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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR
BULLETIN
OF THE
BUREAU OF LABOR
V O L U M E
X V I I —1 9 0 8
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1909 ^
CONTENTS OE VOLUME XVII.
N o. 77.—JU LY, 1908.
Wages and hours of labor in manufacturing industries, 1890 to 1907:
Page.
Introduction...........................................................................................................
1-11
Explanation of scope and m ethod........................................................................
11-16
Explanation of tables...............................................................................................
17-24
Table I.— Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and 1907, b y occu
pations and geographical divisions................................................................
25-60
Table II.— Relative wages and hours of labor, 1890 to 1907, by occu
pations................................................................................................................. 61-125
Table I I I .— Relative wages and hours of labor, 1890 to 1907, by indus
tries...................................................................................................................- - 126-132
Table IV .— Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and 1907, in selected
occupations, b y cities........................................................................................ 133-162
Table V .— Average wages and hours of labor, 1908 and 1907, in selected
occupations, b y States....................................................................................... 163-180
Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1907:
General discussion................................................................................................. 181-195
Wholesale and retail prices of food.................................................................... 195-197
Retail prices and cost of livin g.......................................................................... 197-200
Explanation of scope and m ethod..................................................................... 200-210
Explanation of tables.............................................................................................. 210-214
Table
I.— Retail prices of food, 1906 and 1907........................................... 215-320
Table II .— Relative retail prices of food, b y months, 1905 to 1907............ 321,322
Table I I I .— Relative retail prices of food, 1890 to 1907.........................
323-332
Compensation for injuries of artisans and laborers in the service of the United
States............................................................................................................................ 333-335
Cost of living of the working classes in the principal industrial towns of Great
Britain:
Introduction........................................................................................................... 336,337
Rents of working-class dwellings....................................................................... 337-341
England and Wales....................................................................................... 337-339
Scotland...........................................................................................................
340
Ireland............................................................................................................. 340,341
Retail prices........................................................................................................... 341-347
England and Wales....................................................................................... 342-346
Scotland........................................................................................................... 346,347
Ireland.............................................................................................................
347
Rents and prices com bined.................................................................................
348
England and Wales.......................................................................................
348
Scotland...........................................................................................................
348
Ireland.............................................................................................................
348
hi
IV
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII.
Cost of living of the working classes in the principal industrial towns of
Great Britain— Concluded.
Rates of wages.........................................................................................................
England and W ales........................................................................................
Scotland...........................................................................................................
Ireland..............................................................................................................
Relation of rates of wages to rents and prices.................................................
Changes in rents, retail prices, and rates of wages between October,
1905, and October, 1907....................................................................................
Digest of recent reports of state bureaus of labor statistics:
Minnesota—Tenth Biennial Report, 1905-6: Accidents to labor— Child
labor—Railroad switch yards— Labor organizations—Employment
bureaus for males— Free public employment bureau................................
Missouri—Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1906: Surplus products, Gov
ernment land, and land values—Manufacturing industries— Labor
organizations— Free employment offices.......................................................
Wisconsin— Twelfth Biennial Report, 1905-6: The cooperative store in
the United States—Manufacturing returns for 1904 and 1905— Free
employment offices................................................. „ .........................................
Digest of recent foreign statistical publications:
Great Britain:
Statistics of Proceedings under the Workmen’ s Compensation Acts,
1897 and 1900, and the Employers’ Liability Act, 1880, during
the year 1906................................................................................................
Compensation for Industrial Diseases........................................................
D ecisions of courts affecting labor:
Decisions under statute law .................................................................................
Employers’ liability— employment of children—age limit— certifi
cates—negligence {Platt v. Southern Photo Material C o .)................
Employers’ liability— fellow-servant law— contracts with relief
department—release— validity {Atlantic Coast Line R . R. Co, v.
Beazley)........................................................................................................
Employers’ liability—railroads—automatic couplers—repair (Mis
souri Pacific Ry. Co, v. Brinkmeier).............................................. ........
Employers’ liability—railroads—automatic couplers—repair (St.
Louis and San Francisco R. R. Co. v. D elk).........................................
Employment of children—age limit— constitutionality of statute
(Bryant v. Skillman Hardware C o .)........................................................
Hours of labor of railroad employees— constitutionality of statute—
implied repeal of state b y federal statute (State v. Northern Pacific
Ry. C o.)........................................................................................................
Payment of wages in scrip— unlawful discrimination— constitu
tionality of statutes ( Union Sawmill Co. v. Felsenthal)....................
Railway relief funds— contracts limiting liability— effect of statute—
construction of contract— disability (Sturgiss v. Atlantic Coast
Line R. R. C o.)...........................................................................................
Decisions under common law ..............................................................................
Injunction—right to strike—violation of trade agreement—acts of
officers of trade unions (Delawaret Lackawanna and Western R . R.
Co. v. Switchmen’ s Union o f North America et a l.).......... ...................
Labor organizations— collection of fines— conspiracy (Burke v. F ay).
Labor organizations—enforcement of rules—strikes—injunction—
parties— open shop (Reynolds v. Davis).................................................
Laws of various States relating to labor, enacted since January 1, 1904..........
page
349-352
349,350
351
352
352,353
354
355,356
356-358
359-363
364-369
369,370
371-388
371, 372
372-377
377,378
378-381
381,382
382-384
384-386
386-388
389-395
389-392
392,393
393-395
396-416
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII.
N o. 78.— SE PTEM BER , 1908.
Industrial accidents, b y Frederick L. Hoffman:
Page.
Accident frequency in the United States........................................................ 417,418
419
The problem of accident notification................................................................
Degree of accidental injury................................................................................. 419-422
Fatal accident frequency in the United States...................................... .
422
Causes of accidents in the United States.........................................................
423
Scope of the present discussion.......................................................................... 423,424
Accidents in factories and workshops............................................................... 424-433
Accidents in the metal trades..................................................................... 424,425
Accidents in iron and steel manufacture.................................................. 425,426
Accidents in the chemical industry.......................................................... 426-428
Accidents in the manufacture of explosives............................................ 428,429
Accidents in the lumber industry.............................................................. 429,430
Accidents in sawmills................................................................................... 430,431
Accidents in the textile industries............................................................ 431,432
Textile accidents in Rhode Island............................................................
432
Textile accidents in Great Britain............................................................. 432,433
Accidents in electrical industries....................................................................... 433-436
Accident liability of electricians and linemen........................................ 434,435
436
Electrical accidents in Great Britain.............................. : .......................
f Accidents in mines and quarries........................................................................ 436-444
Accidents in coal mining............................................................................. 437,438
Accidents in iron mining............................................................................. 438,439
Accidents in lead and zinc mining............................................................ 439,440
Accidents in copper m ining........................................................................ 440,441
Accidents in gold and silver m ining.........................................................
441
Electrical risk in m ining..............................................................................
442
Accidents in smelting and refining............................................................
442
Accidents in the mineral oil industry....................................................... 442,443
Accidents in quarries.................................................................................... 443,444
Accidents in transportation b y rail.................................................................... 444-449
Accident liability of railway trainmen.....................................................
445
Accident liability of switch tenders and flagmen...................................
446
Accident liability of railway mail clerks................................................. 446,447
Specific accident liability in railway service.......................................... 447-449
The railway accident problem ....................................................................
449
Accidents in transportation b y water................................................................ 449-455
Accidents in navigation............................................................................... 449,450
Navigation accidents in Great Britain...................................................... 450-452
Navigation accidents in the United States.............................................. 452,453
Accidents at docks and wharves.................................................................
454
Accidents in the fisheries............................................................................. 454,455
Accidents in the Life-Saving Service............................................................... 455,456
Causes of accidents................................................................................................ 456,457
The problem of accident prevention................................................................. 457,458
Social aspects of the accident problem .............................................................
458
Appendix— 18 tables............................................................................................. 459-465
Mexican labor in the United States, b y Victor S. Clark, Ph. D .:
Introduction............................................................................................................
466
The immigrant........................................................................................................ 466,467
Source of immigration........................................................................................... 468,469
Method of migration.............................................................................................. 469-474
VI
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII.
Mexican labor in the TJniteg States— Concluded.
Distributing centers..............................................................................................
Method of distribution..........................................................................................
Occupations in which Mexicans are em ployed...............................................
Railway laborers............................................................................................
Farm laborers..................................................................................................
Mine laborers..................................................................................................
Lumbering and woodworking.....................................................................
Miscellaneous occupations...........................................................................
Character, and comparison with other nationalities......................................
Home life and standard of living.......................................................................
Emigration and labor efficiency.........................................................................
Social condition of Mexicans in the United States........................................
Sentiment and race prejudice.............................................................................
Some effects in M exico.........................................................................................
Some effects in the United States......................................................................
Cost of living of the working classes in the principal industrial towns of the
German Empire:
Scope of the investigation....................................................................................
Rents of working-class dwellings........................................................................
The German Empire.....................................................................................
The German Empire and Great Britain com pared................................
Retail prices............................................................................................................
The German Em pire.....................................................................................
Rents and prices com bined.................................................................
The German Empire and Great Britain com pared................................
Rates of wages.........................................................................................................
The German Em pire.....................................................................................
Relation of rates of wages to rents and prices..................................
The German Empire and Great Britain com pared................................
Hours of labor.........................................................................................................
Summary of conclusions.......................................................................................
Changes in retail prices and rates of wages between October, 1905, and
March, 1908.........................................................................................................
British Old-Age Pensions Act of 1908....................................................................
Digest of recent reports of state bureaus of labor statistics:
Missouri—Twenty-ninth Annual Report, 1907: Surplus products, Gov
ernment land, land values, and good roads—Manufacturing industries—
Labor organizations— Free employment offices—Prison shops.................
Rhode Island—Twentieth Annual Report, 1907: The ice industry— In
dustrial statistics................................................................................................
Digest of recent foreign statistical publications:
Bulgaria: Census of manufactures.....................................................................
Great Britain:
Report of Proceedings under the Conciliation Act, 1896, for the two
years ending June 30, 1907......................................................................
Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed to Consider
whether the Post-Office should Provide Facilities for Insurance
under the Workmen’s Compensation Acts. 1907.............................
India: Report of Textile Factories Labor Committee on Conditions of
Factory Labor in India. 1907.......................................................................
Italy: Report on strikes and lockouts, 1904...................................................
Russia: Digest of reports of factory inspectors for 1904................................
page.
474,475
475,476
477-496
477-482
482-485
485-493
494
494-496
496-501
501-504
504-506
506-511
511-513
513-519
519-522
523-525
526-530
526-529
529,530
531-540
531-537
536,537
537-540
540-545
540-543
542,543
543-545
545
545,546
546-548
549-552
553-556
556-558
559-564
565,566
566-568
568-571
571-574
574-576
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII.
Decisions of courts affecting labor:
Decisions under statute law ...............................................................................
Em ployer’s liability— employment of children in violation of
statute—remedies—negligence (Stehle et al. v. Jaeger Automatic
Machine C o.)................................................................................................
Employers’ liability—railroad companies—safety appliance law—
delegation of legislative power—construction of statute— duty as to
maintenance of prescribed condition {St. Louis, Iron Mountain
and Southern Ry. C o.v . Taylor)...............................................................
Employers’ liability—railroad companies— validity of federal stat
ute in the District of Columbia— damages {Hyde v. Southern Ry.
Co.)................................................................................................................
Employers’ liability—railroad companies— validity of federal stat
ute in the Territories and the District of Columbia {Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. M ills)................................................
Em ployment of children—age lim it—constitutionality of statute—
violation— employment as cause of injury {Starnes v. Albion Mfg.
C o.)................................................................................................................
Injunction—strikes—picketing—protection of employees as mem
bers of labor organizations— constitutionality of statute—agree
ments between mine owners—conspiracy— evidence {Goldfield
Consolidated Mines Co. v. Goldfield Miners’ Union, No. 220, et a l.)..
Interference with employment—intimidation {State v. McGee)........
Labor organizations—unincorporated associations as parties—boy
cotts attachment for damages {Branson v. Industrial Workers o f
the World e ta l.)...........................................................................................
Picketing—use of streets—personal liberty—municipal regulation—
constitutionality {City o f St. Louis v. Gloner)....................................
Decisions under common law..............................................................................
Labor organizations—benefits— construction of by-laws {Donavan v.
Friendly Society o f Engravers).................................................................
Labor organizations—boycott—injunction—conspiracy—freedom of
speech—remedies {Lindsay & C o.v. Montana Federation o f Labor) .
Labor organizations— expulsion of members—beneficial associa
tions— forfeiture of policy—acts of third parties— measure of dam
ages {St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. o f Texas v. Thompson)..........
Railway relief association—status—liability of railroad company
{Phillips v. St. Louis and San Francisco R . R. Co.)............................
V II
Page.
577-603-
577,575
578-581
582,583
583,584
584-586
586-596
596,597
597-601
601-603
603-620
603,604
604-608
608-617
617-620
Laws of various States relating to labor, enacted since January 1,1904.......... 621-631
N o. 79— NOVEM BER, 1908.
Mortality from consumption in dusty trades, b y Frederick L. Hoffman:
Introduction...........................................................................................................
Statistical data and method of determining the degree of consumption
frequency.............................................................................................................
Occupation classification of dusty trades.........................................................
Occupations with exposure to metallic dust...................................................
Grinders...........................................................................................................
Polishers...........................................................................................................
Tool and instrument makers.......................................................................
Jewelers............................................................................................................
Gold-leaf manufacture..................................................................................
Brass workers..................................................................................................
Printers............................................................................................................
63675- No. 29—09------ 28
633-641
641-643
643,644
644-681
644-649
649-652
652-657
657-660
660,661
661-667
667-673
V III
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII.
Mortality from consumption in dusty trades— Concluded.
Occupations with exposure to metallic dust—Concluded.
page
Compositors...................................................................................................... 673-675
Pressmen..........................................................................................................
676
Engravers......................................................................................................... 676-678
Summary of conclusions regarding occupations with exposure to
metallic dust............................................................................................... 678-681
Occupations with exposure to mineral dust.................................................... 681-726
The stone industry......................................................................................... 682-685
Stone workers................................................................................................... 685-688
Marble workers............................................................................................... 688-691
The glass industry.......................................................................................... 691-695
Glass blowers............................................... ................................................... 695,696
Glass cutters......... .......................................................................................... 696-699
Diamond cutters............................................................................................. 699-701
Potters.............................................................................................................. 701-708
Cement workers.............................................................................................. 708-711
Plasterers......................................................................................................... 711-714
Paper hangers.................................................................................................... 714-716
Foundrymen and molders.............................................................
716-718
Core makers..................................................................................................... 718,719
Lithographers.................................................................................................. 719-722
Summary of conclusions regarding occupations with exposure to
mineral dust................................................................................................ 722-726
Occupations with exposure to vegetable fiber dust....................................... 726-784
Cotton ginning................................................................................................ 727-729
Cotton textile manufacture.......................................................................... 729-737
Textile spinners.............................................................................................. 737-740
Textile wea vers.............................................................................................. 740-742
Manufacture of hosiery and knit goods..................................................... 743-746
Lace manufacture.......................................................................................... 746-750
Flax and linen manufacture........................................................................ 750-757
Hemp and cordage manufacture................................................................. 757-762
Manufacture of jute and jute goods............................................................ 762-767
Paper and pulp manufacture....................................................................... 768-771
Cabinetmakers................................................................................................ 771-776
Wood turners and carvers.............................................................................. 776-780
Summary of conclusions regarding occupations with exposure to
vegetable fiber dust.................................................................................... 780-784
Occupations with exposure to animal and mixed fiber dust......................... 784-829
Furriers and taxidermists.............................................................................. 784-789
Hatters............................................................................................................... 789-794
Silk manufacture............................................................................................. 794-800
Woolen and worsted manufacture............................................................... 800-808
Carpet and rug manufacture........................................................................ 808-813
Shoddy manufacture..................................................................................... 813-817
Rag industry................................................................................................... 817-821
Upholsterers and hair mattress makers..................................................... 821-825
Summary of conclusions regarding occupations with exposure to
animal and mixed fiber d u st.................................................................... 825-829
General summary of results.................................................................................. 829-833
Problem of ventilation and dust removal in industry..................................... 833-843
Appendix— 17 tables............................................................- .............................. 844-859
List of references on occupation m ortality....................................................... 859-875
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVU,
IX
Charity relief and wage earnings, b y S. E. Forman:
Page.
Introduction............................................................................................................ 876-878
Number, nativity,, and size of families............................................................. 879-882
Age and conjugal condition.............................................................................- . 882-884
885-888
Occupations.............................
Earnings of charity recip ients... .......................... ........................................... 888-893
Kind of aid given - ..................................................... ........................................... 893-897
Delinquencies of charity recipients........................
897-901.
Causes of distress of charity recipients.................. ........................................... 901-918
Immediate causes of distress....................................................................... 904-910
Contributing or indirect causes ofdistress................................................. 910-912
Persistent causes of distress......................................................................... 913-918
Summary.......................................................................
919-922
Digest of recent reports of state bureaus of labor statistics:
Maine— Twenty-first Annual Report, 1907: Factories, mills, and shops
built— Labor unions—Women and children in sardine factories—
School teachers— Child labor........................................................................... 923-926
Michigan— Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1908: Beet sugar and Portland
cement industries— Coal industry— Furniture, boot and shoe, corset,
and refrigerator industries— Free employment bureaus— Electric rail
ways—Power used in manufacturing in Michigan..................................... 926-929
New Jersey—Thirteenth Annual Report, 1907: Statistics of manufac
tures— Steam railroads— Cost of living—Fruit and vegetable canning—
New Jersey as a manufacturing State— Industrial chronology................ 930-933
Ohio— Thirty-first Annual Report, 1907: Manufactures— Coal mining—
Free public employment offices..................................................................... 934,935
Digest of recent foreign statistical publications:
Chile: Report on the creation and initiatory work of the office for the
collection of labor statistics.............................................................................. 936,937
Italy:
Report of the Bureau of Labor on the condition of employees in mines
and quarries of Italy................................................................................. 937-941
Report of the Bureau of Labor on wages and hours of labor of em
ployees on public works........................................................................... 941,942
Russia: Report on the number and distribution of wage-workers in Rus
sia, based upon data of the first general census of the Russian Empire
in 1897.................................................................................................................. 942-949
Opinions of the Attorney-General on questions affecting labor:
Eight-hour law— application to lock tenders.................................................. 950,951
Eight-hour law— application to watchmen, messengers, etc........................ 951,952
Decisions of courts affecting labor:
Decisions under statute law................................................................................ 953-961
Employers’ liability— employment of children—violation of stat
u te-defen ses— discovering age (Syneszewshi v. Schmidt et a l.)........ 953-955
Employers’ liability—railroads—bridges over tracks— danger sig
nals (Chesapeake and Ohio Ry. Co. v. Rowsey's Administrator)......... 955,956
Public work—protection of laborers and material men— contractors’
bonds—assignments of claims ( Title Guaranty and Trust Co.v. Puget
Sound Engine Works e ta l.)..................................................................... 956-958
Railroads— construction of shelters over repair tracks— constitu
tionality and construction of statute (St. LouiSj Iron Mountain and
Southern Ry. Co.v. State).......................................................................... 958-960
Suits for wages—attorneys’ fees—constitutionality of statute ( Chi
cago, Rock Island and Pacific Ry. C o.v . Mashore)............................... 960,961
X
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII,
Decisions of courts affecting labor—Concluded.
Page.
Decisions under common law.............................................................................. 961-967
Injunction—violation— contempt—persons not parties to original
bill—notice—nature of proceedings (Garrigan v. United States)___ 961-965
Strikes—injunction—picketing—interference
with
employment
( Jones et ah v. E. Van Winkle Gin and Machine Works)................... 965-967
Laws of various States relating to labor, enacted since January 1, 1904.. 968-1003
Cumulative index of labor laws and decisions relating thereto........................ 1005-1037
@FedFRASER