15.7 18.7 18.9 18.5 18.8 17.6 21.0 21.2 17.2 17.5 19.2 18.4 17.5 0.96 .96 .82 1.02 1.08 . 10,932 12,243 639.5 17.1 19.1 18.0 .95 . 1.06 .95 .85 Other months 8,897 10,133 8,631 9,122 8,013 8,538 7,634 11,464 10,853 January, 5 ships............. March, 6 ships.............. . April, 5 ships................. June, 5 ships................ . July, 5 ships................... August, 5 ships............. . September, 5 ships------November, 5 ships......... December, 5 ships........ . 9,964 11,349 9,667 10,217 8.975 9,562 8, 551 12,840 12,154 498.0 670.5 533.0 491.0 456.0 471.0 426.5 684.5 611.5 17.9 15.1 16.2 18.6 17.6 18.1 17.9 16.7 17.7 20.0 16.9 18.1 20.8 19.7 20.3 20.0 18.8 19.9 17.2 17.2 18.0 19.3 18.6 17.8 18.1 18.1 18.1 1.04 .88 .90 .96 .95 1.02 .99 .93 .98 1.17 $0.87 .99 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.08 .94 1.06 .95 1.14 .88 1.11 .91 1.04 .97 1.10 .92 $0.77 .91 .89 .83 .85 .79 .81 .87 .82 44,881 3 50,269 3,908.6 11.5 12.9 12.0 0.96 1.07 $0.94 $0.84 L in e N o . 18 Total, 38 ships.............. . Ships with m atim um efficiency No. 1 (Api*il): Iron and steel.. General cargo.. 1,087 399 1,218 446 1,486 1,664 No. 2 (May): Iron and steel.. General cargo.. 1,571 323 1, 760 361 Total........... . 1,894 2,121 Total........... . . 99.3 15.0 16.8 12.0 1.25 1.40 $0.72 $0.64 126.5 15.0 16.8 12.0 1.25 1.40 .72 .64 0.58 $1.73 $1.55 1.36 1.22 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September): Iron and steel. General cargo.. 377 285 420 322 Total............. 662 742 No. 4 (M ay): Iron and steel— General cargo.. 705 432 790 484 Total............. 1,137 1,274 107.5 6.2 7.0 12.0 0.52 143.3 7.9 8.9 12.0 . 66 i Short tons. 3 Principal commodity: Iron and steel, 30,212 short or revenue tons. .74 193 LOS ANGELES (1926) T a b l e 2 5 .—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF F LABOR AND AN D LABOR COST IN I HAN DLIN G CARGO IN ERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued INTERCOASTAL Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Ganghours Long tons Reve nue tons1 Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 18—Continued No. 5 (October): Iron and steel. General cargo.. 1,057 332 Total................... 1,184 372 120.7 11.5 12.8 12.0 0.96 119.7 11.4 12.7 12.0 .95 174,352 195,238 12,402.0 14.1 15.7 17.0 0.83 1,556 Total. No. 6 (March): Iron and steel. General cargo. Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num ber of men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton ton 1 873 482 978 540 1,355 1,518 1.07 $0.94 1.06 $0.84 .95 L in e N o . 19 Total, 75 ships.............. 0.93 $1.08 $0.97 1.18 $0.86 .90 1.13 1.11 .91 .86 1.17 1.00 1.01 1.04 .97 .94 1.07 $0.76 1.00 .81 1.05 .90 .87 .96 M onth with m aximum efficiency June, 7 ships. 2,426 1,805 1,739 1,729 2,173 1,910 2,083 2,717 2,022 1,948 1,936 2,434 2,139 2,333 136.5 133.0 104.0 133.0 143.4 121.6 147.5 17.9 13.6 16.8 13.1 15.1 15.8 14.3 20.1 15.3 18.9 14.6 17.0 17.7 16.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 1.05 .80 .99 .77 .89 .93 .84 Total. 13,865 15,529 919.0 15.0 16.9 17.0 .89 1.00 1.01 .90 0.76 $1.32 .72 1.41 .75 1.34 .84 1.20 1.03 .98 .86 1.17 $1.18 1.25 1.20 1.07 .87 1.05 M onth with m inim um efficiency April, 6 ships. Total. 2,587 1,704 1.402 2; 612 2,531 2,437 2,898 1,909 1,570 2,926 2,835 2,730 225.5 156.0 124.5 206.3 163.0 186.8 11.6 10.9 11.4 12.8 15.6 13.1 12.9 12.2 12.8 14.3 17.5 14.6 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 0.68 .64 .67 .75 .92 .77 13,273 14,868 1,062.1 12.5 14.0 17.0 .74 .83 1.22 1.08 0.84 $1.20 .77 1.30 .94 1.07 1.20 .84 .92 1.10 .97 1.03 $1.07 1.17 .96 .75 .98 .93 M onth with average efficiency December, 6 ships.. 2,121 2,885 2,434 3,083 2,131 3,398 2,376 3,231 2,726 3,453 2,387 3,806 167.3 248.3 169.8 170.7 153.6 230.7 12.8 11.7 14.3 18.2 13.9 14.8 14.3 13.1 16.0 20.4 15.6 16.5 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 0.75 .69 .84 1.07 .82 .87 Total. 16,052 17,979 1,140.4 14.1 15.8 17.0 .83 .93 1.08 .97 0.84 $1.20 .85 1.18 .96 1.05 .91 1.11 .99 1.02 .94 1.07 .92 1.10 .98 1.03 1.00 1.01 $1.07 1.06 .94 .99 .9! .96 .88 .92 .90 Other months January, 7 ships.— February, 4 ships,. March, 7 ships____ May, 7 ships.......... July, 7 ships........... August, 6 ships----September, 6 ships. October, 6 ships___ November, 6 ships. 1 Short tons. 13,849 8.924 16,704 16,009 11,400 14,562 16,204 18,329 15,509 9,956 18,708 17,005 17,929 12,769 16,309 18,148 20,529 1,095.6 694.6 1,147.4 1.104.7 1,074.9 801.3 1.048.7 1,097.0 1,216.3 12.6 12.8 14.6 13.7 14.9 14.2 13.9 14.8 15.1 14.2 14.3 16.3 15.4 16.7 15.9 15.5 16. 5 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 0.75 .76 .86 .81 .88 .84 .82 .87 .89 194 T a b le GENERAL TABLES 2 5 .-P R 0 D U C T IV I T Y OF LA BO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL T R A D E -Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Ganghours Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num ber of men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton 1 L ine No. 20 Total, 19 ships............................. 26,280 29,437 2,527.0 10.4 11.6 12.8 0.82 0.91 $1.10 $0.99 1.12 $0.90 1.11 .91 $0.80 .81 0.67 $1.50 .79 1.27 $1.34 1.14 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (July)....................... ......... No. 2 (July)________ ______ 1,805 1,532 2,022 1,716 149.0 131.0 12.1 11.7 13.6 13.1 12.1 11.8 1.00 .99 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October).......................... No. 4 (M ay)................................ 1,005 978 1,126 1,095 118.0 102.0 8.5 9.6 9.5 10.7 14.2 13.6 0.60 .71 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December)_____________ No. 6 (August)________________ 2,025 1,162 2,268 1,302 197.0 116.0 10.3 10.0 11.5 11.2 12.5 12.5 0.82 .80 0.92 $1.10 .90 1.12 $0.98 1.00 23.7 20.4 1.03 1.16 $0.87 $0.78 $0.64 .62 .74 .76 .66 Loading cargo L ine No. 21 Total, 59 ships_______________ - 62,324 69,803 2,951.0 21.1 M o n th with m axim um efficiency October, 5 ships........................... 1,057 1,431 2,021 1,009 1,052 1,184 1,603 2,263 1,130 1,178 39.0 56.0 85.0 45.0 39.0 27.1 25.5 23.7 22.4 27.0 30.4 28.6 26.9 25.1 30.2 21.7 19.6 21.8 21.2 22.3 1.25 1.30 1.09 1.06 1.21 1.40 $0.72 1.46 .69 1.22 .83 1.19 .85 1.36 .74 T ota l.................. .............. 6,570 7,358 264.0 24.9 27.9 21.3 1.17 1.31 .77 .69 0.88 $1.14 1.16 .87 1.03 .98 1.09 .93 .87 1.15 $1.02 .78 .87 .83 .78 .96 .86 $0.77 .76 .90 .73 .72 M o nth with m inim um efficiency May, 5 ships............ ......... ......... 923 1,006 1,286 984 842 1,034 1,127 1,440 1,102 943 5,646 .53.0 17.4 45.0 22.3 68.0 18.9 47.5 20.7 41.0 20.5 254. 5 19.8 19.5 25.0 21.2 23.2 23.0 22.1 21.5 20.6 21.4 20.0 0.79 1.04 .92 .97 1.03 22.2 21.1 .94 1.05 M onth with average efficiency March, 5 ships_____ ____ ______ 894 788 938 1,362 830 1,001 883 1,051 1,525 930 39.5 38.0 50.5 62.5 35.5 22.6 20.7 19.3 21.8 23.4 25.3 23.2 21.6 24.4 26.2 21.6 19.6 21.7 19.8 20.9 1.04 1.06 .89 1.10 1.12 1.17 $0.87 1.19 .85 1.00 1.01 .82 1.23 1.25 .80 Total_______________ _____ 4,812 5,390 226.0 21.3 23.8 20.7 1.03 1.15 1 Short tons. .87 .78 195 liOS ANGELES (1926) T a b l e 25.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued. Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation) and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons* Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton 1 Other months L in e N o . 21— Continued January, 5 ships------------------February, 5 ships...... ........— April, 4 ships---- -------- ---------June, 5 ships. ______ ________ July, 5 ships________ ________ August, 5 ships........................ September, 5 ships....... ........... November, 5 ships......... ........ December, 5 ships................... 5,647 3,293 3,499 4,895 5,776 5,114 6,015 5,808 5,854 6,324 3,688 3,919 5,483 6,468 5,729 6,737 6,505 6,556 257.5 169.0 171.5 260.0 299.5 228.0 275.0 267.5 278.5 21.9 19.5 20.4 18.8 19.3 22.4 21.9 21.7 21.0 24.6 21.8 22.9 21.1 21.6 25.1 24.5 24.3 23.5 20.0 20.6 20.6 18.5 20.2 21.1 20.6 20.6 21.0 1.10 .95 .99 1.02 .96 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.00 1.23 $0.82 1.06 .95 1.11 .91 1.14 .88 .94 1.07 .85 1.19 1.19 .85 .86 1.18 1.12 .90 $0.73 .85 .81 .79 .84 .76 .76 .76 .80 42,221 47,288 2,402.9 17.6 19.7 19.0 0.92 1.03 $0.98 $0.87 $0.69 .76 .71 .68 .77 .70 L in e N o . 22 Total, 74 ships......................... M on th with m aximum efficiency November, 6 ships. Total. 602 824 1,076 579 645 535 674 923 1,205 649 722 599 27.4 40.9 50.2 25.8 32.5 24.5 22.0 20.1 21.3 22.6 19.8 21.9 24.7 22.6 23.9 25.3 22.2 24.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 1.16 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.04 1.15 1.30 $0.78 1.19 .85 1.26 .80 1.33 .76 1.17 .87 1.29 .78 4,261 4,772 201.3 21.1 23.6 19.0 1.11 1.24 .81 .73 0.96 $1.05 .69 1.45 .95 d. 06 1.02 .99 .61 1.67 $0.94 1.30 .95 .88 1.48 M onth with m inim um efficiency April, 5 ships. Total- 240 181 339 305 158 269 203 380 342 177 14.7 15.4 21.1 17.6 15.2 16.3 11.8 16.2 17.3 10.3 18.2 13.1 18.1 19.4 11.6 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 0.86 .62 .85 .91 .54 1,223 1,371 84.0 14.6 16.4 19.0 .77 .86 1.17 1.05 1.17 $0.87 .96 1.05 1.12 .90 .92 1.10 .96 1.05 1.18 .86 1.00 1.01 .90 1.13 $0.77 .94 .80 .82 .94 .76 .90 1.00 M onth with average efficiency August, 8 ships., 621 595 484 416 639 639 722 752 27.8 32.5 22.8 19.9 35.0 28.5 38.4 44.1 19.8 16.3 19.0 18.6 16.3 20.0 16.9 15.2 22.2 18.2 21.3 20.9 18.2 22.4 19.0 17.1 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 1.04 .86 1.00 .98 .86 1.05 .89 .80 4,346 4,868 249.0 17.5 19.6 19.0 .92 1.03 So Total. 554 531 432 371 571 571 645 671 .98 j i Other months January, 7 ships___ February, 6 ships... March, 6 ships____ May, 7 ships.......... June, 6 ships______ July, 7 ships______ September, 5 ships. October, 5 ships___ December, 6 ships.. * Short tons. 4,186 3,939 3,202 3,255 2,066 3,026 3,863 5,496 3,358 4,688 4,412 3,588 3,644 2,314 3,389 4,327 6,155 3,760 214.2 244.3 192.0 184.6 133.8 172.2 223.6 285.7 218.2 19.6 16.2 16.7 17.7 15.4 17.7 17.3 19.2 15.4 22.0 18.1 18.7 19.8 17.2 19.8 19.4 21.5 17.2 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 1.03 .85 .88 .93 .81 .93 .91 1.01 .81 1.15 $0.87 .95 1.06 .99 1.02 1.04 .97 .91 1.11 1.04 .97 1.02 .99 1.13 .89 .91 1.11 $0.78 .95 .91 .87 .99 .87 .88 .80 .99 GENERAL TABLES 190 T a b le 2 6 —P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending— Out Cargo put Labor per cost tonnage Man- man- per (rev enue hours hour rev tons 0 (rev enue enue t o n 1 tons1) Week ending— Cargo tonnage Man(rev hours enue tons i) L in e No. 23 Total, 250 ships.. _ 1.54 $0.58 249 1,856 830 692 255 1,045 394 330 0.98 1.78 2.11 2.10 0.92 .51 .43 .43 Total_____ 3,627 2,024 1.79 .50 Mar. 21, 4 ships.. 1,097 688 454 Total......... 2,778 1.72 259 2.66 267 1.70 442 j 1.22 1,607 1.73 .52 Weeks with m inim um efficiency June 21, 4 ships.. Total— July 21, 3 ships Total— 748 568 545 1,018 426 541 665 669 2,879 2,301 1.25 852 545 356 769 339 287 1.11 1.61 1.24 .81 .56 .73 1,753 1,395 1.26 .71 1.76 $0.51 1.05 .82 1.52 .59 1.10 Weeks with average efficiency Feb. 7, 4 ships.. Total— Jan. 7, 3 ships. T otal... 1 Short tons. Labor cost per rev enue ton 1 Other weeks 224,415 145,660 Weeks with m aximum efficiency June 7, 4 ships.. Out put per manhour (rev enue tons1) 914 1,422 870 721 901 568 1.52 $0.59 1.58 .57 .59 1.53 .58 1.55 3.927 2,538 1.55 .58 1,050 517 1,259 565 342 903 1.86 1.51 1.39 .48 .60 .65 1,810 1.56 .58 L in e N o. 23—Con. Jan. 15, 5 ships____ Jan. 21, 5 ships____ Jan. 31, 8 ships........ Feb. 14, 6 ships....... Feb. 21, 5 ships....... Feb. 28, 7 ships....... Mar. 7, 5 ships____ Mar. 14, 6 ships...... Mar. 31, 7 ships....... Apr. 7, 4 ships......... Apr. 14, 4 ships....... Apr. 21, 4 ships....... Apr. 30, 4 ships....... May 7, 5 ships......... May 14, 5 ships....... May 21, 4 ships....... May 31, 6 ships....... June 14, 8 ships....... June 30, 6 ships....... July 7, 5 ships......... July 14, 4 ships....... July 31, 8 ships....... Aug. 7, 5 ships......... Aug. 14, 5 ships....... Aug. 21, 4 ships....... Aug. 31, 7 ships....... Sept. 7, 5 ships____ Sept. 14, 5 ships___ Sept. 21, 4 ships___ Sept. 30, 6 ships___ Oct. 7, 5 ships......... Oct. 14, 5 ships....... Oct. 21, 5 ships........ Oct. 31, 6 ships........ Nov. 7, 5 ships........ Nov. 14, 5 ships___ Nov. 21, 5 ships___ Nov. 30, 6 ships___ Dec. 7, 5 ships......... Dec. 14, 6 ships....... Dec. 21, 6 ships....... Dec. 31, 7 ships....... 3,009 3,609 5,621 5,220 3,920 5,126 5,689 5,018 7,234 4,854 3,578 5,141 5,467 4,352 4,383 3,704 5,544 7,097 4,938 3,739 3,486 6,431 4,239 3,742 3,758 5,752 4,843 3,837 4,355 6,178 5,835 4,877 5,114 5,667 4,486 5,882 4,192 5,325 4,688 6,152 5,064 5,479 1,990 2,519 3,555 3,143 2,250 3,133 3,403 3,171 4,397 3,118 2,475 3,099 3,513 2,687 2,631 2,335 3,255 4,691 3,024 2,589 2,559 4,372 2,544 2,571 2,303 3,482 3,261 2,710 2,797 4,236 4,175 3,332 3,490 3,875 3,101 4,005 2,866 3,378 3,135 3,751 3,351 3, 713 1.51 1.43 1.58 1.66 1.74 1.64 1.67 1.58 1.65 1.56 1.45 1.66 1.56 1.62 1.67 1.59 1.70 1.51 1.63 1.44 1.36 1.47 1.67 1.46 1.63 1.65 1.49 1.42 1.56 1.46 1.40 1.46 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.47 1.46 1.58 1.50 1.64 1. 51 1.48 $0.60 .63 .57 .54 .52 .55 .54 .57 .55 .58 .62 .54 .58 .56 .54 .57 .53 .60 .55 .63 .66 .61 .54 .62 .55 .55 .60 .63 .58 .62 .64 .62 .61 .62 .62 .61 .62 .57 .60 .55 .60 .61 197 LOS ANGELES (1926) T a b le 26.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HAN DLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE—Continued Loading cargo Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- man- per (rev enue hours hour rev (rev enue tons 0 enue ton1 tons1) Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (rev hour rev hours enue (rev enue tons i) enue ton i tons1) Other weeks L in e N o. 24 Total, 204 ships... 61,443 44,073 1.39 $0.65 Weeks with m aximum efficiency Apr. 7, 4 ships.. 503 242 242 732 124 182 375 1.57 1.95 1.33 1.95 ;0.57 .46 Total....... . 1,719 1,001 1.72 .52 Feb. 28, 5 ships.. 917 583 148 607 253 .55 .67 .56 429 127 317 1.51 2.30 1.32 1.65 1.35 2,287 1,416 1.62 210 Total- 112 .68 .46 Weeks with m inim um efficiency Dec. 21, 3 ships. Total___ July 21, 3 ships. Total___ 212 485 1.37 1.13 1.44 964 783 1.23 .73 545 190 478 480 1.14 1.57 1.25 .79 .57 .72 1,079 1.24 .73 290 550 124 1,334 121 .80 Weeks with average efficiency Mar. 14, 3 ships 654 296 342 440 Total....... 1,292 928 1.3 Apr. 14, 4 ships. 341 226 234 238 195 147 153 1.43 1.16 1.59 1.38 211 Total.. 1,012 1Short tons. 211 277 1.49 1.40 1.23 1.38 $0.60 .64 .73 .65 L in e N o. 24—Con. Jan. 7, 2 ships-------Jan. 14, 4 ships........ Jan. 21, 4 ships____ Jan. 21, 7 ships____ Feb. 7, 4 ships......... Feb. 14, 4 ships....... Feb. 21, 3 ships....... Mar. 7, 4 ships____ Mar. 21, 3 ships___ Mar. 31, 7 ships___ Apr. 21, 4 ships....... Apr. 30, 5 ships....... May 7, 4 ships......... May 14, 5 ships....... May 21, 4 ships____ May 31, 4 ships....... June 7, 3 ships......... June 14, 7 ships....... June 21, 4 ships....... June 30, 4 ships....... July 7, 3 ships......... July 15, 4 ships........ July 31, 7 ships....... Aug. 7, 4 ships......... Aug. 14, 4 ships____ Aug. 21, 4 ships....... Aug. 31, 4 ships....... Sept. 7, 4 ships____ Sept 14, 5 ships____ Sept 21, 3 ships....... Sept 30, 5 ships....... Oct. 7, 5 ships.......... Oct. 14, 5 ships____ Oct. 21, 4 ships____ Oct. 31, 7 ships____ Nov. 7, 4 ships____ Nov. 14, 3 ships____ Nov. 21, 4 ships____ Nov. 30, 4 ships____ Dec. 7, 4 ships......... Dec. 14, 4 ships....... Dec. 31, 5 ships....... 536 1,247 1,402 2,187 1,134 1,612 1,622 1,339 769 3,173 1,122 1,164 1,089 3,275 1,152 890 982 1,969 1,081 1,416 994 1,070 2,155 883 1,036 903 1,342 1,207 1,151 1,168 1,292 1,213 1,151 922 1,770 1,252 606 833 753 955 1,126 1,892 365 872 937 1,487 731 1,140 1,064 923 575 1,967 705 793 717 928 771 619 715 1,518 838 1,002 794 828 1,718 619 833 611 923 874 867 937 920 894 838 668 1,327 948 478 656 551 645 899 1,638 1.47 1.43 1.50 1.47 1.55 1.41 1.52 1.45 1.34 1.61 1.59 1.47 1.52 1.37 1.49 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.29 1.41 1.25 1.29 1,25 1.43 1.24 1.48 1.45 1.38 1.33 1.25 1.40 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.33 1.32 1.27 1.27 1.37 1.48 1.25 1.16 $0.61 .63 .60 .61 .58 .64 .59 .62 .67 .56 .57 .61 .59 .66 .60 .63 .66 .69 .70 .64 .72 .70 .72 .63 .73 .61 .62 .65 .68 .72 .64 .66 .66 .65 .68 .68 .71 .71 .66 .61 .72 .78 198 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 27.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang Long nue ton nue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton 1 L um ber Line No. 25: Total, 20 s h i p s . . . . . . . . . . .____ 31,834 1,018.0 31.3 16.0 1.95 $0.46 2.35 2.23 $0.38 .40 1.45 1.77 $0.62 .51 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October)_____________ No. 2 (September)__________ 1,606 1,619 46.5 46.0 34.5 35.2 14.7 15.8 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June)________________ No. 4 (June)________________ 1,558 1,588 64.5 58.5 24.2 27.6 16.7 15.3 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)_______ ____ No. 6 (December).................... Line No. 26: Total, 20 ships______________ 1,494 1,619 47.5 47.5 31.5 34.1 16.0 17.6 1.97 1.93 $0.46 .47 40,548 1,650.0 24.6 12.7 1.94 $0.46 2.21 2.10 $0.41 .43 1.71 1.74 $0.53 .52 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December).................... No. 2 (January)........................ 2,040 1,815 82.5 75.0 24.7 24.2 11.2 11.5 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March).......................... No. 4 (M ay)............................. 1,897 2,137 75.5 115.5 25.1 18.5 14.7 10.7 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July)________________ No. 6 (August)......................... 2,175 2,093 85.5 79.5 25.4 26.3 13.1 13.3 1.93 .1.98 $0.47 .45 Line No. 27: Total, 19 ships.......................... 28,985 914.0 31.7 16.7 1.90 $0.47 2.41 2.19 $0.37 .41 1.64 1.65 $0.55 .55 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (April)............................. No. 2 (April)............................. 1,595 1,664 39.5 52.5 40.4 31.7 16.8 14.4 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June)............................. No. 4 (M ay)................. ........... 1,577 1,650 * Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 66.0 62.0 23.9 26.6 14.6 16.1 LOS ANGELES (1926) 199 T a b l e 2 7 .— P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G IN D IV ID U A L COM M O DITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. GENERAL TABLES 200 T a b le 37.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABO R COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons N itrate of Soda—Continued Line No. 30—Continued. No. 3 (N ovem ber)................ No. 4 (March)........................ Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Rev enue Long nue gang nue tons tons1 ton ton tons tons1 1 1 Ships with m inim um efficiency 670 833 750 933 23.8 28.8 28.1 29.0 31.5 32.5 24.0 24.0 1.17 1.21 1.31 $0.77 1.36 .74 $0.69 .66 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October)...................... No. 6 (October)...................... 926 1,228 1,037 1,375 23.9 34.4 38.6 35.8 43.2 40.1 24.0 24.0 1.61 1.49 1.80 $0.56 1.67 .60 $0.50 .54 14,812 16,587 491.2 30.2 33.8 18.0 1.67 1.88 $0.54 $0.48 2.61 $0.39 2.62 .38 $0.34 .34 1.25 $0.80 1.48 .68 $0.72 .61 1.86 $0.54 1.87 .54 $0.48 .48 N ewsprint Paper Line No. 31: Total, 26 ships........................ Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (December)................... No. 2 (October)...................... 606 702 567 787 12.0 16.6 41.9 42.1 46.9 47.9 18.0 18.0 2.33 2.34 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (July)............................ No. 4 (August).................. —- 615 647 689 612 30.4 23.0 20.2 23.8 22.6 26.7 18.0 18.0 1.12 1.32 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)................. No. 6 (N ovem ber)-............... Pipe 2 Line No. 32: Total, 12 ships........................ 596 697 667 781 20.0 23.2 8,637 39,670 372.0 29.8 30.1 33.4 33.7 23.2 326.0 ! 18.0 ! 1.66 18.0 j 1.67 12.0 1.93 32.17 $0.47 3$0.41 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April)........................... No. 2 (July)............................ 331 556 3 371 3 623 10.0 17.0 33.1 337.1 32.7 336.6 12.0 12.0 2.76 33.09 $0.32 3$0.29 2.72 33.05 .33 3.30 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (October)...................... No. 4 (April)........................... 321 'I 3360 1,551 31,738 18.0 85.0 17.8 320.0 18.3 320.4 12.0 12.0 i 1.48 31. 67 $0.61 3$0.55 1.52 31.70 .59 3.53 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November).................. No. 6 (September)................. Line No. 33: Total, 8 ships..................... No. 1 (February). ............... No. 2 (April).......................... No. 3 (M ay)........................... No. 4 (October)____________ No. 5 (October)..........._.......... No. 6 (October)................. . No. 7 (November)...... ........... No. 8 (November).................. 703 530 3783 3 594 33.0 25.0 6,946 7,779 356.0 . 411 532 746 369 1,357 1,670 1,568 293 460 •596 835 413 1,520 1,870 1,755 330 21.0 36.0 29.0 17.0 63.0 98.0 86.0 16.0 1Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 21.3 323.7 21.2 323.7 12.0 12.0 1.78 32.00 $0.50 3$0.45 1.77 J32.00 .50 3.45 19.5 21.9 12.0 1.63 1.83 $0. 55 $0. 49 19.3 14.9 26.2 21.2 25.7 17.2 18.2 18.6 21.6 16.7 29.3 23.7 28.8 19.3 20.4 20.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1.61 1.24 2.18 1.77 2.14 1.43 1.52 1.55 1.80 1.39 2.44 1.98 2.40 1.60 1.70 1.74 . 56 .73 .41 .51 .42 .63 .59 .58 .50 . G5 .37 .45 .38 .56 .53 .52 2 Discharged to cars. 3 Short tons. Cristobal, Canal Zone (1926) T a b le 38.—PR ODU C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST * IN HAN DLING CARGO, BY KIN D OF T R A D E AN D IN DIVIDU AL COM MODITIES Car tonnage Operation, line number, and com modity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per ganghour Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age per— hour num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang Long nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1...... ........... ............... No. 2____ ______________ No. 3.................................. No. 4_______ ______ _____ Latin America— No. 5___________________ No. 6__................. ............. No. 7_______ ____ _______ United States—No. 8________ Loading cargo: Europe—No. 9______________ Latin America— No. 10_................... .......... No. 11............................— United States—No. 12............. 356.5 858.5 688.0 539.5 19.9 17.7 14.8 11.9 37.0 38.2 35.4 39.6 0.54 .46 .42 .30 $0.48 .57 .62 .87 32,405 1,177.5 303.5 5,390 446.5 7,340 84,907 4,531.5 27.5 17.8 16.4 18.7 40.4 39.0 49.0 44.1 .68 .46 .34 .42 .38 .57 .76 .62 7,088 15,200 10,203 6,414 981.0 11.5 29.3 .39 .67 13,987 1,081.0 29,030 2,389.0 44,945 2,262.5 12.9 12.2 19.9 27.6 29.4 34.6 .47 .41 .57 .55 .63 .46 11,259 Individual commodities1 Discharging cargo: Coffee— No. 13 ............................. No. 14_ ............................... Loading cargo: Bananas— No. 15. ............................... No. 16__............................ No. 17-...................... ........ 1 7,890 8,788 372.5 395.0 2263,614 22,675 8930,911 2,584 3119,659 289.5 7,890 8,788 Wage rate: 26 cents per hour. 66490°—32------ 14 21.2 22.2 21.2 22.2 45.2 49.4 8.9 2413.3 47.3 2 Stems. 0.47 .45 0.47 $0.55 .45 .58 $0.55 .58 210.26 3 2.63 .21 28.79 1.57 3 3.07 .19 28.80 1.37 32.95 3 Per 100 stems. 201 GENERAL TABLES 202 T a b le 29.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue Long tons enue tons tons ton enue gang ton i tons Line N o. 1 Total, 11 ships............................... 7,088 356.5 19.9 37.0 ___ 0.54 ___ $0.48 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November)_____________ 695 _________________ No. 2 (March) 603 25.0 28.0 27.8 21.5 38.0. 33.0 0.73 .65 $0.36 .40 0.44 .44 $0.59 .59 Ships with m in im u m efficiency 394 No. 3 (January)__________ ____ _ ................................. No. 4 (April)698 24.0 43.0 16.4 16.2 37.0 36.6 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (September)........................ No. 6 (Novem ber)--..................... 623 467 32.0 24.0 19.5 19.5 36.0 36.0 0.54 .54 $0.48 .48 15,200 858.5 17.7 38.2 0.46 $0.57 0.80 .59 $0.33 .44 0.29 .37 $0.90 .70 L ine N o . 2 Total, 17 ships_________________ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)______________ No. 2 (March)____________ ____ 654 549 21.0 24.5 31.1 22.4 39.0 38.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July).................................. No. 4 (September)........................ 1,133 858 98.5 61.5 11.5 14.0 40.0 38.0 Ships with average efficiency No 5 (October)............................. No. 6 (December)........................ 1.128 928 62.5 52.5 18.0 17.7 38.0 37.4 0.47 .47 $0.55 .55 10,203 688.0 14.8 35.4 0.42 $0.62 0.64 .59 $0.41 .44 0.22 .31 $1.18 .64 L ine No. 3 Total, 17 ships............................... Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (February)— ,................... No. 2 (August).............................. 718 330 33.5 14.0 21.4 23.6 33.6 39.7 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (December)......................... No. 4 (December)......................... 280 297 32.0 21.0 8.8 14.1 39.0 45.0 203 CRISTOBAL, CANAL ZONE (1926) T a b l e 3 9 . — PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E—Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Rev per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons enue tons tons ton ton Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 3—Continued No. 5 (January)............................. No. 6 (July)............................... . 405 560 31.5 40.0 12.9 14.0 29.2 37.2 0.44 .38 $0.59 .68 6,414 539.5 11.9 39.6 0.30 $0.87 0.44 .40 $0.59 .65 0.20 .23 $1.30 1.13 0.30 .31 $0.87 .84 0.68 $0.38 L in e N o . 4 Total, 17 ships.................... ......... Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March)............................... No. 2 (January)___ - ___________ 310 320 17.0 21.0 18.2 15.2 41.6 38.0 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (July)................................... No. 4 (M ay).................................. 326 337 38.0 44.0 8.6 7.7 42.0 33.5 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)............................... No. 6 (August)________ ________ 351 340 32.0 25.5 11.0 13.3 37.0 43.1 Discharging cargo: Latin America L in e N o . 5 Total, 15 ships------------Copper---------General cargo.. 32,405 1,177.5 12, 341 12,341 20,064 433.0 744.5 58.5 27.5 40.4 28.5 26.9 38.1 42.0 0.75 .75 $0.35 .64 .35 .41 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April): Copper______ Cotton............ General cargo. 1,963 Total . iSl'o. 2 (February): Copper_______ Cotton............. General cargo.. Total- 1,963 109 2,152 2,036 50.0 43.0 37.1 1.16 *0.22 73.0 29.8 38.7 .77 .34 2,035 107 31 2,173 204 GENERAL TABLES T able 3 9 —P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E-C ontinued Discharging cargo: Latin America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Rev Long Rev Long enue gang tons enue tons enue tons tons ton Ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency L ine N o. 5—Continued No. 3 (June): Copper________ ____ _______ Cocoa_____________________ Cotton _ General cargo......................... Total____________ _____ No. 4 (June): C o p p e r__ Cotton . General cargo...................... . Total___________ 2,258 1,402 118.0 2,258 200 160 | 18.0 82 2,700 136.0 1,402 216 70 1,688 65.5 19.1 19.1 33.0 24.9 38.8 .64 .41 19.9 33.8 .59 .44 25.8 41.7 .62 .42 0.58 0.58 $0.45 $0.45 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July): CopperGeneral cargo........................ Total___________ __ No. 6 (November): Oopper _ Ivory nuts__ Cotton General cargo______________ Total.................................. 3,197 1,628 1,197 367 1,564 30.0 24.0 54.0 29.0 40.1 46.0 42.7 0.68 $0.38 1,628 266 133 147 2,174 80.5 27.0 41.0 .66 .39 L ine N o. 6 * 5,390 303.5 17.8 39.0 0.46 $0.57 No. 1 (January): Cocoa_______________ General c a r g o --............. ...... Total____________ _____ 360 120 480 17.0 28.2 34.5 .82 .32 No. 2 (February): Coffee________ ________ General cargo......... ............ . T otal-................................ 740 75 815 40.0 20.4 36.8 .55 .47 No. 3 (March): Coffee.—.......................... Cedar logs........................ ...... T otal-.................................. 626 248 874 48.0 18.2 36.2 ------- .50 No. 4 (April): Coffee..................................... Cedar logs. ......................... Cocobolo.......... ...................— T o ta l--............ ................ 515 501 125 1,141 72.0 15.8 35.7 .44 .59 No. 5 (May): Coffee__________ _______ Ivory nuts............................. General cargo.......................... T o ta l--................. ............. 851 125 54 1,030 67.5 15.3 41.7 .37 .70 No. 6 (June): Coffee_________ ________ Ivory nuts............................... Total.................................... 800 250 1,050 59.0 17.8 45.0 .40 .65 Total, 6 ships__________ 1 Principal commodity: Coffee, 3,532 revenue tons. ---- .52 205 CRISTOBAL, CANAL ZONE (1920) T a b le 29.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN T R A D E —Continued Discharging cargo: Latin America-^Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue Long gang tons enue tons tons ton enue tons ton Line N o. 7 Total, 13 ships__ __ _ 2 7,340 446.5 16.4 49.0 0.34 $0.76 0.47 .44 $0.55 .59 0.18 .22 $1.44 1.18 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January)________ ____ _ No. 2 (January)......................... . 567 411 33.0 21.0 17.2 19.6 36.2 44.0 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (November)______ _____ No. 4 (December)_______ _____ 250 524 27.0 39.0 9.3 13.4 51.1 62.3 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July)............................. . 625 293 ________________ No. 6 (August): 36.0 15.0 17.4 19.5 52.0 58.0 ---- 0.33 .34 ---- $0.79 .76 Discharging cargo: United States L in e N o. 8 Total, 27 ships________________ 84,907 4,531.5 18.7 44.1 0.42 $0.62 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November) ____________ No. 2 (February)........................ 5,886 5,321 164.5 272.0 35.8 19.6 49.3 37.0 0.73 .53 ---- $0.36 .49 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (August)__________ ______ 3,464 233.5 14.8 1,475 95.0 15.5 No. 4 (June)___________________ 45.8 45.4 0.32 .34 $0.81 .76 0.42 .41 $0.62 .63 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)_________________ 2,865 164.0 2,274 ........................ No. 6 (February) 148.0 2 Principal commodity: Coffee, 5,010 revenue tons. 17.5 15.4 41.2 37.2 206 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 29.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev Long Rev per Long enue enue enue tons gang tons tons ton ton tons Line N o. 9 Total, 15 ships............................... 311,259 981.0 11.5 29.3 0.39 $0.67 27.3 0.60 $0.43 29.8 .50 .52 0.24 .25 $1.08 1.04 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February): General cargo. 459 No. 2 (April): Coffee................................Lentils.................... ........... General cargo..................... 145 300 Total............................... 645 28.0 16.4 200 43.5 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June): General cargo------No. 4 (November): General cargo. 424 750 61.5 100.0 6.9 7.5 28.7 30.5 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (September): Copper ____ _ Coffee_______________ ____ General cargo.-____________ 300 200 175 Total.................................- 675 55.0 12.3 31.5 0.39 $0.67 No. 6 (August): General cargo.. . 375 32.5 11.5 28.9 .40 .65 Loading cargo: Latin America 207 CRISTOBAL, CANAL ZONE (1926) T a b l e 29.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Latin America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev Rev Rev men Long enue per Long Long enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton Lin e N o. 11 Total, 27 ships___ - ___________ 12.2 29,030 2,389.0 0.41 $0.63 0.51 .50 $0.51 .52 0.34 .36 $0.76 .72 31.4 28.4 0.41 .41 $0.63 .63 34.6 0.57 $0.46 29.4 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March)_________________ No. 2 (March) __________________ 952 897 65.0 57.0 14.6 15.7 28.9 ------31.6 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September)........................ No. 4 (January)________________ 1,194 1,118 11.7 12.2 102.0 92.0 34.8 33.6 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)______________ No. 6 (October)________________ 1,110 1,224 12.8 11.8 87.0 104.0 Loading cargo: United States Line N o. 12 Total, 26 ships_______ __________ 44,945 2,262.5 19.9 Copper........................................... 13,978 13,978 612.5 22,8 22.8 Bananas_____________________•_ <52,000 1,270 120.5 4432.0 10.5 __________________ General cargo « 29,697 1,529.5 19.4 34.6 0.66 54.7 <7.90 33.0 .66 $0.39 .19 «3.29 .59 .39 1.37 .44 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (February): Coffee_____________________ Coconuts________________ _ General cargo____ __________ 429 Total................................. . 928 No. 2 (April): Copper................................ . Coconuts________________ _ Coffee and cocoa............... . General cargo.... ................ . 389 no 1,963 Total............................. 16.0 ------- 58.0 1,963 51.5 176 174 | 40.0 214 2,527 91.5 38.1 30.0 38.1 35.0 14.1 32.8 27.6 34.0 $1.35 1.93 1.09 1.09 $0.24 ---- .81 .24 .60 .43 ---- .32 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (December): Bananas_____ _ 49,000 Coconuts________________ Coffee_____________________ General cargo______________ Total__ *________________ 225 21.0 <429.0 10.7 160 130 | 32.0 14.5 175 690 53.0 13.0 49.3 <8.70 36.0 .40 .65 41.3 .32 .81 4 Stems. • Per 100 stems. 6 Principal commodities: Copper, 5,916 revenue tons; coconuts, 5,576 revenue tons. 0.22 5$2.99 $1.18 208 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 39.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FO REIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: United States— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per Aver Output per Average age gang-hour man-hour labor cost per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue nue tons tons gang tons tons ton ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency— C o n tin u ed L in e N o. 12—Continued No. 4 (October): Bananas............ ........... ... 48,000 Coffee........ ......................... Coconuts__________________ Ivory nuts_____ ____ _______ General cargo__________ Total____________ 180 22.0 4364.0 8.2 316 160 • 58.0 14.2 110 236 1,002 80.0 12.5 43.7 48.30 0.19 «$3.13 $1.37 32.0 .44 35.2 .36 .72 0.57 $0.46 .64 .44 .41 .59 .58 .45 . .59 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Copper...... .................. _ Coffee................................... Coconuts...... ....................... Ivory nuts.............. ............ General cargo...................... 871 Total......... ............ No. 6 (May): Copper........ ............... Ivory nuts................... ........ General cargo— ................... 871 777 210 154 99 2,111 1,363 Total___________ 114.0 55.5 1,363 220 } 34.5 206 1,789 24.6 90.0 18.5 32.7 24.6 12.3 38.1 28.1 19.9 34.3 0.64 4 Stems. 5 Per 100 stems. T a b l e 3 0 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COM M O DITIES Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age gang-hour man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue nue tons tons tons nue tons gang tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation C offee Line No. 13: Total, 9 ships.......................... 7,890 7,890 372.5 21.2 21.2 45.2 0.47 0.47 $0.55 $0.55 0.61 $0.43 .56 .46 $0.43 .46 0,35 $0, 74 .67 $0. 74 .(>V 0,49 $0. 53 .44 .61 $0, 53 .61 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November)_________ No. 2 (March)....................... 810 700 810 700 28.0 32.5 28.9 21.5 28.9 21.5 47.3 38.4 0.61 .56 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. .'i (September),. No. 4 (July). , . 750 POO 750 900 50,0 53.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 J7.0 42,4 43.3 0,35 .39 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December).............. . No. 6 (August)....................... 835 930 835 930 37.5 41.5 22.3 22.4 22.3 22.4 45.4 50.6 0.49 .44 209 CRISTOBAL, CANAL ZONE (1926) Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDUAL T a b le 3 0 —PR O D U C TIV IT Y C OM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long tons nue tons tons tons gang tons tons ton nue ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation C o f f e e — Continued Line No. 14: Total, 10 ships....................... 8,788 8,788 395.0 22.2 22.2 49.4 a 45 0.45 $0.58 $0.58 0.56 $0.46 .55 .47 $0.46 .47 0.36 $0.72 .36 .72 $0.72 .72 0.44 $0.59 .46 .57 $0.59 .57 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February)..................- 1,062 745 No. 2 (June)........................... 1,062 745 39.0 25.5 27.2 29.2 27.2 29.2 48.4 53.5 0.56 .55 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (October)...................... No. 4 (December)............— 720 270 720 270 34.5 15.0 20.9 18.0 20.9 18.0 58.0 50.0 0.36 .36 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March).......... ............ 1,050 No. 6 (M a r c h )..................... 1,077 1,050 1,077 52.5 48.0 20.0 22.4 20.0 22.4 45.1 48.0 0.44 .46 Loading cargo Bananas Line No. 15: i Total, 19 ships ___________ 2263,614 210.26 3$2.63 213.47 213.71 >$2.00 7.69 8.42 3$3.51 3 3.21 210.29 210.24 3$2.62 32.64 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March)........ No. 2 (September). 2 15,763 2 9,914 31.97 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (M ay).......... No. 4 (September).. 2 9,204 2 2 2 13,672 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (November). No. 6 (November). Line No. 16:1 Total, 56 ships. 2 16,419 2 15,243 22,675 2930,911 0.21 28.79 $1.57 3$3.07 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June). i.......... No. 2 (September). 281 2 11,736 422 218,455 * Loaded with conveyor and by hand. 0.33 213.61 $0.82 3 $1.98 .30 213.28 .90 32.03 2 Stems. 3 Per 100 stems. GENERAL TABLES 210 T a b l e 3 0 .—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Reve nue tons Long tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons tons ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency B an an as— Continued Line No. 16i—Continued. No. 3 (July)____________ No. 4 (July)____________ 0.15 2 6.19 $1.80 3 $4.36 If) 26.13 1.80 34.40 424 2 17,327 1______ |_____ 382 215 138 j j Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April)-. No. 6 (M ay).. 402 2 16,937 425 217,310 0.21 2 8.82 $1.29 3$3.06 .22 28.85 1.23 3 3. 05 Labor productivity and cost, by months 264,073 January, 4 ships.— February, 4 ships.. March, 5 ships___ April, 4 ships____ May, 4 ships........ June, 8 ships_____ July, 4 ships_____ August, 4 ships___ September, 5 ships October, 5 ships... November, 4 ships December, 5 ships. 1,499 1,688 2,397 1,749 1,866 2,756 1,440 1,257 1,888 2,226 1,829 2,080 Line No. 17:4 Total, 11 ships 2,584 2 119,659 0.24 .22 .20 .21 .23 .22 .17 .19 .24 .25 .22 .20 270,393 298,783 2 72,160 2 75,793 2 112,708 257,939 2 52, 883 278, 768 289,629 275, 026 282, 756 289. 5 8.9 2413.3 47.3 210.08 29.18 28.40 28.70 29.19 28.86 2 6.80 2 7.99 29.85 29.92 29.16 2 7.85 $1.13 1.23 1.35 1.29 1.17 1.23 1.59 1.42 1.13 1.08 1.23 1.35 3$2.68 3 2.94 3 3.21 3 3.10 3 2.94 3 3.05 33.97 3 3.38 32.74 3 2.72 3 2.95 3 3.44 0.19 2 8.80 $1.37 3$2.95 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (M ay). No. 2 (June). 235 2 10,763 8,901 187 24.0 18.0 9.8 2448.5 10.4 2495.0 37.0 40.0 0.26 212.10 $1.00 3 $2.15 .26 212.40 1.00 3 2. 10 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (October) _ No. 4 (March)_. 240 2 10,960 337 2 15,312 36.0 46. 5 6.7 2304.4 7.2 2329.3 46.0 49.0 0. 14 2 6.60 $1.86 3 $3.94 . 15 2 6.70 1.73 3 3.88 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April)....................... . No. 6 (June)_________ _____ 368 2 16,733 176 28,090 i Loaded with conveyor and b y hand. a Stems. 36.0 22.5 10.2 2464.8 7.8 2359.6 3 Per 100 stems. 50.0 44.0 0.20 29.30 $1.30 3$2.80 . 18 28.20 1.44 3 3.17 4 Loaded with ship’s gear. Galveston (1927) T a b le 31.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E AN D IN DIVIDU AL COM MODITIES Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Ganghours Long tons Revenue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num ber of men Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue per Long nue nue tons tons gang tons tons tons tons Foreign trade i Discharging cargo, Europe: No. 1................................. Loading cargo, Europe: No. 2— ...................... . No. 3............................. No. 4............. ............... No. 5------------------------- 8,755 8,755 423.6 20.7 20.7 16.0 1.29 1.29 $0.62 11,353 21,206 5,841 11,076 11,353 21,206 5,841 11,076 466.3 1,058.6 294.2 456.3 24.3 20.0 19.9 24.3 24.3 20.0 19.9 24.3 19.0 16.0 16.0 19.7 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 .63 .64 .65 .65 $0.62 .63 .64 .65 .65 Coastwise trade 2 Discharging cargo: No. 6 Loading cargo: No. 7_____ 3 301,577 <586,837.0 3 507,868 <336,175.0 30.51 3 1.51 3$1.18 3.40 Individual commodities 5 Discharging cargo: Burlap— No. 8....................... 24,574 No. 9_____________ 20,472 Coffee—No. 10. - ......... . 3,536 24,574 20,472 «59,579 905.2 866.0 190.1 11______ ___________ 5,411 6,061 Sugar—No. 12............... 96,375 *662,798 Loading cargo: Cotton— No. 13____ _______ 5,017 822,576 No. 14____________ 9,797 8 44,086 No. 15____________ 69,627 8 311,532 No. 16____________ 55,383 s 249,223 32,641 Flour—No. 17................ 32,641 Spelter—No. 18_______ 5,834 5,834 Wheat (trimming)— No. 19____________ 97,566 io 3,896,128 No. 2 0 -.......... ........ 16,550 io 618,000 267.1 1,957.5 Newsprint paper— N o. 27.1 27.1 20.0 /l. 36 1.36 $0.59 1.24 .65 23.6 23.6 19.0 1.24 18.6 6313.4 18.5 1.01 6 17.0 .79 20.3 22.7 49.2 6338.6 213.0 23.6 448.1 21.9 3,153.5 22.1 2,605.0 21.3 1,602.6 20.4 264.7 22.0 8106.0 598.4 898.8 9 95.7 20.4 22.0 17.8 36.4 1.27 1.14 1.35 6 9.30 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.9 16.0 1.57 1.47 1.47 1.42 1.28 1.38 <7,364.5 <1,180.5 .63 .70 .59 78.60 8 7.07 8 6.61 8 6.59 8 6.38 1.28 1.38 .90 .90 .90 .90 .63 .58 13.25 10529.00 14.02 10523.50 9.20 9.20 9.20 9.20 .63 .58 .06 ii 1.51 .06 ii 1.53 1 Wage rate: 80 cents per hour. 2 Wage rate: 60 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. < Man-hours. * Wage rate: 80 cents per hour except for cotton which is paid on piece basis. 6 Bags. 7 Per 100 bags. 8 Bales. • Piece rate per bale. 10 Bushels. 11 Per 1,000 bushels. $0.59 .65 74.71 211 212 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 33.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton L ine No. 1 8,755 8,755 423.6 20.7 20.7 16.0 1.29 1.29 $0.62 Steel products............. ............. 4,914 General cargo_______________ 3,841 4,914 3,841 224.8 198.8 21.9 19.3 21.9 19.3 16.0 16.0 1.37 1.21 1.37 1.21 Total, 15 ships______ ________ _ $0.62 .58 .66 .58 .66 $0.43 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (July): Steel cotton bands.. 503 503 No. 2 (September): Steel............................. ............ General cargo_______________ 788 166 788 166 Total...................................... 954 954 16.8 29.9 29.9 16.0 1.87 1.87 $0.43 31.9 29.9 29.9 16.0 18.7 1.87 .43 .43 $1.00 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (May): Steel_______________________ General cargo_____ __________ 138 189 138 189 Total_____________________ 327 327 25.4 12.8 12.8 16.0 0.80 0.80 $1.00 No. 4 (September): Steel cotton bands________ .. Paper______________________ General cargo_______________ 120 56 72 120 56 72 7.5 2.1 5.9 16.0 26.6 12.3 16.0 26.6 12.3 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.00 1.66 .77 1.00 1.66 .77 .80 .48 1.04 .80 .48 1.04 Total...................................... 248 248 15.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.00 1.00 .80 .80 1.21 $0.66 .89 .90 $0.66 .90 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Steel bars___________________ General cargo_______________ 278 20 278 20 14.3 1.4 19.4 14.2 19.4 14.2 13.0 16.0 1.21 .89 Total..................................... 298 298 15.7 18.9 18.9 16.0 1.18 1.18 .68 .68 No. 6 (June): Steel______________ 502 502 22.3 22.4 22.4 16.0 1.40 1.40 .57 .57 $0.63 Loading cargo: Europe Lin e N o. 2 Total, 12 ships____ _____________ 11,353 11,353 466.3 24.3 24.3 19.0 1.28 1.28 $0.63 Cottonseed meal - ............ 9,150 General cargo_______________ 2,203 9,150 2,203 372.7 93.6 24.6 23.5 24.6 23.5 19.0 19.0 1.29 1.24 1.29 1.24 .62 .65 .62 .65 $0.42 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Cottonseed meal....... .............. ...................... No. 2 (November): Cottonseed meal____ _____________ _______ 200 200 5.5 36.5 36.5 19.0 1.92 1.92 $0.42 200 200 6.8 29.5 29.5 19.0 1.55 1.55 .52 .52 fig u r e 4 4.— E n d less b elt Co n veyors C o n n e c t in g sid e p o r t s w it h A pr o n o f p ie r . G alveston 213 GALVESTON (1927) T a ble 33.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN T R AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 2—Continued No. 3 (January): Cottonftofld man.! General cargo___ ___________ Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons ton nue tons tons ton 200 116 200 116 11.6 7.9 19.5 17.3 14.6 17.3 14.6 19.0 19.0 0.91 .77 0.91 $0.88 .77 1.04 16.2 16.2 19.0 .85 .85 .94 .94 $0.88 1.04 Total...................................... 316 316 No. 4 (November): Cottonseed meal Flour........................................ 400 60 400 60 18.9 3.9 21.1 >21.1 15.4 15.4 19.0 19.0 1.11 .81 1.11 .81 .72 .99 .72 .99 Total..................................... 460 460 22.8 20.1 19.0 1.06 1.06 .75 .75 20.1 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Cottonseed meal. No. 6 (August): Cottonseed meal. 700 400 28.6 16.6 24.5 24.1 24.5 24.1 19.0 19.0 1.29 1.27 1.29 $0.62 1.27 .63 $0.62 .63 21,206 1,058.6 20.0 20.0 16.0 1.25 1.25 $0.64 $0.64 422.3 186.3 450.0 21.5 19.9 18.7 21.5 19.9 18.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.34 1.24 1.17 1.34 1.24 1.17 700 400 L ine N o. 3 Total, 20 ships__________________ 21,206 Flour and rice_______________ 9,081 Cottonseed meal____________ 3,700 General cargo_______________ 8,425 9,081 3,700 8,425 .60 .65 .68 .60 .65 .68 $0.53 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Cottonseed meal ___________ 1,100 Flour and rice.___ __________ 296 1,100 296 Total..................................... 1,396 1,396 57.7 24.2 24.2 16.0 1.51 1.51 $0.53 No. 2 (March): Flour _ _____ ________________ General cargo_______________ 995 91 995 91 44.4 4.7 22.4 19.4 22.4 19.4 16.0 15.0 1.40 1.28 1.40 1.28 .57 .63 Total_____________________ 1,086 1,086 49.1 22.2 22.2 15.9 1.39 1.39 .58 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (July): Flour......................................... Asphalt____________________ General cargo_______________ 298 107 20 298 107 20 Total...................................... 425 425 26.8 15.8 15.8 16.0 0.99 0.99 $0.81 No. 4 (September): Flour........................................ Spelter.......... ........... ........... .... General cargo_______________ 765 150 122 765 150 122 43.8 8.8 11.4 17.5 17.0 10.7 17.5 17.0 10.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.09 1.07 .67 1.09 1.07 .67 .73 .75 1.19 .73 .75 1.19 Total___________ _________ 1,037 1,037 64.0 16.2 16.2 16.0 1.01 1.01 .79 .79 $0.81 214 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 33.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe—Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Reve per Long Reve Long nue nue Long ton nue tons tons gang tons tons ton Ships with average efficiency L in e N o . 3— Continued No. 5 (March): Cottonseed meal. Asphalt.............. Flour................... 1,300 108 81 1,300 108 81 64.9 4.9 3.9 20.0 22.0 20.8 20.0 22.0 20.8 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.25 1.38 1.31 1.25 $0.64 1.38 .58 1.31 .61 Total. 1,489 1,489 73.7 20.2 20.2 16.0 1.26 1.26 .63 .63 No. 6 (July): Flour.............. Asphalt______ General cargo. 1,077 125 33 1,077 125 33 51.7 8.0 1.8 20.8 15.6 18.3 20.8 15.6 18.3 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.30 .98 1.18 1.30 .98 1.18 .62 .82 .68 .62 .82 .68 1,235 1,235 61.5 20.2 20.2 16.0 1.26 1.26 .63 .63 . 5,841 5,841 294.2 19.9 19.9 16.0 1,24 1.24 $0.65 $0.65 . 2,157 3,684 2,157 3,684 93.3 200.9 23.1 18.3 23.1 18.3 16.0 16.0 1.45 1.15 1.45 1.15 T otal.—............... $0.64 .58 .61 L in e N o . 4 Total, 10 ships................ Flour. ............ General cargo. .55 .70 .55 .70 $0.49 .62 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (June): F lo u r............. General cargo. 125 109 125 109 4.8 5.3 25.9 20.8 25.9 20.8 16.0 16.0 1.62 1.30 1.62 $0.49 1.30 .62 Total _ 234 234 10.1 23.2 23.2 16.0 1.45 1.45 .55 .55 No. 2 (August): Flour......... . Genaral cargo- 719 54 719 54 28.2 3.0 25.4 18.4 25.4 18.4 16.0 16.0 1.59 1.15 1.59 1.15 .50 .70 .50 .70 T o ta l......... 773 773 31.2 24.8 24.8 16.0 1.55 1.55 .52 .52 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (May): Flour________ General cargo . 94 150 94 150 4.4 9.7 21.4 15.5 21.4 15.5 16.0 16.0 1.34 .97 1.34 $0.60 .97 .82 $0.60 .82 Total______ 244 244 14.1 17.3 17.3 16.0 1.08 1.08 .74 .74 No. 4 (January): Flour.............. General cargo. 375 36 375 36 18.8 4.5 20.0 8.0 20.0 8.0 16.0 16.0 1.25 .50 1.25 .50 .64 1.60 .64 1.60 Total........... 411 411 23.3 17.6 17.6 16.0 1.10 1.10 .73 .73 215 GALVESTON (1927) T a bl e 32.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FO REIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue nue gang tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Ships with average efficiency L ine N o. 4—Continued No. 5 (August): •A sphalt___________________ General cargo_______________ 134 228 134 228 Total__ ______ ___________ 362 362 18.4 19.7 19.7 16.0 1.23 1*23 $0.65 $0.65 No. 6 (January): fJottonsaftd Tnfi»l _ General cargo_________- _____ 203 35 203 35 10.2 1.7 20.0 20.8 20.0 20.8 16.0 16.0 1.25 1.30 1.25 1.30 .64 .62 .64 .62 238 238 11.9 20.0 20.0 16.0 1.25 1.25 .64 .64 Total, 8 ships. _________________ 11,076 11,076 456.3 24.3 24.3 19.7 1.23 1.23 $0.65 $0.65 Flour . _ _________________ 6,620 Cottonseed meal-______ _____ 2,400 General cargo ______________ 2,056 6,620 2,400 2,056 281.0 92.0 83.3 23.6 26.1 24.7 23.6 26.1 24.7 19.8 20.3 19.0 1.19 1.29 1.31 1.19 1.29 1.31 .67 .62 .61 .67 .62 .61 850 503 255 22 850 503 255 22 28.6 20.0 16.6 2.5 29.7 25.2 15.5 8.9 29.7 25.2 15.5 8.9 18.0 15.0 18.0 15.0 1.65 1.68 .86 .59 1.65 1.68 .86 .59 .48 .48 .93 1.36 .48 .48 .93 1.36 1,630 1,630 67.7 24.1 24.1 17.0 1.42 1.42 .56 .56 750 456 33.3 15.0 22.5 30.4 22.5 30.4 23.0 20.0 .98 1.52 .98 1.52 .82 .53 .82 .53 Total ^ ^ _______ -__ * L ine N o. 5 No. 1 (January): Cottonseed meal____________ Oil cake__ _________________ Flour ___________________ General cargo_______________ Total _ _________________ No. 2 (March): Cottonseed meal____________ Flour. .....................................- 750 ‘ 456 _________________ 1,206 1,206 48.3 25.0 25.0 22.1 1.13 1.13 .71 .71 No. 3 (March) : Flour _____________________ Cottonseed meal____________ 1,657 50 1,657 50 72.9 4.0 22.7 12.4 22.7 12.4 18.0 18.0 1.26 .69 1.26 .69 *.63 1.16 .63 1.16 Total Total_____________________ 1,707 1,707 76.9 22.2 22.2 18.0 1.23 1.23 .65 .65 No. 4 (May): Flour_____________ 1,407 No. 5 (July): Flour_____________ 1,613 329 No. 6 (August): Flour___________ 1,407 1,613 329 55.6 66.6 14.2 25.3 24.2 23.2 25.3 24.2 23.2 22.0 20.0 20.0 1.15 1.21 1.16 1.15 1.21 1.16 .70 .66 .69 .70 .66 .69 No. 7 (September): Flour_____ _______ __________ 1,029 400 Cottonseed meal____________ 1,029 400 Total_____________________ 1,429 1,429 58.0 24.6 24.6 20.0 1.23 1.23 .65 .65 No. 8 (October): Flour______________________ Cottonseed meal____________ Oil cake_______ ____________ 903 750 102 903 750 102 40.3 25.7 3.0 22.4 29.2 34.3 22.4 29.2 34.3 20.0 20.0 26.0 1.12 1.46 1.32 1.12 1.46 1.32 .71 .55 .61 .71 .55 .61 Total-......... ......... ...... ......... 1,755 1,755 69.0 25.4 25.4 20.3 1.26 1.26 .63 .63 216 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 33.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending— Cargo tonnage Man(reve hours nue tons)1 Out put per manhour (reve nue tons) i Labor cost per reve nue ton i 301,577 586,837 0.51 $1.18 Week ending- Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (reve hours hour reve nue (reve nue tons) i nue ton i tons) i Other weeks Line N o . 6 Total, 122 ships— Weeks Jan. 7,4 ships. with m aximum efficiency 4,592 1,973 2,348 2,344 4,738 3,750 4,465 4,669 0.99 .53 .53 .50 $0.61 1.13 1.13 1.20 11,257 17,622 .64 .94 M ay 7, 3 ships. 1,873 2,998 2,278 4,062 2,598 4,573 .46 1.15 .50 1.30 .52 1.20 Total___ 7,149 11,233 .64 .94 Total— Weeks with m inim um effici ency Apr. 4, 2 ships. 2,671 1,950 6,412 5,655 0.42 .34 $1.43 1.76 Total___ 4,621 12,067 .38 1.58 Oct. 31, 2 ships. 1,569 3,244 3,764 7,478 .42 .43 1.43 1.40 Total___ 4,813 11,242 .43 1.40 Weeks with average efficiency Feb. 21, 2 ships......... 3,810 3,898 7,523 7,299 0.51 .53 $1.18 1.13 Total....... 7,708 14,822 .52 1.15 Mar. 7,3 ships. 1,458 2,588 466 2,771 5,593 711 .53 .46 .66 1.13 1.30 .91 4,512 9,075 .50 1.20 Total.. 1 Short tons. L in e N o . 6— Con. Jan. 14, 2 ships__ Jan. 21,1 ship___ Jan. 31, 4 ships.. . Feb. 7,3 ships___ Feb. 14, 2 ships... Feb. 28, 2 ships— Mar. 14, 2 ships... Mar. 21, 2 ships.. Mar. 31, 3 ships. _ Apr. 7, 3 ships___ Apr. 21, 2 ships— Apr. 30, 3 ships... M ay 14, 2 ships— May 21, 3 ships__ May 31, 3 ships......... Junj 7, 2 ships........... June 14, 3 ships_____ June 21, 2 ships......... June 30, 2 ships— July 7, 3 ships___ July 14, 2 ships___ July 21,3 ships__ July 31, 3 ships__ Aug 7, 3 ships-----Aug. 14, 2 ships... Aug. 21, 3 ships— Aug. 31, 3 ships— Sept. 7, 2 ships___ Sept. 14, 3 ships. Sept. 21, 2 ships. Sept. 30, 4 ships. .. Oct. 7, 2 ships____ Oct. 14,1 ship___ Oct. 21, 4 ships___ Nov. 7, 3 ships___ Nov. 14, 2 ships... Nov. 21, 3 ships... Nov. 30, 3 ships... Dec. 7, 2 ships___ Dec. 14, 2 ships... Dec. 21, 2 ships... Dec. 31,3 ships... 5,698 3,217 13,884 11,549 6,878 6.624 6,206 5,472 7,532 7,622 5,765 7,670 4,942 4,911 6,487 4,712 5,428 5,244 4,971 6,822 3,301 5,915 7,782 5,469 4,914 5,917 7,268 5,178 6,052 4,997 10,158 5,019 2,207 10, 611 6,223 5,087 7,238 6,669 5,088 4,586 5,415 4,789 10,730 0.53 $1.13 5,914 .54 1.11 22,882 .61 .98 18,371 .63 .95 14,050 .49 1.22 14,082 .47 1.28 13,455 .46 1.30 11,216 .49 1.22 16,376 .46 1.30 13,283 .57 1.05 11,019 .52 1.15 14,391 .53 1.13 9,484 .52 1.15 9,354 .53 1.13 12,908 .50 1.20 8,990 .52 1.15 10,427 .52 1.15 10,557 .50 1.20 10,032 .50 1.20 11,947 .57 1.05 7,014 .47 1.28 11,470 .52 1.15 15,661 .50 1.20 11,390 .48 1.25 10,846 .45 1.33 12,612 .47 1.28 16,020 .45 1.33 11,540 .45 1.33 11,646 .52 1.15 9,551 .52 1.15 20,792 .49 1.22 11,276 .45 1.33 5,155 .43 1.40 19,868 .53 1.13 13,492 .46 1.30 10,763 .47 1.28 11,671 .62 .97 13,997 .48 1.25 9,669 .53 1.13 8,261 .56 1.07 10,198 .53 1.13 .57 8,416 1.05 217 GALVESTON (1927) T a b le 3 3 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABO R COST IN HANDLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE—Continued Loading cargo Week ending— Cargo tonnage Man(reve hours nue tons)1 Out put per manhour (reve nue tons) Labor cost per reve nue to n 1 2507,868 336,175 1.51 $0.40 Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (reve hours hour reve nue (reve nue tons) i nue to n 1 tons)1 Other weeks L in e N o. 7 Total, 121 ships.. Weeks with m axim um effi ciency Sept. 21, 3 ships. 5,274 942 3,295 2,909 738 1,619 1.81 1.28 2.04 .47 .29 Total....... 9,511 5.266 1.81 .33 Sept. 7, 2 ships. 4,779 1,663 2,603 1,068 1.84 1.56 .33 Total....... 6,442 3,671 1.75 .34 Weeks with m inim u m effi ciency July 7, 3 ships........... 1,834 5,378 2,177 1,262 3,735 3,300 1.45 1.44 .66 $0.41 .42 .92 Total............... 9,389 8,297 1.13 .53 May 7, 2 ships.......... 2,059 5,699 1,843 4,642 1.12 1.23 .54 .49 Total............... 7,758 6,485 1.20 .50 Weeks with average efficiency Mar. 14, 3 ships........ 3,838 3,021 3,987 2,475 2,273 2,441 Total............... 10,846 7,189 1.51 .43 Sept. 30, 3 ships........ 2,517 1,967 6,123 1,844 1,585 3,592 1.36 1.24 1.70 .44 .48 .35 Total:.............. 10,607 7,021 1.51 .40 1 Short tons. 66490°— 32------ 15 1.55 1.33 1.63 $0.39 .45 .37 L in e N o . 7—Con. Jan. 7, 4 ships. ......... Jan. 14, 2 ships......... Jan. 21, 2 ships-------Jan. 31, 2 ships......... Feb. 7,4 ships........... Feb. 14, 2 ships......... Feb. 21, 2 ships......... Feb. 28, 2 ships_____ Mar. 7, 2 ships.......... Mar. 21, 2 ships........ Mar. 31, 3 ships____ Apr. 7, 2 ships______ Apr. 14, 3 ships......... Apr. 21, 2 ships....... . Apr. 30, 2 ships........ May 14, 4 ships....... . May 21, 3 ships....... . May 31, 3 ships_____ June 7, 2 ships______ June 14, 3 ships_____ June 21, 3 ships_____ June 30,1 ship_____ July 14, 3 ships_____ July 21,1 ship.......... July 31, 4 ships......... Aug. 7, 2 ships_____ Aug. 14, 2 ships_____ Aug. 21, 3 ships......... Aug. 31, 3 ships......... Sept. 14, 2 ships------Oct. 7, 2 ships........... Oct. 14, 2 ships......... Oct. 21, 3 ships_____ Oct. 31, 3 ships......... Nov. 7, 3 ships.......... Nov. 14,1 ship.......... Nov. 21, 3 ships........ Nov. 30, 3 ships____ Dec. 7, 2 ships......... Dec. 14, 2 ships......... Dec. 21, 2 ships......... Dec. 31,4 ships......... 21,312 10,728 8,706 11,082 20,622 8,724 12,822 11,721 7,358 7,189 16,278 6,359 10,088 9,139 11,118 13,785 18,275 10,917 10, 111 15,100 9,793 7,064 14,629 5,812 15,271 7,255 6,036 8,561 11,179 6,984 7,828 7,738 10,913 10,976 13,121 4,003 12,601 10,390 7,811 10,674 9,646 13,696 * Principal commodity: Copper. 13,399 6,487 6,176 7,643 13,277 5,684 7,838 7,608 4,654 4,639 9,919 4,696 6,743 6,904 7,903 10,655 12,780 7,966 6,454 10,077 6,359 4,857 11,406 4,164 10,569 4,584 3,673 5,314 6,480 4,562 5,329 4,606 7,162 6,872 7,825 2,558 7,692 6,930 4,790 6,140 5,882 8,990 1.59 1.65 1.41 1.45 1.55 1.53 1.64 1.54 1.58 1.55 1.64 1.35 1.50 1.32 1.41 1.29 1.43 1.37 1.57 1.50 1.54 1.45 1.28 1.40 1.44 1.58 1.64 1.61 1.73 1.52 1.47 1.68 1.52 1.60 1.68 1.56 1.64 1.50 1.63 1.72 1.64 1.52 $0.38 .36 .43 .41 .39 .39 .37 .39 .38 .39 .37 .44 .40 .45 .43 .47 .42 .44 .38 .40 .39 .41 .47 .43 .42 .38 .37 .37 .35 .39 .41 .36 .39 .38 .36 .38 .37 .40 .37 .35 .37 .39 218 GENERAL TABLES T able 34.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Line No. 8 :1 Total, 10 ships.......... . 24,574 24,574 Ganghours Output per Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— gang-hour age num ber of men Long Reve Revenue Long Reve nue per Long nue tons tons ton tons gang tons ton B urlap 905i2 27.1 27.1 20.0 1.36 1.36 $0.59 $0.59 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)........ 1,115 936 830 320 1,115 936 830 320 40.0 36.0 29.0 7.0 27.8 26.0 28.6 45.8 27.8 26.0 28.6 45.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 1.39 1.30 1.43 2.29 1.39 $0.58 1.30 .62 1.43 .56 2.29 .35 Total........................ 3,201 $0.58 .62 .56 .35 3,201 112.0 28.6 28.6 20.0 1.43 1.43 .56 .56 516 1,082 185 $16 1,082 185 24.5 33.3 5.0 21.0 32.4 37.0 21.0 32.4 37.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 1.05 1.62 1.85 1.05 1.62 1.85 .76 .49 .43 .76 .49 .43 Total.............. ......... 1,783 1,783 62.8 28.4 28.4 20.0 1.42 1.42 .56 .56 1.45 1.49 1.11 1.45 $0.55 1.49 .54 1.11 .72 $0.55 .54 .72 No. 2 (June)_________ Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (October)........... 474 1,016 474 1,016 16.3 29.0 34.0 29.8 16>3 22.2 29.0 29.8 22.2 20.0 20.0 20.0 66.6 27.8 27.8 20.0 1.26 1.26 .63 .63 20.5 40.5 33.5 28.0 25.2 20.2 29.4 29.4 25.2 20.2 29.4 29.4 20.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 1.26 1.01 1.47 1.47 1.26 1.01 1.47 1.47 .63 .79 .54 .54 .63 .79 .54 .54 25.7 25.7 20.0 1.28 1,28 .63 .63 $0.58 .56 .62 .63 362 362 Total.............. ......... 1,852 1,852 No. 4 (January).......... 516 819 984 825 516 819 984 825 Total........................ 3,144 3,144 122.5 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July)................. 826 1,104 595 448 826 1,104 595 448 30.0 39.0 23.0 17.8 27.6 28.4 25.8 25.2 27.6 28.4 25.8 25.2 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 1.38 1.42 1.29 1.26 1.38 $0.58 1.42 .56 1.29 .62 .63 1.26 Total........................ 2,973 2,973 109.8 27.0 27.0 20.0 1.35 1.35 .59 .59 No. 6 (August)______ 514 1,076 635 246 514 1,076 635 246 20.5 38.8 23.5 6.0 25.0 27.8 27.0 41.0 25.0 27.8 27.0 41.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 1.25 1.39 1.35 2.05 1.25 1.39 1.35 2.05 .64 .58 .59 .39 .64 .58 .59 .39 Total........................ 2,471 2,471 88.8 27.8 27.8 20.0 1.39 1.39 .58 .58 23.6 i 19.0 j 1.24 1.24 $0.65 $0.65 1.33 $0.60 1.31 .61 $0.60 .61 Line No. 9: Total. 11 ships............. 20,472 20,472 866.0 23.6 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October)........... 1,595 No. 2 (M ay)......... . 1,308 1,595 1,308 63.1 52.7 25.3 24.9 25.3 24.9 1 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 19.0 19.0 1.33 1.31 219 GALVESTON (1927) T a b l e 34 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Ganghours Output per Aver Output per Average labor gang-hour age man-hour cost per— num ber of men Reve Long Reve nue per Long Revenue Long nue tons tons tons ton gang tons ton Ships with m inim u m efficiency B u r la p — Continued Line No. 9—Continued. No. 3 (September)----- 3,404 No. 4 (November)___ 1,850 3,404 1,850 151.4 82.5 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 19.0 19.0 1.18 1.18 1.18 $0.68 1.18 .68 $0.68 .68 1.24 $0.65 1.26 .63 $0.65 .63 3$4.71 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)......... . No. 6 (December).. 1,506 1,701 1,506 1,701 63.8 70.9 3,536 2 59,579 190.1 18.6 2313.4 18.5 1.01 2 17.00 $0.79 368 394 412 485 493 485 429 470 2 6,250 2 6,500 27,000 2 8,250 28,250 28,250 27,162 2 7,917 13.9 21.9 23.0 29.8 27.5 28.8 21.1 24.1 26.5 18.1 18.0 16.4 17.9 16.8 20.3 19.5 2450.4 2296.8 2304.7 2277.6 2300.0 2286.5 2339.4 2328.5 18.0 19.0 18.0 18.0 20.9 22.6 15.0 15.1 1.47 .95 1.00 .91 .85 .75 1.36 1.29 225.00 2 15.60 216.90 2 15.40 214.40 212.70 222.60 2 21.80 Line No. 11: Total, 9 ships............. 45,411 <6,061 267.1 20.3 22.7 17.8 1.14 23.6 23.9 23.6 23.9 19.0 19.0 1.24 1.26 C offee Line No. 10: Total, 8 ships........ No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1( January).... 2 (March)-----3 (June)......... 4 (July)--------5 (August)___ 6 (September)___ 7 (October)_____ 8 (N ovem ber),.. .54 .84 .80 .88 .94 1.00 .59 .62 3 3.20 3 5.13 34.73 3 5.19 3 5.56 3 6.30 33.54 33.67 1.27 $0.70 $0.63 2.15 $0.42 1.46 .62 $0.37 .55 0.99 $0.91 1.12 .80 $0.81 .71 1.27 $0.71 1.30 .69 $0.63 .62 N ew sprin t P aper Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (October).......... No. 2 (August)............ 451 742 505 831 13.1 33.7 34.6 22.1 38.7 24.8 18.0 17.0 1.92 1.30 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3............................ No. 4 (March)............. 321 817 360 915 21.4 48.1 15.0 17.0 16.8 19.0 17.0 17.0 0.88 1.00 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January).......... No. 6 (August)............ 598 575 670 644 26.5 27.6 22.6 20.9 25.3 23.4 3 Per 100 bags. * Principal commodity: Paper, 5,349 long tons or 5,991 short tons. 20.0 18.0 1.13 1.16 220 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 34.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M O DITIES—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Ganghours Output per Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— gang-hour age num ber of men Long Reve Revenue Long Revenue per Long tons tons tons ton *nue gang tons ton 1,957.5 49.2 2338.6 36.4 Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Line No. 12: i Total, 27 ships......... . 96,375 *662,798 S ugar 1.35 29.30 $0.59 *$8.60 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (June)................ 1,731 871 1,437 211,702 25,883 29,715 25.5 16.5 21.0 68.0 2458.6 36.0 52.9 2356.4 36.0 68.3 2462.5 39.0 1.89 1.47 1.75 212.70 $0.42 3$6.30 2 9.90 .54 38.08 2 11.90 .46 3 6.72 Total........................ 4,039 227,300 63.0 64.1 2433.3 37.0 1.73 2 11.70 .46 36.84 891 261 1,845 2 6,050 21,764 2 12,442 14.0 4.0 30.5 63.7 2432.0 36.0 65.1 2441.0 42.0 60.5 2407.9 36.0 1.77 1.55 1.68 2 12.00 210.50 211.30 .45 .52 .48 36.66 3 7.62 37.08 T o ta l--............ ........ 2,997 220,256 48.5 61.8 2417.7 36.5 1.69 2H.40 .47 3 7.02 2 6.90 $0.81 25.40 1.04 26.20 .89 2 5.10 1.11 2 4.80 1.18 3$11.59 »14.81 312.90 315.69 316.67 No. 2 (August)— ....... Ships w ith m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (March)_______ 750 1,483 1,619 1,330 815 2 5,244 210,410 211,047 2 9,289 25,706 20.0 47.0 46.0 46.0 30.0 Total........................ 5,997 * 41,696 189.0 No. 4 (March)............. 1,142 702 664 546 855 192 555 2 7,960 2 4,910 24,645 23,817 25,980 2 1,347 23,884 31.0 17.0 17.5 16.0 24.0 6.0 15.0 4,656 232,543 126.5 T o ta l--.................... 37.6 31.6 35.1 28.8 27.2 2262.2 2221.4 2240.2 2202.0 2190.4 38.0 41.0 39.0 40.0 40.0 0.99 .77 .90 .72 .68 31.7 2220.6 39.8 .80 25.50 2256.7 2288.8 2265.3 2238.7 2249.3 2224.6 2259.1 33.0 35.0 33.0 37.0 32.0 37.0 33.0 1.12 1.18 1.15 .92 1.11 .86 1.12 *7.80 28.30 28.00 2 6.50 2 7.80 2 6.10 2 7.90 .71 .68 .70 .87 .72 .93 .71 310.26 39.64 3 10.00 3 12.31 3 10.26 3 13.11 310.13 36.8 2257.3 33.8 1.09 2 7.60 .73 310.53 37.0 41.3 38.0 34.0 35.5 31.8 37.0 1.00 3 14.55 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October)--------- 1,848 1,579 299 2 12,503 210,666 22,090 37.0 34.0 10.5 50.0 2338.0 34.0 46.6 2313.8 34.0 28.5 2199.0 32.0 1.47 1.37 1.89 29.90 $0.54 3 $8.08 29.20 .58 38.70 2 6.20 .42 3 12.90 T otal-...................... 3,726 2 25,259 81.5 45.7 2309.9 33.7 1.35 29.20 .59 38.70 No. 6 (June)......... ...... 1,975 1,340 763 581 2 13,352 29,164 2 5,173 23,957 41.0 25.5 18.0 13.0 48.2 52.5 42.5 45.2 33.0 37.0 36.0 35.0 1.46 1.42 1.18 1.29 2 9.90 29.70 28.00 2 8.70 .55 .56 .68 .62 38.08 38.25 3 10.00 39.20 Total........................ 4,659 231,646 97.5 47.8 2324.6 34.9 1.37 *9.30 .58 38.60 2325.7 2359.3 2287.3 2304.5 1 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 2 Bags. 3 Per 100 bags. 221 GALVESTON (1927) T a b l e 34 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Loading cargo Output per Aver gang-hour age Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Ganghours Long tons Revenue tons Line No. 1 3 :1 Total, 8 ships........... — 5,017 * 22,576 Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— |rmm- berof men Long Long Reve Long Reve nue per tons Revenue nue tons ton tons tons gang ton C otton 213.0 23.6 *106.0 15.0 1.57 *7.07 $0.90 «$0.20 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November)___ 802 8 3,609 27.0 29.7 5133.7 15.0 1.98 *8.91 No. 2 (September)___ 87 136 221 *390 *610 *1,000 4.5 5.5 7.0 19.3 *86.7 15.0 24.6 *110.9 15.0 31.8 *142.9 15.0 1.28 1.64 2.12 *5.78 $0.90 e $0.20 *7.39 .90 6.20 *9.53 .90 6.20 Total........................ 444 *2,000 17.0 26.1 *117.6 15.0 1.74 *7.84 .90 6.20 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (March)_______ 221 179 * 1,000 *800 12.0 11.8 18.5 *83.3 15.1 *67.8 Total........................ 400 * 1,800 23.8 16.8 *75.6 No. 4 (July)................. 310 * 1,393 14.8 21.0 *94.1 1.23 1.00 *5.55 $0.90 6 $0.20 *4.52 6.20 .90 15.0 1.12 *5.04 .90 «.20 15.0 1.40 *6.27 .90 6.20 15.0 15.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October)........... 489 *2,200 20.8 23.6 *105.8 15.0 1.57 *7.05 $0.90 e $0.20 No. 6 (August)............ 143 401 *644 *1,805 6.8 15.0 21.0 *94.7 15.0 26.7 *120.3 15.0 1.40 1.78 *6.31 *8.02 .90 .90 6.20 6.20 T o ta l................... . 544 *2,449 21.8 24.9 *112.4 15.0 1.66 *7.49 .90 6.20 Line No. 14:1 Total, 10 ships_______ 9,797 *44,086 448.1 21.9 *98.4 1.47 *6.61 $0.90 6$0.20 15.0 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November)___ No. 2 (December)___- 543 562 * 2,445 *2,531 22.0 23.0 24.7 *111.1 15.0 24.5 *110.1 15.0 1.65 1.63 *7.41 $0.90 I6 $0.20 *7.34 .90 j 6.20 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (M arch)-........... 714 534 * 3,211 *2,404 33.0 29.5 21.6 *97.4 18.1 *81.5 15.0 15.0 1.44 1.21 *6.49 $0.90 6 $0.20 *5.43 .90 «.20 Total........................ 1,248 *5,615 62.5 20.0 *89.9 15.0 1.33 *5.99 .90 ®.20 969 886 142 * 4,360 * 3,986 *639 48.0 42.5 6.0 20.2 *90.9 15.0 20.8 *93.8 15.0 23.7 *106.5 15.0 1.35 1.39 1.58 *6.06 *6.25 *7.10 .90 .90 .90 ®. 20 6.20 6.20 Total........................ 1,997 *8,985 96.5 20.7 *93.2 1.38 *6.21 .90 6.20 No. 4 (February!). ,. 1 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. « Bales. « Piece rate per bale. 15.0 GENERAL TABLES 222 T a b le 34 .—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Output per Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— gang-hour age num ber of men Long Reve Revenue Long Reve nue nue per Long ton tons tons tons gang tons ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Ships with average efficiency C otton — Continued Line No. 14 *—Contd. No. 5 (January) ____ Ganghours 673 1,164 616 5 3,030 5 5,240 6 2,770 25.0 56.0 32.0 20.8 593.6 19.2 586.6 26.9 5121.2 35.0 15.0 15.0 1.80 1.39 1.28 58.08 $0.90 *$0.20 5 6.24 •. 20 .90 «. 20 5 5.77 .90 Total......................... 2,453 511,040 113.0 21.7 597.7 No. 6 (September)___ 389 «1,750 17.0 Line No. 15: i Total, 35 ships............. 69,627 «311,532 3,153.5 15.0 1.45 5 6.51 .90 «.20 22.9 5102.9 15.0 1.52 5 6.86 .90 6.20 22.1 598.8 1.47 5 6.59 $0.90 6$0.20 15.0 Ships with maximum efficiency 511.49 $0.90 6$0.20 1,582 s 7,121 41.3 38.3 5172.4 15.0 2.55 No. 2 (February)........ 1,143 1,085 «5,142 64,883 53.0 33.0 21.6 597.0 15.0 32.9 5148.0 15.0 1.44 1.97 56.47 58.86 .90 .90 6.20 6.20 Total........ —............. 2,228 6 10,025 86.0 25.9 5116.6 15.0 1.73 5 7.77 .90 6.20 No. 1 (January).......... Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (September)...... 546 363 245 5 2,455 « 1,635 5 1,102 24.0 24.0 17.5 22.7 5102.3 15.0 15.1 5 68.1 15.0 14.0 563.0 15.0 1.01 5 6.82 $0.90 6$0.20 5 4.54 .90 «. 20 5 4.20 .90 6.20 1.52 .93 Total........................ 1,154 «5,192 65.5 17.6 5 79.3 15.0 1.17 5 5.28 .90 6.20 No. 4 (September)---- 966 779 5 4,345 5 3,509 42.0 55.0 23.0 5103.5 15.0 14.2 563.8 15.0 1.53 .94 56.90 5 4.25 .90 .90 6.20 6.20 Total........................ 1,745 5 7,854 97.0 18.0 581.0 1.20 5 5.40 .90 6.20 15.0 Ships with average efficiency 1.36 1.62 5 6.12 $0.90 6$0.20 5 7.29 .90 6.20 22.2 5100.0 15.0 1.48 5 6.67 .90 6.20 22.8 5102.5 15.0 15.0 1.52 1.39 1.66 15.0 1.73 1.27 56.83 5 6.27 57.47 5 7.79 5 5.73 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 22.3 5100.2 15.0 1.48 56.68 .90 6.20 21.3 595.7 1.42 56.38 $0.90 6$0.20 32.0 28.0 20.4 591.8 15.0 24.3 5109.4 15.0 5 6,000 60.0 5 3,074 5 3,011 5224 5 1,402 5 559 30.0 32.0 20.9 594.1 6.5 19.1 5 86.0 1,838 58,270 82.5 Line No. 16:1 Total, 34 ships............. 55,383 5 249,223 2,605.0 No. 5 (November)___ 653 680 5 2,937 53,063 Total........................ 1,333 No. 6 (October).......... 683 669 50 312 124 Total........................ 2.0 24.9 5112.0 15.0 12.0 26.0 5116.8 15.0 i Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 15.0 6 Bales. 6 Piece rate per bale. 223 GALVESTON (1927) T a b le 3 4.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ganghours Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Ships with m axim um efficiency C o tto n — Continued Line N o . 161— Contd. N o. 1 (M arch)........... Output per A ver . Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— gang-hour age num ber of Reve men Long Reve Long Revenue Long nue per nue tons tons tons ton tons gang ton 302 38 391 131 122 170 279 * 1,357 8 173 8 1,759 8 590 8 549 8 765 8 1,256 12.5 1.8 13.3 4.0 4.0 7.5 12.0 20.8 21.3 29.4 32.8 30.5 22.7 23.3 8 93.8 8 96.0 8132.3 8147.5 8137.3 8102.0 8104.7 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.39 1.42 1.96 2.18 2.03 1.51 1.55 8 6.25 8 6.40 8 8.82 8 9.83 8 9.15 8 6.-80 8 6.98 $0.90 e $0.20 .90 6.2 0 .90 6 .20 .90 «-.20 .90 6.2 0 .90 6.2 0 .90 6.2 0 Total.... ............. 1,433 8 6,449 55.1 26.0 8117.0 15.0 1.73 8 7.80 .90 6.2 0 N o. 2 (January).. 272 1,053 8 1,222 8 4,741 11.0 41.3 24.7 8111.2 25.5 8114.8 15.0 15.0 1.65 1.70 8 7.41 8 7.65 .90 .90 6.2 0 « .2 0 T otal................... 1,325 8 5,963 52.3 25.3 8114.0 15.0 1.69 8 7.60 .90 6.2 0 Ships with m in im u m efficiency N o. 3 (December).. 15.0 15.0 1.14 .98 8 5.12 8 4.41 16.6 8 74.9 15.0 1.11 8 4.99 .90 6.2 0 22.2 8100.1 16.9 8 76.1 15.0 15.0 1.48 1.13 8 6.67 8 5.07 .90 .90 6.20 6.20 15.0 1.13 8 5.10 .90 6.20 955 176 8 4,298 8 793 56.0 12.0 T o ta l......................... 1,131 8 5,091 68.0 N o. 4 (September).. 22 1,117 8 100 8 5,024 1.0 66.0 1,139 8 5,124 67.0 17.0 8 76.5 T o ta l. 17.1 8 76.8 14.7 8 66.2 $0.90 6 $0. 20 .90 6.2 0 Ships with average efficiency N o. 5 (D ecem ber)___ 795 1,359 373 e 3,576 8 6,114 8 1,681 36.0 72.0 12.0 22.1 8 99.3 15.0 18.9 8 84.9 15.0 31.2 8140.3 .15.0 1.47 1.26 2.08 8 6.62 8 5.66 5 9.35 $0.90 6 $0.20 .90 6 .20 .90 6 .2 0 T o ta l............................. 2,527 s 11,371 120.0 21.1 8 94.8 15.0 1.40 8 6.32 .90 6.2 0 N o. 6 (October)............ 349 1,217 74 8 1,569 8 5,477 8 333 15.0 60.0 4.0 23.2 8104.6 20.3 8 91.4 18.5 883.3 15.0 15.0 15.0 1. 55 1.35 1.23 8 6.97 8 6.09 5 5.55 .90 .90 .90 8 .20 6 .2 0 6 .2 0 T o ta l............................. 1,640 8 7,379 79.0 20.8 8 93.5 15.0 1.38 5 6.23 .90 6 .20 Line N o. 17: Total, 27 ships............... 32,641 32,641 1,602.6 20.4 15.9 1.28 1.28 $0.63 $0.63 1.47 $0.54 1.45 .55 $0.54 .55 1.01 $0.79 1.03 .78 $0.79 .78 1.28 $0.63 .62 1.29 $0.62 .63 F lour 20.4 Ships with m axim um efficiency N o. 1 (April).................. N o. 2 (August)__ 654 882 654 882 27.9 38.0 23.4 23.2 23.4 23.2 15.9 16.0 1.47 1.45 Ships with m in im u m efficiency N o .3 (November).. N o. 4 (October)___ 981 1,240 981 1,240 61.0 75.4 16.2 16.5 16.2 16.2 16.0 16.0 1.01 1.03 Ships with average efficiency N o . 5 (January).. N o. 6 (July).......... 1,394 928 1,394 928 77.8 45.0 17.9 20.6 17.9 20.6 1Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 14.0 16.0 1.28 1.29 * Bales. •Piece rate per bale. 224 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 34.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LA BO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo—Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Line No. 18: Total, 10 ships............. 5,834 5,834 Ganghours Output per Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— gang-hour age num ber of men Long Revenue Long Reve Long Reve nue nue per tons ton tons tons tons ton gang S pelter 264.7 22.0 22.0 16.0 1.38 1.38 $0.58 $0.58 2.01 $0.40 1.56 .51 $0.40 .51 1.01 $0.79 .73 1.10 $0.79 .73 1.41 $0.57 1.42 .56 $0.57 .56 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January).. No. 2 (March)... 755 750 755 750 23.5 30.1 32.2 25.0 32.2 25.0 16.0 16.0 2.01 1.56 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February).. No. 4 (March)___ 525 562 525 562 32.6 31.9 16.2 17.6 16.2 17.6 16.0 16.0 1.01 1.10 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)___ No. 6 (November)___ 675 350 675 350 30.0 15.4 22.6 22.7 22.6 22.7 16.0 16.0 1.41 1.42 W h e a t (Trimming) ' Line No. 19: Total, 32 ships......... . 97,566 83,896,128 •7,364.5 13.25 8529.00 $0.06 w $1.51 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)... No. 2 (February).. 2,571 6,482 896,000 8242,000 » 77.00 •204.0 33.39 81,246.80 $0.02 w $0.64 N.67 .03 31.80 81,186.30 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March)........... No. 4 (September). . . 3,348 2,786 8 125,000 8 104,000 •375.0 •310.0 8.93 8 333.30 $0.09 8.99 8 335.50 .09 io 2.40 io 2.38 Ships with average efficiency No. 5----------- -----No. 6 (March)___ 2,571 2,223 Line No. 20: Total, 6 ships....... 16,550 No. No. No. No. No. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (January)......... (January)........ (March)........... (April).............. (May).............. (September)__ 2.142 2,571 2,785 2.142 3,696 3,214 8 137,920 885,286 9275.0 9171.0 8618,000 • 1,180.5 880,000 896,000 8 104,000 8 80,000 8 138,000 8 120,000 »102.0 9182.0 9 167.5 9167.0 9 284.0 9 278.0 ? Data for ships Nos. 5 and 6 include also other grain. s Bushels. 9.35 8501.50 $0.09 io $1.60 13.00 8498.70 .06 io 1.60 14.02 8523.50 $0.06 io $1.53 21.00 14.13 16.62 12.83 13.01 11.56 8 784.30 8527.50 8620.90 8479.00 8485.90 8 431.70 •Man-hours, w Per 1,000 bushels. .04 .06 .05 .06 .06 .07 io 1.02 10 1.52 io 1.29 io 1.67 io 1.65 io 1.85 Houston (1927) T a b le 35.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABO R COST IN H AN DLING CARGO, BY KIN D OF T R A D E AND IN DIVIDU AL COMMODITIES la Output per Aver Output per Average cost man-hour borper— gang-hour age num ber of men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue Long enue tons enue tons gang tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Ganghours Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo, Europe: No. 1................................... No. 2 .................................. No. 3_.................................. Loading cargo, Europe: No. 4................................ No. 5........ ........................... No. 6 _ _ ............................................ . No. 7........... ....................... No. 8................................. No. 9.................................... 16,862 5,837 24,316 16,862 5,837 24,316 817.0 287.0 2,223.3 20.6 20.3 10.9 20.6 20.3 10.9 18.0 18.0 11.6 1.14 1.13 .94 1.14 $0.70 1.13 .71 .94 .85 18,943 37,403 36,747 9,836 10,349 5,941 18,943 37,403 36,747 9,836 10,349 5,941 744.2 1,624.5 1,603.2 454.3 504.4 374.5 25.5 23.0 22.9 21.7 20.5 15.9 25.5 23.0 22.9 21.7 20.5 15.9 19.2 18.0 18.0 17.1 18.0 18.0 1.32 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.14 .88 1.32 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.14 .88 .61 .63 .63 .63 .70 .91 $0.70 .71 .85 .61 .63 .63 .63 .70 .91 Intercoastal trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 10................................... 47,180 352,840 2,464.5 19.1 321.4 20.8 0.92 31.03 $0.87 3$0.78 Coastwise trade 2 Discharging cargo: No. 11...... ............................ Loading cargo: No. 12................................... 3 27,288 <45,155.0 30.60 8$1.00 339,450 <40,134.0 3.98 3. 61 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Newsprint paper—No. 13. _ 4,214 Loading cargo: Cotton—No. 14................... 15,686 No. 15.......................... 29,259 No. 16......................... 56,197 No. 177.......................... 13,928 Rails—No. 18____________ 11,509 3 4,720 5 70,591 8131,704 8253,396 8 62,675 11,509 230.1 18.3 320.5 677.5 23.2 1,314.5 22.3 2,606.8 21.6 960.0 14.5 1,470.6 7.8 8104.0 8100.2 897.2 565.3 7.8 17.3 1.06 31. 18 $0.75 3$0.68 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.1 9.0 1.54 1.48 1.44 .72 .87 87.00 86.70 86.50 83.30 .87 .90 .90 .90 (8) .92 1 Wage rate: 80 cents per hour. 2 Wage rate: 60 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. 4 Man-hours. * Bales. 6 Piece rate per bale. 7 Cotton hand stowed and screwed. 8 Piece rate: 20 cents per bale for hand-stowed and 40 centsper bale for screwed cotton. 225 ®. 20 «.20 0.20 (8) .92 226 GEN ERAL TABLES T a b le 36.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Long enue per Long Rev Long Rev enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton L in e No. 1 Total, 24 ships...... ....................... 116,862 16,862 817.0 20.6 20.6 18.0 1.14 1.14 $0.70 $0.70 $0.35 1.25 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Steel angles...... ................... . General cargo______________ 601 19 601 19 14.7 1.6 40.7 11.5 40.7 11.5 18.0 18.0 2.26 .64 2.26 $0.35 .64 1.25 Total......... .......................- 620 620 16.3 38.0 38.0 18.0 2.10 2.10 .38 .38 No. 2 (February): Sheet steel_________________ General cargo______________ 518 120 518 120 638 638 21.0 30.4 30.4 18.0 1.69 1.69 .47 .47 0.69 $1.16 $1.16 Total............................... . Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August): Steel products..... ......... ...... ... Manure salts_______________ General cargo___________ - - 525 278 179 525 278 179 T o ta l.-............ ......... ...... 982 982 No. 4 (June): Sheet ir o n ________________ General cargo______________ 198 75 198 75 T o ta l-..............................- 273 273 79.5 12.4 12.4 18.0 0.69 18.2 14.9 14.9 18.0 .83 .83 .96 .96 1.14 $0.70 $0.70 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Steel products __ _____ General cargo______________ 646 140 646 140 Total. .................................. 786 786 38.2 20.5 No. 6 (February): Iron tubes_________________ paper________ ____________ Kainit (bulk)____________ General cargo______________ 20.5 18.0 287 190 105 10 19.1 287 190 105 | 10.2 10 Total ___________________ 592 592 29.3 5,837 5,837 Cotton bands__ _____ ______ 4,000 General cargo______________ 2 1,837 4,000 1,837 1.14 15.1 15.1 18.0 .84 .84 .95 .95 30.1 30.1 18.0 1.67 1.67 .48 .48 20.2 20.2 18.0 1.12 1.12 .71 .71 287.0 20.3 20.3 18.0 1.13 1.13 $0.71 $0.71 193.2 93.8 20.7 19.6 20.7 19.6 18.0 18.0 1.15 1.10 1.15 1.10 .70 .73 .70 .73 L in e N o. 2 Total, 7 ships...... .......................... No. 1 (January): Cotton bands______________ General cargo......................... 1,000 142 1,000 142 48.3 7.8 20.7 19.9 20.7 19.9 18.0 18.0 1.15 1.11 1.15 1.11 .70 .72 .70 .72 Total.............- ..................... 1,142 1,142 56.1 20.7 20.7 18.0 1.15 1.15 .70 .70 1 Principal commodity: Iron and steel products, 12,961 long tons. * Principal commodity: Burlap, 1,233 long tons. 227 HOUSTON (1927) T a b le 36.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons 1,000 107 41 1,000 107 41 Output per Aver Output per Average age man-hour labor cost gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Rev Long Rev Long Rev gang enue tons enue tons enue tons tons ton ton L ine N o . 2—Continued No. 2 (March): Cotton hands „ Burlap____________ ______ General cargo______________ 48.6 4.6 3.2 20.5 23.4 12.6 20.5 23.4 12.6 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.14 1.30 .70 1.14 $0.70 1.30 .62 .70 1.14 $0.70 .62 1.14 1,148 1,148 56.4 20.3 20.3 18.0 1.13 1.13 .71 .71 No. 3 (April): Cork____________ 164 164 18.2 9.0 9.0 18.0 .50 .50 1.60' 1.60 No. 4 (August): Burlap General cargo 319 15 319 15 Total................................. 334 334 9.9 33.8 33.8 18.0 1.88 1.88 .43 .43 221 221 23.6 9.4 9.4 18.0 .52 .52 1.54 1.54 No. 6 (September): Cotton bands T ............. Burlap_________ __________ 1,000 596 1,000 596 45.7 16.5 21.8 36.2 21.8 36.2 18.0 18.0 1.21 2.01 1.21 2.01 .66 .40 .66 .40 Total.................................. 1,596 1,596 62.2 25.6 25.6 18.0 1.42 1.42 .56 .56 1,000 211 21 1,000 211 } 21 50.6 10.0 19.8 23.2 19.8 23.2 18.0 18.0 1.10 1.29 1.10 1.29 .73 .62 .73 .62 1,232 1,232 60.6 20.3 20.3 18.0 1.13 1.13 .71 .71 24,316 2,223.3 10.9 10.9 11.6 0.94 0.94 $0.85 $0.85 $0.58 Total__________________ No. 5 (August): Cork............ ...... No. 7 (September): Cotton bands______________ Burlap____________ ____ ___ General cargo____________ _ _ Total........... ....................... L ine N o. 3 Total, 18 ships_________________ 324,316 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Steel. _ Pipe _ General cargo__ __ Total............................. ...... No. 2 (September): Steel......... ............ General cargo. Total.................................. 399 316 127 399 316 127 842 842 462 405 462 405 867 867 63.5 13.3 13.3 9.7 1.37 1.37 $0.58 56.7 15.3 15.3 12.4 1.23 1.23 .65 .65 0.68 $1.18 $1.18 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January): Steel.............................. General cargo _ 873 130 873 130 Total..................... ...... ........ 1,003 1,003 No. 4 (January): Steel___ ______ ________ ____ General cargo______________ 915 105 915 105 Total.................................... 1,020 1,020 a Principal commodity: Steel, 17,706 long tons. 130.5 7.7 7.7 11.3 0.68 114.5 8.9 8.9 11.7 .76 .76 1.05 1.05 228 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 3 6 . -P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R AD E —Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age gang-hour man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev per Long Rev Long Rev Long enue gang enue tons tons tons enue tons ton ton Ships with average efficiency L ine N o . 3—Continued No. 5 (July): Steel General cargo - _ Total.................................... No. 6 (May): Steel General cargo Total_______ ____________ 1,086 388 1,086 388 1,474 1,474 821 221 821 221 1,042 1,042 153.0 9.6 9.6 10.3 0.94 101.0 10.3 10.3 11.1 .93 0.94 $0.85 .93 $0.85 .86 .86 $0.61 Loading cargo: Europe L in e N o. 4 Total, 9 ships__________________ 18,943 18,943 744.2 25.5 25.5 19.2 1.32 1.32 $0.61 13,467 5,476 13,467 5,476 517.8 226.4 26.0 24.2 26.0 24.2 19.0 19.9 1.37 1.22 1.37 1.22 Oil cake__________________ General cargo.. . _________ .58 .66 .58 .66 1.79 $0.45 1.50 .53 $0.45 .53 $0.63 1.18 1.60 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March): Oil cake.............. No. 2 (March): Cottonseed meal. 2,700 650 2,700 650 94.4 24.1 28.6 27.0 28.6 27.0 16.0 18.0 1.79 1.50 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Oil cak e__________________ Flour______________________ Hardwood_________________ 3,019 88 49 3,019 88 49 130.7 8.7 6.5 23.0 10.2 7.5 23.0 10.2 7.5 18.0 15.0 15.0 1.28 .68 .50 1.28 $0.63 .68 1.18 .50 1.60 145.9 21.6 21.6 17.7 1.22 1.22 .66 .66 140.3 25.6 25.6 21.0 1.22 1.22 .66 .66 $0.54 1.01 .52 Total__ ______ ___________ 3,156 3,156 No. 4 (September): Oil cake . - ____________ Cottonseed meal___________ F lo u r..................... ................ 3,067 500 30 3,067 500 30 Total____________________ 3,597 3,597 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Oil cake___________________ Cottonseed meal___________ Flour_____________ ________ Total................ ............ . No. 6 (March): Cottonseed meal.. 1,006 85 29 1,006 85 29 42.7 6.8 1.3 23.5 12.6 23.1 23.5 12.6 23.1 16.0 16.0 15.0 1.47 .79 1.54 1.47 $0.54 .79 1.01 1.54 .52 1,120 1,120 50.8 22.1 22.1 15.9 1.38 1.38 .58 .58 850 850 30.9 | 27.6 27.6 20.0 1.38 1.38 .58 .58 229 HOUSTON (1927) T a b l e 36 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO I N FOREIGN TRADE-Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Output per A ver gang-hour age num Gangber of hours men Rev per Long enue tons tons gang Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Long Rev Long Rev enue tons enue tons ton ton L in e No. 5 Total, 24 ships_________________ <37,403 37,403 1,624.5 23.0 23.0 18.0 1.28 1.28 $0.63 $0.63 $0.53 .60 Ships with m aximum efficiency No.*l (June): Flour............................. General cargo. _ __________ 1,311 84 1,311 84 53.9 3.5 24.3 24.0 24.3 24.0 18.0 18.0 1.51 1.33 1.51 $0.53 1.33 .60 57.4 24.3 24.3 18.0 1.49 1.49 .54 .54 26.4 26.6 26.6 18.0 1.48 1.48 .54 .54 $0.76 Total____________________ 1,395 1,395 No. 2 (January): Flour and rice______________ General cargo______________ 596 105 596 105 Total.................................... 701 701 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September): Flour______________________ Lumber_______ ______ _____ General cargo______________ 1,726 155 86 1,726 155 86 Total____________________ 1,967 1,967 General cargo_________________ 1,399 200 14 1,399 200 14 Total____________________ 1,613 1,613 No. 4 (August): Flour_______________ ______ Cottonseed meal................ ..... 103.8 18.9 18.9 18.0 1.05 1.05 $0.76 76.9 21.0 21.0 18.0 1.09 1.09 .73 .73 $0.63 .60 .61 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Flour....................... Rice____ _________ Cottonseed meal___ 1,155 285 275 1,155 285 275 50.9 11.8 11.6 22.7 24.2 23.7 22.7 24.2 23.7 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.26 1.34 1.32 1.26 $0.63 1.34 .60 1.32 .61 Total................... 1,715 1,715 74.3 23.1 23.1 18.0 1.28 1.28 .63 .63 No. 6 (February): Flour...................... General cargo......... 513 91 513 91 19.1 7.7 26.9 11.8 26.9 11.8 18.0 18.0 1.49 .66 1.49 .66 .54 1.21 .54 1.21 Total.................... 604 604 26.8 22.5 22.5 18.0 1.25 1.25 .64 .64 36,747 1,603.2 22.9 22.9 18.0 1.28 1.28 $0.63 $0.63 $0.34 L in e No. 6 Total, 25 ships............... «36,747 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (August): Oil cake.......... . No. 2 (November): Cottonseed meal................................ ........... 588 588 14.0 42.1 42.1 18.0 2.34 2.34 $0.34 250 250 8.7 28.6 28.6 18.0 1.59 1.59 .50 .50 * Principal commodities: Flour, 29,217 long tons; rice, 3,348 long tons; cottonseed meal, 2,628 long tons. 4 Principal commodities: Cottonseed meal, 14,030 long tons; oil cake, 11,774 long tons; flour, 7,478 long tons; rice, 1,448 long tons. 230 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 36.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OP LA BO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FO REIGN T R A D E -C ontinued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Output per gang-hour Aver age num Gangber of hours Rev men Long enue per tons tons gang Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Rev Long Rev Long enue tons tons ton enue ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency L ine N o. 6—Continued No. 3 (October): Flour............... ...................... Cottonseed meal___________ Oil cake___________________ Rice_______________________ Scrap metal......... .............. . . 783 8-50 200 101 51 783 850 200 101 51 Total.... ........ ................... . 1,985 1,985 No. 1 (May): Hominy feed_______________ Flour..................................... Oilcake___________ ______ General cargo......................... 295 184 101 187 295 184 101 187 Total____________________ 767 767 109.8 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.00 1.00 $0.80 42.3 18.2 18.2 18.0 1.01 1.01 $0.80 .79 .79 $0.58 .66 .71 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Cottonseed meal___________ Oil cake_________________ Rice____ ________________ . Flour.... ....................... ........... 1,750 832 370 440 1,750 832 370 440 } Total____________________ 3,392 No. 6 (November): Flour_____________ ________ Cottonseed meal__________ Rice and scrap___________ _ Total............. ................. . 70.1 37.9 40.3 25.0 22.0 20.2 25.0 22.0 20.2 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.39 1.22 1.12 1.39 $0.58 1.22 .66 1.12 .71 3,392 148.3 22.9 22.9 18.0 1.27 1.27 .63 .63 653 630 25 653 630 25 33.3 21.4 1.5 19.6 29.3 17.1 19.6 29.3 17.1 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.09 1.63 .95 1.09 1.63 .95 .73 .49 .84 .73 .49 .84 1,308 1,308 56.2 23.2 23.2 18.0 1.29 1.29 .62 .62 9,836 9.836 454.3 21.7 21.7 17.1 1.26 1.26 $0.63 6,999 655,167 1,837 1,837 1,000 1,000 323.0 90.0 41.3 21.7 8170.8 20.4 20.4 24.2 24.2 17.7 15.4 16.5 1.23 ®9. 70 1. 32 1.32 1.47 1.47 L ine N o . 7 Total, S ships................................ Oil cake___________________ Cottonseed meal___________ General cargo______________ .65 .61 .54 $0.63 78.25 .61 .54 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March): Cottonseed meal. 287 6 2,903 No. 2 (December): Oil cake................................... Cottonseed meal.............. ...... 100 6 740 900 ®9,364 Total____________________ 1,000 810,104 13.0 22.1 8223.0 14.0 1.58 816.00 $0. 51 7$5.00 41.0 24.4 16.5 1.47 24.4 1.47 .54 .54 $0.70 .50 .86 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (December): Cottonseed m eal8_______________________ Total____________________ • Bags. *’Per 100 bags. 100 150 200 100 150 200 5.5 7.0 13.5 18.2 21.4 14.8 18.2 21.4 14.8 16.0 14.7 16.0 1.14 1.46 .93 1.14 $0.70 1.48 .55 .93 .86 450 450 26.0 17.3 17.3 15.7 1.11 1.11 .72 8 Data, except totals, are for_daily or hatch productivity and cost. .72 231 HOUSTON (1927) T a b l e 36 .—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe —Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Rev per Long Rev Long Rev Long enue enue gang tons enue tons tons tons ton ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency—Continued L in e No. 7—Continued No. 4 (October): Oil cake8___ 63,282 81,855 64,622 *2,320 64,242 «1,779 64,459 «1,502 18.0 12.0 24.0 12.0 24.0 9.0 30.0 9.0 000 624,061 138.0 409 232 578 289 530 222 558 182 TotaL 22.7 19.3 24.1 24.1 22.1 24.7 18.6 20.8 6182.0 6155.0 6193.0 3.0 6177.0 6198.0 6149.0 6167.0 21.7 6174.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 18.5 1.42 1.13 1.33 1.27 1.20 19.0 18.0 1.23 .97 1.16 18.2 1.20 20.0 611.40 $0.56 i $7.02 fi9.10 .71 7 8.79 610.70 .60 7 7.48 610.20 .63 77.84 69.60 .67 7 8.33 69.90 .65 7 8.08 67.80 .82 710.26 «9.30 7 8.60 69.60 .67 7 8.33 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (September): Oil cake8___ Total........................ No. 6 (October): Oil cake8 Total.................................. . 109 6 867 146 6 1,171 505 6 4,031 6 894 113 828 6 6,585 8.0 8.0 21.5 i 7.0 ,38.3 1,701 613,548 13.6 18.3 23.5 16.1 21.6 6108.0 6146.0 6187.0 6128.0 6172.0 15.0 16.5 17.0 16.0 17.0 0.90 1.12 1.38 1.00 1.27 67.20 $0.89 7$11.11 6 8.90 .71 7 8.99 611.00 .58 77.27 68.00 .80 7 10.00 610.10 .63 7 7.92 82.8 20.6 6164.0 16.7 1.23 «9.80 .65 7 8.16 6 3,481 63,108 6 1,095 6 648 6 2,649 6 462 19.5 16.0 7.0 4.0 16.0 2.7 23.3 25.3 20.3 21.1 21.6 21.9 6179.0 6194.0 6156.0 6162.0 6166.0 6168.0 18.0 17.0 18.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 1.29 1.48 1.13 1.32 1.20 1.21 69.90 611.40 68.70 10.10 69.20 69.30 .62 .54 .71 .61 .67 .66 7 8.08 7 7.02 7 9.20 7 7.92 78.70 78.60 1,490 611,443 65.2 22.8 6175.0 17.6 1. 30 69.90 .62 7 8.08 $0.70 454 405 142 84 346 59 L ine N o . 8 Total, 7 ships................................. 10,349 10,349 504.4 20.5 20.5 18.0 1.14 1.14 $0.70 Cottonseed meal...... ............. General cargo______________ 8,745 1,604 8,745 1,604 387.5 116.9 22.6 13.7 22.6 13.7 18.0 18.0 1.25 .76 1.25 .76 .64 1.05 .64 1.05 No. 1 (April): Cottonseed meal_____ ______ Lumber_________ ______ ___ Sulphur_____ ____ ________ Flour and rice........................ 178 163 136 150 178 163 136 150 10.4 22.0 8.6 4.8 17.1 7.4 15.7 31.3 17.1 7.4 15.7 31.3 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 .95 .41 .87 1.74 .95 .41 .87 1.74 .84 1.94 .92 .46 .84 1.94 .92 .46 T o ta l--......................... ...... 627 627 45.8 13.7 13.7 18.0 .76 .76 1.05 1.05 No. 2 (April): Cottonseed meal.................... Flour_________ ________ Corn______________________ General cargo______________ 1,500 438 255 112 1,500 438 255 112 53.9 17.7 10.3 8.8 27.7 24.7 24.7 12.6 27.7 24.7 24.7 12.6 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.54 1.37 1.37 .70 1.54 1.37 1.37 .70 .52 .58 .58 1.14 .52 .58 .58 1.14 Total........... ........................ 2,305 2,305 90.7 25.4 25.4 18.0 1.41 1.41 .57 .57 No. 3 (June): Cottonseed meal................... . Lumber____ _____ ________ General cargo_____________ _ 2,001 183 20 2,001 183 20 71.0 26.3 2.8 28.3 7.0 7.2 28.3 7.0 7.2 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.57 .39 .40 1.57 .39 .40 .51 2.05 2.00 .51 2.05 2.00 2,204 2,204 100.1 22.0 22.0 18.0 1.22 1.22 .66 .66 147 1,250 147 1,250 15.6 69.2 9.4 18.0 9.4 18.0 1.80 18.0 .52 1.00 .52 1.00 1.54 .80 1.54 .80 2,114 2,114 100.3 21.1 21.1 18.0 1.17 1.17 .68 .68 1,702 1,702 82.7 20.5 20.5 18.0 1.14 1.14 .70 .70 Total.............. ................ . No. 4 (June): C ork... _________ No. 5 (Octobcr): Cottonseed meal. No. 6 (November): Cottonseed meal_____________ ____ ______ No. 7 (November): Cottonseed meal........................................... 6 Bags. 7 Per 100 bags. 8 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 232 G EN ERAL TABLES T a b l e 3 6 . - PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN F OREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Rev Long enue per Long Rev Long enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton Long tons Rev enue tons 5,941 5,941 374. 5 15.9 15.9 18.0 0.88 0.88 $0.91 1,094 987 3,860 1,094 987 3,860 45.0 101.9 227.6 24.3 9.7 17.0 24.3 9.7 17.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.35 .54 .94 1.35 .54 .94 L in e N o . 9 Total, 11 ships___________ ____ Flour_____________________ Lumber................................... General cargo. ........................ $0.91 .59 1.48 .85 .59 1.48 .85 $0.47 1.63 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Flour........................ .............. General cargo______________ 375 53 375 53 12.2 6.1 30.8 8.8 30.8 8.8 18.0 18.0 1. 71 .49 1. 71 $0.47 .49 1.63 Total. ......... ........................ 428 428 18.3 23.4 23.4 18.0 1.30 1.30 .62 .62 No. 2 (March): Rice_____________________ Sulphur___......... .......... ......... 360 100 360 100 15.3 5.2 23.6 19.1 23.6 19.1 18.0 18.0 1.31 1.06 1.31 1.06 .61 .75 .61 .75 Total. .................... ............. 460 460 20.5 22.3 22.3 18.0 1.24 1.24 .65 .65 $1. 36 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January): Lumber___________________ Cottonseed meal___________ General cargo....... .............. Total- ............................. No. 4 (November): Lumber___________________ Rice___ ___________________ General cargo......................... Total- - .............................. 397 168 46 397 168 46 611 611 57.3 10.6 248 144 80 248 144 80 32.1 11.1 1.6 472 472 44.8 10.6 10.6 18.0 0.59 0.59 $1. 36 7. 7 13.0 7. 7 13.0 .43 .72 2.86 .43 . 72 2.86 1.86 1.11 1.11 51.3 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.86 51.5 10.6 18.0 .59 .59 1.36 1.36 0.65 $1.23 .51 1.57 1.02 .78 $1.23 .51 .78 .28 .28 Ships with average efficiency . 5 (April): Lumber..... ............................. Sulphur___________________ General cargo______________ 318 121 122 318 121 122 27.2 4.3 6.7 11.7 28.3 18.4 11.7 28.3 38.4 18.0 18.0 18.0 0.65 1.57 1.02 Total..................... .............. 561 561 38.2 14.8 14.8 18.0 .82 .82 .98 .98 Flour........... ................. ......... General cargo______________ 250 110 250 110 12.0 7.4 20.9 14.9 20.9 14.9 18.0 18.0 1.16 .83 1.16 .83 .69 .96 .69 .96 Total____________ _______ 360 360 19.4 18.5 18.5 18.0 1.03 1.03 .78 .78 . 6 (January): 233 HOUSTON (1927) T able 37.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN IN TERCOASTAL T R A D E Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons * Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age gang-hour man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev Long Rev enue per Long enue enue tons tons1 gang ton tons1 ton ton i L ine No. 10 Total, 20 ships............................... 247,180 52,840 2,464.5 19.1 21.4 20.8 0.92 1.03 $0.87 $0.78 $0.58 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November): Hfvnnp.d goods ....... Sugar Beans ____ Shingles__________________ General cargo______________ 1,457 451 216 315 196 1,632 505 242 352 220 Total....................... - ......... 2,635 2,951 Sugar_____________________ Beans . . . . . - .T General cargo______________ 1,537 914 221 415 1,722 1,024 247 465 Total____ ______ ____ ____ 3,087 3,458 No. 2 (October): f1a.nnp.rl goods 101.0 26.1 29.2 21.0 1.24 1.39 $0.65 119.5 25.8 28.9 21.0 1.23 1.38 .65 .58 0.71 $1.27 $1.13 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (January): Canned goods______________ Beans_____________________ Lumber___________________ Shingles___________________ General cargo.............. ........... 806 109 1,360 188 177 903 122 1,523 211 198 Total____________________ 2,640 2,957 No. 4 (February): Canned goods......................... Sugar.. __________________ L um ber__________________ Shingles___________________ General cargo______________ 518 451 1,570 243 166 580 505 1,758 273 186 Total____________________ 2,948 3,302 198.5 209.5 13.3 14.9 21.0 0.63 14.1 15.8 20.3 .69 .77 1.16 1.04 1.01 $0.89 $0. 79 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Sugar________________ ____ _ Canned goods......................... Lumber___________________ Shingles................................... General cargo.......................... 1,046 621 508 489 228 1,171 696 569 548 255 Total____________________ 2,892 3,239 No. 6 (December): Canned goods......................... Sugar.................... ................. Lumber.................... .............. Shingles.................................. General cargo.......................... 859 451 166 506 355 962 505 186 567 398 Total.................................... 2,337 2,618 154.0 18.8 21.1 20.8 0.90 123.0 19.0 21.3 21.0 .90 1.01 .89 .79 1Short tons. * Principal commodities: Canned goods, 15,600 long tons; sugar, 13,701 long tons; lumber, 5,743 long tons; shingles, 5,460 long tons. 66490°-32----- 16 234 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 3 8 . — PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HAN DLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (rev hours hour rev enue (rev enue tons *) enue ton * tons 0 L ine N o . 11 Total, 34 ships2__ 27,288 45,155 0.60 1,118 734 1,408 960 0.79 .76 $0.76 .79 Ships with m inim um effi ciency Aug. 13, 1927Oct. 8, 1927— 754 1,688 1,837 0.45 .48 $1.33 1.25 Ships with average efficiency Aug. 27,1927Mar. 2 ,1928- 915 724 1,543 1,191 0.59 .61 L in e N o . 11— Con. Other ships $1.00 Ships with maximum effi ciency Mar. 26,1928. Jan. 28, 1928- Week ending"— Out put Labor Cargo per tonnage Man- man- cost per (rev hours hour rev enue (rev enue tons *) enue ton i tons i) $1.02 Aug, 5,1927......... Aug, 20, 1927........ Sept, 1, 1927......... Sept,;. 10, 1927____ Sept,. 17, 1927____ Sept,;. 22, 1927____ Oct. 2, 1927______ Oct. 15, 1927_____ Oct. 22, 1927_____ Oct. 29, 1927— Nov.. 3, 1927_____ Nov. 12, 1927_______ Nov . 19, 1927____ Nov. 25, 1927____ Dec. 1, 1927_____ Dec. 9, 1927.......... Dec. 16, 1927_____ Dec. 24, 1927_____ Jan. 6, 1928______ Jan. 13, 1928......... Jan. 21, 1928_____ Feb. 2, 1928_____ Feb. 11, 1928........ Feb. 17, 1928_____ Feb. 26, 1928_____ Mar.. 11, 1928........ Mar,. 17, 1928____ Mar.. 31, 1928........ 934 905 777 836 969 725 486 1,064 671 893 647 971 1,321 691 824 713 594 846 562 502 664 1,129 674 562 1,090 983 408 713 1,811 1,591 1,148 1,553 1,757 1,250 957 2,096 1,230 1,428 1,153 1,529 2,068 1,211 1,313 1,258 907 1,524 782 785 934 1,488 981 927 1,427 1,453 741 1,226 0.52 .57 .68 .54 .55 .58 .51 .51 .55 .63 .56 .64 .64 .57 .63 .57 .65 .56 .72 .64 .71 .76 .69 .61 .76 .68 .55 .58 $1. l.r> 1.05 .88 1.11 1.09 1.03 1.18 1.18 1.09 .95 1.07 .94 .94 1.05 .95 1.05 .92 1.07 .83 .94 .85 .79 .87 .98 .79 .88 1.09 1.03 Loading cargo L in e No. 12—Con. L in e N o . 12 Total, 34 ships 2. .. 39,450 40,134 0.98 Ships with m aximum effi ciency Mar. 17, 1928........ Jan. 6,1928......... . 727 907 503 699 1.45 1.30 $0.41 .46 Aug. 20, 1927............. Aug. 27, 1927........ . Sept. 1, 1927.............. Sept. 10, 1927............ Sept. 17, 1927_______ Sept. 22,1927_______ Oct. 4, 1927________ Oct. 8, 1927____ ____ Oct. 15, 1927________ A/>+ 90 1Q07 Ships with m inim um effi ciency Aug. 5,1927Aug. 13,1927. 1,947 1,166 2,918 1,689 0.67 .69 $0.90 .87 Ships with average efficiency Dec. 24, 1927.. Oct. 29, 1927.. 1,555 1,108 1, 587 1,123 i Short tons. 0.98 .99 Other ships $0.61 $0.61 .61 Nov. 3, 1927________ Nov. 12, 1927......... . Nov. 19, 1927_______ Nov. 25, 1927 Dec. 1, 1927________ Dec. 9, 1927________ Dec. 16, 1927_______ Jan. 13, 1928............ Jan. 21, 1928________ Jan. 28, 1928________ Feb. 2,1928________ Feb. U, 1928............. Feb. 26, 1928............ JMar. 2, 1928________ Mar. 11, 1928_______ Mar. 17, 1928_______ Mar. 26,1928......... Mar. 31, 1928_______ 1,246 1,218 1,551 1,492 1,368 1,251 965 861 1,396 1,131 1,497 948 284 1,078 1,160 963 1,018 1,246 1,489 1,332 1,463 1,039 1,002 884 1,013 987 1,090 1,068 21 ship each week. 1,324 0.94 1,236 .99 1,946 .80 1,605 .93 1,715 .80 1,136 1.10 1,075 .90 915 .94 1,294 1.08 1,117 1.01 1,479 1.01 951 1.00 288 .99 1,035 1.04 1,111 1.04 925 1.04 892 1.14 1,073 1.16 1,292 1.15 1,126 1.18 1,426 1.03 992 1.05 795 1.26 812 1.09 1,060 .96 926 1.07 1,084 1.01 985 1.08 $0.64 .61 .75 .65 .75 .55 .67 .64 .56 .59 .59 .60 .61 .58 .58 .58 .53 .52 .52 .51 .58 .57 .48 . 55 .63 .56 .59 .56 235 HOUSTON (1927) T a b l e 39*—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING IN DIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Revenue per Long Reve Long Reve nue Long nue nue tons tons tons tons gang tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation N ew spr in t P aper Line No. 13: Total, 8 ships.......................... 4,214 No. 1 (March)........................ No. 2 (March)........................ No. 3 (March)........................ No. 4 (June)_______________ No. 5 (July)_________ ______ No. 6 (August)....... ................ No. 7 (August)....................... No. 8 (November) .................. 442 567 512 485 621 474 557 556 14,720 230.1 1495 1635 i 573 1543 1696 1531 1624 1623 21.9 28.3 21.0 23.1 37.9 28.4 40.2 29.3 18.3 120.5 17.3 1.06 il. 18 $0.75 i$0.68 20.2 20.0 24.3 21.1 16.4 16.7 13.8 18.9 122.6 122.4 127.2 123.6 118.3 118.8 115.4 121.2 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 15.0 18.0 17.0 18.0 1.12 1.11 1.35 1.17 1.09 .93 .81 1.05 23.2 3104.0 15.0 1.54 37.00 $0.90 <$0.20 11.25 11.24 il. 51 11.31 11.22 11.04 1.91 11.18 .71 .72 .59 .68 .73 .86 .99 .76 1.64 1.65 1.53 1.61 1.66 1.77 1*88 1.68 Loading cargo C otton Line No. 14 2 Total, 10 ships__ ___________ 15,686 3 70,591 677.5 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)____________ 358 * 556 876 31,613 3 2,508 83,935 14.0 18.0 31.8 25.6 3115.0 30.9 3139.0 27.6 3124.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.71 37.70 $0.90 <$0.20 2.07 39.30 .90 <.20 1.84 38.30 .90 <.20 T otal.—. . , ............... 1,790 3 8,056 63.8 28.1 8126.0 15.0 1.87 38.40 .90 <.20 No. 2 (January)____________ 266 295 321 3 1,200 31,324 3 1,446 11.0 12.2 12,8 24.2 3109.0 24.2 3109.0 25.1 3109.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.62 37.30 1.62 37.30 1.67 37.50 .90 .90 .90 <.20 <.20 <.20 Total.................................... 882 3 3,970 36.0 24.6 *111.0 15.0 1.64 37.40 .90 <.20 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (November)__________ 1,050 144 1,064 __ i ! $ 1 41.5 8.0 59.8 25.3 3114.0 18.0 3 81.0 17.8 3 80.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.69 37.60 $0.60 <$0.20 1.20 35.40 .90 <.20 1.18 35.30 .90 <.20 2,258 310,158 109.3 20.7 3 93.0 15.0 1.38 36.20 .90 <.20 3 998 3 731 3 801 3 807 3 400 3 459 1 0 .0 22.0 19.3 26.7 24.7 24.2 25.6 19.3 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.47 1.29 1.78 1.64 1.62 1.71 1.29 36.60 35.80 38.00 37.40 37.30 37.70 3 5 . 80 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 22.1 15.0 1.47 36.60 .90 <.20 220 162 179 180 90 102 332 «1,497 8.4 6.7 7.3 3.7 4.0 17.2 Total.................................... 1,265 3 5,693 57.3 o o o o o o o Total- 3 4,750 3 649 34,759 399.0 i Short tons. * Data, except for totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost, a Bales. <Piece rate per bale. 236 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 39.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Revenue Long Reve per Long nue Long Reve nue nue tons tons tons tons gang tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Ships with average efficiency C o tto n — Continued Line No. 14 ^Continued. No. 5 (February).................... 324 245 650 305 200 3 1,448 * 1,107 3 2,929 * 1,365 3 910 15.5 11.7 27.3 13.3 6.5 20.9 3 94.0 20.9 3 94.0 23.8 3107.0 22.9 3103.0 31.1 3140.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.40 1.40 1.58 1.53 2.07 T o ta l.................................. 1,724 3 7,759 849 3 3,821 74.3 23.2 3104.0 15.0 1.55 37.00 .90 *.20 36.2 23.5 3106.0 15.0 1.56 37.00 .90 *.20 Line No. 15:2 i Total, 16 ships........................ 29,259 8131,704 1,314.5 22.3 3100.2 15.0 1.48 36.70 No. 6 (September).................. 36.30 $0.90 *$0.20 36.30 .90 *.20 37.10 .90 *.20 36.90 .90 *.20 39.30 .90 *.20 $.90 *$0.20 Ships with m axim um efficiency 12.5 23.3 21.2 22.3 3100.5 25.4 3114.3 30.3 3136.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.49 36.70 $0.90 *$0.20 1.69 37.60 .90 *.20 2.02 39.10 .90 *.20 3 7,317 57.0 28.5 3128.3 15.0 1.90 38.60 .90 *.20 No. 2 (October)...................... 2,252 310,133 89.3 25.2 3113.4 15.0 1.68 37.60 .90 *.20 279 591 756 31,248 3 3,161 3 2,908 Total.................................... 1,626 No. 1 (February).................... Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (September).................. 259 380 31,175 31,700 16.5 18.8 15.7 3 70.5 21.3 396.0 15.0 15.0 1.04 34.70 $0.90 *$0.20 1.42 36.40 .90 *.20 Total........... ........................ 639 3 2,875 No. 4 (March)....................... 22 824 495 352 269 3 100 3 3,634 3 2,237 31,580 3 1,279 35.3 18.2 3 81.9 15.0 1.21 35.40 .90 *.20 1.0 47.5 24.0 18.0 15.0 22.3 17.0 20.7 19.5 18.0 3100.5 3 76.5 3 93.2 3 87.8 3 81.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.49 1.13 1.38 1.30 1.20 36.70 35.10 36.20 35.90 35.40 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 *.20 *.20 *.20 *.20 *.20 Total.................................... 1,962 3 8,830 105.5 18.6 3 83.7 15.0 1.24 35.60 .90 *.20 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February).................... 2,206 39,970 99.0 22.3 3100.7 15.0 1.49 36.70 *$0.90 *$0.20 No. 6 (March)........................ 1,725 636 873 3 7,763 3 2,874 83,915 61.0 31.0 54.5 24.7 3111.0 20.6 392.7 16.1 3 72.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.64 37.40 1.37 36.20 1.07 34.80 .90 .90 .90 *.20 *.20 *.20 T ota l................................... 3,234 314,552 146.5 22.1 399.5 15.0 1.47 36.60 .90 *.20 * Data, except for totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 3 Bales. * Piece rate per bale. 237 HOUSTON (1927) T a ble 39 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING IN DIVIDUAL C OM M O DITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve Long Revenue nue Long nue tons tons gang tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation C otton —Continued Line No. 16:2 Total, 32 ships...................... 56,197 3253,396 2,606.8 21.6 397.2 15.0 1.44 36.50 $0.90 <$0.20 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November)_________ 72 80 243 101 145 51 519 » 317 3 360 3 1,100 3 459 ®643 3 228 3 2,342 2.8 4.0 9.0 3.7 5.3 2.5 20.0 25.7 20.0 27.0 27.3 27.3 20.3 26.1 3115.5 390.0 3121.5 3123.0 3123.0 391.5 3117.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.71 1.33 1.80 1.82 1.82 1.36 1.73 37.70 $0.90 <$0.20 36.00 .90 <.20 38.10 .90 <.20 38.20 .90 <.20 38.20 .90 <.20 36.10 .90 <.20 .90 <.20 37.80 35,449 47.3 25.7 3115.7 15.0 1.71 37.70 .90 <.20 555 483 3 2,498 3 2,175 21.7 19.0 25.5 3114.8 25.4 3114.3 15.0 15.0 1.70 37.70 1.69 37.60 .90 .90 <.20 <.20 Total____________________ 1,038 34,673 40.7 25.5 3114.8 15.0 1.70 37.70 .90 <.20 Total____________________ 1,211 No. 2 (M ay)........................... Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November)__________ 744 600 3 3,350 3 2,700 40.0 47.5 18.6 12.7 383.7 357.0 15.0 15.0 1.24 35.60 $0.90 <$0.20 .84 33.80 .90 <.20 36,050 87.5 15.3 368.9 15.0 1.02 34. f*0 .90 <.20 No. 4 (December)__________ 456 67 497 3 2,058 3 300 3 2,230 28.5 4.0 28.3 16.0 *72.0 16.7 ?75.0 17.7 3/9.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.07 34.80 1.11 35.00 1.18 35.30 .90 .90 .90 <.20 <.20 <.20 Total___________ ________ 1,020 34,588 60.8 16.8 375.6 15.0 1.12 35.00 .90 <.20 Totnl............................. ...... 1,344 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August)_____________ 1,815 38,167 84.0 21.6 397.5 15.0 1.44 36.50 $0.90 <$0.20 No. 6 (March)_____________ 100 569 757 3 450 3 2,561 3 3,404 6.0 25.5 34.5 16.7 375.0 22.3 3100.5 21.7 398.7 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.11 35.00 1.49 36.70 1.47 36.60 .90 .90 .90 <.20 <.20 <.20 Total_______________ ____ 1,426 36,415 66.0 21.6 397.2 15.0 1.44 36.50 .90 <.20 Line No. 17: # Total, 9 ships.......................... 13,928 362,675 960.0 14.5 365.3 20.1 .72 33.30 (6) (6) 1,262 35,682 38,450 1,878 618 32,780 770 33,464 2,064 39,286 2,286 310,287 1,239 35,573 1,896 ?8,537 1,915 38,616 74.5 136.0 44.0 58.8 131.5 163.2 87.0 140.0 125.0 16.9 13.8 14.0 13.1 15.7 14.0 14.2 13.5 15.3 376.1 362.1 363.0 359.0 370.7 363.0 363.9 360.8 368; 9 19.7 18.8 20.0 20.0 21.2 19.6 20.0 19.7 21.5 .86 .74 .70 .66 .74 .71 .71 .69 .71 33.90 33.30 33.20 33.00 33.30 33.20 33.20 33.10 33.20 <J> No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1 (February)___________ 2 (February)___________ 3 (March)........................ 4 (September)____ _____ 5 (October)____________ 6 (October)................. . 7 (October)...................... 8 (November)......... ........ 9 (November)__________ 2Data, except for totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. (6) (6) (0 (6) (6) (6) (6) 8 /g\ («) («) 3Bales. <Piece rate per bale « Cotton hand stowed and screwed. 6 Wage rate for hand-stowed cotton 20 cents per bale, for screwed cotton (stowing with tools) 40 cents per bale or about 90 cents per long ton for hand-stowed and $1.80 for screwed cotton. 238 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 3 9.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Revenue Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue tons tons tons tons tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation R a il s 7 Line No. 18: Total, 9 ships.............*........... 11,509 11,509 1,470.6 7.8 7.8 9.0 0.87 0.87 $0.92 $0.92 1.63 $0.49 1.07 .75 $0.49 .75 0.60 $1.33 .64 1.25 $1.33 1.25 0.85 $0.94 .82 .98 $0.94 .98 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February).................... 2,202 No. 2 (August)........................ 619 2,202 619 149.7 64.1 14.7 9.6 14.7 9.6 9.0 9.0 1.63 1.07 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (October)..................... No. 4 (October)....................... 517 955 517 955 95.0 165.4 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.8 9.0 9.0 0.60 .64 Ships with average efficiency No* 5 (April)......................... No. 6 (February)................... i Loaded directly to open cars. 3,825 954 3,825 954 502.1 128.5 7.7 7.4 7.7 7.4 9.0 9.0 0.85 .82 Port Arthur (1927) T a b le 40.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COSTS IN H A N DLIN G CARGO, BY KIN D OF T R A D E AN D IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Long Revenue tons tons Aver age num ber of Rev men per enue gang tons Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Rev Long enue Long Rev tons enue tons ton ton Foreign trade 1 Loading cargo: Europe—No. 1- 22,918 22,918 1,205.0 19.0 19.0 25.3 0.75 0.75 $1.07 $1.07 1.13 $0.71 $0.71 Individual commodities l Loading cargo: Asphalt—No. 2.................... Case oil— No. 3.............................. No. 4....................... . Lumber—No. 5___________ 13,087 13,087 449.0 66,980 2 1,781,370 875.5 83,167 2 2,218,345 1,096.0 35,736 419,854 2,617.0 29.1 25.8 1.13 76.3 2 2,035.0 75.9 22,024.0 13.7 4 7.6 23.1 23.0 14.3 3.32 288.2 3.30 288.0 .95 4. 53 29.1 1 Wage rate: 80 cents per hour. .24 .24 .84 8.91 3.91 4. 51 8 Per 100 cases. 4 1,000 board feet. T a b l e 41.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN FO REIGN TR AD E Loading cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Output per Aver Output per Average cost gang-hour man-hour labor age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Rev per Long Rev Long Rev enue enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton Long tons Rev enue tons 22,918 22,918 1,205.0 L in e N o . 1 Total, 22 ships................ Oil cake.......... Flour.............. General cargo. 6,754 i 51,856 3,763 3,763 812,401 12,401 317.5 196.5 691.0 19.0 25.3 21.3 i 163.3 19.2 19.2 17.9 17.9 19.0 24.2 28.3 24.9 0.75 0.75 $1.07 $1.07 i 6.76 .68 .72 .91 2 11.83 1.18 1.18 1.11 1.11 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January): Case oil........... General cargo. 760 45 Total. No. 2 (November): Asphalt_______ Oil products___ Total. 760 45 805 337 337 705 705 30.0 26.8 26.8 24.5 1.10 1.10 $0.73 $0.73 12.0 14.0 30.7 24.1 30.7 24.1 25.0 25.0 1.23 .96 1.23 .96 26.0 27.1 27.1 25.0 1.08 .65 .83 .65 .83 .74 .74 2 Per 100 bags. 8 Principal commodities: Oil products, 4,971 long tons; sulphur, 1,080 long, tons; asphalt, 1,133 long tons; and wax, 1,086 long tons. 239 240 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 4 1 . -P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E-C ontinued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev Rev Rev men Long per Long Rev enue gang enue Long enue tons tons1 tons tons* ton enue tons 1 ton 1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Ships with m in im u m efficiency L ine N o . 1—Continued No. 3 (January): Flour________________ ______ General cargo_______________ Total ........................... ........ No. 4 (July): Wax Oil products Asphalt 444 U0,650 177 177 30.0 25.5 14.8 i 355.0 6.9 6.9 26.0 24.0 621 55.5 11.2 11.2 25.1 .45 .45 1.78 1.78 38.5 13.3 13.3 25.3 .52 .52 1.54 1.54 621 0.57 113.7 $1.40 2$5.84 .29 2.76 2.76 .29 219 1 2,264 235 235 57 157 Total ____________________ 511 511 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Oil products Asphalt General cargo 415 144 171 415 144 171 730 730 _____ 446 291 154 93 446 291 154 93 Total________ ____ ________ 984 984 Total .............. ................... . No. 6 (March): Flour Oil products Asphalt General cargo __ ______ 40.0 18.3 18.3 24.2 0.76 53.5 18.4 18.4 25.1 .73 i Bags. 0.76 $1.05 2$1.05 .73 1.10 1.10 2 Per 100 bags. T a b l e 4 2 ,—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Loading cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Line No. 2: Total, 13 ships................... 13,087 13,087 Output per Aver Output per Average labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue tons tons gang tons tons ton ton A sphalt 449.0 29.1 29.1 25.8 1.13 1.13 $0.71 $0.71 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (December).......... . 1,228 978 No. 2 (January)................. 1,228 978 26.0 28.0 47.2 34.9 47.2 34.9 26.5 24.8 1.78 1.41 1.78 $0.45 1.41 . 57 $0.45 .57 241 POET ARTHUR (1927) T \ b le 42.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons A s p h a lt— Revenue tons Aver age num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve nue tons tons gang Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Reve Long Reve nue Long tons tons ton nue ton Ships with m inim um efficiency Continued Line No. 2—Continued. No. 3 (September)........ No. 4 (April)................. Output per gang-hour 520 673 520 673 26.5 29.5 19.6 22.8 19.6 22.8 26.3 25.5 0.75 .89 0.75 $1.07 .89 .90 $1.07 .90 1.17 $0.68 1.08 .74 $0.68 .74 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)........ No. 6 (June)........ 683 1,678 683 1,678 22.5 59.0 66,980 21,781,370 875.5 30.4 28.4 26.0 26.4 1.17 1.08 76.5 22,035.0 23.1 3.32 2 88.2 $0.24 8$0.91 30.4 28.4 C a se O il Line No. 3: Total, 11 ships... S h ip s with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November) No. 2 (February)__ 6,480 6,567 2 172,800 2175,127 79.5 82.5 81.5 22.173.0 79.6 22.123.0 22.9 23.0 3.57 295.0 $0.22 3$0.84 3.47 292.4 .23 3.87 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (December).. No. 4 (January).... 2 54,362 2 158,924 5,790 5,960 87.5 82.5 66.2 21,764.0 72.2 21,926.0 23.0 23.0 2.88 2 76.7 $0.28 3 $1.04 3.14 283.8 .25 3.95 Ships with average efficiency lin e No. 4: Total, 23 ships....... 6,200 3,380 83,167 2 165,289 90,182 2 2 81.5 44.0 2,218,345 1,096.0 oo No. 5 (February)— No. 6 (September) _ 22.8 23.0 3.33 3.34 2 2 88.9 $0.24 3$0.90 89.1 .24 3.90 75.9 22,024.0 23.0 3.30 2 88.0 $0.24 3$0.91 76.1 76.8 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (April)...................... 4,590 No. 2 (M ay)...................... 4,000 2 122,419 2 106,565 56.0 49.5 82.0 22,186.1 80.8 22,152.8 23.0 23.0 3.56 2 95.0 $0.22 3$0.84 3.51 293.6 .23 3.85 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September)............. 3,700 No. 4 (Novem ber)........... 2,800 298,638 2 74,602 54.0 40.0 68.5 21,826.6 70.0 21,865.1 23.0 23.0 2.98 2 79.4 $0.27 3 $1.01 3.04 281.1 .26 3.99 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April)...................... 3,650 No. 6 (February)............... 5,275 297,264 2 140,681 48.0 70.0 76.0 22,026.3 75.4 22,009.7 23.0 23.0 &Per 100cases. 3.31 288.1 $0.24 3$0.91 3.28 287.4 .24 3.92 242 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 42.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Output per Aver gang-hour age num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per nue gang tons tons Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Reve Long Reve nue Long tons tons ton nue ton L um ber Line No. 5: Total, 13 ships................... 35,736 *19,854 2,617.0 13.7 *7.6 14.3 0.95 *0.53 $0.84 *$1.51 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February)............... 1,344 No. 2 (June)....................... 5,805 *747 *3,225 50.5 267.0 26.6 21.7 *14.8 *12.1 16.4 14.5 1.62 *0.90 $0.49 *$0.89 1.50 *.83 .53 *.96 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January)_________ No. 4 (August)__________ 851 1,343 *473 *746 128.5 148.5 6.6 9.0 *3.7 *5.0 14.4 14.3 0.46 *0.25 $1.74 *$3.29 .63 *.35 1.27 *2.20 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April)__ No. 6 (March). * 1,000 board feet. 4,244 969 *2,358 *538 304.0 61.0 14.0 15.9 *7.8 *8.8 14.1 14.4 0.99 *0.55 $0.81 *$1.45 1.10 *.61 .73 *1.31 New Orleans (1927) T a b le 43.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E AN D IN D IV ID U A L COM M O DITIES Output per gang-hour Aver age num ber of men Long Revenue per gang tons tons Cargo tonnage Ganghours Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Revenue tons Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Long Reve Long Reve nue ton nue tons tons ton Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1.................... No. 2.................... No. 3.................... No. 4.................... No. 5.................... No. 6.................... Latin America— No. 7.................... Loading cargo: Europe— No. 8.................... No. 9................... No. 10.................. No. 11.................. No. 12.................. No. 13.................. No. 14_____ ____ Orient—No. 15........... Latin America— No. 16.................. No. 17.................. No. 18.................. 25,480 17,293 34,357 34,395 18,308 11,661 25,480 17,293 34,357 34,395 18,308 11,661 998.2 620.3 1.564.5 1.776.5 940.2 789.0 25.5 27,9 22.0 19.4 19.5 14.8 25.5 27.9 22.0 19.4 19.5 14.8 17.0 19.0 19.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 1.50 1.47 1.16 1.08 1.02 .77 1.50 $0.43 $0.43 1.47 .54 .54 1,16 .69 .69 1.08 .74 .74 1.02 .78 .78 .77 1.04 1.04 11,520 11,520 578.1 19.9 19.9 19.0 1.05 1,05 .62 .62 77,961 145,120 37,910 64,382 19,830 31,784 31,665 27,220 77,961 145,120 37,910 64,382 19,830 31,784 31,665 27,860 4,248,2 8,264.0 1,974.5 4,339.8 1,403.2 2,066.0 2,432.3 1,562.8 18,4 17.6 19.2 14.8 14.1 15.4 13.0 17.4 18.4 17.6 19.2 14.8 14.1 15.4 13.0 17.8 17.0 17.0 20.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 1.08 1.03 .96 .87 .83 .85 .77 1.03 1.08 1.03 .96 ,87 .83 .85 .77 1.05 .74 .78 .68 .75 .96 .94 1.04 .63 .74 .78 .68 .75 .96 .94 1.04 .62 50,457 59,312 57,062 50,457 59,312 57,062 3,073.4 3,492.9 3,924.3 16.4 17.0 14.5 16.4 17.0 14.5 17.0 18.0 17.0 .97 .93 .85 .97 .93 .85 .67 .86 .76 .67 .86 .76 Intercoastal trad e 2 Discharging cargo: No. 19......................... Loading cargo: No. 20-...................... No. 21.................... No. 22......................... 58,629 365,673 2,977.3 19.7 3 22.1 27.0 19,352 25,285 77,048 3 21,675 8 23,320 386,291 1,324.5 1,668.4 5,620.3 14.6 15.2 13.7 3 16.4 3 17.0 3 15.4 17.0 19.0 19.0 0.73 3 0.82 $0.89 3$0.79 .86 3.96 .79 3.89 .72 3.81 .76 .82 .90 3.68 3.73 3.80 Coastwise trade * Discharging cargo: No. 23............... Loading cargo: No. 24............... 8256,372 «491,444.0 3 *371,705.0 0.52 3.89 3$1.15 3,67 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Bananas *— No. 25......... No. 26_____ Burlap—No. 27Bones— No. 28.. 47,521 5,118 7 5,022,408 8 2,184.2 7 9,987,808 8 6,005,3 1,404.4 47,521 5,118 361.3 33.8 14.2 •2,299.4 158.8 • 1,663.2 124.5 33.8 19.0 14.2 19.4 1 Wage rate: Union, 80 cents per hour; nonunion, 65 cents per hour. 2 Wage rate: 65 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. 4 Wage rate: 60 cents per hour. * Man-hours. 1.78 .73 714.48 10$3.11 713.36 103.37 1.78 $0.37 .37 .73 1.10 1.10 « Wage rate: 45 cents per hour. 7 Stems. « Conveyor-hours. * Stems per conveyor-hour, io per 100 stems. 243 244 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 43.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D L A BO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO, B Y K IN D OF T R A D E AND IN D IV ID U A L COM M O DITIES—Continued Output per gang-hour Aver age nu m ber of men Long Revenue per gang tons tons Cargo tonnage Ganghours Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Revenue tons Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Long Reve Long Reve nue ton nue tons tons ton Individual commodities 1—Continued Discharging cargo—Con. 32,972 Cement—No. 29........ 32,972 Coffee—No. 30........... 46,962 11 795,665 Nitrate of soda— 79,684 No. 31_______ ____ 79,684 Newsprint p a p e r — 332,869 29,347 No. 32___ ____ 13,552 Sisal—No. 33----------- 13,552 Raw sugar (to refin 302,642 ery)—No. 34--------- 302,642 Raw sugar (to pier)— 106,694 No. 35.................. 106,694 41,633 No. 36.................. 41,638 43,965 43,965 No. 37.................. Bauxite—No. 38 93,556 93,556 Loading cargo: Cotton— 16 51,719 No. 39................ 11,489 1694,089 No. 40._________ 20,720 Cotton and tobacco— 30,615 No. 41____________ 30,615 Case oil—No. 42........ 8,795 i» 235,190 Drum oil—No. 43___ 8,320 2141,600 Grain— No. 44 . ___ 231,874,509 231, 020,000 No. 45 ........... No. 4624 ....... 50,164 231,893,507 33.4 H 666.0 18.0 39.0 1.01 1117.0 1.85 1.85 $0 .43 $0 .43 .79 124.68 44.9 44.9 27.0 1.66 1.66 .39 .39 23.6 31.4 3 26.4 31.4 19.0 18.0 1.24 3 1.39 1.75 1.75 .52 .37 3.47 .37 55.2 23.0 2.40 2.40 .27 .27 45.0 23.0 1.96 1.96 36.3 21.0 1.73 1.73 34.2 23.0 1.49 1.49 14250.8 1* 14.0 17.91 17.91 .33 .38 .44 .33 .38 .44 .81 .81 17. 18 17.18 988.3 1,193.9 33.4 39.3 1,774.7 1,245.3 431.2 5,481.9 55.2 2,370.8 45.0 1,147.8 36.3 1,286.4 34.2 13373.1 14250.8 567.0 1,062.0 20.3 19.5 1691.2 1688.6 18.0 18.0 1.13 16 5.07 1.08 i«4.92 1,378.5 128.5 230.0 22.2 22.2 18.0 33.0 17.2 1.23 1.23 2.07 i»55.30 2.11 2i 10.50 68.4 191,830.0 2i 181.0 36.2 13163.0 13750.0 1411,500.01___ 1413,602. C1___ 11.67 23440.4 ( 18) (IS) .39 201.45 .38 22 7.62 .07 25 1.82 i® Cases. 20 Per 100 cases. 21 Drums. 22 Per 100 drums. 23 Bushels. 24Trimming only. 21 Per 1,000 bushels. i Wage rate: Union, 80 cents per hour; nonunion, 65 cents per hour. 3 Short tons, u Bags. 12 Per 100 bags. 13 Ship-hours. 14 Per ship-hour. m Men on pier only; trimming not included, w Bales. 17 Piece rate per bale. 18 Piece rates: Cotton, 18 cents per bale; tobacco, 50 cents per hogshead. T a b l e 4 4 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 125,480 25,480 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton L in e No. 1 Total, 12 ships_______________ 998.2 25.5 25.5 17.0 1.50 $0.43 $0.43 1.79 1.79 $0.36 $0.36 1.81 1.81 1.50 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (May): Burlap.................................. General cargo...................... 2,068 200 2,068 200 T o ta l............................... 2,268 2,268 No. 2 (July): Burlap.................................. Coconuts.............................. 2,129 59 2,129 59 T o ta l............................... 2,188 2,188 1 Principal commodity: Burlap, 19,246 long tons. 74.5 30.4 30.4 71.1 30.8 30.8 17.0 17.0 .36 .36 F IG U R E 45.— BELT C O N VE Y O R DELIVERIN G D R U M S O F O IL FR O M R E F IN E R Y T O PIER. NEW ORLEANS 245 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 4 4 .—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FO R E IG N TRAD E—Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 1—Continued No. 3 (February): Burlap__________________ General cargo____________ 2,140 60 2,140 60 Total........... ..................... 2,200 2,200 No. 4 (March): B urlap_________________ General cargo____________ 1,681 432 1,681 432 Total................................. 2,113 2,113 96.4 22.8 22.8 17.0 1.34 1.34 $0.49 $0.49 100.1 21.1 21.1 17.0 1.24 1.24 .52 .52 $0.44 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Burlap__________________ General cargo____________ 1,907 544 1,907 544 98.0 25.0 25.0 17.0 1.47 1.47 $0.44 2,231 90.3 25.0 25.0 17.0 1.45 1.45 .45 . 45 17,293 620.3 27.9 27.9 19.0 1.47 1.47 $0.54 $0.54 $0.39 Total................................. 2,451 2,451 No. 6 (November): Burlap___________ ______ _ General cargo____________ 1,699 532 1,699 532 Total................................. 2,231 2 17,293 L ine N o. 2 Total, 29 ships_______________ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Fuller’s earth____________ General cargo____________ 156 156 156 156 Total................................. 312 312 No. 2 (August): Fuller’s earth...... ................ Spiegeleisen ore (bulk)____ General cargo____________ 313 222 83 313 222 83 Total................................. 618 618 7.9 39.3 39.3 19.0 2.07 2.07 $0.39 16.4 37.8 37.8 19.0 1.99 1.99 .40 .40 $0.70 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February): Manganese ore_________ _ General cargo__________ 200 262 200 262 Total................................. 462 462- No. 4 (April): Burlap............ ..................... Wire— ............................. General cargo. _ . _ 120 101 64 120 101 64 285 285 T o ta l-.......................... 21.2 21.9 21.9 19.0 1.15 1.15 $0.70 13.9 20.5 20.5 19.0 1.08 1.08 * Principal commodities: Spiegeleisen ore, 4,943 long tons; fuller’s earth, 3,632 long tons. .74 .74 246 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 44.— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R CCST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R A D E —Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men per Long Reve Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 2—Continued 273 273 Spiegeleisen ore__________ General cargo____________ 251 501 392 251 501 392 T o t a l............................... 1,144 1,144 No. 5 (June) „ __- - -- - No. 6 (August): 10.1 27.0 27.0 19.0 1.42 1.42 $0.56 39.7 28.9 28.9 19.0 1.52 1.52 .53 .53 34,357 1,564.5 22.0 22.0 19.0 1.16 1.16 $0.69 $0.69 $0.43 $0.56 L in e No. 3 Total, 16 ships_______________ 834,357 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (May): Paper___________________ R ic e ..__________________ Bone flour_______________ Rags and waste__________ Bauxite_________________ General cargo____________ 1,007 735 498 191 568 321 1,007 735 498 191 568 321 T otal................................ 3,320 3,320 No. 2 (April): Kainit___________________ Paper. _________________ Rags and waste_____ _____ N aphthalene..................... . Seeds. __ ______________ General cargo____________ 1,331 803 371 272 108 294 1,331 803 371 272 108 294 Total__________________ 3,179 3,179 94.6 35.2 35.2 19.0 1.85 1.85 $0.43 126.6 25.1 25.1 19.0 1.32 1.32 .61 .61 0.83 $0.96 $0.96 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August): Glauber salts_____________ Crockery________________ Toys..................................... General cargo____________ 246 130 137 257 246 130 137 257 Total................................. 770 770 No. 4 (December): S eed.................................... Paper................................... General cargo____________ 394 148 156 394 148 156 Total_______ ____ ______ 698 698 48.7 15.8 15.8 19.0 0.83 45.3 15.4 15.4 19.0 .81 .81 .99 .99 1.19 $0.67 $0.67 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February): Paper___________________ Rags and waste................... Seeds__ ____ ____________ Kainit.................................. Fertilizer.................... .......... General cargo____________ 1,189 620 714 181 114 235 1,189 620 714 181 114 235 Total................................. 3,053 3,053 135.2 22.6 22.6 19.0 1.19 3 Principal commodities: Chemicals and fertilizer, 9,922 long tons; paper and pulp, 7,746 long tons; bagging and rags, 3,038 long tons; seeds, 2,539 long tons. 247 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b le 44.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons tons ton Ships with average efficiency —Continued L in e N o. 3—Continued No. 6 (October): Pig iron_________________ Paper __________________ General cargo____________ 500 429 133 500 429 133 Total__________________ 1,062 1,062 48.6 21.9 21.9 19.0 1.15 1.15 $0.70 $0.70 34,395 1,776.5 19.4 19.4 18.0 1.08 1.08 $0.74 $0.74 $0.50 L in e No. 4 Total, 23 ships_______________ * 34,395 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Shingles_________________ General cargo____________ 612 236 612 236 Total__________________ 848 848 __________ 240 154 240 154 Total______________ ___ 394 394 No. 2: Rags _ Hnop iron 29.6 28.6 28.6 18.0 1.59 1.59 $0.50 14.7 26.6 26.6 18.0 1.48 1.48 .54 .54 0.83 $0.96 $0.96 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (January): Hoop iron________________ Rags (bales) General cargo____________ 147 153 213 147 153 213 Total. ________ _________ 513 513 34.2 14.9 14.9 18.0 0.83 No. 4 (October): General cargo. 303 303 25.8 11.7 11.7 18.0 .65 .65 1.23 1.23 $0.75 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February): Rags and waste (bales)____ Asbestos (packages)______ Muriate of potash (bags)... Salts (bulk)......................... General cargo____________ 399 320 179 300 39 399 320 179 300 39 Total__________________ 1,237 1,237 No. 6 (July): Asbestos shingles................ Muriate of potash________ Iron and steel..................... Rags..................................... General cargo_____ ____ __ 1,113 589 730 139 33 1,113 589 730 139 33 Total ................................ 2,604 2,604 64.0 19.3 19.3 18.0 1.07 1.07 $0.75 133.3 19.6 19.6 18.0 1.09 1.09 .73 .73 * Principal commodities: Iron and steel, 10,389 long tons; rags and waste, 5,977 long tons; asbestos, 4,873 long tons; potash, 3,801 long tons. 248 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 44.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons *18,308 18,308 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons tons ton L in e N o. 5 Total, 35 ships_______________ 940.2 19.5 19.5 19.0 1.02 1.02 $0.78 $0.78 $0.67 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January): Rice __________________ Burlap__________________ Beet pulp________________ General cargo____________ 516 325 100 120 516 325 100 120 Total__________________ 1,061 1,061 No. 2 (March): Paper___________________ Rice . _____________ Rags____________________ General cargo____________ 480 394 197 198 480 394 197 198 T otal-........................... . 1,269 1,269 47.1 22.6 22.6 19.0 1.19 1.19 $0.67 56.9 22.2 22.2 19.0 1.17 1.17 .68 .68 0.90 $0.89 $0.89 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (December): Rice_____________________ Seeds____________________ Rags____________________ Paper _ _______________ Nitrates.. ____ 1_________ General cargo. _________ 453 406 269 232 100 133 453 406 269 232 100 133 T otal-.................... .......... 1,593 1,593 No. 4 (September): Bagging. - _________ Toys __ Bauxite _ General cargo.. ________ 146 91 296 250 146 91 296 250 Total........................... .... 783 783 93.3 17.1 17.1 51.4 15.2 15.2 19.0 0.90 19.0 .80 .80 1.00 1.00 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Rice __________________ General cargo____________ 124 12 124 12 Total................................. 136 136 No. 6 (July): Bauxite. _____ ________ General cargo. _______ 570 213 570 213 Total__________________ 783 783 6.9 19.8 19.8 19.0 1.04 1.04 $0.77 $0.77 39.2 20.0 20.0 19.0 1.05 1.05 .76 .76 « Principal commodities: Rice, 3,554 long tons; paper, 3,461 long tons; rags and bagging, 2,359 long tons; bauxite, 1,951 long tons. 249 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 4 4 .— PR ODU C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN FO R E IG N TR AD E —Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons • 11,661 11,661 Output per Aver Output per Average cost gang-hour man-hour labor age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton L in e N o. 6 Total, 14 ships........................... 789.0 14.8 14.8 19.0 0.77 0.77 $1.04 $1.04 0.95 $0.84 $0.84 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (July): Cork.................... No. 2 (November): Cork................................. . . Olives___________________ General cargo____________ T o ta l--............................. 269 269 14.9 18.1 18.1 19.0 0.95 17.1 17.1 19.0 .90 823 ’ 823 181 181 1,099 1,099 2,103 2,103 123.5 .90 .89 .89 0.61 $1.31 $1.31 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April): Cork__________ 160 160 No. 4 (August): Cork____________________ General cargo____________ 362 21 262 21 Total................................. 383 383 13.8 11.6 11.6 19.0 0.61 34.4 11.2 11.2 19.0 .59 .59 1.36 1.36 0.79 $1.01 $1.01 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Cork.................... ................ Olives.................................. Rags____________________ 467 275 93 467 275 93 T ota l................................ 835 835 No. 6 (December): Cork..................................... Olives.................................. 909 222 909 222 1,131 1,131 Total............................... •_ 55.7 15.0 15.0 19.0 0.79 80.8 14.1 14.1 19.0 .74 .74 1.08 1.08 1.05 $0.62 $0.62 $0.52 Discharging cargo: Central America L in e N o. 7 Total, 14 ships.... ......... — ........ 711,520 11,520 578.1 19.9 19.9 19.0 1.05 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February): Manganese ore___________ General cargo____________ 232 899 232 899 Total......... ........... ........... 1,131 1,131 No. 2 (February): Sugar.................................. Coffee.................................. Copra.......... .................... 3,684 205 57 3,684 205 57 Total................................ 3,946 3,946 47.5 23.8 23.8 19.0 1.25 1.25 $0.52 149.0 26.4 26.4 19.0 1.39 1.39 .47 .47 •Principal commodities: Cork, 7,459 tons; olives, 2,436 tons. 7Principal commodity: Coffee, 2,156 tons. 66490°—32------17 250 T GENERAL TABLES able 44.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Discharging cargo: Central America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Reve Long Reve per Long nue Long nue nue gang tons tons tpn ton tons tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e N o. 7—Continued No. 3 (October): Coffee.................................. M olasses._______________ 175 38 175 38 Total__________________ 213 213 No. 4 (September): Coffee _- - ____ Logs. _ _____ ___ 300 27 300 27 Total............................. - 327 327 17.6 12.2 12.2 19.0 0.64 27.4 12.0 12.0 19.0 .63 0.64 $1.02 .63 $1.02 1.03 1.03 $0.60 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Soda ash. _______ Salt . .................. Manganese o r e ________ _ Burlap__. . . _____________ General cargo____________ 513 200 100 126 146 Total______ ____________ 1,085 No. 6 (July): Soda ash___________ _____ Salt..................................... General cargo____________ 204 100 529 Total........... .................... 833 1,085 52.8 20.5 20.5 19.0 1.08 1.08 $0.60 833 43.0 19.4 19.4 19.0 1.02 1.02 .64 .64 17.0 1.08 1.08 $0.74 $0.74 Loading cargo: Europe L in e N o. 8 Total, 38 ships........................ 8 77.961 77.961 4,248.2 18.4 18.4 Ships with m aximum efficiency 1 No. 1 (October): Cotton......................... ........ Tobacco........ ................... Oil cake.............................. Flour.................................... General cargo.................. 9 472 8 71 2,027 274 186 9472 9 71 2,027 274 186 Total.............................. . 2,487 2,487 No. 2 (November): Cotton____________ ______ Tobacco____ _____ _______ Flour................................... Rice...................................... General cargo...................... Total...... .......................... 104.7 23.8 23.8 17.0 1.40 1.40 $0.57 $0.57 41.3 30.3 30.3 17.0 1.78 1.78 .45 .45 91,569 91,569 9 39 939 767 767 455 455 26 26 1,248 1,248 8Principal commodities: Flour, 23,449 long tons; lumber and logs, 21,897 long tons; cottonseed meal and cake, 10,428 long tons. 9 Not included in total, as labor time was not available, handling being paid on a piece basis. 251 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 44.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FO REIGN TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Europe — Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e No. 8—Continued No. 3 (February): Cotton__________________ Tobacco_________________ Lumber, p in e ....................... Flour................................... Oil....................................... Grease_____ ___________ _ Hardwood........................... General cargo...................... Total............................... No. 4 (September): Cotton.......... ....................... Lumber, pine...................... General cargo...................... Total............................... Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton 9 2,324 9 2,324 9 11 *11 499 499 226 226 160 160 100 100 128 128 328 328 1,441 1,441 104.2 13.8 13.8 17.0 0.81 103.9 10.9 10.9 17.0 .64 0.81 $0.99 $0.99 ®1,659 91,659 127 127 1,004 1,004 1,131 1,131 .64 1.25 1.25 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Cotton_______ __________ Tobacco..... ........... .......... . Staves...... ......... ................. Flour.................................... o n .................... ................... Carbon black____________ Hardwood____ ____ ______ Lumber, pine........ ............ Wax.............. ....................... Copper, pig______________ General cargo____________ 9 687 #17 73 411 245 105 185 1,021 100 195 189 9 687 9 17 73 411 245 105 185 1,021 100 195 189 Total......... ...................... 2,524 2,524 No. 6 (October): Cotton................................. Tobacco_________________ Flour.................................. Rice......... ..................... . Hardwood...................... .... Lumber, pine...................... General cargo...................... Total____ _____________ 136.4 18.5 18.5 17.0 1.09 1.09 $0.73 $0.73 108.3 18.9 18.9 17.0 1.11 1.11 .72 .72 145,120 145,120 8,264.0 17.6 17.6 17.0 1.03 1.03 $0.78 $0.78 1.25 $0.64 $0.64 »1,160 9 1,160 9 66 966 1,027 1,027 155 155 130 130 690 690 36 36 2,038 2,038 L ine No. 9 Total, 36 ships.............. ............ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (September): Tobacco_________________ Lumber, pine____________ Hardwood_______________ F lo u r ................................. Corn sirup_______________ Soap____________________ Wax.................................... Woodwork_______________ Cottonseed meal_________ Spelter____ ____ __________ General cargo_____ ____ _ 9 217 211 1,255 2,025 343 116 167 369 103 1,001 265 9 217 211 1,255 2,025 343 116 167 369 103 1,001 265 Total................................. 5,855 5,855 275.5 21.3 21.3 17.0 1.25 9 Not included in total, as labor time was not available, handling being paid on a piece basis. 10 Principal commodities: Timber, lumber, and lumber products. 78,078 long tons; cottonseed meal, cake, and soap, 9,003 long tons; com simp, 7,210 long tons; lubricating oil, 6,951 long tons; wax 3,517 long tons. GENERAL TABLES 252 T a b l e 44.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FO REIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Ships with m aximum efficiency—Continued L ine N o. 9—Continued No. 2 (September): Tobacco_________________ C otton __________________ Lnnribfir, pine , Timber, pine_____________ Hardwood.... .................... Lubricating oil___________ Rosin _ __________________ Corn sirup___________ ___ Flour. ........................... . WftY Spelter__________________ General cargo__ __ ____ 9 31 9 135 187 40 1,335 384 147 162 203 520 500 339 «31 9135 187 40 1,335 384 147 162 203 520 500 339 Total__________________ 3,817 3,817 166.4 23.0 23.0 17.0 1.35 1.35 $0.59 $0.59 0.83 $0.96 $0.96 1.18 1.18 $0.78 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January): Lumber, pine Hardwood Agricultural implements.. . General cargo Total____ _______ ______ No. 4 (November): Cotton Lumber, p in e ______ ___ Timber pine Hardwood . Rice _ _ ________ Wax ... Carbon black . . ________ General cargo Total........................ ........ 91,043 91,043 9 31 931 194 194 148 148 215 215 129 129 686 686 48.5 14.1 14.1 17.0 0.83 159.6 11.6 11.6 17.0 .68 9 1,600 91,600 289 289 92 92 754 754 133 133 164 164 229 229 193 193 1,854 1,854 .68 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Pine Cottonseed meal Hardwood Oyster shells Staves Soap Hogs’ bristles "Wood work General cargo ___ - __ 318 600 2,134 230 285 127 160 164 206 318 600 2,134 230 285 127 160 164 206 Total.......................... ...... 4,224 4,224 No. 6 (May): Tobacco Lumber pine Timber pine Hardwood Logs Corn sirup Staves ___ Rice - , Veneer, woodwork, etc. General cargo 9 343 446 320 1,507 107 486 139 105 457 422 9343 446 320 1,507 107 486 139 105 457 422 Total................ - .............. 3,989 3,989 240.6 17.5 17.5 17.0 1.03 1.03 $0.78 228.8 17.5 17.5 17.0 1.03 1.03 .78 • Not included in total, as labor time was not available, handling being paid on a piece basis. .78 253 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 4 4 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN F O R E IG N TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation* and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton L ine N o. 10 Total, 12 ships_______________ ii 37,910 37,910 1,974.5 19.2 19.2 20.0 0.96 0.96 $0.68 $0.68 $0.62 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November): Cotton _ _ ____________ General cargo____________ 4,088 296 4,088 296 Total__________________ 4,384 4,384 No. 2 (November): C otton_________________ General cargo____________ 4,457 448 4,457 448 Total............................— 4,905 4,905 208.1 21.0 21.0 20.0 1.05 1.05 $0.62 235.5 20.8 20.8 20.0 1.04 1.04 .63 .63 0.75 $0.87 $0.87 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (July): Cott.OTl Tobacco. __ __ _ _ _ General cargo__ __ __ 218 192 603 218 192 603 Total__________________ 1,013 1,013 No. 4 (November): Cotton__________________ Staves___________________ 1,650 64 1,650 64 Total................................. 1,714 1,714 67.7 15.0 15.0 20.0 0.75 101.0 17.0 17.0 20.0 .85 .85 .76 .76 0.96 $0.68 $0.68 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): C otton ____ _____________ Lubricating oil _ Soap ______ _______ Sirup __________________ Lumber, pine ____ 3,750 227 146 220 380 3,750 227 146 220 380 Total............................... . 4,723 4,723 No. 6 (December): Cotton - ___________ General cargo____________ 3,122 511 3,122 511 Total..................... ........... 3,633 3,633 246.6 19.2 19.2 20.0 0.96 194.8 18.6 18.6 20.0 .93 .93 .70 .70 Principal commodities: Cotton, 29,214 long tons; lubricating oil, 1,177 long tons; tobacco, 1,010 long tons. 254 GENERAL TABLES T able 44 .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D L IN G CA R G O IN FOREIGN T R AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue ton nue tons tons gang tons tons ton L in e N o. 11 Total, 23 ships_______________ i2 64,382 64,382 4,339.8 14.8 14.8 17.0 0.87 0.87 $0.75 $0.75 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Cotton__________________ Lumber_________________ Lubricating oil___________ Sirup_______ ____________ General cargo____________ 934 435 633 102 108 934 435 633 102 108 Total................................. 2,212 2,212 No. 2 (June): Cotton__________________ Meal____________________ 48 1,000 48 1,000 Total................................. 1,048 1,048 129.2 17.2 17.2 17.0 1.01 1.01 $0.64 $0.64 58.2 18.0 18.0 17.0 1.06 1.06 .61 .61 0.68 $0.96 $0.96 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February): Cotton__________________ Lumber................................ Asphalt................. ............... Cottonseed meal_________ Rice...................................... Sirup____________________ General cargo____________ 2,281 531 328 285 200 119 102 130 2,281 531 328 285 200 119 102 130 Lubricating oil_________ Total................................. 3,976 3,976 No. 4 (September): Cotton__________________ Tobacco_________________ Lumber.............................. . Starch.................................. General cargo . - _______ 291 160 215 109 115 291 160 215 109 115 Total......... ....................... 890 890 266.7 14.9 14.9 17.0 0.68 74.4 11.9 11.9 17.0 .70 .70 .93 .93 0.87 $0.75 $0.75 Ships with average efficiency No. 5. (June): Cotton................................. Tobacco_________________ Lumber______ ___________ Cottonseed meal ________ Starch.................................. Lubricating oil___________ Rosin___________________ Glucose_________________ General cargo. ___________ 2,395 286 846 151 163 144 218 126 176 2,395 286 846 151 163 144 218 126 176 Total_____ ____________ 4,505 4,505 No. 6 (December): Cotton______ _ ____ _ Lumber____. . . . ___ _ Rice..................................... Carbon black. _______ _ General cargo _ __ _ _ 2,292 255 201 143 53 2,292 255 201 143 53 Total.......................... ...... 2,944 2,944 303.5 14.8 14.8 17.0 0.87 197.9 14.8 14.8 17.0 .87 .87 .75 .75 12 Principal commodities: Cotton, 39,114 long tons; lumber, 9,413 long tons; lubricating oil, 2,777 long tons; tobacco, 1,598 long tons. NEW ORLEANS (1927) 255 T a b l e 44.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AN D LA BO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton L in e No. 12 Total, 20 ships........................... w 19,830 19,830 1,403.2 14.1 14.1 17.0 0.83 0.83 $0.96 $0.96 $0.63 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): C otton _________________ Case o i l ________ ________ General cargo____________ • 1,014 91,014 1,037 1,037 257 257 Total................................ 1,294 1,294 No. 2 (March): Cotton_____ _ _ _ _____ Wax . .............................. Lime . ...... ........................ General cargo____________ *60 1,140 201 302 960 1,140 201 302 Total................................ 1,643 1,643 60.3 80.5 21.4 21.4 17.0 1.26 1.26 $0.63 20.4 20.4 17.0 1.20 1.20 .67 .67 0.53 $1.51 $1.51 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (August): Cotton__________________ Wax ............... ................... L im e ___________________ Pipe _________________ Machinery_______________ General cargo- - ________ «196 566 100 157 202 98 9 196 566 100 157 202 98 Total__________________ 1,123 1,123 No. 4 (October): Cotton__________________ Cotton bands _ _ _ Wax __________ ____ General cargo____________ Total................................ 124.2 9.0 9.0 17.0 0.53 8.2 8.2 17.0 .48 9 2,099 9 2,099 458 458 113 113 116 116 687 687 83.9 .48 1.67 1.67 0.84 $0.95 $0.95 Ships with average efficiency No. 5. (May): Cotton __ • __ __________ Tobacco_________________ Rails..................... .............. Lime ___ ___________ Pipe __________________ General c a r g o ._________ Total................................ No. 6 (November): Cotton__________________ Lime __________________ Wax____________________ General cargo____________ Total................................ 9 2,181 9 2,181 9 133 9 133 1,324 1,324 300 300 104 104 362 362 2,090 2,090 146.1 14.3 14.3 17.0 0.84 14.3 14.3 17.0 .84 92,744 9 2,744 402 402 101 101 140 140 643 643 44.8 .84 .95 .95 9 Not included in total, as labor time was not available, handling being paid on a piece basis, is Principal commodities: Wax, 6,738 long tons; iron and steel, 2,673 long tons; zmc, 1,604 long tons. 256 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 44.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABO R AN D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons u 31,784 31,784 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons tons ton L in e N o. 13 Total, 20 ships_______________ 2. Ofifi ! 15.4 15.4 18.0 0.85 0.85 $0.94 $0.94 $0.78 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Cotton__________________ Tobacco_________________ Lubricating oil___________ Lumber, hardwood............ Lumber, pine . Carbon black___________ General cargo___________ Total__________________ No. 2 (March): Cotton ____ ___________ Lubricating oil___________ Carbon b la ck ...________ Hardwood__ ____________ General cargo..___ —_____ Total__________________ »1,661 91,661 «208 9 208 569 569 184 184 255 255 298 298 298 298 1,604 1,604 86.9 18.5 18.5 18.0 1.03 1.03 $0.78 70.3 19.3 19.3 18.0 1.07 1.07 9 1,965 9 1,965 9 85 985 608 608 275 275 124 124 348 348 1,355 1,355 .75 .75 0.68 $1.18 $1.18 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (M ay): Cotton. ______________ __ Tobacco Lubricating nil __ ____ Hardwood_______ _______ General c a rg o ....________ Total__________________ No. 4 (October): Cotton __ __ ______ General cargo.. Total_______ ___________ 9 1,383 9 1,383 9 93 993 396 396 184 184 335 335 915 915 75.3 12.2 12.2 18.0 0.68 47.1 8.6 8.6 18.0 .48 »2,280 92,280 405 405 405 405 .48 1.67 1.67 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Tobacco . . . . Cotton Lubricating oil Rice Hardwood Lumber, pine. ____ ___ General cargo. ___________ Total__________________ No. 6 (November): Cotton _ . Tobacco__ Lubricating oil______ ____ Carbon black__ _ __ _ Rice_____________________ Hardwood___ _______ __ _ General cargo____________ Total...... .......................... 989 9 89 9 1,839 9 1,839 283 283 106 106 128 128 539 539 235 235 1,291 1,291 -------- 82.3 15.7 15.7 18.0 107.9 15.1 15.1 18.0 0.87> 0.87 $0.92 $0.92 9 1,393 9 1,393 «630 ®630 498 498 189 189 396 396 356 356 195 195 1,634 1,634 .84 .84 .95 .95 9 Not included in total, as the labor time was not available, handling being paid on a piece basis. m Principal commodities: Lumber, 10,412 long tons; lubricating oil, 8,016 long tons; rice, 3,091 long tons; carbon black 2,563 long tons. 257 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 44 .—P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue Long nue gang ton nue tons tons tons tons ton L in e N o. 14 Total, 27 ships_______________ is 31,665 31,665 2,432.3 13.0 13.0 17.0 0.77 0.77 $1.04 $1.04 $0.70 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1: Cotton......................... ........ Lumber, pine...................... Staves___________________ Hardwood_______________ General cargo____________ 9121 90 458 449 98 9121 90 458 449 98 Total__________________ 1,095 1,095 No. 2 (December): Cotton........................... . Staves...................... ......... Hardwood........................... General cargo____________ 9208 1,617 97 4 9208 1,617 97 4 Total__________________ 1,718 1,718 56.4 19.4 19.4 17.0 1.14 1.14 $0.70 71.7 24.0 24.0 17.0 1.41 1.41 .57 .57 0.56 $1.43 $1.43 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March-April): Cotton_________ ____ ____ Hardwood................... ........ Lumber, pine____________ General cargo--__________ 9138 379 52 145 9138 379 52 145 Total__________________ 576 576 No. 4 (April): Cotton___________ _______ Hardwood_______________ General cargo____________ 9306 168 149 9306 168 149 Total__________________ 317 317 60.2 9.5 9.5 17.0 0.56 35.5 9.0 9.0 17.0 .53 .53 1.51 1.51 0.78 $1.03 $1.03 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Cotton_____ ____________ Staves__ ____ ___________ General cargo____________ 9 306 2,076 127 9 306 2,076 127 Total__________________ 2,203 2,203 No. 6 (October): Wall board................... ...... Flour................... ................ Lumber, p in e............ ........ General cargo____________ 167 87 1,072 26 167 87 1,072 26 Total__________________ 1,352 1,352 166.1 13.3 13.3 17.0 0.78 102.8 13.1 13.1 17.0 .77 .77 9 Not included in total, as labor time was not available, handling being paid on a piece basis. u principal commodities: Staves, 13,262 long tons; lumber, 11,737 long tons. 1.04 1.04 258 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 44.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R A N D LABO R COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE-Continued Loading cargo: Orient Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue gang tons tons ton nue tons tons ton L ine N o . 15 Total, 15 ships.......................... . w 27,220 27,860 1,562.8 17.4 17.8 17.0 1.03 1.05 $0.63 $0.62 $0.51 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Cotton......................... ...... Sulphate of arnmrmm Lime . _________ , Rails and bars____________ Carbon black____________ General cargo____________ 2,288 2,563 249 149 54 55 2,288 2,563 249 149 217 55 Total............................... . 5,358 5,521 No. 2 (July): Corn____________________ Oats.... ........... ........... ......... Lumber, pine____ ____ ___ 421 117 120 421 117 120 Total__________________ 658 658 254.5 21.1 21.8 17.0 1.24 1.28 $0.52 29.9 21.9 21.9 17.0 1.29 1.29 .50 .50 0.87 $0.75 $0.75 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Cotton Lime__________________ General cargo... _ ____ _ 2,376 202 64 2,376 202 64 Total____ _____________ 2,642 2,642 No. 4 (November): Flour___ ______________ General cargo.____________ 260 63 260 63 Total................................. 323 323 178.2 14.8 14.8 17.0 0.87 22.4 14.5 14.5 17.0 .85 .85 .76 .76 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July): CottonTima____ _____ ___ Rosin____________________ General cargo. - __________ 1,037 353 136 8 1,037 353 136 8 T o ta l.......................... .... 1,534 1,534 No. 6 (December): Cotton. ___ ____ _____ Carbon black____________ General c a r g o . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 1,712 37 167 1,712 147 167 Total................................. 1,916 2,026 m Principal 86.5 17.7 17.7 17.0 1.04 1.04 $0.63 112.6 17.0 18.0 17.0 1.00 1.06 commodities: Cotton, 13,925 long tons; zinc, 3,007 long tons. .65 $0.63 .61 259 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 44.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Latin America Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue ton nue nue gang tons tons tons tons ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 50,457 50,457 3,073.4 16.4 16.4 17.0 0.97 5,591 172,959 525.6 i844,866 44,866 2,547.8 10.6 17.6 175.6 17.6 17.0 17.0 .63 1.04 L in e N o . 16 Total, 45 ships_______ ____ ___ Lumber General cargo____________ 0.97 $0.67 17.33 1.04 1.03 .63 $0.67 m. 97 .63 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April): General cargo__ No. 2 (June): General cargo___ 1,056 973 46.7 43.8 1,056 973 22.6 22.3 17.6 17.6 17.0 17.0 1.33 1.31 1.33 $0.49 1.31 .50 $0.49 .50 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July); Lumber, pine__.................. General cargo____________ 186 491 17 59 491 13.8 47.5 13.4 10.4 174.3 10.4 17.0 17.0 61.3 11.1 11.1 17.0 Total..........— .................. 677 677 No. 4 (October): Lumber, pine........ .... ........ Flour_______ ____ ________ General cargo____________ 427 346 397 17 264 346 } 397 Total................................. 1,170 1,170 0.79 170.25 $0.82 17$2.60 1.07 .61 0.61 1.07 .65 .61 1.00 1.00 51.8 8.3 175.1 17.0 .49 17.30 43.7 17.0 17.0 17.0 1.00 1.00 .65 2.17 95.5 12.2 12.2 17.0 .72 .72 .90 .90 1.33 172.17 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Lumber, pine.... ................. Com____________________ Flour......... ........................ Oats........... ................ ......... General cargo____________ 94 762 248 178 370 17 48 762 248 178 370 1,652 T ota l................................ 1,652 No. 6 (April): Lumber, pine____________ Corn____________________ Wheat.................................. General cargo____________ 24 328 245 153 Total................................ 750 8.1 11.6 175.9 17.0 0.68 170.34 $0.96 17$1.91 91.3 17.0 17.0 17.0 1.00 .34 .65 .65 99.4 16.7 16.7 17.0 .98 .98 .66 .66 17 14 2.4 328 1 245 42.7 153 10.2 176.1 17.0 .60 17.36 17.0 17.0 17.0 1.00 1.00 .65 .65 45.1 16.7 16.7 17.0 .98 .98 .66 .66 59,312 3,492.9 17.0 17.0 18.0 0.93 0.93 $0.86 $0.86 1.27 $0.63 $0.63 I 750 1.08 171.81 L in e N o . 17 Total, 26 ships_______________ 19 59,312 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (October): Flour____________________ General cargo____________ 1,287 46 1,287 46 Total__________________ 1,333 1,333 58.4 22.9 22.9 18.0 1.27 I? 1,000 board feet. 18 Principal commodities: Corn, 18,983 long tons; flour, 4,914 long tons; wheat, oats, and feed, 3,158 long tons; salt, 2,676 long tons. 19Principal commodities: 18,390 long tons; lumber, 12,632 long tons; lubricating oil, 4,310 long tons; agri cultural implements, 3,171 long tons; rosin, 1,772 long tons. 260 GENERAL TABLES TABLE 44.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R A D E —Continued Loading cargo: Latin America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age gang-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue ton nue nue gang Long tons tons tons tons ton Ships w ith maximum efficiency—Continued L in e N o. 17—Continued No. 2 (December): Shooks___________________ H ice____________________ F lo u r ___________________ Tin plate________________ Lubricating nil. General cargo____________ 1,358 1,822 688 263 211 249 1,358 1,822 688 263 211 249 Total...... .......................... 4,591 4,591 i 1 j I 1 ! 222.2 |20.7 20.7 18.0 1.15 1.15 $0.70 $0.70 0.76 $1.05 $1.05 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Agricultural implements. __ ___ Shoots Lubricating oil___________ 1,940 1,180 365 174 115 205 1,940 1,180 365 174 115 205 ________________ 3,979 3,979 No. 4 (December): Shooks ________________ Flour _________________ Lumber, pine____________ General cargo____________ 361 139 959 151 361 139 959 151 Total ............................... 1,610 1,610 General cargo____________ Lumber, Total 290.6 127.5 13.7 13.7 18.0 0.76 12.6 12.6 18.0 .70 .70 1.14 1.14 0.91 $0.88 $0.88 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Rosin___________________ Case oil__________________ Shooks___________________ Lumber, pine____________ General cargo____________ 470 435 303 845 116 470 435 303 845 116 Total............................. — 2,169 2,169 No. 6 (June): Sulphur_________________ Agricultural implements ___ Lumber, pine____________ General cargo____________ 435 320 1,279 318 435 320 1,279 318 2,352 2,352 Total................................ 132.8 16.4 16.4 18.0 0.91 140.4 16.7 16.7 18.0 .93 57,062 3,924.3 14.5 14.5 17.0 0.85 9.9 175.6 16.8 16.8 17.0 17.0 .93 .86 .86 L in e No. 18 Total, 39 ships_______________ Lumber_________________ General cargo____________ 57,062 12,595 177,195 1.176.6 44,467 44,467 2.647.7 0.85 $0.76 .58 17.33 .99 .33 $0.76 1.12 .66 171.97 .66 $0.47 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (February): General cargo___________________ No. 2 (December): General cargo______________________ 17 1,000 board feet. 1,151 1,151 49.4 23.3 23.3 17.0 1.37 1.37 $0.47 1,950 1,950 98.7 19.7 19.7 17.0 1.16 1.16 .56 .56 261 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 4 4 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Latin America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Reve nue tons Long tons Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e No. 18—Continued No. 3 (April): Lumber.......... ........... ......... General carg o___________ Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue ton nue nue gang Long tons tons tons tons ton 368 219 17210 219 41.2 13.5 9.0 175.1 16.2 16.2 17.0 17.0 10.7 10.7 17.0 .63 8.0 174.6 17.0 .47 17.27 Total................ ............ — 587 587 54.7 No. 4 (November): Lumber___ 633 17 362 79.1 0.53 170.30 $1.23 17$2.17 .95 .68 .95 .68 .63 1.03 1.03 1.38 172.40 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Lumber......................... ...... General cargo...................... Total............................. . 327 840 17187 840 31.3 49.4 10.4 176.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 1,167 1,167 80.7 14.5 6.0 17.0 No. 6 (May): Lumber......................... ...... General cargo____________ 322 848 17184 848 30.9 49.9 10.4 176.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 Total......... .................... 1,170 1,170 80.8 14.5 17.0 14.5 0.61 170.35 $1.07 17$1.86 1.00 1.00 .65 .65 .85 .35 .61 17.35 1.00 1.00 .85 .85 .76 1.86 1.07 171.86 .65 .65 .76 .76 17 1,000 board feet. T a ble 45.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN IN TERCOASTAL T R AD E Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons i verage Output per Aver Output per A labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per-num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev per Long enue Long Rev enue tons tons i gang tons tonsi ton enue ton i L in e No. 19 Total, 22 ships_______________ 58,629 265,673 2,977.3 19.7 22.1 27.0 0.73 0.82 $0.89 $0.79 1.00 $0.73 $0.65 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November): Lumber_________________ Canned goods____________ Flour........... ....................... General cargo____________ 995 310 100 3,419 1,114 347 112 3,830 Total................................. 4,824 5,403 No. 2 (July): Sugar, refined_______ ____ Lumber_____________ ____ Canned goods...................... General cargo................. .... 1,804 331 760 634 2,020 371 851 710 Total__________________ 3,529 3,952 200.4 24.0 27.0 27.0 0.89 132.8 26.5 29.7 27.0 .98 1.10 .66 .59 1 Short tons. 2 Principal commodities: Canned goods, 19,665 short tons; lumber, 5,890 short tons; flour, 3,153 short tons; beans, 2,464 short tons; refined sugar, 5,052 short tons. 262 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 45.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons 1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev Rev men per Long Rev Long enue enue Long ton enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton 1 S kips with m inim um efficiency L ine N o. 19—Continued No. 3 (February): Canned goods____________ Flour................ ............ ...... Beans.................... .............. General cargo____________ 734 400 325 1,031 822 448 364 1,155 Total..................... .......... 2,490 2,789 No. 4 (March): Lumber.. . . ............ Canned goods____________ Beans..... .................. Flour......... ............... ......... General cargo____________ 884 690 275 210 182 990 773 308 235 204 Total................................. 2,241 2,510 157.9 15.7 17.6 27.0 0.58 156.2 14.3 16.2 27.0 .53 0.65 $1.12 $1.00 1.23 1.08 0.83 $0.88 $0.78 .60 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Canned goods. ___ ____ . ^ Flour___________ ________ Beans___________________ General cargo............... ...... 1,050 200 160 394 1,176 224 179 441 Total___ _____ _________ 1,804 2,020 No. 6 (May): Lumber__________________ Canned goods. __________ Flour_____ ______________ General cargo____________ 216 850 280 356 242 952 314 404 T o ta l..._______________ 1,702 1,912 90.3 20.0 22.4 27.0 0.74 86.6 19.7 22.1 27.0 .73 16.4 17.0 0.86 .82 .89 .79 0.96 $0.76 $0.68 $0.45 Loading cargo Line No. 20 Total, 15 ships........... .............. 19,352 321,675 1,324.5 14.6 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (November): Oyster shells..................... . Lard___________ _________ Hardwood.......................... General cargo.... .............. . 500 179 116 590 560 200 130 661 Total...... .......................... 1,385 1,551 No. 2 (May): Pipe..................................... Lard..................................... Lumber................................ Cotton__________ ________ General cargo................... . 867 130 67 116 749 971 146 75 130 838 T o ta l............................... 1,929 2,160 63.0 22.0 24.6 17.0 1.29 1.45 $0.50 108.0 17.9 20.0 17.0 1.05 1.18 .62 .55 1 Short tons. 3 Principal commodities: Pipe, 3,963 short tons; hardwood, 2,383 short tons; oyster shells, 2,972 short tons. 263 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 4 5 .— PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AND LA BO R COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L TR AD E-Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons 1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gang ber of hours Rev men Rev Long Rev Long enue per Long enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton enue to n 1 Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e No. 20—Continued No. 3 (November): Lard____________________ Sirup...... .............. .............. Lumber___________ ______ Steel__________________ General cargo____________ 192 112 156 103 363 215 125 175 115 407 Total...... ..................... .... 926 1,037 No. 4 (February): Pipe......... ..................... ...... Hardwood_______________ Sirup................ ................. . Lard____________ ________ Oyster shells_____________ Spelter........................... ...... General cargo____________ 200 120 112 246 156 98 516 224 134 125 276 175 110 578 Total...... ................... ...... 1,448 1,622 93.0 10.0 11.2 17.0 0.59 118.0 12.3 13.7 17.0 .72 0.66 $1.10 .81 $0.98 .90 .80 0.96 $0.76 $0.68 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (September): Oyster shells_____________ Pipe.................................. . Hardwood.... ....................... General c a r g o __________ 469 470 279 669 525 526 313 749 Total______________ ___ 1,887 2,113 No. 6 (July): Pipe................................ . . Hardwood____________ . Oyster shells.................... . . General cargo_____ ____ _ 240 248 89 546 269 278 100 611 1,123 1,258 Total.......................... . 129.0 14.6 16.4 17.0 0.86 77.0 14.6 16.3 17.0 .86 25,285 428,320 1,668.4 15.2 17.0 19.0 0.79 .96 .76 .68 0.89 $0.82 $0.73 1.02 $0.71 $0.64 L in e N o. 21 Total, 25 ships_______________ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April): Pipe.... .............. ............... . Plate steel........................ . General cargo...................... 1,334 368 316 1,494 412 354 Total_____________ ____ 2,018 2,260 116.7 17.3 19.4 19.0 0.91 No. 2 (December): General cargo_____________________ 599 671 35.4 16.9 19.0 19.0 .89 1.00 .73 .65 0.72 $1.02 $0.90 1.03 .92 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (May): General cargo___ 260 291 No. 4 (August): Structural steel.................... General cargo...................... 144 198 161 222 T o ta l..________________ 342 383 21.2 12.2 13.7 19.0 0.64 28.7 12.0 13.5 19.0 .63 .71 1 Short tons. * Principal commodities: Pipe, 10,693 short tons; hardwood, 1,712 short tons; oyster shells, 1,466 short tons; steel plates, beams, etc., 1,132 short tons. 264 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 45.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABO R AN D LABO R COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons 1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num ber of Rev men Rev Long Rev Long enue per Long enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton enue ton 1 Ships with average efficiency Line N o. 21—Continued No. 5 (March): Sheet steel______________ Pipe____________ ________ Hardwood_______________ General cargo____________ 188 1,469 230 280 211 1,645 258 313 142.9 15.2 17.1 19.0 0.80 119.0 15.2 17.1 19.0 .80 77,048 586,291 5,620.3 13.7 15.4 19.0 0.72 Total_____ _____ _______ 2,167 2,427 No. 6 (April): Pipe_____________________ Hardwood_______________ General cargo____________ 1,462 106 250 1,637 119 280 Total__________________ 1,818 2,036 0.90 $0.81 .90 $0.72 .81 .72 0.81 $0.90 $0.80 $0.71 Line N o. 22 Total, 22 ships_______________ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (May): L a r d ___________________ H ardwood______________ Spelter_________________ General cargo____________ 535 254 225 1,789 599 284 252 2,004 Total__________________ 2,803 3,139 180.5 No. 2 (September): Pipe................................ . Oyster shells_____________ Hardwood_______________ General cargo____________ 1,250 500 390 2,388 1,400 560 437 2,674 Total__________________ 4,528 5,071 237.3 15.6 17.5 19.0 0.82 0.92 $0.79 19.0 21.3 19.0 1.00 1.12 .65 .58 0.71 $1.03 $0.92 1.07 .96 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January): Hardwood_______________ Lard____________________ Sheet steel_______________ Pipe____ ______ __________ General cargo____________ 980 459 224 215 1,739 1,098 514 251 241 1,947 T o ta l............................... 3,617 4,051 No. 4 (March): Lard_______ ____ _____ __ Spelter________ __________ Plate steel........ ................... Hardwood____ ___________ General cargo ...................... 905 325 250 240 1,330 1,014 364 280 269 1,489 Total. ...................- ......... 3,050 3,416 302.8 12.0 13.5 19.0 0.63 261.8 11.6 12.9 19.0 .61 .68 * Short tons. • Principal commodities: Pipe, 18,439 short tons; lard, 11,654 short tons; hardwood, 8,249 short tons. 265 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b le 45.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABO R AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G C A R G O IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Rev enue tons1 Long tons erage Output per Aver Output per A v labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev Rev men Rev Long enue per Long enue Long enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton 1 Ships with average efficiency Line N o. 22—Continued No, 5 (January): Pipe.... ................................. Lard____________________ Hardwood.... ....................... General cargo____________ 183 581 456 1,423 205 651 511 1,593 Total. .............................. 2,643 2,960 No. 6 (November): Pipe.... ................................. Lard____________________ Hardwood__ ____ ________ General cargo____________ 600 200 120 2,154 672 224 134 2,413 Total_______ ____ ______ 3,074 3,443 191.8 13.9 15.6 19.0 0.73 228.8 13.5 15.2 19.0 .71 0.82 $0.89 .80 .92 $0.79 .81 1Short tons. T a b l e 4 6 .—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN COASTW ISE TR AD E Discharging cargo Week ending- Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- man(reve hours hour per reve nue (reve nue tons 9 nue t o n 1 tons!) L in e N o . 23 Total, 107 ships... 256,372 491,444 0.52 $1.15 Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (reve hours hour reve nue (reve nue tons *) nue ton 1 tons 0 L in e N o. 23—Con. Weeks w ith m in im u m effi ciency —Continued 1926 Weeks with m axim um effi ciency 1926 June 7, 2 ships.......... 2,541 1,836 3,981 3,297 0.64 .56 $0.94 1.07 Total............... 4,377 7,278 .60 1.00 Dec. 21, 3 ships......... 2,053 1,388 2,237 3,587 2,499 3,532 .57 .56 .63 1.05 1.07 .95 Total............... 5,678 9,618 .59 1.02 Feb. 14, 2 ships....... 2,555 2,010 4,903 4,718 0.52 .43 1.15 1.40 Total- 4,565 9,621 .47 1.28 Weeks with average efficiency Feb. 21, 2 ships.. 2,351 2,168 4,466 4,191 0.53 .52 Total....... 4,519 8,657 .52 1.15 Mar. 7, 2 ships. 2,533 2,338 4,857 4,584 .52 .51 1.15 1.18 4,871 9,441 .52 1.15 Total.. Weeks with m inim u m effi ciency July 31, 3 ships.. Total.. 1,444 2,789 2,226 3,278 6,409 4,440 0.44 .44 .50 $1.36 1.36 1.20 6,459 14,127 .46 1.30 i Short tons. 66490c — 3 2 --------- 1 8 $1.13 1.15 Other weeks Jan. 7, 2 ships____ Jan. 14, 2 ships___ Jan. 21, 2 ships___ Jan. 31, 3 ships___ Feb. 7, 2 ships........... Feb. 28, 2 snips_____ 4,314 4,427 4,665 8,100 5,660 4,179 7,920 8,306 9,382 15,125 10,626 8,704 0.54 .53 .50 .54 .53 .48 $1.11 1.13 1.20 1.11 1.13 1.25 266 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 4 6 —P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN COASTWISE TBADE—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- manper (reve hours hour reve nue (reve nue tons 9 nue ton i tons1) Week ending— Out put Labor Cargo per cost tonnage Man- man(reve hours hour per reve nue (reve nue tons 9 nue ton i tons i) L ine No. 23—Con. Other weeks—Continued Line N o. 23—Con. Other weeks—Continued 1926 Mar. 14, 2 ships____ Mar. 21, 2 ships____ Mar. 31, 2 ships____ Apr. 7, 3 ships......... Apr. 14, 2 ships....... Apr. 21, 2 ships....... Apr. 30, 3 ships....... May 7, 2 ships____ May 14, 2 ships....... May 21, 2 ships....... May 31, 2 ships....... June 14, 2 ships....... June 21, 2 ships....... June 30, 3 ships....... July 7, 2 ships......... July 14,1 ship......... July 21, 3 ships....... Aug. 7, 2 ships........ 5,561 6,002 5,566 8,283 5,019 3,837 5,752 4,048 5,004 4,268 4,277 4,199 4,918 7,483 3,926 2,069 6,734 4,803 $1.13 1.09 1.15 1.11 1.20 1.13 1.11 1.07 1.13 1.07 1.13 1.18 1.07 1.11 1.28 1.15 1.15 10,553 10,965 10,705 15,342 0.53 .55 .52 .54 10,022 .50 7,248 .53 .54 10,599 .56 7,229 .53 9, 527 7,596 .56 .53 8,013 .51 8,156 .56 8,746 .54 13,938 .47 8,417 .52 4,012 .52 12,987 .49 9,764 1.22 1926 Aug. 14, 2 ships....... Aug. 21, 2 ships....... Aug. 31, 2 ships____ Sept. 7, 3 ships____ Sept. 14, 2 ships___ Sept. 21,1 ship........ Sept. 30, 3 ships___ Oct. 7, 2 ships......... Oct. 14, 2 ships____ Oct. 21, 3 ships____ Oct. 31, 4 ships........ Nov. 7, 2 ships____ Nov. 14, 2 ships___ Nov. 21, 2 ships___ Nov. 30, 3 ships___ Dec. 7, 2 ships......... Dec. 14,1 ship......... Dec. 31, 3 ships....... 4,772 4,950 5,851 7,645 5,603 2,324 8,147 6,868 5,811 7,653 8,247 5,119 5,169 5,125 7,575 4,729 1,754 5,467 9,294 9,890 11,576 15,847 11,107 4,712 15,117 12,857 11,139 15,135 15,560 9,976 10,287 9,979 14,942 8,563 3,401 9,438 0.51 .50 .51 .48 .50 .49 .54 .53 .52 .51 .53 .51 .50 .51 .51 .55 .52 .58 $1.18 1.20 1.18 1.25 1.20 1.22 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.13 1.18 1.20 1.18 1.18 1.09 1.15 1.03 Loading cargo Line N o. 24 Total, 108 ships__ Line N o. 24—Con. 330,588 371,705 0.89 Other weeks $0.67 1926 Weeks with maximum efficiency 1926 Oct. 7, 2 ships. 3,466 4,044 3,128 3,906 1.11 1.04 $0.54 .58 Total___ 7,510 7,034 1.07 .56 Nov. 7, 2 ships. 4,105 2,482 4,039 2,497 1.02 .99 .59 .61 Total___ 6,587 6,536 1.01 .59 Weeks with m inim um efficiency Aug. 14, 2 ships. 3,006 1,922 Total....... June 21, 2 ships. Total___ 4,273 2,309 0.70 .83 $0.86 .72 4,928 6,582 .75 .80 3,136 2,290 4,140 2,835 .76 .81 .79 .74 5,426 6,975 .78 .77 Y/eeks with average efficiency Jan. 31, 3 ships. 3,102 4,631 2,556 3,352 4,997 3,177 0.93 .93 .80 $0.65 .65 .75 Total...... 10,289 11,526 .89 .67 Apr. 14, 2 ships. 2,214 3,052 2,449 3,494 .90 .87 .67 .69 Total...... 5,266 5,943 .89 .67 1 Short tons. Jan. 7, 2 ships__ Jan. 14, 2 ships.. _ Jan. 21, 2 ships. . Feb. 7, 2 ships... Feb. 14, 2 ships.. Feb. 21, 2 ships.. Feb. 28, 2 ships. _ Mar. 7, 2 ships. _ Mar. 14, 2 ships. Mar. 21, 2 ships. Mar. 31, 3 ships. Apr. 7, 2 ships. _. Apr. 21, 2 ships.. Apr. 30, 3 ships.. May 7, 2 ships__ May 14, 2 ships.. M ay 21, 2 ships.. May 31, 2 ships.. June 7, 2 ships... June 14, 2 ships.. June 30, 3 ships.. July 7, 2ships___ July 14,1 sh ip... July 21, 3 ships.. July 31, 3 ships.. Aug. 7, 2 ships__ Aug. 21, 2 ships.. Aug. 31, 2 ships.. Sept. 7, 3 ships. _ Sept. 14, 2 ships. Sept. 21,1 ship.. Sept. 30, 3 ships. Oct. 14, 2 ships.. Oct. 21, 3 ships.. Oct. 31, 4 ships.. Nov. 14, 3 ships. Nov. 21, 2 ships. Nov. 30, 3 ships. Dec. 7, 3 ships... Dec. 14, 2 ships.. Dec. 21, 4 ships.. 5,623 6,409 6,216 6,999 6,708 7,585 7,030 6,361 7,496 6,968 10,177 5,644 6,320 7,020 5,830 6,314 6,183 5,931 6,265 4,218 9,389 4,893 2,094 7,685 6,183 4,710 5,315 6,356 8,688 6,952 2,422 10,252 7,447 8,457 12,258 7,575 6,779 9,835 10,597 6,328 15,070 6,472 6,874 6,874 7,467 7,224 8,063 7,802 7,029 8,500 8,567 11,602 6,803 6,995 8,179 6,330 7,151 6,718 6,448 6,946 4,845 10,814 5,879 2,620 9,490 7,213 5,582 6,023 7,551 10,124 7,439 2,788 11,953 7,683 10,034 14,539 8,321 6,857 11,534 11,661 6,632 15,483 0.87 .93 .90 .94 .93 .94 .90 .90 .88 .81 .88 .83 .90 .86 .92 .88 .92 .92 .90 .87 .87 .83 .80 .81 .86 .84 .88 .84 .86 .93 .87 .86 .97 .84 .84 .91 .99 .85 .91 .95 .97 $0.69 .65 .67 .64 .65 .64 .67 .67 .68 .74 .68 .72 .67 .70 .65 .68 .65 .65 .67 .69 .69 .72 .75 .74 .70 .71 .68 .71 .70 .65 .69 .70 .62 .71 .71 .66 .61 .71 .66 .63 .62 267 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b le 47.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Aver Output per Average labo man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue nue ton tons tons tons gang tons ton Output per gang-hour B ananas Line No. 25: Total, 165 ships. 15,022,408 22,184.2 32,299.4 158.8 114.48 <$3.11 116.97 120.63 <$2.65 <2.18 112. 112.26 <$3.72 <3.67 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June). No. 2 (July).. 116,306 i 40,430 2 5 .8 2 17.2 32.811.4 3 2,350.6 165.7 114.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October) — No. 4 (December). 121,938 i 20,176 2 9.9 2 8 .0 3 2,216.0 2,522.0 3 183.3 205.8 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M arch).. No. 6 (October). i 22.817 116,256 2 11.0 2 6.5 32,074.3 143.2 32,501.4 172.8 114.49........... <$3.11 114.48....... ... <3.11 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 13 ships.. February, 12 ships March, 14 ships— April, 12 ships___ M ay, 15 ships-------- June, 15 ships____ July, 13 ships____ August, 15 ships___ September, 13 ships. October, 14 ships.... November, 15 ships. December, 14 ships. Line No. 26:8 Total, 313 ships. i 325,142 i 333,426 i 481,627 i 419,714 i 424,848 1470,995 1363,136 1505. 208 1351,424 1431,569 i 452,713 1462,606 2143.9 2 176.6 3 232.0 2 196.7 2179.4 2197.1 2 150.7 2 201.4 2 140.7 2 182.0 2189.4 2 194.3 19,987,808 26,005.3 32,259.5 31. 888.0 32,076.0 3 2,133.8 3 2,368.2 3 2,389.6 3 2,409. 7 3 2,508. 5 3 2,497. 7 3 2,371.3 3 2.390.3 3 2,381 31,1 154.6 133.9 152.2 148.8 158.4 159.4 165.9 166.5 162.8 171.1 174.7 1 14. 61 1 14.10 i 13.64 114.34 i 14.97 i 15.08 i 15.12 i 15.12 i 15.01 i 14.56 i 13.97 113.63 ‘ $3.08 <3.19 <3.30 <3.14 <3.01 <2.98 <2.98 <2.98 <3.00 <3.09 <3.22 <3.30 124.5 i 13.; <$3.37 116.0 130.1 121.2 122.7 112.7 119.1 116. 52 111.04 113.50 116.12 116.94 116.67 <$2.72 <4.08 <3.33 <2.79 <2.66 <2.70 1,828.2 119.8 115.26 <2.95 158.1 Week of m aximum efficiency February, 1926-. Total . 1 Stems. 2 Conveyor-hours. 3 Stems per conveyor-hour. i 30,664 115,807 i 39, 762 i 36,594 i 34,346 i 42,281 1 199,454 2 16.0 2 11.0 224.3 2 18.5 2 18.0 2 21.3 2 109.1 31,916.5 3 1,437.0 3 1,636.3 3 1,978.1 3 1,908.1 3 1,985.0 3 < Per 100 stems. Data, except totals, are for individual ship pro ductivity and labor cost. 268 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 47.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Aver Output per Average labor man-hour jost per— age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men nue nue per Long ton tons tons tons tons ton Output per gang-hour Week of m in im u m efficiency B ananas— Continued Line No. 26 ®—Contd. September, 1926___ 129,952 111,558 l 34,250 l 21,940 125,864 128,935 217.3 214.5 2 23.8 2 15.5 1152,499 2101.9 Total. 130.2 125.1 123.4 162.6 128.5 124.4 U3.29 111.55 112.17 19.30 18.46 115.01 ‘ $3.39 <3.90 <3.70 <4.84 <5.32 <3.00 3 1,496.6 131.6 111.37 <3.96 127.7 126.1 121.7 127.7 132.6 131.3 118.3 112.34 113.09 113.84 113.45 114.76 115.02 U2.45 <$3.65 <3.44 <3.25 <3.35 <3.05 <3.00 <3.61 3 1,677.7 125.5 113.37 <3.37 31,311.2 92.7 3 1,575.0 113.6 3 1,576.5 109.1 3 1,562.3 112.2 14.14 13.87 14.45 13.93 < $3.18 <3.24 <3.11 <3.23 «1,731.3 3 1,444.8 31,502.2 31,513.1 3 1,086.7 3 1,866.8 2 8 .0 2 22.8 Week of average efficiency June, 1926- 147,723 i 21,133 i 42,592 i 47,237 i 47,554 l 20,711 154,911 3 1,575.0 31,651.0 3 1,683.5 3 1,717.7 3 1,957.0 3 1,972.5 3 1,472.1 2 12.8 2 25.3 2 27.5 2 24. .3 2 10.5 237.3 1281,861 2 168.0 Total. Labor productivity and cost, by weeks January, 1926: Week 1,4 ships.. Week 2,5 ships.. Week 3,5 ships.. Week 4,6 ships.. February, 1926: Week 1,6 ships. Week 2,6 ships.. Week 3,6 ships. Week 4,6 ships. March, 1926: Week 1,7 ships. Week 2,7 ships. Week 3,9 ships. Week 4,8 ships. April, 1926: Week 1 ,7ships. W eek2,8ships. Week 3,10 ships Week 4,11 ships. May, 1926: Week 1,7 ships. Week 2,8 ships. Week 3,8 ships. Week 4,7 ships. June, 1926: Week 1,7 ships. Week 2,7 ships. Week 3,7 ships. Week 4,9 ships. J u ly , 1926: Week 1,6 ships. Week 2,7 ships. Week 3,6 ships. Week 4,7 ships. August, 1926: Week 1,5 ships. Week 2,6 ships. Week 3,5 ships. Week 4,6 ships. i Stems. 3 Conveyor-hours. 1 93,226 2 71.1 U15,444 2 73.3......... 1173,101 2 109.8 1129,827 2 83.1. ... 1178,001 1195,362 1198,019 1199,454 2 104.8 2124.0......... 2 108.2 2 109.1 . 81,698.5 8 1,575.5 3 1,830.1 3 1,828.2 117.9 110.3 126.0 119.8 14.40 14.29 14.53 15.26 <3.13 <3.15 <3.10 <2.95 i 226,362 i 225,337 1304,066 i 280,533 2 127.7 2 128.9 2170.3 2 160.8 3 1,772.6 8 1,748.2 8 1,785.5 3 1,744.6 119.1 120.3 126.1 122.3 14.88 14.53 14.16 14.27 <3.02 <3.10 <3.18 <3.15 1235,993 i 228,557 1238,419 i 306,338 2 139.9 2121.7 2 131.3 2 166.0 8 1,686.9 3 1,878.0 81,815.8 3 1,845.4 123.4 124.1 130.8 124.9 13.66 15.14 13.88 14.77 <3.29 <2.97 <3.24 <3.05 1261,026 l 271,769 1277,025 i 266,193 2 154.8 2162.1 2 171.0 2 163.4 8 1,686.2 8 1,676.6 3 1,620.0 3 1,629.1 121.5 125.9 126.2 124.9 13.88 13.32 12.83 13.04 <3.24 <3.38 <3.51 <3.45 l 249,323 l 205,795 1281,861 1 364,569 2 154.9. 2 109.9 2 168.0 2 215.5 3 1,609.6 8 1,872.6 8 1,677.7 81,691.7 124.3 128.0 125.5 126.7 12.95 14.63 13.37 13.35 <3.47 <3.08 <3.37 <3.37 1 224,786 i 203,157 i 205,310 i 215,911 2128.8 2115.8 2 121.1......... 2 130.0 . 8 1,745.2 8 1,754.4 8 1,695.4 8 1,660.9 124.8 127.3 124.6 127.4 13.99 13.78 13. 13.04 <3.22 <3.27 <3.31 <3.45 1,596.6 8 1,596.6 8 1,542.5 8 1,778.8 127.9 127.7 126.1 121.1 12.49 12.51 12.24 14. <3.60 <3.68 <3.06 1179,773 2112.6 1191,754 2 120.1 1132,194 285.7 1171,116 2 96.2. 8Stems per conveyor-hour. . 3 < Per 100 stems. 6 Data except totals are for individual ship productivity and labor cost, 269 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b le 47.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Ganghours Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num ber of Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue tons tons gang tons tons Long Reve nue ton ton Labor productivity and cost, by weeks—Continued Bananas— Contd. Line No. 26 *—Contd. September, 1926: Week 1,8 ships. Week 2,7 ships. Week 3,6 ships. Week 4,7 ships. October, 1926: Week 1,6 ships. Week 2,6 ships. Week 3,5 ships. Week 4,6 ships. November, 1926: Week 1,5 ships. Week 2,5 ships. Week 3,5 ships. Week 4,5 ships. December, 1926: Week 1,5 ships. Week 2,6 ships. Week 3,5 ships. Week 4,7 ships. 2131.6 2102.2 2101.9 2121.1 31,679.4 31,793.1 3 1,496. ' 3 1,637.2 128.7 124.3 131.6 128.2 113.05 114.43 111.37 112.77 <$3.45 <3.12 <3.96 <3.52 1163,673 2 100.6 1200,626 2 122.2 1137,954 2 91.6 1221,658 2 149.4 3 1,627.0 31,641.8 3 1,506.0 3 1,483.7 128.8 129.0 129.8 125. 112. 112.73 111.60 111.78 <3.56 <3.53 <3.88 <3.82 1181,402 2120.2 1195,093 2118.2 1143,415 2 93.9 1131,883 3 1,509.2 3 1,650.5 3 1,527.3 3 1,592.8 127.8 127.7 127.1 128.8 111.81 112.92 112.02 < 3.81 <3.48 <3.74 <3.64 1168.006 i 209,429 i 207,361 1242,683 3 1,537.1 3 1,473.8 3 1,557.9 3 1,671.4 127.1 125.6 126.7 133.3 112.10 <3.72 <3.83 <3.66 <3.59 13.8 19.0 1221.005 1 183,256 1152,499 1198,264 2 109.3 2142.1 2133.1 2 145.2 1 12. 111.74 112.29 112.54 B urlap Line No. 27: Total, 14 ships........ 47,521 47,521 1,404.4 33.8 1.78 1.78 $0.37 $0.37 2.12 2.33 $0.31 .28 $0.31 .28 1.59 1.58 $0.41 .41 $0.41 .41 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (August)----No. 2 (December) . 1,756 2,065 ♦ 1,756 2,065 43.6 46.7 40.3 44.3 40.3 44.3 19.0 19.0 2.12 2.33 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January)— No. 4 (February). 4,633 3,827 4,633 3,827 153.4 127.2 30.2 30.0 30.2 30.0 19.0 19.0 1.59 1.58 Ships with average efficiency 4,388 3,237 4,388 3,237 129.8 95.6 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 19.0 19.0 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 $0.37 .37 $0.37 .37 Line No. 28: Total, 8 ships....... 5,118 5,118 361.3 14.2 14.2 19.4 0.73 0.73 $1.10 $1.10 No. 1 (January)... No. 2 (April)......... No. 3 (September). No. 4 (September). No. 5 (October). . . No. 6 (November) No. 7 (November) No. 8 (November) 1,213 1,220 471 394 197 921 589 113 1,213 1,220 471 394 197 921 589 113 76.1 87.3 42.6 28.4 10.6 72.5 37.9 5.9 16.0 14.1 11.1 13.8 18.6 12.8 15.6 19.4 16.0 14.1 11.1 13.8 18.6 12.8 15.6 19.4 20.0 19.0 17.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 .80 .74 .65 .69 .93 .64 .78 .97 .80 .74 .65 .69 .93 .64 .78 .97 1.00 1.08 1.23 1.16 .86 1.25 1.03 .82 1.00 1.08 1.23 1.16 .86 1.25 1.03 .82 32,972 32,972 988.3 33.4 33.4 18.0 1.85 1.85 $0.43 $0.43 No. 5 , No. 6 (May) B ones C ement Line No* 29: Total, 22 ships___ 1 Stems. 2 Conveyor-hours. « Stems per conveyor-hour. < Per 100 stems. 5Data, except total are for individual ship productivity and labor cost. 270 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 47.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Long Revenue men Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue tons tons ton gang tons tons ton Ships with m aximum efficiency C ement—Continued Line No. 29—Contd. No. 1 (M ay)_._....... No. 2 (M ay)........... Output per gang-hour 1,356 1,135 1,356 1,135 32.5 29.8 41.8 38.0 41.8 38.0 18.0 18.0 2.32 2.11 2.32 2.11 $0.34 .38 $0.34 .38 1.48 1.62 $0.54 .49 $0.54 .49 $0.43 .43 $0.43 .43 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 8 (September)... No. 4 (October)____ 964 1,971 964 1,971 36.3 67.8 26.6 29.2 26.6 29.2 18.0 18.0 1.48 1.62 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)___ No. 6 (November). _ 1,044 3,251 1,044 3,251 31.5 97.5 33.1 33.3 33.1 33.3 18.0 18.0 1.84 1.85 1.84 1.85 6 795,665 1,193.9 39.3 6 666.0 39.0 1.01 6 17.1 $0.79 7 $4.68 1.16 1.18 6 19.5 « 19.6 $0.69 ” $4.10 .68 7 4.08 0.89 .88 6 15.2 6 14.7 $0.90 7$5.26 .91 75.44 $0.79 7 $4.65 .79 7 4.65 C offee Line No. 30: Total, 22 ships_____ 46,962 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)....... No. 2 (M ay)............ 2,883 1,745 e 48,425 6 29,110 63.7 38.0 45.3 46.0 « 759. 7 6 766.0 39.0 39.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January)----No. 4 (November) 2,819 1,742 « 47,919 « 29,193 80.9 50.9 34.7 34.3 6 592.4 6 573.7 39.0 39.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)-------No. 6 (March)......... 1,760 2,955 44^7 75.3 39.4 39.4 6 669.2 6 666.9 39.0 39.0 1.01 1.01 617.2 6 17.2 79,684 1,774.7 44.9 44.9 27.0 1.66 1.66 $0.39 $0.39 1.91 2.07 $0.34 .31 $0.34 .31 1.22 1.09 $0.53 .60 $0.53 .60 6 29,916 6 50,234 N itrate of Soda Line No. 31: Total, 14 ships......... 79,684 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)___ No. 2 (February)___ 3,380 3,464 3,380 3,464 65.5 62.1 51.6 55.9 51.6 55.9 27.0 1.91 27. Ol 2.07 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (April). No, 4 (July)............. 7,887 810 • Bags. 7,887 810 239.5 27.4 32.9 29.4 32.9 29.4 27.0 27.0 i Per 100 bags. 1.22 1.09 271 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b le 47.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue nue tons tons ton gang tons tons ton Ships with average efficiency N itra te op Soda— Con. Line No. 31—Contd. No. 5 (January)........ No. 6 (September).. Output per gang-hour 8,105 8,800 8,105 8,800 180.0 193.8 45.1 45.4 45.1 45.4 27.0 27.0 1.67 1.68 1.67 1.68 8 32,869 1,245.3 23.6 8 26.4 19.0 1.24 8 1.39 $0.52 8$0.47 1.94 1.41 8 2.17 8 1.58 $0.34 8$0.34 .46 8.41 1.02 1.01 8 1.14 8 1.13 $0.64 8 $0. 57 .64 8.58 19.0 19.0 1.25 1.25 8 1.40 8 1.40 $0.52 8 $0.46 .52 8.46 18.0 1.75 1.75 $0.37 $0.37 3.29 2.59 3.29 2.59 $0.20 .25 !0 .20 1.21 1.49 1.21 1.49 $0.54 .44 $0.54 .44 $0.38 .36 $0.38 .36 $0.39 .39 $0.39 .39 N ewsprint Paper Line No. 32: Total, 13 ships_____ 29,347 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)___ No. 2 (September). . 832 2,750 8932 8 3,080 22.6 103.0 36.9 26.8 841.2 8 26.8 19.0 19.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February)___ No. 4 (M ay)............ 1,958 1,952 82,193 82,186 100.7 101.8 19.4 19.2 8 21.7 821.5 19.0 19.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August)......... 1,566 No. 6 (December). — 3,843 8 1,754 8 4,304 65.7 161.2 23.8 23.8 13,552 431.2 31.4 8 26.9 8 26.6 Sisal Line No. 33: Total, 16 ships......... 13,552 31.4 Ships with m aximum efficiency 270 No. 1 (April). No. 2 (June). 270 486 4.6 10.4 59.2 46.6 59.2 46.6 18.0 18.0 .25 Ships with m inim um efficiency 892 1,087 No. 3 (J u ly)..... No. 4 (October). 892 1,087 40.9 40.6 21.8 26.8 21.8 26.8 18.0 18.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay)............ No. 6 (October)....... 466 428 15.0 13.1 31.1 32.6 31.1 32.6 18.0 18.0 1.73 1.81 1.73 1.81 302,642 5,481.9 55.2 55.2 23.0 2.40 2.40 $0.27 466 428 R aw Sugar Line No. 34:» Total, 72 ships....... . 302,642 $0.27 Ships with m aximum efficiency 3,832 5,**0 No. 1 (April)_____ No. 2 (November). * Short tons. 3,832 5,440 59.8 67.8 64.2 80.3 64.2 80.3 23.0 23.0 2.79 3.49 •Discharged to refinery. 2.79 3.49 $0.23 .19 10.23 .19 272 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 47.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons num Ganghours ber of Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue tons tons gang tons tons Revenue tons Long Reve nue ton ton Ships with m inim um efficiency R a w S u g a r — Contd. Line No. 3 4 Contd. No. 3 (March)_____ No. 4 (November). . Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age 3,025 3,275 3,025 3,275 39.3 35.7 76.8 91.7 39.3 35.7 23.0 23.0 1.71 1.55 1.71 1.55 $0.38 .42 $0.38 .42 2.39 2.39 $0.27 .27 $0.27 .27 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May)— No. 6 (May)__ 4,730 3,833 4,730 3,833 85.8 69.7 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 23.0 23.0 2.39 2.39 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 4 ships... February, 7 ships.. March, 6 ships___ April, 10 ships____ May, 7 sh ips....... June, 6 ships_____ July, 2 ships-------August, 8 ships---September, 4 ships October, 8 ships... November, 8 ships. December, 2 ships. 14,766 33,182 26,726 39,987 37.503 27,598 10,306 30,249 17,529 32,554 27,199 5,043 304.1 633.5 501.5 660.0 664.3 471.6 176.1 552.8 348.7 587.0 484.2 98.1 48.6 52.4 53.3 60.6 56.5 58.5 58.5 54.7 50.3 55.5 56.2 51.4 48.6 52.4 53.3 60.6 56.5 58.5 58.5 54.7 50.3 55.5 56.2 51.4 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 2.11 2.28 2.32 2.64 2.45 2.54 2.54 2.38 2.19 2.41 2.44 2.23 2.11 2.28 2.32 2.64 2.45 2.54 2.54 2.38 2.19 2.41 2.44 2.23 $0.31 .29 .28 .25 .27 .26 .26 .27 .30 .27 .27 .29 $0.31 .29 .28 .25 .27 .26 .26 .27 .30 .27 .27 .29 106,694 2,370.8 45.0 45.0 23.0 1.96 1.96 $0.33 $0.33 2.31 2.34 $0.28 .28 $0.28 .28 1.61 1.61 $0.40 .40 $0.40 .40 1.92 2.00 $0.34 .33 $0.34 .33 1.93 1.91 1.77 2.01 2.13 2.10 1.94 1.84 2.03 2.10 1.87 1.84 $0.34 .34 .37 .32 .31 .31 .34 .35 .32 .31 .35 .35 $0.34 .34 .37 .32 .31 .31 .34 .35 .32 .31 .35 .35 14,766 33,182 26,726 39,987 37.503 27,598 10,306 30,249 17,529 32,554 27,199 5,043 Line No. 35: »# Total, 36 ships. 106,694 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June). No. 2 (July).. 2,948 2,336 2,948 2,336 55.5 43.3 53.1 52.8 53.1 53.8 23.0 23.0 2.31 2.34 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March).. No. 4 (August).. 3,232 3,400 3,232 3,400 87.5 91.8 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 23.0 23.0 1.61 1.61 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February) . No. 6 (October). . . 3,512 3,477 3,512 3,477 79.7 75.6 44.2 46.0 44.2 46.0 23.0 23.0 1.92 2.00 Labor productivity and cost, by months January, 2 ships----February, 4 ships. _. March, 5 ships____ April, 5 ships.......... May, 4 ships........... June, 3 ships______ July, 4 sh ips......... . August, 2 ships____ September, 2 ships.. October, 3 ships___ November, 1 ship.., December, 1 ship... 5,937 10,697 15,225 15, 748 11,201 8,169 9,638 7,033 5,362 10,830 2,960 3,894 5,937 10,697 15.225 15,748 11,201 8,169 9,638 7,033 5,362 10,830 2,960 3,894 • Discharged to refinery. 133.9 243.4 372.8 340.5 228.4 169.5 216.4 166.3 114.7 224.0 68.8 92.1 44.3 43.9 40.8 46.2 49 0 48.2 44.5 42.3 46.7 48.3 43.0 42.3 44.3 43.9 40.8 46.2 49.0 48.2 44.5 42.3 46.7 48.3 43.0 42.3 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 1.93 1.91 1.77 2.01 2.13 2.10 1.94 1.84 2.03 2.10 1.87 1.84 10 Discharged to pier. 273 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b l e 47.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COM M O DITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Output per gang-hour Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per-^ age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue nue ton tons tons gang tons tons ton R aw Sugar—Coutd. Line No. 36: io Total, 12 ships......... 41,638 41,638 1,147.8 36.3 36.3 21.0 1.73 1.73 $0.38 $0.38 2.14 2.05 $0.30 .32 $0.30 .32 1.47 1.44 $0.44 .45 $0.44 .45 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (May)_______ No. 2 (August)......... 3,169 3,316 3,169 3,316 70.5 77.0 44.9 43.1 44.9 43.1 21.0 21.0 2.14 2.05 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October)....... No. 4. (October)___ 3,407 3,464 3,407 3,454 110.2 113.9 30.9 30.2 30.9 30.2 21.0 21.0 1.47 1.44 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July)............. No. 6 (September).. 3,040 3,077 Line No. 37: Total, 22 ships......... 43,966 85.8 86.6 35.5 35.5 35.5 35.5 21.0 21.0 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 $0.38 .38 $0.38 .38 43,965 1,286.4 34.2 34.2 23.0 1.49 1.49 $0.44 $0.44 1 60 1.75 $0.41 .37 $0.41 .37 1.30 1.21 1.30 1.21 $0.50 .54 $0.50 .54 1.50 1.49 1.50 1.49 $0.43 .44 $0.43 .44 14.0 17.91 17.91 3,040 3,077 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)___ No. 2 (August)........ 1,979 2,896 1,979 2,896 53.8 71.9 36.8 40.3 36.8 40.3 23.0 23.0 1. 60 1.75 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September)__ No. 4 (November). . . 2,267 1,016 2,267 1,016 75.8 36.5 29.9 27.8 29.9 27.8 23.0 23.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)........ No. 6 (April)............ 1,048 1,669 1,048 1,659 34.5 34.3 34.5 34.3 93,556 « 373.1 13250.8 13250.8 30.3 48.4 23.0 23.0 B auxite 11 Line No. 38: Total, 36 ships......... 93,556 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October)____ No. 2 (M ay)............. 3,058 2,536 3,058 2,636 12 9.1 13336.8 12 7.6 13334.6 13336.8 13334. 6 14.0 24.06 14.0 23.90 24.06 23.90 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (November)__ No. 4 (July).............. 2,474 2,495 10 Discharged to pier. 2,474 2,495 12 21.5 13115.1 1215.3 13163.6 11 Trimming hot included. 13 115.1 13163.6 14.0 8.22 14.0 11.69 12 Ship-hours. 8.22 11.69 13 Per ship-hour. GENERAL TABLES 2 /4 T ab le 47.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN HAN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M O DITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Output per gang-hour Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Long Revenue men Long Reve Long Reve per nue nue tons tons ton gang tons tons ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Ships with average efficiency Bauxite » —Contd. Line No. 38—Contd. No. 5 (November)— No. 6 (April)............ 2,595 2,628 2,595 2,628 1210.3 13251.2 1210.6 13248.4 13 251.2 13248.4 14.0 17.94 14.0 17.74 17.94 17.74 Loading cargo C otton Line No. 39: “ Total, 14 ships......... 11,489 i* 51,719 567.0 20.3 1591.2 18.0 3.13 15 5.07 $0.81 16$0.18 1.40 1.33 1.24 15 6.33 15 5.88 15 5. 56 $0.83 16 $0.18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)___ 316 141 178 i« 1,424 i« 635 i* 801 12.5 6.0 8.0 25.3 23.5 22.3 is 113.9 is 105.8 15 100.1 18.0 18.0 18.0 Total..................... 635 15 2,860 26.5 24.0 15107.9 18.0 1.33 15 6.00 .81 16.18 No. 2 (February)___ 177 542 171 i« 796 162,437 i«769 8.0 17.5 5.0 22.1 31.0 34.2 15 99.5 15139.3 15153. 8 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.23 1.72 1.90 15 5.53 157.74 158.54 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 Total..................... 890 i« 4,002 30.5 29.2 15131. 2 18.0 1.62 15 7.27 .83 16.38 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January)....... 430 242 498 181,936 1* 1,091 is 2,241 32.0 24.0 21.0 13.4 10.1 23.7 15 60.5 1545. 5 15106.7 18.0 18.0 18.0 .75 .56 1.32 15 3. 36 152.53 155.93 $0.83 16$0.18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 Total...................... 1,170 15 5,268 77.0 15.2 15 68.4 18.0 .84 153.90 .81 16.18 No. 4 (March)......... 255 608 151,147 15 2,738 16.0 30.0 15.9 20.3 15 71.7 1591.3 18.0 18.0 .88 1.13 153.98 15 5.07 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 Total..................... 863 15 3,885 46.0 18.8 1584.5 18.0 1.04 154. 70 .81 16.18 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)___ Total..................... No. 6 (M ay)......... . Total...................... h 18.0 18.0 38.0 1.22 1.03 1.27 15 5.52 154.63 15 5.72 18.0 1.14 15 5.12 .81 16.18 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.10 1.08 1.16 15493 154.86 15 5.22 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 1.32 16 5.03 .81 16.18 618 695 275 15 2,783 15 3,126 151,236 28.0 37.5 12.0 22.1 18.5 22.9 15 99.4 15 83.4 15103.0 1,588 15 7,145 77.5 20.5 1592.2 99 311 334 15444 151,401 151,504 5.0 16.0 16.0 19.8 19.4 20.9 1588.8 is 87.6 1594.0 744 is 3,349 37.0 20.1 15 90.5 18.0 $0.81 16$0.18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 11 Trimming not included. 12 Ship-hours. w Per ship-huor. Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 15 Bales. w Piece rate per bale. 275 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T a b le 4 7 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING IN DIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons C otton—Continued Line No. 40: i« Total, 14 ships_____ 20,720 Revenue tons Output per gang-hour Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Long Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men per nue nue ton tons tons gang tons tons ton 1594,089 1,062.0 19.5 1588.6 18.0 1.08 154.92 $0.81 16$0.18 155.70 155.78 15 6.17 15 5.36 15 5.67 15 4.74 $0.81 16 $0.18 16. 18 .81 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 16.18 .81 .81 16.18 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (September). - Tntal No. 2 (October)....... Total 15102.7 16104.0 15 111. 1 15 96.5 15102.0 1585.4 339 103 293 573 612 769 *» 1,540 W468 15 1,333 i«2,605 i« 2,754 i«3,286 15.0 4.5 12.0 27.0 27.0 38.5 2,689 1611,986 124.0 21.7 15 96.7 18.0 1.20 is 5.37 .81 16.18 639 804 544 417 15 2,902 15 3,656 15 2,493 151,998 28.0 38.5 24.5 21.0 22.8 20.9 22.2 19.9 15103.6 15 95.0 is 101.8 1595.1 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.27 1.16 1.23 1.10 is 5.76 155.28 is 5.65 155.29 .81 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 16.18 2,404 15 11,049 112.0 21.5 1598.7 18.0 1.19 15 5.48 .81 16.18 22.6 22.9 24.4 21.2 22.7 20.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.26 1.27 1.36 1.18 1.26 1.11 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (A p ril)______ Total ... No. 4 (December)— Total ____ 162 170 174 152 15 733 15 767 16 790 15683 11.5 11.5 9.5 10.5 14.1 14.8 18.3 14.5 15 63.7 15 66.7 1583.2 15 65.1 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 0.78 .82 1.02 .80 15 3.54 $0.81 16$0.18 15 3.71 .81 16.18 is 4.62 .81 16.18 153.61 • .81 16.18 658 15 2,973 43.0 15.3 1569.1 18.0 .85 15 3.84 .81 16.18 658 497 626 222 15 3,000 15 2,258 15 2,842 151,012 46.0 32.5 32.0 14.5 14.3 15.3 19.6 15.3 15 65.2 15 69.5 1588.8 1669.8 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 .79 .85 1.09 .85 153.62 is 3.86 154.93 15 3.88 .81 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 16.18 2,003 15 9,112 125.0 16.0 16 72.9 18.0 .89 154.05 .81 16.18 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February)__ nVv+al iotai— - — -----No. 6 (November) _ _ TofcaL................ . 66 329 137 234 15 300 16 1,493 15 576 161,063 3.0 16.0 8.0 13.0 22.0 20.6 17.1 18.0 15 100.0 15 93.3 15 72.0 1681.8 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.22 1.14 .95 1.00 is 5.56 15 5.18 154.00 154.54 766 153,432 40.0 19.2 1585.8 18.0 1.06 154.77 .81 16.18 680 191 261 306 502 717 15 3,092 15868 151,177 15 1,386 15 2,278 153,226 31.5 9.5 14.5 19.0 23.0 39.0 21.6 20.1 18.0 16.1 21.8 18.4 1598.2 15 91.4 1581.2 15 73.0 1599.0 1582.7 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.20 1.12 1.00 .89 1.21 1.02 15 5.45 15 5.08 154.51 15 4.05 155.50 15 4.59 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 16.18 16.18 16.18 2,657 15 12,027 136.5 19.5 15 88.1 18.0 1.08 154.90 .81 16.18 30,615 1.378.5 16 117,873 1.186.5 172,562 53.5 22.2 22.1 27.8 22.2 1699.3 17 47.9 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.23 1.23 1.54 1.2 155.5 17 2.7 .81 16.18 18.50 21.2 21.2 18.0 1.17 1.7 $0.81 16 $0.18 .81 16. 18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 Cotton and T obacco Line No. 41:14 Total, 21 ships_____ 30,615 Cotton............... 26,191 Tobacco_______ 1,485 Cotton and to bacco 19 ____ 2,939 2,939 138.5 14 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch pro17 Hogsheads, ductivity and cost. 18 Piece rate per hogshead. 15 Bales. w Labor time not available for each commodity is piece rate per bale. separately. 276 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 47.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COM M O DITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons C otton and Tobacco— Continued Line No. 4114—Contd. No. 1 (January): Cotton________ T otal-.......... No. 2 (June): Cotton________ Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men nue per Long nue ton tons tons gang tons tons ton Output per gang-hour Ships with m aximum efficiency 216 229 337 497 W974 i«l,034 161,518 16 2,237 6.0 6.0 16.0 15.0 36.0 38.2 21.1 33.1 15162.3 15172.3 1594.9 15149.1 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 2.00 2.12 1.17 1.84 16 9.1 169.6 165.3 15 8.3 1,279 i« 5,763 43.0 29.7 15134.0 18.0 1.65 15 7.5 .81 16.18 277 264 245 461 is 1,246 151,189 151,103 15 2,074 15.0 10.0 10.0 22.0 18.5 26.4 24.5 21.0 1583.1 15118.9 15110.3 15 94.3 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.03 1.47 1.36 1.16 154.6 15 6.6 15 6.1 155.2 .81 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 16.18 .81 16.18 Total________ 1,247 15 5,612 57.0 21.9 1598.5 18.0 1.22 15 5.5 Tobacco_______ 100 17 185 2.0 50.0 17 93.0 18.0 2.78 17 5.2 Grand total-.. 1,347 59.0 38.1 18.0 2.12 $0.81 i« $0.18 .81 i«.18 .81 i«.18 .81 16.18 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September): Cotton________ Cotton and to bacco 19______ 71 n 320 3.5 20.3 15 91.4 18.0 1.13 15 5.1 486 357 115 486 357 115 20.0 21.0 10.5 24.3 17.0 11.0 24.3 17.0 11.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.35 .94 .60 1.35 .94 .60 $0.81 16 $0.18 Total________ 958 958 51.5 18.6 18.6 18.0 1.03 1.03 Grand total. -- 1,029 1,029 55.0 18.7 18.7 18.0 1.04 1.04 196 420 302 15 882 151,891 15 1,360 16.0 24.0 19.5 12.3 17.5 15.5 15 55.1 15 78.8 15 69.7 18.0 18.0 18.0 .68 .97 .86 15 3.1 15 4.4 15 3.9 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 918 154,133 59.5 15.4 15 69.5 18.0 .86 153.9 .81 16.18 No. 4 (September): Cotton............... Total-.......... Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Cotton-........... T o ta l--....... Cotton and to bacco 19______ 76 356 352 107 15 343 151,602 151,582 15484 2.0 16.0 17.0 5.0 38.0 22.3 20.7 21.4 15171.5 15 100.1 1593.1 15 96.8 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 2.11 1.24 1.15 1.19 15 9.5 16 5.6 16 5.2 15 5.4 891 154,011 40.0 22.3 15100.3 18.0 1.24 15 5.6 511 353 511 353 23.0 16.0 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 18.0 18.0 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 $0.81 16$0.18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 .81 16.18 Total............... 864 864 39.0 22.2 22.2 18.0 1.23 Grand total... 1,755 1,755 79.0 22.2 22.2 18.0 1.23 1.23 No. 6 (July): Cotton. 142 279 643 15 639 151,255 15 2,893 6.0 12.0 30.0 23.7 23.3 21.4 15106.5 15104.6 1596.4 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.31 1.29 1.19 15 5.9 15 5.8 is 5.4 .81 .81 .81 16.18 16.18 16.18 1,064 154,787 48.0 22.2 1599.7 18.0 1.23 15 5.5 .81 16.18 Total.................... 14 Data, except totals, are for daily or hatch productivity and cost. 15Bales. Piece rate per bale. 17 Hogshaads. 19 Labor time not available for each commodity separately. 277 NEW ORLEANS (1927) T able 47.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G IN DIVIDU AL COM M O DITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Output per gang-hour Aver Output per Average labor cost per— man-hour age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue nue tons tons ton gang tons tons ton C ase Oil Line No. 42: Total, 11 ships_____ 8,795 « 235,190 128.5 68.4 201,830.0 33.0 2.07 2055.3 $0.39 21 $1.45 2.57 2o 68.50 2.47 20 66.00 $0.31 21$1.17 .32 "1.21 Ships with m axim um efficiency 1,425 712 No. 1 (June) No. 2 (Jni™) 20 38,000 20 19,000 15.0 9.0 95.0 2o 2,533.0 79.1 N 2, 111. 0 37.0 32.0 Ships with m inim u m efficiency 2» 18,000 20 10,000 666 370 No. 3 (September)... No. 4 (November) 12.5 7.0 53.3 20 1,440.0 52.9 20 1,429.0 34.0 37.0 1.57 2042.40 1.43 20 38.60 $0.51 21 $1.89 .56 21 2.07 Ships with average efficiency 2022,600 Line No. 43: Total, 8 ships........... 8,320 2241,600 230 36.2 No. 1 (January)____ No. 2 (June)_______ No. 3 (October)....... No. 4 (October)....... No. 5 (November) __ No. 6 (November) _ _ No. 7 (December)— No. 8 (December)— 900 180 1,500 1,920 580 800 1,440 1,000 22 4,500 22.0 7.5 49.0 63.0 16.0 26.0 29.0 27.5 40.9 24.0 30.6 36.2 36.3 30.8 49.7 36.4 20 17,600 14.5 9.0 58.6 20 1,559.0 73.3 2o 1,956.0 28.0 35.0 2.09 20 55.70 2.93 20 55.90 $0.38 2i $1.44 .27 211.43 22181.0 17.2 2.11 2210.50 $0.38 23 $7.62 oooooooo 850 660 No. 5 (March)_____ No. 6 (November) _ _ 17.0 16.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 2.41 1.50 1.80 2.13 2.13 1.81 2.66 2.14 2212.00 .33 23 6.67 .53 2310.67 .44 23 8.89 .38 23 7.48 .38 23 7.48 .44 23 8.89 .30 23 6.02 .37 23 7.48 D rum Oil 22900 22 7,500 22 9,600 22 2,900 22 4,000 22 7,200 22 5,000 G rain Line No. 44:24 npAfol IQ cTiinc a 25 1,874,509 12 163.0 w 11,500.0 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January)....... No. 2 (November) _. 2« 126,565 2540,000 125.6 121.7 1322,681.0 13 23,952.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency 0 f AIlfflKtt No. 4 (September) __ ** Ship-hours. 13Bushels per ship-hours. m Cases. 2i Per 100 cases. 25 60,000 25 112,000 1212.7 1218.6 13 4,736.0 13 6,028.0 22 Drums. 23 Per 100 drums. 24Loaded at elevators. 24Bushels.* 22 7.50 22 9.00 2210.70 2-10.70 22 9.00 2213.30 2210.70 278 GENERAL TABLES T able 47.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship num ber, and date of opera tion Long tons Revenue tons Aver Output per Average labor man-hour cost per— age num Gangber of hours Reve Long Reve Long Revenue men per Long nue nue tons ton tons gang tons tons ton Output per gang-hour Ships with average efficiency Grain— Continued Line No. 4424—Contd. 2«88,284 25 41,143 12 7.4 12 3.4 13 11,898.0 25 1,020,000 12 75.0 »3 13,602.0 No 6 TMav) Line No. 45:24 13 12,030.0 Ships with m aximum efficiency 125.1 12 3.5 23 120,000 25 80,000 1323,622.0 1322,857.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency 25 128,000 25 112,182 "NTo 3 ( Ainnitf) No 4 (September) 139,364.0I 1310,182.0 1 12 13.7 12 11.0 Ships with average efficiency 129.I 124.7 1313, 216.0 13 13,704.0 50,164 25 1,893,507 ........... .............. 25 120,000 2«64,000 No 5 (August) \rn ^Nnvftmhftrt liU* fiU vll UVCUlUvly-Line No. 46:26 Total, 21 ships_____ ..... 11.67 25440.40 $0,069 27 $1.82 Ships with m aximum efficiency No 1 (April) No. 2 (September).. 1,034 3,214 18.50 25 709.10 $0.043 27 $1.13 19.80 25 738.50 .040 27 1.08 2539,708 25 120,000 %Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September) __ No 4 (October) 3,000 3,643 7.70 25 285.70 $0.105 27 $2.80 9.40 25350.10 .085 27 2.29 25 112,000 25 136,000 Ships with average efficiency No 5 (October) No 6 (June) 1,071 1,800 12 Ship-hours. 13Bushels per ship-hour. 2540,000 25 70,052 24 Loaded at elevators. 25 Bushels. 11.50 25 430.10 $0,069 27 $1.86 .069 27 1.78 11.50 25 449.10 26Trimming cargo only. 27 Per 1,000 bushels. Mobile (1927) T able 48. -P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABO R AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO, B Y K IN D OF T R AD E AND IN DIVIDU AL COM MODITIES Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Ganghours Long tons Long tons Revenue tons Reve nue tons Output Average Aver per manlabor cost age hour per— num ber of men per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton ton ton Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1_______ ____ _____ Loading cargo: Europe— No. 2..................... No. 3— ................... No. 4__................. . Latin America— No. 5— ................. No. 6..................... . No. 7..................... . Orient—No. 8................. 16.7 16.7 16.4 1.02 1.02 $0.59 $0.59 988.5 803.8 2,749.5 16.9 15.4 14.2 16.9 15.4 14.2 16.5 16.2 15.8 1.02 .95 .90 1.02 .95 .90 .59 .63 .67 .59 .63 .67 892.7 1,494.4 3,028.3 1,229.5 17.9 17.8 13.5 25.0 17.9 17.8 13.5 25.0 16.6 18.1 17.6 17.3 1.08 .99 .77 1.45 1.08 .99 .77 1.45 .56 .61 .78 .41 .56 .61 .78 .41 17,124 17,124 1,025.3 16,713 12,361 39,165 16,713 12,361 39,165 15,977 26,667 40,855 30,682 15,977 26,667 40,855 30,682 Intercoastal trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 9............... Loading cargo: No. 10_______ No. 1 1 - ......... No. 12............. No. 1 3 - ......... 15,369 2 17,213 767.0 20.0 222.4 17.0 16,443 20,430 40,299 25,022 2 18,416 2 22,877 2 45,134 2 28,025 881.6 1,228.8 2,567.4 1,633.5 18.7 16.6 15.7 15.3 2 20.9 2 18.6 2 14.6 2 17.2 17. (J 1.10 21.23 17.0 .98 1. 10 .92 2 1.03 17.0 17.0 .90 1.01 1.18 2 1.32 $0.51 2$0.45 2 2 .55 .61 .65 .67 2.49 2.55 2.58 2.59 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Bananas8—No. 14Loading cargo: Cotton—No. 15___ Lumber—No. 16- _. No. 1 7 - ......... . No. 1 8 - ......... . 42,886,508 52,108.0 24,615 32,834 24,093 26,672 7 109,214 8 18,667 « 13,399 « 15,689 ° Stems per conveyor-hour. 1 Wage rate: 60 cents per hour. 2 Short tons. 8 Wage rate: 35 cents per hour. 4 Stems. 1,220.5 2,445.3 1,962.0 2,778.6 20.2 13.4 12.3 9.6 «1,369.0 100.0 7 89.5 8 7.6 8 6.8 8 5.7 16.9 15. a 15.7 14.0 413.69 6$2.56 1.19 7 5.30 $0.50 7.11 .88 8.50 .68 8 1.20 .78 8.43 .77 81.40 .69 8.40 .87 81.50 5 Conveyor-hours. 6 Per 100 stems. 7 Bales. 81,000 board feet. 279 280 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 49 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons* Average Output per A v Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue Long enue gang tons tons1 tons tons* ton enue to n 1 Line No. 1 Total, 18 ships............................... 17,124 Fertilizer................................. Steel products......................... General cargo.......................... 6,497 3,607 7,020 17,124 1,025.3 6,497 3,607 7,020 428.5 174.5 422.3 16.7 16.7 16.4 1.02 1.02 $0.59 $0.59 15.2 20.7 16.6 15.2 20.7 16.6 18.5 16.0 14.5 .82 1.29 1.15 .82 1.29 1.15 .73 .47 .52 .73 .47 .52 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (August): Iron and st8el h o o p s.................................... . 688 688 21.5 32.0 32.0 15.3 2.09 2.09 $0.29 $0.29 No. 2 (April): Hoop iron............................... General cargo......................... 299 81 299 81 8.0 7.0 37.3 11.6 37.3 11.6 16.0 16.1 2.33 .72 2.33 .72 .26 .83 .26 .83 Total.................................... 380 380 15.0 25.3 25.3 16.0 1.58 1.58 .38 .38 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (M ay): Fertilizer........ General cargo. 555 55 555 55 42.5 5.0 13.1 11.0 13.1 11.0 18.0 16.0 0.73 .69 Total_______ 610 610 47.5 12.8 12.8 17.8 .72 .72 .83 .83 N° ‘ Fertilizer. Steel bars 2,776 63 2,776 63 192.0 4.5 14.5 14.0 14.5 14.0 19.9 16.0 .73 .88 .73 .88 .82 .68 .82 .68 Total__ 2,839 2,839 196.5 14.4 14.4 19.8 .73 .73 .82 .82 0.73 $0.82 $0.82 .69 .87 .87 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December): Fertilizer___ 1,824 1,824 99.0 18.4 18.4 18.0 1.02 1.02 $0.59 $0.59 No. 6 (April): Nails........................................ Steel bars................................ 20 133 20 133 1.0 8.5 19.8 15.6 19.8 15.6 16.0 16.0 1.24 .98 1.24 .98 .48 .61 .48 .61 153 153 9.5 16.1 16.1 16.0 1.00 1.00 .60 .60 Total................ ............... . Loading cargo: Europe Line No. 2 Total, 17 ships............................... 16,713 16,713 988.5 16.9 16.9 16.5 1.02 1.02 $0.59 $0.59 Glucose.................................... Flour............................... ........ Logs......................................... Oyster shells......................... Cotton...................... ............ . General cargo......................... 4,552 2,549 2,228 1,190 1,035 5,159 4,552 2,549 2,228 1,190 1,035 5,159 286.3 128.5 213.2 52.7 68.0 239.8 15.9 19.8 10.5 22.6 15.2 21.5 15.9 19.8 10.5 22.6 15.2 21.5 16.7 16.2 15.8 16.1 16.3 17.3 .95 1.22 .66 1.40 .93 1.24 .95 1.22 .66 1.40 .93 1.24 * Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. .63 .49 .91 .43 .65 .48 .63 .49 .91 .43 .65 .48 281 MOBILE (1927) T ab le 49 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y o r LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Ships with m aximum efficiency L ine N o. 2—Continued No. 1 (October): Average Output per Av Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue Long enue gang tons tons1 tons tons1 ton enue ton 1 Flour _ ________________ General cargo..................... 1,065 219 113 1,065 219 113 27.0 10.5 4.5 39.4 20.9 25.1 39.4 20.9 25.1 22.0 16.0 16.0 1.79 1.30 1.57 1.79 $0.34 $0.34 1.30 .46 .46 1.57 .38 .38 Total.................................. 1,397 1,397 42.0 33.3 33.3 19.9 1.68 1.68 .36 .36 No. 2 (November): Flour ________ _________ Cottonseed meal___________ Glucose ____ ___ ____ Oyster shells_______________ Tobacco _______________ General cargo.......................... 1,059 803 362 225 179 102 1,059 803 362 225 179 102 49.0 28.5 21.5 10.5 5.5 9.0 21.6 28.2 16.8 21.4 32.5 11.3 21.6 28.2 16.8 21.4 32.5 11.3 16.0 19.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.35 1.41 1.05 1.34 2.03 .71 1.35 1.41 1.05 1.34 2.03 .71 .44 .43 .57 .45 .30 .85 .44 .43 .57 .45 .30 .85 Total.................................... 2,730 2,730 124.0 22.0 22.0 16.9 1.30 1.30 .46 .46 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (January): Logs from cars_____________ Glucose___________________ Logs from water____ _______ General cargo...................... . 393 363 264 17 393 363 264 17 53.5 20.0 30.5 1.8 7.3 18.2 8.7 9.7 7.3 18.2 8.7 9.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 0.46 1.13 .54 .61 Total................... ................ 1,037 1,037 105.8 9.8 9.8 16.0 .61 .61 .98 .98 No. 4 (March): Glucose __________________ Logs from water____________ Logs from cars........................ Oyster shells_______________ 504 352 146 100 504 352 146 100 31.3 30.5 15.0 4.7 16.1 11.5 9.7 21.1 16.1 11.5 9.7 21.1 17.2 16.0 16.0 16.0 .94 .72 .61 1.32 .94 .72 .61 1.32 .64 .83 .98 .45 .64 .83 .98 .45 1,102 1,102 81.5 13.5 13.5 16.5 .82 .82 .73 .73 Total................................ . 0.46 $1.30 $1.30 1.13 .53 .53 .5 4 1.11 1.11 .61 .98 .98 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December): Cottonseed meal___________ Flour_____________________ Glucose___________________ General cargo..................... . 315 295 199 95 315 295 199 95 11.0 15.5 16.0 10.0 28.6 19.0 12.4 9.5 28.6 19.0 12.4 9.5 20.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 1.43 1.19 .83 .59 1.43 $0.42 $0.42 1.19 .50 .50 .72 .72 .83 .59 1.02 1.02 Total.................................- 904 904 52.5 17.2 17.2 16.5 1.04 1.04 .58 .58 No. 6 (December): Glucose________ __________ Cotton..______ ___________ General cargo...................... . 359 231 43 359 231 43 20.5 14.0 2.5 17.5 16.5 17.2 17.5 16.5 17.2 18.0 16.0 16.0 .97 1.03 1.08 .97 1.03 1.08 .62 .58 .56 .62 .58 .56 633 633 37.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 1.00 1.00 .60 .60 Total, 9 ships................................. 12,361 12,361 803.8 15.4 15.4 16.2 0.95 0.95 $0.63 $0.63 Lumber.............................. . Cotton................................. . General cargo................... ...... 6,654 3,226 2,481 3,802 3,226 2,481 493.0 161.8 149.0 13.5 19.9 16.7 7.7 19.9 16.7 15.8 17.0 16.4 .85 1.17 1.01 .49 1.17 1.01 Total................................ L ine N o. 3 1Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 66490°—32----- 19 .71 .51 .59 1.22 .51 .59 282 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 49 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Output per Av Output per Average cost gang-hour erage man-hour labor per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue gang enue Long enue tons tons1 tons tons1 ton ton 1 Ships with m axim um efficiency L ine N o. 3—Continued No. 1 (October): Lumber................................... General cargo........................ . 362 56 188 56 18.5 2.5 19.6 22.4 10.2 22.4 14.2 16.0 1.38 1.40 0.71 $0.43 $0.85 1.40 .43 .43 Total.................................... 418 418 21.0 19.9 19.9 14.4 1.38 1.38 .43 .43 No. 2 (November): Cotton..................................... Coke........................................ Logs from cars........................ Lumber................................... General cargo.......................... 807 513 201 342 67 807 513 201 219 67 40.0 10.5 14.5 28.5 3.5 20.2 48.9 13.9 12.0 19.1 20.2 48.9 13.9 7.7 19.1 16.5 22.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.22 1.22 2.22 '2.22 .87 .87 .75 .48 1.20 1.20 .49 .27 .69 .80 .50 .49 .27 .69 1.25 .50 Total.................................... 1,930 1,930 97.0 19.9 19.9 16.8 1.18 .51 .51 1.18 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (September): Lumber___________________ General cargo.......................... 1,137 66 632 66 90.0 6.0 12.6 11.0 7.0 11.0 16.0 16.0 0.79 .69 Total.................................... 1,203 1,203 96.0 12.5 12.5 16.0 .78 .78 .77 .77 874 1,404 231 874 764 231 52.0 100.5 21.0 16.8 14.0 11.0 16.8 7.3 11.0 17.0 15.9 16.0 .99 .88 .69 .99 .48 .69 .61 .68 .87 .61 1.25 .87 2,509 2,509 173.5 14.5 14.5 16.2 .89 .89 .67 .67 No. 4 (January): Cotton____________________ Lumber.................................. General cargo.......................— Total.................................... 0.44 $0.76 $1.36 .69 .87 .87 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Cotton______________ ______ Lumber........ .......................... 124 110 124 66 5.5 9.5 22.5 11.6 22.5 7.0 18.0 16.0 1.25 .72 1.25 $0.48 $0.48 .44 .83 1.36 Total.................................... 234 234 15.0 15.6 15.6 16.7 .93 .93 .65 .65 No. 6 (July): Rosin_____________________ Lumber_____________ ______ General cargo.......................... 114 997 144 114 571 144 6.0 71.8 9.0 19.0 13.9 16.0 19.0 8.0 16.0 16.0 15.7 16.0 1.19 .89 1.00 1.19 .51 1.00 .50 .67 .60 .50 1.18 .60 Total.................................... 1,255 1,255 86.8 14.5 14.5 15.7 .92 .92 .65 .65 Line N o . 4 Total, 31 ships............................... 39,165 39,165 2,749.5 14.2 14.2 15.8 0.90 0.90 $0.67 $0.67 Lumber, hardwood................ Lumber, pine.......................... Logs......................................... Rosin....................................... Oyster shells........................... General cargo.......................... 6,205 19,081 3,665 2,865 2,861 4,489 4,273 623.5 10,350 1,300.5 265.8 3,665 129.0 2,865 2,861 129.0 301.7 4,489 10.0 14.7 13.8 22.2 22.2 14.9 6.9 8.0 13.8 22.2 22.2 14.9 16.0 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.5 16.4 .62 .94 .87 1.39 1.34 .91 .43 .51 .87 1.39 1.34 .91 .97 .64 .69 .43 .45 .66 1.40 1.18 .69 .43 .45 .66 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Oyster shells........................... Glucose.................................... Timber.................................... Lumber, pine.......................... General cargo.......................... 187 101 902 206 84 187 101 451 115 84 8.5 5.5 45.0 16.0 8.0 22.0 18.4 20.0 12.9 10.5 22.0 18.4 10.0 7.2 10.5 16.0 16.0 13.0 16.0 16.4 1.38 1.15 1.54 .81 .64 1.38 $0.43 $0.43 .52 1.15 .52 .77 .39 .78 .74 .45 1.33 .94 .94 .64 Total.................................... 1,479 1,479 83.0 17.8 17.8 14.4 1.24 1.24 i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. .48 .48 283 MOBILE (1927) T ab le 4 9 .—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E-Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L ine N o. 4—Continued Reve nue tons* Average Output per A v Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Rev Long enue per Long Rev enue Long enue tons tons1 gang tons tonsi ton ton1 Ships with m axim um efficiency— Continued No. 2 (December): Oyster shells........................... Logs......................................... Timber.................................... Lumber, pine.......................... Lumber, hardwood................ 125 129 414 177 105 125 129 207 99 73 5.0 9.0 21. d 9.5 9.0| 25.0 14.3 19.7 18.7 11.7 25.0 14.3 9.9 10.4 8.1 16.0 1.56 16.0 .90 13.0 1.52 16.0 1.17 16.0| .73 1.56 $0.38 $0.38 .90 .67 .67 .39 .79 .76 .92 .51 .65 .82 1.20 .50 Total.................................... 951 951 53.5 17.8 17.8 14.8 1.20 1.20 .50 .50 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (March): Lumber, hardwood................ Lumber, pine.......................... General cargo.......................... 476 236 230 329 131 230 51.5 16.5 21.3 9.2 14.3 10.8 6.4 8.0 10.8 16.0 16.0 15.7 0.58 .89 .69 0.40 $1.C3 $1.50 .50 .67 1.20 .69 .87 .87 Total.................................... 943 943 89.3 10.6 10.6 15.9 .66 .66 .91 .91 No. 4 (July): Lumber, pine.......................... Rosin....................................... General cargo______________ 816 151 91 452 151 91 77.0 7.0 8.0 10.6 21.5 11.3 5.9 21.5 11.3 16.0 16.0 16 6 .66 1.34 .68 .37 1.34 .68 .91 .45 .88 1.62 .45 88 Total.................................... 1,057 1,057 92.0 11.5 11.5 16.1 .72 .72 .83 .83 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Lumber, hardwood................ Rosin....................................... Logs from cars..................... . Logs from water........ ............. Oyster shells........................... Lumber, pine—. ....... ............ General cargo.......................... 494 296 169 139 125 139 24 341 296 169 139 125 76 24 53.5 12.3 11.3 3.0 7.5 8.0 1.7 9.2 24.2 15.0 46.3 16.7 17.2 13.6 6.4 24.2 15.0 46.3 16.7 9.5 13.6 15.9 16.0 15.6 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.9 0.58 1.51 .97 3.29 1.04 1.07 .81 0.40 $1.03 $1.50 .40 .40 1.51 .62 .62 .97 .18 3.29 .18 .58 .58 1.04 .60 .56 1.00 .74 .81 .74 Total.................. ................. 1,384 1,384 97.3 14.2 14.2 15.8 .90 .90 .67 .67 No. 6 (May): Oyster shells........................... Lumber, pine.............. .......... Lumber, hardwood........... . Rosin........................... .......... General cargo.......................... 495 256 204 135 56 495 142 140 135 56 32.0 15.0 23.0 4.5 4.8 15.5 17.1 8.9 29.9 11.7 15.5 9.5 5.0 29.9 11.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 .97 1.07 .55 1.87 .73 .97 .59 .38 1.87 .73 .62 .56 1.09 .32 .82 .62 1.02 1.58 .32 .82 Total.................................... 1,145 1,145 79.3 14.4 14.4 16.0 .90 .90 .67 .67 Loading cargo: Latin America Line N o . 5 Total, 15 ships............................... 15,977 15,977 892.7 17.9 17.9 16.6 1.08 1.08 $0.56 $0.56 Pipe......................................... Cement................................... General cargo_____________ _ 7,787 3,803 4,387 7,787 3,803 4,387 376.0 143.3 373.4 20.7 26.5 11.7 20.7 26.5 11.7 15.9 17.2 17 ? 1.30 1.55 .68 1.30 1.55 .68 i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. .46 .39 .88 .46 .39 88 284 T GENERAL TABLES abus 49.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G CARGO IN F OREIGN T R A D E —Continued Loading cargo: Latin America— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 L ine N o. 6—Continued Average Output per Av Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev Long Rev Rev men per Long enue Long enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton enue ton 1 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (September): Cast-iron pipe______________ General cargo______________ 1,494 99 1,494 99 60.0 10.0 24.9 9.9 24.9 9.9 16.0 16.0 1.56 .61 1.56 $0.38 $0.38 .61 .98 .98 Total_______________ ^___ 1,593 1,593 70.0 22.8 22.8 16.0 1.42 1.42 .42 .42 No. 2 (September): Pipe and fittings. , „ General cargo______________ 888 111 888 111 30.5 11.5 29.1 9.7 29.1 9.7 18.0 16.1 1.62 .60 1.62 .60 .37 1.00 .37 1.00 Total.................................... 999 999 42.0 23.8 23.8 17.5 1*. 36 1.36 .44 .44 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (August): Steel pilings 343 343 ________ 19 cargo 19 ______________ General 24.5 5.0 14.0 3.8 14.0 3.8 16.7 16.2 0.84 .23 0.84 $0.71 $0.71 .23 2.61 2.61 Total____________________ 362 362 29.5 12.3 12.3 16.6 .74 .74 .81 .81 No. 4 (April): Cast-iron pipe__ - __________ General cargo______________ 137 16 137 16 9.0 2.5 15.2 6.4 15.2 6.4 17.0 16.0 .90 .40 .90 .40 .67 1.50 .67 1.50 Total____________________ 153 153 11.5 13.3 13.3 16.8 .79 .79 .76 .76 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July): R o s in .___________________ General cargo______________ 128 68 128 68 7.0 4.5 18.3 15.1 18.3 15.1 16.0 16.0 1.14 .94 1.14 $0.53 $0.53 .94 .64 .64 Total____________________ 196 196 11.5 17.0 17.0 16.0 1.07 1.07 .56 .56 No. 6 (April): Cast-iron pipe....... 3,055 3,055 175.5 17.4 17.4 14.9 1.16 1.16 .52 .52 26,667 1,494.4 17.8 17.8 18.1 0.99 0.99 $0.61 $0.61 L ine N o . 6 Total, 26 ships_________________ 226,667 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (November): Rails and fittings_____________________ 2,750 92.9 2,750 4,229 ____________ N o4,229 .2 (May): Rails173.3 29.6 24.5 29.6 24.5 17.0 17.0 1.74 1.44 1.74 $0.34 $0.34 .42 1.44 .42 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (February): Brick_____________________ Flour____ _________________ General cargo______________ 401 112 172 401 112 172 T o ta l--........................... — 685 685 No. 4 (January): Shooks____________________ Agricultural implements____ Tobacco___________________ General cargo................. ........ 470 234 138 135 470 234 138 135 Total................................... 977 977 92.3 7.4 7.4 19.0 0.39 110.8 8.7 8.7 19.0 .46 * Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 2 Principal commodities: Rails and fittings, 13,707 long tons; pipe, 6,112 long tons. 0.39 $1.54 $1.54 .46 1.30 1.30 285 MOBILE (1927) T a b l e 49.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E-C ontinued Loading cargo: Latin America — Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Av Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours Rev men per Long Rev Long Rev Long enue enue ton enue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 to n 1 Ships with average efficiency L in e N o . 6— Continued No. 5 (March): General cargoNo. 6 (February): Rails...................................... Pipe....................................... General cargo....................... T otal-................. 238 12.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 1.00 1.00 $0.60 $0. 899 49.8 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.00 1.00 40,855 40,855 3,028.3 13.5 13.5 17.6 0.77 0.77 $0.78 $0.78 8,781 1,361.5 616.5 10,581 434.0 5,030 183.3 2,651 58.0 1,290 1,271 55.0 1,001 53.0 3,916 267.0 11.1 6.4 17.2 16.0 19.6 18.4 19. 17.0 16.1 19.1 18.6 .87 .63 .74 1.31 1.43 .99 .79 .40 .87 .63 .74 1.31 1.43 .99 .79 437 183 279 437 183 279 .60 L in e N o . 7 Total, 12 ships;............ Lumber............................ Shooks.............................. Agricultural implements. Iron and steel................... Zinc slabs...................... . Rosin................................ Oil.............................. General cargo................... 15,115 10,581 5, f “ 2,651 1,290 1,271 1,001 3,916 17.2 11.6 14.5 11.6 14.5 22.2 22.2 23.1 18.9 14.7 23.1 18.9 14.7 .87 .69 .95 .81 .46 .42 .61 .76 1.50 .69 .95 .81 .46 .42 .61 .76 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (June): Shooks.................................... Rosin....................................... Agricultural implements....... Hoop steel............................... Sheet steel............................... Lumber............................ ...... General cargo______________ 741 | 277i 153I 136 116 2,042 131 741 277 153 136 116 1,130 131 44.5 13.0 11.0 10.5 5.5 153.5 14.0 16.7 21.3 13.9 13.0 21.1 13.3 9.4 16.7 21.3 13.9 13.0 21.1 7.4 9.4 19.2 16.0 15.5 18.9 20.0 16.0 17.3 0.87 1.33 .90 .69 1.05 .83 .54 0.87 $0.69 $0.69 .45 1.33 .45 .67 .67 .90 .87 .69 .87 .57 1.05 .57 .46 .72 1.30 .54 1.11 1.11 T o ta l.................................. 3,596 3,596 252.0 14.3 14.3 16.8 .85 .85 .71 .71 No. 2 (November): Shooks..................................... Zinc slabs................................ Iron and steel......................... Lumber............................ ...... General cargo......................... 1,170 400 175 2,504 333 1,170 400 175 1,473 333 50.0 19.5 10.5 218.5 20.0 23.4 20.5 16.7 11.5 16.7 23.4 20.5 16.7 6.7 16.7 20.0 16.5 20.1 16.1 19.8 1.17 1.24 .83 .71 .84 1.17 1.24 .83 .42 .84 .51 .48 .72 .85 .71 .51 .48 .72 1.43 .71 T o ta l-................................. 4,582 4,582 318.5 14.4 14.4 17.1 .84 .84 .71 .71 Ships with m inim um efficiency '. 3 (February): Iron and steel......................... Shooks..................................... Agricultural implements....... Drum oil................................. Lumber................................... General cargo.............. .......... 528 604 340 130 1,336 285 528 604 340 130 765 285 46.5 45.5 31.5 9.5 133.0 25.5 11.4 13.3 10.8 13.7 10.0 11.2 11.4 13.3 10.8 13.7 5.8 11.2 18.8 17.6 17.5 16.0 16.0 17.9 0.60 .76 .62 .86 .63 .63 T otal-.................................. 3,223 3,223 291.5 11.1 11.1 17.0 .65 .65 .92 .92 Shooks..................................... Agricultural implements....... Oil........................................... Sanitary fixtures..................... Lumber................................... General cargo.......................... 982 226 188 143 614 406 982 226 188 143 350 406 60.5 24.0 8.5 13.5 66.5 26.0 16.2 9.4 22.1 10.6 9.2 15.6 16.2 9.4 22.1 10.6 5.3 15.6 20.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 16.0 18.6 .81 .47 1.05 .50 .58 .84 .81 .47 1.05 .50 .33 .84 .74 1.28 .57 1.20 1.03 .71 .74 1.28 .57 1.20 1.82 .71 Total.................................... 2,559 2,559 199.0 12.9 12.9 18.6 .69 .69 .87 .87 0.60 $1.00 $1.00 .76 .79 .79 .62 .97 .97 .70 .86 .70 .95 1.67 .36 .95 .63 .95 . 4 (February): 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 286 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 49.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E-Continued Loading cargo: Latin America—Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Ships with average efficiency Line No. 7—Continued No. 5 (March): Shooks..................................... Agiicultural implements....... Drum oil................................. Iron and steel......................... Sheet steel............................... Rosin....................................... Lumber.............................. . General cargo......................... T otal-.................................. Average Output per Av Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton to n1 1,059 486 179 150 165 239 229 172 2,679 1,059 486 179 150 165 239 142 172 70.5 33.5 8.5 11.3 10.5 10.0 24.0 14.5 15.0 14.5 21.1 13.3 15.7 23.9 9.5 11.9 15.0 14.5 21.1 13.3 15.7 23.9 5.9 11.9 20.3 19.5 20.0 19.7 19.3 16.4 16.0 17.7 0.75 .74 1.05 .67 .81 1.46 .60 .67 0.75 $0.80 $0.80 .74 .81 .81 1.05 .57 .57 .67 .90 .90 .81 .74 .74 .41 .41 1.46 .37 1.00 1.62 .67 .90 .90 2,679 182.8 14.6 14.6 18.9 .77 .77 .78 .78 No. 6 (July): Agricultural implements........ Shooks..................................... Rosin....................................... Iron and steel.......................... Oil....... .................................. . Sheet steel............................... Tobacco................................... Lumber................................... General cargo.......................... 1,119 879 404 148 126 104 193 723 117 1,119 879 404 148 126 104 193 429 117 101.5 49.5 18.0 8.0 5.5 6.0 10.5 67.5 12.0 11.0 17.8 22.4 18.5 22.9 17.3 18.4 10.7 9.8 11.0 17.8 22.4 18.5 22.9 17.3 18.4 6.4 9.8 18.7 19.8 16.0 19.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 20.1 .59 .90 1.40 .97 1.15 .87 .92 .67 .49 .59 .90 1.40 .97 1.15 .87 .92 .40 .49 1.02 .67 .43 .62 .52 .69 .65 .90 1.22 1.02 .67 .43 .62 .52 .69 .65 1.50 1.22 Total.................................... 3,813 3,813 278.5 13.7 13.7 18.2 .75 .75 .80 .80 14.8 12.4 13.1 13.0 14.7 13.8 18.4 16.7 17.6 18.0 17.9 17.0 0.80 .74 .75 .72 .83 .81 0.80 $0.75 $0.75 .74 .81 .81 .75 .80 .80 .72 .83 .83 .83 .72 .72 .81 .74 .74 25.0 25.0 17.3 1.45 1.45 $0.41 $0.41 89.5 19.5 19.5 16.0 1.22 1.22 .49 .49 227.0 22.3 22.3 16.0 1.39 1.39 .43 .43 137.0 17.8 17.8 16.0 1.11 1.11 .54 .54 Other ships No. No. No. No. No. No. 7 (April)................................8 (M ay).................................. 9 (August).............................. 10 (August)............................. 11 (September)....................... 12 (October)........................... 1,756 3,072 3,930 3,534 3,736 4,375 1,756 3,072 3,930 3,534 3,736 4,375 119.0 246.8 299.0 272.8 253.5 315.0 14.8 12.4 13.1 13.0 14.7 13.8 Loading cargo: Orient L ine N o . 8 30,682 1,229.5 Total, 7 ships................... 3 30,682 No. 1 (July): Sulphate of ammonia. Nails........................... Rosin.......................... 1,230 350 167 1,230 350 167 T otal-..................... 1,747 1,747 No. 2 (September): Sulphate of ammonia. Rails........................... Wrought-iron p ip e ... Nails......................... . Cotton........................ General cargo............. 1, <*57 1,611 594 458 379 164 1,857 1,611 594 458 379 164 T o t a l..................... 5,063 5,063 No. 3 (October): Cotton........................ Sulphate of ammonia. Rosin.......................... 1,344 1,021 67 1,344 1,021 67 2,432 2,432 T otal-................... i Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. 3 Principal commodities: Sulphate of ammonia, 10,007 long tons; rails and fittings, 16,072 long tons. 287 MOBILE (1927) T ab le 4 9 .— P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN T R AD E-Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Reve nue tons 1 Long tons Average Output per Av Output per labor cost gang-hour erage man-hour per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton 1 L ine N o. 8—Continued No. 4 (October): Steel rails...................- ........... Sulphate of ammonia_______ Cotton____________________ 2,113 1,446 322 2,113 1,446 322 Total____________________ 3,881 3,881 No. 5 (January): Rails and fittings___________ Sulphate of ammonia_______ Turpentine________________ 5,466 870 6 5,466 870 6 Total.................................... 6,342 6,342 No. 6 (January) Rails and fittings___________ Sulphate of ammonia_______ Rosin_____________________ 2,485 1,434 25 2,485 1,434 25 Total____________________ 3,944 3,944 No. 7 (March): Steel rails__________________ Sulphate of ammonia........ ..... Angle bars............. ............ . Spikes and bolts___ ________ Rosin_____________________ General cargo______________ 4,397 2,149 331 170 110 116 4,397 2,149 331 170 110 116 Total-...............................— 7,273 7,273 145.0 26.8 26.8 18.0 1.49 1.49 $0.40 $0.40 243.0 26.1 26.1 18.0 1.45 1.45 .41 .41 153.0 25.8 25.8 18.0 1.43 1.43 .42 .42 235.0 30.9 30.9 18.0 1.72 1.72 .35 .35 1 Except for lumber, which is in 1,000 board feet. T a b le 50.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L T R AD E Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age gang-hour man-hour per— num Gangber of Reve hours Long Reve men Long Reve Long Reve nue per nue nue nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton 1 tons1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L ine No. 0 Total, 13 ships............................... 315,369 17,213 767.0 20.0 22.4 17.0 1.18 1.32 $0.51 $0.45 $0.36 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Canned goods______________ Beans ______ ___________ Sugar ________ ___ General cargo _ _ 685 220 453 107 767 246 507 121 Total.................................... 1,465 1,641 No. 2 (September): Canned goods Sugar _ _____________ Lumber _ ________ __ 366 586 417 410 656 467 Total................................... 1,369 1,533 58.5 25.0 28.0 17.0 1.47 1.65 $0.41 59.0 23.2 26.0 17.0 1.36 1.52 .44 .39 1 Short tons. 2 Principal commodities: Canned goods, 5,527 long tons; sugar, 3,017 long tons; beans, 1,574 long tons. 288 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 5 0 . — PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L TR AD E —Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 1 Ships with m in im u m efficiency Line No. 9—Continued No. 3 (August): Canned goods General cargo Total____________________ No. 4 (January): Shingles ...................... Total___ ________________ Output per Aver Output per Average cost gang-hour man-hour labor age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton to n1 148 86 166 96 234 262 232 290 67 260 325 75 589 660 19.0 12.3 13.8 17.0 0.72 37.0 15.9 17.8 17.0 .94 0.81 $0.83 $0.74 .64 .57 $0.46 1.05 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December): Flour Shingles _________________ 5S6 122 455 641 656 137 510 717 Total_____ ______________ 1,804 2,020 No. 6 (September): Canned goods - ___ - __ Beans ___ _ Sugar Shingles ________________ 330 164 453 487 370 184 507 545 Total____________________ 1,434 1,606 49.5 19.7 22.1 17.0 1.16 1.30 $0.52 69.5 20.6 23.1 17.0 1.21 1.36 .50 .44 1.10 1.23 $0.55 $0.49 Loading cargo Line N o. 10 Total, 5 ships__________________ 316,443 18,416 No. 1 (January): _____________ Pipe General cargo - ___________ 1,316 38 1,474 42 Total____ _______________ 1,354 1,516 No. 2 (February): Pipe __ ___________ Rails . ________________ General cargo______________ 1,955 2,000 68 2,190 2,240 76 Total ___________________ 4,023 4,506 No. 3 (February): Pipe __________________ Rails ________________ General cargo. ____________ 1,282 2,666 66 1,436 2,986 74 Total______________ _____ 4,014 4,496 No. 4 (February): Steel rails _ __ ______ Pipe______________________ General cargo______________ 3,088 574 103 3,459 643 115 Total. .................................. 3,765 4,217 881.6 18.7 20.9 17.0 82.7 16.3 18.3 17.0 .96 1.08 .63 .56 222.4 18.0 20.2 17.0 1.06 1.19 .57 .50 209.0 19.2 21.5 17.0 1.13 1.27 .53 .47 197.5 19.0 21.3 17.0 1.12 1.25 .54 .48 i i Short tons. 8 Principal commodities: Pipe, 5,695 long tons; rails, 10,418 long tons. 289 MOBILE (1927) T a b l e 5 0 . — PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN IN TER C O A STA L TRAD E-Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons 1 No. 5 (February): Rails........................................ Pipe......................................... General cargo......... - .............- 2,664 568 55 2,984 636 61 Total____________________ 3,287 3,681 Output per Aver Output per Average cost gang-hour man-hour labor age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons tons1 tons nue ton nue tons1 ton 1 Line N o. 10—Continued 170.0 19.4 21.7 17.0 1.14 1.28 $0.53 $0.47 22,877 1,228.8 16.6 18.6 17.0 .98 1.10 $0.61 $0.55 $0.43 Line N o. 11 Total, 25 ships_________________ *20,430 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (May): Pipe____ __________________ General cargo______________ 519 387 581 434 Total____________________ 906 1,015 No. 2 (September): Pipe______________________ Rosin_____________________ General cargo______________ 822 112 46 921 125 52 Total____________________ 980 1,098 43.4 20.9 23.4 17.0 1.23 1.38 $0.49 48.2 20.4 22.8 17.0 1.20 1.34 .50 .45 0.90 $0.75 $0.67 Ships with minimum efficiency No. 3 (January): Pipe______________________ General cargo______________ 379 525 424 588 T o ta l..................... ............ 904 1,012 No. 4 (April): Pipe______________________ General cargo______________ 358 161 401 180 Total____________________ 519 581 66.6 13.6 15.2 17.0 0.80 36.6 14.1 15.8 17.0 .83 .93 .72 .65 1.11 $5.61 $0.54 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January): Oyster shells_______________ Soil pipe___________________ General cargo______________ Total____________________ 245 169 190 604 274 189 213 676 No. 6 (November): Pipe......................................... Rosin...................................... General cargo______________ 352 122 141 394 137 158 Total.................................... 615 689 36.0 16.8 18.8 17.0 0.99 37.3 16.8 18.8 17.0 .99 i Short tons. * Principal commodities: Pipe, 12,362 long tons; rosin, 1,699 long tons. 1.11 .61 .54 290 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 50.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN IN TER C OA STA L TRAD E-C ontinued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons1 Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang nue Long nue ton ton tons tons1 tons tons1 i L in e N o. 12 Total, 29 ships_________________ *40,299 45,134 2,567.4 15.7 17.6 17.0 0.92 1.03 $0.65 $0.58 $0.46 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February): __ Rails Pipe__ _____ ______________ Angle bars_________________ Spikes_____________________ 3,500 575 175 128 3,920 644 196 143 Total.................................— 4,378 4,903 No. 2 (March): Pipe______ ________________ General cargo______________ 1,324 237 1,483 265 Total.................................... 1,561 1,748 222.4 19.7 22.1 17.0 1.16 1.30 $0.52 85.6 18.2 20.4 17.0 1.07 1.20 .56 .50 0.80 $0.85 $0.75 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (September): Pipe____ _____ ____________ General cargo______________ 488 87 547 97 Total____________________ 575 644 No. 4 (February): Pipe______________________ General cargo______________ 1,256 89 1,407 99 T otal--__________________ 1,345 1,506 47.5 12.1 13.6 17.0 0.71 105.1 12.8 14.3 17.0 .75 .84 .80 .71 1.03 $0.65 $0.58 .65 .58 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Pipe______________________ General cargo______________ 1,573 51 1,762 57 1,624 1,819 No. 6 (M ay): Pipe______________________ Plate steel____ ____ ________ General cargo...... ......... ...... Total____________________ 104.4 15.6 17.5 17.0 0.92 1,266 70 79 1,418 78 89 1,415 1,585 | 90.8 15.6 17.5 17.0 .92 Total, 14 ships........................ ...... 625,022 28,025 1,633.5 15.3 17.2 17.0 0.90 Total__________________ 1.03 L ine N o. 13 1.01 $0.67 $0 .59 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Pipe......................................... General cargo______________ 1,067 415 1,195 465 1,482 1,660 No. 2 (January): Pipe................... .......... _ General cargo...... ........... ........ 1,024 345 1,147 386 Total___ ________________ 1,369 1,533 Total__________________ 79.8 18.6 20.8 17.0 1.09 1.22 $0.55 78.8 17.4 19.5 17.0 1.02 1.14 1 Short tons. 8 Principal commodities: Pipe, 31,220 long tons; steel products, 6,317 long tons. 6 Principal commodity: Pipe, 18,387 long tons. .59 $0.49 .53 291 MOBILE (1927) T a b l e 50.—-PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN INTERCOASTAL TRADE—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Reve nue tons1 Long tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gange-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue Long tons tons1 gang tons tons1 ton ton i Ships with m inim um efficiency L in e N o . 13— Continued No. 3 (August): Pipe.................................... Hardwood.......................... General cargo..................... 1,750 246 442 276 Total. 2,438 2,731 No. 4 (August): Pipe.............. Brick......... . Nails............. 2,415 388 619 2,705 435 3,422 3, Total., 254.5 13.4 15.0 17.0 0.79 0.88 $0.76 $0.68 13.4 15.0 17.0 .79 .76 .68 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December): Pipe.................. General cargo-. Total. No. 6 (November): P ip e ................ Rosin................. General cargo... Total.. 1,064 201 1,192 225 1,265 1,417 1,035 106 285 1,159 119 319 1,426 1,597 82.0 15.4 17.2 17.0 94.3 15.1 16.9 17.0 0.91 1.02 $0.66 1.00 .67 .60 1 Short tons. T a b le 51.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N DLIN G IN DIVIDUAL CO M M O D ITIE S Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Revenue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— (num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long gang tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Output per gang-hour B ananas Line No. 14: Total, 166 ships................ 12,886,508 22,108.0 «1,369.0 100.0 113.69 s$2.56 ° Stems per conveyor-hour, 111,802 113,256 1 Stems? 26.4 2 6.8 *1,844.0 •I, 949.0 100.0 100.0 ......... ? Qonveyor-hours, h it No. 1 (July)...................... No. 2 (October)................ C D OO Ships with m axim um efficiency 3$1.90 ......... 3 1.80 ? Per 100 stem 292 GENERAL TABLES t a b l e 51.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Ganghours Long tons Revenue tons Long Reve nue tons tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men Reve per Long Reve nue Long gang tons tons ton nue ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency B an an as— Continued Line No. 14—Continued. No. 3 (March).............. No. 4 (October)............ 228.0 220.3 i 2 2 ,3 5 1 i 2 0 ,8 2 9 « 798.0 «1,026.0 100.0 100.0 1 7. 110.26 3$4.39 3 3.41 113.69 113.65 3$2. 56 3 2 .5 6 Ships with average efficiency i 22,317 115,842 No. 5 (March). No. 6 (M a y )... 216.3 «1,369.0 1,160.0 2 11.6 100.0 100.0 M o nthly summaries of ships discharging 1 134,260 1161,798 1248,480 i 254,397 1311,456 1 286,847 i 268, 743 i 240,805 i 249,190 i 238, 375 i 233, 533 1258,624 January, 8 ships........ February, 9 ships— March, 14 ships....... . April, 16 ships.......... May, 18 ships.......... June, 15 ships........... July, 17 ships........... August, 15 ships____ September, 14 ships. October, 14 ships----November, 13 ships. December, 13 ships.. 2102. 5 2129.2 2 214.9 2 184.7 2 215.5 2195.0 2 180.4 2 157.4 2174.6 2173.3 2179.3 2201.2 ®1.310.0 «1,252.0 ®1,156.0 1,377.0 «1,445.0 «1,471.0 ®1,490.0 «1, 530.0 «1,427.0 •1,376.0 «1,302. 0 «1,285.0 100.0......... 113.10 3$2.67 3 2.80 1 0 0 .0 _____ 112. 52 100. 0|........ 111.56 ___ 3 3.03 ioo. o:...... 113.77 3 2.54 100.0___ 114.45 3 2.42 100.0_____ 114.71 3 2.38 100.0_____ 114.90 3 2.35 1 0 0 .0 .......... 115.30 3 2.29 1 0 0 .0 .......... 114.27 3 2.45 100.0......... *13.76 ___ 3 2.54 100.0_____ 113.02 3 2.69 100.0_____ 112.85 3 2.72 Loading cargo C otton Line No. 15: Total, 26 ships................. 24,615 * 109,214 1,220.5 20.2 4 89.5 16.9 1.19 <5.30 $0.50 <$0.11 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (February)... No. 2 (November). 158 2,028 <700 <8,988 6.5 90.0 24.3 <107.7 22.5 <100.0 16. o! 1.52 <6.73 $0.39 <$0.09 16. l| 1.40 <6.22 .43 <.10 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January)............... No. 4 (August)................. 465 427 <2,060 <1,892 31.0 29.0 15.0 14.7 <66.5 <65.2 18.0 17.1 0.83 <3.69 $0.72 <$0.16 .86 <3.82 .70 <.16 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)............... No. 6 (December)............ a Stems per conveyor-hour. 793 384 <3,517 <1, 701 1 Stems. 40.0 19.5 19.8 19.7 <87.9 <87.2 2 Conveyor-hours. 17.0 16.3 1.17 <5.17 $0.51 <$0.12 1.20 <5.34 .50 <.11 3 Per 100 stems, <Bales, 293 MOBILE (1927) T a b le 51.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR A N D LABO R COST IN HANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo—Continued Ganghours Commodity, ship number, and date of operation, Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue gang tons tons ton ton tons Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Long tons Revenue tons L umber Line No. 16: Total, 17 ships.................. 32,834 618,667 2,445.3 13.4 *7.6 15.2 0.88 *0.50 $0.68 *$1.20 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June)................... I No. 2 (July)...................... 3,598 2,380 *2,039 *1,255 231.5 159.5 15.5 14.9 *8.8 *7.9 15.3 14.0 1.02 *0.58 $0.59 *$1.03 1.06 *.56 .57 *1.07 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (September)......... . No. 4 (September)______ 1,002 1,499 *551 *928 87.5 133.5 11.5 11.2 *6.3 *7.0 15.9 15.7 0.72 *0.40 $0.83 *$1.50 .72 *.44 .83 *1.36 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December). No. 6 (August)___ Line No. 17: Total, 26 ships. 2.306 1,662 24,093 169.5 127.0 13.6 13.1 *7.7 *7.8 15.6 15.8 0.87 *0.50 $0.69 *$1.20 .83 *.49 .72 *1.22 * 13,399 1,962.0 12.3 *6.8 15.7 0.78 *0.43 $0.77 *$1.40 *1,306 *993 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (M ay). No. 2 (July).. 3,424 1,063 *1,769 *631 199.5 64.0 17.2 16.6 *8.9 *9.9 13.9 15.8 1.23 *0.64 $0.49 $0.94 1.05 *.62 .57 *.97 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March)........ No. 4 (September). 24 20 *13 *10 3.3 2.0 7.4 10.0 *4.1 *5.0 16.0 16.0 0.46 *0.26 $1.30 *$2.31 .63 5. 31 .95 *1.94 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 ( No. 6 (April). Line No. 18: Total, 26 ships. 154 457 26,672 *86 *254 12.5 37.0 12.3 12.4 56.8 5 6.9 16.0 16.0 0.77 50.43 $0.78 5$1.40 .77 5.43 .78 5 1.40 * 15,689 2,778.6 9.6 55.7 14.0 0.69 50.40 $0.87 5$1.50 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (April).. No. 2 (M ay).. 962 1,372 *566 *807 68.2 105.3 14.0 13.2 *8.3 *7.7 14.0 14.0 1.00 5 0.59 $0.60 *$1.02 .94 5.55 .64 * 1.09 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (October)... No. 4. (February). 624 1,047 5 367 *616 77.8 125.3 8.1 8.4 *4.8 54.9 14.0 14.0 0.58 5 0.34 $1.03 *$1.76 .60 *. 35 1.00 *1.71 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)... No. 6 (February). 81,000 board feet. 1,518 *893 *402 158.6 71.3 9.5 9.5 *5.6 *5.6 14.0 14.0 0.68 *0.40 $0.88 *$1.50 .68 *.40 .88 *1.50 Charleston, S. C. (1927) T a b l e 52.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO, BY K IN D OF T R A D E AND IN D IV ID U A L COM M ODITIES --------------- » Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue tons tons ton nue ton ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Reve nue tons Long tons Ganghours Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1................................. 10,062 Loading cargo: Europe—No. 2................. 5,759 Orient—No. 3................... 16,043 10,062 434.5 23.2 23.2 35.3 0.66 5,759 16,043 495.0 826.5 11.6 19.4 11.6 19.4 23.1 26.2 .50 .74 .50 .74 0.47 3 0.53 0.66 $0.61 $0.61 1.00 .68 1.00 .68 Intercoastal trade 3 Discharging cargo: No. 4................................. 26,197 3 29,342 1,685.0 15.5 3 17.4 33.0 $0.84 3 $0.75 Coastwise trade 3 Discharging cargo: No. 5.............. . Loading cargo: No. 6.............. . 3 116,910 * 225,739.5 3 0 .5 2 3$0.77 3 73,610 * 106,307.5 3 .6 9 3.58 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Bananas No. 7__ Cement2—No. 8___ Kainit—No. 9......... Nitrate of soda No. 10............... No. 11............... Sulphur 2—No. 12— Loading cargo: Cotton9— No. 13............... No. 14............... Lumber ®—No. 15.. 12,274 37,748 * 899,125 4 86,454.0 12,274 497.0 1,348.5 37,748 24.7 28.0 24.7 28.0 27.4 40.6 0.90 .69 *10.40 «$2.88 .90 $0.44 .44 .69 .58 .58 35,499 7 391,659 60,178 7 661,525 5,737 5,737 823.0 1,480.5 153.0 43.1 7 475.9 40.6 7 446.8 37.5 37.5 40.7 39.9 31.9 1.06 7 11.70 1.02 711.20 1.18 1.18 .38 8 3.42 .39 8 3.57 .34 .34 22,663 io 102,064 15,147 «>67,326 5,355 5,355 1,214.5 895.5 711.5 18.7 W84.0 16.9 10 75.2 7.5 7.5 27.2 26.4 23.1 .69 10 3.10 .64 1° 2.80 .33 .33 .72 10.16 .78 10.18 1. 52 1.52 1 Wage rate: 40 cents per hour, except for cotton and lumber, for which the rate is 50 cents per hour* 2 Wage rate: 40 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. 4 Man-hours. * Stems. 6 Per 100 stems. 7 Bags. 295 CHARLESTON (1927) T a bl e 5 3 .— P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN F OREIGN TRAD E Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons tons tons ton nue ton L in e N o. 1 Total, 11 ships...... ........... ............. 110,062 10,062 434.5 23.2 23.2 35.3 0.66 0.66 $0.61 $0.61 1.13 $0.35 $0.35 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (March): Beet pulp_________________ Fftrtinzftr _ _ _ Total , 299 266 299 266 ........................ 665 565 No. 2 (September): Fertilizer__________________ General cargo______________ 1,052 57 1,052 57 Total____________________ 1,109 1,109 15.5 36.5 36.5 32.4 1.13 39.5 28.1 28.1 33.3 .84 .84 .48 .48 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (February): Fertilizer__________________ General cargo______________ 495 8 495 8 Total____________________ 603 503 No. 4 (July): Starch_____________________ Fertilizer................................. 147 281 147 281 Total____________________ 428 428 29.0 17.3 17.3 36.6 0.47 22.5 19.0 19.0 36.0 .53 0.47 $0.85 $0.85 .53 .75 .75 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): China clay and cement_____ Saltpeter__________________ Starch_____________________ General cargo______________ 1,157 580 310 70 1,157 580 310 70 Total......... .......................... 2,117 2,117 No. 6 (December): Fertilizer................................. Starch_____________________ 722 148 722 148 Total.............. ................ .... 870 870 111.0 19.1 19.1 28.9 0.6& 32.5 26.8 26.8 39.0 .69 11.6 23.1 0.50 0.66 $0.61 $0.61 .69 .58 .58 Loading cargo: Europe L in e N o. 2 Total, 9 ships................................ 2 5,759 5,759 495.0 11.6 0.50 $1.00 $1.00 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (October): Cotton____________________ Tobacco___________________ 1,072 * 27 1,072 27 Total____________________ 1,099 1,099 No. 2 (October): Cotton____________________ Tobacco___________________ 540 58 540 58 T ota l--____ _____________ 598 598 59.0 18.6 18.6 22.2 0.84 30.0 19.9 19.9 24.6 .81 0.84 $0.60 $0.60 .81 .62 .62 1 Principal commodity: Fertilizer, 6,923 long tons. 2 Principal commodities: Cotton, 3,333 long tons; lumber and logs, 1,933 long tons; tobacco, 301 long tons. 296 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 53.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE-Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue ton nue tons tons tons tons ton Ships with m in im u m efficiency L in e N o. 2—Continued No. 3 (January): Logs______________________ Lumber___________________ General cargo______________ 876 291 87 876 291 87 Total____________________ 1,254 1,254 No. 4 (March): Logs and lumber___________ Tobacco___________________ 129 30 129 30 Total____________________ 159 159 190.0 6.6 6.6 23.2 0.28 26.0 6.1 6.1 18.5 .33 0.28 $1.79 $1.79 .33 1.52 1.52 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Cotton......... Tobacco----- 570 75 Total. No. 6 (February): Logs------------ 161 570 75 645 41.0 15.7 15.7 29.6 0.53 0.53 161 22.5 7.2 7.2 17.0 .42 .42 0.74 !0.94 1.19 1.19 Loading cargo: Orient L in e N o . 3 Total, 11 ships.............................. Cotton..................................... General cargo.......................... 16,043 826.5 19.4 19.4 26.2 12,883 458,107 53,160 3,160 636.5 190.0 20.2 491.3 16.6 16.6 26.8 24.1 16,043 0.74 3$0.68 3$0.68 .75 43.40 .69 .69 .67 6.58 4. 15 6.58 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (September): Cotton....... ............................. No. 2 (November): Cotton....... ............................. 1,255 4 5,700 43.0 29.2 4132.5 31.3 1,122 4 5,050 53.5 21.0 4 94.4 24.7 0.93 4 4.20 $0.54 4$0.12 .85 4 3.80 .59 4. 13 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (April): Cotton.................................... Lumber................................... Logs:......... ............................. General cargo.......................... T otal................................... No. 4 (March): Cotton..................................... 1,252 4 5,635 205 205 1 180 } 180 17 17 1 58.0 21.6 4 97.2 29.4 0.73 43.30 $0.68 4 $0.15 48.0 8.4 8.4 22.5 .37 .37 1.35 1.35 1,654 106.0 15.6 15.6 26.3 .59 .59 .85 .85 670 4 3,013 45.5 14.7 466.2 22.2 .66 4 3.00 .76 4. 17 1,654 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June): Cotton..................................... Sulphate of ammonia............. Total.................................... No. 6 (May): Cotton.................................... Sulphate of ammonia............. Total........ ............................ 2,540 411,425 490 490 118.0 28.0 21.5 496.8 17.5 17.5 29.5 27.0 3,030 3,030 146.0 20.8 20.8 29.0 .72 .72 .69 .69 1,000 4 4,500 1,554 1, 554 47.5 68.5 21.1 494.7 32.7 32.7 32.3 26.9 .68 4 3.10 .84 .84 .74 .48 4. 16 .48 2,554 116.0 22.0 28.5 .77 .65 .65 2,554 22.0 0.73 4 3.30 $0.68 4$0.15 .62 .62 .65 .65 .77 3 Since cotton constituted bulk of cargo, the wage rate for cotton of 50 cents per hour was used. 4 Bales. « Principal commodity: Sulphate of ammonia, 2,556 long tons. • Regular rate of 40 cents per hour was used. 297 CHARLESTON (1927) 5 4 —PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO IN IN TERCOASTAL TR AD E T a b le Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Reve per Long Rev Long Rev enue Long enue gang enue nue tons tons tons tons1 1 ton ton i tons1 Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons L in e N o . 4 Total, 20 ships______ ___________ 226,197 29,342 1,685.0 15.5 17.4 33.0 0.47 0.53 $0.84 $0.75 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (October): nan'ned salmon... ............... C5ftT>T>ed fnilt* S h in g le s _ B e a n s .............. ..... General cargo___ ________ 661 525 229 162 223 740 588 256 182 250 Total. ................................. 1,800 2, 016 No. 2 (August): Canned goods Shingles General cargo______________ 386 125 425 432 140 476 T o ta l.................................. 936 1,048 92.5 19.5 21.8 33.9 0.57 51.0 18.3 20.5 32.8 .56 0.64 $0.71 $0.63 .63 .71 .63 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (July): Canned goods______________ Shingles.................. ................ General cargo_____ _________ 404 452 562 T o ta l--................................ 1,155 1,294 1,255 1,406 440 280 493 123 313 2,085 2,335 No. 4 (January): Canned goods_____________ Shingles___________________ Flour......... ........................ General cargo______________ T o ta l.-................................ 502 249 110 280 104.0 11.1 12.4 33.5 0.33 143.0 14.6 16.3 34.5 .42 0.37 $1.21 $1.08 .47 .95 .85 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March): Canned goods......................... Shingles.—....... ............... ...... Flour....................................... Beans...................................... General cargo............ ............ 788 166 110 101 230 883 186 123 113 257 T o ta l-................................. 1,395 1,562 No. 6 (June): Canned goods......................... Shingles................................... General cargo.......................... 173 280 234 194 314 261 Total. .................................. 687 769 1 Short tons. 83.0 16.8 18.8 35.0 0.48 45.5 15.1 16.9 32.2 .46 2 Principal commodities: Canned goods, 12,313 long tons; shingles, 6,221 long tons. 66490°-32----- 20 0.54 $0.83 $0.74 .52 .86 .77 298 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 5 5 .— PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending— Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons*) Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tonsi) La bor cost per reve nue ton 1 0.52 $0.77 L in e N o. 5—Con. L in e N o . 5 Total, 216 ships.. 116,910 225,739.5 Weeks with m aximum efficiency 1928 Apr. 19, 4 ships.. May 18, 4 ships.. 2,115 1,740 3.329.0 2.735.0 0.64 .64 10.63 .63 Weeks with m inim um efficiency 1927 July 29, 4 ships.. Nov. 3, 4 ships__ Week ending— 1,670 2,570 4.379.0 6.111.0 0.38 .42 $1.05 .95 2,260 2,515 4.364.0 4.938.0 0.52 .51 10.77 .78 Other weeks June 2, 5 ships... June 9, 5 ships... June 16, 5 ships.. June 23, 5 ships.. June 30, 4 ships.. July 14, 4 ships.. July 22, 5 ships.. Aug. 4, 5 ships... Aug. 11, 4 ships.. Aug. 18, 4 ships.. 2,235 1,375 2,150 2,165 2,600 1,465 2,070 2,195 2,275 1,905 3,966.0 2,616.0 4,054.0 3,626.0 4,731.0 2,636.0 3,869.0 4,721.0 4,590.0 3,980.0 0.56 .53 .53 .60 .55 .56 .54 .46 .50 .48 $0.71 .75 .75 .67 .73 .71 .74 .87 .80 .83 Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons*) La bor cost per reve nue to n 1 Other weeks— Continued 1927 Aug. 25, 4 ships__ Sept. 1, 4 ships... Sept. 15, 4 ships. _ Sept. 22, 4 ships. . Sept. 29, 4 ships __ Oct. 6, 4 ships___ Oct. 13, 4 ships... Oct. 20, 4 ships... Oct. 27, 4 ships... Nov. 10, 4 ships__ Nov. 17, 4 ships__ Nov. 24, 4 ships— Dec. 1, 4 ships___ Dec. 8, 4 ships___ Dec. 15, 4 ships. __ Dec. 22, 4 ships... Dec. 29, 3 ships... 2,235 2,210 1,880 2,680 2,670 2,770 3,075 2,290 2.530 2,285 1.825 1,990 1,915 1.825 1,750 1.530 800 4,674.0 4,524.0 4,131.0 6,039.0 5,823.0 5,843.0 6,373.0 5,176.0 5,689.0 5,112.0 4,199.5 4,435.0 3,958.0 3,558.0 3,661.0 2,830.0 1,364.0 0.48 .49 .46 .44 .46 .47 .48 .44 .44 .45 .43 .45 .48 .51 .48 .54 .59 2,205 4,520 4,620 3,080 4.150 2,460 2,885 2,285 1.910 2,405 1,950 2,110 1.830 2,450 1.910 1,930 1,665 1.830 1.150 3,591.0 7,599.0 7,600.0 5,750.0 7,176.0 5,266.0 5,295.0 4,176.0 3,764.0 4,363.0 3,841.0 3,701.0 3,080.0 4,006.0 3,278.0 3,294.0 2,639.0 3,268.0 2,018.0 .61 .59 .61 .54 .58 .47 .54 .55 .51 .55 .51 .57 .59 .61 .58 .59 .63 .56 .57 $0.83 .82 .87 .91 .87 .85 .83 .91 .91 .89 .93 .78 .83 .74 1928 Weeks with average efficiency July 7, 5 ships... Sept. 8, 4 ships.. Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons i) Jan. 5, 4 ships___ Jan. 12, 5 ships... Jan. 19, 5 ships... Jan. 26, 4 ships. _. Feb. 7, 5 ships----Feb. 9, 4 ships___ Feb. 16, 4 ships. „ Feb. 23, 4 ships... Mar. 1, 4 ships___ Mar. 8, 4 ships— Mar. 15, 4 ships... Mar. 22, 4 ships__ Mar. 29, 4 ships__ Apr. 5, 4 ships___ Apr. 12, 4 ships__ Apr. 26, 4 ships... May 3, 4 ships___ May 10, 4 ships... May 24, 3 ships__ Loading cargo L in e N o. 6—Con. L in e N o . 6 Total, 216 ships.. 73,610 106,307.5 0.69 $0.58 Weeks with maxim um efficiency Weeks with average efficiency 1927 July 14, 5 ships___ Oct. 27, 4 ships___ 2,205 1,185 3,198.0 1,708.0 0.69 .69 $0.58 .58 1928 Jan. 5, 4 ships... Feb. 23, 4 ships.. 1,120 1,580 1.255.0 1.893.0 0.89 .83 Weeks with m in im um efficiency Jan. 12, 4 ships.. 905 1,623.0 0.56 $0.71 1,040 1,695.0 .61 .66 1927 Sept. 15, 4 ships. 1 Short tons. Other weeks $0.45 .48 June 2, 5 ships... June 9, 5 ships... June 16, 5 ships. June 23, 5 ships. June 30, 5 ships. July 7, 4 ships.. July 21, 4 ships., July 28, 5 ships. Aug. 4, 4 ships.. Aug. 11, 5 ships. 1,765 2,250 2,490 1,910 1,870 1,815 2,350 2,020 1,335 1,060 2,757.0 3,310.0 3,492.0 2,704.0 2,948.0 2,719.0 3,223.0 2,839.0 2,111.0 1,649.0 0.64 .68 .71 .71 .63 .67 .73 .71 .63 .64 $0.63 .59 .56 .56 .63 .60 .55 .56 .63 .63 299 CHARLESTON (1927) T a b le 55.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OP LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Week ending— L ine N o. 6—Con. Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons1) Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) La bor cost per reve nue to n 1 Cargo ton nage (reve nue tons1) Week ending— L ine N o. 6—Con. Other weeks— Continued Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) La bor cost per reve nue to n 1 Other weeks—Continued 1928 1927 Aug. 18, 4 ships— Aug. 26, 4 ships---Sept. 1, 4 ships----Sept. 8, 4 ships___ Sept. 22, 4 ships. Sept. 29, 4 sh ip s... Oct. 6, 4 ships........ Oct. 13, 4 ships___ Oct. 20, 4 ships___ Nov. 3, 4 sh ips___ Nov. 10,4 ships___ Nov. 17, 4 ships___ Nov. 24, 4 ships___ Dec. 1,4 ships....... Dec. 8, 4 ships....... Dec. 16, 4 ships___ Dec. 22, 4 ships___ Dec. 29, 4 ships___ 975 1,085 1,110 1,200 1,920 1,165 1,430 935 1,180 1,185 1,120 1,285 1,535 1,325 1,775 1,500 1,220 925 1,553.5 1,644.0 1,747.0 1,853.0 2,993.0 1.718.0 2.111.0 1,454.0 1,686.0 1,837.0 1.844.0 2.039.0 2,281.0 2,138.0 2,593.0 2,050.0 1,612.0 1,197.0 0.63 .66 .64 .65 .64 .68 .68 .64 .70 .65 .61 .63 .67 .62 .68 .73 .76 .77 $0.63 .61 .63 .62 .63 .59 .59 .63 .57 .62 .66 .63 .60 .65 .59 .55 .53 .52 Jan. 19, 4 ships___ Jan. 26, 4 ships___ Feb. 2, 4 ships....... Feb. 9, 4 ships....... Feb. 16, 4 ships___ Mar. 1,4 ships....... Mar. 8, 4 ships...... Mar. 15, 4 ships___ Mar. 22, 4 ships___ Mar. 29, 4 ships___ Apr. 5, 4 ships...... Apr. 12, 4 ships___ Apr. 19, 4 ships___ Apr. 26, 4 ships___ May 3, 4 ships....... May 10, 4 ships___ May 18, 4 ships___ May 24, 4 ships___ 1,310 1,330 1,300 1,950 1,290 1,695 1,095 1,395 1,145 1,265 1,325 1,475 1,040 1,145 1,345 1,385 960 1,390 1,751.0 1,881.0 1,676.0 2,763.0 1,698.0 2,334.0 1,552.0 1,926.0 1,683.0 1,772.0 1,824.0 1,976.0 1,422.0 1,485.0 1,812.0 1,874.0 1,314.0 2,090.0 0.75 .71 .78 .71 .76 .73 .71 .72 .68 .71 .73 .75 .73 .77 .74 .74 .73 .67 $0.53 .56 .51 .56 .53 .55 .56 .56 .59 .56 .55 .53 .55 .52 .54 .54 .55 .60 1 Short tons. T a b le 56.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HAN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Output per gang hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Rev enue tons Gang hours Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton B ananas Line N o. 7: Total, 63 ships..__________ 1899,126 2 86,454 110.40 3$2.88 115.33 114.01 3$1.96 3 2.14 18.32 17.51 3$3.61 33.99 110.30 110.68 8$2.91 32.81 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February)..... ...........No. 2 (M ay)______________ U3,488 120,641 3880 31,466 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (September).............. No. 4 (November)_________ 115,006 31,803 115,258 3 2,031 Ships with average efficiency No. 6 (October)..................... No. 6 (June).......................... i Stems, 115,136 31,470 115,352 3 1,437 8Per 1QQstems, 300 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 56.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons B an an as— Continued Line No. 7—Continued. 1927 June, 5 ships......................... July, 4 ships.......................... August, 5 ships......... - ......... September, 4 ships.... ........... October, 4 ships....... ............. November, 4 ships................ December, 4 ships................. Rev enue tons Ganghours Long Rev enue tons tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men Rev per Long Rev Long enue gang tons enue tons ton ton Labor productivity and costs, by months 181,666 » 64,575 182,424 164,937 168,628 i 68,751 160,645 38,874 3 6,138 a 8,145 3 6,679 3 7,098 3 8,274 35,455 19.20 U0.52 U0.12 19.72 19.58 18.31 ill. 12 3$3.26 3 2.85 3 2.96 3 3.09 3 3.13 3 3.61 3 2.70 27,: 19.32 U2.77 111.04 U1.40 U2.44 3 3.22 3 2.35 3 2.72 3 2.63 3 2.41 0.90 !0.44 $0.44 1928 January, 4 ships__ February, 4 ships. March, 4 ships___ April, 4 ships........ May, 7 ships......... i 68,651 i 67,372 i 75, 111 170,413 1126,552 3 5,274 3 6,804 36,175 310,170 12,274 12,274 497.0 24.7 24.7 27.4 2,381 2,966 3,064 3, f “ 2,381 2,965 3,064 3,864 107.5 129.0 22.1 25.1 25.4 31.4 27.8 40.6 C ement Line No. 8: Total, 4 ships___ No. No. No. No. 1 (November. 2 (January) 3 (January)... 4 (January).._ K 111.0 149.5 23.0 27.6 25.8 22.1 23.0 27.6 25.8 37,748 1,348.5 28.0 28.0 0.90 .91 .45 .44 .45 .45 .44 .45 .43 a in it Line No. 9: Total, 10 ships... 37,748 0.69 $0.58 $0.58 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (October)__ No. 2 (December).. 8,301 2,191 8,301 2,191 319.0 62.0 26.0 35.3 26.0 35.3 30.7 46.0 0.85 .77 0.85 $0.47 $0.47 .77 .52 .52 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No 3 (January)............... ...... No. 4 (August)____________ 2,184 4,170 2,184 4,170 90.5 160.0 24.1 26.1 24.1 26.1 44.0 46.1 0.55 .56 0.55 $0.73 $0.73 .56 .71 .71 Ships with average efficiency 4,093 5,000 141.0 150.0 29.0 33.3 29.0 33.3 41.9 47.8 Line N o. 10: Total, 6 ships........................ 35,499 4391,659 823.0 43.1 4475.9 40.7 No. 5 (September)......... ...... No. 6 (August)..................... N itrate of * Stems. 0.69 .70 0.69 $0.68 $0.58 .57 .57 .70 Soda 1 (January)___________ 2 (February).................. 3 (March)....................... 4 (March)....................... 5 (March_____________ No. 6 (February)___ ______ N o. N o. N o. N o. N o. 4,093 5,000 8,132 8,298 5,979 4,789 2,104 6,197 2Man-hours. 489,256 4 91,247 465,883 4 52,792 4 23,691 4 68,790 160.0 238.0 146.0 92.0 43.0 144.0 9 Per 100 stems. 50.8 34.9 41.0 52.1 48.9 43.0 4 557.8 4383.4 4451.3 4 573.8 4 551.0 4477.7 42.0 40.6 39.0 44.0 37.8 40.3 1.06 4 11.7 $0.38 5 $3.42 —■ it .33 6 2.99 .47 M.26 .38 «3.45 .34 5 3.08 .31 6 2.74 .37 6 3.42 1.22 413.40 .86 49.40 1.05 411.60 1.18 413.00 1.29 414.60 1.07 4 11.70 * Per 100 bags. 301 CHARLESTON (1927) T a b le 56 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Long enue per Long Rev Long Rev enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton Output per gang-hour N itrate of Soda—Contd. Line No. 11: • Total, 11 ships_____ _______ 60,178 * 661,525 1,480.5 40.6 *446.8 39.9 1.02 *11.20 $0.39 *$3.57 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January)___________ Total __________________ No. 2 (February)__________ Total_____ _____________ 544 1,180 1,172 1,076 1,400 451 614 * 5,987 412,983 4 12,915 411,833 415,410 44,999 4 6,963 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 29.0 8.0 12.5 6,437 4 71,090 119.5 912 914 915 890 141 353 1,140 1,266 1,221 1,270 421 4 10,312 4 10,571 4 10,630 4 9,781 4 1,558 4 3,882 410,334 4 13,930 4 13,436 413,964 4 4,628 18.5 20.0 20.0 20.0 4.0 8.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 11.0 9,443 4 103,026 211.5 54.4 59.0 58.6 53.8 48.3 56.4 49.1 4 598.7 4 649.2 4 645.8 4 591.6 4 531.4 4 624.9 4 557.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 53.9 4 594.9 40.0 1.35 414.90 .30 62.68 4 557.4 *528.6 *531.5 * 489.1 4 389.5 4 485.3 4 516.7 4 464.3 4 447.9 4465.5 4 420.7 39.0 39.0 41.0 40.0 40.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 40.0 40.0 41.0 1.26 414.30 1.17 413.60 1.12 413.00 1.11 412.20 .88 49.70 1.13 412.40 1.43 412.90 1.03 411.30 1.02 411.20 1.06 411.60 .93 410.30 .32 .34 .36 .36 .45 .35 .28 .39 .39 .38 .43 44.6 4487.1 40.1 1.11 412.20 .36 *3.28 49.3 45.7 45.8 44.5 35.3 44.1 57.0 42.2 40.7 42.3 38.3 1.36 415.00 $0.29 *$2.67 1.48 416.20 .27 82.47 1.47 416.10 .27 62.48 1.35 414.80 .30 * 2.70 1.21 413.30 .33 4 3.01 1.41 415.60 .28 *2.56 1.23 413.90 .33 5 2.88 5 2.80 *2.94 *3.08 *3.28 *4.12 *3.23 *3.10 *3.54 *3.57 *3.45 *3.88 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (April)___ ____ ______ 2,000 4 22,000 70.0 28.6 4 314.3 39.8 No. 4 (October)___________ 1,010 411,101 735 4 8,114 30.0 20.0 33.7 4 370.0 36.7 4405.7 42.0 41.0 .80 4 8.80 .90 4 9.90 .50 *4.55 .44 *4.04 Total.................................. 1,745 419,215 50.0 34.9 *384.3 41.6 .84 49.20 .48 *4.35 0.72 4 7.90 $0.56 *$5.06 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay)................J........ Total................... ............... No. 6 (September)................ Total................................ 1,390 1,240 1,400 1,100 415,316 413,715 414,463 410,083 37.0 30.0 32.0 23.0 5,130 4 53,577 122.0 37.6 41.3 43.8 47.8 4413.9 4 457.2 4452.0 4 438.4 41.0 39.0 43.0 39.0 0.92 410.10 $0.43 *$3.96 1.06 411.70 .38 *3.42 1.02 410.50 .39 *3.81 1.22 411.20 .33 *3.57 42.0 4 439.2 40.7 1.03 410.80 .39 *3.70 41.5 41.1 44.0 37.8 4457.3 4454.1 *485.1 *415.9 40.0 39.0 43.0 43.0 1.04 411.40 1.05 *11.60 1.02 *11.30 .88 *9.70 .38 .38 .39 .45 41.2 *453.9 41.1 1.00 *11.00 .40 *3.64 4 12,348 416,346 414,552 411,230 27.0 36.0 30.0 27.0 4,940 454,476 120.0 5,737 5,737 153.0 37.5 37.5 31.9 1.18 1.18 $0.34 $0.34 851 1,276 1,875 450 510 775 851 1,276 1,875 450 510 775 21.0 37.0 51.5 10.0 11.0 22.5 40.5 34.5 36.4 45.0 46.4 34.4 40.5 34.5 36.4 45.0 46.4 34.4 35.2 27.8 32.9 34.2 32.3 32.2 1.15 1.24 1.11 1.32 1.44 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.11 1.32 1.44 1.07 1,120 1,480 1,320 1,020 *3.51 *3.45 *3.54 *4.12 Sulphur Line No. 12: Total, 6 ships........................ No. No. No. No. No. No. 1 (June)_____ _________ 2 (August)____________ 3 (September)_________ 4 (October)___________ 5 (October)................... 6 (November)................ * Bags. 5 Per 100 bags. .35 .32 .36 .30 .28 .37 • Data, except totals, are for daily or batch productivity and costs. .35 .32 .36 .30 .28 .37 302 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 56.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Output per Aver Output per Average cost man-hour labor gang-hour age per— num ber of men Long Rev per Long Rev Long Rev enue enue tons tons gang tons enue ton tons ton C otton Line No. 13: Total, 18 ships....................... 22,663 7 102,064 1,214.5 18.7 7 84.0 27.2 0.69 7 3.10 $0.72 7$0.16 Ships with m axim um efficiency 1,611 1,134 7 7,250 7 5,102 55.5 57.5 29.0 7 130.6 19.7 788.7 30.9 24.6 0.94 7 4. 20 $0.53 7 $0.12 .80 7 3.60 .63 7.14 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January)................... No. 4 (January)................... 560 840 7 2,521 7 3,779 54.0 55.0 10.4 7 46.7 15.3 768.7 30.0 26.0 05 ©_________ No. 1 (October). No. 2 (March). _ 0.35 $1.43 7 $0.31 .59 7 2.60 .85 7.19 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)... No. 6 (March). Line No. 14: Total, 13 ships.. 890 1,525 74,010 76,861 49.5 88.0 18.0 7 81.0 17.3 7 78.0 26.1 24.8 0.69 7 3.10 $0.72 7 $0.16 .71 7.16 .70 7 3.10 15,147 7 67,326 895.5 16.9 7 75.2 26.4 0.64 7 2.8 $0.78 7$0.18 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (January)___ No. 2 (November) _ 845 897 7 3,480 7 4,034 41.0 42.5 20.6 7 84.9 21.1 794.9 22.8 28.0 0.91 73.70 $0.55 7$0.14 .75 7 3.40 .67 7.15 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (August)... No. 4 (January). 1, 1,464 75,682 76,589 85.0 103.5 14.9 766.8 14.1 7 63.7 28.0 25.3 0.53 7 2.40 $0.94 7 $0.21 .56 7 2.50 .89 7.20 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March) . No. 6 (July)___ 1,633 703 7 7,189 7 3,163 104.5 40.5 5,355 5,355 711.5 15.6 768.8 17.4 7 78.1 24.2 27.0 0.64 7 2.80 $0.78 7 $0.18 .64 7 2.90 .78 7.17 7.5 23.1 0.33 L umber Line No. 15: Total, 14 ships. 7.5 0.33 $1.52 $1.52 Ships with m aximum efficiency . 1 (N ovem ber)............. .2 (November).............. 240 601 240 601 23.5 70.5 10.2 8.5 10.2 8.5 22.0 19.0 0.46 .45 0.46 $1.09 $1.09 .45 1.11 1.11 Ships with m im im um efficiency No. 3 (January). No. 4 (April)___ 185 340 185 340 36.5 52.0 5.1 6.5 5.1 6.5 28.0 28.0 0.18 .23 0.18 $2.78 $2.78 .23 2.17 2.17 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay). No. 6 (M ay). 7Bales, 266 583 266 583 37.0 79.0 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.4 22.5 23.7 0.32 .31 0.32 $1.56 $1.56 .31 1.61 1.61 Savannah (1927) T a b le 57..—PRODU CTIVITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E AN D IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num ber of men Long Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue enue tons enue tons gang tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Ganghours Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1............................... . Loading cargo: Europe— No. 2.......................... No. 3.......................... No. 4........ ................. Orient—No. 5................... 15,236 15,236 730.0 20.9 20.9 26.9 0.78 0.78 $0.58 $0.58 23,966 24,288 33,365 19,807 23,966 24,288 33,365 19,807 1,342.0 1,393.5 2,330.5 835.0 17.9 17.4 14.3 23.7 17.9 17.4 14.3 23.7 21.0 21.8 21.4 20.7 .85 .80 .67 1.15 .85 .80 .67 1.15 .53 .63 .67 .39 .53 .63 .67 .39 Coastwise trade 3 Discharging cargo: No. 6................ No. 7................ Loading cargo: No. 8................ No. 9................ 3 270,942 3 122,747 <330,152.0 <163,055.0 3 0 .8 2 3 .7 5 3$0.49 3.53 3297,396 < 185,695.0 3 82,664 <86,176.0 3 1. 3 .9 6 3 .2 5 3 .4 2 Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: 2,682 Burlap—No. 10........... 21,357 21,357 Fertilizer—No. 11....... Nitrate of soda—No. 12.. 49,260 49,260 Raw sugar—No. 13....... . 122,407 122,407 Refined sugar—No. 14... 9,705 9,705 Loading cargo: Cotton 5— No. 15..................... . 28,318 « 125,645 No. 16..................... . 22,350 « 100,483 No. 17...................... 33,015 « 148,569 88.5 646.0 920.5 2,162.5 274.0 30.5 33.1 53.5 56.6 35.4 30.5 33.1 53.5 56.6 35.4 41.5 39.1 57.0 33.0 43.8 1,255.8 915.5 1,651.0 22.5 • 100.1 24.4 • 109.8 20.0 6 90.0 28.9 32.0 30.3 1 Wage rate: 45 cents per hour, except for cotton and lumber. 2 Wage rate: 40 cents per hour. 3 Short tons. 0.73 .85 .94 1.72 .81 0.73 $0.62 $0.62 .85 .53 .53 .94 .48 .4 8 1.72 .26 .26 .81 .56 .56 .78 ®3.50 .76 ®3.40 .66 6 3.00 .64 «.14 .66 • . 15 .76 6.17 < Man-hours. 5 Wage rate: 50 cents per hour. 6 Bales. 303 304 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 5 8 — P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COSTS IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E Discharging cargo: Europe Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Output per Aver Output per Average labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue ton nue tons tons tons ton L ine N o . 1 Total, 15 ships_________________ »15,236 15,236 730.0 20.9 20.9 26.9 0.78 0.78 $0.58 $0.58 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April): Saltpeter (bags)____________ General cargo______________ 1,071 260 1,071 260 Total____________________ 1,331 1,331 No. 2 (October): Fertilizer. ________________ General cargo______________ 1,376 419 1,376 419 Total____________________ 1,795 1,795 46.5 28.6 28.6 27.7 1.03 1.03 $0.44 $0.44 60.0 29.9 29.9 28.8 1.04 1.04 .43 .43 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (July): Structural steel_____________ General cargo______________ 765 316 765 316 T otal-_ ________________ 1,081 1,081 No. 4 (September): Fertilizer ________________ Burlap _______________ General cargo______________ 1,260 198 71 1,260 198 71 T otal.____ _______ _______ 1,529 1,529 84.0 12.9 12.9 21.5 0.60 96.0 15.9 15.9 25.4 .63 0.60 $0.75 $0.75 .63 .71 .71 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Cement- _________________ General cargo 848 356 848 356 __________ _____ 1,204 1,204 No. 6 (October): Fertilizer _ . __________ Saltpeter _ _ Sulphate of ammonia (bulk)__ General cargo 1,362 985 268 160 1,362 985 268 160 2,775 2,775 T otal-- Total_____ ______________ 53.5 22.5 22.5 29.1 0.77 133.0 20.9 20.9 27.0 .77 17.9 21.0 0.85 0.77 $0.58 $0.58 .77 .58 .58 Loading cargo: Europe L in e N o . 2 Total, 23 ships............................... 2 23,966 23,966 1,342.0 17.9 0.85 $0.53 $0.53 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (March): Rosin and tur pentine (barrels)-------------------No. 2 (October): Rosin and tur pentine (barrels)_____________ 383 383 12.0 31.9 31.9 24.6 1.30 1.30 $0.35 $0.35 289 289 11.5 25.1 25.1 20.8 1.21 1.21 .37 .37 1 Principal commodity: Fertilizer, 10,113 tons. 2 Principal commodities: Rosin and turpentine, 10,232 long tons; lumber and lumber products, 5,618 long tons; cottonseed meal and cake, 3,236 long tons. F ig u r e 46.— l o a d in g naval st o r e s in S avannah 305 SAVANNAH (1927) T a b le 5 8 .—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COSTS IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons ton nue tons tons ton Skips with m inim um efficiency L in e N o. 2—Continued No. 3 (February): Staves---------- 856 856 No. 4 (June): Rosin and turpentine (bar rels) _________________ Hardwood_________________ General cargo______________ 516 256 89 516 256 89 Total................... ............... 861 861 70.0 12.2 12.2 23.7 0.52 66.0 13.0 13.0 22.0 .59 0.52 $0.87 $0.87 .59 .76 .76 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (April): Rosin and turpentine (bar __ rels) Oyster shells _____ General cargo __ 203 325 157 203 325 157 Total------------------------------ 685 685 32.0 21.4 21.4 24.2 0.89 No. 6 (October): Rosin and tur pentine (barrels)-------------------- 519 519 27.0 19.2 19.2 22.1 .87 17.4 17.4 21.8 0.80 26.7 3119.0 9.2 9.2 23.1 4103.7 21.4 21.4 15.6 15.6 30.0 17.2 21.6 16.7 21.4 .89 33.97 .54 .54 1.07 4 4.80 1.28 1.28 .73 .73 0.89 $0.51 $0.51 .87 .52 .52 L ine N o . 3 Total, 11 ships______ _____ _____ Cotton__________ ________— Lumber and logs.................... Rosin and turpentine_______ Cottonseed meal and oil cake. General cargo--------- ------------ 24,288 24,288 1,393.5 10,987 348,983 5,933 5,933 5,003 4 22,458 1,702 1,702 663 663 411.5 643.5 216.5 79.5 42.5 0.80 $0.63 $0.63 .56 3.13 .93 .93 .42 4. 09 .35 .35 .62 .62 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Cotton................................. . Rosin--------------------- --------- Cottonseed cakes.................. Logs and lumber.......... ......... General cargo-----------------Total-----------------------------No. 2 (June): Cotton---------------- --------— Rosin and turpentine----------Lumber............................ — T o ta l-................................. 25.2 3110.4 23.5 4108.5 22.0 22.0 14.2 14.2 7.6 7.6 30.3 22.2 16.3 21.3 18.0 22.5 22.5 23.1 49.0 10.5 15.0 25.8 3113.7 28.4 4131.0 12.5 12.5 28.3 20.3 15.1 74.5 23.5 24.5 1,200 3 5,244 388 4 1,790 1,001 1,001 135 135 19 19 47.5 16.5 45.5 9.5 2.5 2,743 121.5 1,264 3 5,570 298 41,375 188 188 1,750 2,743 1,750 23.5 0.83 33.60 $0.60 3$0.14 1.05 44.90 .43 4.09 .34 1.32 1.32 .34 .76 .66 .76 .66 .42 .42 1.07 1.07 .97 .97 .91 34.00 1.40 4 6.50 .83 .83 .96 .96 .52 .52 .55 3.13 .32 4.07 .60 .60 .52 .52 with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (April-May): Cotton--------------------Rosin and turpentine _ Lumber------------------- 708 33,184 225 41,040 450 450 34.0 10.5 59.0 Total........................ 1,383 103.5 No. 4 (July): Rosin and turpentine.. Lumber_____________ General cargo_______ 842 43,825 576 576 19 19 44.5 74.0 1.5 1,437 120.0 1,437 Total------ ------------- 3Bales. 20.8 3 93. 21.4 499.0 7.6 7.6 13.4 32.0 20.0 17.2 13.4 22.3 18.9 4 86.0 7.8 7.8 12.7 12.7 24.5 17.1 12.0 19.9 12.0 0.65 3 2.90 $0.77 $0.17 .42 4.09 1.07 4 5.00 .44 .44 1.14 1.14 .60 .60 43.50 .46 20.0 4 Barrels. .60 .60 .83 .83 .58 4.13 1.09 1.09 .71 .71 .83 .83 306 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 58.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COSTS IN HAN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN T R AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost man-hour gang-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue Long tons tons ton nue tons tons ton L ine N o. 3—Continued No. 5 (January): Cotton____________________ T.nmber Cottonseed meal___________ General cargo______________ Ships with average efficiency 1,488 3 6,697 502 503 251 251 107 107 1.22 3 5.50 $0.41 8$0.09 .42 .42 1.19 1.19 1.14 1.14 .39 .39 .56 .56 .80 .80 38.2 3171.7 6.3 6.3 20.9 20.9 11.3 11.3 31.3 14.9 18.3 20.0 16.9 16.9 20.2 25.7 3114.3 24.4 4111.1 9.6 9.6 18.2 18.2 19.3 19.3 31.0 23.7 22.3 15.2 23.7 21.9 21.9 26.4 .76 14.3 21.4 0.67 Cotton____________________ 7,910 8 35,592 414.0 19.1 386.0 13.3 General cargo______________ 825,455 25,455 1,916.5 13.3 30.0 19.7 Total...... ......... ............ ...... No. 6 (February): Cotton____________________ Rosin_____________________ Tiiimhpr ... _ Cottonseed meal___________ General cargo______________ Total ________ ___________ 2,348 39.0 79.5 12.0 9.5 2,348 140.0 1,543 86,858 330 41,500 320 320 100 100 222 222 60.0 13.5 33.5 5.5 12.5 2,515 125.0 2,515 .83 .83 .60 .60 .83 8 3.70 1.03 44.70 .43 .43 1.19 1.19 .75 .75 .60 .44 1.16 .38 .60 3.14 4. 15 1.16 .38 .60 .66 .66 .76 L ine N o. 4 Total, 15 ships_____ ___________ 33,365 33,365 2,330.5 14.3 0.67 $0.67 $0.67 .64 3 2.90 .68 .68 .78 .66 3.17 .66 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January): Cotton____________ ____ ___ Rosin and t u r p e n t i n e (barrels)_________________ Paper_____________________ 11.0 25.2 3113.3 30.0 0.84 3 3.80 $0.60 i$0.13 1,136 114 1,136 } 114 65.5 19.1 19.1 17.7 1.08 1.08 .42 .42 Total........... ........................ 1,527 1,527 76.5 20.0 20.0 19.4 1.03 1.03 .44 .44 No. 2 (June): Rosin and t u r p e n t i n e (barrels) Logs and lumber___________ General cargo______________ 1,703 307 50 1,703 307 50 2,060 2,060 98.5 20.9 20.9 23.3 .90 .90 .50 .50 Total.................................. 277 31,246 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (December): Cotton____________________ Rosin and t u r p e n t i n e (barrels)......... .................... Logs______________________ General cargo__ ___ —______ 1,229 722 33 1,229 1 722 y 204.0 33 2,300 316 81,420 18.0 222.0 17.6 3 78.9 30.0 0.59 3 2.60 $0.85 8$0.19 9.7 9.7 19.1 .51 .51 .88 .88 10.4 10.4 20.0 .52 .52 .87 .87 Total................... ................ 2,300 No. 4 (May): Cotton____________________ Rosin and t u r p e n t i n e (barrels)_________________ Lumber and logs___________ 14.5 3 65.4 30.0 .48 3 2.20 1.04 3.23 1,357 524 1,357 } 524 186.0 10.1 10.1 21.1 .48 .48 .94 .94 Total.................................... 2,106 2,106 201.5 10.5 10.5 21.8 .48 .48 .94 .94 225 31,014 15.5 8 Bales. 4 Barrels. 8 Principal commodities: Rosin and turpentine, 17,614 tons; lumber and logs, 6,318 tons. 307 SAVANNAH (1927) T a b le 58.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long tons tons gang tons tons ton nue ton Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Long tons Reve nue tons Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 4— Continued No. 5: Rosin and t u r p e n t i n e (barrels)_____________ ___ Cottonseed meal___________ General cargo............ ............. 1,575 201 96 1,575 201 96 Total____________ _______ 1,872 1,872 160.0 11.7 11.7 17.7 1,934 3 8,701 No. 6 (November): Cotton____________________ Rosin and t u r p e n t i n e (barrels)________ _______ Logs............ ........................... General cargo______________ Total____________________ 0.66 0.66 $0.68 $0.68 107.5 18.0 3 80.9 30.0 .60 3 2.70 .83 *.19 1,149 660 129 1,149 1 660 129 144.0 13.5 13.5 16.8 .80 .80 .56 .56 3,872 3,872 251.5 15.4 15.4 22.4 .69 .69 .65 .65 > Loading cargo: Orient L in e No. 5 Total, 13 ships...... .....................— Rosin and turpentine............. General cargo.......................... 19,807 19,807 835.0 23.7 23.7 20.7 1.15 15,868 <74,484 3,939 3,939 593.5 241.5 26.7 <125.5 16.3 16.3 21.5 18.9 1.24 <5.80 .87 .87 1.15 $0.39 $0.39 .36 .51 <.08 .51 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (September): Rosin and turpentine.................................. No. 2 (October): Rosin and tur pentine....................................... 3,466 < 16,274 97.5 35.5 <166.9 20.8 1.71 <8.00 $0.26 <$0.06 3,768 <17,684 112.0 33.6 <157.9 19.1 1.76 <8.30 .26 <.05 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (July): Rosin and turpen tine............................................. 816 <3,830 47.0 17.4 <81.5 23.0 No. 4 (December): Rosin and turpentine............. Lumber................................... 270 1,148 <1,219 1,148 13.0 99.5 20.8 <93.8 11.5 11.5 22.6 16.4 .92 <4.20 .70 .70 .49 .64 <.11 .64 Total.................................... 1,418 1,418 112.5 12.6 17.2 .73 .62 .62 12.6 0.75 <3.50 $0.60 <$0.13 .73 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May): Rosin and turpen tine............................................. No. 6 (May-June): Rosin and turpentine.................................. 933 <4,381 37.0 25.2 <118.4 23.0 1.10 <5.10 $0.41 <$0.09 2,916 <13,690 114.0 25.6 <120.0 21.0 1.22 <5.70 8Bales. <Barrels. .37 <.08 308 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 59.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN COASTW ISE TRAD E Discharging cargo Week ending— Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons 0 Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) Labor cost per reve nue ton1 Week ending- Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons 0 Other weeks L in e N o . 6 Total, 229 ships.. 270,942 330,152.0 0.82 $0.49 Weeks with m aximum efficiency Dec. 21, 3 ships. 1,685 1,500 2,069 1,828.5 1,602.5 2,378.5 Total....... 5,254 5,809.5 .90 .44 788 1,096 873 985 1,180 529 873 807.0 1,322.0 1,063.5 1,115.5 1,283.5 518.0 1,010.0 .98 .83 .82 .88 .92 1.02 .86 .41 .48 .49 .45 .43 .39 .47 6,324 7,119.5 .89 .45 Apr. 30,7 ships.. Total- 0.92 .94 .87 $0.43 .43 .46 Weeks with m inim um efficiency Oct. 31, 5 ships___ 1,994 2,420 2,082 2,093 1,985 2,835.0 3,488. 5 2,828. 5 2,953.0 2,852.0 Total_____ 10, 574 14,957.0 .71 .56 Nov. 7, 3 ships. _ 1,887 1,588 1, 710 2,684.0 2, 232.0 2,301.0 .70 .71 .74 .57 .56 .54 5,185 7, 217.0 .72 .56 Total- Manhours Out put Labor per cost man- per hour reve (reve nue nue t o n 1 tons1) 0.70 .69 .74 .71 .70 $0.57 .58 .54 .56 .57 Weeks with average efficiency L in e N o. 6—Con. 6,211 Jan. 7, 5 ships____ Jan. 14, 5 ships___ 6,915 7,394 Jan. 21, 5 ships___ Jan. 31, 7 ships___ 10,620 Feb. 7, 5 ships___ 7,957 6,932 Feb. 14, 5 ships__ Feb. 21, 5 ships___ 5,777 5,704 Feb. 28, 5 ships__ Mar. 7, 5 ships___ 5,449 3,920 Mar. 14, 3 ships. .. Apr. 7, 5 ships___ 5,767 4,719 Apr. 14, 5 ships__ 3,820 Apr. 21, 4 ships__ 3,582 May 7, 4 ships___ May 14, 4 ships.... 3,581 May 21, 6 ships.__ 5,774 May 31, 7 ships.... 6,322 3,482 June 7, 4 ships___ 4,651 June 14, 5 ships__ June 21, 5 ships.... 4,045 June 30, 6 ships.... 6,037 July 7, 5 ships____ 4,178 July 14, 5 ships___ 4,201 3,945 July 21, 5 ships___ July 31, 7 ships___ 6,507 4,137 Aug. 7, 5 ships___ 4,952 Aug. 14, 5 ships— 4,928 Aug. 21, 5 ships__ 6,308 Aug. 31, 6 ships__ 5,127 Sept. 7, 5 ships___ 4,649 Sept. 14, 4 ships. 6,919 Sept. 21, 5 ships. Sept. 30, 7 ships... 7,628 5,266 Oct. 7, 5 ships____ 6,834 Oct. 14, 5 ships___ 3,154 Oct. 21, 2 ships___ 4,987 Nov. 14, 3 ships. Nov. 21, 3 ships. .. 4,876 Nov. 30, 3 ships. .. 4,361 Dec. 7, 3 ships____ 4,780 Dec. 14, 3 ships___ 5,425 Dec. 31, 4 ships___ 8,238 7,100.5 8,883.5 9,276.0 13,608.0 9,588.5 9,231.0 7,215.0 7,105.0 7,090.0 4,977.0 6,628.5 5,350.5 4,348.0 4,250.0 4,195.5 6,627.0 7,353.5 4,097.0 5,443.5 4,592.5 7,176.0 4,972.0 4,923.5 4,661.5 7,634.0 5,272.0 5,814.0 6,041.0 7,539.0 6,233.5 5,245.5 8,359.5 9,010.5 6,472.0 8,779.5 4,343.0 6,492.0 6,063.0 5,391.0 5,825.5 6,122.5 9,252.0 0.87 .78 .80 .78 .83 .75 .80 .80 .77 .79 .87 .88 .88 .84 .85 .87 .86 .85 .85 .88 .84 .84 .85 .85 .85 .78 .85 .82 .84 .82 .89 .83 .85 .81 .78 .73 .77 .80 .81 .82 .89 .89 $0.46 .51 .50 .51 .48 .53 .50 .50 .52 .51 .46 .45 .45 .48 .47 .46 .47 .47 .47 .45 .48 .48 .47 .47 .47 .51 .47 .49 .48 .49 .45 .48 .47 .49 .51 .55 .52 .50 .49 .49 .45 .45 Total, 212 ships.... 122,747 163,055.0 0.75 $0.53 L ine N o. 7 2,222 1,475 1,300 1,151 1,331 1,058 3,130.5 1,714.5 1,432.5 1,326.0 1,364.5 1,380.5 Total........ 8,537 10,348.5 .82 .49 Mar. 31, 5 ships _ 1,276 722 1,068 882 1,061 1,549.0 734.5 1,372.5 1,340.5 1,121.0 .82 .98 .78 .66 .95 .49 .41 .51 .61 .42 5,009 6,117.5 .82 .49 Mar. 21,6 ships. _. Total.. 1 Short tons. 0.71 .86 .91 .87 .98 .77 $0.56 .47 .44 .46 .41 .52 Weeks with m axim um efficiency Feb. 7, 4 ships.. Total....... Nov. 7, 4 ships. Total.. 604 1,260 657 704 3,215 484 822 572 631 2,509 830.0 808.0 943.0 957.0 3,628.0 600.0 1,000.0 700.0 850.0 3,15tt 0 0.73 1.39 .70 .74 .89 .81 .82 .82 .74 .80 $0.55 .29 .57 .54 .45 .49 .49 .49 .54 .50 309 SAVANNAH (1927) T a b le 59.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN COASTWISE TBADE—Continued Discharging cargo—Continued Week ending— Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons!) Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) Labor cost per reve nue ton1 Week ending— Weeks with m inim u m efficiency Total____ Feb. 14, 4 ships----- Total.. 750 776 467 796 1,220.0 900.0 750.0 1,200.0 2,789 4,070.0 578 801 552 778 820.0 1,100.0 920.0 1,100.0 2,709 3,940.0 0.61 .86 .62 $0.66 .70 .73 .60 .71 .57 .55 .67 .56 .47 .65 .61 .58 .58 Weeks with average efficiency Jan. 14, 4 ships----- Total___ July 7, 4 ships. Total.. 446 475 423 700.0 650.0 525.0 800.0 0.64 .73 .81 .83 $0.63 .55 .49 2,010 2,675.0 .75 .53 444 442 521 770.0 600.0 600.0 700.0 .77 .74 .74 .74 .52 .54 .54 .54 2,001 2,670.0 .75 .53 Other weeks Jan. 7, 4 ships— Jan. 31, 6 ships. _ Feb. 21, 4 ships. _ Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) Labor cost per reve nue to n 1 Other weeks—Continued L in e No. 7—Con. L in e N o . 7— Con. Jan. 21, 4 ships----- Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons l) 2,012 3,485 2,338 2.731.0 4.710.0 3.030.0 0.74 .74 .77 $0.54 .54 .52 Feb. 28, 4 ships___ 2,652 Mar. 7, 4 ships 2,535 Mar. 14, 4 ships__ 2,573 Mar. 21, 5 ships. __ 2,553 Mar. 31, 5 ships__ 2,613 Apr. 7, 4 ships 2,243 Apr. 14, 4 ships___ 2,113 Apr. 21, 4 ships___ 2,371 Apr. 30, 6 ships----- 2,784 May 7, 4 ships... 2,405 May 14, 4 ships___ 1,783 May 21,4 ships___ 2,030 May 31, 6 ships___ 3,341 June 7, 4 ships------ 1,921 June 14, 4 ships___ 1,819 June 21, 4 ships___ 2,138 June 30,4 ships___ 2,161 July 14, 4 ships___ 1,741 July 21, 4 ships___ 2,254 July 31, 6 ships----- 3,140 Aug. 7, 4 ships___ 2,352 Aug. 14, 4 ships---- 2,175 Aug. 21, 4 ships---- 2,146 Aug. 31, 7 ships___ 3,914 Sept. 7, 4 ships----- 2,993 Sept. 14, 4 ships.__ 2,584 Sept. 21, 4 ships. __ 3,093 Sept. 30, 5 ships. __ 4,340 Oct. 7, 4 ships........ 3,455 Oct. 14, 4 ships___ 2,343 Oct. 21, 4 ships___ 2,190 Oct. 31, 6 ships___ 3,912 Nov. 14, 4 ships. __ 2,651 Nov. 21, 5 ships__ 2.479 Nov. 30, 5 ships__ 2,720 Dec. 7, 4 ships....... 2,082 Dec. 14, 4 ships___ 2,617 Dec. 21, 4 ships___ 2,209 Dec. 31, 6 ships___ 2,254 3,621.0 3,448.0 3,710.0 3,468.0 3,667.0 3,251.0 2,700.0 3,210.0 3,595.0 3,150.0 2,341.0 2,630.0 4,322.0 2,455.0 2,450.0 2,760.0 3,010.0 2,350.0 3,050.0 4,100.0 3,050.0 2,893.0 2,858.0 5,335.0 3,900.0 3,456.0 3,998.0 5,592.0 4,680.0 3,168.0 2,788.0 5,000.0 3,450.0 3, 200. 0 3,700.0 2,800. 0 3,350.0 2,920.0 3, 025. 0 0.73 .74 .69 .74 .71 .69 .78 .74 .77 .76 .76 .77 .77 .78 .74 .77 .72 .74 .74 .77 .77 .75 .75 .73 .77 ,75 .77 .78 .74 .74 .79 .78 .77 .77 .74 .74 .78 .76 .75 $0.55 .54 .58 .54 .56 .58 .51 .54 .52 .53 .53 .52 .52 .51 .54 .52 .56 .54 .54 .52 .52 .53 .53 .55 .52 .53 .52 .51 .54 .54 .51 .51 .52 .52 .54 .54 .51 .53 .53 Loading cargo L in e No. 8 Total, 228 ships— 297,396 185,695.0 1.60 $0.25 Weeks with m aximum efficiency July 14, 5 ships----- Total............ July 21, 5 ships___ Total............ 915 659 1,147 603 1,724 5,048 864 1,232 1,149 869 1,305 5,419 i Short tons. 477.0 290.0 620.0 285.0 807.0 2,479.0 491.5 563.5 528.0 418.0 692.0 2,693.0 1.92 2.27 1.85 2.12 2.14 2.04 1.76 2.19 2.18 2.08 1.89 2.01 $0.21 .18 .22 .19 .19 .20 .23 .18 .18 .19 .21 .20 L in e N o. 8—Con. Feb. 21,5 ships___ Total T lyT-- P 95Wsnips___ Mar. 7, Total............ Weeks with m inim um efficiency 1,559 1,675 1,956 1,546 2,141 1,253.0 1,407.0 1,463.5 1,106.0 1,733.0 1.24 1.19 1.34 1.40 1.24 $0.32 .34 .30 .29 .32 8,877 6,962. 5 1.27 .31 910 1,171 2,022 1,442 1,254 614.5 1,057. 5 1,570.0 1,216; 5 782.5 1.48 1.11 1.29 1.19 1.60 .27 .36 .31 .34 .25 6,799 5,241.0 1.30 .31 310 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 59.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN COASTW ISE TR AD E-C ontinued Loading cargo— Continued Week ending— Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons!) Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) Labor cost per reve nue ton1 Weeks with average efficiency L in e N o . 8—Con. Apr. 30, 7 ships----- Total— Oct.31, 5 ships. Total.. 1.63 1.62 1.46 $0.25 .25 .27 .18 .27 .25 .22 968 1,528 2,029 790 1,929 1,192 1,290 592.5 942.0 1.388.0 358.0 1.288.0 739.0 724.0 9,726 6,031.5 1.61 .25 1,508 1,381 2,220 1,139 1,304 941.0 933.0 1,352.0 723.0 801.0 1.60 1.48 1.64 1,58 1.63 .25 .27 .24 .25 .25 7,552 4,750.0 1.5 .25 8,297 Jan. 7, 5 ships-----9,104 Jan. 14, 5 ships— 6,717 Jan. 21, 4 ships___ Jan. 31, 7 ships---- 11,503 7,315 Feb. 7, 5 ships----7,652 Feb. 14, 5 ships— Feb. 28, 5 ships.... 6,014 5.932 Mar. 14, 4 ships... 8,464 Mar. 21, 6 ships... 7,078 Mar. 31, 5 ships... 8,262 Apr. 7, 4 ships----Apr. 14, 5 ships.... 6,339 5,088 Apr. 21,4 ships... 5,384 M ay 7,4 ships___ 4,940 May 14,4 ships... 6,753 M ay 21, 6 ships... 7.933 May 31,7 ships... 5.223 June 7,4 ships___ 6,299 June 14,5 ships... 5,956 June 21,6 ships.... 7,756 June 30,6 ships.... 4,921 July 1, 5 ships----6,798 July 31,7 ships... 5,135 Aug. 7, 5 ships----4,284 Aug. 14,5 ships... 4,356 Aug. 21,5 ships... 5,380 Aug. 31, 6 ships... 5,336 Sept. 7, 5 ships___ 4,860 Sept. 14, 5 ships.. Sept. 21,5 ships__ 4,288 7,598 Sept. 30,7 ships. . 4,484 Oct. 7, 5 ships----6.869 Oct. 14, 4 ships... 3,402 Oct. 21, 2 ships.. . 4,318 Nov. 7, 3 ships___ 4.224 Nov. 14, 3 ships__ 4,503 Nov. 21, 3 ships__ 4,149 Nov. 30, 3 ships__ 4,930 Dec. 7, 3 ships___ 5,098 Dec. 14, 3 ships.. . 5,164 Dec. 21, 3 ships... 5.869 Dec. 31, 4 ships... Week ending— 2.21 1.50 1.61 1.78 5.977.0 6.019.0 4.440.5 8.351.0 5.003.0 5.375.5 4.428.0 4,03a 5 5.482.0 4.256.0 5.602.0 3.829.0 3.331.5 3.777.5 3.305.5 3.665.0 4.910.5 3.019.0 3.729.0 3.433.0 4.743.0 2.881.5 3.768.0 2.612.0 2.442.0 2.225.0 2.860.0 3.072.0 2.570.0 2.313.0 3.838.5 2.424.0 4.876.5 2.303.0 2.550.5 2.490.0 2,984. 5 2.201.0 2.909.0 2,917. 5 2.984.0 3.600.5 1.39 $0.29 1.51 .26 1.51 .26 .29 1.38 .27 1.46 1.42 .28 .29 1.36 .27 1.47 1.54 .26 1.66 .24 1.47 .27 1.66 .24 1.53 .26 1.43 .28 1.49 .27 1.84 .22 1.62 .25 1.73 .23 1.69 .24 1.73 .23 1.64 .24 1.71 .23 1.80 .22 1.97 .20 1.75 .23 1.96 .20 1.88 .21 1.74 .23 .21 1.89 1.85 .22 1.98 .20 .22 1.85 1.41 .28 1.48 .27 1.69 .24 .24 1.70 1.51 .26 1.89 .21 1.69 .24 1.75 .23 1.73 .23 1.63 .25 Manhours Out put Labor per cost man- per hour reve (reve nue nue to n 1 tons1) L in e No. 9 Total, 211 ships___ 82,664 Other weeks 1 Short tons. Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons 0 86,176.0 0.96 $0.42 Weeks with m aximum efficiency Nov. 7, 4 ships 931 135 598 222 900.0 110.0 500.0 220.0 1.03 1.23 1.20 1.01 $0.39 .33 .33 .40 Total............ 1,886 1,730.0 1.09 .37 Dec. 31,6 ships___ 567 187 87 158 133 116 565.0 185.0 60.0 55.0 133.0 115.0 1.00 1.01 .97 2.87 1.00 1.01 .40 .40 .41 .14 .40 .40 1,248 1,143.0 1.09 .37 Total Weeks w ith m in im u m efficiency Jan. 21, 4 ships___ 462 600 367 367 600.0 650.0 500.0 504.0 0.77 .92 .73 .73 $0.52 .43 .55 .55 Total______ 1,796 2,254.0 .80 .50 Feb. 28, 3 ships___ 536 288 244 703.0 297.0 244.0 .76 .97 1.00 .53 .41 .40 1,068 1,244.0 .86 .47 Total. . . Weeks with average efficiency Sept. 14, 4 ships .. T otal........... 125 566 151 791 125.0 565.0 160.0 850.0 1.00 1.00 .94 .93 $0.40 .40 .43 .43 1,633 1,700.0 .96 .42 . 273 690 293 1,068 273.0 697.0 317.0 1,131.0 1.00 ,C9 .92 .94 .40 .40 .43 .43 T o ta l........... 2,324 2,418.0 .96 .42 Sept. 21, 4 ships Other weeks Jan. 7, 5 ships____ Jan. 14, 4 ships 1,978 ' 2,219.0 0.89 1,324 I 1,474.0 1 .90 $0.45 .44 311 SAVANNAH (1927) T a b l e 59.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN COASTW ISE TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Week ending— Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons 0 Manhours Out put per manhour (reve nue tons1) Labor cost per reve nue ton1 Week ending— Other weeks—Continued Manhours Out put Labor per cost man- per hour reve (reve nue nue ton i tons1) Other weeks—Continued L ine No. 9—Con. L ine No. 9—Con. Jan. 31, 4 ships___ Feb. 7, 4 ships Feb. 14, 4 ships___ Feb. 21, 4 ships___ Mar. 7, 3 ships___ Mar. 14, 4 ships___ Mar. 21, 4 ships___ Mar. 31, 6 ships— Apr. 7, 5 ships Apr. 14, 5 ships___ Apr. 21, 5 ships___ Apr. 30, 6 ships___ May 7, 5 ships May 14, 5 ships___ May 21, 4 ships___ May 31, 5 ships___ June 7, 4 ships. . June 14, 4 ships___ June 21, 4 ships___ June 30, 5 ships___ Cargo tonnage (reve nue tons l) 1,460 2,188 1,322 1,768 1,320 1,472 1,347 2,412 2,345 1,440 1,690 1,909 1,590 1,714 1,423 1,901 1,166 1,647 1,443 1,696 1,549.0 2,371.0 1,605.0 1,971.0 1,443.0 1,670.0 1,485.0 2,698.0 2,601.0 1,598.0 1,749.0 2,003.0 1,610.0 1,745.0 1,425.0 2,111.0 1,184.0 1,532.0 1,556.0 1,592.0 0.94 .92 .88 .90 .91 .88 .91 .89 .94 .90 .97 .95 .99 .98 1.00 .90 .98 1.01 .93 1.07 $0.43 .43 .45 .44 .44 .46 .44 .45 .43 .44 .41 .42 .40 .41 .40 .44 .41 .40 .43 .37 July 7, 4 ships........ July 14, 4 ships___ July 21,4 ships___ July 31, 6 ships___ Aug. 7,4 ships....... Aug. 14, 4 ships___ Aug. 21, 4 ships___ Aug. 31, 6 ships---Sept. 7,4 ships___ Sept. 30, 6 ships. . . Oct. 7, 4 ships........ Oct. 14, 4 ships___ Oct. 21, 4 ships___ Oct. 31, 5 ships___ Nov. 14, 4 ships___ Nov. 21, 4 ships___ Nov. 30, 5 ships___ Dec. 7, 4 ships Dec. 14, 4 ships___ Dec. 21, 4 ships___ 1,438 1,435 1,163 1,780 1,666 1,644 1,639 2,437 1,800 2,774 1,874 1,560 1,970 2,038 2,138 1,794 2,335 1,588 1,247 2,164 1,612.0 1,472.0 1,153.0 1,784.0 1,601.0 1,644.0 1,554.0 2,575.0 1,795.0 2,814.0 2,008.0 1,605.0 1,909.0 1,985.0 2,120.0 1,820.0 2,370.0 1,586.0 1,240.0 2,150.0 0.89 .97 1.00 1.00 .98 1.00 .99 .95 1.00 .99 .93 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 .99 .99 1.00 1.01 1.00 $0.45 .41 .40 .40 .41 .40 .40 .42 .40 .40 .43 .38 .39 .39 .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 1 Short tons. T a b le 60.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost age gang-hour man-hour per— num Gangber of men hours Rev per Long Rev Long Rev Long enue Long Revenue gang enue tons tons tons enue tons tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation B ur lap Line No 10: Total, 6 ships__ . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,682 2,682 88.5 30.5 30.5 41.5 0.73 757 354 609 264 316 482 757 354 509 264 316 482 27.0 13.5 16.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 28.0 26.2 31.8 37.7 31.6 32.1 28.0 26.2 31.8 37.7 31.6 32.1 41.0 43.5 42.9 46.0 37.5 39.7 .68 .60 .74 .82 .84 .81 Line No. 11: Total, 7 ships_____ . . . . . ___ 21,357 21,357 646.0 33.1 33.1 39.1 0.85 0.85 $0.53 $0.53 No. 1 (January)_______ ___ No. 2 (February)__________ No. 3 (March)___ . . . . . . . . . . No. 4 (August)_______ ____ No. 5 (September)_________ No. 6 (October)___________ No. 7 (December)_________ 3,940 1,922 2,325 2,178 2,672 2,878 5,442 3,940 1,922 2,325 2,178 2,672 2,878 5,442 112.5 74.0 64.5 53.0 114.0 84.5 143.5 35.0 26.0 36.0 41.1 23.4 34.1 37.9 35.0 26.0 36.0 41.1 23.4 34.1 37.9 45.8 40.6 35.6 63.0 32.2 35.6 33.3 .76 .64 1.01 .65 .73 .96 1.14 .76 .64 1.01 .65 .73 .96 1.14 No. No. No. No. No. No. 1 (July)_______________ 2 (August)____________ 3 (August)____________ 4 (October)___________ 5 (November)_________ 6 (December)_________ 0.73 $0.62 $0.62 .68 .60 .74 .82 .84 .81 .67 .75 .61 .55 .54 .56 .67 .75 .61 .55 .54 .56 F er tilizer 1 1 In bags and bulk. .59 .70 .44 .69 .62 .47 .39 .59 .70 .44 .69 .62 .47 .39 312 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 60.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Rev Long Rev Long Revenue Long Rev per Long enue enue tons tons enue tons tons gang tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation N itr at e of Soda Line No. 12: Total, 10 ships....................... 49,260 49,260 920.5 53.5 53.5 57.0 0.94 0.94 $0.48 $0.48 Ships with maxim um efficiency No. 1 (February). No. 2 (April)........ 3,662 3,662 5,700 71.0 76.0 51.6 75.0 51.6 75.0 49.3 68.1 1.05 1.10 1.05 $0.43 $0.43 1.10 .41 .41 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January)----No. 4 (September) _ 1,977 2,020 1,977 2,020 45.0 51.0 43.9 39.6 43.9 39.6 56.3 54.9 0.78 .72 0.78 $0.58 $0.68 .72 .63 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December) No. 6 (March)____ R aw 2,337 7,900 2,337 7,900 46.5 147.5 50.3 53.5 50.3 53.5 53.9 58.0 0.93 .92 0.93 $0.48 $0.48 .92 .49 .49 122,407 2,162.5 56.6 56.6 33.0 1.72 1.72 $0.26 $0.26 S tj g a r Line No. 13: Total, 40 ships........ 122,407 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (January). No. 2 (October). 1,997 2,946 1,997 2,946 31.5 47.0 63.4 62.7 63.4 62.7 33.0 33.0 1.92 1.90 1.92 $0.23 $0.23 1.90 .24 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (January)... No 4 (February).. 1,609 2,001 1,609 2,001 33.0 42.0 48.8 47.6 48.8 47.6 33.0 33.0 1.48 1.44 1.48 $0.30 $0.30 1.44 .31 .31 Ships with average efficiency No 5 (February). _ No. 6 (February)._ 2,903 2,903 2,903 2,903 51.0 51.0 Line No. 14: Total, 6 ships......... 9,705 9,705 274.0 No. 1 (December) „ No. 2 (January)___ No. 3 (February)__ No. 4 (March)........ No. 5 (April).......... No. 6 (April).......... 1,270 996 1,394 2,015 504 3,526 1,270 996 1,394 2,015 504 3,526 49.0 29.0 44.0 47.0 17.0 88.0 56.9 56.9 56.9 56.9 33.0 33.0 1.72 1.72 1.72 $0.26 $0.26 1.72 .26 .26 35.4 35.4 43.8 0.81 0.56 $0.56 $0.56 25.9 34.3 31.7 42.8 29.6 40.0 25.9 34.3 31.7 42.8 29.6 40.0 41.1 39.0 46.7 48.0 41.6 43.5 .63 .88 .68 .89 .71 .92 R e f in e d Su g a r .63 .88 .68 .89 .71 .92 .71 .51 .66 .51 .63 .49 .71 .51 .66 .51 .63 .49 313 SAVANNAH (1927) T a b le 60.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours Rev men Long Rev Long Revenue Long enue Long Rev per enue tons tons gang tons enue tons tons tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation C otton Line No. 15: Total, 13 ships....................... 28,318 2 125,645 1,255.8 22.5 2 100.1 28.9 0.78 2 3.50 $0.64 2 $0.14 Ships with m aximum efficiency 3,308 1,500 2 14,330 6,700 2 120.0 27.6 2 119.4 46.0 32.6 2 145.7 29.4 33.6 0.94 .97 2 2 4.10 $0.53 2 $0.12 4.30 .52 2 . 12 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (March)........ No. 4 (September). 1,676 1,870 2 7,543 28,411 77.3 102.0 21.7 2 97.5 18.3 282.5 33.5 28.1 0.65 22.90 $0.77 2$0.17 .65 2 2.90 .77 2.17 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (M ay)......... No. 6 (December). Line No. 16: Total, 21 ships. 1,872 1,377 22,350 8,446 6,198 75.0 59.0 25.0 2 112.6 23.3 2 105.1 31.3 28.9 0.80 .81 2 2 3.60 $0.63 2$0.14 3.60 .62 2.14 100,483 915.5 24.4 2 109.8 32.0 0.76 2 3.40 $0.66 2$0.15 2 2 5.00 $0.45 2$0.10 .45 2.10 5.00 2 2 2.70 $0.85 2$0.19 2.501 .89 2.20 2 2 2 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February)... No. 2 (November). 166 2 2 750 1,722 5.0 33.2 2 150.0 10.0 38.3 2 172.2 30.0 34.5 1.11 1.11 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (January)___ No. 6 (September). 1,095 1 ,4 7 7 930 6,647 24 , 2 62.0 88.5 17.7 16.7 2 2 79.5 75.1 30.0 30.0 0.59 .56 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June)__ No. 6 (March). Line No. 17: Total, 13 ships. 85.0 52.0 24.5 2 110.1 26.8 2120.6 31.9 34.5 0.77 23.50 $0.65 2$0.14 .78 2 3.50 .64 2.14 33,015 2 148,569 1,651.0 20.0 2 90.0 30.3 0.66 2 3.00 $0.76 2$0.17 2,080 1,394 29,356 2 6,273 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 ( No. 2 (November) . 3,216 2 14,473 1,273 2 5,725 129.0 42.0 24.9 2112.2 30.3 2136.3 30.0 0.83 2 3.70 $0.60 2$0.14 32.01 .95 2 4.30 .53 2.12 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 4 (March).’ 2,502 2 11* 259 5,235 223,559 130.0 292.0 19.2 286.6 17.9 280.7 32.0 29.1 0.60 22.70 $0.83 2 $0.19 .62 22.80 .81 2.18 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (January)___ No. 6 (September). 2Bales. 66490°—32------21 2,624 211,806 2,375 2 10,417 134.5 108.0 19.5 287.8 21.4 296.5 30.0 33.1 0.65 22.90 $0.77 2$0.17 .65 22.90 .77 • 2.17 Norfolk and Newport News (1927) T a b l e 6 1 .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HAN DLING CARGO, B Y K IN D OF TR AD E A N D INDIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num ber of Rev men Long enue per Long Rev Long Rev enue tons tons gang tons enue tons ton ton Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Foreign trade 1 Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1 a....................... No. 2......................... South America— No. 3 a_____ _______ Loading cargo: Europe— No. 4 2____________ No. 5 2...................... No. 6 2____ ________ No. 7 2....................... No. 8 2. . . .............. . No. 9 3____________ No. 10 3____ _______ No. 11................. No. 12....................... Orient— No. 13...................... No. 14______ ______ No. 15.....................- 4,633 6,819 4,633 6,985 172.0 216.5 26.9 31.5 26.9 32.3 22.4 23.5 1.20 1.34 9,830 9,830 459.5 21.4 21.4 25.7 .83 .83 .96 .96 34,990 14,233 21,630 7,357 6,058 17,039 2,032 28,475 24,781 34,990 14,233 21,630 7,357 6,058 17,039 2,032 28,475 24,781 1,311.5 575.5 1,063.5 448.5 373.0 741.0 122.0 1,116.0 1,073.5 26.7 24.7 20.3 16.4 16.2 23.0 16.7 25.5 23.1 26.7 24.7 20.3 16.4 16.2 23.0 16.7 25.5 23.1 22.4 22.6 22.7 20.8 22.0 24.9 23.0 22.6 22.1 1.19 1.10 .90 .79 .74 .92 .72 1.13 1.04 1.19 1.10 .90 .79 .74 .92 .72 1.13 1.04 .67 .73 .89 1.01 1.08 .87 1.11 .71 .77 .67 .73 .89 1.01 1.08 .87 1.11 .71 .77 12,484 12,121 14,128 12,484 12,121 14,128 627.5 605.0 902.5 19.9 20.0 15.6 19.9 20.0 15.6 22.5 25.8 22.9 .88 .77 .68 .88 .77 .68 .91 1.04 1.18 .91 1.04 1.18 1.20 $0.67 $0.67 1.37 .60 .58 Intercoastal trade * Discharging cargo: No. 16 2........................... Loading cargo: No. 17 2...................... No. 18 2.............. .......... 11,282 4 12,636 9,356 4 10,480 11,031 4 12,355 1 1 23.1 489.0 753.5 1,075.0 425.8 23.2 12.4 4 13.9 10.3 4 11.5 20.6 20.9 0.99 41.11 $0.81 4$0.72 .60 4.67 .49 4.55 1.33 41.19 1.63 41.45 * 186,055 6205,343. ( 4296,559 8370,162. C 4 0.91 4.80 4$0.44 4 .50 4 195,482 6159,739. C 4231, 111 6221,936.8. 4 1.22 41.04 Coastwise trade 5 Discharging cargo: No. 19 *............. No. 20«............. Loading cargo: No. 21 2............. No. 22 *............. Individual commodities 1 Discharging cargo: Burlap—No. 23______ Manganese ore—No. 24 Newsprint paper—No. 25 Nitrate of soda—No. 262 Sulphur—No. 27 *......... . Wood pulp—No. 28____ 2,432 2,432 31,479 31,479 18,043 420,211 66,200 66,200 8,004 8,004 14,008 14,008 l Wage rate: 80 cents per hour, a Norfolk. 314 111.0 1,099.5 720.5 2,693.0 243.5 420.5 3 Newport News. 4 Short tons. 21.9 21.9 28.6 28.6 25.0 428.1 24.6 24.6 32.9 32.9 33.3 33.3 21.4 14.4 19.3 38.0 16.0 24.5 1.02 1.02 $0.78 $0. 1.99 1.99 .40 .40 ] 1.29 41.45 .62 4 .58 .65 .65 1.23 l! .39 2.05 2.05 1.36 1.36 .59 8 Wage rate: 40 cents per hour. 6 Man-hours F ig u r e 47.— L o a d in g T oba cco in No r fo lk 315 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 61 .—P R OD U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO, BY KIN D OF T R A D E A N D IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES—Continued Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour age man-hour per— num ber of men Rev Long Rev per Long Rev enue Long enue tons enue tons gang tons tons ton ton Individual commodities i—Continued Loading cargo: 18.0 U0.0 403.0 Lumber—No. 292______ 7,265 74,026 7,124 26.2 26.2 Potatoes—No. 303.......... 7,124 271.5 7,112 26.2 26.2 7,112 271.0 Starch—No. 313............. Steel billets—No. 32 3_.__ 20,736 667.0 31.1 31.1 20,736 30.1 30.1 Tobacco—No. 3 3 .......... 3,617 3,617 120.0 Grain8—No. 342_______ 24,658 »923,857 Coal— No. 35:8 Pier opera tions.___________ 6,957,057 6,957,057 #178,838.0 No. 36:3 Pier opera tions____________ 7,203,997 7,203,997 «193,377.0 No. 37:* Pier opera tions____________ 540,901 540,901 6 18,086.0 No. 38:2 Pier opera tions_________ __ 4,822,596 4,822,596 6169,771.0 No. 39:2Trimming— Cargo 12......... . 1,568,757 1,568,757 1,207.6 1,299.1 1,299.1 859.4 180.8 180.8 Bunker 14......... 155,349 155,349 No. 40:2Trimming— Cargo u.............. 1,914,045 1,914,045 2,698.0 709.4 709.4 Bunker 14______ 241,984 241,984 2,150.5 112.5 112.5 No. 41:8Trimming— Cargo 14....... ...... 2,028,799 2,028,799 3,425.3 592.3 592.3 98.4 Bunker 14 _____ 232,305 232,305 98.4 2,359.5 NOi 42:2 Cargo and bunker 14............... 311,314 311,314 853.2 364.9 364.9 1 Wage rate: 80 cents per hour. 2 Norfolk. 3 Newport News. 6 Man-hours. 71,000 board feet. 8 Trimming only. 22.0 26.0 25.7 14.8 24.0 0.82 70.45 $0.98 7$1.78 .79 1.01 1.01 .79 1.02 1.02 .78 .78 2.10 2.10 .38 .38 .64 .64 1.25 1.25 .11 1®2.86 7.47 « 280.0 38.90 38.90 <“ > (») 37.18 37.18 <“ > (“ > 29.91 29.91 (“ ) (“ > 28.41 28.41 <“ > (“ ) (13) (13) (13) (13) 45.0 15.76 15.76 (13) 45.0 2.50 2.50 (18) (13) (I3) 38.0 15.59 15.59 38.0 2.59 2.59 (13) (13) (13) (13) 33.7 10.83 10.83 (13) (13) 3.7 348.80 348.80 32.9 5.50 5.50 * Bushels. io Per 1,000 bushels. » Loading done by pier crews with various wage rates. 12 Trimmed with automatic trimmers. 13 Trimming donefby longshoremen on a tonnge basis. 14 Trimmed by hand. T a b l e 63.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E Discharging cargo: Europe Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev gang tons enue ton enue tons ton L in e N o. 1 1 Total, 8 ships...................... . 4,633 4,633 172.0 26.9 26.9 22.4 1.20 1.20 $0.67 No. 1 (March)...................... No. 2 (March)...................... No. 3 (April)......................... No. 4 (M ay)......................... No. 5 (August)...................... No. 6 (October).................... No. 7 (October)............ ........ No. 8 (December)................. 399 550 443 292 965 662 759 563 4,633 550 443 292 965 662 759 563 19.0 23.0 17.0 12.0 31.0 25.5 27.5 17.0 21.0 23.9 26.1 24.3 31.1 26.3 27.6 33.1 21.0 23.9 26.1 24.3 31.1 26.3 27.6 33.1 22.0 20.0 22.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 .95 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.41 1.09 1.15 1.38 .95 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.41 1.09 1.15 1.38 1 Norfolk. .84 .67 .68 .66 .57 .73 .70 .58 $0.67 .84 .67 .68 .66 .57 .73 .70 .58 316 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 6 2 .—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN F O REIGN T R A D E —Continued Discharging cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton L ine N o . 2 Total, 10 ships_________ __ 2 6,819 6,985 216.5 31.5 32.3 23.5 1.34 1.37 $0.60 $0.58 $0.46 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October):* Wood pulp____________ Paper_________________ 300 42 300 42 Total............................ 342 342 No. 2 (August): 3 Wood p u lp ___________ ____ _______ Paper Matches ____________ 300 53 21 300 53 62 Total........................... 374 415 9.0 38.0 38.0 22.0 1.73 1.73 $0.46 10.5 35.6 39.5 24.8 1.44 1.59 .56 .50 $0.70 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July):1 Wood pulp____________ Paper. _ ______________ 500 48 500 48 Total_______________ 548 548 No. 4 (November): * Wood pulp __________ General cargo_________ 800 48 800 69 Total_______________ 848 869 19.5 28.1 28.1 24.4 1.15 1.15 $0.70 30.0 28.3 28.3 23.0 1.23 1.26 .65 .63 $0.58 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (May-June):3 Wood pulp________ - __ 1,250 No. 6 (March):i Wood pulp____________ Paper __ _____ Matches .. ___ 700 71 52 70C ............ 71 15C Total........................... 823 927 1,250 33.8 33.8 24.6 1.37 1.37 $0.58 28. C 29A : 33.1 23.9 1.23 1.3S .65 .58 0.83 $0.96 $0.96 37.0 Discharging cargo: South America L in e N o. 3 * Total, 9 ships........................ Hides..... ........................ General cargo................. 9,830 459.5 21.4 21.4 25.7 0.83 4,974 * 191,734 4,856 4,856 271.5 188.0 18.3 4 706.0 25.8 25.8 26.1 25.7 .70 4 27.1 1.03 1.03 9,830 1 Norfolk. 2Principal commodity: Wood pulp, 6,361 long tons. 3 Newport News. 1.14 «2.95 .78 .78 * Individual hides. * Per 100 hides. 317 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b le 6 2 .— P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo: South America —Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Ganghours Rev enue tons Long tons Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (July): Coffee and quebracho 210 210 7.5 No. 2 (October): Hides....... ...................... General cargo................. 110 407 4 5,500 407 Total........................... 517 517 28.0 28.0 25.0 1.12 4.5 16.0 24.4 41,222.0 25.4 25.4 26.0 25.0 .94 447.0 1.02 1.02 .85 <1.70 .78 .78 20.5 25.2 25.2 1.00 .80 25.2 1.12 $0.71 1.00 $0.71 .80 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June): Hides.............................. Coffee and quebracho— Total........................... No. 4 (December): Hides.............................. General cargo................. Total........................... 1,998 4 80,199 355 355 123.5 18.5 16.2 4 649.0 19.2 19.2 25.9 25.0 2,353 142.0 16.6 16.6 25.8 .64 363 4 14,998 85 85 18.0 6.0 20.2 4833.0 14.2 14.2 26.0 24.0 .78 432.1 .59 .59 1.03 52.49 1.36 1.36 448 24.0 18.7 25.5 .73 1.10 2,353 448 18.7 0.62 425.1 $1.29 * $3.19 .77 .77 1.04 1.04 .64 .73 1.25 1.25 1.10 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (December): Hides....... ...................... General cargo................. Total............................ No. 6 (June): Hides.............................. Quebracho...................... Total.............. ............. 0.84 434. 5 $0. 95 * $2.32 .92 .87 .92 .87 696 4 28,453 219 219 30.0 9.0 23.2 4 948.0 24.3 24.3 27.5 28.0 915 915 39.0 23.5 23.5 27.6 506 419,880 162 162 24.5 5.0 20.7 4 811.0 32.4 32.4 26.0 24.0 668 29.5 22.6 22.6 25.7 .88 668 .85 .94 .94 .79 431.2 1.35 1.35 1.01 .59 «2.56 .59 .91 .91 1.19 $0.67 $0.67 .85 .88 Loading cargo: Europe L in e N o . 4 i Total, 23 ships................... Tobacco........ ................ . Cotton_____ _____ ____ General cargo................. 6 34,990 34,990 1,311.5 26.7 26.7 22.4 1.19 5,189 2,563 27,238 5,189 156.0 711,534 84.5 27,238 1,071.0 33.3 30.3 25.4 33.3 7 136.5 25.4 21.6 22.6 22.5 1.54 1.54 1.34 7 6.04 1.13 1.13 .52 .60 .71 .52 7.13 .71 i Norfolk, 4 Individual hides. * Per 100 hides. 6 Principal commodities: Starch and flour, 10,283 tons; tobacco, 8,437 tons; lumber, 6,505 tons; and cotton, 4,355 tons. 318 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 62.™P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton Ships with m aximum efficiency Line N o. 4 1—Continued No. 1 (March): Cotton................. ........... Starch........... ................ . General cargo-------------- 546 1,163 168 72,450 1,163 168 } 19.0 37.0 28.7 7128.9 36.0 36.0 23.0 22.0 1.25 7 5.61 $0.64 7 $0.14 1.64 1.64 .49 .49 T o ta l--................. ...... 1,877 1,877 56.0 33.5 33.5 22.3 1.50 1.50 .53 .53 No. 2 (February): Cotton— ....... ............... Starch___________ ____ General cargo.—............ 461 1,025 102 7 2,100 1,025 } 102 14.5 32.5 31.8 7 144.8 34.7 34.7 22.0 24.4 1.45 76.58 1.42 1.42 .55 .56 7.12 .56 Total-.......................... 1,588 1,588 47.0 33.8 23.7 1.43 .56 .56 33.8 1.43 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (June): Cotton....... .......... Lumber........ ...... Flour and starch. General cargo----Total . No. 4 (December): Tobacco______ Lumber______ General cargo.Total- 9.0 284 1,015 256 314 284 1,015 256 | 314 90.0 1,869 1,869 99.0 18.9 709 485 195 1,389 709 485 } 195 1,389 31.6 17.6 31.6 23.0 1.37 1.37 $0.58 $0.58 17.6 22.2 .79 .79 1.01 1.01 18.9 22.3 .85 .85 .94 . .94 26.5 43.0 26.8 15.8 26.8 15.8 21.0 22.0 1.27 .72 1.27 .72 .63 1.11 .63 1.11 69.5 20.0 20.0 21.6 .92 .92 .87 .87 $0.55 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Tobacco......... Cotton........... Lumber_____ General cargo. 255 110 408 231 Total______ 1,004 No. 6 (September): Tobacco_______ Lumber_______ Flour................. General cargo. 881 464 131 162 255 110 ] 408 } 231 ) 1,004 881 464 1 131 \ 162 J 8.0 31.9 31.9 22.0 1.45 1.45 $0.55 31.0 24.2 24.2 21.5 1.12 1.12 .71 .71 39.0 25.7 25.7 21.6 1.19 1.19 .67 .67 25.5 34.6 34.6 22.0 1.57 1.57 .51 .51 36.5 20.7 20.7 22.0 .94 .94 .85 .85 222.0 1.20 1.20 .67 .67 1,638 1,638 62.0 26.4 26.4 Total, 10 ships______ 14,233 14,233 575.5 24.7 24.7 22.6 1.10 1.10 $0.73 $0.73 Cotton......... . Tobacco_____ Lumber.......... General cargo. 7,732 1, 773 1,643 3,085 7,732 1,773 1,643 3,085 268.0 67.5 90.0 150.0 28.9 26.3 18.3 20.6 28.9 26.3 18.3 20.6 22.9 22.0 22.0 22.7 1.26 1.19 .83 .91 1.26 1.19 .83 .91 .63 .67 .96 .88 .63 .67 .96 .88 Total____ ____ _ L ine N o . 5 1 J Norfolk. 7 Bales. 319 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 63.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRADE—Continued Loading cargo: Europe —Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton with m aximum efficiency L in e N o. 5 1—Continued No. 1 (July): Cotton......................... Tobacco___ ____ _____ General cargo_________ 467 232 126 467 232 126 12.0 5.5 6.5 38.9 42.2 19.4 38.9 42.2 19.4 23.0 22.0 23.0 1.69 1.92 .84 1.69 $0.47 1.92 .42 .84 .95 $0.47 .42 .95 T otal-........................ 825 825 24.0 34.4 34.4 22.8 1.51 1.51 .53 .53 No. 2 (June): Cotton......................... Tobacco___ ____ _____ .General cargo_________ 1,044 101 181 1,044 101 181 30.0 3.5 12.5 34.8 28.9 14.5 34.8 28.9 14.5 23.0 22.0 23.0 1.51 1.31 .63 1.51 1.31 .63 .53 .61 1.27 .53 .61 1.27 Total.......................... 1,326 1,326 46.0 28.8 28.8 22.9 1.26 1.26 .63 .63 $0.86 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (September): General cargo................ 502 502 23.5 21.4 21.4 23.0 0.93 0.93 $0.86 No. 4 (September-October): Cotton.......................... Lumber______________ General cargo....... ........ 322 206 432 322 206 432 10.5 9.5 24.5 30.7 21.7 17.6 30.7 21.7 17.6 23.0 22.0 22.3 1.33 .99 .79 1.33 .99 .79 .60 .81 1.01 .60 .81 1.01 Total---------------------- 960 960 44.5 21.6 21.6 22.4 .96 .96 .83 .83 $0.63 .68 1.27 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (February): Cotton__________ Tobacco_________ General cargo....... 961 221 188 961 221 188 34.5 8.5 13.0 27.9 26.0 14.5 27.9 26.0 14.5 22.0 22.0 23.0 1.27 1.18 .63 1.27 $0.63 1.18 .68 .63 1.27 T o ta l-.............. 1,370 1,370 56.0 24.5 24.5 22.2 1.10 1.10 .73 .73 No. 6 (May): Cotton....... .......... Lumber_________ Starch---------------General cargo------ 1,002 156 111 73 1,002 156 111 73 38.0 8.5 3.5 3.5 26.4 18.4 31 7 20.9 26.4 18.4 31.7 20.9 23.0 22.0 24.0 23.0 1.15 .83 1.32 .91 1.15 .83 1.32 .91 .70 .96 .61 .88 .70 .96 .61 .88 1,342 1,342 53.5 25.1 25.1 22.9 1.10 1.10 .73 .73 21,630 21,630 1,063.5 20.3 20.3 22.7 0.90 0.90 $0.89 $0.89 14,788 1,314 1,140 4,388 14,788 1,314 1,140 4,388 18.8 28.3 25.9 23.5 18.8 28.3 25.9 23.5 22.5 24.0 22.6 22.9 .83 1.18 1.15 1.04 .83 1.18 1.15 1.04 T otal-—......... L in e N o . 6 1 Total, 18 ships______ Lumber..... .......... Flour___________ Starch_____ _____ General cargo....... 786.0 46.5 44.0 187.0 .96 .68 .70 .77 .96 .68 .70 .77 $0.88 .56 .75 .74 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (October): Lumber....................... Starch........................ Tobacco..................... . General cargo............ . 719 277 212 87 719 277 212 87 36.0 8.0 9.0 3.5 20.0 34.6 23.6 24.9 Total...... ................. 1,295 1,295 56.5 No. 2 (August): Lumber.. 932 932 44.5 i Norfolk. 20.0 34.6 23.6 24.9 22.0 24.0 22.0 23.0 0.91 1.44 1.07 1.08 0.91 $0.88 1.44 .56 1.07 .75 1.08 •74 22.9 22.9 22.3 1.03 1.03 .78 .78 22.5 22.5 22.0 1.02 1.02 .78 .78 320 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 68.--P B O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Long tons Rev enue tons A verage Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton Ships with m inim um efficiency L ine No. 6 1—Continued No. 3 (June): Lumbar _ _ General cargo_________ 1,019 102 1,019 102 56.5 4.5 18.0 22.7 18.0 22.7 23.0 23.0 0.78 .99 Total........... ................ 1,121 1,121 61.0 18.4 18.4 23.0 .80 .80 1.00 1.00 1,180 250 119 1,180 250 119 63.2 10.0 7.5 18.6 25.8 15.9 18.6 25.8 15.9 23.0 24.0 23.0 .81 1.04 .69 .81 1.04 .69 .99 .77 1.16 .99 .77 1.16 1,549 1,549 81.0 19.1 19.1 23.1 .83 .83 .96 .96 0.84 $0.95 .99 .81 1.43 .56 .82 .98 $0.95 .81 .56 .98 No. 4: Lumber _ . _ _ Flour........................ ...... General cargo_________ Total_______ ____ ___ 0.78 $1.03 .81 .99 1 $1.03 .81 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Tiiimbftr _ Flour____ ______ ____ Tobacco______________ General cargo_________ 1,084 273 126 189 1,084 273 126 189 56.0 11.5 4.0 10.0 19.4 23.8 31.5 18.9 19.4 23.8 31.5 18.9 23.0 24.0 22.0 23.0 0.84 .99 1.43 .82 Total ______________ 1,672 1,672 81.5 20.5 20.5 23.1 .89 .89 .90 .90 No. 6 (December): Lumber_______________ Starch and flour_______ General cargo_________ 876 249 352 876 249 352 48.0 9.0 13.5 18.3 27.7 26.1 18.3 27.7 26.1 23.0 24.0 23.0 .79 1.15 1.13 .79 1.15 1.13 1.01 .70 .71 1.01 .70 .71 Total_______________ 1,477 1,477 70.5 21.0 21.0 23.1 .91 .91 .88 .88 Total, 7 ships_____________ 8 7,357 7,357 448.5 16.4 16.40 20.8 0.79 0.79 $1.01 $1.01 No. 1 (February): Cotton _________ _ Tobacco______________ Lumber _______ ____ 528 273 202 528 273 202 Total_______________ 1,003 1,003 61.0 16.4 16.4 21.1 .78 .78 1.03 1.03 No. 2 (March): Cotton . _________ Tobacco - ___ General cargo_________ 764 217 260 764 217 260 1,241 1,241 78.5 15.8 15.8 21.4 .74 .74 1.08 1.08 205 148 283 205 148 283 47.0 13.5 13.5 20.2 .67 .67 1.19 1.19 49.0 16.0 16.0 21.0 .76 .76 1.05 1.05 L ine N o. 7 i Total........... ............... | 1 No. 3 (March): Cotton . . _________ 1 Tobacco Lumber __________ T ota l--.............. ......... 636 636 No. 4 (April): Cotton Tobacco______________ Lum ber and general cargo 125 269 125 269 392 392 Total_______________ 786 786 1Norfolk. ®principal commodities: Tobacco, 3,482 tons; and cotton, 1,742 tons. 321 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 6 2 — P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton L ine No. 7 *—Continued No. 5 (October): Tobacco______________ Lumber T o ta l--........................ No. 6 (October): Tobacco______________ Lumber 830 407 830 407 1,237 1,237 1,094 336 1,094 336 65.5 18.9 18.9 21.6 0.88 84.5 16.9 16.9 19.2 .88 .88 .91 .91 .75 1.07 1.07 0.74 $1.08 $1.08 0.94 $0.85 $0.85 Total............................ 1,430 1,430 No. 7 (November): Cotton . __ Tobacco.. ____________ Lumber_ _ 120 651 253 120 651 253 T ota l--........................ 1,024 1,024 63.0 16.3 16.3 21.6 .75 •6,058 6,058 373.0 16.2 16.2 22.0 0.74 0.88 $0.91 $0.91 L in e No. 8 1 Total, 8 ships_____________ Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (February): General cargo___________________ No. 2 (January): Tobacco______________ Cotton ______________ Starch and general cargo. Total-.......................... 217 217 250 222 330 250 222 330 802 802 11.0 19.7 19.7 21.0 0.94 42.5 18.9 18.9 22.5 .84 .84 .95 .95 0.59 $1.36 $1.36 1.33 l.Sb 0.72 $1.11 $1.11 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Paper pulp____________ General cargo_________ 372 203 372 203 Total............................ 575 575 514 167 514 167 681 681 No. 4 (May): Paper pulp _ Lumber Total............................ 45.0 12.8 12.8 # 21.6 0.59 51.5 13.2 13.2 22.0 .60 .60 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): Paper pulp__ Corn flour_________ General cargo. - _. 638 109 262 638 109 262 Total............................ No. 6 (December): Paper pulp Tobacco General cargo 1,009 1,009 532 467 52 532 467 52 Total_______________ 1,051 1,051 _ 60.0 16.8 16.8 23.3 0.72 63.5 16.6 16.6 21.6 .77 1 Norfolk. 9Principal commodities: Paper pulp, 3,083 tons; and tobacco, 1,150 tons. .77 1.04 1.04 322 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 62.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF" LAB OR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men Rev per Long Rev Long enue gang tons enue ton tons ton L ine N o. 9 3 Total, 22 ships____________ w 17,039 17,039 23.0 741.0 23.0 24.9 0.92 0.92 $0.87 $0.87 S kips with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): 899 57 899 57 956 956 General cargo.................. 859 47 859 47 Total_______________ 906 906 T o t a l ___ ____ ______ No. 2 (December): 24.5 39.0 39.0 26.4 1.49 1.49 $0.54 $0.54 25.0 36.2 36.2 26.3 1.38 1.38 .58 .58 0.55 $1.45 $1.45 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (June): Lumber _____________ General cargo_________ 511 200 511 200 Total............................ 711 711 No. 4 (June): Lumber_______________ Flour......... ................... General cargo_________ 321 231 247 321 231 247 Total............................ 799 799 47.0 15.1 15.1 27.7 0.55 46.5 17.2 17.2 23.3 .74 .74 1.08 1.08 0.93 $0.86 $0.86 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Lumber_______________ Tobacco______________ 1 ! 271 250 271 250 521 521 No. 6 (July): Lumber........................ . Starch and flour_______ 259 308 259 308 Total............................ 567 567 Total, 7 ships_____________ 2,032 2,032 No. 1 (February): General cargo........... ...................... 210 210 No. 2 (March): Flour................. ........ Lumber........... . . . .. General cargo_________ 187 115 145 187 115 145 Total_______________ 447 447 No. 3 (March): Tobacco__ __________ General cargo......... ........ 327 55 327 55 382 382 . 28.0 Total........................ . 24. o[ 21.7 21.7 23.3 0.93 24.5 23.1 23.1 26.0 .89 122.0' 16.7 16.7 23.0 0.72 .89 .90 .90 0.72 $1.11 $1.11 L ine N o. 103 Total_____________ 17.5 12.0 12.0 22.0 .55 .55 1.45 1.45 21.0 21.3 21.3 24.1 .88 .88 .91 .91 13.6I 13.6i 22. C1 .62! .62! 1.2S> 1.29 3 Newport News. Principal commodities: Flour and starch, 8,520 tons; lumber, 5,513 tons. 323 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 62.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TRAD E—Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Rev enue tons Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev gang tons enue ton enue tons ton L ine N o. 1 0 Continued No. 4 (April): Total_______________ No. 5 (October): Total _____________ No. 6 (October): Total ..... . _____ No. 7 (November): Total___ ____ _______ 133 134 133 134 267 267 125 129 125 129 254 254 118 92 118 92 210 210 237 25 237 25 262 262 18.5 14.4 14.4 24.1 0.60 12.5 20.3 20.3 24.6 .83 .83 .96 .96 11.5 18.3 18.3 22.0 .83 .83 .96 .96 13.0 20.2 20.2 22.5 .90 .90 .89 .89 28,475 1,116.0 25.5 25.5 22.6 1.13 1.13 $0.71 $0.71 30.5 7 135.4 30.2 30.2 17.5 17.5 16.1 16.1 22.6 22.6 22.5 23.3 21.1 22.1 25.4 1.35 7 6.0 1.29 1.29 .83 .83 .73 .73 .89 .89 0.60 $1.33 $1.33 Line N o. 11« Total, 17 ships_______ ____ C otton_______________ T obacco.________ _____ Peanut meal__________ Lumber_______________ General cargo_________ 28,475 19,010 7 84,494 1,615 1,615 2,314 2,314 3,390 3,390 2,146 2,146 624.0 53.5 132.5 211.0 95.0 .59 .62 .96 1.10 .90 7.13 .62 .96 1.10 .90 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June): Cotton________________ Tobacco______________ General cargo__________ 532 483 100 7 2,333 483 100 16.5 12.0 5.0 32.2 7 141.4 40.3 40.3 20.0 20.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 1.74 76.10 $0.46 7 $0.13 1.75 1.75 .46 .46 .87 .87 .92 .92 T o ta l.......................... 1,115 1,115 33.5 33.3 33.3 23.0 1.45 1.45 .55 .55 No. 2 (March): Cotton________________ Tobacco______________ Lumber_______________ General cargo________ 1,971 150 216 153 78,835 150 216 153 63.0 5.5 10.0 6.5 31.3 7 140.2 27.3 27.3 21.6 21.6 23.5 23.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 1.42 7 6.40 1.24 1.24 .98 .98 1.02 1.02 .56 .65 .82 .78 7.13 .65 .82 .78 Total. ......................... 2,490 2,490 85.0 29.3 22.1 1.33 .60 .60 29.3 1.33 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (December): Cotton___________ ____ Peanut meal__________ Lumber_______________ General cargo................. 623 251 231 21 7 2,787 251 231 21 20.5 15.0 20.0 1.5 30.4 7 136.0 16.7 16.7 11.6 11.6 14.0 14.0 23.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 Total. ............... ......... 1,126 1,126 57.0 19.8 19.8 22.6 No. 4 (April): Cotton............................ Lumber_______________ General cargo__________ 1,093 666 108 7 4,911 666 108 43.0 46.5 5.0 25.4 7 114.2 14.3 14.3 21.6 21.6 23.0 22.0 23.0 Total............................ 1,867 1,867 94.5 19.8 22.5 9 Newport News. * Bales, 19.8 1.32 75.90 $0.61 7$0.14 .73 .73 1.10 1.10 .52 .52 1.54 1.54 .64 .64 1.25 1.25 .87 .87 .92 .92 1.11 7 5.00 .65 .65 .94 .94 .72 1.23 .85 7.16 1.23 .85 .88 .91 .91 .88 w Norfolk and Newport News. 324 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 68.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage. Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Ganghours Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton Skips with average efficiency L ine N o. 11ll—Continued No. 5 (April): C otton..:........................ Lumber_____ _____ ___ General cargo_________ 1,552 298 85 76,876 298 85 51.5 18.0 3.5 30.1 “ 133.5 16.6 16.6 24.3 24.3 24.0 22.0 23.0 1.26 75.60 $0.63 7 $0.14 .75 .75 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 .75 • 40 Total_______ ____ ___ 1,935 1,935 73.0 26.5 26.5 23.5 1.13 1.13 .71 .71 No. 6 (May): Cotton________________ Lumber_______________ General cargo_________ 839 136 140 73,745 136 140 24.5 11.0 7.5 34.2 7152.9 12.4 12.4 18.7 18.7 22.0 22.0 23.0 1.56 7 7.00 .56 .56 .81 .81 .51 1.43 .99 7.11 1.43 .99 Total_______________ 1,115 1,115 43.0 25.9 25.9 22.2 1.17 .68 .68 24,781 1,073.5 23.1 23.1 22.1 1.04 1.04 $0.77 $0.77 4,849 19,932 30.6 21.8 30.6 21.8 21.6 22.2 1.42 .98 1.42 .98 1.17 L ine N o. 12 u Total, 18 ships____________ 12 24,781 Tobacco, 7 ships_______ General cargo____ ____ _ 4,849 19,932 158.5 915.0 .56 .82 .56 .82 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December): Tobacco______________ Starch________________ Lumber_______________ General cargo_________ 854 1,329 184 100 131,828 1,329 ) 184 f 100 20.5 41.7 is 89.2 22.0 1.89 13 4.05 $0.42 13 $0.20 65.5 24.6 24.6 22.8 1.08 1.08 .74 .74 2,467 86.0 28.7 28.7 22.6 1.27 1.27 .63 .63 Total........... .............. . 2,467 No. 2 (June): Tobacco_______ _______ Starch________________ Lumber..... ........... .......... General cargo_________ 496 997 273 193 Total__________ ____ 1,959 496 997 1 273 V 193 1,959 23.5 21.1 21.1 19.0 1.11 1.11 .72 .72 50.0 29.3 29.3 24.0 1.22 1.22 .66 .66 73.5 26.7 26.7 22.4 1.19 1.19 .67 .67 0.84 $0.95 $0.95 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (May): Tobacco______________ Starch. ........................ Lumber __________ _ General cargo_________ 152 305 400 45 152 305 400 45 Total.... ...................... 902 902 No. 4 (January): Tobacco........................ Lumber ............... ........ Oyster shells____ . _ General cargo................. 482 288 220 150 482 288 220 150 T ota l.......................... 1,140 1,140 48.5 18.6 18.6 22.1 0.84 57.0 20.0 20.0 22.4 .89 .89 7 Bales. 11 Norfolk and Newport News. 12 principal commodities: Tobacco, 8,904 tons; starch, 8,328 tons; and lumber, 3,847 tons. .90 .90 325 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 63.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Europe— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Long tons Rev enue tons Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 12 h— Continued No. 5 (November): Tobacco ___________ Starch_____ ____ ______ General cargo.... ......... . 638 970 229 Total. ......................... No. 6 (October): Tobacco ____________ Starch............................. Lumber _____________ General cargo_________ T o ta l......... .............. Ganghours Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton 131,390 970 } 229 27.0 23.6 w 51.5 22.3 1.06 13 2.31 $0.75 13 $0.35 51.5 23.3 23.3 22.6 1.03 1.03 .78 .78 1,837 1,837 78.5 23.4 23.4 22.5 1.04 1.04 .77 .77 643 537 380 89 643 537 380 89 1,649 1,649 72.5 22.7 22.7 21.7 1.05 1.05 .76 .76 19.9 22.5 0.88 0.88 $0.91 $0.91 $0.73 Loading cargo: Orient L ine N o . 13 n Total, 9 ships..................... -- “ 12,484 12,484 627.5 19.9 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (October): T obacco___ __________ Starch________________ Lumber 948 554 170 948 544 170 Total............................ 1,672 1,672 No. 2 (February): Tobacco______________ Starch _ - _____ Lumber _____________ General cargo - __ 887 443 308 235 887 443 308 235 Total............................ 1,873 1,873 67.0 25.0 25.0 22.8 1.09 1.09 $0.73 80.5 23.3 23.3 22.6 1.03 1.03 .78 .78 0.63 $1.27 $1.27 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (May): Starch________________ Lumber General c a r g o ..______ 308 200 120 308 200 120 Total................... ........ 628 628 No. 4 (November): Tobacco Lumber General cargo _ _____ 1,067 211 55 1,067 211 55 Total............................ 1,333 1,333 43.5 14.4 14.4 22.8 0.63 76.5 17.4 17.4 21.9 .79 .79 11 Norfolk and Newport News, w Hogsheads. h principal commodities: Tobacco, 6,911 tons; starch, 2,615 tons; and lumber, 2,248 tons. 1.01 1.0i 326 GENERAL TABLES T a b i e 6 * .— P R O D U C TIV IT Y OP LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Rev enue tons Ships with average efficiency L ine N o. 13 h—Contiuued No. 5 (October): Tobacco______________ T/Umhp.r _ Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton 1,562 147 1,562 147 85.0 20.1 20.1 22.7 0.89 1,321 70.0 18.9 18.9 22.0 .86 ' 12,121 605.0 20.0 20.0 25.8 0.77 Total............................ 1,709 1,709 No. 6 (August): Lumber.......... ...... , Starch................. General cargo.._______- 805 277 239 805 277 239 Total_______________ 1,321 w 12,121 0.89 $0.90 .86 $0.90 .93 .93 0.77 $1.04 $1.04 $0.62 L ine N o . 14 Total, 17 ships._____- _____ Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (April): Tobacco leaf ___ ______ General cargo______ ___ 370 184 370 184 Total ______________ 554 554 No. 2 (January): Cotton _______ General cargo..__ _____ 224 24 224 24 Total_______________ 248 248 16.5 33.6 33.6 26.0 1.29 1.29 $0.62 9.5 26.1 26.1 24.0 1.09 1.09 .73 .73 0.44 $1.82 $1.82 1.43 1.43 0.77 $1.04 $1.04 1.03 1.03 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July): Tobacco, leaf_______ __ Staves...... ....................... Agricultural implements General cargo.____ ____ 113 351 290 91 113 351 290 91 Total................... ........ 845 845 No. 4 (September): Tobacco, leaf . Staves_______________ _ General cargo.. . . ____ 134 489 72 134 489 72 Total........................... 695 695 69.5 12.2 12.2 27.4 0.44 48.5 14.3 14.3 25.4 .56 .56 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (October): Tobacco, leaf..... ............ Auto parts____________ 141 422 141 422 Total........................... 563 563 No. 6 (November): Staves______ _________ Tobacco, leaf__________ General cargo_________ 785 131 218 785 131 218 Total................ ; ......... 1,134 1,134 31.0 18.2 18.2 23.5 0.77 57. C 19.9 19. S 25.4 .78 .78 11 Norfolk and Newport News. 15 Principal commodities: Tobacco and cigarettes, 6,093 tons; and barrel staves, 2,489 tons. 327 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T able 6 2 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN FOREIGN TR AD E —Continued Loading cargo: Orient— Continued Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Ganghours Ship number, date of opera tion, and commodity Long tons Rev enue tons Long tons Rev enue tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of men per Long Rev Long Rev enue gang tons enue tons ton ton L in e N o. 1511 Total, 12 ships____________ 16 14,128 14,128 902.5 15.7 15.7 22.9 0.68 0.68 $1.18 $1.18 0.92 $0.87 $0.87 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October): Tobacco' ____________ Corn flour____________ General c a r g o .... 748 486 232 748 486 232 Total_______________ 1,466 1,466 64.5 22.7 22.7 24.8 0.92 No. 2 (December): Tobacco.. 351 351 20.0 17.6 17.6 19.0 .92 .92 .87 .87 0.51 $1.57 $1.57 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (August): Tobacco______________ General cargo_________ 275 180 275 180 Total_______________ 455 455 No. 4 (January): T o b a c c o ___ __________ Auto parts__ __________ Cigarettes ____________ General cargo_________ 801 702 150 255 801 702 150 255 1,908 1,908 T o ta l..__________ „ 38.5 11.8 11.8 23.2 0.51 157.5 12.1 12.1 22.3 .54 .54 1.48 1.48 0.72 $1.11 $1.11 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (June): Tobacco___ _____ _____ Cigarettes_____________ Flour______ ___________ General cargo_________ 240 180 156 258 240 180 155 258 Total_______________ 833 833 No. 6 (March): Tobacco______________ Auto parts____________ Cigarettes_____________ General cargo__________ 298 548 180 151 298 548 180 151 Total............................... 1,177 1,177 h Norfolk 50.0 16.7 16.7 23.2 0.72 80.5 14.6 14.6 23.2 .63 and Newport News. 16 Principal commodities: Tobacco, 6,046 tons; and auto parts, 2,005 tons. .63 1.27 1.27 328 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 63.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN INTER COASTAL TRADE— Discharging cargo Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Output per Aver Output per man-hour gang-hour age num Gangber of hours men Long Reve per Long Reve tons nue gang tons nue tons1 tons1 Average labor cost per— Long tons Reve nue tons1 Total, 17 ships................................ 11,282 12,636 489.0 23.1 25.8 23.2 0.99 1.11 $0.81 Canned goods........................... 7,924 General cargo........................... 3,358 8,875 3,761 311.5 177.5 25.4 18.9 28.5 21.2 23.8 22.2 1.07 .85 1.20 .95 Long Reve ton tnue on1 L in e No. 162 $0.72 .75 .94 .67 .84 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (October): Canned goods........................... Beans........................................ 629 117 705 130 15.0 7.5 42.0 15.5 47.0 17.3 24.0 24.0 1.75 .64 1.96 $0.46 .72 1.24 $0.41 1.11 Total...................................... 746 835 22.5 33.1 37.1 24.0 1.38 1.55 .58 .52 No. 2 (March): Canned goods........................... General cargo........................... 875 333 980 373 27.0 15.5 32.4 21.5 36.3 24.1 22.0 22.0 1.47 .97 1.65 1.09 .54 .82 .48 .73 Total...................................... 1,208 1,353 42.5 28.4 31.8 22.0 1.29 1.45 .62 .55 0.97 $0.92 .49 1.83 $0.82 1.63 Ships with m in im u m efficiency No. 3 (June): Canned goods.. General cargo.. 172 71 193 79 10.0 8.0 17.2 8.8 19.3 9.9 20.0 20.0 0.87 .44 Total....................... 243 272 18.0 13.5 15.1 20.0 .68 .76 1.18 1.05 No. 4 (January): General 554 621 32.5 17.1 19.1 22.0 .78 .87 1.03 .92 $0.73 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August): General cargo___ 304 341 13.5 22.6 25.3 23.0 0.98 1.10 $0.82 No. 6 (December): Canned goods........................... General cargo........................... 238 51 267 57 9.5 2.5 25.1 20.4 28.1 22.8 25.0 23.0 1.00 .89 1.12 .99 .79 .90 .71 .81 Total..................................... 289 324 12.0 24.1 27.0 24.6 .98 1.10 .82 .73 13.9 20.6 0.60 0.67 $1.33 $1.19 0.93 $0.96 .82 1.10 $0.86 .98 0.49 $1.82 .52 1.74 $1.63 1.54 Loading cargo L in e No. 172 Total, 17 ships................................ 9,356 10,480 753.5 12.4 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (February).. No. 2 (December).. 782 571 876 639 45.0 34.5 17.4 16.5 19.5 18.5 21.0 22.5 0.83 .73 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (M ay)___ No. 4 (January). 304 596 1 Short tons. 340 668 34.5 64.0 8.8 9.3 9.9 10.4 20.0 20.0 2 Norfolk. 0. 44 .46 329 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b le 6 3 .—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN IN TER C OA STA L TR AD E-Continued Loading cargo— Continued Cargo tonnage Ship number, date of operation, and commodity Reve nue tons 1 Long tons Average Output per Aver Output per labor cost gang-hour man-hour age per— num Gangber of hours men Reve Long Reve per Long Reve nue gang nue nue Long tons tons1 tons tons1 ton ton 1 Ships with average efficiency L in e N o. 17 2— Continued No. 5 (April)................................... No. 6 (April)................................... 425 666 35.5 55.0 12.0 12.1 13.4 13.6 20.0 20.0 0.60 .61 0.67 $1.33 .68 1.31 $1.19 1.18 12,355 1,075.0 10.3 11.5 20.9 0.49 0.55 $1.63 $1.45 0.85 $1.05 .82 1.10 $0.94 .98 0.40 $2.22 .41 2.16 $2.00 1.95 0.55 $1.63 .55 1.63 $1.45 1.45 476 746 L in e N o. 18 2 Total, 18 ships................................ 11,031 Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (November).......................... No. 2 (December)........................... 474 890 423 795 28.0 54.5 15.1 14.6 16.9 16.3 20.0 20.0 0.76 .73 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (July)...................................No. 4 (April)................................... 1,004 491 896 438 120.0 54.5 7.5 8.0 8.4 9.0 21.0 22.0 0.36 .37 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (March)................................ 1,032 293 No. 6 (September).......................... 1,156 328 101.0 30.0 10.2 9.8 11.5 10.9 21.0 20.0 0.49 .49 2Norfolk. i Short tons. T a b le 6 4 .— PR ODU CTIVITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLING CARGO IN COASTW ISE TRADE Discharging cargo Week ending- Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons 0 Manhours Out La put bor per man- cost per hour rev (rev enue enue t o n 1 tons1) Week ending— L in e N o . 192 Total, 261 ships.. Dec. 14,5 ships___ Total....... Dec. 21, 5 ships- Tetal....... Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons 0 Manhours Out put per manhour (rev enue tons1) La bor cost per rev enue to n 1 Weeks with m inim um efficiency $0.44 L in e No. 19 2—Con. Weeks with m axim um efficiency July 21, 5 ships___ 570 627 624 615 614 646.0 785.0 906.0 729.0 836.0 0.88 .80 .69 .84 .73 $0.45 .50 .58 .48 .55 Total.......... . 3,050 3,902.0 .78 .51 Sept. 14,5 ships. 529 479 712 541 930 659.0 563.0 828.0 677.0 1,204.0 .80 .85 .86 .80 .77 .50 .47 .47 .50 .52 Total....... . 3,191 3,931.0 .81 .49 186,055 205,343.0 0.91 656 764 656 736 965 3,777 516.0 715.0 585.0 670.0 948.0 3,434.0 1.27 1.07 1.12 1.10 1.02 1.10 $0.31 .37 .36 .36 .39 .36 549 731 484 704 624 3,092 536.0 696.0 521.0 646.0 500.0 2,899. 0 1.02 1.05 .93 1.09 1.25 1.07 .39 .38 .43 .38 .32 .37 . 1Short tons. 66490°—32------22 a Norfolk. 330 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 64.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons 0 Manhours Out La put bor per man- cost per hour rev (rev enue enue tons1) t o n 1 Weeks with average efficiency L in e No. 192— Con- Feb. 28,6 ships----- Total— Apr. 21,5 ships___ Total-. Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons1) Manhours 1,199.0 997.0 422.0 1,303.0 734.0 853.0 Q. 91 .98 1.05 .91 .89 1.05 $0.44 .41 .38 .44 .45 .38 5,021 5,508.0 .91 .44 595 686 540 331 893 692.0 786.0 706.0 342.0 838.0 .86 .87 .76 .97 1.07 .47 .46 .63 .41 .37 3,045 3,364.0 .91 .44 Dec. 21,6 ships___ Total.— Jan. 7,5 ships.. Total.. 3,191 3,558 3,542 5,608 5,443 4,472 3,685 4,709 3, 017 5,083 5,467 3,687 3,838 3,856 3,939 3,172 3,113 4,861 3,608 3,383 2,692 4,980 3,815 3,451 3,841 4,609 3,734 3,446 4,430 3,776 3,970 5,331 3,841 3,592 2,680 5,747 4,048 3,107 3,701 2,862 3,406 2,588 3,094.0 3,844.0 3,792.0 5,847.0 5,579.0 4,753.0 3,904.0 5,392.0 3,273.0 5,222.0 5,787.0 3,978.0 3,992.0 4,369.0 4,499.0 3,635.0 3,475.0 5,364.0 3,995.0 3,924.0 3,054.0 5,091.0 4,325.0 3,981.0 4,406.0 5,250.0 4,322.0 3,957.0 5,137.0 4,486.0 4,665.0 6,203.0 4,600.0 3,989.0 3,185.0 6,364.0 4,624.0 3,469.0 4,188.0 3,321.0 3,507.0 2,463.0 1.03 $0.39 .93 .43 .93 .43 .96 .42 .98 .41 .94 .43 .94 .43 .87 .46 .92 .43 .97 .41 .94 .43 .93 .43 .96 .42 .88 .45 .88 .45 .87 .46 .90 .44 .44 .91 .90 .44 .86 .47 .88 .45 .98 .41 .88 .45 .87 .46 .87 .46 .88 .45 .86 .47 .87 .46 .86 .47 .84 .48 .85 .47 .86 .47 .84 .48 .90 .44 .84 .48 .90 .44 .88 .45 .90 .44 .88 .45 .86 .47 .41 .97 1.05 .38 1Short tons. 0.80 $0.60 Weeks with m axim um efficiency 719 788 1,082 1,018 900 786 971.0 755.0 1,162.5 1,099.5 969.5 814.8 0.74 1.04 .93 .93 .93 .97 $0.54 .38 .43 .43 .43 .41 5,293 5,772.3 .92 .43 1,085 1,096 675 894 940 1,208.0 1,376.0 656.8 876.0 1,080.0 .90 .80 1.03 1.02 .87 .44 .60 .39 .39 .46 4,690 5,195.8 .90 .44 Other weeks Jan. 7,4 Jan. 14,5 ships___ Jan. 21, 5 ships___ Jan. 31, 7 ships----Feb. 7, 6 ships....... Feb. 14, 6 ships___ Feb. 21, 5 ships___ Mar. 7,6 ships----Mar. 14,4 ships__ Mar. 21,6 ships— Mar. 31,7 ships— Apr. 7, 5 ships....... Apr. 14, 5 ships---Apr. 30,7 ships---May 7, 5 ships-----May 14,5 ships— M ay 21,5 ships— May 30,7 ships— June 7, 5 ships-----June 14,5 ships— June 21,4 ships— June 30,7 ships— July 7,5 ships-----July 14,5 ships___ July 31,5 ships----Aug. 7, 7 ships-----Aug. 14, 5 ships— Aug. 21,5 ships— Aug. 31, 6 ships.— Sept. 7, 5 ships----Sept. 21,5 ships Sept. 30, 7 ships. .. Oct. 7,5 ships-----Oct. 14, 5 ships___ Oct. 21,4 ships___ Oct. 31,8 ships___ . Nov. 7, 6 ships___ . Nov. 14, 5 ships.—. Nov. 21, 5 ships— . Nov. 30, 5 ships— . Dec. 7, 5 ships....... Dec. 14,6 ships.... . La bor cost per rev enue to n 1 L in e N o. 202 Total, 306 ships__ 296,569 370,162.0 1,093 802 443 1,190 651 842 Out put per manhour (rev enue tons1) Weeks with m in im u m efficiency Mar. 7,4 ships... 927 1,063 912 1,118 1,417.0 1,882.5 1,558.0 1,599.0 0.65 .56 .59 .70 $0.62 .71 .68 .57 Total------- 4,020 6,456.5 .62 .65 June 30,8 ships.. 669 1,232 919 1,157 1,098 578 563 681 1,122.8 1,600.0 1,251.5 1,542.0 1,425.0 826.0 810.0 1,069.3 .60 .77 .73 .75 .77 .70 .70 .64 .67 .52 .55 .53 .52 .57 .57 .63 6,897 9,646.6 .71 .56 T otal- Weeks with average efficiency Jan. 14, 7 ships. Total_____ Mar. 21, 6 ships. _ TotaL. 1, 111 904 797 708 768 868 1,073 6,229 1,359.0 1,045.0 1,122.0 837.0 1,048.0 1,111.0 1,263.0 7,785.0 0.82 .87 .71 .85 .73 .78 .85 .80 $0.49 .46 .56 .47 .55 .51 .47 .50 873 737 1,233 1,059 1,213 ' 1,081 6,196 1,122.0 866.0 1,447.0 1,507.5 1,575.0 1,241.8 7,759.3 .78 .85 .85 .70 .77 .87 .80 .51 .47 .47 .57 .52 .46 .50 2Norfolk. 331 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b le 64 t -P R 0D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G CARGO IN COASTW ISE TRAD E—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons i) Manhours Out La put bor per man- cost per hour rev (rev enue enue tons1) t o n 1 Week ending— Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons i) La bor cost per rev enue to n 1 Other weeks— Continued Other weeks L ine No. 202—Con. L ine No. 20 2—Con. Jan. 21, 6 ships----Jan. 30,8 ships----F eb .7 ,6 ships. .... Feb. 14, 6 ships___ Feb. 21,6 ships___ Feb. 28,4 ships___ Mar. 14, 6 ships__ Mar. 31,9 ships. Apr. 7, 6 ships____ Apr. 14,6 ships___ Apr. 21, 6 ships___ Apr. 30,8 ships—. May 7,6 ships....... May 14, 6 ships___ May 21, 6 ships___ May 31,8 ships___ June 7, 6 ships....... June 14,6 ships— June 21, 6 ships— July 7, 6 ships....... July 14,6 ships----- Manhours Out put per manhour (rev enue tons*) 4,676 7,394 6,829 6,772 6,087 4,246 7,158 8,847 5,613 5,307 5,600 7,041 5,559 5,092 5,783 7,890 5,445 6,017 5,963 4,061 5,126 5,912.0 9,034.0 6,776.0 7,618.0 6,028.9 5,661.1 9,535.3 10,917.3 7,009.0 7,358.0 7,166.6 8,823.5 7,100.5 6,246.0 6,603.0 9,261.0 6,237.3 8,065.1 7,547.5 5,667.5 7,240.0 0.79 .82 .86 .76 .84 .75 .75 .81 .80 .72 .78 .80 .78 .82 .88 .85 .87 .75 .79 .73 .71 $0.51 .49 .47 .53 .48 .53 .53 .49 .50 .56 .51 .50 .51 .49 .45 .47 .46 .53 .51 .55 .56 July 21, 6 ships___ 4,956 July 31,8 ships___ 7,283 Aug. 7, 6 ships....... 5,787 Aug. 14, 6 ships___ 5,560 Aug. 21, 6 ships___ 5,756 8,713 Aug. 31,9 ships— Sept. 7, 6 ships___ 6,487 Sept. 14, 6 ships. __ 6,006 Sept. 21, 6 ships. __ 7,841 Sept. 30,8 ships. 99,927 Oct. 7,6 ships____ 7,134 Oct. 14, 6 ships___ 6,162 Oct. 21, 6 ships___ 6,984 Oct. 31,8 ships___ 9,891 5,979 Nov. 7,6 ships___ Nov. 14, 6 ships.._ 4,932 Nov. 21, 6 ships. __ 6,147 Nov. 30,8 ships__ 6,453 Dec. 7, 6 ships____ 6,314 Dec. 14, 6 ships----- 5,288 Dec. 31, 8 ships----- 6,129 6,717.0 9,386.6 7,086.3 6,782.0 6,590.2 10,157.6 7,787.0 7,519.0 9,930.0 11,758.0 8,846.0 7,051.0 8,425.0 13,050.0 7,755.0 6,390.8 7,387.0 7,743.6 7,602.5 6,199.0 7,690.2 0.74 .78 .82 .82 .87 .86 .83 .80 .79 .84 .81 .88 .83 .76 .77 .77 .83 .83 .83 .85 .80 $0.54 .51 .49 .49 .46 .47 .48 .50 .51 .48 .49 .45 .48 .53 .52 .52 .48 .48 .48 .47 .50 Loading cargo L in e No. 212 Weeks with average efficiency Total, 268 ships.... 195,482 159,739.0 1.22 $0.33 L ine No. 212—Con. Feb. 28, 5 ships___ Weeks with maxim um efficiency Jan. 7, 5 ships....... Total....... . Dec. 31, 5 ships.. Total. 505 396 904 634 1,176 3,615 373.0 306.0 698.0 361.0 716.0 2,454.0 1.35 1.29 1.29 1.75 1.64 1.47 $0.30 .31 .31 ; 23 .24 .27 Oct. 21, 7 ships___ 922 535 58 686 547 2,748 714.0 337.0 44.0 465.0 356.0 1,916.0 1.20 1.58 1.32 1.47 1.54 1.43 .31 .25 .30 .27 .26 .28 Total............ Weeks with m inim u m efficiency July 21, 5 ships___ Total....... . June 30, 6 ships.. Total.. 889 663 419 858 564 3,393 499 1,123 544 963 525 648 4,302 929.0 622.0 373.0 723.0 482.0 3,129.0 50210 955.0 453.0 913.0 459.0 644.0 3,926.0 0.96 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.17 1.08 .99 1.11 1.20 1.04 1.15 1.00 1.10 i Short tons. $0.42 .38 .36 .34 .34 .37 .40 .36 .33 .38 .35 .40 .36 Total............ 1,134 623 1,290 688 905 4,640 923.0 511.0 1,011.0 551.0 827.0 3,823.0 1.23 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.10 1.21 $0.33 .33 .31 .32 .36 .33 1,247 748 738 759 658 513 1,016 5,679 1,049.0 558.0 672.0 404.0 591.0 418.0 917.0 4,609.0 1.19 1.34 1.10 1.87 1.12 1.23 1.11 1.23 .34 .30 .37 .21 .36 .33 .36 .33 A l l other weeks Jan. 14, 5 ships----Jan. 21, 5 ships----Jan. 31, 6 ships___ Feb. 7, 6 ships....... Feb. 14, 4 ships----Feb. 21, 5 ships----Mar. 7, 5 ships Mar. 14, 5 ships___ Mar. 21, 5 ships___ Mar. 31, 7 ships. .1. Apr. 7, 5 ships-----Apr. 14, 6 ships___ Apr. 21, 5 ships . . . Apr. 30, 6 ships___ May 7, 5 ships . . . May 14, 5 ships___ May 21, 5 ships___ May 31,7 ships___ 3,801 3,756 5,265 5,173 3,421 3,757 3,917 4,636 4,919 5,259 3,917 4,816 3,868 4,748 3,465 3,643 3,811 4,877 aNorfolk. 2,939.0 2,848.0 3,966.0 3,964.0 2,740.0 3,264.0 3,315.0 3,878.0 4,127.0 4,101.0 3,066.0 3,651.0 3,088.0 3,779.0 3,027.0 3,106.0 3,194.0 4,353.0 1.29 1.32 1.33 1.30 1.25 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.28 1.28 1.32 1.25 1.26 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.12 $0.31 .30 .30 .31 .32 .35 .34 .33 .34 .31 .31 .30 .32 .32 .35 .34 .34 .36 332 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 64,—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLING CARGO IN COASTWISE TRADE—Continued Loading cargo—Continued Week ending- L in e N o . 212— Con. June 7, 5 ships. June 14, 5 ships___ June 21, 5 ships___ July 7, 5 ships....... July 14, 5 ships— July 31, 7 ships— Aug. 7, 5 ships....... Aug. 14, 5 ships__ Aug. 21, 5 ships___ Aug. 31, 8 ships___ Sept. 7, 5 ships___ Sept. 14, 5 ships... Sept. 21, 5 ships... Sept. 30, 7 ships... Oct. 7,4 ships____ Oct. 14, 4 ships___ Oct. 31, 7 ships___ Nov. 7, 4 ships___ Nov. 14, 5 ships.... Nov. 21, 5 ships__ Nov. 30, 7 ships.... Dec. 7, 5 ships____ Dec. 14, 5 ships___ Dec. 21, 5 ships___ Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons!) Manhours Out put per manhour (rev enue tons1) La bor cost per rev enue to n 1 A l l other weeks— Continued 3,739 3,908 3,853 3,519 3,406 5,521 3,739 3,948 3,707 5,775 3,843 3,613 3,802 5,748 3,036 2,765 5,417 2,661 3, 625 3,341 4,582 3,344 3,609 3,555 3,144.0 3,440.0 3,349.0 3,153.0 3,055.0 4,872.0 3,341.0 3,079.0 3,130.0 5,005.0 3,273.0 2,812.0 2,924.0 4,864.0 2, 278.0 2,122.0 4,149.0 2, 308.0 2,926.0 2,819. 0 3,612.0 2,456.0 2,544.0 2,821.0 1.19 $0.34 1.14 .35 .35 1.15 .36 1.12 .36 1.11 .35 1.13 .36 1.12 .31 1.28 .34 1.18 .35 1.15 .34 1.17 .31 1.28 .31 1.30 .34 1.18 1.33 .30 .31 1.30 .31 1.31 1.15 .35 1.24 .32 1.19 .34 1.27 .31 1.36 .29 1.42 .28 1.26 .32 L in e N o . 22* Total, 306 ships— . 231, 111 221,936.8 1.04 $0.38 Weeks with m aximum efficiency June 7, 6 ships. 913 523 616 629 1,128 804 803.8 482.0 563.0 575.3 1,006.5 725.1 Total___ 4,613 4,155.7 1.11 .36 Apr. 7, 5 ships.. 679 1,110 668 918 905 613.5 972.0 634.6 845.8 833.6 1.11 1.14 1.05 1.09 1.09 .36 .35 .38 .37 .37 4,280 3,899.5 1.10 .36 TotaL. 1.14 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.11 $0.35 .37 .37 .37 .35 .36 Weeks with m inim u m efficiency 1,598 1,175 1,051 1,149 1,400 1,433 1,332 919 1,713.3 1,290.8 966.1 1,254.3 1,371.3 1,473.3 1,443.5 991.3 Total___ 10,057 10,503.9 .96 .42 Aug. 7, 6 ships.. 817 712 589 573 600 674 921.1 723.3 531.0 635.8 586.3 729.0 .89 .98 1.11 .90 1.02 .92 .45 .41 .36 .44 .39 .43 3,965 4,126.5 .96 .42 June 30,8 ships.. TotaL. .93 $0.43 .91 .44 1.09 .37 .92 .43 1.02 .39 .41 .97 .92 .43 .93 .43 * Short tons. Week ending— L in e No. 222—Con. Mar. 14, 5 ships___ Total______ Cargo ton nage (rev enue tons i) Manhours Out put per manhour (rev enue tons1) La bor cost per rev enue ton 1 Weeks with average efficiency 856 864 983 1,026 1,144 806.8 781.6 1,006.6 1,022.1 1,070.8 1.06 1.11 .98 1.00 1.51 $0.38 .36 .41 .40 .37 4,873 4,687.9 1.04 .38 Aug. 31,9 ships___ 718 683 578 560 510 743 1,009 621 695 780.3 678.5 599.0 585.0 516.0 723.0 794.0 641.0 595.0 .92 1.01 .97 .93 .99 1.03 1.27 .97 1.17 .43 .40 .41 .43 .40 .39 .31 .41 .34 Total............ 6,117 5,911.8 1.04 .38 A l l other weeks Jan. 7, 5 ships........ Jan. 14, 6 ships___ Jan. 21, 6 ships___ Jan. 31,8 ships___ Feb. 7, 6 ships....... Feb. 14, 6 ships___ Feb. 21, 6 ships___ Feb. 28, 3 ships___ Mar. 7,6 ships Mar. 21,6 ships___ Mar. 31,9 ships___ Apr. 14,6 ships___ Apr. 21,6 ships___ Apr. 30,8 ships___ May 7,6 ships____ May 14,6 ships___ May 21,6 ships___ May 31,8 ships___ June 14,6 ships___ June 21,6 ships___ July 7,6 ships____ July 14,6 ships___ July 21,6 ships___ July 31,8 ships___ Aug. 14, 6 ships___ Aug. 21,6 ships___ Sept. 7,6 ships___ Sept. 14,6 ships___ Sept. 21,6 ships___ Sept. 30,8 ships___ Oct. 7,6 ships____ Oct. 14,6 ships___ Oct. 21,6 ships___ Oct. 31,8 ships___ Nov. 7,6 ships Nov. 14,6 ships___ Nov. 21,6 ships___ Nov. 30,8 ships___ Dec. 7,6 ships....... Dec. 14,6 ships___ Dec. 21,6 ships___ Dec. 31,8 ships___ 4,239 4,069 3,942 4,766 4,122 3,869 4,089 2,811 4,098 4,543 6,854 4,421 3,873 5,042 4,489 4,062 4,628 5,753 6,796 8,266 7,126 6,215 5,131 5,376 4,106 3,932 4,145 3,731 4,251 4,943 4,426 4,595 4,102 6,765 4,634 3,920 3,780 5,060 4,393 3,800 3,588 4,455 3Norfolk 3,876.3 3,806.5 3,687.3 4,489.3 3,795.0 3,583.2 3,870.5 2,890.4 3,881.9 4,442.6 6,394.1 4,503.0 3,696.7 4,767.5 4,241.5 3,823.0 4,267.9 5,340.1 6,299.6 7,719.7 6,707.2 6,152.2 5,142.7 5,386.8 4,037.0 3,943.7 4,055.0 3,587.7 4,260.6 4,714.8 4,152.3 4,350.1 3,917.9 6,665.6 4,504.0 3,756.2 3,644.3 4,832.7 4,030.3 3,638.4 3,412.0 4,383.4 1.09 $0.37 1.07 .37 1.07 .37 1.06 .38 1.09 .37 1.08 .37 1.06 .38 .41 .97 1.06 .38 1.02 .39 1.07 .37 .41 .98 1.05 .38 1.06 .38 1.06 .38 1.06 .38 1.08 .37 1.08 .37 1.08 .37 1.07 .37 1.06 .38 1.01 .40 1.00 .40 1.00 .40 1.02 .39 1.00 .40 1.02 .39 1.04 .38 1.00 .40 1.05 .38 1.07 .37 1.06 .38 1.05 .38 1.01 .40 1.03 .39* 1.04 .38 1.04 .38 1.05 .37 1.09 .38 1.04 .38 1.05 .38 1.02 .39 333 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b le 6 5 .-P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G IN DIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES Discharging cargo Commodity, ship number, and date of operation B Gang-hours Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue tons gang tons tons ton ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Long tons Revenue tons urlap Line No. 23: * Total, 7 ships— No. 1 (Febru ary)............... No. 2 (M a y )... No. 3 (June)... No. 4 (July)— _ No. 5 (August). No. 6 (Septem ber)................ No. 7 (Decem ber)................ 2)432 2,432 111.0 21.9 21.9 21.4 1.02 1.02 $0.78 $0.78 157 476 478 319 329 157 476 478 319 329 8.0 20.0 23.0 12.5 14.0 19.6 23.8 20.8 25.5 23.5 19.6 23.8 20.8 25.5 23.5 23.0 22.0 20.0 21.0 23.0 .85 1.08 1.04 1.22 1.02 .85 1.08 1.04 1.22 1.02 .94 .74 .77 .66 .78 .94 .74 .77 .66 .78 338 338 15.5 21.8 21.8 21.0 1.04 1.04 .77 .77 335 335 18.0 18.6 18.6 21.0 .89 .89 .90 .90 31,479 31,479 1,099.5 28.6 28.6 14.4 1.99 1.99 .40 .40 3.10 2.55 3.10 $0.26 .31 2.55 $0.26 .31 $0.56 M anganese Ore Line No. 24:2 Total, 10 ships.. S hips with m aximum efficiency No. l (August). No. 2 (April) ~ 1,210 4,950 1,210 4,950 30.0 109.0 40.3 45.4 40.3 45.4 13.0 17.8 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (Septem ber)............... No. 4 (Octo ber)________ 1,971 1,971 92.0 21.4 21.4 15.0 1.43 1.43 $0.56 4,088 4,088 179.0 22.8 22.8 14.8 1.54 1.54 .52 .52 $0.42 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (Novem ber)------------No. 6 (Decem ber).............. N e w s p r in t 1,991 1,991 79.5 25.0 25.0 13.1 1.91 1.91 $0.42 2,482 2,482 98.5 25.2 25.2 13.0 1.94 1.94 18,043 320,211 720.5 25.0 328.1 19.3 1.29 .41 .41 P aper Line No. 25: Total, 11 ships.. 31.45 $0.62 3$0.55 Ships with m axim um efficiency No. 1 (Octo ber) *___....... No. 2 (Novem ber) *_______ 2,640 3 2,957 85.5 30.9 3 34.6 19.1 1.62 3 1.81 $0.49 3$0.44 2,461 3 2,756 88.5 27.8 3 31.1 19.2 1.45 3 1.62 .55 3.49 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (Au gust) 2........ . No. 4 (Au gust) *........... 3 939 40.5 20.7 3 23.2 21.0 0.98 3 1,045 46.5 20.1 3 22.5 19.3 1.04 3 1.17 1 Norfolk and Newport News. 2 Norfolk. »1 .10 $0.82 3$0.73 838 1,930 3 Short tons. * Newport News. .77 3.68 334 GEN ERAL TABLES T a b le 65.—PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H A N D L IN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Commodity, ship number, ana date of operation Gang-hours Long tons Ships with average efficiency e w s p r in t P a p e r — CC on tin u ed N it r a t e o f Long tons Revenue tons N Line No. 25—Con. No. 5 (Septem ber) 4_______ No. 6 (Janu ary) 4_______ Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue ton tons gang tons ton tons Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage 1 ,6 4 6 3 1 ,8 4 3 708 67.0 24.6 327.5 19.2 1 .2 8 3 1.43 $0.63 3$0.56 2 9 .5 24.0 3 26.9 1 8 .0 1 .3 3 31.49 2,693.0 24.6 24.6 38.0 .60 3.54 0.65 0.65 $1.23 $1.23 0.97 .83 0.97 $0.82 .83 .96 $0.82 .96 0.39 .45 0.39 $2.05 .45 1.78 $2.05 1.78 So d a Line No. 26:2 Total, 18 ships. 66,200 66,200 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (Febru ary) ________ No. 2 (April)_ 1,323 10.009 1,323 10.009 36.0 318.0 36.8 31.5 38.8 31.5 38.0 38.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March) No. 4 (M a y ).—’ 2,308 1,077 2,308 1,077 156.0 63.0 14.8 17.1 14.8 17.1 38.0 38.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (Febru ary).............. No. 6 (April)- 1,007 7,703 1,007 7,703 40.0 296.0 25.2 26.0 25.2 26.0 38.0 38.0 0.66 .68 0.66 $1.21 .68 1.18 $1.21 1.18 8,004 8,004 243.5 32.9 32.9 16.0 2.05 2.05 $0.39 $0.39 2.44 2.41 2.44 $0.33 2.41 .33 $0.33 .33 $0.48 Sulph ur Line No. 27:2 Total, 8 ships... Ships with maximum efficiency No. 1 (April).. No. 2 (April)-. 2,207 695 2,207 695 55.5 18.0 39.1 38.6 39.1 38.6 16.0 16.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (Janu ary)....... ........ No. 4 (Febru ary)— ........... 1,252 1,252 41.5 30.2 30.2 18.0 1.68 1.68 $0.48 708 708 23.5 30.1 30.1 17.0 1.77 1.77 .45 .45 1.92 2.07 1.92 $0.42 2.07 .39 $0.42 .39 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (Octo ber)............... No. 6 (June)-.. 2 Norfolk. 964 916 964 916 33.5 29.5 3 Short tons. 28.8 31.1 28.8 31.1 15.0 15.0 4 Newport News. 335 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b le 65 .~ P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M ODITIES—Continued Discharging cargo— Continued Gang-hours Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue ton tons gang tons tons ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Revenue tons Long tons W oo d P u lp Line No. 28:1 Total, 12 ships. 14,008 14,008 420.5 33.3 33.3 24.5 J. 36 1.36 $0.59 $0.59 1.80 1.68 1.80 $0.44 1.68 .48 $0.44 .48 0.96 1.02 0.96 $0.83 1.02 .78 $0.83 .78 1.39 $0.58 1.40 .57 $0.58 .57 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (MarchApril)______ No. 2 (January). 757 1,397 757 1,397 17.5 32.0 43.3 43.7 43.3 43.7 24.0 26.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 ( Decem ber)................ No. 4 (June)... 1,100 400 1,100 400 46.0 14.0 23.9 28.6 23.9 28.6 25.0 28.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (July)___ No. 6 (July)— . 260 2,165 260 2,165 7.5 67.0 34.7 32.3 34.7 32.3 25.0 23.0 1.39 1.40 0.82 *0.45 $0.98 * $1.78 Loading cargo L u m ber Line No. 29: 2 Total, 8 ships. _ No. 1 (M ay)— No. 2 (June)... No. 3 (July).— No. 4 (August). No. 5 (Sep tember)_____ No. 6 (October) No. 7 (Novem ber)............... No. 8 (Decem ber)....... ........ 7,265 *4,026.0 403.0 18.0 *10.0 22.0 1,357 830 876 512 *754.2 *461.6 * 486.6 * 273.4 66.5 43.5 50.0 24.0 20.4 19.1 17.5 21.3 * 11.3 * 10.6 *9.7 * 11.4 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 .93 .87 .80 .97 *.52 *.48 *.44 6.52 .86 .92 1.00 .82 716 839 * 397.7 *466.2 43.5 48.5 16.5 17.3 *9.1 *9.6 22.0 22.0 .75 .79 *.42 *.44 1.07 5 1.90 1.01 * 1.82 5 1.54 51.67 51.82 6 1.54 1,015 *563.8 53.5 19.0 *10.5 22.0 .86 *.48 1,120 * 622.5 73.5 15.2 *8.5 22.0 .69 *.39 7,124 7,124 271.5 26.2 26.2 26.0 1.01 1.01 $0.79 $0.79 1.11 1.11 1.11 $0.72 1.11 .72 $0.72 .72 0.85 .86 0.85 $0.94 .86 .93 $0.94 .93 .93 51.67 1.16 5 2.08 P o t a to e s Line No. 30: 2 Total, 10 ships. Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (June)... No. 2 (August). 747 723 747 723 27.0 25.0 27.7 28.9 27.7 28.9 25.0 26.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (August). No. 4 (J u ly )-.. 723 723 723 723 1 Norfolk and Newport News. 34.0 31.0 21.3 23.3 2 Norfolk. 21.3 23.3 25.0 27.0 *1,000 board feet. 336 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 6 5 . - PR O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN HANDLING INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—-Continued Loading cargo— Continued Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Gang-hours Long tons Long tons Revenue tons Ships with average efficiency P o t a t o e s —Con. Line No 30 2—Con. No. 5 (July)___ No. 6 (July)___ Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue ton ton tons gang tons tons Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage 434 721 434 721 16.5 28.0 26.3 25.8 26.3 25.8 26.0 26.0 1.01 .99 1.01 $0.79 .81 .99 $0.79 .81 7,112 7,112 271.0 26.2 26.2 25.7 1.02 1.02 $0.78 $0.78 1.16 1.14 1.16 $0.69 1.14 .70 $0.69 .70 0.75 .94 0.75 $1.07 .94 .85 $1.07 .85 S ta r c h Line No. 31:4 Total, 8 ships.. S kips with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (December)............. No. 2 (June). . . 1,195 721 1,195 721 39.0 23.5 30.6 30.7 30.6 30.7 26.5 27.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March). No. 4 (M a y )... 204 1,050 204 1,050 12.0 46.5 17.0 22.6 17.0 22.6 22.8 24.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (August). No. 6 (March). 234 1,303 234 1,303 8.5 50.5 27.5 25.8 27.5 25.8 27.0 25.5 1.02 1.01 1.02 $0.78 1.01 .79 $0.78 .79 20,736 20,736 667.0 31.1 31.1 14.8 2.10 2.10 $0.38 $0.38 2.64 2.58 2.64 $0.30 2.58 .31 $0.30 .31 1.85 1.86 1.85 $0.43 .43 1.86 $0.43 .43 2.11 2.13 2.11 $0.38 2.13 .38 $0.38 .38 St e e l B ille ts 6 Line No. 32: * Total, 17 ships. Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (Septem ber)............... No. 2 (August). 1,011 1,025 1,011 1,025 25.5 26.5 39.7 38.7 39.7 38.7 15.0 15.0 Ships with m inim um efficiency No. 3 (March). No. 4 (April)__ 1,844 8*3 1,844 843 68.0 29.0 27.1 29.1 27.1 29.1 14.7 15.6 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (MayJune)............ No.6(October). 2 Norfolk. 1,682 827 1,682 827 54.5 25.0 Newport News. 30.9 33.1 30.9 33.1 14.6 15.5 6 From cars to ship. 337 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 65.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AND LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES—Continued Loading cargo—Continued Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Gang-hours Long tons Average Aver Output per labor cost man-hour age per— num ber of Reve men Reve per Long Reve nue nue Long nue ton tons gang tons tons ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Long tons Revenue tons T obacco Line No. 33: i Total, 9 ships.. 3,617 3,617 120.0 30.1 30.1 24.0 1.25 1.25 $0.64 $0.64 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (Au gust).............. No. 2 (M ay)-_ 347 253 7702 7520 10.0 7.0 34.7 36.1 7 70.2 7 74.3 23.0 24.0 1. 51 7 3.00 $0.53 7$0. 27 1. 51 7 3.10 .53 7.26 Ships with m inim u m efficiency No. 3 (Feb ruary)______ No. 4 (Octo ber)________ 376 7721 15.5 24.3 746.5 28.0 0.87 566 566 23.5 24.1 24.1 22.0 1.09 7 1.70 $0.92 7$0.47 1.09 .73 .73 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (Sep tember)_____ N o .6 (March). 223 746 7460 71,473 8.0 20.5 24,658 8923,857 103,299.0 27.9 36.4 7 57.5 7 71.9 23.0 26.0 1.21 7 2.50 $0.66 7$0. 32 1.40 72.80 .57 7 .29 G r a in 8 Line No. 34:2 Total, 14 ships . 7.47 #280. 00 $0.11 11$2.86 Ships with m aximum efficiency No. 1 (Au gust)....... — No. 2 (Au gust) _______ 1,714 *64.000 10106.0 1,071 •40,000 1086. 0 16.17 9604.00 $0.05 11$1.33 12.45 9465.00 .06 111.70 Ships with m inim u m efficiency 1,071 2,143 No. 3 (June)... No. 4 (March). 940,000 980,000 3.30 9123.00 $0.24 11$6. 50 4.07 9152.00 .20 115.26 10325.0 10526.0 Ships with average efficiency No. 5 (Au gust).............. No. 6 (Octo ber)....... ........ 1,071 940.000; 1,500 956,000 10U2.0 10184.0 7.54 9282.00 $0.11 11 $2.84 8.15 9304.00 .10 11 2.63 C oal Line No. 35:12 Total................ 6,957,057 6,957,057 10178,838.0 38.90 38.90 1024,728.0 1017.219.0 1017.818.0 1014.786.0 1013.590.0 1012.506.0 34. 33 41.86 40.61 35.58 35.64 39.61 34.33 41.86 40.61 35.58 35.64 39.61 January______ February.- _ March________ April_________ May June_________ 848,865 720,718 723,501 526,034 484,352 495,409 848,865 720,718 723,501 526,034 484,352 495,409 ’ Norfolk and Newport News. 2Norfolk. 7Hogsheads. 8Trimming only. 9Bushels. m Man-hours. 11Per 1,000 bushels. i2Norfolk: Pier operations only. 338 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 65.-—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Average Aver- Output per labor cost num- man-hour per— ber of men Reve man Reve per Long Reve nue Long nue nue gang tons tons ton Ions ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Gang-hours Long tons Revenue tons Long tons C oal—Continued Line No. 35.12—Con. July.................. August.............. September....... October_______ November____ December_____ 524.893 555,849 552,127 510,508 504,907 509.894 524,893 555,849 552,127 510,508 504,907 509 894 1013.348.0 1012.783.0 1013.155.0 1012.768.0 1012.516.0 1013.621.0 Line No. 36:« Total................. 7,203,997 7,203,997 “ 103,777.0 39.32 43.48 41.97 39.98 40.34 37.43 39.32 43.48 41.97 39.98 40.34 37.43 37.18 37.18 January........... February.......... March.............. April............ M ay................. June_________ July.................. August.............. September____ October............ November____ December_____ 649,615 620,192 713,228 585,922 602,259 553,936 594.359 559.298 557,907 651.360 531,623 584.298 649,615 620,192 713,228 585,922 602,259 553,936 594.359 559.298 557,907 651.360 531,623 584.298 1024.806.0 1018.463.0 1020.665.0 1015.983.0 1014.847.0 1014.477.0 1014.988.0 1014.282.0 1013.032.0 1015.309.0 ............ ............ ......... 1012.085.0 1014.840.0 26.19 33.59 34.51 36.66 40.56 38.26 39.66 39.16 42.81 42.55 43.99 39.37 26.19 33.59 34.51 36.66 40.56 38.26 39.66 39.16 42.81 42.55 43.99 39.37 Line No. 37:i T o t a l...______ 540,901 540,901 10 18,086.0 29.91 29.91 January______ February_____ March________ April_________ M ay_________ June_________ J u ly _________ August_______ September____ October_______ November____ December_____ 63,830 32,807 103,879 33,199 33,541 29,182 31,908 63,309 21,523 48,479 38,223 41,021 63,830 32,807 103,879 33,199 33,541 29,182 31,908 63,309 21,523 48,479 38,223 41,021 W3,544.0 101.551.0 103.906.0 101.388.0 101.127.0 10 883.0 10701.0 101.307.0 10469.0 101.074.0 10966.0 101, 17a 0 18.01 21.15 26.59 23.92 29.76 33.05 45.52 48.44 45.89 45.14 39.57 35.06 18.01 21.15 26.59 23.92 29.76 33.05 45.52 48.44 45.89 45.14 39.57 35.06 28.41 28.41 26.43 25.57 28.92 28.31 26.46 29.18 32.05 29.29 32.12 26.62 28.35 29.69 26.43 25.57 28.92 28.31 26.46 29.18 32.05 29.29 32.12 26.62 28.35 29.69 491,344 418,058 479,738 471,235 404,223 380,861 404,184 385,072 408,019 335,696 312,718 331,448 491,344 418,058 479,738 471,235 404,223 380,861 404,184 385,072 408,019 335,696 312,718 331,448 Line No. 39: h T otal— Cargo_____ 1,568,757 1,568,757 B u n k e r ___ 155,349 155,349 January— Cargo_____ Bunker___ February— Cargo_____ Bunker___ 95,567 13,488 95,567 13,488 115,839 9,184 115,839 9,184 | o o o o o o o o o o o o Jfl.nnfl.ry______ February_____ March________ April_________ M ay_________ June__ _______ July.................. August_______ September____ October............ November____ December_____ s s s s s s s s s s s s Line No. 38:12 Total_________ 4,822,596 4,822,596 10169,771.0 1,207.6 1,299.1 1,299.1 859.4 180.8 180.8 95.8 81.1 3.7 348.80 348.80 32.9 5.50 5.50 998.0 166.3 3.8 265.60 265.60 35.3 4.72 4.72 85.4 1,357.2 1,357.2 65.5 140.2 140.2 3.5 287.40 287.40 34.7 4.04 4.04 998.0 166.3 i Norfolk and Newport News. “ Man-hours. 12 Norfolk: Pier operations. 13Newport News: Pier operations. 14Norfolk: Trimming—Cargo, with automatic trimmers; bunker, by hand. ______ _ 339 NORFOLK AND NEWPORT NEWS (1927) T a b l e 6 5 .—P R O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H A N D LIN G INDIVIDUAL COM M O DITIES—Continued Loading cargo—Continued Commodity, ship number, and date of operation Long tons Average Output per labor cost Aver- man-hour per— numberof men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue gang tons nue nue tons tons ton ton Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Long tons Revenue tons C oal—Continued Line No. 39 w—Con. March— Cargo_____ B lin k er April— Cargo_____ B lin k er May— Cargo_____ B u n k er June— Cargo_____ Bunker., July— Cargo_____ B u n k er August— Cargo_____ B u n k er September— Cargo_____ Bunker___ October— Cargo_____ Bunker___ November— Cargo_____ Bunker___ December— Cargo_____ Bunker___ 134,907 11,405 134,907 11,405 124.4 1,084.2 1,084.2 207.7 207.7 54.9 3.5 307.90 307.90 38.8 5.35 5.35 143,204 11,164 143,204 11,164 103.3 1,386.6 1,386.6 277.4 277.4 40.3 3.9 357.10 357.10 39.9 6.95 6.95 139,253 13,747 139,253 13,747 119.4 1,165.9 1,165.9 194.5 194.5 70.7 3.6 322.40 322.40 33.3 5.84 5.84 148,615 15,184 148,615 15,184 104.0 1,428.6 1,428.6 235.1 235.1 64.6 3.9 364.80 364.80 31.5 7.45 7.45 137,424 18,667 137,424 18,667 98.5 1,395.9 1,395.9 166.3 166.3 112.2 3.7 374.20 374.20 5.28 3L5 5.28 126,054 12,666 126,054 12,666 101.9 1,237.5 1,237.5 220.3 220.3 57.5 3.8 324.80 324.80 6.85 32.2 6.85 118,663 7,933 118,663 7,933 73.7 3,610.5 1,610.5 41.8 190.0 190.0 3.9 412.60 412.60 33.5 5.67 5.67 148,559 16,099 148,559 16,099 99.2 1,497.9 1,497.9 198.1 81.3 198.1 3.8 398.10 398.10 31.5 6.28 6.28 116,332 11,018 116,332 11,018 94.6 1,229.6 1,229.6 108.7 101.3 108.7 3.6 342.60 342.60 3.85 28.3 3.85 144,340 14,794 144,340 14,794 107.5 1,342.3 1,342.3 167.5 88.3 167.5 3.8 356.80 356.80 5.31 31.5 5.31 Line No. 40:16 Total— Cargo_____ 1,914,045 1,914,045 241,984 Bunker___ 241,984 January— Cargo_____ Bunker___ February— Cargo_____ Bunker___ March— Cargo....... . Bunker___ April— Cargo_____ Bunker___ May— Cargo......... Bunker___ June— Cargo_____ Bunker___ July— Cargo......... Bunker___ August— Cargo......... Bunker___ September— Cargo......... Bunker___ October— Cargo......... Bunker___ 2,698.0 2,150.5 709.4 112.5 709.4 112.5 45.0 45.0 15.76 2.50 15.76 2.50 165,750 20,109 165,750 20,109 319.0 178.5 519.6 112.7 519.6 112.7 45.0 45.0 11.55 2.50 11.55 2.50 190,730 15,210 190,730 15,210 291.0 136.0 655.4 111.8 655.4 111.8 45.0 45.0 14.56 2.48 14.56 2.48 176,848 21,546 176,848 21,546 331.0 191.5 534.3 112.5 534.3 112.5 45.0 45.0 11.87 2.50 11.87 2.50 165,191 25,134 165,191 25,134 256.0 £33.5 645.3 107.6 645.3 107.6 45.0 45.0 14.34 2.39 14.34 2.39 117,681 16,302 117,681 16,302 154.0 173.5 764.2 94.0 764.2 94.0 45.0 45.0 16.98 2.09 16.98 2.09 123,771 17,357 123,771 17,357 141.5 157.5 874.7 110.2 874.7 110.2 45.0 45.0 19.44 2.45 19.44 2.45 155,856 20,460 155,856 20,460 189.5 169.0 822.5 121.1 822.5 121.1 45.0 45.0 18.28 2.69 18.28 2.69 174,230 20,225 174,230 20,225 222.5 202.5 783.1 99.9 783.1 99.9 45.0 45.0 17.40 2.22 17.40 2.22 159,648 18,637 159,648 18,637 203.0 180.0 786.4 103.5 786.4 103.5 45.0 45.0 17.48 2.30 17.48 2.30 187,186 18,943 187,186 18,943 205.5 128.0 910.9 148.0 910.9 148.0 45.0 20.24 3.29 45.0 14 Norfolk: Trimming—Cargo, with automatic trimmers; bunker by hand, is Norfolk: Trimming, by hand. 20.24 3.29 340 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e 65.—P R O D U C TIV ITY OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H AN DLIN G INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES—Continued Loading cargo— Continued Commodity, ship number, ana date of operation Gang-hours Long tons Average Output per labor cost Aver- man-hour per— numberof men Reve per Long Reve Long Reve nue nue nue gang tons tons ton ton tons Output per gang-hour Cargo tonnage Long tons Revenue tons C oal—Continued Line No.4015—Con. November— Cargo. Bunker___ December— Cargo......... Bunker___ 24,093 201.0 178.0 813.9 135.4 813.9 135.4 45.0 45.0 18.09 3.01 18.09 3.01 133,561 23,968 184.0 222.5 725.9 107.7 725.9 107.7 45.0 45.0 16.13 16.13 2.39 Line No. 41: w Total— Cargo......... 2,028, 799 2,028,799 Bunker___ 232,305 232,305 3,425.3 2,359.5 592.3 98.4 592.3 98.4 38.0 38.0 15.59 2.59 15.59 374.3 263.0 465.1 92.8 465.1 92.8 38.0 38.0 12.24 2.44 12.24 2.44 469.5 100.3 469.5 100.3 38.0 38.0 12.36 2.64 12.36 2.64 January— Cargo......... Bunker___ February— Cargo......... Bunker___ March— Cargo......... Bunker___ April— Cargo_____ Bunker___ May— Cargo------Bunker----June— Cargo------Bunker___ July— Cargo------Bunker----August— Cargo......... Bunker___ September— Cargo_____ Bunker___ October— Cargo......... Bunker___ November— Cargo......... Bunker----December— Cargo......... Bunker___ Line No. 42:« Total................ January............ February_____ March.............. April................. M ay................. June.............. — July.................. August........... September........ October....... November.. December. __ 163,593 133,561 23,968 174,105 24,394 174,105 24,394 173,375 17,005 173,375 17,005 193,923 18,246 193,923 18,246 373.9 189.7 518. 96.21 518.6 96.2 38.0 38.0 13.65 2.53 13.65 156,717 20,486 156,717 20,486 284.8 203.3 550.3 100.8 550.3 100.8 38.0 38.0 14.48 2.65 14.48 2.65 188,388 19,626 188,388 19,626 262.1 193.5 718.8 101.4 718.8 101.4 38.0 38.0 18.92 2.67 18.92 2.67 138,454 20,150 138,454 20,150 183.0 169.7 756. 118.7 756.6 118.7 38.0 38.0 19.91 3.12 19.91 3.12 166,472 22,052 166,472 22,052 359.6 283.0 462.9 77.9 462.9 77.9 38.0 38.0 12.18 2.05 12.18 2.05 156,187 16,478 156,187 16,478 314.0 176.3 497.4 93.5 497.4 93.5 38.0 38.0 13.09 2.46 13.09 2.46 159,206 14,561 159,206 14,561 196.8 143.1 809.0 101.8 809.0 38.0 38.0 21.29 21.29 101.8 179,338 20,298 179,338 20,298 251.2 195.1 713. 104.0 713.9 104.0 38.0 38.0 18.79 2.74 18.79 2.74 16,816 160,809 16,816 194.5 166.3 101.1 826.8 101.1 38.0 38.0 21.76 21.76 181,825 22,193 181,825 22,193 261.8 206.9 107.3 38.0 38.0 18.28 2.82 18.28 2.82 311,314 311,314 853.2 364.9 364.9 33.7 10.83 10.83 35,678 22,814 58,582 24,141 29,745 35,678 22,814 58,582 24,141 29,745 24,376 22,713 31,863 18,963 28,879 12,518 1,042 129.9 76.2 131.4 71.1 79.3 69.8 50.3 89.3 38.8 58.2j 46.3! 12.5 274.6 299.5 445.8 339. 374. 349.0 451.2 356.6 489.4 496.5 270.1 83.4 274.6 299.5 445.8 339.6 374.9 349.0 451.2 356.6 489.4 496.5 270.1 83.4 35.6 32.5 34.6 35.0 35.3 36.3 30.9 32.1 29.0 32.3 31.4 7.72 9.20 12.89 9.71 10.62 9.61 14.60 7.72 9.20 12.89 9.71 10.62 9.61 14.60 11.10 16.90 15.39 8.60 2.58 22,713 31,863 18,963 28,879 12,518 1,042 15 Norfolk: Trimming, by hand. 107.3 2.68 2. 11.10 16.90 15.39 8.60 2.58 2.66 U Newport News: Trimming, by hand. Baltimore (1927) T a b le 66.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR AN D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E A N D INDIVIDU AL COM MODITIES Output per gang- Aver hour age num ber of men Long Revenue per tons gang tons Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Ganghours Long tons Revenue tons Output per man-hour Average labor cost per— Long Rev Long Rev enue tons enue tons ton ton Foreign trade * Discharging cargo: Europe— No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Loading cargo: Europe— No. 5.......... No. 6_........ No. 7 No. 8 Orient— No. 9 No. 10 No. 11 40,531 19,408 22,233 18,649 40,800 19,408 22,233 18,649 1,335.0 731.5 949.0 1,129.5 30.4 26.5 23.4 16.5 30.6 26.5 23.4 16.5 20.8 21.6 20.0 19.7 1.47 1.23 1.17 .84 1.47 $0.58 $0.58 1.23 .69 .69 1.17 .73 .73 .84 1.01 1.01 12,522 13,324 29,473 13,742 12,522 13,324 29,473 13,765 451.5 551.5 1,459.0 695.5 27.7 24.2 20.2 19.8 27.7 24.2 20.2 19.8 20.8 19.5 18.2 21.3 1.34 1.24 1.11 .93 1.34 1.24 1.11 .93 .63 .69 .77 .91 .63 .69 .77 .91 45,621 50,514 10,002 45,621 50,514 10,002 1,765.5 2,158.0 567.5 25.8 23.4 17.6 25.8 23.4 17.6 18.0 20.9 20.9 1.43 1.12 .84 1.43 1.12 .84 .59 .76 1.01 .59 .76 1.01 Intercoastal trade 1 Discharging cargo: No. 12............... Loading cargo: No. 13__........... No. 14............... No. 15. ............ No. 16............... No. 17................ 23,107 20,632 2 3 8 ,1 6 4 a 4 2 ,7 4 6 2 26,072 146,377 20,795 34,409 2 29,139 153,747 2 23,291 2 38,634 887.0 1 ,8 7 4 .0 1,294.0 6,974.5 1,241.5 2,181. 5 23.3 2 26.1 20.7 1.13 2 1.26 $0.75 2 $0.67 20.4 20.1 21.0 16.7 15.8 *22.8 2 22.5 2 22.0 2 18.8 2 17.7 16.5 18.4 20.3 18.2 18.8 1.23 1.10 1.03 .92 .84 2 2 2 2 1.38 1.23 1.09 1.03 2 .9 4 .69 .77 .83 .93 1.01 2 .6 2 2 .6 9 2.78 2.83 2.90 Coastwise trade 8 Discharging cargo: No. 18............... No. 19__........... No. 20. ............ Loading cargo: No. 21............... No. 22............... No. 23............... 2 44 <45,562.4 286^845 «90,154.0 2 18,395 410,320.0 2 0.97 2.96 2 1.78 2$0.46 2.47 2.25 2 161,038 <162,113.0 243,706 * 45,218.6 2 16,863 <7,292.0 2.97 22.31 2.45 2.46 2.19 Individual commodities Discharging cargo: Bananas—No. 241- 27,474 *1,600,876 Copper— 9,893 2 11,081 No. 25_____ 8,042 29,007 No. 26_____ Lumber— 745,971 No. 27.......... 20,682 7 13,713 No. 28........ 3,442.7 8.0 ®465.0 32.0 0.25 *14.53 $1.80 6 $3.10 263.5 284.5 37.5 28.3 242.1 231.7 15.9 16.2 2.35 22.63 1.75 2 1.96 2,900.2 1,226.0 i6.9 715.9 711.2 18.1 17.3 « Stems per conveyor hour 1 Wage rate: 85 cents per hour. 2 Short tons. 3 Wage rate: 45 cents per hour. .98 7.88 7. 65 * Man-hours. * Stems. • Per 100 stems. 71,000 board feet. 341 .36 .49 2.32 2.43 7. 97 .87 71.31 342 GENERAL TABLES T a b le 66.—PR O D U C TIV IT Y OF LABOR A N D LABOR COST IN H ANDLIN G CARGO, B Y KIN D OF T R A D E A N D IN DIVIDU AL COM M ODITIES—Continued Cargo tonnage Operation, line number, and commodity Ganghours Long tons D i s c h a r g i n g cargo— Continued. Newsprint paper— No. 29— .............. Nitrate of soda— No. 30-............. 52,530 No. 31.............. 40,112 Ore— No. 32 8 . . . ......... 120,749 No. 33 9............. 47,442 Pota